Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 14 1900 697899 5551 2026-08-10T10:22:38Z EmausBot 2058 Fixing double redirect from [[Otú:Naigeria]] to [[Otú:Naijiria]] 697899 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[:Otú:Naijiria]] fi37mzmxdv3t00wml9ybov4dxtiau3t 0 2218 697897 26917 2026-08-10T10:22:18Z EmausBot 2058 Fixing double redirect from [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria]] to [[Onyeisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria]] 697897 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Onyeisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria]] nv5f8aj69yt5wnsj88kku4v7xvcxznx 0 4143 697896 26916 2026-08-10T10:22:08Z EmausBot 2058 Fixing double redirect from [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria]] to [[Onyeisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria]] 697896 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Onyeisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria]] nv5f8aj69yt5wnsj88kku4v7xvcxznx 0 6695 697746 95630 2026-08-10T07:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [ [ File:Tsetse foldedWings.jpeg | thumb|260px|Tsetse with folded wings ] ] [[File:AfrTryp LifeCycle.svg|thumb|260px|Ọrịa ihi ụra nke ukwuu (''African trypanosomiasis''): Life cycle.]] '''African trypanosomiasis''' ma ọ bụ '''ọrịa ihi ụra nke ukwuu'''<ref name=WHO2013/> bụ [[ọrịa]] [[parasaịtị]] nke ndị [[Mádu|mmadụ]] na [[anụmanụ]] ọzọ. Parasaịtị nke otu ụmụ ahụhụ ọrịa ana-akpọ ''Trypanosoma brucei''na-akpata ya.<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001362|Sleeping sickness}}</ref> Enwere ụdị abụọ nke na-ewetara ọrịa na anụmanụ, ''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'' (T.b.g) na ''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense'' (T.b.r.).<ref name=WHO2013/> T.b.g na-akpata karịa 98% nke ụdị ọrịa ahụ amatara.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite journal|author=WHO Media centre|title=Fact sheet N°259: Trypanosomiasis, Human African (sleeping sickness)|year=June 2013|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/}}</ref> Enyefere ndị abụọ site na aru nke [[ofufe tsetse]] nkaa nwere ọrịa ahụ ma ọ dị ahụkarị na mpaghara ime obodo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Na mbido, na agba mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ, enwere ahu oku, isi ọwụwa, oko, ma mgbu nkwonkwo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nke a na-amalite na izu abụọ na atọ mgbe aru ahụ gachaa.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Mgbe ọtụtụ izu na ọnwa, agba abụọ na-amalite na mmesa anya, enweghị ike iche echiche n’ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, enweghị ike ebuli aka na ụkwụ na nsogbu na ehi ụra.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Lancet2013/> Ana eme nrugosi ụdị ọrịa site na achọ parasaịtị ahụ n’ime ọbara ejikere maka ịlele ma ọ bụ n’ime mmiri mmiri nke enwetara site na nkwonkwo.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Achọrọ nnweta mmiri site na ọkpụkpụ [[azụ]] n’ọtụtụ mgbe iji kwuo ndịiche n’ime agba mbụ na agba abụọ nke ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=Lancet2013/> Mgbochi ọrịa siri ike na-agụnye nlele ndị mmadụ nke dị n'okpuru ize ndụ ọrịa ahụ na nlele ọbara maka T.b.g.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ọgwụgwọ dịkwa mfe mgbe achọtara ọrịa n’oge na tupu akara ọrịa akwara ga-egosi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ọgwụgwọ agba mbụ bụ na ọgwụ pentamidine ma ọ bụ suramin.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ọgwụgwọ agba abụọ na-agụnye eflornithine ma ọ bụ nchikọta nke nifurtimox na eflornithine maka T.b.g.<ref name=Lancet2013>{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=PG|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).|journal=Lancet neurology|date=2013 Feb|volume=12|issue=2|pages=186-94|pmid=23260189}}</ref> N’agbanyeghị na melarsoprol na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị abụọ, ana-eji ya maka T.b.r. naanị n’ọtụtụ oge maka na mmetụta ya n’ahụ.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ọrịa a na-eme mgbe nile n'ụfọdụ mpaghara nke Ndịda ọhịa Sahara nke [[Afrịka]], ebee ndị mmadụ n’okpuru ize ndụ bụ ruo nde 70 na obodo 36.<ref name=Sim2012>{{cite journal|author=Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Fèvre EM, Mattioli RC, Jannin JG |title=Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness |journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis |volume=6|issue=10|pages=e1859|year=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001859}}</ref> N’afọ 2010 ọ mere ọnwụ ruo 9,000, nbelata site na 34,000 n’afọ 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ ruo 30,000 nwere ọrịa ahụ ugbu a, na ọrịa ofufe ọhụrụ 7000 n’afọ 2012.<ref name=WHO2013/> Karịa 80% n’ime ndị mmadụ ndị a bi na Rịpụbilikị Keochichi ndị nkiti nke [[Congo]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Ihe ndapụta atọ dị mkpa ya mere na akụkọ ọhụrụ: Otu site na 1896 na 1906 tumadu na [[Uganda]] na Mmiri nke agaghịnihu Congo na abụọ n’afọ 1920 na 1970 n’ọtụtụ obodo na Afrịka.<ref name=WHO2013/> Anumanu ọzọ, dịka ehi, nwere ike ịbu ọrịa na nwee ọrịa.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==References== <references /> [[Òtù:Ọrià|Oria ihi ura nke ukwuu]] 85bqpqb2dqnmbqpwiyjmiixodk60ezb 0 7053 697570 129445 2026-08-10T02:53:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Ọrịa mamịrị A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = Okwu banyere jaundice kpatara site na ịba ọcha n'anya A | Specialty = Ọrịa na efe efe, gastroenterology | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | Patient UK = Ọrịa mamịrị A | MeshID = D006506 }} [[File:Hepatite A - Curso Sorológico Típico.jpg|thumb|260px|Ọrịa mamịrị A (''Hepatitis A''): Life cycle.]] [[File:Distribution of Hepatitis A.PNG|thumb|260px|Ọrịa mamịrị A (''Hepatitis A'') na Ala.]] '''Ọrịa mamịrị A''' (akpọburu '''ọrịa mamịrị na efe efe''') bụ ọrịa na efe efe gara aga nke umeju nke nje ọrịa mamịrị A na ebute (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 541–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Ọtụtụ nsogbu nwere obere ma ọ bụ ihe mgbanwe na adịghị ncha ncha n’ebe ndị etolite nọ.<ref name=AFP2012/> Oge dị n’etiti ibute ọrịa a yana ihe mgbanwe, n’ime ndị na ebuwanye, bụ n’etiti izu abụọ na isii.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Mgbe enwere ihe mgbanwe ha na anọkarị izu asatọ, ha nwere ike ịgụnye: ajụ, ịgbọ agbọọ, afọ ọsịsa, ọchananya|anụahụ edo-edo, ịba, afọ mgbu.<ref name=AFP2012/> N’ime 10-15% nke ndị mmadụ na enwe nlaghachite nke ihe mgbanwe n’oge ọnwa isii ka enwechara mbute ọrịa ahụ izizi.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mbibi umeju dị gara gara nwere ike ime oge ụfọdụ, a na ahụkarị nke a n’ebe ndị okenye nọ.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Cause --> A na ekesakarị ya site na iri nri ma ọ bụ ịṅụ nri ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere nsị bu ọrịa.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> Azụ okpokoro nke esibeghị nke ọma bụkwa ebe ọzọ ama ama esi ebute ya.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Enwekwara ike ịkesa ya site na ịmetụta onye bụ ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ebe ụmụaka anakarị enwe ihe mgbanwe mgbe ha butere ọrịa ahụ ha ka nwere ike ibunye ndị ọzọ ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ka ebutechara ọrịa otu oge, onye ahụ agaghịzị enweta ọrịa ahụ ọzọ na ndụ ya niile.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Ịchọpụta nsogbu chọrọ inyocha ọbara dị ka ihe mgbanwe ndị ahụ yitere ọnụọgụ nke ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ọ bụ otu n’ime ise ama [[ọrịa mamịrị A|ọrịa mamịrị nje: A]], [[ọrịa mamịrị B|B]], [[ọrịa mamịrị C|C]], [[ọrịa mamịrị D|D]], yana [[ọrịa mamịrị E|E]]. <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa mamịrị dị mma maka mgbochi.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Ụfọdụ obodo na akwado ya maka ụmụaka yana maka ndị nwere nnukwu ohere ibute ya ndị na agbabeghị ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> O gosiri na ọ dị mma maka ndụ.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ụkpụrụ mgbochi ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịsacha aka yana isi nri nke ọma.<ref name=AFP2012/> Enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ama ama, iji ezumike na ịṅụ ọgwụ maka ajụ ma ọ bụ [[afọ ọsịsa]] akwadoro dị ka otu esi chọọ ya.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mbute ọrịa na ala kpamkpam na enweghị ọrịa umeju na aga aga.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ọgwụgwọ nke mbibi umeju dị gara gara, ọ bụrụ na ọ dapụta, bụ mbufe umeju.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Na gburugburu ụwa okwu ihe mgbanwe nde 1.5 na eme kwa afọ<ref name=AFP2012/> na abụkarị imirikiti nde nke mbute ọrịa na nchịkọta.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Ọ na adịkarị na mpaghara nke ụwa nwere gburugburu jọrọ njọ, na enweghị mmiri dị mma zuru oke.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Na ụwa na etolite etolite ihe dị ka 90% nke ụmụaka ebutela ọrịa n’ebe afọ 10, ebe ọ dị otu ahụ ha enweela mgbochi na okenye.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ọ na emekarị na mberede n’obodo ndị tolitere nke ọma ebe anaghị ekpughepu ụmụaka mgbe ha dị ntakịrị, ma enweghị ịnye ọgwụ mgbochi n’ala niile.<ref name=WHO2013/> Na 2010, ọrịa mamịrị dị gara gara dapụtara na ọnwụ 102,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ụbọchị Ọrịa Mamịrị N’ụwa na eme kwa afọ na Julaị 28 iji mee ka amara ọrịa mamịrị nje na ebute.<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Lee nke ozo== * [[Nje ọrịa Ebola]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171115204947/http://www.paketinternetmurahindonesia.com/2017/06/cara-mendapatkan-kuota-gratis-3.html mendapatkan kuota gratis 3 10GB] * [[Afọ ọsịsa]] ==Nrụtụ aka== <references /> {{commons|Category:Hepatitis A|Ọrịa mamịrị A}} [[Òtù:Ọrià|Oria mamiri A]] mpgdvgl948v2r3576q0glq2yxssuamf 0 7055 697651 122589 2026-08-10T04:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Agụụ | Image = Orange ribbon.svg | Caption = Otu mpempe akwa orenji nke [[mpempe akwa mmata]] maka malnutrition. | Width = 120 | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = 263.9 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000404 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 1360 | MeshID = D044342}}<!-- Definition and Symptoms -->'''Agụụ''' bụ ọnọdụ na adapụta site na iri nri nke [[ihe dị anụahụ mma]] ezughi oke ma ọ bụ dịfee oke nke nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|first1=UNICEF|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị anụahụ mma ekpokọtara nwere ike ịgụnye: [[nkeji ume]], [[protin]], [[nri na enye ike na ibu]], [[vitamin]] ma ọ bụ [[ihe nri na edozi ahụ|mineral]].<ref name=FFL2010/> A na ejikarị ya iche iji rụtụ aka na '''erizughi nri dị mma''' ebe enweghị nkeji ume, protin ma ọ bụ [[mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma]] zuru oke, agbanyeghị ọ gụnyekwara [[nrife ihe dị anụahụ mma]].<ref name=Young2012>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na erizughi ihe dị anụahụ mma dapụta n’oge [[afọ ime]] ma ọ bụ tupu afọ nke afọ abụọ nke afọ ọ nwere ike ịdapụta na nsogbu ga-adịgide na ntolite anụahụ yana ụbụrụ isi. <ref name=FFL2010/> Erizughi ihe dị anụahụ dị ukwuu, ama ka [[ịkwụ ọnụ]], nwere ike ịnwe ihe mgbanwe ndị gụnyere: mkpumkpu, ịta ahụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, yana ụkwụ koro eko yana [[oke afọ]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/> Ndị mmadụ oge ụfọdụ na enwetakarị ọrịa, ha na enwekarị [[oyi ọmụma|oyi]].<!-- <ref name=Young2012/> --> Ihe mgbanwe nke [[ụkọ mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma]] dabere na mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma na adịghị.<ref name=Young2012/> <!-- Cause --> Ihe na ebutekarị erijughi afọ bụ n’ihi enweghị ezigbo nri dị mma dị maka oriri.<ref name=WHO2014/> Nke a na emetụtakarị ọnụego nri dị elu yana [[ụbịam]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=WHO2014/> Ụkọ nke [[ịnye ntakịrị nwa ọhụụ ala]] nwere ike ịnyere aka, dị ka ọnụọgụ nke [[ọrịa ndị na efe efe]] dịka: [[afọ okuku]], [[oke oyi]], [[ịba]] yana [[akpata]] nke na ebuwanye mkpa ihe dị anụahụ mma.<ref name=WHO2014/> Enwere ụdị abụọ nke erijughi afọ: [[ụkọ ike-protin]] yana ụkọ iri nri dị mma.<ref name=Jones2011/> Ụkọ ike-protin nwere ụdị abụọ dị oke egwu: [[marasmus]] (ụkọ nke protin yana nkeji ume) yana [[kwashiorkor]] (ụkọ nke naanị protin).<ref name=Young2012/> Ụkọ mpekere ihe dị anụahụ mma ama ama gụnyere: ụkọ nke [[ụkọ iron|iron]], [[ụkọ iodine|iodine]] yana [[ụkọ vitamin A|vitamin A]].<ref name=Young2012/> N’oge [[afọ ime]], n’ihi nchọ gbagolitere, ụkọ na adịkarị ebe niile.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> N’ụfọdụ [[obodo ndị na etolite etolite]] nrife ihe dị anụahụ mma dị n’ụdị nke [[ibu mbutọkọ]] ebidola ịdị n’etiti otu ogbe dị ka erijughi afọ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report CardOn Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=2015-10-23|archivedate=2021-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ na ebute erizughi nri dị mma gụnyere [[anorexia nervosa]] yana [[ịwa ahụ bariatrik]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324}}</ref> Na [[ndị okenye]] erizughi nri dị mma na adịkarị n’ihi ihe anụahụ, mmụọ mmadụ yana mmekọrịta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87}}</ref> <!-- Treatment --> Mbọ iji melite [[nri dị ahụ mma]] bụ ụfọdụ nke ụdị ndị kachasị ire nke [[enyemaka ntolite]].<ref name=UK2012/> Ịnye ntakịrị nwa ala nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ nke agụụ yana ọnwụ n’ụmụaka,<ref name=FFL2010/> yana mbọ iji kwado omume ahụ na ebuwanye oke.<ref name=Bh2013/> N’ụmụaka na etolite ịnye nri yana na mgbakwunye mmiri ala n’etiti ọnwa isii yana afọ abụọ na emelite ndapụta.<ref name=Bh2013/> Enwekwara ihe akaebe ziri ezi na akwado [[mgbazinye nri dị mma|mgbazinye]] nke ọnụọgụ nke mpekere ihe na adị anụahụ mma n’oge afọ ime yana n’ime ụmụ ntakịrị nọ n’ụwa ndị etolite etolite.<ref name=Bh2013/> Iji wega nri n’ebe ndị mmadụ chọrọ ya nọ yana ịnyefe nri na ịnye ego ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịzụta nri n’ime ahịa mpaghara na arụ ọrụ.<ref name=UK2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> Naanị ịnye ndị mmadụ nri n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ezughi oke.<ref name=UK2012/> Njikwa nke nnukwu agụụ n’ime ụlọ nke onye ahụ site na iji [[nri na agwọ ọrịa#Nri Na Agwọ Ọrịa Di-Njikere-Iji|nri na agwọ ọrịa dị-njikere-iji]] ga-ekwe omume ọtụtụ oge.<ref name=Bh2013/> Akwadoro n’ebe ndị nwere nnukwu agụụ agbagwojuru site na ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ahụike n’ime ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=Bh2013/> Nke a na agụnyekarị ijikwa [[ụkọ suga|suga dị obere]], [[oke ahụ oyi|temprechọ ahụ]], [[ahụ ịta mmiri]], yana iri nri nwayọ nwayọ.<ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=WHO2003>{{cite book|first1=World Health Organization. Authors: Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}</ref> A na akwadokarị usoro ime ihe [[ọgwụ mgbochi nje]] n’ihi nnukwu ihe egwu nke ibute orịa.<ref name=WHO2003/> Ụkpụrụ ogologo oge gụnyere: imelite ụkpụrụ ịkọ ugbo,<ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}</ref> ịbelata ụbịam, imelite [[gburugburu dị ọcha]], yana [[ịkwagide ụmụ nwanyị|nkwadige nke ụmụ nwanyị]].<ref name=UK2012/> <!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture --> Enwere ọnụọgụ nde ndị mmadụ 925&nbsp; na erijughi afọ n’ụwa na 2010, mgbagote na nke nde 80 kemgbe 1990.<ref name=FAO2010>{{cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fao2008>{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry [actually, malnourished] people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.}}</ref> Ekpebiri na ijeri ndị mmadụ ọzọ enweghị vitamin na mineral.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}</ref> Na 2010 ekpebiri na [[ụkọ ike-protin]] dapụtara na ọnwụ 600,000 gbadata site na ọnwụ 883,000 na 1990.<ref name=Loz2012/> Ụkọ nri ndị ọzọ, nke gụnyere [[ụkọ iodine]] yana [[anemia ụkọ iron]], dapụtara na ọnwụ 84,000 ọzọ.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095}}</ref> Erijughi afọ na 2010 butere 1.4% nke [[obibi ndụ nkwarụ ahaziri]].<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Murray2012>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n’otu nke ọnwụ n’ụmụaka ka ekwenyere na ọ bụ n’ihi erijughi afọ; agbanyeghị, anaghị akpọkarị ọnwụ ndị ahụ otu ahụ.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> Na 2010 ekpebiri na ọ nyere aka na ọnwụ ọnụọgụ nde 1.5 n’ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2224}}</ref> tụmadị ụfọdụ na ekpebi na ọnụọgụ ahụ gafere karịa nde 3.<ref name="Bh2013"/> Mgbakwunye ụmụaka ọnụọgụ nde 165 nwere [[mkpumkpu]] si na ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-3-9-2013_382_9890/page/452|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}</ref> Erijughi afọ dịkarịrị na [[obodo ndị na etolite etolite]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> ==Nrụtụ aka== <references /> [[Òtù:Ahụ ike]] 6hrfblyewiwon8htn9oigemufejdat8 0 7437 697617 697300 2026-08-10T04:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ({{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}}; 15 September 1977) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ si na mba [[Nigeria]]. Amuru Adichie na [[Enugu]]. O gara akwụkwọ mahadum na [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]] di na obodo [[Nsukka]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afo na ọkara wee guo akwụkwọ gbasara ọgwụ. Ọ hapuru Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri na-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, Ọ bidoro akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, ogukwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], na [[Yale University]]; ha niile di na mba Amerika. Otutu n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie dere nwéré ngalaba ndị bi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azuru ya na ntakiri. Obu mgbe ọ na agụ Akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Oburu ụzọ dee akwukwo ábu ana akpọ ''Decisions'' (1997), nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' (1998). Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe odechara ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke izizi odere. Adichie eweela otutu akwụkwọ ma kpọọ [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndú ya. Ihe ndị odere gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndoro jikotara ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu oha. Onyela otutu okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo na mahadum di iche ichè, okachasi na [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Onyere okwu [[TEDx]] ana akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" (2009) ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" (2012). Ụfọdụ okwu ya bu ihé onye na eti egwú [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ọhụrụ ana akpọ ''*Flawless''. Adichie aturula otutu asambodo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ. O nwetara MacArthur Fellowship n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata ya na otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2017. == Ndụ na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ áhà oyibo, Grace<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwa nke ise na [[Enugu]], Nigeria, site na aka nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] bụ onye Abba di na [[Anambra]] ma nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe bụ onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya, onye gụrụ mathematics na [[University College, Ibadan]], tupu ọgụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} ma kpọrọ ya wee jee [[Berkeley, California]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD ya na [[University of California]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha no na [[United States]], nne na nna Adichie nwéré ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na mahadum [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum ya n'afọ 1964, na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California. Mgbe ọgụchara, ọ nwetara ngalaba na sociology ya na anthropology nke sitere na University of Nigeria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967. Mgbe áhụ, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na University nke Nigeria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi na University nke Nigeria. O mechara buru [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi University nke Nigeria, n'ụlọ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asusu bekee,{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} okachasi nke [[Enid Blyton]]. Akwukwo ndị ọzọ ọgụrụ dika nwatakịrị gụnyere akwụkwọ ebe ndị akoro akụkọ ha bụ ndị ọcha, ma nwee anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ha niile bu maka mba Britain.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe o ruru afọ iri, ọ chọpụtara n'onwe ya akụkọ gbasara [[African literature|Africa]]. Ọgụrụ akwụkwọ tụmadi ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Chinua Achebe dere,{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' nke [[Camara Laye]] dere,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' nke [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] dere, and ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' nke [[Buchi Emecheta]] dere.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'afọ iri na atọ ejiri mụọ ya, Adichie bidoro ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya degara gbasara [[Biafra]]. Na njem ọgbaghara na obodo Abba, ọ hụ gara ulo gbachara ọkụ na mkpụrụ egbe gbachara nchara juputara na ala. Ihe niile a bụ ihe ga enyere ya aka iji dee ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ya.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na nnata Sakramenti nke Nkwenye ana akpọ Konfameshọn, Adichie bugara aha ya na bekee site na Grace gaa n' Amanda. Ọbụ aha a k'ọzara n'akwụkwọ ya nke mbu.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} N'agụmakwụkwọ ya, a kụziiri Adichie ihe n'asụsụ Igbo na Bekee.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ Igbo abụghị ihe a ma ama, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ asụsụ ahụ n'oge niile ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mahadum Nigeria, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta kacha elu nke sitere na otu [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC){{sfn|Anya|2005}} na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} A nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Nigeria, ebe ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na ọrụ ọgwụ (medicine and pharmacy) ruo otu afọ na ọkara.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''The Compass'', nke bu magazin mahadum nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-elekọta.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1997, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Adichie bipụtara ''Decisions'', nke bu nchịkọta uri, ma mesịa kwaga United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ka ọ gụọ maka ọmụmụ gbasara nkwukọrịta (Mass communications) na [[Drexel University]] dị na [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1998, o dere egwuregwu a na-akpọ ''For Love of Biafra'', nke bụ mbọ mbụ o gbara iji nyochaa isiokwu gbasara agha.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} E dere ọrụ ndị a mbụ n'okpuru aha bụ́ Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Afọ abụọ ka ọ kwagara United States, ọ gbanwere gaa [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] dị na [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], ebe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Ijeoma, onye nke bụkwa dọkịta, bi.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} N'afọ 2000, Adichie bipụtara obere akụkọ ya akpọrọ "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} nke na-atụle nsogbu ndị na-ebilite mgbe mmadụ na-ebi n'etiti omenala abụọ dị nnọọ iche n'ebe ibe ha nọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} Mgbe ọ gụchara nzere mbụ ya na mahadum, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe ya ma na-achụkwa ọrụ ide ihe n'otu oge ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya na Eastern Connecticut, ọ na-ede edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mahadum ahụ bụ ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya n'ọkwa kachasị elu (nke a maara dị ka ''[[summa cum laude]]'') na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ya na ngalaba nkwukọrịta dị ka obere ngalaba ọmụmụ, n'afọ 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere mastas na ide akụkọ ifo (creative writing) site na [[Johns Hopkins University]] n'afọ 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} ma n'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Hodder Fellow na [[Princeton University]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe gbasara mmalite ide akụkọ ifo.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe na [[Yale University]], ma gụchaa nzere mastas nke abụọ na ngalaba ọmụmụ gbasara Afrịka (African studies) n'afọ 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} N'otu afọ ahụ, Adichie nwetara onyinye [[MacArthur Fellowship]],{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} tinyere ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ohere mmemme [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]] maka afọ 2011–2012.{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ọrụ == ===2003: Mmalite akwụkwọ na mgba mbipụta=== Mgbe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ na mba Amerịka, Adichie malitere inyocha ma dee akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]''. {{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} O zigara akwụkwọ edemede ya nye ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ndị jụrụ ya ma ọ bụ rịọ ya ka ọ gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ site na Afrịka gaa na Amerịka, ka o wee mee ka ọ mara ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. N'ikpeazụ, Djana Pearson Morris, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na Pearson Morris na Belt Literary Management, nabatara akwụkwọ edemede ahụ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bụ ezie na onye nnọchi anya ahụ ghọtara na ahịa ga-esiri ike, ebe Adichie bụ onye ojii mana ọ bụghị onye Africa-America ma ọ bụ onye Caribbean, o nyefere ya ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ ruo mgbe [[Algonquin Books]], obere ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya, nabatara ma bipụta ya na 2003. Na 2004, [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na United Kingdom, ebe [[Kachifo Limited]] bipụtara ya na Naịjirịa.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} N'oge ahụ, Adichie were onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ Sarah Chalfant nke [[Andrew Wylie (onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ)|Wylie Agency]] ka ọ nọchite anya ya. Asụgharịala ''Purple Hibiscus'' n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri anọ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} ===2006–2012: mbipụta nke ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' na ''The Thing Around Your Neck''; ihe ịga nke ọma n'ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha=== Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya gasịrị, Adichie malitere ide nke abụọ ya ''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'', nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ya ruo afọ anọ. N'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbasaara n'ọgụ Biafra n'oge [[Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]],{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|McGrath|2006}} Adichie jiri ihe nna ya chetara Agha Biafra mee ihe, tinyere ịgụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Buchi Emecheta]] nke afọ 1982 nke ana-akpọ ''[[Ebe Biafra Na-aga]]''.{{sfn|McGrath|2006}}{{sfn|Busby|2017}} E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na mbụ na 2006 site n'aka [[Vintage Books|Anchor Books]], akara azụmaahịa nke [[Alfred A. Knopf]], onye wepụtakwara akwụkwọ ahụ n'okpuru akara Vintage Canada ya. E bipụtara ya na France dịka {{lang|fr|L'autre moitié du soleil}} na 2008, site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]].{{sfn|Madueke|2019|page=49}} Mgbe ọ na-emecha mmemme Hodder na MacArthur na 2008, Adichie malitere ịchịkọta akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi o bipụtalarị na magazin.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Akụkọ iri na abụọ ka chịkọtara n'akwụkwọ nke atọ ya na nchịkọta akụkọ obere akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', nke Knopf bipụtara na 2009.{{sfn|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} N'otu afọ ahụ, o mere [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] nke akpọrọ "[[The Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu]]".{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Na 15 Maachị 2012, Adichie ghọrọ onye kacha nta n'ime ndị kacha nta n'ime [[Commonwealth Foundation|Commonwealth Lecture]].{{sfn|Calkin|2013}}{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} E mere ihe ngosi a na [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] na London, na-ekwu maka isiokwu bụ "Ịjikọ Omenala".{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} Na 2012 kwa, o kwuru okwu isiokwu ya bụ "[[Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị (okwu)|Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị]]" maka TEDxEuston na London.{{sfn|Wagner|2015}}{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} ===2013–2019: ''Americanah'' na ''Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions''; ihe ịga nke ọma na ikike ụmụ nwanyị=== [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Nwanyị nọ ọdụ n'oche na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ, gbara ya gburugburu site na ìgwè mmadụ ndị ọzọ|Adichie n'oge ịgụ na ịbị aka n'akwụkwọ ọrụ ya ''[[Americanah]]'' na [[Berlin]], Germany (2014)]] Akwụkwọ akụkọ Adichie nke atọ ''[[Americanah]]''' bipụtara na 14 Mee 2013 site n'aka Alfred A. Knopf.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} E bipụtara ya na France site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]] na 2015.{{sfn|''France 24''|2015}} Ọ bụ onye edemede nleta na [[Mahadum Michigan–Flint]] na 2014. Usoro nleta ndị edemede Afrịka a ma ama/Ndị nka Afrịka na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ chọrọ ka ọ soro ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi si ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mahadum, ndị na-akwado ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị n'ógbè ahụ, na obodo ahụ dum na mkparịta ụka, ogbako, na nkuzi ndị tụlere ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Americanah'', na ahụmịhe ide ihe nkeonwe ya. E tinyere obere ihe nkiri sitere na okwu ya bụ "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu" na "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe Ike n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" n'ụfọdụ ihe omume ma kparịta ya n'isiokwu ajụjụ na azịza mgbe e mechara ihe ngosi ya dị iche iche.{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=3}} Na 2015, Adichie kwuru okwu mmalite maka [[Wellesley College]].{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}} O so hazie [[PEN World Voices|PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature]] nke 2015 na New York City, ya na onye nduzi ememme ahụ bụ Laszlo Jakab Orsos.{{sfn|Lee|2015}}{{sfn|Sefa-Boakye|2015}} O mechiri emume ahụ site na nkuzi ya bụ "Arthur Miller Freedom to Write" gbasara mmachibido iwu na mmegide megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} N'afọ 2015, Adichie dere ozi email nye enyi ya ma mechaa tinye ya na [[Facebook]] na 2016. Okwu ndị e kwuru gbasara post ahụ mere ka o kweta ịtụgharị post ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ, ''[[Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]]'',{{sfn|Greenberg|2017}} nke e bipụtara na 2017.{{sfn|Bhuta|2018|p=319}} Na 2016, [[BBC]] kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa na ''[[Newsnight]]'' ma kwuo echiche ya gbasara ntuli aka nke [[Donald Trump]] nke 2016]. Mgbe ọ rutere na studio ahụ, a gwara ya na usoro ahụ ga-abụ arụmụka n'etiti ya na [[R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr.]], onye na-akwado Trump na [[onye nchịkọta akụkọ]] nke ''[[The American Spectator]]'', magazin nchekwa.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}}{{sfn|Cain|2016}} Mgbe ọ chọrọ ịpụ na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o kpebiri ịga n'ihu n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ịtụle echiche ya gbasara otu enweghị ikike akụ na ụba si mee ka Trump merie.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Arụmụka ahụ ghọrọ ihe mmegide mgbe Tyrrell kwuru, sị: "Anaghị m azaghachi mmetụta uche dị ka nwanyị a,"{{sfn|Cain|2016}} wee kwupụta na "Trump abụghị onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ".{{sfn|''Mgbọrọgwụ''|2016}} Adichie jụrụ okwu ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta Trump na Onyeikpe [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]] enweghị ike ịnọ n'ihu n'okwu ahụ ''[[Trump Mahadum#Low megide Mahadum Trump, LLC|Low megide Mahadum Trump]]'' n'ihi ihe nketa ya na Mexico.{{sfn |''Mkpọrọgwụ''|2016}} Mgbe arụmụka ahụ gasịrị, o dere na ibe Facebook ya na ọ dị ya ka BBC na-eche ya ihu, na ha "ji aghụghọ [na-agba ya] megide onye na-akwado Trump" iji mepụta ntụrụndụ mmegide. Na nzaghachi, BBC rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ịghara ịgwa ya ụdị ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, mana o kwuru na ha chepụtara mmemme ahụ iji nye echiche ziri ezi.{{sfn|Cain|2016}} [[Faịlụ:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2020 (cropped).jpg|alt=Nwanyị guzoro n'elu ikpo okwu. E nwere mbadamba ihe n'elu ikpo okwu ebe ọ na-agụ ihe.|left|thumb|Adichie n'elu ikpo okwu onye na-ekwu okwu n'oge {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}}, [[Santiago]], Chile, na 2020]] Adichie kwuru okwu Eudora Welty nke abụọ kwa afọ na 8 Nọvemba 2017 na [[Lincoln Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|Lincoln Theatre]] na Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} N'afọ ahụ, o kwukwara okwu na nnọkọ mba ofesi nke e mere na Mahadum Johns Hopkins gbasara adịghị ike nke olileanya n'ihu ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Adichie na [[Hillary Clinton]] kwuru okwu PEN World Voices Festival nke 2018, Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture na [[Cooper Union]] na Manhattan. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na nnyocha, ajụjụ Adichie mere gbasara ihe mere profaịlụ Clinton [[Twitter]] ji malite site na "nwunye" kama ihe ndị o mere ghọrọ isi ihe ndị mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya, {{sfn|Abimbola|2018}}{{sfn|Grady|2018}}{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} kpaliri Clinton ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ya na Twitter.{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} Mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, o kwuru okwu na [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] na Germany gbasara imebi usoro nke na-eme ka olu ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị mma.{{sfn|Saeed|2018}} Na 2019, dịka akụkụ nke usoro nkuzi nke Chancellor, o kwuru okwu "Onye edemede, onye na-eche echiche, onye na-achọ ihe: onye na-egosi ndụ" na Langford Auditorium nke [[Vanderbilt University]]. Okwu ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọganihu ya dịka onye na-akọ akụkọ, na ihe kpatara ya ji emeso enweghị nha anya n'usoro iji mepụta ụwa nke na-agụnye mmadụ niile.{{sfn|Gonçalves|2019}} Adichie abụrụla onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ogbako ụwa.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|pp=218–219}} Na 2018, o kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Igbo nke asaa kwa afọ.{{sfn|Ekpo|2018}} O kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Ọrụ Ndị Mmadụ nke Hilton nke [[Conrad N. Hilton Foundation]] na 2019.{{sfn|Rios|2019}} O kwuru okwu gbasara ime ihe ike na nkuzi Gabriel García Márquez nke mbụ na [[Cartagena, Colombia]] n'otu afọ ahụ.{{sfn|Rojas|2019}} Adichie bụ onye Afrịka mbụ kwuru okwu na Ụbọchị Klas nke [[Yale University]], ebe o kwuru okwu nkuzi n'afọ 2019.{{sfn|''Vanguard''|2019}} ===2020–ugbu a: Mbipụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka, mgbasa ọrụ=== Na 2020, Adichie bipụtara "Zikora", akụkọ dị mkpirikpi gbasara mmekọahụ na ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di,{{sfn|Law|2020}} na edemede akpọrọ "Ndetu na Iru újú" na ''[[The New Yorker]]'', mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. O gbasaa edemede ahụ ka ọ bụrụ [[Ndetu gbasara mwute|akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara n'afọ sochirinụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021a}}{{sfn|Lozada|2021}} N'afọ 2020, Adichie bipụtara ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' na mbipụta maka ụmụaka, nke Leire Salaberria sere.{{sfn|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} E nyere ikike maka ntụgharị ya maka mbipụta na asụsụ Croatian, French, Korean, Portuguese, na Spanish.{{sfn|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021|p=109}} O kwuru okwu isi okwu na 2020 {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}} (Ọgbakọ Ọdịnihu) na [[Santiago]], Chile.{{sfn|Espinoza Cárdenas|2020}} Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'emume akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Reykjavik nke afọ 2021 nke emere na sinima {{lang|is|Háskólbíó}} na [[Mahadum nke Iceland]], ma kwuo okwu ahụ bụ "In Pursuit of Joy: On Storytelling, Feminism, and Changing My Mind".{{sfn|''RIKK''|2021}} Na 30 Nọvemba 2022, Adichie kwuru okwu mbụ n'ime [[BBC]] nke afọ 2022 [[Reith Lectures]], nke sitere n'okwu [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] nke "[[Four Freedoms]]" kpaliri.{{sfn|BBC Radio|2022}} Adichie ji otu afọ na ọkara rụọ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke ụmụ ya, ''[[Mama's Sleeping Scarf]]'', nke e dere na 2019 ma bipụta ya na 2023 site na ya. [[HarperCollins]] n'okpuru aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James".{{efn|Aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James" bụ nraranye Adichie nyere ndị mụrụ ya, dịka Nwa pụtara "child" n'asụsụ bekee.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}}{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}}}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}} Ihe osise maka akwụkwọ a bụ nke Joelle Avelino, onye di mba Congo na Angola.{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}} N'afọ 2025, Adichie bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Dream Count]]'', nke bụ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị anọ si Africa, bụ ndị ndụ ha na-ejikọta ọnụ ka ha na-eche ihu ịhụnanya, mfu, na ntachi obi n'ofe Naịjirịa na Amerịka.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cummins |first=Anthony |date=2 Maachị 2025 |title=Dream Count nke Chimamanda Ngozi Nyocha Adichie - mkparịta ụka doro anya na ndị enyi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends |access-date=8 Maachị 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mgbe ewepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Adichie malitere njem nleta ụlọ na Naịjirịa, yana mmemme ndị dị mkpa emere na Lagos (June 27), Abuja (Julaị 3), na Enugu (Julaị 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Njem Nrọ Adichie nke Ịlaghachi n'Ụlọ: Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Foto |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Dịka akụkụ nke njem ya, Adichie jere ozi dị ka ọkà okwu dị mkpa na [[Things Fall Apart Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Egbejule |first=Eromo |last2=Chijioke |first2=Arinze |date=2025-07-09 |title=‘Anyị ga-adị n'otu’: Mkpu Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie na emume akwụkwọ Naịjirịa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jul/09/we-must-unite-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigerian-literature-festival-igbo-culture |access-date=2026-07-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adeduyite |first=Okiki |date=2025-05-14 |title=Chimamanda Adichie ga-abụ isi okwu maka emume Things Fall Apart nke 2025 na Enugu |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụdị na isiokwu == === Ụdị ide ihe === Adichie ji ma Igbo ma Bekee mee ihe n'ọrụ ya,{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|pages=73–74}} yana ahịrịokwu Igbo e gosiri na italics, wee soro ya na ntụgharị Bekee.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=78}} Ọ na-eji ihe atụ iji kpalite ahụmịhe mmetụta uche,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbịbịa nke eze iji maa ndị ọchịchị na ndị ndú okpukpe aka na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na-anọchite anya [[Palm Sunday]].{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=225}} Ojiji ya nke asụsụ na-ezo aka na ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Achebe na-akpọku ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ncheta ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Dube|2019|pages=226–227}} N'otu aka ahụ, aha Kambili, agwa dị na ''Purple Hibiscus'', na-akpọ "{{lang|ig|i biri ka m biri}}" ("Dị Ndụ ma Ka Ndụ"), aha egwu nke onye egwu Igbo [[Oliver De Coque]].{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=7}} Iji kọwaa ọnọdụ tupu agha na mgbe agha gasịrị, ọ na-esi n'ezi ihe gaa n'ọkacha njọ dịka a hụrụ na ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya malitere site n'imepe friji wee hụ oroma, biya, na "ọkụkọ na-egbuke egbuke". Ndị a dị iche na nke e mesịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya nwụrụ n'ihi agụụ, a manyekwara ndị ọzọ iri àkwá na ngwere ntụ ntụ.{{sfn|Mbah|2015|page=352}} Adichie na-ejikarị ebe ndị dị adị na ndị ama ama akụkọ ihe mere eme dọta ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'akụkọ ya.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=312}} N'ịmepụta agwa, Adichie na-ejikarị echiche ya eme ihe iji tụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala ọdịnala na nke ọdịda anyanwụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=295}} Akụkọ ya na-egosikarị omenala ndị dara ada, ọkachasị ndị na-ahapụ agwa ya n'ọnọdụ dị njọ n'etiti nhọrọ ọjọọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=305}} Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-emepụta agwa dị ka [[archetype]] nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke omume omenala iji mepụta [[Foil (akụkọ)|foil]] maka agwa dị mgbagwoju anya karị.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} ==== Omenala ndi Igbo ==== Adichie na-enye ndị odide ya aha a na-akpọkarị maka agbụrụ e bu n'obi, dịka [[Muhammad (aha)|Mohammed]] maka agwa Alakụba.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=5–6}} Maka ndị Igbo, ọ na-emepụta aha ndị na-egosi omenala aha Igbo ma na-egosipụta àgwà, àgwà, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=2–3}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', aha agwa ahụ bụ Ọlanna pụtara n'ezie "Ọlaedo Chineke", mana Nwankwọ na-ekwu na "ọla" pụtara ihe dị oke ọnụ ahịa ebe "nna" pụtara Chineke nna ma ọ bụ nne na nna.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=5}} Site n'ịhapụ aha Igbo a ma ama, Adichie na-eme ka ndị odide ya nwee ọtụtụ agbụrụ, okike na ọtụtụ, zuru ụwa ọnụ. personas.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} Ọ naghị eji aha Bekee eme ihe maka agwa Afrịka mana, mgbe ọ na-eme ya, ọ bụ ngwaọrụ iji gosipụta àgwà ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|p=4}} Adichie jiri ihe osise sitere na ọdịnala ọnụ Igbo mee ihe iji gosipụta eziokwu n'ụdị [[akụkọ ifo akụkọ ihe mere eme]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|pages=18–19}} Ọ na-emebi omenala n'ụzọ dị iche na akwụkwọ ọdịnala Afrịka, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ anaghị anọghị na Naịjirịa [[Canon (ụkpụrụ bụ isi)|akwụkwọ edemede]],{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=77}} na a na-elegharakarị ndị inyom anya ma ọ bụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nkwado maka ndị ikom na-etinye aka na ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba nke obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|pages=87–88}} Ụdị ejiji ya na-elekwasịkarị anya na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike ma na-agbakwụnye echiche nwoke na nwanyị na isiokwu ndị ndị edemede ndị ọzọ nyochaburu, dị ka ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, okpukperechi, na mmekọrịta ike.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=80}}{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|page=90}} Adichie na-ekewakarị ndị odide n'ime klaasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji gosipụta enweghị nghọtahie na usoro ọdịnala.{{sfn|Ndula|2017|pp=32}}{{sfn|Sharobeem|2015|p=26}} Site n'iji akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị odide nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ, dịka ọ na-ekwughachi n'okwu TED ya, "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu", ọ na-ezipụ ozi na enweghị otu eziokwu gbasara ihe gara aga.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=309}} Adichie na-agba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha mata ọrụ nke ha nye ibe ha, na ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị n'ụwa.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} Ọkà mmụta Naịjirịa bụ Stanley Ordu na-akọwa echiche nwanyị Adichie dị ka [[Nwanyị|onye na-achọ ụmụ nwanyị]] n'ihi na nyocha ya banyere usoro nna ochie gafere mmeso mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na [[Misandry|onye na-achọghị nwoke]], kama ile anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. na nsogbu agbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu iji lanarị ma soro ụmụ nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|pp=61–63}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Purple Hibiscus'', agwa Anti Ifeoma na-egosi echiche nwanyị site n'ime ka ndị ezinụlọ niile rụọ ọrụ dịka otu na nkwenye, ka e wee jiri talent onye ọ bụla mee ihe ruo n'ókè kachasị elu ha nwere.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|p=70}} N'ọrụ ya dịka ide ihe na ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, Adichie tinyere ihe ọchị, ma jiri okwu [[anecdote]]s, okwu njakịrị na okwu mkparị mee ka otu echiche pụta ìhè.{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Anthony|2023}} Adichie etolitela echiche [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] nke oge a gbasara okwu gbasara okike, na-ebelata mmasị n'ụzọ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ si ahụ Afrịka ma na-enwekwu mmasị n'otú Afrịka si ahụ onwe ya.{{sfn|Dabiri|2015}} === Isiokwu di iche iche === N'ime mkparịta ụka Adichie na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] na 2011, o kwuru na isi ihe dị n'ọrụ ya bụ ịhụnanya.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=111}} Site n'iji arụmụka ndị inyom "[[Onye ahụ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]]", ịhụnanya n'ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị site na njirimara omenala, njirimara onwe onye na ọnọdụ mmadụ, na otu esemokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si emetụta atọ ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Adichie na-enyochakarị njikọ nke klaasị, omenala, okike, (mgbe-) ọchịchị alaeze ukwu gasịrị, ike, agbụrụ na okpukperechi.{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=222}} Ọgụ bụ isiokwu kachasị mkpa n'akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=76}} ọrụ ya na-agbaso omenala ahụ site n'inyocha ezinụlọ, obodo, na mmekọrịta.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} Nnyocha ya gafere esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgba maka ikike, ma na-enyochakarị ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=90}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya na-ekwu maka otu ndị odide ya si eme ka ha na ndị nwere mwute dị na ndụ ha{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=84}} na otu ha si agbanwe site n'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị olu na ndị na-enweghị olu gaa n'inwe ike onwe ha na inwe ike ịkọ akụkọ nke ha.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=85–86}} Ọrụ Adichie na-enyochakarị njirimara omenala,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|p=295}} karịsịa njirimara Igbo nke na-eme emume asụsụ Igbo na [[omenala Igbo|omenala]], ma na-egosi ịhụnanya mba Afrịka, n'ozuzu ya.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|p=74}} Ide ihe ya bụ mkparịta ụka ebumnobi ya na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, ebumnuche iweghachite ùgwù na mmadụ nke ndị Afrịka.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|p=111}} Isi okwu na-emegharị n'ọrụ Adichie bụ Agha Biafra. Agha ahụ bụ "oge doro anya" n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ọchịchị Naịjirịa gasịrị, inyocha esemokwu ahụ na-egosi ụzọ e si hazie njirimara mba ahụ. ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'agha ahụ, na-egosi etu amụma, nrụrụ aka, nkwenye okpukpe na esemokwu si mee ka a chụpụ ndị Igbo wee manye ha ịbanyeghachi na mba ahụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=79}}{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ihe abụọ a mere nwere ihe si na ya pụta, Adichie na-egosikwa agha ahụ dị ka ọnyá na-agwọbeghị n'ihi na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anaghị achọ idozi nsogbu ndị kpalitere ya.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=3}} Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka pụtara ọzọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Adichie iji gosi mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ n'ịzụlite mmụọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma gosipụta mkpali nke [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African psychology]] na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe na ''Half of a Yellow Sun''. Ọ pụtara na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na ''Americanah'' dị ka ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eguzogide ọchịchị aka ike site na [[nnupụisi obodo]] na [[Mkpesa|nkwenye]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=20}} Mahadum ahụ na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ọchịchị ma na-emepụta ụzọ isi lụso mgbagwoju anya ya ọgụ site na [[ihe ọmụma ọdịnala|ihe ọmụma ndị obodo]],{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} site n'ịghọta na akwụkwọ ndị ọchịchị na-akọ naanị akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ ma na-ebelata onyinye ndị Africa.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=22}} Adichie gosipụtara nke a na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ {{lang|ig|Odenigbo|italics=no}}, kọwara nwa okorobịa ya n'ụlọ, {{lang|ig|Ugwu|italics=no}}, na ọ ga-amụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na [[Niger] otu nwoke ọcha aha ya bụ [[Mungo Park (onye na-enyocha)|Mungo Park]] chọtara Osimiri]], ọ bụ ezie na ndị obodo ahụ azụọla azụ̀ n'osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ. Agbanyeghị, Odenigbo dọrọ Ugwu aka ná ntị na, ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ banyere nchọpụta Park bụ ụgha, ọ ghaghị iji azịza na-ezighi ezi mee ihe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-ada ule ya.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} Ọrụ Adichie gbasara [[ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ]] na-enyocha isiokwu nke ịbụ onye otu, mgbanwe na ịkpa ókè mgbe niile.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} A na-egosikarị nke a dị ka agụụ imekọ ihe ọnụ ma a na-egosipụta ya site na ndị odide na-agbanwe aha ha,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} isiokwu a na-ahụkarị na akụkọ ifo Adiche, nke na-egosi ihu abụọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=299–300}} Site n'iji isiokwu nke mbata na ọpụpụ, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta mkparịta ụka gbasara otu esi agbanwe echiche na njirimara nke ndị odide ya site na ibi na mba ọzọ na izute omenala dị iche iche.{{sfn|Bragg|2017|p=130}} N'ime "Dear Ijeawele ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions" ọ tụlere isiokwu njirimara nke na-apụta na "Purple Hibiscus"', "Half of a Yellow Sun"', na "The Thing Around Your Neck" dịka echiche efu nke ọdịdị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ntutu isi ha na ihe ha na-eme.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=1–2}} "Dear Ijeawele" na-emesi ike mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji aha ndị Africa eme ihe,{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=2–3}} ịjụ [[Mkpawa dabere na agba akpụkpọ ahụ|agba]],{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=3–4}} na-egosipụta nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'otú ha si eyi ntutu isi ha (gụnyere ịjụ ịchọ ịmata ihe gbasara ya){{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=5}} na izere [[commodification]], dị ka ule alụmdi na nwunye, nke Na-ebelata uru nwanyị gaa na nke ihe nrite, na-ahụ naanị uru ya dị ka nwunye nwoke.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=6}} Ndị inyom ya na-ajụkarị ka a kọwaa ha site na echiche ndị na-adịghị mma ma na-achọ ike ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=6–7}} Ọrụ Adichie na-ekwukarị banyere nchọpụta ezinụlọ n'etiti ọgbọ dị iche iche, na-enye ya ohere inyocha ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke mmegbu na nnwere onwe. Na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na "[[Onye Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme Isi]]", Adichie lere isiokwu ndị a anya site na iji ezinụlọ dị ka obere ihe nnọchianya nke ime ihe ike.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|p=26}} Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị, ma n'ime mmekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye nna ochie na n'èzí alụmdi na nwunye, bụ isiokwu Adichie na-ejikarị enyocha mgbagwoju anya na ókèala ịhụnanya. Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka nwoke idina nwoke n'ihe gbasara alụmdi na nwunye n'akụkọ dịka "Transition to Glory", na isiokwu ndị a machibidoro iwu dịka mmetụta ịhụnanya maka ndị ụkọchukwu na "Purple Hibiscus", yana ịrata enyi nwoke enyi ya na "Light Skin". Ịpụ nwa,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=81}} ịbụ nne na nsogbu nke ịbụ nwanyị bụ isiokwu ndị na-apụta ìhè n'ọrụ Adichie, a na-enyochakwa ha mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, [[nna nna]], na atụmanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=80}}{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}}{{sfn|Daniels|2022|p=54}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'akụkọ dị mkpirikpi "Zikora", ọ na-ekwu maka akụkụ ndị dị ndụ, omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịghọ nne na atụmanya ndị a na-atụ anya n'aka ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}} Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha ọdịda nke mgbochi ime na afọ ime a na-atụghị anya ya, ịhapụ onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di, nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu njirimara Zikora, na mmetụta dị iche iche ọ na-enwe gbasara ịghọ onye nne.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|pp=182–183}} Isiokwu ndị na-apụtakarị bụ mgbaghara na aghụghọ, dịka ọ dị na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe Olanna gbaghaara onye hụrụ ya n'anya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi, ma ọ bụ mkpebi Ifemelu ikewapụ onwe ya na enyi ya nwoke na ''Americanah''.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Nnyocha Adichie banyere agha na-eme ka a mata otú akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ọ bụla si eme ihe ike na ọ dịghị akụkụ ọ bụla na-ata ụta maka ime ihe ike na-apụta. Akụkọ ya na-egosi na ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke klaasị na agbụrụ dị iche iche dị mkpa iji mepụta obodo dị iche iche nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ụdị ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro na ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'' na ''Ihe Gbara Olu Gị'';{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} isiokwu ndị a na-egosi ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ mmetụta na ngosipụta n'ime ọha mmadụ nke iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} == Echiche == === Ejiji === [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|alt=Front cover of a print magazine|Adichie on the cover of ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' in 2014]] Adichie, n'isiokwu e dere na 2014 maka ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'',{{sfn|Adichie|2014}} dere na "ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ka a na-ewere ha nke ọma kwesịrị igosi na ha dị mkpa site n'enweghị mmasị n'ọdịdị ha."{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=411}} Dịka o si kwuo, echiche ndị ọdịda anyanwụ dị iche na otú e si zụlite ya na Naịjirịa ebe nlebara anya mmadụ na ejiji na-adabere na oke ùgwù na nsọpụrụ ọha mmadụ ga-enye ya.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}} O kwuru na a na-ekpe ndị mmadụ ikpe otú ha si eyi uwe.{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} N'ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịma mma, ejiji, ụdị na enweghị nha anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Adichie malitere ịkwado [[ahụ dị mma]] dị ka ụzọ isi nweta [[Agency (sociology)|agency]].{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}}{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} Agụnyere Adichie na ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s 2016 [[International Best Wressing Hall of Fame List|International Best-Wered List]], ma kpọọ [[Michelle Obama]] dị ka onye a ma ama n'ụdị ejiji ya.{{sfn|''Vanity Fair''|2016|p=144}}{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} N'afọ ahụ, [[Maria Grazia Chiuri]], onye nduzi okike nwanyị mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ejiji French [[Dior]], gosipụtara na nchịkọta mbụ ya uwe elu T-shirt nwere aha okwu TED nke Adichie, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ihe Niile Ndị Na-eme Ihe Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị".{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Medrano|2016}} O juru Adichie anya mgbe ọ matara na Dior enwebeghị nwanyị na-achị ngalaba ihe okike ya ma kweta ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Chiuri, onye kpọrọ ya òkù dịka onye ọbịa a na-asọpụrụ ka ọ nọdụ n'ahịrị ihu nke ihe ngosi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2016 [[Izu Ejiji Paris]].{{sfn|Medrano|2016}}{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Ryan|2017}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na Adichie na-amakarị echiche ndị na-adịghị mma gbasara ụmụ nwanyị aka site na ntụnyere na ejiji. O kwuru na ikwe ka Dior gosipụta ederede ya bụ ụzọ dị mma isi jiri ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche zie ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa ịzụlite aha ya dị ka "ihe ngosi transmedia" nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ ọgụgụ isi, akwụkwọ na ejiji.{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=168}} Ọ ghọrọ ihu nke [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)#Nke. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum|Nke 7]], ngalaba ihe ịchọ mma nke ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ Britain [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)|Boots]].{{sfn|Weatherford|2016}} N'ozi Facebook ya nke afọ 2016 nke akpọrọ ''Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ Ihe ngosi ụmụ nwanyị n'ime aro iri na ise'', Adichie rụrụ ụka na ibelata ịdị mma nwanyị na ngosipụta ya site na ejiji na etemeete bụ "akụkụ nke omenala nke ịkpa oke mmekọahụ".{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} Na 8 Mee 2017, Adichie kwupụtara mkpọsa "Wear Nigerian" ya na ibe Facebook ya.{{sfn|Idowu|2017}}{{sfn|Hobdy|2020}} O hiwere akaụntụ [[Instagram]] nke ụmụnne ya nwanyị Chisom na Amaka jisiri ike,{{sfn|Idowu|2017}} wee nweta ihe dị ka 600,000 Ndị na-eso ụzọ.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=218}} Dịka Adichie si kwuo, ebumnuche ya bụ inyere aka chebe ihe nketa omenala Naịjirịa site n'igosipụta ụdị ọrụ aka na ojiji nke usoro, ihe na ákwà ọhụrụ e ji aka rụọ nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na Naịjirịa na-eji.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=217}} O meriri [[Shorty Awards|Shorty Award]] na 2018 maka mkpọsa ahụ,{{sfn|Agbo|2018a}} na na 2019 ahọpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ga-apụta na mkpuchi nke ''[[British Vogue]]'' na mbipụta nke onye ọbịa deziri nke [[Meghan, Duchess nke Sussex]].{{sfn|''The Irish Times''|2019}} Na mkparịta ụka 2021 na [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] ya na onye bụbu Chancellor nke Germany, [[Angela Merkel]], na ndị nta akụkọ [[Miriam Meckel]] na [[Léa Steinacker]], Adichie kwuru na ọ na-ejikarị ejiji akụziri ndị mmadụ gbasara ụdịdị dị iche iche.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2021}} === Nkwerechi === Ọ bụ ezie na a zụlitere Adichie dịka [[Ụka Katọlik|Katọlik]], ọ na-ewere echiche ya, ọkachasị ndị gbasara echiche ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe na-emegide okpukperechi ya mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raised Catholic |url=https://www.chimamanda.com/external_articles/raised-catholic/ |access-date=3 Maachị 2026 |website=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka esemokwu okpukperechi bilitere na Naịjirịa n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na Ndị Alakụba na 2012, ọ gbara ndị ndu ume ka ha kwusaa ozi udo na ịdị n'otu.{{sfn|Shariatmadari|2012}} Adichie kwuru na mmekọrịta ya na Katọlik dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ọ na-amata omenala dịka Katọlik, mana ọ na-eche na ilekwasị anya na ego na ikpe ọmụma nke Chọọchị adabaghị na ụkpụrụ ya.{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} Na mmemme 2017 na [[Mahadum Georgetown]], o kwuru na ọdịiche dị n'echiche dị n'etiti ndị Katọlik na Ndị ndu [[Church Mission Society]] kpatara nkewa n'obodo Naịjirịa n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nakwa na ọ hapụrụ chọọchị ahụ n'oge e mere emume nhọpụta nke [[Pope Benedict XVI]] na 2005.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} O kwetara na ozizi [[Pope Francis]], onye a họpụtara na 2013, na ọmụmụ nwa ya nwanyị na 2016 dọtara ya azụ n'okpukpe Katọlik ma kpalie mkpebi ya ịzụlite nwa ya dị ka onye Katọlik.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} Ka ọ na-erule 2021, Adichie kwuru na ya bụ [[Onye Kraịst aha ya bụ onye Katọlik]] ma na-aga naanị [[Mass n'ime Chọọchị Katọlik|Mass]] mgbe ọ hụrụ [[Onye Kraịst na-aga n'ihu|obodo na-aga n'ihu]] nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ụmụ mmadụ. O mere ka o doo anya na "Echere m na m bụ onye na-enweghị ike ịmata ihe dị na ya ma na-ajụ ajụjụ".{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} N'afọ ahụ, e bipụtara echiche ya gbasara akwụkwọ ozi Pope Francis ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'' n'asụsụ Itali na mbipụta nke ise nke ọnwa Julaị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Vatican ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]''.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}}{{sfn|Adichie|2021}} N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2021 bụ "{{lang|it|Sognare come un'unica umanità|italics=no}}" ("Ịrọ nrọ dị ka mmadụ na-alụbeghị di"), Adichie chetara na a na-akatọ ya n'olili nne ya maka ịkatọ ilekwasị anya na Chọọchị n'ego, mana o kwetakwara na emume Katọlik nyere ya nkasi obi n'oge iru újú ya.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}} === Ikike nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke === Adichie bụ onye na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Afrịka]] ma na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa]].{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} Mgbe Naịjirịa tinyere iwu megidere nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na 2014, ọ so n'ime ndị edemede Naịjirịa jụrụ iwu ahụ, na-akpọ ya ihe megidere iwu, ikpe na-ezighị ezi na "ihe dị ịtụnanya nye mba nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu n'ezie". O kwuru na ndị toro eto na-egosi ibe ha ịhụnanya emerụghị ọha mmadụ ahụ, kama na iwu ahụ "ga-eduga na mpụ ime ihe ike".{{sfn|Useni|2014}} Adichie bụ ezigbo enyi na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] onye pụtara n'ihu ọha na 2014.{{sfn|Malec|2017}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2019}} Onye edemede Bernard Dayo kwuru na [[ihe ọmụma]] Adichie gwara Wainaina na 2019 dọtara mmụọ nke "onye na-akwado LGBTQ [nke] ụwa akwụkwọ Africa ebe a ka na-emeso nwoke idina nwoke dị ka echiche dị nro."{{sfn|Dayo|2019}} === Ntinye nwoke na nwanyị site na nwoke === Kemgbe afọ 2017, Adichie na-akparịta ụka n'ihu ọha mgbe ụfọdụ gbasara okwu gbasara transgender, ụfọdụ na-ebokwa ya ebubo na ọ bụ [[transphobia]].{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} N'ajụjụ ọnụ [[Channel 4]] nke afọ 2017, Adichie kwuru na ahụmịhe nke nwanyị "biri ndụ dịka nwoke, nwere ihe ùgwù ụwa nyere ụmụ nwoke" abụghị otu ahụmịhe ahụ dịka "nwanyị nke, site na mbido, biri n'ụwa dịka nwanyị".{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} N'ihe o dere na Facebook, o dere na ụmụ nwanyị transgender na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị iche, mmadụ nwekwara ike ikweta ọdịiche ndị ahụ na-enweghị imebi ma ọ bụ belata ahụmịhe ndụ nke otu ọ bụla.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} O mesiri ike na a na-eme ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-akpakọrịta n'ụzọ ndị na-emebi uru onwe ha, nke nwere mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide ná ndụ ha niile, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-erite uru site na uru nke ihe ùgwù nwoke, tupu mgbanwe.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}}{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=820}} Esemokwu ahụ pụtara ọzọ na 2020 mgbe Adichie kwupụtara nkwado maka [[J. Edemede K. Rowling]] gbasara okike na mmekọahụ, mgbe ọ kpọrọ ya "ihe ezi uche dị na ya" n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain, ''The Guardian''.{{sfn|Allardice|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ kpalitere mmeghachi omume [[Twitter]] site n'aka ndị nkatọ echiche ya, nke gụnyere onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na otu n'ime [[Ọrụ Ndị Odee (ọrụ)|Ọrụ Ide Ihe]] nke Adichie, [[Akwaeke Emezi]].{{sfn|Akhabau|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Na nzaghachi, Adichie dere "Ọ Bụ Ihe Ọjọọ: Echiche Eziokwu n'Akụkụ Atọ" wee biputere ya na weebụsaịtị ya na June 2021, na-akatọ ojiji nke mgbasa ozi ọha iji kwupụta mkpesa.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021b}}{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Ihe ndị a N'ọnwa, ụmụ akwụkwọ obodo LGBT na [[Mahadum Cape Town]], South Africa, jụrụ ikwu okwu ihu ọha ya n'ogige ha.{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Adichie kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na [[Otosirieze Obi-Young]] na Septemba na "ihe mwute dị ukwuu" maka mmeghachi omume ahụ nakwa na n'oge esemokwu ahụ, ọ gụrụ ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ na isiokwu trans iji nyere ya aka ịghọta ihe na-eme.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na ngwụcha afọ 2022, Adichie nwetara nkatọ ọzọ maka echiche ya mgbe ọ gbasịrị ajụjụ ọnụ ọzọ na "The Guardian" mgbe ọ sịrị, "Ya mere, onye yiri nwanne m nwoke—ọ na-asị, 'Abụ m nwanyị', wee banye n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, otu nwanyị wee sị, 'Ị gaghị anọ ebe a', ọ nọkwa "Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-akpọ mmadụ asị?"{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Williams|2022}}{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Magazin ahụ ''[[PinkNews]]'' kwuru na Adichie "anaghị enwe mmetụta" nakwa na ọ na-eji "okwu ọjọọ".{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Ọkammụta Cheryl Stobie kwuru na Adichie kwadoro "echiche nkewa nke okike".{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=355}} Onye nchọpụta B. Camminga kwuru na aha Adichie mere ka okwu ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị trans na-akpọ mmadụ asị dịkwuo elu ma mechie olu ụmụ nwanyị Africa ndị ọzọ, ma ndị trans na ndị cis, ọnụ.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=819}} == Ndụ nkeonwe == Adichie bụ [[Katọlik]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} N'oge ọ bụ nwata, parish ezinụlọ ya bụ Chọọchị Katọlik nke St. Paul dị na Abba.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bi na US karịsịa, ebe o nwere [[Akwụkwọ Ndụ Akwụkwọ Ndụ|ọnọdụ obibi na-adịgide adịgide]],{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} mana ọ na-elekọtakwa ebe obibi na Naịjirịa.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Na 2009, ọ lụrụ dọkịta Naịjirịa Ivara Esege.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ha nwere ụmụ atọ; A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị n'afọ 2016,{{sfn|Chutel|2016}} na ejima nwoke n'afọ 2024, dịka Adichie si kwuo n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain ''[[The Guardian]]''.{{sfn|Edwardes|2025}} Dịka ya si kwuo, [[Surrogacy|surrogate]] buru nwa ikpeazụ ahụ.{{sfn|Lee|2025}} Otu n'ime ejima ahụ, Nkanu Nnamdi, nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 7, 2026 mgbe ọ dị ọnwa 21, mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa.{{sfn|Ige|2026}}{{sfn|Glynn|2026}} Adichie kwuru ihe kpatara ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke dịka nleghara anya ahụike nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Euracare dị na Lagos, ebe a nabatara Nkanu. Akụkụ nke nleghara anya ahụ, dịka ya si kwuo, gụnyere ịjụ ikuku oxygen, na ime ka nwatakịrị ahụ daa jụụ, nke butere [[njide obi]]. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ gosiri ezinụlọ ahụ mwute ha, mana ha gọnarịrị ebubo ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Okafor|2026}} A ga-amalite [[nnyocha]] gbasara ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke na 14 Eprel 2026.{{sfn|Ewokor|2026}} Emesịa, a kwụsịtụrụ nyocha ahụ n'ihi ntinye aka a na-atụghị anya ya site n'aka [[Ọkaiwu Ukwu nke Lagos State]].{{sfn|Oduah|2026}} Na 2 Mee 2015, a tọọrọ nna Adichie ma mesịa tọhapụ ya ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} Nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa akụrụ na 2020, n'oge ọrịa [[COVID-19]],{{sfn|Broom|2021}} nne ya nwụkwara na 2021.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} == Ihe ncheta == === Mmetụta oha === [[Larissa MacFarquhar]] nke ''The New Yorker'' kwuru na Adichie "a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mkpa na nke mbụ n'ọgbọ ya".{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Asụgharịala ọrụ ya n'ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} Obi-Young Otosirieze kwuru n'akụkọ mkpuchi ya gbasara Adichie maka magazin Naịjirịa ''[[Open Country Mag]]'' na Septemba 2021, na "akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ... mebiri mgbidi n'akwụkwọ mbipụta. ''Purple Hibiscus'' gosiri na e nwere ahịa mba ụwa maka akụkọ ifo ndị Africa mgbe Achebe gasịrị [na] ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' gosiri na ahịa ahụ nwere ike ichebara akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Africa echiche".{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'isiokwu mbụ e bipụtara na ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', o kwuru na ''Half of a Yellow Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun''{{'}}s wepụtara na 2006 rere mkpụrụ 500,000, ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa maka akwụkwọ, tupu Ọktoba 2009 na UK naanị.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ 'Americanah' rere mkpụrụ 500,000 na US n'ime afọ abụọ nke ewepụtara ya na 2013.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}}{{sfn|Germain|2015}} {{Ruo|2022}}, "The Danger of a Single Story" enwetala ihe karịrị nde 27.{{sfn|Kumolu|2022}} Ruo 1 Septemba 2023, okwu ahụ bụ otu n'ime mkparịta ụka TED 25 kachasị elele n'oge niile.{{sfn|Assheton|2023}} Dịka Lisa Allardice, onye nta akụkọ na-ede maka ''The Guardian'', Adichie si kwuo. ghọrọ "nwa agbọghọ mara mma maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a mgbe okwu TED Talk ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ 'Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị' batara n'ọkwa dị iche iche ma kesaa ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ nye ụmụaka niile dị afọ 16 na Sweden".{{sfn|Allardice|2020}} Adichie aghọọla "onye ama ama n'ụwa niile maka ụmụ nwanyị" na "onye na-eche echiche ọha" dịka onye nta akụkọ Lauren Alix Brown si kwuo.{{sfn|Brown|2017}} Akụkụ nke okwu TEDx nke Adichie bụ́ "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị" ka e tinyere n'abụ "[[Flawless (Abụ Beyoncé)|Flawless]]" nke [[Beyoncé]] dere na 13 Disemba 2013.{{sfn|Kiene|2016}} Adichie kwuru okwu megide ndị nkatọ bụ́ ndị mechara jụọ onye ọbụ abụ ahụ akwụkwọ ikike ịbụ onye inyom n'ihi na ọ na-eji mmekọahụ ya "eme ka anya nwoke na nwoke dị mma". N'ịgbachitere Beyoncé, Adichie kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla kwuru na ha bụ ndị inyom nwere ọbara ọbara."{{sfn|Danielle|2014}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na ọkwa Adichie dị ka "otu n'ime ndị edemede na ndị inyom nwere ọtụtụ ihe a ma ama n'oge a" nyere ya ohere iji onye ama ama ya "gosipụta ike nke uwe ma nye ndị mmadụ ike site na ọnọdụ dị iche iche ịnakwere [ejiji] ... nke nwere ihe niile metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke njirimara".{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=169}} Ndị ọkà mmụta Floriana Bernardi na Enrica Picarelli kwuru na nkwado ya maka ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Naịjirịa nyere aka itinye Naịjirịa "n'ihu" n'ime mmegharị iji ejiji dị ka usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama n'ụwa niile nke inye ike.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=220}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nyocha nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa, katọrọ amụma nke ibuli ndị ọkà mmụta elu n'oge. O kwuru na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ, kwesịrị ịma aka n'iwu na usoro iji mee ka nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ amaala na gọọmentị sikwuo ike. O tụrụ aro ka a na-elekwasị anya site n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta bụ ndị na-emetụta ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ gaa n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji nkà ha enyere steeti aka ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ nye ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa. Adichie so n'ime ndị o chere na ha ruru eru dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi", bụ ndị "kwalitere ókè nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - mural Ciudad Lineal (cropped).jpg|thumb|287x287px|Adichie on the [[Concepción Feminist Mural]] in [[Madrid]], Spain]] E tinyere akwụkwọ Adichie nke akpọrọ "Half of a Yellow Sun" n'ime [[Half of a Yellow Sun (fim)|fim nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Biyi Bandele]] duziri na 2013.{{sfn|Felperin|2013}} Na 2018, e tinyere eserese Adichie na [[mgbidi mgbidi]] na Municipal Sport Center na [[Concepción (Madrid)|Concepción barrio]] nke [[Madrid]], ya na ụmụ nwanyị iri na anọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị agbata obi họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ntolite ma jee ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nha anya. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ meriri ihe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme iji wepụ ihe osise ahụ na 2021 site na mkpesa nke mbinye aka a nakọtara.{{sfn|''El Mundo''|2021}} Luke Ndidi Okolo, onye nkuzi na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] kwuru:{{sfn|Okolo|2016|p=12}} {{Blockquote|text=Adichie dere na-akọwa isiokwu na isiokwu doro anya ma dị elu. Mana isiokwu na isiokwu abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka. Ihe dị iche na ihe dị iche na ihe osise Chimamanda Adichie nke Purple Hibiscus bụ ụdị ejiji ya - nhọrọ ya nke atụmatụ asụsụ na akwụkwọ, yana usoro ojiji nke atụmatụ ndị ahụ na njikọta dị egwu nke echiche na echiche nke ndị odide.}} Ọrụ Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ ihe nrite.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=75}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=75}} Ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ dịka Daria Tunca dere na ọrụ Adichie dị mkpa nke ukwuu ma kwuo na ọ bụ olu dị mkpa na [[Ọgbọ nke Atọ nke Ndị Ode Akwụkwọ Naịjirịa]],{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=306}} ebe Izuu Nwankwọ kpọrọ atụmatụ aha Igbo ya mepụtara dị ka "ụdị nka", nke o mere ka ọ zuo oke n'ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} O toro ikike ya itinye asụsụ Igbo na ihe ọ pụtara na Ederede Bekee n'emeghị ka akụkọ ahụ ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ gbagọọ akụkọ ahụ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=8}} N'ikpe nke [[Ernest Emenyonu]], otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta kacha pụta ìhè na [[akwụkwọ Igbo]],{{sfn|Igwe|2017|p=7}} Adichie bụ "olu kacha elu ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'oge ya" ma ọ kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ kacha elu n'Africa".{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=2}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, toro ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} Leslie Gray Streeter nke ''[[The Independent]]'' kwuru na echiche Adichie banyere iru újú "na-eme ka mmetụta uche a zuru ụwa ọnụ na-atọ ụtọ, nke bụkwa otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee ihe ọmụma zuru ụwa ọnụ. zere."{{sfn|Streter|2021}} A maara ya nke ọma dịka "ada akwụkwọ Chinua Achebe".{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=109}} Jane Shilling nke ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' kpọrọ ya "onye na-eme ka akụkọ dị mfe dịka abụ nnụnụ".{{sfn|Shilling|2009}} Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu maka okwu na nkuzi ya.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Prọfesọ mgbasa ozi na nkwukọrịta Erika M. Behrmann, onye nyochachara okwu Adichie nke TEDxEuston, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" toro ya dịka "onye nwere onyinye n'akụkọ", onye nwere ike iso ya kparịta ụka nke ọma. ndị na-ege ntị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=315}} Agbanyeghị, Behrmann katọrọ enweghị mkparịta ụka n'okwu ahụ gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara ndị mmadụ na ntụkwasị obi Adichie na okwu abụọ (nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị), nke hapụrụ "obere ohere iche echiche na inyocha otu ndị transgender na ndị na-eme ihe n'omume ụmụ nwanyị" si enye aka ma ọ bụ emetụta ha site na omume ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} Emenyonu kwuru na "okwu ya, blọgụ, echiche ya na mgbasa ozi ọha, edemede na nkọwa, nkuzi ogbako maka ndị edemede na-eto eto na mkparịta ụka nkuzi ... gbasaa ma kọwaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede".{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=1}} Ọkà mmụta Grace Musila kwuru na akara Adiche gụnyere aha ya dị ka onye edemede, onye ọha na eze, na onye na-emepụta ejiji, nke mere ka ikike ya na echiche ya dịkwuo elu karịa agụmakwụkwọ. okirikiri.{{sfn|Musila|2020|p=807}} === Otito Ihe ndị odere === {{Main|Ndepụta ihe nrite na nhọpụta nke Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie natara}} Adichie nwetara [[MacArthur Fellowship]] na 2008,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} ya na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere 2011–2012 Fellowship nke [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study na Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} Na 2002, a họpụtara ya maka [[Caine Prize for African Writing]] maka akụkọ ya bụ "Ị nọ n'Amerịka".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|Caine Prize|2009}} O meririkwa asọmpi akụkọ mkpụmkpụ [[BBC World Service]] maka "That Harmattan Morning", ebe akụkọ mkpụmkpụ ya bụ "The American Embassy" meriri na 2003 [[O. Ihe nrite Henry]] na ihe nrite David T. Wong International Short Story Prize site na [[PEN International]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke afọ 2003, ''Purple Hibiscus'', nabatara nke ọma, wee nweta nyocha dị mma.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} Akwụkwọ a rere nke ọma ma nye ya ihe nrite [[Commonwealth Foundation prize|Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] maka Akwụkwọ Kachasị Mma (2005), [[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]], a kpọkwara ya aha maka [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize for Fiction]] (2004).{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006) nwetara ihe nrite ọzọ otuto, gụnyere mmeri nke ihe nrite Orange maka akụkọ ifo na 2007,{{sfn|Majendie|2007}} [[International Nonino Prize]] (2009),{{sfn|Medeossi|2009}}{{sfn|Ogwude|2011|p=122}} na [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Nchịkọta akụkọ Adichie ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' bụ onye nke abụọ na [[Dayton Literary Peace Prize]] maka 2010.{{sfn|Richardson|2011|pp=114–115}} Otu akụkọ sitere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, "Ceiling", gụnyere na ''[[The Best American Short Storys 2011]]''.{{sfn|Sam-Duru|2014}} ''Americanah'' e depụtara n'ime ''[[The New York Times]]'' "Akwụkwọ iri kacha mma nke 2013",{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}}{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2013}} wee merie [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] (2014),{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|''National Book Critics''|2014}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2014}} na [[One City One Book]] (2017).{{sfn|Weller|2017}} Akwụkwọ ya ''Dear Ijeawele'', nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French dị ka {{lang|fr|Chère Ijeawele, ou un manifeste pour une éducation féministe}}, meriri [[Madame Figaro#Grand Prix Littéraire (nnukwu ihe nrite akwụkwọ)|Le Grand Prix de l'Héroïne Madame Figaro]] dị na ngalaba akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 2017.{{sfn|''TheCable''|2017}}{{sfn|Chela|2017}} [[File:Chimamanda Adichie 11.09.10 (5248097626).jpg|220px|thumb|right|alt=A Black woman with short, curly hair speaks into a microphone in a warmly lit room. She is wearing a black and white striped dress and layered necklaces. Behind her are wooden-framed windows and decorative cobwebs on the wall. A water pitcher sits on the table in front of her, and there are people in the audience.|Adichie at an event related to her book ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', 2010]] Adichie so n'ime ndị ikpeazụ nke [[Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction]] (2014).{{sfn|Italie|2014}} O meriri [[Barnard Medal of Distinction]] (2016),{{sfn|Jaschik|2016}} na [[W. E. B. Du Bois Medal]] (2022), ihe nrite kachasị elu n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ndị Afrịka na ndị Afrịka Amerịka site na [[Mahadum Harvard]].{{sfn|Edeme|2022a}} E depụtara ya na ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s "20 Under 40" ndị edemede na 2010, na 2014 ahọpụtara ya maka [[Africa39]], ọrụ nke [[Hay Festival] malitere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 |title=Africa39: Otu anyị si họrọ ndị edemede maka Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014|first=Margaret|last=Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date= 10 Eprel 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}} A kpọrọ ya aha na ndepụta ''[[Oge 100]]''' na 2015,{{sfn|Jones|2015}} ma nọrọ na ndepụta ''[[Akụkọ Afrịka]]''{{'}}s nke "100 Ndị Afrịka Kachasị Kpatara Aka" na 2019.{{sfn|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} Na 2018, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye meriri na [[PEN Pinter Prize]], nke na-amata ndị edemede ọrụ akwụkwọ ha na-ekpughe eziokwu site na nyocha dị mkpa nke ndụ na ọha mmadụ. Onye natara ihe nrite ahụ ga-ahọpụta onye meriri ihe nrite ahụ, Pinter International Writer of Courage Award, nke Adichie kpọrọ [[Waleed Abulkhair]], ọkaiwu [[Saudi Arabia]] na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018a}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018b}} Ihe nrite ụmụ nwanyị maka akụkọ ifo, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka ihe nrite Orange, họpụtara mmadụ iri abụọ na ise maka onye meriri ya iji sọpụrụ emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya na 2020; "Half of a Yellow Sun" nke Adichie meriri ihe nrite ahụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2020}} Na 2017, a họpụtara Adichie dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu ọhụrụ 228 e tinyere n'ime klas nke 237 nke [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Naijiria nke abụọ e nyere nsọpụrụ ahụ mgbe [[Wole Soyinka]] gasịrị.{{sfn|Ayo-Aderele|2017}} Ruo Maachị 2022, Adichie enwetala nzere nsọpụrụ 16 site na mahadum{{sfn|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} Onyeisiala Naịjirịa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya dị ka onye natara [[Order of the Federal Republic]] na 2022,{{sfn | Ufuoma | 2022}} mana Adichie jụrụ ọkwa mba ahụ.{{sfn|Olaiya|2022}} Na 30 Disemba 2022, e nyere Adichie nsọpụrụ site n'inye [[ndị isi Naịjirịa|aha nke "Odeluwa"]], ọkwa onyeisi, site n'aka obodo ya bụ Abba na [[Anambra State]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ natara ọkwa onyeisi na Abba.{{sfn|Edeme|2022b}}{{sfn|Okogba|2023}} == Ndekọ akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Purple Hibiscus]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2003 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Half of a Yellow Sun]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Americanah]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2013 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dream Count]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-0-593-80272-4 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[The Thing Around Your Neck]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2009 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ncheta === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Notes on Grief]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2021 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[We Should All Be Feminists]] |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-101-91176-1 |edition=paperback 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2017 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} == Edensibia == ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Abba A. |title=Remediating Biafra: Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun as a Symbolic Vehicle of Postwar Reconciliation |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2021 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.51.4.01 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/798051/pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9144124984 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Abimbola |first=Oluwakemi |title=Chimamanda Adichie Tackles Hillary Clinton over Twitter Bio |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=23 April 2018 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153337/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Bukola |title=Hillary Clinton Has Changed Her Twitter Bio and It Does Not Start with Wife |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153338/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Adeduyite | first=Okiki | title=Chimamanda Adichie to headline 2025 Things Fall Apart festival in Enugu | website=[[The Punch]] | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Adichie |first1=Amanda Ngozi |title=My Mother, the Crazy African |journal=In Posse Review |date=2000 |volume=Multi-Ethnic Anthology |url=http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |publisher=Spectrum Publishers |location=San Francisco, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193207/http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Truth and Lies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |access-date=31 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |date=15 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331225357/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Why Can't a Smart Woman Love Fashion? |url=https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle.com]] |date=20 February 2014 |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines|Hearst Magazines Digital Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407214558/https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=7 April 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozie |title=Sognare come un'unica umanità |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |date=5 July 2021 |location=Vatican City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084417/https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |archive-date=26 November 2022 |language=Italian |trans-title=Dreaming as a Single Humanity |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins Shorty Awards Literature Prize |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=19 April 2018a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050746/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The Fearless Writer |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=26 September 2018b |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403164300/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Akhabau |first=Izin |title=Akwaeke Emezi: Non-binary Author Shares Heartbreak at Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]] |date=18 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201125215845/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Akinyoade |first=Akinwale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Reveals How She Came about the Name 'Chimamanda' |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=5 January 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425005651/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Allardice |first=Lisa |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'America under Trump felt like a personal loss' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201115211512/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |archive-date=15 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Anasuya |first=Shreya Ila |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Speaks as Well as She Writes, Maybe Better |url=https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 June 2015 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010346/https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013 |url=http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |access-date=14 January 2014 |website=bookcritics.org |publisher=[[National Book Critics Circle]] |date=14 January 2014 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115014055/http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |archive-date=15 January 2014 |ref={{sfnref|National Book Critics|2014}} }} * {{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Joseph |title=Exploring the Literary Genius of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Herald (Nigeria)|Herald Nigeria]] |date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327113929/https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Anya |first=Ike |title=In the Footsteps of Achebe: Enter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=African Writer |date=15 October 2005 |publisher=African Writer Magazine |location=Williamstown, New Jersey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131649/https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Assheton |first=Richard |title=What the Outspoken Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Told Me at Dinner |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/what-the-outspoken-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-told-me-at-dinner-kgm3gtdjw |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Times]] |date=1 September 2023 |location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |title=Why I Stopped Attending Catholic Churches in Nigeria — Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[Premium Times]] |date=2 January 2021 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509112927/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |archive-date=9 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Ayo-Aderele |first=Adesola |title=Chimamanda Elected into US Academy of Arts and Science |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=12 April 2017 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061829/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Baska |first=Maggie |title=Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Doubles Down on Anti-trans Views |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=1 December 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131704/https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Behrmann |first=Erika M. |title=Book and Media Reviews: Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. 'We Should All Be Feminists', TEDxEuston Talk. |doi=10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456?scroll=top&needAccess=true |access-date=11 May 2024 |journal=[[Women's Studies in Communication]] |date=July 2017 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=315–316 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=0749-1409 |oclc=7082968906 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} *{{cite book |last1=Bernardi |first1=Floriana |last2=Picarelli |first2=Enrica |editor1-last=Paulicelli |editor1-first=Eugenia |editor1-link=Eugenia Paulicelli |editor2-last=Manlow |editor2-first=Veronica |editor3-last=Wissinger |editor3-first=Elizabeth |title=The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Lo8EAAAQBAJ&dq=The%20Routledge%20Companion%20to%20Fashion%20Studies%2C%20adichie&pg=PT228 |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |chapter=[[DOI:10.4324/9780429264405-22|22. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Fashion Icon: Addressing Nationalism and Feminism with Style]] |pages=215–222 |doi=10.4324/9780429264405-22 |isbn=978-0-367-20956-8 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bhuta |first1=Aishwarya |title=Book Review: Adichie, C.N., ''Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions'', London: Fourth Estate, 2017. 80 pages, ₹250. ISBN 978-0-00-824103-2 |journal=[[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] |date=June 2018 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=319–323 |doi=10.1177/0971521518761445 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971521518761445 |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0971-5215 |oclc=7651369612 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bragg |first1=Beauty |title=Racial Identification, Diaspora Subjectivity, and Black Consciousness in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah and Helen Oyeyemi's Boy, Snow, Bird |journal=[[South Atlantic Review]] |date=Winter 2017 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=121–138 |jstor=90017450 |issn=0277-335X |oclc=9970616626}} * {{cite web |last=Braimah |first=Ayodale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1977–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[BlackPast.org|BlackPast]] |date=13 February 2018 |publisher=BlackPast.org |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810173946/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Brockes |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Brockes |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Can people please stop telling me feminism is hot?' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |access-date=22 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 March 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903133059/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Broom |first=Sarah M. |author-link=Sarah M. Broom |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'My Madness Will Now Bare Itself' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502021205/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren Alix |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Sometimes it feels like the universe is conspiring against me' |website=Quartz |date=11 December 2017 |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1133732/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-about-feminism-and-raising-her-daughter-in-a-gendered-world |access-date=14 May 2024 }} * {{cite web | last=Busby | first=Margaret | author-link=Margaret Busby | title=Africa39: how we chose the writers for Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014 | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 April 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Busby |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Busby |title=Buchi Emecheta Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |access-date=14 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 February 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170204094646/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Slams BBC 'Ambush' with Trump Supporter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2016 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Calkin |first=Jessamy |title=Love in the Time of Cornrows: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Her New Novel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=6 April 2013 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207182012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |archive-date=7 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Camminga |first=B. |title=Disregard and Danger: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voices of Trans (And Cis) African Feminists |doi=10.1177/0038026120934695 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038026120934695 |access-date=8 May 2024 |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=July 2020 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=817–833 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0038-0261 |oclc=8643495664 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Journals]]}} * {{cite book |last1=Carotenuto |first1=Silvana |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=12. 'A Kind of Paradise' Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Claim to Agency, Responsibility & Writing |pages=169–184 |chapter-url=https://unora.unior.it/retrieve/handle/11574/171405/29601/Companion%20to%20Chimamanda%20first%20proofs%20inc%20re-run%20Appendix-%20S%20Carotenuto.pdf |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Chela |first=Efemia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Named a Nouvelle Héroïne of Literature in France |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221180302/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |archive-date=21 February 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Quintessence of a Literary Icon |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808060087.html |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=5 August 2018 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A550692546}} |ref={{sfnref|''Leadership''|2018}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=Chimamanda Adichie Schools White Man: 'You Don't Get To Define Racism' |url=https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |access-date=20 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]] |date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Root''|2016}} }} *{{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins French Literary Award |url=https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[TheCable]] |date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517085832/https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award |archive-date=17 May 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''TheCable''|2017}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Makes History as First African to Speak at Yale's Class Day |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=20 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181154/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanguard''|2019}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a Pride to Africa, a Treasure to the World |url=https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] |date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124934/https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Business Day''|2016}} }} * {{cite | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Dream Count Homecoming Tour: A Photo Diary | date=5 August 2025 | url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |website=[[Brittle Paper]]| language=en-US | ref={{sfnref|''Brittle Paper''|2025}} | access-date=14 July 2026}} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda's Mother for Burial May 1 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=16 March 2021 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165155/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''This Day''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda to Receive 16th Honorary PhD from the Catholic University of Louvain Belgium |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=22 March 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322100849/https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} }} * {{cite news |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |title=Award-Winning Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Has Had a Baby, Not That It's Anyone's Business |url=http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |access-date=3 July 2016 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=3 July 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704125129/http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Crockett |first=Emily |title=The Controversy over Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Trans Women, Explained |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325165825/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |archive-date=25 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Cummins | first=Anthony | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie review – candid conversations with friends | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=2 March 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite magazine |title=Curriculum Vitae: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=A & S Magazine |date=Fall 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, [[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220404/https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Krieger|2015}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Dabiri |first1=Emma |author-link=Emma Dabiri |editor1-last=Beyer |editor1-first=Theresa |editor2-last=Burkhalter |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Liechti |editor3-first=Hannes |title=Seismographic Sounds: Visions of a New World |date=2015 |publisher=Norient |location=Berne, Switzerland |chapter=Re-Imagining Gender in Nigeria |chapter-url=https://norient.com/stories/gender-in-nigeria?topic=97 |isbn=978-3-9524496-0-8}} * {{cite web |last=Danielle |first=Britni |date=2014-03-20 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Defends Beyoncé: 'Whoever Says They're Feminist is Bloody Feminist' |url=http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |website=Clutch Magazine Online |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Sutton Media |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325224952/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |archive-date=2014-03-25 |access-date=2026-04-25 |accessdate=2026-07-14 |archivedate=2014-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423173503/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ }} * {{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=Juliana |title=Alternative Feminism: Interrogating Marriage and Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie's ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' and ''Purple Hibiscus'' |journal=The International Journal of Humanities Education |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v21i01/53-66 |publisher=Common Ground Research Network, [[University of Illinois]] |location=Champaign, Illinois |issn=2327-0063 |oclc=9695413750 |id={{ProQuest|2743806195}}}} * {{cite web |last=Dayo |first=Bernard |title=Read Chimamanda Adichie's Elegantly Moving Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina and Cry with Us |url=https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821225008/https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |archive-date=21 August 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Dube |first=Musa W. |author-link=Musa Dube |title=Purple Hibiscus: A Postcolonial Feminist Reading |url=https://doaj.org/article/e1e37b7a0049415e8f108572b16ad66a |doi=10.7832/46-2-311 |journal=Missionalia |date=April 2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=222–235 |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]] |location=Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa |issn=0256-9507 |oclc=8081262364 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |title=Chimamanda Adichie Receives Harvard's Highest Honour |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=7 October 2022a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505231800/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=30 December 2022b |title=Pictorial: Chimamanda Adichie receives chieftaincy title in hometown |work=Punch |url=https://punchng.com/pictorial-chimamanda-adichie-receives-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ |access-date=11 October 2024 }} * {{cite news |last=Edwardes |first=Charlotte |date=15 February 2025 |title='Cancel culture? We should stop it. End of story': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on backlash, writer's block – and her new baby twins |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/feb/15/cancel-culture-we-should-stop-it-end-of-story-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-on-backlash-writers-block-and-her-two-new-babies |access-date=4 March 2025 }} * {{cite book |last1=Egbunike |first1=Louisa Uchum |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=1. Narrating the Past: Orality, History & the Production of Knowledge in the Works of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |pages=15–30 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ejikeme |first1=Anene |title=The Women of Things Fall Apart, Speaking from a Different Perspective: Chimamanda Adichie's Headstrong Storytellers |journal=Meridians |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=307–329 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/672856/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |doi=10.2979/meridians.15.2.02 |issn=1536-6936 |oclc=8870766018 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Ekpo |first=Nathan Nathaniel |title='British Women did not own properties, but Igbo Women could trade and own properties'—Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[ModernGhana]] |date=7 May 2018 |publisher=Modern Ghana Media Communication Ltd. |location=Accra, Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517181401/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |title=El madrileño barrio de la Concepción se une para exigir que no se toque un mural feminista |url=https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |agency=[[EFE]] |date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214712/https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Madrid Neighborhood of la Concepción Unites to Demand That a Feminist Mural Not Be Touched |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''El Mundo''|2021}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Ememyonu |first1=Ernest N. |author-link=Ernest Emenyonu |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA3 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–14 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |title=Chimamanda Adichie Delivers Lecture at American University Commencement Ceremony |url=https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181144/https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Espinoza Cárdenas |first1=Natalia |title=El feminismo da el vamos a Congreso Futuro con charla de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: "Hay que abrirse a conocer las otras historias" |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Mostrador]] |date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214710/https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Providencia, Chile |language=Spanish |trans-title=Feminism Kicks Off the Future Congress with a Talk by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'We have to be open to knowing the other stories' |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ewokor | first=Chris | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigeria to hold inquest into death of author's toddler | website=[[BBC]] | date=26 February 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwygr2nzdp9o | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite web |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |title=''Half of a Yellow Sun'': London Review |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 October 2013 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120195053/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins US National Book Critics Circle Award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |access-date=7 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 March 2014 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116001615/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |archive-date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins PEN Pinter Prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 June 2018a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104065757/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |archive-date=4 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Accepts PEN Pinter Prize with Call to Speak Out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2018b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141640/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Binyavanga Wainaina, Kenyan Author and Gay Rights Activist, Dies Aged 48 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628153712/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |location=London, UK |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Voted Women's Prize 'Winner of Winners' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |access-date=19 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105135522/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |archive-date=5 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie to Publish Memoir about Her Father's Death |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |access-date=27 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 February 2021a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916054818/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |archive-date=16 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title='It is obscene': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pens Blistering Essay against Social Media Sanctimony |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |access-date=30 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2021b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629185700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |archive-date=29 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Four Speakers to Deliver the BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Media Centre |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=30 September 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323035233/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|BBC Radio|2022}} }} *{{cite news |last1=Germain |first1=Nicolas |title=Video: Nigerian Author's 'Americanah' Comes to France |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231904/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |archive-date=17 October 2022 |location=Paris, France |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Glynn | first=Paul | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigerian author 'devastated' by death of young son | website=[[BBC]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62wx32re2po | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Gonçalves |first=Emily |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Feminism and Story-Telling |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Vanderbilt Hustler]] |date=22 November 2019 |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |location=Nashville, Tennessee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030142/https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Manasi |title=Merkel Speaks with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=9 September 2021 |location=Bonn, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030959/https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |title=Hillary Clinton and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talk Censorship, Feminism, and Pizzagate |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Zoe |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Blueprint for Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032303/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hewett |first1=Heather |title=Coming of Age: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voice of the Third Generation |journal=English in Africa |date=May 2005 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=73–97 |jstor=40239030 |issn=0376-8902 |oclc=5878056558}} * {{cite web |last=Hobdy |first=Dominique |title=Why 'Americanah' Author Chimamanda Ngozi Is All About Nigerian Designers |url=https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence.com]] |date=26 October 2020 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151043/https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Ibeh |first=Chukwuebuka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Debuts Children's Book Under the Pseudonym Nwa Grace James |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=7 April 2022 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065833/https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Idowu |first=Torera |title=This Is Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Only Wearing Nigerian Brands |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=9 May 2017 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151042/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ige | first=Olugbenga | title=Chimamanda Adichie loses 21-month-old son | website=[[The Punch]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://punchng.com/breaking-chimamanda-adichie-loses-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |editor1-last=Igwe |editor1-first=Chidi |title=Profile: Professor Ernest Nneji Ememyonu |journal=ISA Newsletter |date=Winter 2017 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |url=https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=Igbo Studies Association |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402022840/https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2024 |issn=2375-9720 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Lindesay |title=Adichie Wins a $500,000 Genius Grant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 September 2008 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322201112/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ishaya |first1=Yusuf Tsojon |last2=Gunn |first2=Michael |title=Graphology as Style in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/view/224185/211488 |journal=LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research |date=March 2022 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–86 |publisher=Universal Academic Services |location=Beijing, China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109035543/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/download/224185/211488 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |url-status=live |issn=1813-2227 }} * {{cite web |last=Italie |first=Hillel |title=Tartt, Goodwin Awarded Carnegie Medals |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=30 June 2014 |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715012821/http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=James Nwoye Adichie (1932&nbsp;– 2020) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=3 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165157/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2020}} }} * {{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |title=Debate at Barnard over Selection of Commencement Speaker |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=28 February 2016 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165545/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Jones |first=Radhika |author-link=Radhika Jones |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 April 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120210148/http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |archive-date=20 November 2015 }} * {{cite web |title=Keynote: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=RIKK |date=7 September 2021 |publisher=Reykjavík Institute for Gender, Equality and Difference |location=Reykjavík, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517223941/https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|RIKK|2021}} }} *{{cite news |last=Kiene |first=Aimée |title=Ngozi Adichie: Beyoncé's Feminism Isn't My Feminism |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/boeken/ngozi-adichie-beyonce-s-feminism-isn-t-my-feminism~a4390684/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |url-access=subscription |work=[[De Volkskrant]] |date=7 October 2016 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands }} * {{cite news |last=Kumolu |first=Charles |title=Chimamanda: From Pushing Boundaries to Harvard's Highest Honour |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=2 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515170059/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=15 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Law |first=Katie |title=Zikora: A Short Story by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Review: A Taut Tale of Sexism and Single Motherhood |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |access-date=6 November 2020 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |date=29 October 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407183223/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Lecznar |first1=Matthew |title=Texts, Talks and Tailoring: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fashion Politics |journal=[[Celebrity Studies]] |date=February 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |access-date=13 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1939-2397 |oclc=7181681870 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} * {{cite web | last=Lee | first=Helena | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: interview and release date | website=[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar UK|Harper's BAZAAR]] | date=5 March 2025 | url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/a63957572/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-interview-dream-count/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Lee |first=Nicole |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Fear of Causing Offence Becomes a Fetish' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102142352/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |archive-date=2 November 2023 }} *{{cite news |title=Libros infantiles para celebrar el Día de la Mujer |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[Diario de Sevilla]] |date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205144422/https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |archive-date=5 December 2022 |location=Seville, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=Children's Books to Celebrate Women's Day |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} }} * {{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |author-link=Carlos Lozada (journalist) |title=In Grieving for Her Father, a Novelist Discovers the Failure of Words |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 May 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618195627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |archive-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Luckett |first=Jeanne B. |title=Practical Matters |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/700238/pdf |access-date=20 May 2024 |doi=10.1353/ewr.2018.0012 |journal=Eudora Welty Review |date=Spring 2018 |volume=10 |pages=155–163 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |issn=1947-3370 |oclc=9983914051 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite magazine |last=MacFarquhar |first=Larissa |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes to Terms with Global Fame |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-comes-to-terms-with-global-fame |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker.com]] |date=28 May 2018 |location=New York City, New York }} * {{cite journal |last=Madueke |first=Sylvia Ijeoma |title=On Translating Postcolonial African Writing: French Translation of Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |url=https://doaj.org/article/70e665defd2c44a894279e67311f3d6a |doi=10.21992/tc29446 |journal=TranscUlturAl |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=August 2019 |pages=49–66 |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |location=Edmonton, Alberta |issn=1920-0323 |oclc=8615550149 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Majendie |first=Paul |title=Nigerian Author Wins Top Women's Fiction Prize |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 August 2007 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141704/https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pays Touching Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina: 'A great and rare and genuine talent' |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=26 July 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193256/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Mannur |first=Anita |title=The Danger of a Singular Fashion: Studies of Race, Fashion, and Beauty in American Studies |doi=10.1353/aq.2017.0034 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/663338/pdf |access-date=9 May 2024 |journal=[[American Quarterly]] |date=June 2017 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=411–420 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Marylan |jstor=26360860 |issn=0003-0678 |oclc=7075078562 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Martin |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Martin |title=Feminism Is Fashionable for Nigerian Writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=[[Tell Me More]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=18 March 2014 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211656/https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |archive-date=28 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mbah |first1=Victor Chukwudi |title=Themes and Techniques in African Novel: A Review of Ngozi Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=345–359 |url=https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |access-date=28 April 2024 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116025502/https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Charles |author-link=Charles McGrath (critic) |title=No Life Away from Her Books |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The Age]] |agency=[[The New York Times|New York Times Agency]] |date=8 October 2006 |location=Melbourne, Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416174943/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Medeossi |first1=Paolo |title=Amore e guerraal tempo del Biafra |url=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Messaggero Veneto]] |date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517131110/https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |location=Udine, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Love and War in the Time of Biafra |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Medrano |first=Kastalia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Continues To Be the Hero We Need |url=https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1 December 2016 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220063359/https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Meghan Markle Puts Sinéad Burke on the Cover of Vogue's September Issue |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |access-date=31 July 2019 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=29 July 2019 |location=Dublin, Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141808/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Irish Times''|2019}} }} * {{cite book |last=Mullane |first=Janet |editor-last=Trudeau |editor-first=Lawrence J. |title=Contemporary Literary Criticism 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Emenyonu (editor), A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Woodbridge: James Currey (hb £30 – 978 1 84701 162 6; pb £17.99 – 978 1 84701 241 8). 2017, xii + 300 pp. |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=August 2020 |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=805–807 |doi=10.1017/S0001972020000467 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A67F660512A187CF243A562962E5C76D/S0001972020000467a.pdf/ernest-e-emenyonu-editor-a-companion-to-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-woodbridge-james-currey-hb-pound30-978-1-84701-162-6-pb-pound1799-978-1-84701-241-8-2017-xii-300-pp.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0001-9720 |oclc=8639113471 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ndula |first1=Janet |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=2. Deconstructing Binary Oppositions of Gender in ''Purple Hibiscus '': A Review of Religious/Traditional Superiority & Silence |pages=31–44 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Nwankwọ |first=Izuu |title=Traditions of Naming in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction |url=https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |journal=Postcolonial Text |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=1–17 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Sorbonne Paris North University]] |location=Villetaneuse, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330225125/https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |issn=1705-9100 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=As Sales Approach the Million Mark, Is Americanah Now Adichie's Signature Novel? |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030356/https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030329/https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is in a Different Place Now |url=https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=[[Open Country Mag]] |date=20 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084010/https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Children's Picture Book Coming in 2023 |url=https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Open Country Mag |date=4 April 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065834/https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Oduah | first=Henry | title=Coroner suspends inquest into death of Chimamanda's son | website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] | date=5 May 2026 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/coroner-suspends-inquest-into-death-of-chimamandas-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ogwude |first1=Sophia O. |title=History and Ideology in Chimamanda Adichie's Fiction |journal=[[Tydskrif vir Letterkunde]] |date=February 2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=110–123 |doi=10.4314/tvl.v48i1.63824 |url=https://scielo.org.za/pdf/tvl/v48n1/v48n1a09.pdf |access-date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Pretoria]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |issn=0041-476X |oclc=923961739 }} * {{cite web |last=Okachie |first=Leonard |title=Chimamanda Selected as Radcliffe Fellow |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study News]] |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=16 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow }} * {{cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |title=Chimamanda Adichie Comes under Same Fire as Rowling over Transphobia |url=https://ynaija.com/Chimamanda-Adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201120105742/https://ynaija.com/chimamanda-adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |archive-date=20 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Okafor | first=Makuochi | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's family accuses Euracare Hospital of negligence over son's death | website=[[BBC]] | date=10 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0lx09e618yo | access-date=11 January 2026 }} * {{cite web | last=Okogba | first=Emmanuel | title=Chimamanda becomes first woman to receive chieftaincy title in hometown | website=Vanguard News | date=1 January 2023 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/chimamanda-becomes-first-woman-to-receive-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ | access-date=16 February 2025 }} * {{cite journal |last=Okolo |first=Luke Ndudi |title=Thematic and Stylistic Analysis of Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus |url=https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |access-date=23 April 2024 |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2016 |pages=1–13 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324124655/https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Olaiya |first=Tope Templer |title=Chimamanda Adichie Did Not Accept National Honour, Team Confirms |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142103/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 }} * {{cite news |last=Olaopa |first=Tunji |title=An Encounter with Toyin Falola: Between Celebration and Canonization of Intellectuals |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=27 November 2022 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204235846/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |archive-date=4 December 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Olonilua | first=Ademola | title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie | website=[[The Punch]] | date=2 January 2021 | url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |last=Ordu |first=Stanley |title=Womanism and Patriarchy in Chimamanda Adichie's ''Purple Hibiscus'' |url=https://www.litinfinite.com/wp-content/uploads/7_Stanley-Ordu-_61_73.pdf |access-date=3 May 2022 |doi=10.47365/litinfinite.3.2.2021.61-73 |journal=Litinfinite Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |date=December 2021 |pages=61–73 |publisher=Supriyo Chakraborty Penprints Publications |location=Kolkata, India |issn=2582-0400 |oclc=9455975886 }} * {{cite news |last=Parnass |first=Larry |title=Nigerian Author Adichie Urges Williams Grads to Commit to Social Justice |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Berkshire Eagle]] |date=4 June 2017 |location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pazzanese |first=Christina |title=Adichie: 'Protect and Value the Truth': Class Day Speaker Urges Graduating Seniors to Embrace That Principle in Their Own Lives |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[Harvard Gazette]] |date=24 May 2018 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181153/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Katie |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Politics, Race, and Writing at Johns Hopkins |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Hub |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pongsajapan |first=Robert |title=Award-Winning Author Adichie Explores Faith, Feminism at Georgetown Event |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=Georgetown University News |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001085251/https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212075827/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-date=12 December 2009 |website=[[Caine Prize]] |date=2009 |publisher=The Caine Prize for African Writing |location=London, UK |ref={{sfnref|Caine Prize|2009}} |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=12 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812074229/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php }} * {{cite magazine |last=Richardson |first=Catherine |title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA247445488 |access-date=7 May 2024 |magazine=[[Poets & Writers Magazine]] |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=January–February 2011 |publisher=[[Poets & Writers|Poets & Writers Inc.]] |location=New York City, New York |issn=0891-6136 |id={{Gale|A247445488}} }} * {{cite web |last=Ring |first=Trudy |title=Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Goes Anti-Trans Again |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|Advocate.com]] |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Pride Media |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510185048/https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Rios |first=Carmen |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Warns Humanitarians About the Danger of a Single Story |url=http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]] |date=21 October 2019 |publisher=[[Feminist Majority Foundation|Liberty Media for Women, LLC]] |location=Arlington, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511180515/http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |archive-date=11 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Roifah |first1=Miftahur |title=Becoming a Mother: The Transition to Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 'Zikora' |journal=Prosodi |date=October 2021 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=178–185 |doi=10.21107/prosodi.v15i2.12184 |url=https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/prosodi/article/view/12184 |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Trunojoyo Madura]] |location=Bangkalan, Indonesia |issn=1907-6665 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite news |last1=Rojas |first1=Juan Carlos |title=Chimamanda vino al Hay Festival para reivindicar a la mujer negra |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]] |date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201062218/https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |location=Bogotá, Colombia |language=Spanish |trans-title=Chimamanda Came to the Hay Festival to Vindicate Black Women |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Lisa |title=Here's Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Wearing Only Nigerian Brands |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 May 2017 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212547/https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |archive-date=5 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Saeed |first=Saeed |title=Frankfurt Book Fair Discussions Focus on Female Authors, Diversity and Responsibility of Publishers |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=15 October 2018 |location=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519161331/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Safronova |first=Valeriya |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Beauty, Femininity and Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210719/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Sam-Duru |first=Prisca |title=Chimamanda Adichie, a Growing Literary Prodigy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=22 January 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142100/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Sarr |first1=Lucie |title=African Feminist Reflects on 'Fratelli Tutti' in Vatican Paper |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202110622/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |archive-date=2 December 2023 |location=Kansas City, Missouri |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sebola |first1=Moffat |title=Some Reflections on Selected Themes in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction and Her Feminist Manifesto |journal=Literator |date=May 2022 |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/lit.v43i1.1723 |url=https://literator.org.za/index.php/literator/article/view/1723 |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=Bureau for Scholarly Journals |location=Potchefstroom, South Africa |issn=0258-2279 |oclc=9627424976 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last=Sefa-Boakye |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Co-Curates PEN World Voices Festival in NYC with Focus on African Literature |url=https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[PEN America]] |date=17 February 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=2 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ }} * {{cite news |last=Shariatmadari |first=David |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Religious Leaders Must Help End Nigeria Violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 January 2012 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sharobeem |first1=Heba M. |title=Space as the Representation of Cultural Conflict and Gender Relations in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |journal=Rocky Mountain Review |date=Spring 2015 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1353/rmr.2015.a580802 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/143/article/580802/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |location=Pullman, Washington |issn=1948-2825 |oclc=7791796472 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Shilling |first=Jane |title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Review |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 April 2009 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329094106/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Stephen-David |first=Pembi |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Toeing the Line of Literary Giants |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201306070144.html |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=7 June 2013 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A332826978}} }} *{{cite journal |last1=Stobie |first1=Cheryl |title=Taking wing: Vulnerability and queer/trans resistance in ''The Thirty Names of Night'' by Zeyn Joukhadar |journal=Safundi |date=October 2021 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1543-1304 |oclc=9619990616 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite news |last=Streeter |first=Leslie Gray |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Notes on Grief Captures the Bewildering Messiness of Loss – Review |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=16 May 2021 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902021830/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=The 10 Best Books of 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418002846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The New York Times''|2013}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=The 2016 International Best Dressed List |url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=1 October 2016 |pages=125–151 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424093349/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |archive-date=24 April 2024 |issn=0733-8899 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanity Fair''|2016}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Parents' Memoirs (2) Knowing Each Other before You Marry |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |interviewer=Chika Abanobi |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[Sun News (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=14 September 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401152741/https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2019}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Thing Around Your Neck: Stories |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews|Kirkus Reviews.com]] |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=Kirkus Media |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814121050/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |archive-date=14 August 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} }} * {{cite web |title=Top 10 Nigerians in Africa Report's 100 Most Influential Africans |url=http://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=Ventures Africa |date=9 October 2019 |location=Maitama, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321064651/https://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} |last1=Africa |first1=Ventures }} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gyssels |editor1-first=Kathleen |editor2-last=Ledent |editor2-first=Bénédicte |title=Présence africaine en Europe et au-delà |trans-title=African Presence in Europe and Beyond |date=2010 |publisher=[[Éditions L'Harmattan]] |location=Paris, France |chapter=Of French Fries and Cookies: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Diasporic Short Fiction |chapter-url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/33339/1/Tunca_Adichie_African.pdf |pages=291–309 |isbn=978-2-296-12803-3}} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gates Jr |editor1-first=Henry Louis |editor1-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |editor2-last=Akyeampong |editor2-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-link=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |volume=1: Abach-Brand |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, New York |chapter=Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (1977) |pages=94–95 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tunca |first1=Daria |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Chinua Achebe's (Unruly) Literary Daughter: The Past, Present, and Future of 'Adichebean' Criticism |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2018 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |hdl=2268/233956 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9969832851 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/233956/1/Tunca_Adichie_Achebe_RAL.pdf }} * Urujzian, Vero-Ekpris Gladstone. "Proverbs and metaphors as discursive strategies in selected novels by Achebe and Adichie." ''LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research'' 20, no. 1 (2023): 72–86. * {{cite web |last=Ufuoma |first=Vincent |title=Buhari to Confer National Honours on Chimamanda Adichie, 436 Others |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2 October 2022 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165542/https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |editor-last=Useni |editor-first=Mohammed |title=Anti-Gay Law: Chimamanda Adichie Writes, 'Why can't he just be like everyone else?' |url=http://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |agency=[[NewswireNGR]] |date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073447/https://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Vanzanten |first1=Susan |title='The Headstrong Historian': Writing with Things Fall Apart |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_summer-2015_46_2/page/85 |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Summer 2015 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=85–103 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=5827202813}} * {{cite web | title=Video: Nigerian author's 'Americanah' comes to France | website=[[France 24]] | date=23 January 2015 | location=[[Paris]], France | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223090705/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-date=23 December 2025 | url-status=live | ref={{sfnref|France 24|2015}} | access-date=23 December 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Wagner |first=Erica |author-link=Erica Wagner |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'I Wanted To Claim My Own Name' |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[British Vogue]] |date=3 November 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140532/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |archive-date=18 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weatherford |first=Ashley |title=Chimamanda Adichie Talks Black Hair and the Narrow Definition of Beauty |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 December 2016 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130085834/https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |archive-date=30 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weller |first=Chris |title=New Yorkers Just Selected a Book for the Entire City to Read in America's Biggest Book Club |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Business Insider|Business Insider UK]] |date=16 March 2017 |location=London, UK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024040152/http://uk.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |archive-date=24 October 2017 }} *{{cite journal |title='We Should All Be Feminists' |journal=Foreign Rights Catalog: Books for Kids and Teens |date=January–June 2021 |page=109 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519184758/https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |last=Williams |first=Zoe |author1-link=Zoe Williams (writer) |title='I believe literature is in peril': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes Out Fighting for Freedom of Speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319123047/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |archive-date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live }} {{Refend}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website], English Department of the University of Liège, [[Belgium]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] qzcllvagu5kkxocmpbgfp6e7matq8kf 0 8969 697743 131832 2026-08-10T07:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Ọgbanje''''' (nke doro anya "Ọgbanje" agaghị ewere ya dika "Obanje", "gb" bụ otu okwu na [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|asụsụ Igbo]] ) bụ okwu na [[Odinạnị|Odinani]] (Igbo: ọdịnala) (ma ọ bụ) maka ihe e chere na ọ bụ ajọọ mmụọ nke ga-ama ụma tinye ezinụlọ na nsogbu. Nsụgharị nkịtị ya n'asụsụ Igbo bụ "ụmụaka ndị na-abịa ma na-aga". E kweere n'oge ekpebiri ekpebi (nke na-anaghị agafekari pubati ), na Ọgbanje ga-ama ụma nwụọ ma laghachikwa azụ ime ndị ezinụlọ na-eru uju. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na - eche na ibi ndị [[Omenala|inyom úgwù]] ga - ewepụ mmụọ ọjọọ ahụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1170937325|title=NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland|first=Marianne|last=Sarkis|accessdate=2019-06-08|archivedate=2020-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924174537/http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1170937325}}</ref> maọbu na ha ga - achọta mmụọ ọjọọ a ''iyi ụwa'', nke ha gwuru n'ebe nzuzo, ga - eme ka Ọgbanje hapụ ịnye ezinụlọ a nsogbu - Iyi-ụwa ''abụ'' ụzọ Ogbanje si abiaghachi ụwa ma nweekwa ụzọ isi chọta ezinụlọ ya. A ga-egbu nwa ahụ nwụrụ anwụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi. Otú ọ dị, a na-ekwu n'ụfọdụ na-alọghachite, na-ebu ihe mgbu anụ nke nbibi a. <ref name="auto">Chinua Achebe ''Things Fall Apart''</ref> Nkwenye n' Ọgbanje n'ala Igbo adịghị ike dịka ọ dịrị na mbụ ọ bụ ezie na-enwekwara ụfọdụ ndị kwere na ya. Mgbe ụfọdụ, eji okwu Ọgbanje mee ka okwu nnọchianya maka ụmụaka na-akparị mmadụ maọbu ndị nwere isi ike. Ọrịa Sickle cell nwere ike inye aka na nkwenkwe a, n'ihi na ihe nketa nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ kwubie na ụmụ ha niile sitere n'otu mmụọ ahụ. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Ọnwụbalịlị JK|title=Sickle-cell anaemia: an explanation for the ancient myth of reincarnation in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1983-08-27_2_8348/page/503|journal=Lancet|volume=2|issue=8348|pages=503–5|date=August 1983|pmid=6136656|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8|author=Nzewi E|title=Malevolent ọgbanje: recurrent reincarnation or sickle cell disease?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_2001-05_52_9/page/1403|journal=Soc Sci Med|volume=52|issue=9|pages=1403–16|date=May 2001|pmid=11286364}}</ref> A na-atụgharikwa okwu ''a bụ ọgbanje na olu bekee'' dika changeling, n'ihi myirịta ha na fairy nke Celtic n'akụkọ ifo nke ndi Europe. Ha abụọ bụ ụzọ e si eche echiche banyere ọdịiche nke ọrịa ndị a na-amaghị n'oge gara aga na-ejikarị ndụ ụmụaka (dịka SIDS na ọrịa sickle cell ).   <br /> == Na omenala amaara ama == * Emeela ka Ọgbanje bụrụ ihe àmà ama site n'akwụkwọ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]], ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), ebe nwatakịrị nwanyị akpọrọ ''Ezinma'' bụ onye e weere dika Ọgbanje n'ihi na ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ụmụ iri nne ya mụrụ na- anwụghị mgbe eji ya n'aka. <ref name="auto">Chinua Achebe ''Things Fall Apart''</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html|title=Yahoo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502222637/http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html|archivedate=2008-05-02}}</ref> * N'ime akwukwo ''Freshwater'' nke Akwaeke Emezi (2018), onye isi nke bụ Ada, nwere otutu ogbanje. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Freshwater}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Abiku == Nrụtụaka == {{References}} Template: Nanị [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g7kbopdtaxx0jds9ajepdx5cybezsyc 0 9850 697455 87761 2026-08-09T19:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aisha Ismail''' MON bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke bụ Mịnịsta nke nwaanyị etiti site na June 1999 ruo Mee 2003, na kabinet mbụ nke Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . == Ndụ == N’afọ 1977, Aishatu Ismail gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na Zaria site na nzere okokporo na sociology . O mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta na akụ na ụba na Mahadum nke Swansea no na Wales, United Kingdom. Na 1978, ọ malitere ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|steeti Kano]] . N’afọ 1982, ọ banyere na Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka ahụike nke Steeti Kano dịka onye isi ngalaba. Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, ọ kwagara na Kano Steeti Ministri nke Nkwalite mmekọrịta, Ndị Ntorobịa, Egwuregwu na Omenala ebe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Ngalaba Nchịkọta Ndị Nwanyi na Mmekọrịta Ezinụlọ nke Nchikota ndi mmadu maka Nkwado Onwe Onye, Ikpe ziri ezi, na Iweghachite Akụ na ụba, atumatu nchikota ndi mmadu na-achikota nke ndi isi ochichi [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . N’afọ 1988, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nwanyị izizi nke Kano Steeti Ngalaba mmepe nke umu nwanyi na nwa. N’afọ 1990, a họpụtara ya dịka minista gọvumentị steeti Kano onye isi kansul dị ka nwanyị mbụ kọmishọna nke Kano Steeti Ministri nke mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okorobịa, egwuregwu na ọdịbendị. N'afo 1991, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dika kọmishọna, ọ chịburu otu kọmitii nyocha nke mụaka na Iwu Onye Ọmụma, nke bụ iwu steeti ụmụaka bụ isi. Na 1992, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke Kọmịshọn Mba umunwanyi <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 April 2014|title=Aminu Kano taught us to be adventurous - Hajiya Aisha Ismail|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20140427/282269548399088}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1992 na 1994, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpaghara Africa na Mmekọrịta nke umunwanyi na mmepe nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà]] oru aku na uba nke Africa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ọtụtụ mba ụwa. N’afọ 1992, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya onye ọzọ n’Africa na Kọmitii Mba Ndị Dị n’Otu maka Ọnọdụ umunwanyị n'ime Vienna, Austria. Na 1993, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na nke ịdị n’otu nke Africa (nke a na- akpọ African Union ) na nguzobe nke mmemme ụmụ nwanyị na [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na nzukọ Ego mba maka mmepe ugbo na ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Brussels, Belgium, na onye nnọchi anya na nzukọ Ego mba maka mmepe ugbo gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe ime obodo na Geneva, Switzerland na 1994. <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Agents of rural change The IFAD story|url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/39155702/40Years.pdf/b6fee5bc-4bcb-4995-8b33-5f15bf778bd8|accessdate=2020-11-05|archivedate=2020-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701234045/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/39155702/40Years.pdf/b6fee5bc-4bcb-4995-8b33-5f15bf778bd8}}</ref> N’ọnwa Juun afọ 1999, Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] họpụtara ya dịka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka umunwanyi na Mmepe Ndị Ntorobịa . Dị ka onye ozi, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Iwu Mba maka Womenmụ nwanyị na iwu Mba maka Ntorobịa.. Ọ dekwara ma tinye aka na ntinye nke Iwu 2003 Child Rights Act, <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CHILD RIGHT'S ACT, 2003|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5568201f4.pdf}}</ref> iwu dị peeji 230 bụ nke dozighara ikike ụmụaka na ọkwa gọvumenti etiti butere nkatọ sitere na steeti ndị Sharia na-achịkwa . N'oge ọrụ ya, ọ mere ka a mata banyere mgbasa nke VVF wee kwuo na ọrụ ịwa ahụ n'ọdịnihu maka ọrịa a ga wu nka efu n'ụlọ ọgwụ niile. Ọ dọkwara ezinụlọ dị iche iche aka na ntị gbasara ihe egwu dị na [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|ibi ugwu nwanyị]], ma katọọ nwa alụmdi na nwunye. . Na 2002, ọ nabatara ịtọhapụ Safiya Hussaini, nwanyị a maworo ikpe ọnwụ n'okpuru iwu Sharia maka ịkwa iko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2002|title=Nigeria: Shari'ah backers say stoning not worse than US electrocution practice.|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-85692367/nigeria-shariah-backers-say.html}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktọba 2002, dịka onye otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP) a kwanyere ya ka ọ hapụ gọvumentị nke ndị [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) na-achịkwa, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bature Umar And Chuks Akunna|date=October 17, 2002|title=We Won't Quit Obasanjo's Gov't - ANPP Ministers.|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-26321185_ITM}}</ref> jụrụ ịhapụ ọpụ ya ewepụrụ ya n'ọkwa mgbe Olusegun Obasanjo meriri na nhoputa ndi ochichi nke 2003 . Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ọha, ọ raara onwe ya nye na ndụ nke onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Ezekiel Okeke|date=2018-04-08|title=Hooligans, idiots began politics of money in Nigeria –Hajiya Ismail, ex-minister|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/hooligans-idiots-began-politics-of-money-in-nnigeria-hajiya-ismail-ex-minister/|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara gaa Nzukọ Mba Mba nke 2014 dịka onye nnọchite anya si Kano Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-16|title=National Conference Delegates laments abduction of female students in Borno|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/national-conference-delegates-laments-abduction-female-students-borno/|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Order of the Niger . Na onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye gụnyere onyinye kacha mma na ndi otu mba kansul nke umunwanyi . Ọ lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee ụmụ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200010020349.html|title=Nigeria: In the Service of Women|date=2 October 2000|last=Geoffrey Ekenna}}</ref> == Ebe nsi nweta == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i4o7dq35mxts09ut524wdvt2r53oh1x 0 10768 697923 422481 2026-08-10T10:53:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ndị agbụrụ pere mpe na China''' bụ ndị na-abụghị Han ndị China na n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị [[China|Mba nke China]] (PRC). PRC mara ndị otu agbụrụ dị iri ise na ise na usoro ọchịchị nke China na mgbakwunye ndị Han dị ọtụtụ . <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2014|url=http://english.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873388.htm|title=Ethnic Groups in China|work=English.gov.cn}}</ref> Ka ọ na-eru afọ 2010, ọnụ ọgụgụ e jikọtara n'usoro ọchịchị ndị otu pere mpe gụnyere pacentị 8.49 ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na isi obodo China . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data|date=2011-04-28|work=English.news.cn|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm|editor=Wang Guanqun|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502050342/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm|archivedate=2 May 2011}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye ndị obere agbụrụ a n'usoro ọchịchị, enwere ụmụ amaala China na-ekewa onwe na mkpuchi dị ka ndị otu agbụrụ amatabeghị, dị ka obere ndị Juu China, Tuvan, na Ili Turki, yana obodo Oirat na ndị Japan buru ibu.. N'asụsụ China, 'agbụrụ pere mpe ka a na-atụgharị dịka '''shǎoshù mínzú''' (少數民族), ebe mínzú (民族) pụtara ' mba ' ma ọ bụ ' mba ' (dị ka agbụrụ) na nkwekọrịta n'echiche ndị Soviet make agbụrụ na shǎoshù (少數 ) pụtara ' mpe '. <ref name=":0">Binggao, Jin. [1987] 1988. "[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/barnett/pdfs/link21-jinbanggao.pdf <nowiki>When Does The Word 'Minority Nationality' [Shaoshu Minzu] [First] Appear in Our Country?</nowiki>]," translated by Tibet Information Network. ''Bulletin of the History of the Tibet Communist Party'' 1(19). p. 45 ff.</ref> <ref>Chang, Ntxheb. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210815100024/https://mediakron.bc.edu/edges/being-shaoshu-minzu-in-contemporary-china/what-splendid-china-teaches-us Conclusion: Splendid China and Being Minzu]." ''Being Shaoshu Minzu in Contemporary China''. US: Boston College. via Mediakron.</ref> <ref name=":1">Moseley, George. "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question." ''[[The China Quarterly]]''.</ref> Ebe echiche mmụta gbasara mmadụ maka ''agbụrụ'' adabaghị na echiche ndị China ma ọ bụ ndị Soviet (nke steeti kọwara ma chịkwaa), ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na -eji mkpụrụ okwu e mepụtara ọhụrụ ''zúqún'' (族群, 'agbụrụ') iji mkpụrụokwu n'enweghị nanị otu nkọwa iji kọwaa agbụrụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Bulag|first=Uradyn|title=Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2010|editor=Perry|chapter=Alter/native Mongolian identity}}</ref> Gụnyere ''shaoshu mínzu'', Sun Yat-sen ji okwu <nowiki><i id="mwNw">zhōnghuá mínzú</i></nowiki> (中華民族, 'mba China' ma ọ bụ 'mba China') gosipụta nkwenye ya na agbụrụ China niile bụ akụkụ nke otu mba China. Agbụrụ ndị pere mpe nke ndị PRC nabatara n'usoro ọchịchị gụnyere ndị bi n'isi obodo China yana ụmụ afọ ala Taiwan . Agbanyeghị, PRC anabataghị okwu ụmụ afọ ma ọ bụ ọdịiche ya, ebe ọ nwere ike tụọ aro na ndị Han abụghị ụmụ amaala Taiwan, ma ọ bụ na Taiwan abụghị isi mpaghara China . Ọzọkwa, ebe gọọmentị Republic of China (ROC) na Taiwan, n'afọ 2020, matara agbụrụ iri na isii n'usoro ọchịchị dịka ụmụ afọ ala Taiwan, PRC tinyere ha niile n'okpuru otu agbụrụ, ndị ''Gāoshān'' (高山, 'ugwu dị elu') ndị dị obere n'enweghị mmasị ịmata nkewa agbụrụ sitere na ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ Japan n'oge ọchịchị ndị Japan . (Nke a bụ na agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị ndị ụmụ afọ niile nke Taiwan nwere mpaghara ọdịnala n'ugwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị Tao n'ebi n'agwaetiti Lanyu.) Gọọmentị mpaghara [[Hong Kong]] na Macau anaghị eji usoro nkewa agbụrụ a, yabụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị PRC wepụrụ ókèala abụọ a. == Akụkọ banyere agbụrụ na China ==   === Akụkọ mmalite === [[Usòrò:Dinastia_tang,_shanxi,_straniero_dal_volto_velato,_600-750_ca.JPG|thumb|353x353px| Ọchịchị ndị eze Tang nke narị afọ nke 8, ihe atụ ụrọ nke nwoke Sogdian (onye Iran Iran ) nke nwere okpu mkpuchi na mkpuchi ihu, ikekwe onye na-agba kamel ma ọ bụ ọbụna onye ụkọchukwu Zoroastrian na-eme emume n'ụlọ nsọ ọkụ, ebe ọ bụ na ejiri mkpuchi ihu. iji zere iji ume ma ọ bụ asọ metọọ ọkụ dị nsọ; Ihe ngosi nka nke Oriental Art (Turin), Italy. <ref>Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904332804576540533071105892 "A Mysterious Stranger in China"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</ref>]] N'ime ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China edere, ndị ode akwụkwọ China gbara mbọ ikewapụta echiche nke mba, ọdịbendị na agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Harrell|first=Stephan|title=Cultural encounters on China's ethnic frontiers|location=Seattle|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-295-97380-7}}</ref> Ndị nọ na mpụga ebe njikwa alaeze ukwu na ụkpụrụ kacha n'usoro ọdịnala China nke e ahụrụ dị ka otu dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị ma a ga-ewere ha taa dị ka agbụrụ dị iche. Echiche onwe nke Han gbara gburu gburu n'etiti isi nkewa ọdịbendị. Ya mere, usoro nke ndị n'abughi ndị China biara n'okpuru mmetụta ọdịbendị China dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na mgbasa nke ọchịchị na ọdịbendị obodo dịka o siri mee na mbugharị agbụrụ n'ezie.  Nghọta a gara n'ihu (yana mgbanwe ụfọdụ na Qing n'okpuru mbubata nke echiche ndị obodo ndị ọzọ mepere emepe di na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ) ruo mgbe ndị Kọmunist weghaara ọchịchị n'afọ 1949. Nlereanya Soviet nke Joseph Stalin emetụtala nghọta ha banyere ndị pere mpe - dị ka ọ dị maka ọchịchị Kọmunist agbata obi nke Vietnam na Laos <ref>Michaud J., 2009 Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Vietnam and Laos : From History to Current Issues. Asian Ethnicity 10(1): 25–49.</ref> - na nkọwa Soviet maka ndị agbụrụ pere mpe enweghị eserese ọma na nghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China. Echiche ndị Soviet banyere ndị agbụrụ pere mpe bụ na otu mba mejupụtara ndị nwere otu asụsụ, ọdịbendị akụkọ ihe mere eme na ókèala. Mba ọ bụla nke ndị a nwere ikike ikewapụ na gọọmentị etiti nke ha chọrọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Blaut|first=J. M.|chapter=The Theory of National Minorities|title=The National Question: Decolonizing the Theory of Nationalism|location=London|publisher=Zed Books|year=1987|isbn=978-0-86232-439-1}}</ref> Nke a dị iche na ụzọ iche echiche gara aga n'ihi na kama ịkọwapụta ndị niile nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka ndị China, mba ahụ (dị ka akọwapụtara dị ka oghere a na -atụ anya ike) na agbụrụ (njirimara nke ndị a na-achị) dị iche ugbu a; ịnọ n'okpuru ọchịchị etiti apụtaghị na akọwapụtara ya dị ka Chinese. Nlereanya Soviet dị ka etinyere na China mere ka ụfọdụ mpaghara kwụrụ onwe ya na China; Echere na mpaghara ndị a bụ mba nke ha nwere nnwere onwe usoro iwu sitere n'aka gọọmentị etiti. N'oge Agha mba ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Nzukọ Amerịka na Eshia bipụtara ntinye na mpịakọta iri na anọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ ha, ''Asia'', gbasara nsogbu nke ma ndị Alakụba China a bụ ndị China ma ọ bụ 'agbụrụ pere mpe' dị iche, yana ihe butere nkewa abụọ. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ jụrụ ajụjụ nke ihe kpatara eji ewere ndị Alakụba bụ ndị China dị ka agbụrụ dị iche na ndị China ndị ọzọ, yana ajụjụ dị iche ma ndị Alakụba niile nọ na China e jikọtara ọnụ n'otu agbụrụ. Esemokwu nke mbụ bụ ntụnyere ndị Buddha China, ndị a na -ewereghị dị ka agbụrụ dị iche. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBCAAAAYAAJ|title=The Moslem World, Volumes 31–34|author=Hartford Seminary Foundation|year=1941|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> O kwubiri na ihe kpatara eji were ndị Alakụba China ka ndị dị iche bụ n'ihi ihe dị iche iche dịka okpukperechi, ọdịbendị, esemokwu ndị agha, na ị were ha dịka "obere agbụrụ" adịghị mma. Ọ bịakwara na nkwubi okwu na onye n'ekwuchitere ndị agha Japan bụ naanị onye na-agbasa nkwupụta ụgha na ndị Alakụba China nwere " ịdị n'otu agbụrụ ", nke anabataghị n'ihi eziokwu bụ na ndị Alakụba nọ na China nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ibe ha dịka "ndị German na Ndị Bekee", dịka Mongol Hui nke Hezhou, Salar Hui nke Qinghai, na Chan Tou Hui nke Turkistan. Ndị Japan nọ na-agbalị ịgbasa ụgha bụ na ndị Alakụba China bụ otu agbụrụ, ka ha wee gbasaa mgbarakwa na e kwesịrị ka ekewapụ ha na China ka ha bụrụ "otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị kwụụrụ onwe ya." <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> === Ndị mba dị iche na PRC === Akwụkwọ mbido nke ndị mba nke China (PRC), dị ka iwu obodo nke afọ 1982, gbasoro omume Soviet nke ịchọpụta ' mba ' n'echiche agbụrụ (echiche a agaghị agbagwoju anya na ịbụ nwa amaala steeti). <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1">Moseley, George. "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question." ''[[The China Quarterly]]''.</ref> Okwu ndị China bụ mínzú (民族), nke e bitere site na Japan oge Repụbliki, na -atụgharị echiche Soviet a. Nsụgharị Bekee (nke a na -ahụkarị na akwụkwọ gọọmentị) nke 'mba' ọzọ na -eso omume Soviet; iji zere ọgba aghara, agbanyeghị, a na-ejikarị okwu akparamagwa ọzọ dịka 'agbụrụ' ma ọ bụ 'agbụrụ'. Ebe echiche mmụta ndụ mmadụ ''nke agbụrụ'' adabaghị na echiche ndị China ma ọ bụ Soviet (nke, ka emechara kọwaa ma chịkwaa ya na steeti), ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na -eji mkpụrụokwu ọhụrụ ''zuqun'' (族群, 'agbụrụ') nke nkọwa karịrị otu ihe iji kọwaa agbụrụ. <ref name=":2"/> Mgbe afọ 1949 gachara, otu ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha mmadụ gbakọtara ka ha depụta ''mínzú'' dị iche iche. Ihe isi ike ozugbo bụ na njirimara <nowiki>''</nowiki> nọ n'ala <nowiki>''</nowiki> esoghị n'ụzọ ezi uche sitere na ihe ndị dị ka asụsụ ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ so nwere; mpaghara abụọ gbara agbata obi nwere ike inwe oyiyi na mmekọrịta omenala, ma na-ekwusi ike na ndị iche njirimara ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mullaney|first=Thomas|title=Seeing for the State: The Role of Social Scientists in China's Ethnic Classification Project|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=11|issue=3|year=2010|pages=325–342|doi=10.1080/14631369.2010.510874}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na nke a ga-ebute nsonaazụ nzuzu -obodo ọ bụla enweghị ike iziga onye ga annọchi anya ya na Ọgbakọ Mba - ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwara iwu otu dakọtara pere mpe na-eji asụsụ dị ka isi ihe dị iche maka ịkpa oke. Ya mere, obodo ụfọdụ nwere usoro omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru otu aha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbụrụ " Zhuang " rụrụ ọrụ nke ukwuu ijide ihe nile maka obodo ugwu dị iche iche na mpaghara Guangxi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaup|first=Katherine Palmer|title=Regionalism versus Ethnic nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_2002-12_172/page/863|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=172|year=2002|pages=863–884|doi=10.1017/s0009443902000530}}</ref> Ọnụọgụgụ nke onye bụ na onye na-abụghị onye pere mpe gara n'ihu ikpochapụ ahịrị dị iche iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-elekọta mmadụ wepụtara. A na -enyekarị ọnọdụ agbụrụ n'otu n'otu dabere na akụkọ osisi ezinụlọ. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere nna (ma ọ bụ nne, maka agbụrụ ndị e weere na ọ bụ ikwu site na nne ) nke nwere aha nna nke a na-ewere na ọ bụ nke otu agbụrụ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-enye onye ahụ ọkwa pere mpe. Nke a rụpụtara na obodo ndị na -echebu na ha bụ otu na isi otu/ agbụrụ Han kewara ugbua n'etiti ndị nwere agbụrụ na ndị na -enweghị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mullaney|first=Thomas|title=Ethnic Classification Writ Large: The 1954 Yunnan Province Ethnic Classification Project and its Foundations in Republican-Era Taxonomic Thought|journal=China Information|volume=18|issue=2|pages=207–241|year=2004|doi=10.1177/0920203X04044685}}</ref> Otu ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ nke chịkọtara ndepụta nke agbụrụ niile kọwakwara ihe ha were dị ka isi ihe dị iche n'etiti otu ọ bụla, gụnyere omenala, ọdịbendị na asụsụ. Etiti ahụ ji ndepụta njirimara ahụ họrọ ndị nnọchi anya otu ọ bụla ga-eme ihe ngosi na igwe onyonyo telivishọn na redio iji mee ka akụkọ gọọmentị China dị ka obodo nwere agbụrụ dị iche iche wee gbochie ọdịbendị nke obere agbụrụ ị gbakọ site na Han na ụwa ndị ọzọ. <ref name="gladney">{{Cite journal|author=Gladney|first=Dru C.|title=Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1994-02_53_1/page/92|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=53|issue=1|year=1994|pages=92–123|doi=10.2307/2059528}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, site na mmepe nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, mbọ ndị a wetara obere mmetụta. N'ezie, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị akpọrọ dị ka ndị pere mpe enweghị mmekọrịta na ụdị egwu, uwe na omume ndị ọzọ nke e gosipụtara site na onyonyo na ihe nnọchianya nke "ndị ha" na mgbasa ozi. N'okpuru usoro a, a matara agbụrụ iri itoolu na iteghete site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba nke mbụ n'afọ 1954. Nke bawanyere site ruo iri ise na anọ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba nke abụọ n'afo 1964, ya na ndị otu Lhoba agbakwunyere n'afọ 1965. Mgbanwe ikpeazụ bụ mgbakwunye nke ndị Jino n'afọ 1979, nke butere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ amaara na Iri ise na isii. === Mgbanwe na Mmepe === [[Usòrò:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_China_1983.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|278x278px| Maapụ Ethnolinguistic nke China na 1983. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_ethnolinguistic_83.jpg|title=China - Ethnolinguistic Groups 1983|publisher=University of Texas Libraries|year=1983|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref>]] Agbanyeghị, ka China mepere ma mezigharị mgbe afọ 1979, gasịrị, ọtụtụ Han nwetara ego zuru ezu iji malite njem. Otu n'ime ahụmịhe njem kacha amasị ndị ọgaranya bụ nleta mpaghara ndị pere mpe, ịhụ emume pụrụ iche nke ndị agbụrụ pere mpe. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Oakes|first=Timothy S.|chapter=Ethnic tourism in rural Guizhou: Sense of place and the commerce of authenticity|title=Tourism, ethnicity, and the state in Asian and Pacific societies|editor=Picard|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8248-1863-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/staff/ben_hillman/2013/paradise-under-construction.pdf|author=Hillman|first=Ben|title=Paradise under Construction: Minorities, Myths and Modernity in Northwest Yunnan|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=4|issue=2|year=2003|pages=177–190|doi=10.1080/14631360301654}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi mmasị a, ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego nke agbụrụ pere mpe, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ha etolitebeghị n'ịgba egwu, emume, ma ọ bụ egwu n'onwe ha, malitere ilebara ndị njem a anya site n'ịrụ ọrụ yiri ihe ndị ọgbọ ochie ma ọ bụ ndị bi ebe ahụ kwuru. N'ụzọ dị otu a, otu ndị mmadụ akpọrọ Zhuang ma ọ bụ otu pere mpe ndị ọzọ amalitela ị nwekọ ọnụ ha na ndị otu agbụrụ ibe ha, ebe ha nabatara echiche nke onwe ha na nzaghachi maka mkpa akụ na ụba nke ndị na-azụ ahịa maka arụmọrụ ha.  Nhazi nke ndị otu pere mpe iri ise na ise bụ nnukwu ọganihu site na ngọnarị ịdị adị nke agbụrụ dị iche iche na China nke bụ amụma ọchịchị Sun Yet-Sen Gọọmenti ndị kwenyesiri ike n'obodo ahụ nke batara n'ọchịchị n'afo 1911, nke tinyekwara onwe ha n'ọrụ efu iji aha mkparị kpọọ ndị pere mpe (omume nke a kagburu n'afọ 1951). <ref name=":0"/> Agbanyeghị, a katọkwara ịkpa oke nke ndị Kọmunist ebe ọ belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ a site n'ụzọ asatọ, taa ''wei shibie menzu'' (Pụtara 'agbụrụ ndị N'enweghị ihe eji mara ha') nwere ngụkọta karịa mmadụ puku nari asaa na puku iri atọ. Ndị otu a gụnyere Geija, Khmu, Kucong, Mang, Deng, Sherpas, Bajia, Yi na Youtai (Juu).  Mgbe ndakpọ nke Yugoslavia na mgbasa nke ọgbakọ Soviet, enwere mgbanwe na echiche gọọmentị na nghọta agbụrụ ndị pere mpe na China: kama ịkọwapụta ha dị ka 'mba', ha bụrụ 'agbụrụ'. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti 'mba' na 'agbụrụ', dị ka Uradyn Erden-Bulag kọwara ya, bụ na onye nke mbụ na-emeso ndị pere mpe China dịka obodo nwere "oke ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma," akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ókèala, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-emeso ndị pere mpe. dị ka "otu" ma gbado anya na nhazi oke ha yana nkọwa onwe ha n'ihe metụtara ọtụtụ ndị. Mgbanwe ndị a na-egosipụta n'ojiji nke okwu ahụ mínzú (民族) na ntụgharị ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị ''Minzu Tuanjie'' gbanwere aha Bekee ya site na ''ịdị n'otu mba'' bụrụ idi n'otu agbụrụ n'afọ 1995. N'otu aka ahụ Mahadum etit maka mba gbanwekwara aha ya zawaMahadum Minzu nke China . Ndị ọkà mmụta bidoro họrọ okwu ahụ ''zuqun'' (族群, 'agbụrụ') karịa ''minzu'' . <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Alter/native Mongolian identity: From nationality to ethnic group|pages=261–287|title=Chinese Society: Change, conflict and resistance|first=Elizabeth J.|author=Perry|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-85631-4}}</ref> Ihe atụ ndị China maka ịchọpụta na ịkọwa agbụrụ dị iche iche guzobere na ntọala PRC soro usoro Soviet, na -enweta mkpali site na ụkpụrụ Joseph Stalin '195 commons' iji mata agbụrụ: "(1) asụsụ dị iche; (2) onye ama ala nna ma ọ bụ ókèala; (3) ndụ akụ na ụba nkịtị; na (4) mmetụta siri ike nke njirimara na omenala pụrụ iche, gụnyere uwe, okpukpe na nri. "  Mgbe ntiwa nke diị amamihe Ọgbakọ Soviet na ndị na-eme iwu n'ime China malitere ịrụ ụka na nhọpụta ndị otu pere mpe nwere ike ibutere obodo a nsogbu. Ime ihe ike na Xinjiang na Tibet nyere ihe akaebe maka arụmụka a. Onye prọfesọ Mahadum Beijing Ma Rong rụrụ ụka na ndị Kọmunist China ewepụtala “usoro abụọ” nke ọchịchị nke nnọchite anya na njirimara e nyere agbụrụ ndị a ma ama ga-amụba ọdịiche ọdịbendị na ịkpata esemokwu ọha. Ọ kwadoro amụma ọhụrụ nke njikọta na ịkpa oke agbụrụ. Amụma ndị a nke Ma na ndị ọzọ mere bụ arụmụka n'oge ahụ mana ha ga-achọta ebe dị n'etiti amụma ọchịchị Xi Jinping. Xi agbanweela iwu steeti gaa n'ijikọta na ihe ọ kpọrọ "nnukwu njikọta minzu" ma ọ bụ "ịjikọta ọbara na uche." <ref name="Leibold 2021">{{Cite web|author=Leibold|first=James|title=Beyond Xinjiang: Xi Jinping’s Ethnic Crackdown|url=https://magazine.thediplomat.com/#/issues/-MYn5h79Zquc0uO7CAyx/read|work=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara otu onye Han China dịka onye nduzi nke Kọmitii Na -ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị Steeti na nke mbụ kemgbe afọ 1954. <ref name="Leibold 2021"/> Ndị Pati kọmunist China (CCP) gara n'ihu ịtụ ọha nke Uyghyrs na Xinjiang omumu oru n'ogige, n'okpuru CCP onyeisi odeakwụkwọ ọchịchị [[Xi Jinping|XI Jinping]] mkpọrọ . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-09|title=Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/01/09/dismantling-chinas-muslim-gulag-in-xinjiang-is-not-enough|accessdate=2020-11-16}}</ref> == Otu agbụrụ ==   [[Usòrò:Longhorn_Miao_China.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px| Agbụrụ Long-mpi, obere alaka nke agbụrụ Miao na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Guizhou Province]] Ndị otu China bụ ndị agbụrụ iri ise na isii (aguụrụ ndị pere mpe iri ise na ise gbakwunyere Han kachasị). Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ agbụrụ dị ka gọọmentị PRC nwere, n'ime onwe ha, otu ndị mmadụ dị iche iche. Otu dị iche iche nke obere ndị Miao, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-asụ olumba dị iche iche nke asụsụ Hmong -Mien, asụsụ Tai -Kadai, na Chinese, ma na-eme omenala dị iche iche. <ref>Xiaobing Li, and Patrick Fuliang Shan, ''Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation and Resistance'', Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọtụtụ mba, a na-akọwa ọkwa pere mpe nke nwa amaala site na njirimara onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ pere ''mpe, na mba China pere mpe (xiaoshu minzu'' ) ka etinyere mgbe amụrụ ya, omume nwere ike ịtọ ntọala nke PRC, mgbe ndị Kọmunist nyere iwu ka ewepụta ma kọwaa otu dị iche iche dabere na nyocha ndị otu nyocha nke akụkọ ntolite nke ndị pere mpe, ndụ akụ na ụba, asụsụ na okpukpe na mpaghara China dị iche iche. Ogo mgbanwe dị n'etiti agbụrụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. A kọwara n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị ka ndị nwere njirimara pụrụ iche site na ndị otu pere mpe sitere na Han, mana e nwekwara ụfọdụ ndị yitụrụ otu ukwu nke ndị Han. Imirikiti ndị Hui China enweghị ike ịpụ iche na Han China belụsọ maka na ha na -ekpe [[Àlakụ̀ba|okpukpe Alakụba]], na Manchu ọtụtụ nke ekwenyere ka ọ bụrụ nke ukwuu ka ọ banye n'ime ọha Han.  Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị iri ise na ise nke China nọ na ndịda, ọdịda anyanwụ, na ugwu China. Naanị mpaghara Tibet kwụụrụ onwe ya na Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ọchịchị pere mpe, ebe mpaghara, obodo na mpaghara China niile nwere ọtụtụ ndị Han. N'ime Beijing n'onwe ya, ihe mejupụtara agbụrụ Han bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pacent iri itoolu na isii nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ, ebe mkpokọta agbụrụ pere mpe bụ pacent anọ na nkeji iri atọ na otu, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ puku nari ise na iri asato na-anọ, narị isii na iri itoolu n'abụọ (n'afọ 2008). Ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka dị na China gbasara ndị pere mpe egosila ndị pere mpe ka ha nọ n'oke azụ Han n'ọganihu mmeziwanye na ọgbara ọhụrụ. A na-egosipụtakarị ìgwè ndị pere mpe dị ka ime ime ọhịa, na ochie. Dika gọọmentị na -egosipụtakarị onwe ya dị ka onye na-enyere ndị pere mpe aka, ndị na-adịchaghị njikere ịkpakọ ọnụ (n'agbanyeghị onyinye enyemaka) dị ka nwoke, ime ihe ike, na enweghị ezi uche. Otu ndị egosiri n'ụzọ dị otu a gụnyere ndị Tibet, Uyghurs na ndị Mongols . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hillman|first=Ben|year=2006|title=Macho Minority: Masculinity and Ethnicity on the Edge of Tibet|url=http://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/staff/ben_hillman/2013/macho-minority.pdf|journal=Modern China|volume=32|issue=2|pages=251–272|doi=10.1177/0097700405286186}}</ref> A na-egosipụtakarị otu dị njikere ịkpa oke (ma nabata enyemaka gọọmentị) dị ka nwanyị na mmekọahụ, gụnyere Miao, Tujia na Dai . <ref name="gladney"/> === Ndị mmadụ === Agbụrụ kacha buru ibu, Han, dị ka ihe nlele aoọ 2005 mere, bụ ihe dịka pacent iri itoolu n'otu na nkeji itoolu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ niile. Agbụrụ ọzọ kacha n'ọnụ ọgụgụ gụnyere Zhuang (nde iri asato), Manchu (nde iri), Hui (nde iri), Miao (nde itoolu), Uyghur (nde asatọ), Yi (nde asaa na puku nari asaa), Tujia (nde asatọ), ndị Mongol (nde ise na puku nari asatọ) ndị Tibet (nde ise na puku nari anọ), Buyei (nde atọ), Yao (nde ato na puku otu narị), na ndị Korea (nde abụọ na puku narị ise). Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị pere mpe etoola ngwa ngwa n'ihi na enweghị mmetụta iwu otu nwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MINORITIES IN CHINA &#124; Facts and Details|url=http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat5/sub29/item192.html|work=Factsanddetails.com}}</ref> === Ndepụta agbụrụ === Echeghị maka agbụrụ pere mpe nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala (ihe na -erughị puku otu narị ) ebe a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/regional_dna_project_china_mongolia.shtml|title=China & Mongolia Regional DNA Project|work=Eupedia}}</ref>{{col-begin}} {{col-3}} '''Ethnic Hans''' * Beijing Hans * Chonqing Hans * [[Gan Chinese-speaking people|Gan Hans]] * Gansu Hans * Guizhou Hans * Hainan Hans * [[Hakka people|Hakka Hans]] * Hebei Hans * Heilongjian Hans * Henan Hans * Hubei Hans * Jiaoliao Hans * Jilin & Liaoning Hans * Lower Yangtze Hans * [[Min Chinese speakers|Min Hans]] * Shaanxi Hans * Shandong Hans * Shanxi Hans * Sichuan Hans * Taiwan Hans * Tianjin Hans * [[Wu Chinese-speaking people|Wu Hans]] * Xiang Hans * [[Cantonese people|Yue Hans]] * Yunnan Hans {{col-3}} '''Ethnic minorities''' * [[Bai people|Bai]] * [[Koreans in China|Chinese Koreans]] * [[Dai people|Dai]] * [[Dong people|Dong]] * [[Evenk people|Evenki]] * [[Hani people|Hani]] * [[Hui people|Hui]] * [[Jingpo people|Jingpo]] * [[Kazakhs]] * [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] * [[Lahu people|Lahu]] * [[Hlai people|Li]] * [[Lisu people|Lisu]] * [[Manchus]] * [[Maonan people|Maonan]] * [[Miao people|Miao]] * [[Taiwanese indigenous people]] * [[Tajiks]] * [[Tibetans]] * [[Tujia people|Tujia]] * [[Uyghurs]] * [[Wa people|Wa]] * [[Yao people|Yao]] * [[Yi people|Yi]] * [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] {{col-3}} *[[Mongols|Mongolian]] (sub)groups :* [[Buryats]] :* Chinese [[Mongols]] :* [[Daurs]] :* [[Khalka Mongols]] :* [[Oirats|Oirat Mongols]] :* Sartuul Mongols {{col-end}} === Agbụrụ ndị n'enweghị ndiiche pụrụ iche ===   Ndị agbụrụ "ndị n'enweghị ndiiche" bụ agbụrụ ndị gọọmentị etiti amataghị ma ọ bụ kewaa. Otu a karịrị Mmadụ puku narị asaa na puku iri ato, ọ ga -abụkwa agbụrụ iri abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kacha buo ibu na China ma ọ bụrụ na ewere ya dịka otu. Imirikiti ndị otu a dị na mpaghara Guizhou . Ndị <nowiki>''</nowiki> agbụrụ ndị a na-amatabeghị<nowiki>''</nowiki> agunyeghi otu ndị nke eji arụmụka tinye n'ime otu dị adị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ekewara Mosuo dị ka Naxi, a na -ekewa Chuanqing dị ka Han Chinese, n'usoro ọchịchị mana ha na-ajụ nkewa ndị a were onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ dị iche iche. A na -ekewa ụmụ amaala nke isi ala China nke sitere na mba ọzọ site na iji akara ọzọ dị iche: "ndị ala ọzọ banyere ịbụ nwa amaala China" (外国人入中国籍). Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na nwa amaala ọhụrụ esonyelarịị bụrụ onye otu ama ama n'ime agbụrụ iri isii na isii, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ekewa ya na agbụrụ ahụ karịa aha pụrụ iche a. == Nkwa nke ikike na ọdịmma == [[Usòrò:Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png|thumb| Isi mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe n'ime Yunnan. (ewepu Hui )]] [[Usòrò:Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Guizhou.png|thumb| Isi mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe n'ime Guizhou. (ewepu Hui )]]   Iwu nke PRC na-ekwe nkwa agbụrụ niile dị na China ikike nha ma na-enyere aka ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba na ọdịbendị nke obere agbụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html|title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> Otu ọpụrụiche amara agbụrụ pere mpe nke agbụrụ dị iche iche na-enwe bụ mwepụ ha na njikwa mmụba nke ndị mmadụ nke amụma otu nwa . Mana dị ka akụkọ nyocha nke Associated Press bipụtara n'abali iri abụọ na asatọ nke onwa Juun afọ 2020, gọọmentị China na-eme ihe siri ike iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ n'etiti ndị Uighurs na ndị pere mpe ndị ọzọ dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa zuru oke iji gbochie ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Alakụba ya, ọbụlagodi na ọ na-agba ụfọdụ ndị ume ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị obodo Han ịmụ ụmụ. <ref name="AP’s global investigative team">{{Cite news|author=AP’s global investigative team|date=28 June 2020|title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization|url=https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche ekwuola N'oge gara aga maka mgbochi ịmụ nwa n'ike, omume a gbasawanyere ebe niile na usoro karịa ka amaara na mbụ, dịka nyocha AP siri dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị, akwụkwọ steeti na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na mmadụ iri atọ ndị ejideburu, ndị ezinaụlọ na onye nkuzi kampu. Mgbasa ozi ahụ n'ime afọ anọ gara aga na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Xinjiang na -eduga n'ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na -akpọ ụdị "mgbukpọ mmadụ". <ref name="AP’s global investigative team" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, agbụrụ pere mpe na-enwe nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche nke na-adịgasị iche site na mpaghara- ndị a gụnyere obere ụzọ ụtụ isi yana obere akara achọrọ maka ịbanye mahadum. Ojiji usoro ndị a bulie isi obodo mmadụ pere mpe bụ nke gọọmentị etiti na -ahụta dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji meziwanye mmepe akụ na ụba nke obere agbụrụ. A na -anọchite anya ndị agbụrụ pere mpe na Nzukọ Mba yana gọọmentị na ọkwa mpaghara na mpaghara . Ụfọdụ agbụrụ pere mpe na China na -ebi ebe akọwara dị ka mpaghara nwere onwe nke agbụrụ . Ndị <nowiki>''</nowiki> mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ha <nowiki>''</nowiki> na -ekwe ka agbụrụ dị iche iche nweere onwe ha iji n'azụlite asụsụ agbụrụ ha, na idebe omenala na omenala obodo ha. Tụkwasị na nke a, gọọmentị PRC enyela mmepe akụ na ụba ọkacha mmasị na mpaghara ebe agbụrụ pere mpe bi. Ọzọkwa, gọọmentị China nyere ohere ma gbaa ume itinye aka nke ndị obere agbụrụ isonye na pati ahụ. Agbanyeghị na enyere agbụrụ pere mpe na China ikike na nnwere onwe, ọtụtụ agbụrụ pere mpe ka na -aga ndụ obodo ukwu iji nweta ọrụ na -akwụ ezigbo ụgwọ. <ref name="yardley">{{Cite news|author=Yardley|first=Jim|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 May 2008|accessdate=20 November 2008|title=China Sticking With One-Child Policy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/world/asia/11china.html}}</ref> ''Ndi pere mpe'' eritela uru nke ukwuu na mmemme nkwa ndụ kacha nta nke China (nke a maara dị ka dibao) mmemme ewepụtara na mba niile n'afọ 1999 nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị sonyere erutela ihe ruru nde iri abụọ ka ọ na -eru afọ 2012. Ọdịdị nke usoro nhọpụta gụnyere na ndị na-enye mmemme a na -eme ngwa ngwa ma dị njikere n'ịchọpụta ndị dara ogbenye, na -emegide atụmatụ ọdịmma zuru oke dị ka Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URBMI), nke etinyere n'ụwa niile. Dị ka nke a, usoro nhọpụta maka ndị sonyere na mmemme ''dibao'' ewepụtala echiche n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka atụmatụ a ejirila mmemme a belata mwepụ ma wezuga ihe egwu ọ bụla na gọọmentị nwere ike ibute ọgba aghara- gụnyere nyocha arụmọrụ adịghị mma nke ndị ọrụ mpaghara. . == Okpukpe na njikọ ha na -adịkarị == * Okpukpe Buddha / Taoism - ndị Miao (ndị pere mpe ), Lisu (ndị pere mpe), Bai, Bulang, Dai, Jinuo, Jing, Jingpo, Mongol, Manchu, Naxi (gụnyere Mosuo ), Nu, Tai, Tibetan, Zhuang (obere), Yi ( ndị pere mpe), na Yugur ("Yellow Uyghurs"). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/index.htm|title=Ethnic Groups|work=China.org.cn|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref> * Eastern Orthodox Christianity - ndị Russia * Islam - ndị Hui, Uyghurs, Kazakhs, ndị Dongxiang, ndị Kyrgyz, Salar, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Bonans, na Tatars . <ref name="Muslim">{{Cite journal|author=Jackie Armijo|date=Winter 2006|title=Islamic Education in China|url=http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/166/41|journal=Harvard Asia Quarterly|volume=10|issue=1}}</ref> * [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] - ndị Juu Kaifeng * Okpukpe Protestant - Lisu (70%; lee Chọọchị Lisu ) * Shamanism / Animism - Daur, Ewenkis, Oroqen, Hezhen, na Derung . == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu ==   == Ebensidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ n'ihu == * Tang, Wenfang na He, Gaochao. " [https://web.archive.org/web/20140103183124/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/ps056.pdf Iche iche mana iguzosi ike n'ihe: agbụrụ na ịhụ mba n'anya na China] ." ''Nnyocha iwu'' iri ise na isii. Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231203055407/https://www.chinayearbooks.com/china-ethnic-statistical-yearbook-2016.html Akwụkwọ Ndekọ Ọnụ Ọha nke China 2016] [[Òtù:Category:Agbụrụ pere mpe]] [[Òtù:Category:Agbụrụ ndị dị na China]] [[Òtù:Category:Edemede ndị nwere asụsụ China]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8xq0uvyhgqhtjjq10rq4kc9fkbi9wxn 0 10772 697669 124669 2026-08-10T05:15:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox Ndi mbà|group=|image=Mongol Autonomous Subjects in the PRC.png|caption=Map showing the [[Mongols|Mongol]] autonomous subjects in the [[Greater China|Greater China Area]]|population=5,981,840<ref name="lupm.org">[http://www.lupm.org/mn/pages/101026mn.htm y ('''Mongolian'''): Millions of [[Han Chinese]] of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region registered as "Mongol" and "[[Manchu people|Manchu]]" according to Chinese policy since the 1980s. There is no enough information about [[Ethnic minorities in China|Chinese ethnic minorities]] due to the government policy.</ref><ref name="sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041738/http://sodonmedeelel.blog.gogo.mn/read/entry464126 Өвөр Монголын хүн ам] ('''Mongolian''')</ref>|popplace=[[Inner Mongolia]]{{·}}[[Qinghai]]{{·}}[[Xinjiang]]|langs=[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]{{·}}[[Oirat language|Oirat]]{{·}}[[Buryat language|Buryat]]|rels=[[Mongolian shamanism]]{{·}}[[Tibetan Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]|related=[[Buryats]]{{·}}[[Oirats]]}} [[Usòrò:China_linguistic_map.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|336x336px]] [[Usòrò:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0828.tif|thumb|Ndị nnọchi anya Mongol n'ụlọ ikpe China. Nieuhof: ''L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine'', 1665]] '''Ndị Mongol na China''' <ref>{{Cite journal|title=A socio‐demographic profile of the Mongols in China, 1990|url=https://archive.org/details/central-asian-survey_1998-03_17_1/page/93|author=Jirimutu|first=Jerry|journal=Central Asian Survey|volume=17|issue=1|date=1998|pages=93–108|doi=10.1080/02634939808401025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China|author=Bulag|first=Uradyn E.|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|volume=105|issue=4|date=2003|pages=753–763|doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.753|url=https://www.smhric.org/SMW_12.htm}}</ref> ma ọ bụ '''Ndị Mongolia China''' <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Teachers' beliefs of behaviors, learning, and teaching related to minority students: a comparison of Han and Mongolian Chinese teachers|author=Wang|first=Jian|journal=Teaching Education|volume=27|issue=4|date=2016|pages=371–395|doi=10.1080/10476210.2016.1153623}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Feeling Happy and Sad at the Same Time? Subcultural Differences in Experiencing Mixed Emotions between Han Chinese and Mongolian Chinese|author=Deng|first=Xinmei|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|issue=1692|date=2016|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01692|pmid=27833582}}</ref> ( Chinese ), bụ ndị pinyin ( ndị agbụrụ Mongol) bụ ndịMongol a na-azụ n'ụlọ ma tinye ha owuwu mba nke Mba nke China (1912–1949) mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Qing dara (1636–1911). Ndị na -ejikọtaghị ọnụ mebiri na Mgbanwe Mongolian nke afọ 1911 nakwa ọzọ n'afọ 1921 . Mba nke China matara ndị Mongol ka ha bụ akụkụ nke agbụrụ ise n'okpuru otu Nzukọ . Onye nọchiri ya, [[China|Ndị Mba nke China]] (1949-), A matara Mongols dịka otu n'ime [[Ethnic minorities in China|agbụrụ iri ise na ise na China]] . Dị ka , enwere Mongols nde ise na puku narị asatọ na China. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na ime Mongolia, Mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ China, Xinjiang na Qinghai . Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Mongol dị na China fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ abụọ nke steeti Mongolia nọrọ onwe ya . == Nkesa == E kewara ndị Mongol na China n'etiti mpaghara nọrọ onwe ha na ógbè ndị dị ka ndị a: * Pacentị iri isii na asatọ na nkeji iri asaa na abụọ: Mpaghara ime Mongolia nọrọ onwe ya * Pacentị iri na otu na nkeji iri ise na abụọ: Mpaghara Liaoning * Pacentị abụọ na nkeji iri itoolu na isii: Mpaghara Jilin * Pacentị abụọ na nkeji iri itoolu na abụọ: Mpaghara Hebei * Pacentị abụọ na nkeji iri ise na asatọ: Mpaghara nọrọ onwe Xinjiang Uyghur * Pacentị abụọ na nkeji iri anọ na atọ: Mpaghara Heilongjiang * Otu pacentị na nkeji iri anọ na asatọ: Mpaghara Qinghai * Otu Pacentị na nkeji iri anọ nat otu: Mpaghara Henan * Pacentị ise na nkeji iri itoolu na asatọ: Mpaghara fọrọ nke Isi ala China Ewezuga mpaghara Mongolia nọrọ onwe ha, enwere ngalaba nchịkwa Mongol ndị ọzọ nọrọ onwe ha na China. Okpuru ọchịchị ọkwa: * Haixi Mongol na mpaghara nọrọ onwe ya Tibet (na Qinghai) * Mpaghara Bayingolin Mongol nọrọ onwe ya (na Xinjiang) * Tagbè Bortala Mongol nọrọ onwe ya (na Xinjiang) County level: * Weichang Manchu na <a href="./Haixi Mongol na mpaghara Tibetan kwụụrụ onwe ya" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="95" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Haixi_Mongol_Prefecture2.jpg/80px-Haixi_Mongol_Prefecture2.jpg&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:60},&amp;quot;description&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Autonomous prefecture in Qinghai, People's Republic of China&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q874334&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mt&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwTA" title="Haixi Mongol na mpaghara Tibetan kwụụrụ onwe ya">Haixi Mongol na mpaghara nọrọ onwe ya Tibet</a> (na Qinghai)mpaghara Obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya (na Hebei) * Harqin aka ekpe <a href="./Haixi Mongol na mpaghara Tibetan kwụụrụ onwe ya" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="95" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Haixi_Mongol_Prefecture2.jpg/80px-Haixi_Mongol_Prefecture2.jpg&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:60},&amp;quot;description&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Autonomous prefecture in Qinghai, People's Republic of China&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q874334&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mt&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwTA" title="Haixi Mongol na mpaghara Tibetan kwụụrụ onwe ya">Haixi Mongol na mpaghara nọrọ onwe ya Tibet</a> (na Qinghai)mpaghara Obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya (na Liaoning) * Fuxin mpaghara obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya (na Liaoning) * Qian Gorlos mpaghara obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya. (na Jilin) * Dorbod mpaghara obodo nọrọ onwe ya. (na Heilongjiang) * Subei mpaghara obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya. (na Gansu) * Henan mpaghara Obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya. (na Qinghai) * Hoboksar mpaghara obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya Mongol Autonomous County (na Xinjiang) == Nhazi ọkwa == [[Usòrò:Women_of_southern_mogolia.jpg|thumb|Photo by Yvette Borup Andrews in 1920]] China haziri otu Mongolia dị iche iche dịka Buryats na Oirats n'ime otu ọkwa dịka mongol tinyere ndị ime Mongol. Otu agbụrụ na-abụghị nke Mongol, bu ndị [[Ndị Tuvan|Tuvans]] ka ndị China haziri dị ka ndị Mongol. <ref name="Mongush">Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies'', 1 (1996), 225-243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development.</ref> Asụsụ gọọmentị ejiri mara ndị Mongol ndị a niile na China bụ ọkọlọtọ akwụkwọ edemede dabere na olu Chahar nke Mongol. <ref>"Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." (Sečenbaγatur ''et al.'' 2005: 85).</ref> Ụfọdu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a haziri n'usoro ọchichị dịka Mongols site n'aka ndị gọọmentị nke obodo China anaghị asụ ụdịrị asụsụ Mongolia. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị otu a gụnyere Sichuan Mongols (ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-asụ ụdị asụsụ Naic), Yunnan Mongols (ọtụtụ n'ime ha na -asụ ụdị asụsụ Loloish ), na Mongols nke Henan obodo Mongol nọrọ onwe ya. na Qinghai (ọtụtụ n'ime ha na -asụ Amdo Tibetan. na/ma ọ bụ Chinese ). == Related groups == Ọ bụghị ndị otu niile metụtara ndị Mongol mgbe ochie ka edepụtara dị ka ndị Mongol n'okpuru usoro ugbu a. Ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nọ na China nke na -asụ asụsụ Mongol gụnyere: * Dongxiang nke mpaghara Gansu * Monguor nke ógbè Qinghai na Gansu * Daur nke Mongolia dị n'ime * Bonan nke mpaghara Gansu * ụfọdụ ndị Yugur nke Mpaghara Gansu (ndị Yugur ndị ọzọ na -asụ asụsụ Turkic ) * Kuangjia Hui nke Mpaghara Qinghai == Ndị ama ama == * Sengge Rinchen, onye ama ama na usoro ndi eze Qing * Ulanhu, onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye bụ onye isi oche nke Mongolia nke ime gara aga, onye bụ osote onye isi oche nke ndị obodo China gara aga * Bayanqolu, odeakwụkwọ pati Kọmunist nke Mpaghara Jilin, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ gara aga nke otu Ningbo * Uyunqimg, onye bụb osote onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọgbakọ Mba nke gara aga. * Fu Ying, onye osote onye ozi ala ọzọ, onye bụ onye nnọchi anya nke United Kingdom, Australia na Philippines gara aga. * Li Siguang, jiolojist, onye guzobere geomechanics China * Yang Shixian, kemist, onye isi Mahadum Nankai * Siqin Gaowa, onye na -eme ihe nkiri * Mengke Bateer, onye egwuregwu basketball na NBA * Bao Xishun, otu onye n'ime ndị kachasị ogologo n'ụwa * Tengger, onye egwu pop/rock * Buren Bayaer, onye na-agụ abụ, onye na -agụ egwu na onye na -eme egwuregwu diski * Uudam, onye egwu ụmụaka * Huugjilt, nwoke e gburu na ezighi ezi na-afo 1996 * Zhang Xiaoping * Chinggeltei (1924–2013), onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ, otu n’ime ndị ọkachamara ụwa ole na ole gbasara asụsụ Khitan * Jalsan, ọkà mmụta asụsụ na onye ndu Buddha * Batdorj-in Baasanjab, omee ihe nkiri * Xiao Qian, agụmakwụkwọ * Bai Xue, onye ọka iwu na agụmakwụkwọ iwu * Bai Yansong, arịlịka TV * Han Lei, onye ọgụ egwu pop * Wang Lijun, onye isi ndị uwe ojii ihere na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Bai Wenqi, onye isi ndị agha nke PLA Air Force * Ulan, onye osote onye isi otu ndoro ndoro ochichi mpaghara Hunan * Qilu, onye isi ụlọ nyocha ihe ike na teknụzụ ọhụrụ nke Mahadum Peking == Ebe ihe nkiri == <gallery> Usòrò:Morin Khuur, South Mongolian Style.jpg|An ethnic Mongol Chinese musician performing Inner Mongolian style [[morin khuur]] </gallery> == Hụkwa ==   * Demographics of China * Khatso (Yunnan Mongols) * Mongols * Mongols in Taiwan * Oirats (Western Mongols) * Sichuan Mongols * Upper Mongols == Ebensidee == === Nkọwa ===  {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} === Isi mmalite ===  {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ n'ihu == * Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na China: ''China, Mwepu ndị pere mpe, ịkpa oke na oke ọgbaghara'', London, Minority Rights Group International, 2007 * de Rachewiltz, Igor. 1981. "Na ntụgharị asụsụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke MENG-TA PEI-LU na HEI-TA SHIH-LÜEH: ISIOKWU Nyocha." Ncheta Serica 35. Mbipụta Maney: 571 - 82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726521 . * 韃 備 錄<nowiki/>https://archive.org/details/02081581.cn * Ct 鞑 事略<nowiki/>http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=80917 http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/heidashilve.html == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-mongolian.htm Ozi gọọmentị Mongolian pere] mpe nke gọọmentị China. {{Clear}} [[Òtù:Category:Agbụrụ amara n'usoro ọchịchi]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mmadụ China si n'agbụrụ Mongolia]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị Mongol China]] [[Òtù:Category:Edemede n'asụsụ mongolia]] [[Òtù:Category:Edemede nwere asụsụ China]] [[Òtù:Category:"Agbụrụ ndị metụtara"]] apy4kl0qvf17ofxag0zamqes04q3q3y 0 10783 697826 228709 2026-08-10T08:57:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tu Youyou''' ( Chinese ; amụrụ Disemba 30,1930) bụ onye na -ahụ maka ọgwụ na ọrịa ịba na China. Ọ chọpụtara artemisinin (nke a makwaara dị ka ''qīnghāosù''青蒿素) na dihydroartemisinin, nke a na-eji agwọ [[Iba|ịba]] , ọganihu dị na ọgwụ ebe okpomọkụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, na-azọpụta ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na ndida China, Ndịda Ọwụwa A bunyanwụ Eshia, Afrika, na South Amerika. Maka ọrụ ya, Tu nwetara nturu ugo Lasker 2011 na orụ ogige ọgwụ na 2015 Nobel Prize na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine ya na William C. Campbell na Satoshi Ōmura . Tu bụ onye mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na China na physiology ma ọ bụ medicin ma bụrụ nwa nwanyị mbụ nke ndị [[China|peoples Republic of China]] nwetara Nrite Nobel na ụdị ọ bụla. Ọ bụkwa onye China mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Lasker . A mụrụ Tu, ọ gụọ akwụkwọ ma mee nyocha ya naanị na China. <ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024|title=Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese herbal garden|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2011-09-16_146_6/page/855|year=2011|author=Miller|first=Louis H.|journal=Cell|volume=146|issue=6|pages=855–858|pmid=21907397}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Tu na Ningbo, Zhejiang, [[China]], na Disemba 30,1930. <ref name="Tu_ifeng">{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/200703/0316_335_88997_2.shtml|title=Magic Drug Saved Half Billion People|publisher=[[Phoenix Television]] News|date=16 March 2007|accessdate=13 September 2011|language=zh}}</ref> My[first] name Youyou was given by my father,who adapted it from the sentence Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Xiaoshi maka akwụkwọ juniọ sekọndrị na afọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, tupu ọ gafere na Ningbo Middle School na 1948. Ọrịa ụkwara nta gbochiri agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, mana kpaliri ya ka ọ banye nyocha ahụike. <ref name="NobelBio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/tu-bio.html|title=Youyou Tu – Biographical|work=www.nobelprize.org|accessdate=2018-04-22}}</ref> Site na 1951 ruo 1955, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Peking University / Beijing Medical College. [note 1] Na 1955, Youyou Tu gụsịrị akwụkwọ Mahadum gbasara Ahụike na Beijing ngalaba ọgwụ wee gaa n'ihu nyocha ya na ọgwụ ahịhịa China na China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. Tu gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba sayensị ọgwụ, wee gụchaa na 1955. Ka oge na -aga, a zụlitere Tu maka afọ abụọ na ọkara n'ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Tu rụrụ ọrụ na Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ugbu a bụ China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences [note 2] ) na Beijing. == Ọrụ nyocha == Tu carried on her work in the 1960s and 70s during China's Cultural Revolution, when scientists were denigrated as one of the nine black categories in society according to Maoist theory (or possibly that of the Gang of Four). === Schistosomiasis === N'ime afọ ndị mbụ ya na nyocha, Tu mụrụ ''Lobelia chinensis'', ọgwụ ọdịnala China maka ịgwọ [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tu|first=Youyou|title=Tu Youyou Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/tu/biographical/|work=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=10 October 2020}}</ref> kpatara site na trematodes nke na -efe efe na eriri afọ ma ọ bụ eriri afọ, nke juru ebe niile na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 na South China.  === Ịba ===   N'afọ 1967, n'oge agha Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, onye ndu North Vietnam (nke na -ebuso South Vietnam na United States agha), riọrọ onye isi ala China Zhou Enlai maka enyemaka n'ikwalite ọgwụgwọ ịba maka ndị agha ya na -agbadata Ho. Chi Minh trail, ebe ọtụtụ gbadatara buru ịba nke na -anaghị anata ọgwụ chloroquine . N'ihi na ịba bụkwa nnukwu ihe na -akpata ọnwụ na mpaghara ndịda China, ọkachasị Guangdong, na Guangxi, Zhou Enlai mere ka Mao Zedong guzobe ọrụ nchọpụta ọgwụ nzuzo nke akpọrọ Project 523 mgbe ụbọchị mmalite ya malitere na abalị iri abụọ na atọ nke Ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1967. <ref name="McKenna"/> Ná mmalite afọ 1969, a họpụtara Tu ịbụ onye isi otu nyocha Project 523 na ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Ebu ụzọ ziga Tu na Hainan ebe ọ sị na ndị butere ọrịa na amụ gbasara nje ọrịa a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/oct/05/youyou-tu-how-maos-challenge-to-malaria-pioneer-led-to-nobel-prize|title=Tu Youyou: how Mao's challenge to malaria pioneer led to Nobel prize|author=Tom Phillips|date=6 October 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ụwa niile enyochala ihe karịrị ogige ebe obibi puku abụọ na iri ano (240,000)ma nke bu nke jiụkwụ kpọrọ n'ihi enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma . N'afọ 1969, Tu, mgbe ahụ dị afọ iri atọ na itoolu, nwere echiche nke inyocha ahịhịa mgbọrọgwụ China. O buru ụzọ nyocha ndị ọkachamara ahụike China na akụkọ ntolite, na -iga eleta ndị na -ahụ maka ọgwụ ọdịnala China na mba ha niile n'onwe ya. Ọ chịkọtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'ime akwụkwọ akpọrọ ''A Collection of Single Practical Prescriptions for Anti-Malaria'' . Akwụkwọ ndetu ya a chịkọtara ndenye ma ọ bụ ka e si enye ọgwụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ narị isii na iri anọ. Ka ruo n'afọ 1971, ndị òtù ya emela nyocha nke ruru puku abụọ gbasara ụmụ irighiri eji agwakọ ọgwụ omenala ndị China ma site na ntụziaka ha mepụtara habal estrat, site na ụfọdụ hab puku abụọ , nke a nwalere na ụmụ oke. <ref name="McKenna"/> Otu ogige dị irè, womwudd na -atọ ụtọ ( ''Artemisia annua'' ), nke ejiri mee ihe maka <nowiki>''</nowiki> ahụ ọkụ na -adịte aka, <nowiki>''</nowiki> bụ usoro ngosi ịba. Dị ka Tu gosipụtara na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe a, a kọwara nkwadebe ya na ederede gbarala afọ otu puku na narị iri isii(1,600), na uzommeputa akpọrọ, "Ntuziaka mberede ka edobere aka otu onye"(Emergency Prescription Kept Up One's Sleeve). Na mbụ, ọ bụghị ọrụ n'ihi na ha jiri mmiri esiri esi wepụta ya. Tu Youyou chọpụtara na enwere ike iji usoro nke dị ala wee kewapụ ihe na-agwọ ọrịa ịba nke ọma na osisi; <ref name="L Award Description">{{Cite web|author=Strauss|first=Evelyn|title=Award Description|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2011_c_description.htm|work=Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award|publisher=[[Lasker Foundation]]|date=September 2011}}</ref> Tu na -ekwu na isi mmalite ọgwụ ahịhịa mgbọrọgwụ China '', bụ site n<nowiki>'akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke ''</nowiki>Prescription for Emergency Treatments'' , nke Ge Hong dere na narị atọ na iri anọ, nke na -ekwu na ahịhịa mgbọrọgwụ a kwesịrị itinye n'ime mmiri oyi. <ref name="scimag">{{Cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/asia/2011/09/lasker-award-rekindles-debate-over-artemisinins-discovery|title=Lasker Award Rekindles Debate Over Artemisinin's Discovery|publisher=News.sciencemag.org|accessdate=7 January 2014|date=29 September 2011}}</ref> Akwụkwọ a nwere ntụzịaka nke imikpu njuaka nke qinghao na nha nke lita mmiri 0.4 ,ma sachapụta mmiri ahịhịa ahụ ma ñụcha ya niile. <ref name="Miller"/> Mgbe ọ gụzigharịrị uzo esi emebe ogwu ahụ, Tu chọpụtara na mmiri ọkụ emebiwori ihe na -arụ ọrụ n'ime osisi; ya mere, ọ tụpụtara ụzọ iji mmiri nke nwere obere okpomọkụ wepụta arụmọrụ dị mma kama okwu. Nnwale anụmanụ gosiri na ọ na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma na oke na enwe. <ref name="McKenna">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228382.000-the-modest-woman-who-beat-malaria-for-china.html "The modest woman who beat malaria for China"], by Phil McKenna, ''New Scientist'', 15 November 2011</ref> N'afọ 1972, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwetara ihe pụtara ihe wee kpọọ ya ''qinghaosu'' ([[:zh:青蒿素|青蒿素]]), ma ọ bụ artemisinin dị ka amaara ya na Bekee, <ref name="L Award Description"/> <ref name="th Anniversary">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules/special_issues/artemisinin/|title=Special Issue Artemisinin (Qinghaosu): Commemorative Issue in Honor of Professor Youyou Tu on the Occasion of her 80th Anniversary|publisher=[[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]]|first=Geoff|author=Brown|year=2010|accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Acceptance remarks by Tu">{{Cite web|author=Tu|first=Youyou|title=Acceptance remarks by Tu Youyou|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2011_c_accept_youyou.htm|work=Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award|publisher=[[Lasker Foundation]]|quote=Equipped with a sound knowledge in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmaceutical sciences, my team inherited and developed the essence of traditional Chinese medicine using modern science and technology and eventually, we successfully accomplished the discovery and development of qinghaosu from qinghao (Artemisia annua L).}}</ref> nke zọpụtara ọtụtụ nde ndụ, ọkachasị na mmepe. ụwa . <ref name="Tu – USA TODAY">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/story/2011-09-12/lasker-awards/50371124/1|title='America's Nobel' awarded to Chinese scientist|publisher=[[USA Today]]|first=Elizabeth|author=Weise|date=12 September 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> Tu mụkwara usoro kemịkalụ na ọgwụ nke artemisinin. <ref name="L Award Description" /> Ndị otu Tu buru ụzọ chọpụta usoro kemịkalụ nke artemisinin. N'afọ 1973, Tu chọrọ igosipụta otu carbonyl dị na molekul artemisinin, ya mere ọ jiri mezie dihydroartemisinin na mberede. Ọzọkwa, Tu wepụtara onwe ya ịbụ isiokwu mmadụ mbụ. Ọ sịrị, "Dịka onye isi otu nyocha a, enwere m ọrụ." Ọ nweghị nsogbu, yabụ ọ dụzịrị nwalee ọgwụ a na ahụ mmadụ nwere ọrịa nke ọ wetara ihe ịga nke ọma. E bipụtara ọrụ ya na enweghị aha n'afọ 1977. <ref name="McKenna"/> Na 1981, o mere nchoputa gbasara artemisinin na nzuko ya na World Health Organisation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/10/06/how-a-secret-chinese-military-drug-based-on-an-ancient-herb-won-the-nobel-prize/|title=How a secret Chinese military drug based on an ancient herb won the Nobel Prize|date=6 October 2015|author=Guo|first=Jeff|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine|author=Tu|first=Youyou|date=11 October 2011|doi=10.1038/nm.2471|pmid=21989013|volume=17|issue=10|journal=Nature Medicine|pages=1217–1220}}</ref> Maka ọrụ ya gbasara ịba, e nyere ya Nrite Nobel gbasara Ọgwụ ka ọnwa Ọktoba gbara mkpụrụ ụbọchị ise 2015. == Ọrụ mechara == A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nyocha (研究员, Ndị kasị elu na-eme nchọpụta n'usoro na China tinyekwara agụmakwụkwọ n'usoro nke prọfesọ zuru okè ) n'afo 1980 ka oteghi aka emechara mgbanwe akụ China (Chinese economic reforms)malitere na 1978. Na 2001 a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwmaka ndị chọrọ nturugo dọktọral. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye isi ndị sayensị na akademi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Biography|url=http://www.icmm.ac.cn/zsyjy/201101/11.html|publisher=China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences|accessdate=14 September 2011|language=zh|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906013716/http://www.icmm.ac.cn/zsyjy/201101/11.html|archivedate=6 September 2011}}</ref> Ka ọ na -erule 2007, ọfịs ya dị n'ụlọ ochie nke dị na Dongcheng District, Beijing. <ref name="Tu_ifeng"/> Tupu afọ 2011, Tu Youyou bụ onye amaghị ama ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a kọwara ya dị ka "onye ndị mmadụ chefuru kpamkpam". <ref name="Tu_Wen Wei Po">{{Cite web|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/09/15/YO1109150008.htm|publisher=[[Wen Wei Po]]|accessdate=13 September 2011|language=zh|title=Archive copy|archivedate=1 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001040202/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/09/15/YO1109150008.htm}}</ref> A na-ele Tu anya dị ka "onye ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-enweghị" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/n/2015/1006/c90000-8958353.html|title=Chinese Scientist Wins Nobel Prize in Medicine; China Hails the Laureate with Reflection|author=Zou|first=Luxiao|date=6 October 2015|publisher=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> -enweghị nzere postgraduate (enweghị agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate mgbe ahụ na China), enweghị ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe nyocha na mba ofesi, ọ bụghịkwa onye otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mba China, ndị China. Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Injinia nke China . <ref name="Tu_Sohu1">{{Cite web|url=http://roll.sohu.com/20110913/n319211381.shtml|publisher=[[Sohu]] News|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011|language=zh}}</ref> A na -ahụta Tu ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchi anya ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike China kemgbe e hiwere Republic of China na 1949. <ref name="Tu_Sohu2">{{Cite web|url=http://health.sohu.com/20090929/n267089753.shtml|publisher=[[Sohu]] News|date=29 September 2009|accessdate=13 September 2011|language=zh}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == TúTu na di ya, Li Tingzhao (李廷钊), onye injinia na -ahụ maka igwe, na bi na Beijing. Li bụ nwa klas Tu na Xiaoshi na ụlọ akwụkwọ nta. Ha mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Nna nna nne Tu,bụ Yao Yongbai ([[:zh:姚咏白|姚 咏 白]]), bụ onye isi nchịkwa ego mba(National Treasury Administration) mgbe emezigharịchara ya. Nwanne nna ya, Yao Qingsan ([[:zh:姚庆三|姚庆 三]]), bụ onye ma maka akụ na ụba na onye ọrụ akụ.  == Awards na ukpono == * 1978, National Science Congress Prize, PR China <ref name="Tu – ChinaVita">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Tu_Youyou|title=Tu Youyou 屠呦呦|publisher=[[China Vitae]]|accessdate=7 March 2012|archivedate=29 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129005934/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Tu_Youyou}}</ref> * 1979, Nrite Onye Nchọpụta Mba, PR China * 1992, (Otu n'ime ihe iri sayensị na teknụzụ rụpụtara na China, State Science Commission, PR China <ref name="Tu – ChinaVita" /> * 1997, (Abụọ n'ime) Nnukwu Ahụike Ọha Ọha iri na New China, PR China <ref name="Tu – ChinaVita" /> * Septemba 2011, GlaxoSmithKline Award Achievement Award in Life Science <ref name="Tu – GSK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.com.cn/html/report/3091-1.htm|title=Chen Zhili Congratulates Lasker Award Winner Tu Youyou|publisher=Women of China|date=22 September 2011|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020805/http://www.womenofchina.com.cn/html/report/3091-1.htm|archivedate=6 October 2015}}</ref> * Septemba 2011, Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award <ref name="Tu – Lasker">{{Cite web|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2011clinical.htm|title=Tu Youyou|publisher=[[Lasker Foundation]]|date=12 September 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> * Nọvemba 2011, Onyinye Pụrụ Iche, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences <ref name="Tu – Outstanding Contribution Award">{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-11/15/c_111169318.htm|title=Tu is awarded Outstanding Contribution Award by CACMR|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=15 November 2011|accessdate=10 February 2012|language=zh}}</ref> * Febụwarị 2012, (Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri) ụmụ nwanyị pụrụ iche nke mba, PR China ( March 8th Red Banner Pacesetter ) <ref name="Tu – Outstanding Female">{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2012-02-28/073224018743.shtml|publisher=[[Sina.com]] News|date=28 February 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=zh}}</ref> * June 2015, Warren Alpert Foundation Prize (onye na-anata ego) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.warrenalpert.org/news/2015-waren-alpert-foundation-prize-recognizes-malaria-breakthroughs|title=Alpert Prize Recognizes Malaria Breakthroughs|publisher=Warren Alpert Foundation|date=4 June 2015|accessdate=14 June 2015|archivedate=14 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614234849/http://www.warrenalpert.org/news/2015-waren-alpert-foundation-prize-recognizes-malaria-breakthroughs}}</ref> * Ọktoba 2015, Nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine 2015 (onye na-anata ya) maka nchọpụta ya gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ megide ịba, nyere otu ọkara nke ihe nrite a; na William C. Campbell na Satoshi Ōmura jikọrọ aka wee nye ọkara ọzọ maka nchoputa ha gbasara ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ megide ọrịa na nje na -efe efe. <ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prize announcement|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.pdf|publisher=[[Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet]]|work=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> * 2016, Onyinye Sayensị na Nkà na Kasị Elu, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-01-10/101042362.html|title=Nobel Laureate Tu Youyou Becomes First Female to Win China's Top Science Award|publisher=[[Caixin]] Global|date=10 January 2017|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guancha.cn/Science/2017_01_09_388398.shtml|title=屠呦呦、赵忠贤获2016年度国家最高科学技术奖 习近平颁奖|work=guancha.cn|date=9 January 2017|accessdate=9 January 2017|language=zh}}</ref> * 2019, Order nke Republic, China <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2019-09-17/doc-iicezzrq6498887.shtml|title=袁隆平、屠呦呦等被授予"共和国勋章"(全名单)|work=sina.com.cn|date=17 September 2019|language=zh}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chemistry[[:en:Portal:China|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/]]<nowiki/>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography * Nchọpụta ọgwụ * [[Iba|Ịba]], quinine na ọgwụ ebe okpomọkụ * Ọgwụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa sitere na Project 523 (n'oge na mgbe Mgbanwe Ọdịbendị ) ** Artemisinin (ndị nyere aka: Tu Youyou ''et al.'', 1972) ** Dihydroartemisinin (Tu Youyou ''et al.'', 1973) ** Pyronaridine (1973) ** Artemether ( Zhou Weishan (周维善), 1975) ** Lumefantrine (1976) ** Artesunate (Liu Xu (刘旭), 1977 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pss-system.gov.cn/sipopublicsearch/portal/uiIndex.shtml|title=国家知识产权局专利检索及分析|work=www.pss-system.gov.cn|accessdate=2019-02-14|archivedate=2019-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174323/http://www.pss-system.gov.cn/sipopublicsearch/portal/uiIndex.shtml}}</ref> ) ** Artemether/lumefantrine ( Zhou Yiqing, 1985) ** Naphthoquinone (1986) * Akụkọ sayensị na teknụzụ na Republic of China ** Njikọ izizi nke insulin ( bovine kristal) (Niu Jingyi ''et al.'', 1965) ** Nchọpụta nke iji arsenic trioxide na tretinoin ịgwọ ọrịa leukemia ( Zhang Tingdong, Wang Zhenyi, Chen Zhu & Chen Saijuan ) ** Dr Tang Feifan, onye chọpụtara ''Chlamydia trachomatis'', tụrụ anya inweta Nrite Nobel mana ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Beijing, 1958 ** Dr Wu Lien-teh, onye China mbụ họpụtara ka ọ nweta Nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Ọgwụ (nke a họpụtara na 1935) * Ndepụta nke ndị nwetara onyinye Nobel na China na ndepụta nke ndị nwetara onyinye Nobel * Ndepụta nchọpụta China na Ndepụta ihe ndị China mepụtara * Chinese herbology na Traditional Chinese na nkà mmụta ọgwụ * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Ihe edeturu ==  [[:en:Tu_Youyou#cite_ref-Medical_School_2-1|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Youyou#cite_ref-Medical_School_2]]<nowiki/>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University_Health_Science_Center[[:en:Tu_Youyou#cite_ref-Medical_School_2-1|1]] == Ntụaka ==  5 == Ịgụ n'ihu == * {{Cite book|author=Rao|first=Y.|title=Tu Youyou and the Discovery of Artemisinin: 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine|year=2016|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co.|location=Singapore|isbn=978-7-5046-6996-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmZtDQAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Tu|first=Y.|title=From Artemisia annua L. to Artemisinins: The Discovery and Development of Artemisinins and Antimalarial Agents|year=2017|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128116562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQlmDAAAQBAJ}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Tu Youyou on Nobelprize.org {{Clear}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mle554zspvbj7dimkzn0904fsi5tx79 0 10905 697505 450431 2026-08-10T01:29:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox university | name = Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo | motto = For Learning and Culture | established = 1961 | former_names = Mahadum nke Ife | chancellor = Etsu Yahaya Abubakar | vice_chancellor = Eyitope Ogunbodede | city = Ile-Ife | state = [[Ȯra Osun]] | country = [[Naijiria]] | type = Ọha | affiliations = | website = http://www.oauife.edu.ng/ }} [[File:Main Campus, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (12997698895).jpg|thumb|]] Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo (OAU) bụ mahadum gọọmentị etiti nwere nke dị n'obodo Ile-Ife, Osun Steeti, [[Naijiria]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Nigerian Universities and Years Founded|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|publisher=National Universities Commission|access-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070234/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> E hiwere mahadum ahụ na 1961 na klaasị bidoro n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1962 dị ka '' '' University of Ife '' '' nke gọọmentị mpaghara Western Naijiria, nke onye isi mbubata Samuel Ladoke Akintola na-edu, wee kpọgharịa ya '''Obafemi Mahadum Awolowo''' na 12 Mee 1987 iji kwanyere Chief Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987), onye isi ala mbụ nke Western Region nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Foundation|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/the-foundation/|access-date=27 March 2014|accessdate=11 October 2021|archivedate=19 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219150900/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/the-foundation/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Britannica Encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282720/Ile-Ife#ref245175|publisher=Britannica|access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Brief History of the University">{{cite web|title=Brief History of the University|url=http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/students-handbook/history/|publisher=Obafemi Awolowo University|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215162421/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/students-handbook/history/|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead|accessdate=11 October 2021|archivedate=15 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215162421/http://www.oauife.edu.ng/administration/student-affairs/students-handbook/history/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na 1951, site na iji iwu ọhụrụ, enwere nnukwu mgbanwe n'ime mpaghara nke pụtara ndị omebe iwu ahọpụtara na ndị na -ebu ụzọ mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legalsociety.com.ng/constitutional-developments-in-nigeria-iii/|title=The MacPherson constitution (1951)}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Gọọmenti mpaghara ọhụrụ malitere ime ka mgbasa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa. Ebumnuche dị mkpa nke mgbasawanye a bụ echiche na agụmakwụkwọ bụ ihe nnọchianya mgbanwe na mmepe. Na 1959, Minista Mmụta nke Federal mepụtara kọmitii ga-eme nchọpụta mkpa ọdịnihu nke ike nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum kpọmkwem maka afọ n'etiti 1960 na 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.openedition.org/ifra/1024?lang=en|title=Development of higher education in Nigeria}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi Cambridge, Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby, onye isi na Clare College, Cambridge tinyekwara onye ọrụ akụ na ụba ọrụ, Frederick H. Harbison<ref name="faf">{{Cite journal |last=Fafunwa |first=Babatunde |year=1974 |title=The Growth and Development of Nigerian Universities. |url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED097843 |journal=Overseas Liaison Committee: American Council on Education |pages=1–28}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, atụmanya mkpesa ikpeazụ nke kọmishọna nke gọọmentị mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ bụ Mahadum nke Ibadan ga-egbo mkpa mpaghara mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, ọnọdụ, gọọmentị ekwekọrịtaghị na ya.<ref name="Olan">{{Cite book |title=Ife University in colour: a Panorama of Africa's most beautiful campus. |last=Olaniyan |first=Richard |publisher=Ife University |year=1983 |location=Ife, Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ọbụna tupu e nyefee akụkọ ikpeazụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1960, gọọmentị ọdịda anyanwụ malitere nkwadebe maka iguzobe mahadum n'ime mpaghara ahụ<ref name="Olan"/> Mkpebi iguzobe Mahadum Ife (nke a na-akpọkarị ''Great Ife'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria: Great Ife at 50|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201203110036.html|publisher=All Africa|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>) site na mkpebi Action Group (Naịjirịa) nke Western State (Naịjirịa) nke Naịjirịa nọ na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndụmọdụ nke Ashby Report.<ref>Feuser 1991</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} E guzobere mahadum izizi Naịjirịa na 1948 na [[Ibadan]], na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị ka kọleji dị na mpụga nke mahadum London. Agbanyeghị, mkpa nke Naịjirịa (mgbe ahụ ógbè Britain na -achị) karịrị akarị na-arụpụta mahadum naanị. Karịsịa Mahadum Mahadum dị na Ibadan enweghị ngalaba injinịa ma ọ bụ teknụzụ, enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ikike ọzụzụ nchịkwa. Kọmitii Ashby, nke ndị Britain guzobere, ga-enyocha mkpa agụmakwụkwọ mahadum nke mba Naịjirịa ga-enwere onwe ya n'oge na-adịghị anya. Gọọmentị mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ achọghị ịdabere na mahadum gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara ndị ọzọ iji nabata ọtụtụ ndị gụchara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ngagharị iwe nke ntọala Mahadum ahụ n'Ife abụghị naanị na -agbagha echiche nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ohere agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na Naịjirịa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ mana emekwara ya iji mejupụta oghere dị na mkpa mmadụ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1960, kọmitii Ashby tụrụ aro mahadum ndị ọzọ (mpaghara) na mpaghara ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nigeria na mahadum gọọmentị etiti ọzọ na nchekwa nchekwa Lagos,<ref name="faf"/> mana ọ nweghị onye n'ime mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke gụrụ akwụkwọ nke nwere mmemme 'agụmakwụkwọ izizi n'efu na ụwa niile'. Otu mkpesa pere mpe nke gọọmentị nabatara tụrụ aro ka mahadum ọhụrụ dị n'ime mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ yana akụrụngwa kọleji nke nka, sayensị na teknụzụ Nigeria, Ibadan nyere mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="faf"/> Na 1961, ntuli aka na-eguzobe Provisional Council nke Mahadum gafere na 1961 site na Mgbakọ Mpaghara Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ebe ikpeazụ ahọpụtara, ndị Ile-Ife nyere ala 13,000 dị ka ebe mahadum a chọrọ..<ref name="faf"/> The first financial grant provided for the takeoff of the university was £250,000 from the Western regional government.<ref name="miner"/> ===Ogige Ibadan=== Na Septemba 22, 1962, e mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ọsụ ụzọ 244 n'ụlọ ọrụ nwa oge, kọleji nka na sayensị gara aga, Ibadan.<ref name="Olan"/> Ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ahụ nọ na kọleji nka na nka na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ si na mahadum University, Ibadan na ndị mba ọzọ. Oladele Ajose, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche mahadum ahụ na mahadum bidoro na ngalaba ise: Ọrụ ugbo, nka, akụnụba na Mmụta mmekọrịta ọha, Iwu, na Sayensị.<ref name="faf"/> Ụdị ochichi mahadum na ngalaba ikike dị ka mahadum mahadum, Ibadan na n'oge ntọala ya, ọ malitere mmekọrịta ya na Mahadum Wisconsin.<ref name="miner">{{Cite journal |date=1965 |jstor=41821660 |journal=Minerva |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=210–215|title=University Development in Nigeria: Report of the National Universities Commission |url=https://archive.org/details/minerva_winter-1965_3_2/page/210 |doi=10.1007/BF01096335 }}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ mere ka ngagharị si Ibadan gaa Ife kwụsị.<ref name="Olan"/> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 1966, Lt-Col Francis Adekunle Fajuyi, onye ọbịa nke Mahadum Ife na Gọvanọ ndị agha mbụ nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, họpụtara Hezekaịa Oluwasanmi ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi ọhụụ, na Chief TT Solaru ka ọ bụrụ pro-chancellor wee nye. nye ha ego na iwu ngagharị, ịkwaga n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 1966. Egburu Fajuyi na mwakpo ndị agha nke July 1966 na Ibadan, ma ọ hụghị mmegharị ahụ ọ haziri. Fajuyi Hall, ụlọ obibi maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke na -agụghị akwụkwọ ka akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ onyinye ya na -adịru ebighị ebi. === Gaa na Ife === Mmegharị ya na kampos ọhụrụ na ebe ọ dị ugbu a na Ile-Ife malitere na Jenụwarị 1967.<ref name="Olan"/> Ife bidoro ngalaba izizi ahịa ọgwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, ngalaba mbụ nke Chemical Engineering na ngalaba elektrọnik mbụ na mgbakwunye na Injinịa Eletriki.<ref name="National Universities Commission">{{cite web|title=Focal areas of the Commission, 20 January 2013|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/nucsite/File/Monday%20Bulletin/MB%202013/MB%207th%20January%202013%20final.pdf|publisher=National Universities Commission|access-date=27 March 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Stand up for Great Ife at 50">{{cite web|last=Adewale|first=Stephen|title=Stand up for Great Ife at 50|url=http://pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/85294|publisher=Pambazuka|access-date=27 March 2014|accessdate=11 October 2021|archivedate=8 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408072532/http://pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/85294}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ya bidoro site na usoro mmụta agbakwunyere na nhazi obodo (nke Nzukọ ahụike ụwa (WHO) nabatara) [na nzere bachelọ | baccalaureate (BSc na-asọpụrụ) tupu ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ ọgwụ, mana nke a e mesịrị jettisoned. ===Mahadum Gọọmenti Etiti=== Na 1975, gọọmentị ndị agha ọhụrụ mere iwu nke mere Mahadum Ife ka ọ bụrụ mahadum etiti.<ref name="Olan"/> Na 10 Julaị 1999 ndị otu "Neo Black Movement of Africa" gburu odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otu ụmụ akwụkwọ, George Iwilade, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado ụmụ akwụkwọ na ogbugbu Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo. Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Tunde Adeniran wepụtara nkwupụta na-ekweta ihe merenụ nakwa na ministri ahụ ga-eji okwu ahụ were oke nchegbu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/392634.stm |title=World: Africa – Arrests after Nigerian cult killings |date=July 12, 1999 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> === Ndị isi ọchịchị === *Prof. [[Oladele Ajose]] (1962–66) *Prof. H. A. Oluwasanmi (1966–75) *Prof. Ojetunji Aboyade (1975–78) *Prof. [[Cyril Agodi Onwumechili]] (1979–82) *Prof. [[Wande Abimbola]] (1982–89) *Prof. C. Adeniyi Osuntogun (1990–91) *Prof. Wale Omole (1991–99) *Prof. Roger Makanjuola (1999–2006) *Prof. [[Micheal Oladimeji Faborede]] (2006–11) *Prof. [[Idowu Bamitale Omole]] (2011–16) *Prof. [[Anthony Elujoba]] (as Acting from 2016–17) *Prof. [[Eyitope Ogungbenro Ogunbodede]] (2017–present) == Ebensidee == {{reflist}} 5mqgfixnnq6gk8r80r3fk5z1soaaevq 0 11593 697425 186306 2026-08-09T16:25:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Adaku Utah''' {{Audio|Ig-Adaku Utah.ogg|Audio}} (amuru 1984) <ref name="elle">{{Cite web|author=Barber|first=Lauren|date=2017-07-26|title=Harriet's Squad: Black Women Using Ancient Healing Methods as Resistance|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a46954/harriets-apothecary-ancient-healing-resistance/|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=ELLE|language=en-US}}</ref> bu 6th ọgbọ omenaala Igbo na Naijiria, ọkà okwu, odee na omenkà onye ọrụ ya gbadoro ụkwụ na okike, ịmụ nwa, agbụrụ, ntorobịa na ọgwụgwọ ikpe ziri ezi Mmegharị ikike obodo maka mgbanwe ọha mmadụ. <ref name="healer2">{{Cite web|title=HEALER|url=http://www.adakuutah.com/healer|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=ADAKU UTAH|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916220348/http://www.adakuutah.com/healer}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Harriet's Apothecary, obodo ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO WE ARE|url=http://www.harrietsapothecary.com/who-we-are|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=HARRIET'S APOTHECARY|language=en-US}}</ref> na 2015 Mepụta Change Fellow <ref name="laudromat">{{Cite web|date=2015-05-05|title=Meet Adaku Utah|url=https://www.laundromatproject.org/meet-adaku-utah/|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=The Laundromat Project|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916223825/https://www.laundromatproject.org/meet-adaku-utah/}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Adaku n'afọ 1991 na Lagos, bu onye nna ya si na Abia steeti, na nne ya si na Imo steeti, ha abụọ si na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NYC 3.7.14 Nigerian Global Day of Action Speech, Nigerian LGBTQ Activist Adaku Utah {{!}} Nigeria {{!}} Hatred|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/212339166/NYC-3-7-14-Nigerian-Global-Day-of-Action-Speech-Nigerian-LGBTQ-Activist-Adaku-Utah|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ nke ndị na-akụ ahịhịa, na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị na-emeso ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa na nlekọta oge ochie, ọ na -arịa ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala mgbe ọ bụ nwata na-etolite, a na-ejikwa ọgwụ herbal gwọọ ya iji nweta nsonaazụ ka mma karịa ọgwụ ndị Katọlik. <ref name="elle" /> Adaku nwetara Bsc na Biotechnology and Psychology na Mahadum steeti Pennsylvania . <ref name="sex">{{Cite web|title=Sexuality Leadership Development Fellowship|url=http://www.arsrc.org/training/sldf/alumni2012.html|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=www.arsrc.org|archivedate=2025-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222021629/http://www.arsrc.org/training/sldf/alumni2012.html}}</ref> Dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na òtù dị ka Illinois Caucus maka Adolescent Health, Black Lives Matter, Black LGBTQI + Migrant Project, The Movement for Black Lives, Yale University, Planned Parenthood, Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice, Black Women's Blueprint, na Audre Lorde Project. <ref name="teacher2">{{Cite web|title=TEACHER|url=http://www.adakuutah.com/teacher|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=ADAKU UTAH|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916175602/http://www.adakuutah.com/teacher}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ya na Decadancetheatre <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boynton|first=Andrew|title=A Dance Like Keith Haring Come to Life|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/a-dance-like-keith-haring-come-to-life|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> rụkọrọ ọrụ ma choputa bliss Soular. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AdakuUtah|url=http://www.thegeminiseries.com/adakuutah.html|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=The Gemini Series|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412220057/https://www.thegeminiseries.com/adakuutah.html}}</ref> Na-ezo onwe ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. <ref name="healer2" /> Adaku bi na Brooklyn, New York. <ref name="blade2">{{Cite web|title=Adaku Utah|url=https://www.abladeofgrass.org/fellows/adaku-utah/|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=A Blade of Grass|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917052741/https://www.abladeofgrass.org/fellows/adaku-utah/}}</ref> == Nnabata == * 2012 Mmekọahụ Ochichi Nkwado Nzuko nke Africa Regional sexuality Resource Center. * 2012 Center maka Ogbe nile Nrite Nkwekọrịta Iche echiche dum. * Nhọpụta 2012 egosipụtara maka nwa agbọghọ tank na MTV olu 10,000 aha na ụbọchị . * Chicago Foundation maka ụmụ nwanyị Jessica Eve Patt Award. == Ndensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8utsjkm4ni3oqn5dsn77arbgb13nn9g 0 11947 697716 623814 2026-08-10T06:26:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A mụrụ '''Deborah Enilo Ajakaiye''' na afo 1940 na Plateau State na Northern [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://answersafrica.com/deborah-ajakaiye-physics-professor.html|title=Deborah Ajakaiye: Meet The First Female Physics Professor In Africa|author=Onuh|first=Amara|date=2017-10-31|work=Answers Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-09|archivedate=2021-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815082124/https://answersafrica.com/deborah-ajakaiye-physics-professor.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajakaiye, Deborah Enilo (c. 1940–) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ajakaiye-deborah-enilo-c-1940|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye Naijiria geophysicist . Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ prọfesọ physics na [[Eluàlà|Africa]] na ọrụ ya na geophysics ekerewo òkè dị mkpa na Ngwuputa Ngwuputa na Nigeria. <ref name="Oakes">{{Cite book|author=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H.|title=International encyclopedia of women scientists|date=2002|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-4381-7|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00oake}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ajakaiye na 1940 na obodo [[Jos]], isi obodo [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau State]] na Nigeria. Ọ bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ nke isii. Nne na nna ya kwenyere na agụmakwụkwọ nha anya nke nwoke na nwanyị ma kesaa ọrụ ụlọ n'etiti ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1962 ọ gụchara na mahadum Ibadan wee nweta akararị na physics. Ọ nwetara nzere masters na Mahadum Birmingham dị na England, na 1970 nwetara Ph.D. na geophysics sitere na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello na Nigeria. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na mgbakọ na mwepụ, Ajakaiye na-ekwu na ọ họọrọ ịchụso geophysics n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ nwere ike inyere obodo ya aka. <ref name="Oakes" /> == Akaọrụ == Ajakaiye ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ prọfesọ physics na Africa na 1980. Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello na Mahadum Jos, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke sayensị okike na nke ikpeazụ. Ejila ọrụ ya na geovisualization chọta ma ebe nchekwa mineral na mmiri ala na Nigeria. O mebekwara mapụ ike ndọda nke Nigeria, <ref name="BouguerMap"> {{Cite journal|author=Ajakaiye|first=DE|title=A Bouguer gravity map of Nigeria.|url=https://archive.org/details/tectonophysics_1973-01_16_1-2/page/103|journal=Tectonophysics|date=1973|volume=16|issue=1|pages=103–115|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(73)90134-0}}</ref> ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị ya na-arụkọ ọrụ. <ref name="Oakes" /> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, o tinyere oge ya na ọrụ ebere nke Nigeria, CCWA, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220305174130/http://ccwao.org/ CCWA] Christian Care for Widows, Widowers, Aged and Orphans.</ref> nke ohibere na 1991. == Ihe nrite == Ajakaiye amatala maka ma ọganihu sayensị ya na enyemaka o nyere mba Nigeria. Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society kwanyere ya ugwu maka ọrụ ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye isi ojii mbụ nke Afrịka a ga-akpọ aha onye otu Geological Society of London . <ref name="Oakes" /> '''Akwụkwọ na mbipụta''' * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na Atlas of Structural Styles na profaịlụ ntụgharị sitere na Niger Delta <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ajakaiye|first=Deborah E.|title=Course Manual and Atlas of Structural Styles on Reflection Profiles from the Niger Delta|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0891811907/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i0|accessdate=2021-06-03|isbn=978-0891811909|language=en-us}}</ref> * Map ike ndọda Bouuguer nke Nigeria <ref name="BouguerMap" /> * Nkọwapụta ike ndọda nke Liruei Younger Granite Ring Complex nke Northern Nigeria <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ajakaiye|first=Deborah E.|date=June 1968|title=A gravity interpretation of the Liruei Younger Granite Ring Complex of Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/gravity-interpretation-of-the-liruei-younger-granite-ring-complex-of-northern-nigeria/0B60F50AF8151EABD96D89A67DBE3EEF|journal=Geological Magazine|language=en|volume=105|issue=3|pages=256–263|doi=10.1017/S0016756800052274|issn=1469-5081}}</ref> * https://twitter.com/glo_debo?lang=en * https://www.linkedin.com/in/professor-deborah-e-ajakaiye-phd-mni-2031bb19b/?originalSubdomain=ng * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16105317 * [https://books.google.com.ng/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uPRB-OED1bcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Deborah+Enilo+Ajakaiye&ots=8ZcvV1ezNC&sig=I2zrblpxcBZp6k8HYAk846dY2rg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Deborah%20Enilo%20Ajakaiye&f=false https://books.google.com.ng/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uPRB-OED1bcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Deborah+Enilo+Ajakaiye&ots=8ZcvV1ezNC&sig=I2zrblpxcBZp6k8HYAk846d&E ụgha] == Hụkwa == * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edensibịịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ajakaiye, Deborah}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] l1e9hy42ce24ffv3lot2q0parbaejd4 0 12222 697789 672662 2026-08-10T08:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|thumb|Zora Neale Hurston]] '''Zora Neale Hurston''' (Januari 7, 1891<ref name="autogenerated17">{{cite book |last=Boyd |first=Valerie |title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston |year=2003 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-84230-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/wrappedinrainbow00boyd |url-access=limited }}</ref> <ref name="hurston5">{{Cite book|last=Hurston|first=Lucy Anne|title=Speak, so you can speak again : the life of Zora Neale Hurston|year=2004|isbn=0-385-49375-4|edition=First|location=New York}}</ref> – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/299|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=299–312|doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị '''Zora Neale Hurston''' (Januari 7, 1891<ref name="autogenerated17"/> <ref name="hurston5"/> – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trefzer|first=Annette|date=2000|title=Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-2000_34_2/page/299|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=299–312|doi=10.2307/2901255|jstor=2901255}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị iri ise. A mụrụ Hurston na Notasulga, Alabama, o wee soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga Eatonville, Florida na 1894. O mechara jiri Eatonville dị ka ntọala maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ya. N'oge ọrụ mbụ ya, Hurston mere nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ na agbụrụ mmadụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Barnard College na Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston|website=social.rollins.edu|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/|last1=Flynn|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Deasy|first2=Caitlin|last3=Ruah|first3=Rachel|archive-date=September 25, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=September 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043547/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/2011/07/12/the-upbringing-and-education-of-zora-neale-hurston/}}</ref> O nwere mmasị na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa, American na Caribbean, nakwa ka ndị a si enye aka na njirimara obodo. O dekwara akụkọ ifo gbasara ihe ndị dị ugbu a na obodo ojii wee bụrụ onye isi na Harlem Renaissance. Satires ya dị mkpụmkpụ, na-esite na ahụmịhe ndị Africa-American na nkewa agbụrụ, ka ebipụtara n'akụkọ ọdịnala dị ka The New Negro na Fire!!!<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753|title=The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston|last1=Carpio|first1=Glenda R.|date=January 2, 2011|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=June 21, 2017|last2=Sollors|first2=Werner|language=en|issn=0009-5982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626131647/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Newly-Complicated-Zora/125753/|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Florida, Hurston dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmagụ ya na akụkọ ọdịnala Africa-American na North Florida, Mules and Men (1935), na akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ mbụ ya: Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Anya Ha Na-ele Chineke (1937); na Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History Profiles – Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/|last=Rae|first=Brianna|date=2016-02-19|website=The Madison Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10|accessdate=2022-03-16|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172016/https://themadisontimes.themadent.com/article/from-the-harlem-renaissance-to-the-black-arts-movement-writers-who-changed-the-world/}}</ref> Ebipụtakwara n'oge a Gwa Ịnyịnya m: Voodoo na Ndụ na Haiti na Jamaica (1938), na-edekọ nyocha ya gbasara emume na Jamaica na Haiti. Ọrụ Hurston metụtara ma ahụmahụ Africa-American na mgba ya dị ka nwanyị Africa-American. Ụwa agụmagụ amachaghị akwụkwọ ya ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Enweghachiri mmasị na 1975 mgbe onye edemede Alice Walker bipụtara otu akụkọ a kpọrọ, "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", na mbipụta March nke magazin Ms. nke afọ ahụ. Ihe odide Hurston nke ọ kpọrọ Every Tongue Got to Confess, nchịkọta akụkọ ifo gbakọtara na 1920, ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2001 mgbe achọpụtara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke a kpọrọ Barracoon: Akụkọ nke ikpeazụ "Black Cargo", gbasara ndụ Cudjoe Lewis (Kossola), ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. ===Akụkọ ndụ=== ===Mmalite ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ=== Hurston bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke John Hurston na Lucy Ann Hurston (née Potts) mụrụ. A mụrụ nne na nna ochie ya dika ndị ohu ohu. Nna ya bụ onye nkwusa Baptist na onye na-akọ ihe ubi, bụ onye mechara ghọọ ọkwá nkà, nne ya bụkwa onye nkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A mụrụ ya na Notasulga, Alabama, na Jenụarị 7, 1891, ebe nna ya tolitere na nna nna ya bụ onye nkwusa nke ụka Baptist. Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Eatonville, Florida . N'afọ 1887, ọ bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii ewebara na United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html |last=Cave |first=Damien |title=In a Town Apart, the Pride and Trials of Black Life|date=September 28, 2008|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802014556/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/us/29florida.html|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Hurston kwuru na Eatonville bụụrụ ya “ụlọ” ebe ọ ka bụ nwata mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ ya. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi obodo ahụ na 1897. N’afọ 1902, a kpọrọ ya ije ozi dị ka onye ozi nke ụka ya kacha ukwuu, Macedonia Missionary Baptist. Dị ka okenye toro eto, Hurston na-ejikarị Eatonville mee ihe dị ka ntọala na akụkọ ya-ọ bụ ebe [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] nwere ike ibi dị ka ha chọrọ, na-adabereghi n'obodo ndị ọcha. Na 1901, ụfọdụ ndị nkụzi n’ebe ugwu gara Eatonville ma nye Hurston ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị meghere uche ya n’akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. O mechara kọwaa edemede a nke onwe ya dị ka ụdị “ọmụmụ". <ref> name="jsl">{{Cite book|last=Jones, Sharon L. (Sharon Lynette)|title=Critical companion to Zora Neale Hurston: a literary reference to her life and work|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-6885-2|location=New York}}</ref>  Hurston biri ndụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Eatonville wee kọwaa ahụmahụ nke itolite ebe ahụ na edemede 1928 ya nke a kpọrọ, " How it feels to be coloured Me ". Eatonville na-enwezi “ Ememe Zora" maka nsọpụrụ ya.<ref name="zfh">{{cite web|url=http://www.zorafestival.org|title=ZORA! Festival Homepage|website=ZORA! Festival|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426193152/https://zorafestival.org/|archive-date=April 26, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Nne Hurston nwụrụ na 1904, nna ya mechara lụọ Mattie Moge na 1905.<ref name="chdr">{{Cite web|url=https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|title=Chronology of Hurston's Life|website=University of Central Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011229/https://chdr.cah.ucf.edu/hurstonarchive/?p=chronology|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> E weere nke a ka ọ bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya n’ihi na a na-anụ kepu kepu na ya na Moge nwere mmekọahụ tupu nwunye mbụ ya anwụọ. Nna Hurston na nwunye nna ya zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke Baptist na Jacksonville, Florida . Ha mechara kwụsị ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya, e mechara chụọ ya n'ụlọakwụkwọ n'ihi ụgwọ akwụkwọ. ===Ọrụ na ọmụmụ Ihe=== N'afọ 1916, onye na-agụ egwú Gilbert & Sullivan weere Hurston n'ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi. <ref name="Zora Neale Hurston">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185654/http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html About Zora Neale Hurston] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185654/http://www.zoranealehurston.com/biography.html |date=April 16, 2009 }}, Zora Neale Hurston official website, maintained by the Zora Neale Hurston Estate and Harper Collins.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm|title=Zora Neale Hurston|website=The Baltimore Literary Heritage Project|access-date=August 21, 2019|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=May 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514050306/http://baltimoreauthors.ubalt.edu/writers/zorahurston.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1917, ọ maliteghachiri agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ gara Morgan College, ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University, kọleji ndị ịsị ojii na Baltimore, Maryland . N'oge a, o doro anya na iji ruo eruo maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'efu, Hurston dị afọ 26 malitere ịzọrọ 1901 dị ka afọ ọmụmụ ya. <ref name="Zora Neale Hurston" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-biography-facts-black-history|title=Zora Neale Hurston: 7 Facts on Her 125th Birthday|last=Kettler|first=Sara|date=6 January 2016|website=Biography.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421045452/https://www.biography.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-biography-facts-black-history|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=April 22, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University na 1918.<ref>[http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/hurs-zor.htm Zora Neale Hurston], Women in History.</ref> ===Kọleji na ntakịrị mgbe ọ gụsịrị kọleji=== Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, ewebatara ya ka ọ na-elele ndụ site na enyo ndị na-agu maka ndu mmadụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na Eatonville. Otu n'ime ebumnuche ya bụ igosi myirịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Staple|first=J.|date=2006|title=Zora Neale Hurston's Construction of Authenticity through Ethnographic Innovation|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Zora-Neale-Hurston%27s-Construction-of-Authenticity-Staple/5f71d3680d1a5c157811acf59b30a0984b997237|access-date=2021-02-04|s2cid=141415962|language=en}}</ref> Na 1918, Hurston malitere ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ndị isi ojii na Washington, DC. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị e weere na mmalite nke Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., nke a tọrọ ntọala ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii, ma burukwa The Hilltop soro wee tọọ ntọala ya, the Hilltop a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum.<ref>Shivonne Foster, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071124012428/http://media.www.thehilltoponline.com/media/storage/paper590/news/2007/11/20/Campus/Following.Footsteps.Zora.Neale.Hurston-3112139.shtml Following Footsteps: Zora Neale Hurston], ''[[The Hilltop (newspaper)|The Hilltop]]'', November 20, 2007.</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Spanish, Bekee, Grik, na ikwu okwu ọha wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na 1920. N'afọ 1921, o dere obere akụkọ, "John Redding Goes to Sea", nke mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye so na otu ndị edemede a kpọrọ Alain Locke, The Stylus. Hurston hapụrụ Howard na 1924, na 1925, e nyere ya ohere igu akwụkwọ n'efu nke onye nlekọta Barnard aha ya bu Annie Nathan Meyer<ref>{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Annie Nathan|title=It's Been Fun: An Autobiography|year=1951|publisher=H. Schuman|location=New York}}</ref> nyere Barnard College of Columbia University, kọleji ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ isi ojii.<ref name="oxfordreference.com">{{Cite book|last=Cheryl A |first=Wall L|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XtCY7cijMC |title=The concise Oxford companion to African American literature|date=2001 |section=Hurston, Zora Neale |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803175-8 | editor-last=Andrews |editor-first=William L |editor-last2=Foster |editor-first2=Frances Smith |editor-last3=Harris |editor-first3=Trudier}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Barnard, o mere nchọpụta gbasara agbụrụ ya na ọkà mmụta gbasara agụmagụ ndụ mmadụ aha ya bu Franz Boas nke Mahadum Columbia, ma mesịa soro ya mụọ akwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ya na Ruth Benedict rụkwara ọrụ nakwa nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya bụ Margaret Mead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html|title=A Century of Barnard Anthropology, The Early Period|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114101102/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html|archive-date=January 14, 2009|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=January 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114101102/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/cent_anth/early.html}}</ref> Hurston nwetara BA na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na 1928, mgbe ọ dị afọ 37. Hurston zutere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, bụ onye nwere mmasị na na ọrụ ya. Ọ kwadoro ndị odee Africa-American ndị ọzọ, dị ka Langston Hughes na Alain Locke, ndị gwara ya maka Hurston. Ma ọ gbalịkwara iduzi ọrụ ha. Mason kwadoro njem Hurston na ndịda maka nyocha site na 1927 ruo 1932, site n'inye ya nkwado nke $200 kwa ọnwa. Ya onwe ya chọrọ ka Hurston nye ya ihe niile ọ na-anakọta gbasara egwu Negro, akụkọ ọdịnala, akwụkwọ, hoodoo, na ụdị omenala ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, Hurston aghaghị ịgbalị ime ka obi di Boas mma dị ka onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, onye bụ onye na-akwado omenala ma chọọ ịkwatu echiche dị elu nke omenala na ọkwa nke ụkpụrụ.<ref name="Hurston2009">{{cite book|author=Zora Neale Hurston|title=Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbNc4RgZ3NEC&pg=PR26|year= 2009|publisher=HarperCollins e-books|isbn=978-0-06-174180-7|page=xxvi}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard, Hurston gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ abụọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Columbia, soro Boas na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oge a. Mgbe ọ bi na Harlem na 1920s, Hurston nwere ezi mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ede uri Langston Hughes na Countee Cullen, nakwa ọtụtụ ndị edemede ọzọ. Ụlọ ya, dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, bụ ebe na-ewu ewu maka nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. N'ihe dị ka oge a, Hurston nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge mbụ, gụnyere itinye n'ime obere akụkọ na asọmpi edemede nke Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life , nke National Urban League bipụtara. Hurston bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ a nabatara na otu ụmụ nwanyị a kpọrọ Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, ọ bụ ndi ụmụ nwanyị ịsị ojii tọrọ ntọala otu ọgbakọ a na 1920 maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii. O kwere nkwa na ngalaba Alpha sorority dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard. ===Alumdi ya=== Na 1927, Hurston lụrụ Herbert Sheen, onye egwu jazz na onye bụbu onye nkuzi na Howard; o mesịrị ghọọ dibịa. Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na 1931. Na 1935, Hurston sonyeere Percy Punter, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia. O kpaliri àgwà Tea Cake na anya ha na-ekiri Chineke.<ref>{{cite news|title=Folk Heroine|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/01/12/folk-heroine/2a4a1c03-09a2-4cd0-8c2f-fba1b5b1169e/ |last=Lamar |first=Jake|newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=January 12, 2003|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152131/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/01/12/folk-heroine/2a4a1c03-09a2-4cd0-8c2f-fba1b5b1169e/|archive-date=September 11, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Na 1939, mgbe Hurston na-arụ ọrụ na WPA na Florida, ọ lụrụ Albert Price. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gachara,  ma ha agbaghị alụkwaghịm ruo 1943. N'afọ sochirinụ, Hurston lụrụ James Howell Pitts nke Cleveland. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ erughị otu afọ.   Hurston biri n'otu ọnụ ụlọ dị na Eau Gallie, Florida ugboro abụọ: na 1929 nakwa na 1951.<ref name="ft110306">{{Cite news | first=Megan K. | last=Scott | title=Zora Neale Hurston's real home was in Brevard County — Famed author, folklorist spent many productive years in Brevard | url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/life/2011/03/06/zora-neale-hurstons-real-home-was-in-brevard-county-famed/77153912/| newspaper=[[Florida Today]] | location=Melbourne | page= 1D | date=March 6, 2011 }}</ref> ===Nkwado nke ndi na-enye nkwado=== Mgbe onyinye ntọala dị iche iche kwụsịrị n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, Hurston na enyi ya Langston Hughes abụọ dabere na nkwado nke onye ọrụ ebere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye ọcha na-akwado edemede.<ref name="taylor"/><ref name="manuel" /><ref name="horner">Horner, Shirley. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/16/nyregion/about-books.html "About Books"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 16, 1986. Accessed March 5, 2011. "For many years, Hughes enjoyed the patronage of "an aged, well-preserved white dowager of enormous wealth and influence", Charlotte Mason..." and "Dr. [David Levering] Lewis said that his research 'points out that, thanks to Mrs. Mason's generosity, Hughes lived in the early 1930s in a one-family house in Westfield, where his neighbor was another of Harlem's luminaries, Zora Neale Hurston.'"</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-esote 1930, Hurston biri na Westfield, New Jersey, mpaghara New York, ebe enyi ya Hughes nọ n'etiti ndị agbata obi ya.<ref name="taylor">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Yuval |year=2019 |title=Zora and Langston |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393243918 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="manuel">{{cite journal|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-74410616/mule-bone-langston-hughes-and-zora-neale-hurston-s |url-access=subscription|title=Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word|last=Manuel|first=Carme|journal=[[African American Review]]|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–92|date=22 March 2001|access-date=5 March 2011|quote=In February 1930, Hurston headed north, settling in Westfield, New Jersey. Godmother Mason ([[Charlotte Osgood Mason|Mrs. Rufus Osgood Mason]], their white protector) had selected Westfield, safely removed from the distractions of New York City, as a suitable place for both Hurston and Hughes to work.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412144624/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-74410616/mule-bone-langston-hughes-and-zora-neale-hurston-s |archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|doi=10.2307/2903336|jstor=2903336}}</ref> ===Ụlọ Agụmakwụkwọ ya=== Na 1934, Hurston guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke nka ememe "dabere na naanị nkwupụta Negro" na Mahadum Bethune-Cookman (n'oge ahụ, ọ ka bụ Bethune-Cookman College), kọleji nke ndi isi ojii na Daytona Beach, Florida.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Porter|first=A. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ-1dEMZBggC&pg=PA66|title=Jump at de sun : the story of Zora Neale Hurston|date=1992|publisher=Carolrhoda Books |isbn=0-87614-667-1|location=Minneapolis|pages=66 }}</ref> Na 1956 Hurston nwetara ihe nrite kọleji Bethune-Cookman maka agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na nkwado maka mmezu ya. Ngalaba Bekee na kọleji Bethune-Cookman ka raara onwe ya ụkọ ifonye maka ichekwa ihe nketa omenala ya.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline/|title=Zora Neale Hurston|first=The Estate of Zora Neale|last=Hurston|access-date=February 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306000924/http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline|archive-date=March 6, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=March 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306000924/http://zoranealehurston.com/about/timeline}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya, na ịga n'ihu na ọrụ edemede ya, Hurston jere ozi na ngalaba nke [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] College for Negroes (ugbu a North Carolina Central University ) na Durham. ===Ọrụ nke Antropọlọji nakwa akụkọ ifo=== Hurston gara njem nke ukwuu na Caribbean na South America wee tinye onwe ya na omume omenala obodo iji mee nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ. Site n'ọrụ ya na ndịda, nke Charlotte Osgood Mason onye ọgaranya na-enyere mmadụ aka kwadoro site na 1928 ruo 1932, Hurston dere Mules na Men na 1935. Ọ nọ na-eme nchọpụta n'ogige osisi dị n'ebe ugwu Florida ma kwuo okwu banyere ajọ omume nke ndị ikom ndị ọcha nọ n'ọchịchị ndi na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ịsị ojii dị ka ndị ha ga na na-akwasa iko, ma mekwa ka ha mụọ ụmụ. Akpọrọ omume a ka emechara dị ka " ikike paramour ", nke putara ikike ụmụ nwoke n'ihi oke agbụrụ nke metụtara omume n'oge ịgba ohu. Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyekwara ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo. Hurston si na ihe a nweta mmekọrịta akụkọ ifo o mepụtara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị ka Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934). N'afọ 1935, Hurston mere njem gaa Georgia na Florida ya na Alan Lomax na Mary Elizabeth Barnicle maka nyocha banyere egwu ọdinala Afrika na America nakwa mmekọrịta ha na ịbụ ohu na egwu ochie nke Africa. Enyere ya ọrụ ịhọpụta mpaghara na isiokwu ndị a ga-enyocha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hurston|first=Zora Neale|title=Dust tracks on a road : an autobiography|others=Hemenway, Robert.|year=1995|isbn=0-252-01149-X|edition=2nd|location=Urbana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dusttracksonr2nd00hurs/page/209 209]|oclc=11091136}}</ref> [[File: Zora Neale Hurston NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Hurston playing a hountar, or mama drum, 1937]] N'afọ 1936 na 1937, Hurston gara Jamaica na Haiti maka ime nyocha, site na nkwado nke Guggenheim Foundation . O nwetara site na nyocha a maka ọrụ gbasara mmadụ, Tell my Horse (1938). N'afọ 1938 na 1939, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ na Federal Writer's Project (FWP), akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọganihu ọrụ . Egoro ya maka ahụmahụ ya dị ka odee na onye akụkọ ọdịnala, ọ chịkọtakwara ozi iji gbakwunye na mkpokọta akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Florida. Site n'Ọktoba 1947 ruo Februarị 1948, Hurston biri na Honduras, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Puerto Cortés . O nwere olile anya ịchọta mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Mayan ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmepeanya a na-achọpụtabeghị. : Mgbe ọ nọ na Puerto Cortés, o dere ọtụtụ Seraph na Suwanee, nke e mere na Florida. Hurston gosipụtara mmasị na ọdịdị ọtụtụ agburu nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ (ọtụtụ, dị ka Miskito Zambu na Garifuna, bụ ndị sitere na Africa ma na-emepụta omenala criole ). [[File: Zora Neale Hurston and unidentified man 1935 Belle Glade FL.tif|thumb|Hurston in Florida on an anthropological research trip, 1935]] N'ime afọ iri nke ikpeazụ ya, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede nweere onwe ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1952, Sam Nunn, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Pittsburgh Courier , kpọtụrụ ya ka ọ gaa Florida iji wee leta ikpe igbu mmadụ nke Ruby McCollum . E boro McCollum ebubo igbu Dr. C. Leroy Adams, onye bụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. McCollum kwuru na ya manyere ya ka ha nwee mmekọahụ ka ọ wee mụọrọ ya nwa.<ref name="movie">Dr. C. Arthur Ellis, Jr. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140628225912/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/1/prweb4933714.htm "New Florida-based Movie on Ruby McCollum Story Underscores Need for Black History Month"], PR Web, January 5, 2011, accessed March 18, 2014,</ref> Hurston chetara ihe ọ hụrụ banyere ikike ụmụ nwoke ndị ọchana na-achị n'ogige osisi dị na North Florida, wee soro Nunn kparịta ụka màkà ya. Ha abụọ chere na ikpe ahụ nwere ike ịbụ maka "ikike paramour" dị otú ahụ, ma chọọ "ikpughe ya nye ndị niile na-ege ntị". Mgbe ọ rutere Live Oak, ihe turu Hurston anya ya abụghị nanị iwu onye ọkà ikpe na-ekpe ikpe ahụ nyere kama site n'enweghị ike ime ka ndị bi n'ime obodo kwuo okwu banyere ikpe ahụ; ma ndị oji na ndị ọcha gbachiri nkịtị. O kwenyere na nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe metụtara ebubo eboro Dr. Adams' maka itinye aka na ịgba chaa chaa nke di Ruby, Sam McCollum. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge ikpe ahụ. A mara Ruby McCollum ikpe site n'aka ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ụmụ nwoke, ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ndị ọcha, ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ. Hurston nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ide ihe ndekọ n'usoro, The Life Story of Ruby McCollum, ihe karịrị ọnwa atọ na 1953 na akwụkwọ akụkọ uwa. Akụkụ ya kwụsịrị na mberede mgbe ya na Nunn nwere nghọtahie banyere ụgwọ ya, o wee pụọ. Enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ onwe ya ịlaghachi maka mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, Hurston kpọtụụrụ onye nta akụkọ William Bradford Huie, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na The American Mercury, iji gbalịa ịmasị ya n'okwu ahụ. Ọ kpuchiri mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, ma mepụtakwa ihe sitere na nyocha ndabere. Hurston kesara ya ihe ya site na nnwale mbụ, mana ọ nabatara ya naanị obere oge n'akwụkwọ ya, Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Suwannee (1956), nke ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma.<ref name="Boyd">[https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14694 Elizabeth Boyd, "Disquiet", Review of Tammy Evans, ''The Silencing of Ruby McCollum: Race, Class, and Gender in the South''], H-Net Review, July 2008, accessed March 18, 2014,</ref> Hurston ñuriri n'ihi na: <blockquote>"Ihe akaebe McCollum n'ịgbachitere onwe ya bụ oge mbụ a na-ahapụ otu nwanyị sitere na Africa-America ka ọ gbaa akaebe maka nna nke nwa ya site n'aka onye ọcha. Hurston kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ akaebe nke Ruby McCollum malitere okwu ikwusi 'ikike paramour' na ndị nkewa nke ndida."</blockquote> Hurston mechara rụọ ọrụ na Pan American World Airways Technical Library nakwa na Patrick Air Force Base na 1957. A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na ọ "gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma" karịa etu ọrụ ọ na-arụ si wee chọọ.<ref name="ft140204">{{Cite news | first=Ben | last=Brotemarkle | title=Zora Neale Hurston fond of writing in Eau Gallie cottage | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140204/NEWS01/302040022/Florida-Frontiers-Zora-Neale-Hurston-fond-writing-Eau-Gallie-cottage | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=9A | date=February 4, 2014 | access-date=February 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222075355/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140204/NEWS01/302040022/Florida-Frontiers-Zora-Neale-Hurston-fond-writing-Eau-Gallie-cottage | archive-date=February 22, 2014 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Ọ kwagara Fort Pierce, Florida . N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọ ga-achọta ha, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya onye nkụzi.. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii, Hurston lụrụ ọgụ "iji nweta ihe oriri" site n'enyemaka nke enyemaka ọha. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odibo na Miami Beach's Rivo Alto Island. ===Ọnwụ ya=== N'ime oge nsogbu ego na ahụike, a manyere Hurston ịbanye na St. Lucie County Welfare Home, bụ ebe ọ nwere ọrịa mkpọnwu ahụ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa obi ọbara mgbali elu na Jenụarị 28, 1960, e wee lie ya n'ogige a kpọrọ Garden of Heavenly Rest na Fort Pierce, Florida. Ozu ya nọ n'ili ọtụtụ oge na-enweghị akara ruo 1973. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Alice Walker na onye otu ọkà mmụta Hurston Charlotte D. Hunt chọtara ili na-enweghị akara na mpaghara izugbe ebe e liri Hurston; ha kpebiri kaa ya akara dika a ga-asi na ọ bụ nke ya.<ref>"Charlotte Hunt, renewed interest in author Hurston," ''[[Tallahassee Democrat]]'', 25 March 25, 1997</ref> Walker commissioned a gray marker inscribed with "ZORA NEALE HURSTON / ''A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH'' / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960."<ref name="Plant2007">{{cite book|author=Deborah G. Plant|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZfcDixewEYC&pg=PA57|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98751-0|pages=57}}</ref> Walker nyere ihe nrịbama nke e dere "ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901-1960." Ahịrị "onye ọgụgụ isi nke ndịda" sitere na abụ Jean Toomer, Georgia Dusk, nke pụtara n'akwụkwọ ya Cane. A mụrụ Hurston na 1891, ọ bụghị 1901. Mgbe Hurston nwụsịrị, e nyere iwu ka e suo akwụkwọ ya ọkụ. Otu onye ọrụ iwu na enyi ya, Patrick DuVal, mgbe ọ na-agafe n'ụlọ ebe o bi, kwụsịrị ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ, e wee si otú a wee chekwa akwụkwọ edemede nke mechara baara ụmụ mmadụ uru. Enyere ohere nke mkpokọta a na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Florida na 1961 site n'aka Oriakụ Marjorie Silver, enyi, na onye agbata obi Hurston. Enyere ihe ndị ọzọ na 1970 na 1971 site n'aka Frances Grover, ada EO Grover, onye prọfesọ College Rollins na enyi ogologo oge nke Hurston. Na 1979, Stetson Kennedy nke Jacksonville, onye maara Hurston site na ọrụ ya na Federal Writers Project, gbakwunyere akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (Zora Neale Hurston Papers, University of Florida Smathers Libraries, August 2008). ===Ọrụ edemede ya=== ===1920s: The Harlem Renaissance=== Mgbe Hurston rutere obodo [[New York City]] na 1925, Harlem Renaissance nọ na ogogo dị elu ya, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị edemede na etiti ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ya abanye Barnard, a họrọ akụkọ mkpirikpi Hurston a kpọrọ "Spunk" maka New Negro, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo, uri, na edemede na-elekwasị anya na nkà na akwụkwọ ndị Africa na African-American.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richard |first=A. Long |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XtCY7cijMC |title=The concise Oxford companion to African American literature|date=2001 |section=New Negro, The |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803175-8 | editor-last=Andrews |editor-first=William L |editor-last2=Foster |editor-first2=Frances Smith |editor-last3=Harris |editor-first3=Trudier}}</ref> Na 1926, otu ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ ojii nke gụnyere Hurston, Langston Hughes, na Wallace Thurman, na-akpọ onwe ha Niggerati, wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede a na-akpọ Fire!! nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na ndị edemede nke Harlem Renaissance. N'afọ 1927, Hurston gara na mpaghara ndịda nke di omimi iji nakọta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa na America. Ọ gbakwara Cudjoe Kazzola Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ, nke Africatown, Alabama, onye bụ onye ikpeazụ ama ama lanarịrị ndị Afrịka gbara ohu bu n'ụgbọ Clotilda, ụgbọ ohu iwu na-akwadoghị nke batara US na 1860, wee si otú a bụrụ onye ikpeazụ ama nke e e bufere n'ụgbọ mmiri maka Azụmahịa ohu transatlantic . N'afọ sochirinụ, o bipụtara isiokwu bụ "Cudjoe's Own Story of the last African slave" (1928). Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya bụ Robert E. Hemenway si kwuo, ibe a na-edepụta ọrụ nke Emma Langdon Roche,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography|last=Hemenway|first=Robert E.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0252008078|location=Urbana and Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/96 96–99]}}</ref> onye edemede Alabama nke dere banyere Lewis n'ime akwụkwọ e dere na 1914. Hurston gbakwunyere ozi ọhụrụ gbasara ndụ kwa ụbọchị na obodo Lewis nke Bantè. Hurston bu n’obi ibipụta mkpokọta ọtụtụ narị akụkọ ọdịnala sitere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na mpaghara ndịda. Ọ chọrọ ka ha nọrọ na nke mbụ dịka o kwere mee mana ọ gbalịsiri ike ime ka atụmanya nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, Franz Boas, na onye na-elekọta ya, Charlotte Osgood Mason. Ebipụtaghị ihe odide a n'oge ahụ. E mechara chọta otu n'ime ebe nchekwa Smithsonian n'etiti akwụkwọ nke ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ William Duncan Strong, enyi Boas. Hurston's Negro Folk-tales sitere na Gulf States ka ebipụtara n'ime afọ 2001 dika Every Tongue Got to confess.<ref name="The Largesse of Zora Neale Hurston">{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/|title=The Largesse of Zora Neale Hurston|website=villagevoice.com|date=April 16, 2002|access-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005546/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/|archive-date=April 4, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=April 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005546/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/04/16/the-largesse-of-zora-neale-hurston/}}</ref> Na 1928, Hurston ji ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ laghachite na Alabama; ọ gbara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ karịa, ma sere foto ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime obodo ahu, wee dekọọ naanị ihe onyonyo a ma ama banyere ya - onye Afrịka eji ahia ohu gbagara United States. Dabere na ihe a, o dere ihe odide, Barracoon, na-emecha ya na 1931. Hemenway kọwara ya dị ka "akụkọ dị egwu nke ukwuu, nke a na-edepụta nke ọma maka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ama ama."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hemenway |first=Robert E. |title=Zora Neale Hurston : a literary biography|date=1977|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-00652-6|location=Urbana|pages=100–101}}</ref><ref name="auto">Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) ''Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America.'' New York: Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xjPKi1CDP2MC&pg=pa225 p. 225] {{isbn|978-0-19-531104-4}}</ref> A kọwakwara ya dị ka “edemede akaebe”, karịa n'ụdị ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ ndị ọzọ kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndi a gasịrị, onye na-akwado agụmagụ Hurston nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ, Charlotte Osgood Mason, matara banyere Lewis wee malite iziga ya ego maka nkwado ya. Ndị nta akụkọ gbakwara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ maka mbipụta ya nke mpaghara na nke mba.<ref>Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) ''Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America.'' New York: Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xjPKi1CDP2MC&pg=pa226 p. 226] {{isbn|978-0-19-531104-4}}</ref> E mechara bipụta ihe odide Hurston nke a kpọrọ "Barracoon" na Mee 8, 2018.<ref name="History">{{cite web|last1=Little|first1=Becky|title=The Last Slave Ship Survivor Gave an Interview in the 1930s. It Just Surfaced|url=https://www.history.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-barracoon-slave-clotilda-survivor|website=History|publisher=History|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504232902/https://www.history.com/news/zora-neale-hurston-barracoon-slave-clotilda-survivor|archive-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="vulture1">{{cite web |author=Halle Kiefer |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/12/new-zora-neale-hurston-book-to-be-published-in-2018.html |title=New Zora Neale Hurston Book to Be Published in 2018 |publisher=Vulture.com |date=December 18, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011008/http://www.vulture.com/2017/12/new-zora-neale-hurston-book-to-be-published-in-2018.html |archive-date=May 4, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> "Barracoon", ma ọ bụ ogige n'asụsụ Spanish, bụ ebe a tụkpụrụ ndị Africa ejidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nwa oge tupu ebuga ha mba ọzọ maka ịgba ohu. Na 1929, Hurston kwagara Eau Gallie, Florida, ebe ọ nọ wee dee Mules na Men. E bipụtara ya na 1935.<ref name="Indian River Journal ">{{cite book|title=Indian River Journal|series=Brevard Historical Commission |first=Ben |last=Brotemarkle |date= Fall–Winter 2011}}</ref> ===Afọ 1930s=== Ka ọ na-erute 1930 na afọ ndị ọzọ na-esote ya, Hurston ebipụtala ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirisi nke gụnyere Mules na Men (1935), ọrụ dị egwu nke "akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ" bu nke na-edepụta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrika bi na America site na ogige osisi dị na North Florida. N'afọ 1930, ya na Langston Hughes jikọrọ aka wee dee Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu nke ha na-emetụbeghị. Mmekọrịta ha mere ka ọbụbụenyi ha daa. Emechara mee egwuregwu a na 1991.<ref name="Publishers Weekly">{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4792-1302-3|title=Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics|work=Publishers Weekly|date= April 28, 2018}}</ref> Hurston megharịrị ọrụ gbasara mmadụ maka nka. Ntụle akụkọ ọdịnala ya, The Great Day, gosipụtara abụ na egwu Africa bụ ezie, wee mee ihe ngosi ya nke mbu na John Golden Theatre na New York na Januari 1932.<ref name="Kraut">{{cite magazine | url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/kraut_02.htm | title=Everybody's Fire Dance: Zora Neale Hurston and American Dance History | last=Kraut | first=Anthea | magazine=S&F Online | volume=3 | number=2 | date=Winter 2005 | issn=1558-9404 }}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nyocha dị mma, ọ nwere naanị otu ngosi nke ọra. Mpụta mbụ nke Broadway hapụrụ Hurston na ụgwọ ruru dọla narị isii ($600). Ọ dịghị ndị na-emepụta ihe chọrọ ịga n'ihu na-eme ihe ngosi zuru ya N'ime 1930s, Zora Neale Hurston weputara nyocha egwu abụọ ọzọ nke a kpọrọ From Sun to Sun, nke bụ mmegharị nke Great Day, na Singing Steel. Hurston nwere nkwenye siri ike na akụkọ ifo kwesịrị ịbụ ihe nkiri. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ nke Hurston na 1930 nke a kpọrọ Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke (1937), nke e dere n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Haiti ma leba anya n'ọrụ nkà ya n'akwụkwọ a kporo Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939). N'afọ 1937, e nyere Hurston onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship iji mee nchọpụta agbụrụ na Jamaica na Haiti. Tell my horse (1938) dekọrọ akụkọ ya banyere ọrụ ya na ọmụmụ emume ime mmụọ na omenala na Jamaica na vodoun na Haiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zora Neale Hurston|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/zora-neale-hurston|last=Henderson|first=Kali|website=outhistory.org|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> ===Afọ ndị 1940s na 1950s=== N'afọ ndị 1940, e bipụtara ọrụ Hurston n'akwụkwọ mbiputa ndị gụnyere American Mercury na Saturday Evening Post . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya e bipụtara, nke aha ya bu Seraph na Suwanee, nke ama ama maka itinye uche ya na mkpụrụedemede dị ọcha, bu nke ebipụtara na 1948. Ọ nyochara ihe oyiyi nke ụmụ nwanyị " ihe mkpofu ọcha ". Jackson (2000) na-arụ ụka na ntụgharị uche Hurston na mkpofu, na iwu klaasị na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha dara ogbenye na-egosipụta okwu eugenics nke 1920s.<ref>Chuck Jackson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220316192437/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Waste+and+Whiteness:+Zora+Neale+Hurston+and+the+Politics+of+Eugenics.-a070434327 "Waste and Whiteness: Zora Neale Hurston and the Politics of Eugenics"], ''African American Review'', 2000, 34(4): 639–660.</ref> N'afọ 1952, ndị Pittsburgh Courier zigara Hurston ka ọ ga leta ikpe igbu ọchụ nke e boro Ruby McCollum, nwunye ojii bara ọgaranya, onye gburu onye ọcha na-akpa ókè agbụrụ. O nyekwara aka na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), akwụkwọ nke onye nta akụkọ na onye na-akwado ikike obodo William Bradford Huie. ===Edemede ndị ebipụtara ka ọ nwuchara=== Ihe odide Hurston Every Tongue Got to Confess (2001), nke bu nchịkọta akụkọ ifo anakọtara na 1920s, ka ebipụtara ka Hurston nwuchara mgbe achọpụtachara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian . N'afọ 2008, Library nke America họọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime akụkọ sitere na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), nke Hurston nke a nyere aka na nsonye na nlegharị anya nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga banyere ide akụkọ mpụ ndị America. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston a kpọrọ Barracoon na 2018. Barracoon bụ ụdị ụlọ mkpọrọ a tụrụ ndị ohu tupu a kpọga ha mba ofesi. ===Echiche ime mmụọ=== N'Isi nke iri na ise nke Dust Tracks on a Road, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Okpukpe", Hurston kwupụtasiri ekweghị ekwe na nlelị maka theism na nkwenkwe okpukpe.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://medium.com/religion-bites/religion-by-zora-neale-hurston-4fa3b147579e|title= 'Religion' by Zora Neale Hurston|date= August 24, 2018}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu: <blockquote>"Ekpere yiri m mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ekwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwara iwu ya isi."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston|title=Freethought of the Day|website=ffrf.org|accessdate=2022-03-16|archivedate=2021-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114348/https://ffrf.org/news/day/dayitems/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston}}</ref></blockquote> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya nkwenkwe Baptist nke nna onye nkwusa ya, ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ya dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya karịa ekweghị na Chineke. Ọ na-enyocha voodoo, ruo n'ókè nke ikere òkè n'ememe ndị dị otú ahụ, ọzọkwa na ihe odide mbụ ya a na-enyochabeghị maka akụkọ ndụ ya na-ekwu maka mmasị o nwere maka ndị a kọrọ akụkọ ha na Bible dị ka Eze Devid : "Ọ bụ onye na-eme dika obi Chineke si chọọ, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma n'inyere aka ka Chineke wee kpochapu ndi nādighi-agu n'ọlu ndi nākpasa ebe ahu. ===Ozuzo n'anya ọha na eze=== Ọrụ Hurston dabara na nzuzo ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, n'ihi ma omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ojiji olumba nke Africa-American, dị ka e gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston, bịara bụrụ nke na adịghị ewu ewu. Ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ chere na ọ bụ ihe na-eweda ala iji ụdị olumba dị otú ahụ, n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo dị n'akwụkwọ America. Ọzọkwa, Hurston emewo nhọrọ dị mma na mkparịta ụka nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ịche echiche dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, Hurston gbalịsiri ike ịnọchite anya usoro okwu nke oge ahụ, nke o dekọtara site na nnyocha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duck|first1=Leigh Anne|title='Go there to know there': Zora Neale Hurston and the Chronotype of the Folk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_summer-2001_13_2/page/265|journal=American Literary History|date=2001|volume=13|issue=2|pages=265–294|jstor=3054604|doi=10.1093/alh/13.2.265|s2cid=145060987}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ Hurston katọrọ iji olumba ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-akatọ omenala ndị Africa na America na gbanye kwa mkpọrọgwụ na mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, omenala ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọcha. Ndị edemede a, ejiikọtara ha na Harlem Renaissance, katọrọ ọrụ Hurston dika nke na-adịghi akwalite mmegharị ahụ. Richard Wright, na ntụle ya nke Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, kwuru: Ntụgharị uche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya enweghị isiokwu, enweghị ozi, enweghị echiche. Na isi, a na-agwa ndị Negro akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, kama ọ bụ ndị na-ege ntị na-acha ọcha bụ ndị ọ maara otú e si emeju ihe ụtọ ha, ọ na-erigbu oge nke ndụ Negro nke bụ "quaint," usoro nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọchị dị nro na egbugbere ọnụ. agbụrụ "karịrị".<ref>[[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], "Between Laughter and Tears", ''[[The New Masses]]'', October 5, 1937.</ref> Mana kamgbe narị afọ nke iri abụọ, enweela mmụgharị na mmasị n'ọrụ Hurston. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị nkatọ etowo otú o si jiri nkà na-ekwu okwu akpaala.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qashgari|first=Sawsan|date=2017|title=Racism, Feminism, and Language in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God|journal=AWEJ for Translation and Literary Studies|volume=1|pages=10|ssrn=2980166}}</ref> N'ime afọ 1930s na 1940s, mgbe e bipụtachara ọrụ ya, onye odee Africa-American mbụ bụ Richard Wright, onye bụbu onye Kọmunist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html|last=Colville|first=Liz|website=findingdulcinea.com|date=September 4, 2010|title=Happy Birthday, Richard Wright, Groundbreaking Author of "Black Boy" and "Native Son"|access-date=January 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125113111/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html|archive-date=January 25, 2010|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=January 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125113111/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/profiles/w/richard-wright.html}}</ref> Wright dere n'ụzọ doro anya n'okwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọchịchị Kọmunist enweghị ya, mana o jiri mgba nke ndị Africa bi na America maka nkwanye ugwu na ọganihu akụ na ụba dịka ntọala na mkpali maka ọrụ ya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ Africa-American na-ewu ewu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Ralph Ellison, na-emeso otu nchegbu dị ka Wright. Hurston, onye bụ onye nchekwa, nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke esemokwu maka nkwa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke aka ekpe maka ndị Africa-America.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Richard Wright encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-35519-6|editor-last=Ward|editor-first=Jerry Washington|location=Westport, Conn. |editor-last2=Butler|editor-first2=Robert | section=Hurston, Zora Neale }}</ref> Iji maa atụ, n'afọ 1951, Hurston rụrụ arumaru ụka na nkwado akụ̀ na ụba New Deal nkeá mere ka ndị Africa America nwee ntụkwasị obi na-emerụ ahụ na gọọmenti nakwa na ndabere a nyefere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikike dị ukwuu. N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nke bawanyere, Hurston nọgidere na nwere onwe ya na inwe nchekwube siri ike. O dere n'akwụkwọ ozi na 1957: <blockquote>"Ma emeela m uto dị egwu dị ka onye na-ese ihe. . . . Achọghị m ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya . . Ọ bụrụgodi na m anwụọ n’enweghị ego, mmadụ ga-eli m, ma etu ọsila dị, achọghị m ka ọ dị otú ahụ."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/7077/zora_neale_hurstons_lost_decade|title=Zora Neale Hurston's Lost Decade|first=Eve|last=Ottenberg|date=April 8, 2011|via=In These Times|access-date=November 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053830/http://inthesetimes.com/article/7077/zora_neale_hurstons_lost_decade|archive-date=November 18, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref></blockquote> ===Nkwanye ùgwù akwanyeere ya mgbe ọ nwusiri=== [[File:Zora Neale Hurston (1938).jpg|thumb|Zora Neale Hurston, photo by [[Carl Van Vechten]] (1938)]] * Obodo Zora Neale Hurston nke Eatonville, Florida, na-eme ememe ndụ ya kwa afọ n'ememe akpọrọ Zora Neale Hurston Festival of Arts and Humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/|title=Zora Neale Hurston Festival – Festival of Arts and Humanities|access-date=May 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528160020/http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/|archive-date=May 28, 2007|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=May 28, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528160020/http://www.zoranealehurstonfestival.com/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts dị, nakwa ọbá akwụkwọ e meghere na-aha ya na Jenụwarị 2004. * Ụlọ Zora Neale Hurston dị na Fort Pierce ka ahọpụtara ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi nke mba . Obodo a na-eme ememme Hurston kwa afọ site na mmemme dị iche iche dị ka ịkpọasị, oriri ụbọchị ọmụmụ, na mmemme ọtụtụ ụbọchị na njedebe nke Eprel nke a maara dị ka Ememme Zora.<ref name="zfh" /><ref name=nyt-forgotten-florida>{{cite news|last1=Graham|first1=Adam|title=Forgotten Florida, Through a Writer's Eyes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/travel/04culture.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074537/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/travel/04culture.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=December 6, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Onye edemede Alice Walker chọpụtara ili Hurston na-enweghị akara na 1973. Ọ rụnyere akara ili nke e dere "A Genius of the South".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urchinmovement.com/2013/02/05/a-headstone-for-an-aunt-how-alice-walker-found-zora-neale-hurston/ | first=Geo | last=Ong | date=February 5, 2013|title=A Headstone for an Aunt: How Alice Walker Found Zora Neale Hurston|website=urchinmovement.com|access-date=May 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508053739/http://www.urchinmovement.com/2013/02/05/a-headstone-for-an-aunt-how-alice-walker-found-zora-neale-hurston/|archive-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=lucie-grave>{{cite web|title=Zora Dust Tracks Heritage Marker 4|url=http://www.stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm|website=Dust Tracks Heritage Trail|publisher=St. Lucie County Online|access-date=June 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802231206/http://stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm|archive-date=August 2, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=August 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802231206/http://stlucieco.gov/zora/zora_marker_4.htm}}</ref><ref name=grosvenor-npr>{{cite news|last1=Grosvenor|first1=Vertamae|title=Intersections: Crafting a Voice for Black Culture|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1849395|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=National Public Radio|date=April 26, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090401/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1849395|archive-date=May 4, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Alice Walker bipụtara "Ịchọpụta onye bu Zora Neale Hurston" na March 1975 na mbipụta nke magazin Ms., na-atụgharị mmasị na ọrụ Hurston.<ref name="barnard-news">{{cite web|title=Archaeology of a Classic: Celebrating Zora Neale Hurston '28|url=http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|website=News & Events|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=June 14, 2014|date=December 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001314/http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28|archive-date=July 15, 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=July 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001314/http://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/powerprose/hurston/ | first=Christa Smith | last=Anderson|title=Power of Prose – Hurston|website=pbs.org|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001161135/http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/powerprose/hurston/|archive-date=October 1, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * Na 1991, Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu 1930 nke Langston Hughes na Hurston mere n'Ụlọ ihe nkiri Lincoln Center n'obodo New York * Na 1994, a kpọbatara Hurston na 'National Women's Hall of Game's.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |website=National Women's Hall of Fame |title=Zora Neale Hurston |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072749/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/ |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> * Na 2002, ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Zora Neale Hurston na ndepụta ya nke mmadụ narị ndị Afrika-Amerika Kasị Ukwuu.<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. [[Prometheus Books]]. {{ISBN|1-57392-963-8}}.</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Barnard nyefere ọgbakọ 2003 Virginia C. Gildersleeve na Hurston. 'Jumpin' na Sun': Ịtụle ndụ na ọrụ nke Zora Neale Hurston lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya na mmetụta ya.<ref name=barnard-gildersleeve-archive>{{cite news|title=Conference Celebrates Legacy of Zora Neale Hurston|url=http://www.barnard.edu/newnews/news101003.html|access-date=June 14, 2014|work=Barnard News Center|publisher=Barnard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604070224/http://www.barnard.edu/newnews/news101003.html | first=Jo | last=Kadlecek|archive-date=June 4, 2004 }}</ref> Nkuzi Alice Walker's Gildersleeve kọwara ọrụ ya n'ịchọpụta na ịkpọsa ihe nketa Hurston.<ref name=gildersleeve-video>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Alice|title=Finding a World that I Thought Was Lost: Zora Neale Hurston and the People She Looked at Very Hard and Loved Very Much|url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/walker_01.htm|website=S&F Online|publisher=Barnard College|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008221809/http://sfonline.barnard.edu/hurston/walker_01.htm|archive-date=October 8, 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * E hiwere ihe nrite Zora Neale Hurston na 2008; a na-enye ya onye otu American Library Association onye "gosipụtara idu ndú n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị America America".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/znh |title=The Zora Neale Hurston Award |publisher=American Library Association |access-date=July 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820113753/http://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/znh |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> * A kpọbatara Hurston dị ka onye otu New York Writers Hall of Fame na 2010. * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harlem Mosaics (2012) nke Whit Frazier na-egosi ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti Langston Hughes na Hurston ma na-akọ akụkọ otú ọbụbụenyi ha siri daa n'oge mmekorita ha na egwuregwu nke 1930 ha, a kpọrọ Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life. * Na Jenụwarị 7, 2014, Google mere ncheta ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke Hurston.<ref>Anika Myers Palm (January 7, 2014). [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/blogs/gone-viral/os-google-doodle-honors-hurston-20140107,0,351684.post "Google doodle honors Eatonville's Zora Neale Hurston"] ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]''. Retrieved January 7, 2014.</ref><ref name="CNET-Hurston">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-bestows-author-zora-neale-hurston-her-own-doodle/ |title=Google bestows author Zora Neale Hurston her own doodle |last1=Kerr |first1=Dara |date=January 7, 2014 |website=CNET |access-date=January 7, 2014}}</ref> * Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na abụọ anabatara na Alabama Writers Hall of Fame na June 8, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rick Bragg, Harper Lee will be among Alabama Writers' Forum's inductees|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20150525/News/605152280|last=Cobb|first=Mark Hughes|date=May 25, 2015|website=Tuscaloosa News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Edere ihe sitere na akụkọ ndụ ya bụ "Dust Tracks on a Road" na ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ August 28: A Day in the Life of a People, nke Ava DuVernay duziri, bụ nke arụpụtara na mmeghe nke Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture na 2016.<ref name=Essence-NMAAHC-2016>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Rachaell|title=Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/09/22/ava-duvernay-premiere-nmaahc|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|date=September 22, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716082304/https://www.essence.com/2016/09/22/ava-duvernay-premiere-nmaahc|archive-date=July 16, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="smithsonianmag2017">{{cite magazine |last1=Keyes |first1=Allison |title=In This Quiet Space for Contemplation, a Fountain Rains Down Calming Waters |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/quiet-space-contemplation-fountain-rains-down-calming-waters-180964981/ |year=2017 |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201639/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/quiet-space-contemplation-fountain-rains-down-calming-waters-180964981/ |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/ava-duvernays-august-28-delves-into-just-how-monumental-that-date-is-to-black-history-in-america-10220382 | first= Tai | last= Gooden |title=Ava Duvernay's 'August 28' Delves Into Just How Monumental That Date Is To Black History In America |publisher=Bustle.com |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174225/https://www.bustle.com/p/ava-duvernays-august-28-delves-into-just-how-monumental-that-date-is-to-black-history-in-america-10220382 |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> * A sọpụrụ Hurston n'ime egwuregwu ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ dere ma mee na Indian River Charter High School na Ọktoba 2017, Jenụarị 2018, na Jenụarị 2019. Egwuregwu ahụ dabere na akwụkwọ ozi edere n'etiti Hurston na Vero Beach entrepreneur, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọsụ ụzọ, Waldo E. Sexton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/specialty-publications/vero-beach/2017/11/14/unlikely-friendship-waldo-sexton-zora-neale-hurston-come-life-charter-high/850272001/|title=Unlikely friendship of Waldo Sexton, Zora Neale Hurston will come to life at Charter High|website=TCPalm|language=en|access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/|first=Jessica|last=Krueger|title=IRCHS Celebrates Vero Beach's 100th Year Anniversary|date=October 23, 2018|website=Indian River Charter High School|language=en-US|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827151525/https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/|url-status=dead|accessdate=March 16, 2022|archivedate=August 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827151525/https://irchs.org/irchs-celebrates-vero-beachs-100th-year-anniversary/}}</ref> ===Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị=== Hurston bụ onye Republican bụ onye nwere ọmịiko na amụma mba ọzọ nke na-etinyeghi aka na Old Right na onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị enyemaka onwe onye Booker T. Washington . O kwenyeghị na nkà ihe ọmụma (gụnyere Kọmunist na New Deal ) nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Harlem Renaissance kwadoro, dị ka Langston Hughes, bụ onye nọ na 1930 bụ onye na-akwado Soviet Union ma too ya n'ọtụtụ abụ ya. John McWhorter akpọọla Hurston "Ndị nchekwa nchekwa ojii kacha amasị America"<ref name="McWhoter">[[John McWhorter|McWhorter, John]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090816182536/http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_urb-zora-neale-hurston.html "Thus Spake Zora"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816182536/http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_urb-zora-neale-hurston.html|date=August 16, 2009}} ''City Journal'', Summer 2009.</ref><ref name="Root">[[John McWhorter|McWhorter, John]] (January 4, 2011) [https://www.theroot.com/why-zora-neale-hurston-was-a-conservative-1790862242 Why Zora Neale Hurston Was a Conservative] ''[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]]''</ref> ebe David T. Beito na Linda Royster Beito rụrụ ụka na ọ ga-aka mma iji mara ya dị ka onye nnwere onwe . N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Old Right na amụma ụlọ na nke mba ọzọ, Hurston abụghị onye nchekwa ọha . Ihe odide ya na-egosi njikọ nke feminism. N'akụkụ a, echiche ya yiri ndị edemede libertarian abụọ bụ ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ: Rose Wilder Lane na Isabel Paterson.<ref name="Beito">[[David T. Beito]] and Linda Royster Beito, [http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_04_4_beito.pdf "Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty"], ''Independent Review'' 12, Spring 2008.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na nhota nke onwe ya na-egosi ekwenyeghị n'okpukpe, Hurston ewepụghị ihe ime mmụọ dị ka egosipụtara na akwụkwọ maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke e bipụtara na 1942, a kpọrọ ya, "Dust Tracks on a Road": <blockquote>Ekpere yiri ka ọ bụ mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ahọrọ ịnakwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwa isi n'iwu ya. Oké osimiri na-adịghị ehi ụra mgbe nile n'ihe ndina ya, na-eti mkpu "ogologo oge?" ruo Oge; nde akpụ akpụ ọkụ na-enweghị isi; iche echiche nke akụkụ abụọ a naanị, na-enye m nri zuru oke maka nkeji iri nke ndụ m tụrụ anya ya. Ọ dị m ka nkwenye a haziri ahazi bụ mkpokọta okwu gburugburu ọchịchọ. Ọ dị m ka enweghị m mkpa maka nke ahụ. Agbanyeghị, agaghị m, site n'okwu ma ọ bụ omume, nwaa ịnapụ onye ọzọ nkasi obi ọ na-enye. Ọ bụghị naanị m. Onye ọzọ nwere ike na-ele m anya na ndị mmụọ ozi. Isi-iyi nke ahịrị edo edo nke ụtụtụ site n'alụlụ nke miri emi nke ụtụtụ ezuworo m. Amaara m na ọ dịghị ihe na-emebi emebi; ihe na-agbanwe naanị ụdị. Mgbe nsụhọ anyị maara dị ka ndụ kwụsịrị, ama m na m ka ga-abụ akụkụ na akụkụ nke ụwa. M bụ akụkụ tupu anyanwụ akpọrepu n'ime udi na-agbawa pụta na ebube mgbanwe. Abụ m mgbe e si n’ọnụ ọkụ ya chụpụ ụwa. M ga-eji ụwa laghachi na Nna Sun ma ka dị adị mgbe anyanwụ tufuru ọkụ ya wee gbarie n'ime enweghi ngwụcha ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke mbara igwe. Gịnị mere ụjọ ji? Ihe dị n'ime m bụ okwu, na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-emegharị mgbe niile, ma ọ dịghị efu; ya mere kedu ihe mkpa nke ụka na nkwenye ịgọnarị onwe m nkasi obi nke mmadụ ibe m nile? Akara sara mbara nke eluigwe na ala anaghị achọ mgbaaka mkpịsị aka. Abụ m otu onye nwere enweghị ngwụcha, ọ nweghịkwa mmesi obi ike ọzọ<ref name=FFRF>Freedom From Religion Foundation [https://web.archive.org/web/20140107173554/https://ffrf.org/news/day/famous-freethinkers-secular-stars/spotlight/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston "Zora Neale Hurston"] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107173554/https://ffrf.org/news/day/famous-freethinkers-secular-stars/spotlight/item/14128-zora-neale-hurston |date=January 7, 2014}}</ref></blockquote> Na 1952, Hurston kwadoro mkpọsa onyeisi oche nke Senator Robert A. Taft . Dịka Taft, Hurston megidere amụma New Deal nke Franklin D. Roosevelt . Ọ kekọrịtakwara mmegide ya megide amụma mba ofesi itinye aka na Roosevelt na Truman . N'ime akwụkwọ mbụ o dere maka akụkọ ndụ ya, Dust Tracks on a Road, Hurston jiri ọchịchị United States tụnyere "ngere" na ngwongwo zuru ezu na Mafia - dị ka raket nchebe. Ọ na-akparị ndị na-achọ "nnwere onwe" maka ndị si mba ọzọ mana ọ gọnarị ya ndị mmadụ nọ na obodo ha: Roosevelt "nwere ike ịkpọ aha n'ofe oke osimiri" maka nnwere onwe anọ ya, mana o nweghị "obi ike ikwu okwu ọbụna nwayọọ na ụlọ." Mgbe Truman tụbara bọmbụ atọm na Japan ọ kpọrọ ya "onye na-egbu anụ nke Asia". Hurston guzogidere mkpebi nke ulọikpe Kasị Elu n'ikpe Brown v. Board of Education ikpe nke 1954. O chere na ọ bụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche hà n'ezie (ma o kwenyere na ha na-aghọ ngwa ngwa), ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na nso ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha agaghị eme ka agụmakwụkwọ ka mma. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-echegbu onwe ya maka mbibi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na ndị nkuzi isi ojii dị ka ụzọ isi nyefee ọdịnala ọdịnala nye ọgbọ ndị Africa America n'ọdịnihu. O kwuputara mmegide nke a n'akwụkwọ ozi, "Court Order Can't Make Races Mix", nke e bipụtara na Orlando Sentinel na August 1955. Hurston agbanwebeghị mmegide ya ogologo oge n'ihi nkewa. Kama, ọ tụrụ egwu na mkpebi ụlọikpe ahụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe atụ maka gọọmentị etiti imebi nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla n'ọtụtụ okwu n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archive.lewrockwell.com/epstein/epstein15.html|title=Court Order Can't Make the Races Mix by Zora Neale Hurston|access-date= February 2, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150622222829/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/epstein/epstein15.html |archive-date=June 22, 2015 |url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Hurston megidekwara ọgwụgwọ mmasị maka ndị Africa-America, Ọ na-ekwu si: <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na m na-ekwu na usoro dum ga-ewe iwe ka m nwee mmeri, ana m ekwu na enweghị m ike ịnọdụ ala na egwuregwu ahụ nakwa na ekwesịrị ịme iwu dị nchebe iji nye m ohere. M jụrụ nke ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, nyefee m aka ka m hụ ihe m nwere ike ime, n'agbanyeghị na m maara na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emekọ ihe site na ala na ịghọ aghụghọ ule dị ka ọkụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ".</blockquote> ===Nkatọ akatọro ya=== ===Echiche maka ibiakọta ọnụ=== Darwin Turner, onye prọfesọ bekee, na ọkachamara n'ime akwụkwọ African-American kwujoro Hurston n'afọ 1971 maka imegide njikọta nakwa maka mmemme mmegide iji nye ndị ojii ikike ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Darwin T. |title=In a Minor Chord: Three Afro-American Writers and Their Search for Identity |url=https://archive.org/details/inminorchordthre0000turn |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |location=Carbondale|isbn=978-0809304813 |oclc=909407023 }}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na a katọrọ ya, Hurston pụtara na ọ na-emegide mwekota dabere na mpako na echiche nke nnwere onwe. Ọ kweghị "ehulata ala ihu onye ọcha", ma kwuo na "ụlọ akwụkwọ Negro zuru oke" adịkarị kamgbe n'afọ 1955.<ref>Eriksen, John M. [http://johneriksen.net/bc/bc_cb.htm ''Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955''] Chapter 13. "Negro Writer Opposes Court Ruling", ''Titusville Star Advocate'', September 30, 1955, p. 2.</ref> A kọwara Hurston dị ka “onye na-agba mbọ inye ụmụ nwanyị isi ojii ike” n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru n'otu n'otu yana nkwenye siri ike ya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ịbụ "onwe ha". Otú ọ dị, nkatọ a na-akatọkarị banyere ọrụ ya bụ na enweghị isi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ ya na ederede ya, karịsịa banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "onye bụ isi maka ikpere arụsị ndị ọcha."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ikard|first=David|title=Ruthless Individuality and the Other(Ed) Black Women in Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes Were Watching God"|date=2009|journal=CLA Journal|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–22|issn=0007-8549|jstor=44395261}}</ref> ===Nnyocha na Nnọchiteanya=== Ndị ode akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche katọkwara Hurston maka ihe ngosi ya na-akpali akpali nke voodoo.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brock|first=H. i|date=1935-11-10|title=The Full, True Flavor of Life in a Negro Community; Mules and Men. By Zora Neale Hurston. With an Introduction by Franz Boas. Ten Illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. [Book review]|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/11/10/archives/the-full-true-flavor-of-life-in-a-negro-community-mules-and-men-by.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-05-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Na magazin Crisis na 1943, Harold Preece katọrọ Hurston n'ihi ọbịbịa ya nke "Negro primitivism" iji kwalite ọrụ edemede ya.<ref>Preece, Harold, "The Negro Folk Cult", ''Crisis'', v. 43, no. 12, December 1936.</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Negro History mere mkpesa na ọrụ ya na voodoo bụ ebubo nke amaghị ama na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị Africa na America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McNeill|first=B. C.|date=April 1936|title=Zora Neale Hurston, with foreword by Franz Boas and illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias, Mules and Men|journal=The Journal of Negro History|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=223–225|doi=10.2307/2714574|jstor=2714574|issn=0022-2992}}</ref> Jeffrey Anderson kwuru na ụzọ nyocha Hurston bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo nakwa na ihe ọ na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya bu voodoo abuchaghi ihe mere eme. Ọ hụrụ na ọ kwetara ịmepụta mkparịta ụka maka akwụkwọ ya Mules na Men n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Ruth Benedict ma kọwaa ịkọ akụkọ Mules na Men akụkọ nke ndị dọkịta voodoo na-asọ mpi mgbe ọ bụ nwata na akụkọ ndụ ya mesịrị. Anderson kwenyere na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ Hurston kwuru na akwụkwọ voodoo ya bu ihe a na-enyo enyo. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ekwuola na Hurston tinyere aka na ideghari ọrụ ndị ọzọ degoro nakwa na ọtụtụ ihe ndi o dere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a kpọrọ "Akụkọ Cudjo banyere onye ohu Afrịka ikpeazụ" bụ ihe mmadụ ndị ọzọ degoro maka ya,<ref>Robert Hemenway, "Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography", [https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/73 pp. 73–78], [https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe/page/96 pp. 96–99]</ref> nakwa na ọ na-edekwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ ya na voodoo. ===Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ahọpụtara=== * "Journey's End" (Negro World, 1922), poetry * "Night" (Negro World, 1922), poetry * "Passion" (Negro World, 1922), poetry Color Struck (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, 1925), play * Muttsy (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life) 1926, short story. * "Sweat" (1926), short story * "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" (1928), essay * "Hoodoo in America" (1931) in The Journal of American Folklore * "The Gilded Six-Bits" (1933), short story * Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), novel * Mules and Men (1935), non-fiction * Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), novel * Tell My Horse (1938), non-fiction * Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939), novel * Dust Tracks on a Road (1942), autobiography * Seraph on the Suwanee (1948), novel * "What White Publishers Won't Print" (Negro Digest, 1950) * I Love Myself When I Am Laughing… and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader (Alice Walker, ed.; 1979) * The Sanctified Church (1981) * Spunk: Selected Stories (1985) * Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life (play, with Langston Hughes; edited with introductions by George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates Jr.; 1991) * The Complete Stories (introduction by Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke; 1995) * Novels & Stories: Jonah's Gourd Vine, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Moses, Man of the Mountain, Seraph on the Suwanee, Selected Stories (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-83-7 * Folklore, Memoirs, & Other Writings: Mules and Men, Tell My Horse, Dust Tracks on a Road, Selected Articles (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-84-4 * Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States (2001) * Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters, collected and edited by Carla Kaplan (2003) * Collected Plays (2008) * Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018) * Hitting a Straight Lick with a Crooked Stick: Stories from the Harlem Renaissance (2020) ===Ihe nkiri, ihe onyonyo na redio=== * Na 1935 na 1936, Zora Neale Hurston mere ihe nkiri dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na Florida na Haiti. Gụnyere ihe akaebe agbụrụ dị ụkọ nke okpukpe Hoodoo na Vodou na US na Haiti. * Na 1989, PBS mere ihe nkiri dabere na ndụ Hurston nke isiokwu ya bụ Zora bụ Aha m! * Usoro ihe onyonyo ụmụaka nke 1992–95 PBS Ghostwriter, bụ nke mesiri ike n'ịgụ na nka, gosipụtara ndị isi na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Zora Neale Hurston na mpaghara Fort Greene nke Brooklyn, New York. * Ihe nkiri 2004 a kpọrọ Brother to Brother, nke etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ya n'oge Harlem Renaissance, gosipụtara Hurston (nke Aunjanue Ellis gosipụtara). * Anya ha nọ na-ekiri Chineke ka emegharịrị maka ihe nkiri 2005 nke otu aha ahụ site n'aka Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions, nke Suzan-Lori Parks na-eme teleplay. Ihe nkiri a gosiri Halle Berry dị ka Janie Starks. * Na Eprel 9, 2008, PBS gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa nke were nkeji irí itoolu, Zora Neale Hurston: Jump at the Sun, nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kristy Andersen dere ma mepụta ya, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro American Masters . * Na 2009, Hurston gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ 90 nkeji gbasara ọrụ WPA Writers' akpọrọ mkpụrụ obi nke ndị mmadụ: Writing America's Story, nke malitere na ọwa Smithsonian. Ọrụ ya na Florida n'oge 1930 ka e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na akwụkwọ ibe, Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America . * Na 2017, Jackie Kay gosipụtara ihe nkiri 30 nkeji BBC Radio 4 gbasara Hurston akpọrọ Nwanyị Half na Shadow, nke izizi na Eprel 17, wee bụrụ nke dị ka pọdkastị. * Rozonda Thomas na-egwu Hurston na ihe nkiri 2017 Marshall ===Hụkwa=== {{Portal|United States|Conservatism|Biography}} * [[Florida literature]] * [[Kevin Brown (author)]] ===Ebensidee=== ===Ihe ndetu=== {{reflist}} ===Nkọwapụta=== * 28th Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities. ZORA! Festival. The Association to Preserve the Eatonville Community, 2017. Web. 10 April 2017. * Abcarian, Richard, and Marvin Klotz. "Zora Neale Hurston." In ''Literature: The Human Experience'', 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006, pp.&nbsp;1562–63. * Anderson, Christa S. "African American Women." PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2005. Web. 9 April 2017. * Baym, Nina (ed.), "Zora Neale Hurston." In ''The Norton Anthology of American Literature'', 6th edition, Vol. D. New York, [[W. W. Norton & Co.]], 2003, pp.&nbsp;1506–07. * Beito, David T. "Zora Neale Hurston," American Enterprise 6 (September/October 1995), pp.&nbsp;61–3. * Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, "[http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_04_4_beito.pdf Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty]". ''Independent Review'' 12 (Spring 2008). * Boyd, Valerie (2003). ''Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston''. New York: Scribner. {{ISBN|0-684-84230-0}}. * Ellis, C. Arthur. ''Zora Hurston And The Strange Case Of Ruby McCollum'', 1st edition. Lutz, FL: Gadfly Publishing, 2009. * Estate of Zora Neale Hurston. "Zora Neale Hurston." The Official Website of Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston Trust, 2015. Web. 11 April 2017. * Flynn, Elisabeth, Caitlin Deasy, and Rachel Ruah. "The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston." Project Mosaic: Hurston. Rollins College, 11 July 2011. Web. 11 April 2017. * Harrison, Beth. "Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Austin: A Case Study in Ethnography, Literary Modernism, and Contemporary Ethnic Fiction. MELUS. 21.2 (1996) 89–106. {{ISBN|978-0-9820940-0-6}}. * [[Robert Hemenway|Hemenway, Robert E.]] ''Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography''. Urbana: [[University of Illinois Press]], 1977. {{ISBN|0-252-00807-3}}. * Hemenway, Robert E. "Zora Neale Hurston." In Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough (eds.), ''The Heath Anthology of American Literature'', 5th edition, Vol. D. New York: [[Houghton Mifflin Co.]], 2006, pp.&nbsp;1577–78. * Jones, Sharon L. ''A Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work'' (New York: Facts on File, 2009). * Kaplan, Carla (ed.). ''Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters''. New York: Random House, 2003. * Kraut, Anthea, "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of [[Josephine Baker]], Zora Neale Hurston, and [[Katherine Dunham]]", ''Theatre Journal'' 55 (2003), pp.&nbsp;433–50. * Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, "Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960)." In Hilda Ellis Davidson and Carmen Blacker (eds.), ''Women and Tradition: A Neglected Group of Folklorists'', Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000, pp.&nbsp;157–72. * Trefler, Annette. "Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse." African American Review. 34.2 (2000): 299–312. * Tucker, Cynthia. "Zora! Celebrated Storyteller Would Have Laughed at Controversy Over Her Origins. She Was Born In Notasulga, Alabama but Eatonville Fla., Claims Her As Its Own"; article documents Kristy Andersen's research into Hurston's birthplace; ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|Atlanta Journal and Constitution]]'', January 22, 1995. * Visweswaran, Kamala. ''Fictions of Feminist Ethnography.'' Minneapolis: [[University of Minnesota Press]], 1994. {{ISBN|0-8166-2336-8}} * Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' (March 1975), pp.&nbsp;74–79, 84–89. ===Ọgụgụ ọzọ=== * {{cite book|last=Boyd|first=Valerie|authorlink=Valerie Boyd|title=Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston|url=https://archive.org/details/wrappedinrainbow00boyd|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Scribner|isbn=0684842300}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/zoranealehurston00robe|title=Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography|last=Hemenway|first=Robert|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1977|isbn=0252006526|location=Urbana|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Sharon Lynette|title=Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkRUxa8mc7YC|year=2009|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-0816068852}} * Lucy Anne Hurston (her niece), ''Speak So You Can Speak Again.'' * Moylan VL. ''Zora Neale Hurston’s Final Decade''. University Press of Florida; 2011. {{ISBN|0813035783}} * Plant, Deborah G. ''Zora Neale Hurston : A Biography of the Spirit''. Praeger Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|9780275987510}} * Norwood, Alisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/zora-hurston "Zora Hurston"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017 * [https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2012/02/famous-contributors-zora-neale-hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston's "The Conscience of the Court"] in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' ===Njikọ Mpuga=== {{Commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20011122204522/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/hurston_z.htm Zora Neale Hurston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122204522/http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/hurston_z.htm |date=November 22, 2001 }} from the ''Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography'' * [https://zorafestival.org/ Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities (ZORA! Festival)] * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?169204-1/writings-hughes-hurston Writings of Hughes and Hurston] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]'' * [https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/zora-neale-hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407024423/https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/zora-neale-hurston/ |date=April 7, 2020 }} at Women Film Pioneers Project at [[Columbia University]] * {{imdb name|403678}} ===Ụlọakwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa=== * [http://www.howard.edu/library/reference/guides/hurston/ Zora Neale Hurston: 1891–1960]guide at [[Howard University]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223053359/http://www.howard.edu/library/reference/guides/hurston/ |date=December 23, 2014 }} * {{LCAuth|n79086453|Zora Neale Hurston|67|}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044023/http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/mosaic-hurston/ Project Mosaic: Zora Neale Hurston]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([[Rollins College]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001150/http://asp3.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/hurston.htm Olin Library Special Collection and Archive Zora Neale Hurston Collection] (Rollins College) * [https://archives.nypl.org/scm/20707 Zora Neale Hurston Collection] at the [[Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903231722/http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/folklife/sound_hurston.cfm Sound recordings of Hurston in the 1930s] at the [[State Library and Archives of Florida]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727061724/http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~zoraneal/ Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive] at the [[University of Central Florida]] * [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/zora/ University of Florida Digital Collections Archive] at the [[University of Florida]] * [http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/SaxonServlet?style=http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/EAD/yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&source=http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/fedora/get/beinecke:hurston/EAD&query=zora%20neale%20hurston&filter=&hitPageStart=1 Zora Neale Hurston Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308145351/http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/saxon/SaxonServlet?style=http%3A%2F%2Fdrs.library.yale.edu%3A8083%2Fsaxon%2FEAD%2Fyul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&source=http%3A%2F%2Fdrs.library.yale.edu%3A8083%2Ffedora%2Fget%2Fbeinecke%3Ahurston%2FEAD&query=zora%20neale%20hurston&filter=&hitPageStart=1 |date=March 8, 2012 }}. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. * [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/166231 Voices from the Gap's biography] – [[University of Minnesota]] ===Ebe nchekwa e meghere emeghe=== * {{Gutenberg author | id=Hurston,+Zora+Neale }} * {{FadedPage|id=Hurston, Zora Neale|name=Zora Neale Hurston|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Zora Neale Hurston |birth=1891 |death=1960}} * {{Librivox author |id=9438}} * {{OL author}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hurston, Zora Neale}} 99x9d6v63zp6lmdv1almpu571k32hc5 0 12375 697608 656069 2026-08-10T04:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olive Schreiner''' (24 Maachị 1855 – 11 Disemba 1920) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive Schreiner {{!}} South African writer {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olive-Schreiner|accessdate=2021-12-11|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye odee [[South Africa]], onye mkpọsa mgbochi na ọgụgụ isi. A na-echeta ya nke ọma taa maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ ''The Story of an African Farm'' (1883), bụ nke a kwadoro nke ukwuu. Ọ na-ekwu okwu n'atụghị egwu n'okwu ndị dị ugbu a dị ka agnosticism, nnwere onwe dị adị, mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọchịchọ ndị ọkachamara nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ọdịdị mbụ nke ndụ na ókèala ọchịchị. Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri abuo, ndị ọkà mmụta ekwupụtawokwa Schreiner dị ka onye na-akwado ndị Afrikaners, na ndị otu South Africa ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ewepụrụ n'ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, dị ka ụmụ amaala ojii, ndị Juu, na ndị India. N'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara mmasị na socialism, pacifism, anụ anaghị eri anụ, na inwe mmasị nwanyị n'ime isiokwu ndị ọzọ, echiche ya gbanarịrị oke mmachi. Ọrụ ya e bipụtara na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-akwalite ụkpụrụ doro anya dị ka imeru ihe n'ókè, ọbụbụenyi, na nghọta n'etiti mmadụ niile, ma gbanarị ọnyà dị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ nke ọ kpachapụrụ anya gbanahụ. N'ịbụ onye a kpọrọ ya onye nweere onwe ya ogologo ndụ, ọ nọgidere na-agbasosi mmụọ nke Bible Ndị otụ Kraịst ike ma mepụta ụdị echiche ụwa nke ndị mụrụ ya bụ́ ndị ozi ala ọzọ, nke nwere ihe omimi. A makwaara Schreiner maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya mechara, ''Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ ma ọ bụ ikekwe naanị'' (1926), ebipụtara n'oge anwụ. Ọ gụchabeghị akwụkwọ ndegharị ya tupu ya anwụọ. Ọ bụ di ya, Samuel Cronwright-Schreiner wepụtara mbipụta nke mbụ. Mahadum pịa Cape Town degharịrị ma bipụta ya (nke Dorothy Driver deziri ma webata ya). Mbipụta a na-edozi mperi ndị gara aga. Mbipụta a na-enye njedebe ọzọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, n'okwu nke Schreiner, na mgbakwunye na nke di ya chịkọtara. ''Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ ma ọ bụ ikekwe naanị'' Schreiner kwuru na ọ bụ ọkacha mmasị ya n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Site n'inyocha njide ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndụ ụlọ na South Africa nke colonial, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mechara gbasaa anya ya gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ndị ọnụnọ ha ji nke nta nke nta na-agwa mgba nke etiti agwa iji mepụtaghachi onwe ya na ịkụziri ụmụ ya megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. nke oge. <ref>{{Cite news|title=How Olive Schreiner's husband ‘carelessly’ edited her lesser-known novel From Man to Man, or Perhaps Only|publisher=Time Books Live|url=http://uctpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/02/02/how-olive-schreiner%E2%80%99s-husband-%E2%80%98carelessly%E2%80%99-edited-her-lesser-known-novel-from-man-to-man-or-perhaps-only/|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ ya == Karel Schoeman, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ikike na Schreiner na South Africa, edewo na ọ bụ onye pụtara ìhè na mpaghara South Africa. Ọ na-achịkọta usoro ndụ ya bụ isi dị ka ndị a, na-ekwupụta oge ndụ ya na mba ahụ:<blockquote>Site n'echiche usoro oge, ndụ Olive Schreiner na-egosi ụkpụrụ na-adọrọ mmasị. Mgbe ọ nọrọ iri abụọ na ise mbụ ya na South Africa ... ọ nọ na England ihe karịrị afọ asaa, ma birikwa n'oge a na Europe. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, o biri na South Africa afọ iri abụọ na anọ, oge enyi ya na Rhodes, agha Anglo-Boer, na ntinye aka ya na-arịwanye elu na okwu ndị dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye ọzọ dọọrọ n'agha sochiri na England maka afọ asaa; Ọ bụ nanị obere oge tupu ya anwụọ n'afọ 1920 ka ọ laghachiri South Africa. ( ''Olive Schreiner: Ndụ na South Africa 1855–1881'', Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, 1989)</blockquote> === Ndụ mbido ya === [[Usòrò:Olive_Schreiner02.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb]] '''''Olive Emily''''' Albertina Schreiner bụ nwa nke itoolu n’ime ụmụaka iri na abụọ a mụụrụ di na nwunye bụ́ ndị ozi ala ọzọ n’ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Wesleyan ọha ozi ala ọzọ, dị na Wittebergen dị na Eastern Cape, na nso Herschel na South Africa. Ndị mụrụ ya, Gottlob Schreiner na Rebecca (née Lyndall), lụrụ na England n'afọ 1837. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FreeBMD|url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/|accessdate=26 July 2013|quote=Marriages Dec 1837, Shoreditch, Volume 2, Page 371}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya aha n’aha ụmụnne ya nwoke atọ tọrọ, Oliver (1848–1854), Albert (1843–1843) na Emile (1852–1852), onye nke ọ bụla n’ime ha nwụrụ tutu a mụọ ya. Oge nwata ya bụ onye obi tara mmiri: nna ya na-ahụ n'anya ma dị nwayọọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe isi ike maka ezinụlọ; ma nne ya bụ́ Rebeka bu n’obi ịkụziri ụmụ ya otu njide onwe na ọzụzụ onwe nke bụbu akụkụ nke nzụlite ya. Olive nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya n'aka nne ya, bụ́ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ọma. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Frederick Samuel nwetara asambodo BA na Mahadum London wee hibe Kọleji ọhụrụ na Eastbourne n'afọ 1877. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dramatis Personae Frederick Schreiner|url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=163|accessdate=10 July 2019|work=The Olive Schreiner Letters Online}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo ngwụsị 1897, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-agba ọsọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nta ruo afọ 1901. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1901 na Nnukwu nkwari akụ na Eastbourne ma tinye ya n'ime obodo. <ref name="ELHS168">''Eastbourne Local History Society Journal'' (168), Summer 2013</ref> Mgbe Olive dị afọ isii, nna ya Gottlob kwagara Healdtown na Eastern Cape iji na-arụ ọrụ ọzụzụ Wesleyan ebe ahụ. Dị ka ọ dị n’ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ rụrụ, ọ pụghị ijikwa ọrụ ahụ, a chụpụrụ ya n’ihere maka ịzụ ahịa megide iwu ndị ozi ala ọzọ. A manyere ya ibi ndụ nke ya na nke mbụ ya na ndụ ya wee gbalịa ịzụ ahịa. Ọzọ, ọ dara na akwụghị ụgwọ n'ime otu afọ. N’ihi ya, ezinụlọ ahụ biri n’oké ịda ogbenye. Mgbe Schreiner dị afọ itoolu, nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Helen (Ellie) nwụrụ, nke a nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche onye lanarịrịnụ. Ellie bụ nwa nke iri na abụọ na nke ikpeazụ nke Gottlob na Rebecca Schreiner. Ọ nwụrụ na ọnwa iri na asaa (1864-1865). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dramatis Personae Ellie Schreiner|url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=379|accessdate=10 July 2019|work=The Olive Schreiner Letters Online|archivedate=21 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021172108/https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=379}}</ref> Schreiner raara 'Prelude' nke ''Site na Nwoke rue Nwoke'' nye Ellie, tinyekwara ada ya nwanyi, onye nwuru obere oge ka amuchara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From Man to Man|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks14/1402361h.html|accessdate=10 July 2019|work=gutenberg.net.au}}</ref> N'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi, Schreiner tụlere ọnwụ Ellie dịka isi mgbanwe na ndụ ya. Dị ka ihe atụ, n’akwụkwọ ozi e degaara John T. Lloyd nke afọ 1892, Schreiner kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Echere m na mbụ m nwere mmetụta a n'ihe banyere ọnwụ n'ụzọ doro anya mgbe nwanne m nwanyị kacha amasị m nwụrụ mgbe m dị afọ itoolu. M na-arahụ obere ahụ ya ruo mgbe e liri ya, na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, m na-anọdụ ala ruo ọtụtụ awa n'akụkụ ili <s>ya</s> & ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka m mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume ugbu a, ịnakwere ozizi nkịtị na ọ bụ. ibi n'ebe na-enweghị ahụ." <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 1892|title=Olive Schreiner: J.T. Lloyd MSC 26/2.5.1|url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=collections&colid=59&letterid=1|accessdate=10 July 2019|work=The Olive Schreiner Letters Online|archivedate=26 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826005335/https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=collections&colid=59&letterid=1}}</ref></blockquote>Mgbe a họpụtara nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Theophilus (1844–1920) ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na Cradock n'afọ 1867, Schreiner na ụmụnne ha abụọ gara ka ha na ya biri. Ọ gakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, bụ́ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na nke mbụ ya. Mana ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ na Cradock karịa ka ọ nọbu na Wittebergen ma ọ bụ Healdtown. Ụmụnne ya ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị Victoria gụrụ akwụkwọ, Olive agbaghaworị Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ndị mụrụ ya, ọ bụkwa ya kpatara ọtụtụ esemokwu ya na ezinụlọ ya nwere. N'ihi ya, mgbe Theo na nwanne ya nwoke hapụrụ Cradock maka ubi diamond nke Griqualand West, Olive họọrọ ịghọ onye nchịkwa. Ka ọ na-aga n'ọkwa mbụ ya na Barkly East, ọ zutere Willie Bertram, bụ onye kesara echiche ya banyere okpukpe ma gbazinye ya akwụkwọ mbụ Herbert Spencer 's ''Principles'' . Ihe odide a ga-emetụta ya nke ukwuu. Mgbe ọ na-ajụ ụkpụrụ okpukpe na ozizi, Spencer kwukwara maka nkwenye na ihe zuru oke nke na-agafe karịa ihe ọmụma na echiche mmadụ. Nkwenkwe a tọrọ ntọala na ịdị n'otu nke okike na mbara igwe teleological, nke abụọ nke Olive kwesịrị ekwesị maka onwe ya na mgbalị ya ịmepụta omume nke enweghị okpukpe a haziri ahazi. Mgbe nzukọ a gasịrị, Olive na-aga site n'otu ebe gaa n'ebe ọzọ, na-anabata ọkwa dị ka onye nchịkwa na ezinụlọ dị iche iche, mesịa hapụ ha n'ihi esemokwu onwe ya na ndị were ya n'ọrụ. Otu ihe na-esekarị okwu bụ otú o si ele okpukpe anya. Ndapụ n'ezi ofufe ya adabaghị n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ọ rụrụ n'etiti ha. Ihe ọzọ kpatara ya bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na mmekọrịta ya, n'ihi na ọ maghị otú ọ ga-esi na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ebe ndị ọrụ ya na-arụrụ ọrụ nọ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, na ndị nwoke n'ozuzu ya. N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere àgwà Schreiner, Karel Schoeman dere, sị:<blockquote>N'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Olive, a maghị nke ọma, n'ihi na n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-emeghe [dị ka nwanyị] maka oge ya, nke a bụ nanị ikwu, na ozi nke nwere ike iji dị ka isi ihe akaebe na nke a, gụnyere ma pụta ìhè. dị ka mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ ihe na-apụta na [Havelock] Ellis's Studies na nkà mmụta uche nke mmekọahụ. . . ("Akụkọ nke IX", 236)</blockquote>Na onye a, onye Schoeman na-akọwapụta nke ọma na Schreiner na nkwekọrịta ya na ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ, Ellis kọwara dịka . . .<blockquote>[Onye]... site n'ịbụ nwa agbọghọ nwere nrọ ụbọchị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, na-eche akụkọ ịhụnanya nke ya onwe ya bụ dike; njedebe nke akụkọ ndị a amalitela site n'ịmara nke ya banyere ihe ndị metụtara mmekọahụ . . . Ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke ukwuu ... mana mmetụta mmekọahụ ya yiri ka ọ tolitere nke ukwuu nke ukwuu ma nweekwa ọgụgụ isi . . . (Schoeman, 236, 1989)</blockquote>N'oge a, ọ zutere Julius Gau, bụ onye ọ malitere itinye aka n'ọnọdụ obi abụọ. N’ihi ihe ọ bụla kpatara ya, njikọ aka ha adịteghị aka, ọ lọghachikwara ka ya na ndị mụrụ ya biri na ụmụnne ya. Ọ gụrụ ọtụtụ ebe wee malite ide ihe nke ọma. Ọ malitere ''Undine'' n'oge a. Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe banyere di ya mechara, Cronwright, ọ ga-abụrịrị na Gau nwere mmasị na ya, dịka ndị ikom ndị ọzọ, maka àgwà ya, ntozu okè, na ọdịdị anụ ahụ ya:<blockquote>O doro anya na ọ masịrị ya n'ịdị elu na ọbụnadị ụdị hypnotic nke Gau, dị ka nke Undine [nke agwa] Blair, wee mebie mmasị anụ ahụ maka ịhụnanya ... [na-ede banyere nke a] "Abu m otu akụkụ. hụrụ n'anya mgbe m dị obere ịrị na ịse, ma enwebeghị m nlọghachi nke kacha nta nke mmetụta ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-amasị m mgbe niile. . " (Schoeman, 236, 1989)</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọnọdụ akụ̀ na ụba ụmụnne ya bịara ka njọ, n’ihi na ọ na-esiwanye ike ịchọta diamond. Olive enweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụghị ịmaliteghachi ndụ ya na-adịghị adịte aka, na-aga n'etiti ezinụlọ na obodo dị iche iche, ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri ndị mụrụ ya obere oge n'afọ 1874. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ nwere ọgụ mbụ nke ụkwara ume ọkụ nke ga-enye ya nsogbu n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ebe ọ bụ na nne na nna ya enweghị ego n’ụzọ ego karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ nakwa n’ihi ahụ́ ike ya, a manyere Olive ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji kwadoo ha. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ọ nakweere ọkwá onye nchịkwa n'ọtụtụ ugbo, karịsịa ndị Fouchés, bụ ndị nyere mkpali maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa'', nke o bipụtara n'okpuru pseudonym "Ralph Iron", nakwa. dị ka obere nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe atụ ndị a na-akpọ ''Ndụ nrọ na Ndụ n'ezie'' . === England na kọntinent Europe === [[Usòrò:OliveSchreinerplaque.png|áká_èkpè|thumb| 16 Portsea Place, London W2, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ebe obibi nke Olive Schreiner mgbe ọ nọ na London]] [[Usòrò:Olive_Schreiner00.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Olive Schreiner n'afọ 1889 na Menton, France]] Otú ọ dị, ezi ọchịchọ Olive adabereghị na ntụziaka nke ide ihe. Ọ na-achọkarị ịbụ dọkịta ma o nwebeghị ego zuru ezu iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọzụzụ ahụ. N'atụghị egwu, o kpebiri na ya ga-abụ nọọsụ n'ihi na nke ahụ achọghị ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1880, ọ chekwaara ego zuru ezu maka njem mba ofesi, ma tinye akwụkwọ na Ụlọ ọgwụ Royal nke Edinburgh na Scotland. N'afọ 1881, ọ gara Southampton na England. Ozugbo ọ ruru, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-aghọta nrọ ya nke ịghọ dọkịta, n'ihi na ahụ ike ya gbochiri ya ịgụcha ụdị ọzụzụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ ihe. A manyere ya ikweta na ide ihe ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụ naanị ọrụ ya na ndụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ ka nwere mmasị ịgwọ ọrịa ọha mmadụ ma malite iji mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya mee ihe ọ na-enweghị ike iji ọgwụ. A nabatara ''akụkọ ya banyere ugbo Africa'' maka otu o si gbasoo nsogbu ndị dị n'oge ya, site na enweghị mmụọ ruo na mmeso ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ọbụbụenyi ya kacha dị egwu na nke na-adịte aka, dịka onye ama ama na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ Havelock Ellis degara ya akwụkwọ gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Mmekọrịta ha malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa arụmụka ọgụgụ isi wee bụrụ ezigbo isi iyi nkwado maka Schreiner. O mechara zute Ellis n'afọ 1884 mgbe ya na ya gara nzukọ nke Òtù Na-aga n'ihu, otu maka ndị na-eche echiche efu iji kwurịta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke nkà ihe ọmụma. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka radical nke ọ ga-abanye na nke mere ka ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta mmadụ dị mkpa n'oge ahụ na-akpakọrịta. Enyi ọzọ nke ga-egosi na ọ na-emetụta ya na Edward Carpenter, onye nchoputa Socialist na onye na-akwado ikike nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, nke, dị ka Stephen Gray na-egosi, na-anọgide na-enyocha ya. <ref>Gray, Stephen. 2013. Two Dissident Dream-Walkers: The Hardly Explored Reformist Alliance between Olive Schreiner and Edward Carpenter. ''English Academy Review: Southern African Journal of English Studies'' Volume 30, Issue 2, 2013.</ref> Na mgbakwunye na Òtù Na-aga n'ihu, ọ gara nzukọ nke Fellowship of the New Life na Karl Pearson 's Men and Women's Club, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ịha nhata nke nwanyị na mkpa ọ dị ịtụle nwoke na nwanyị mgbe. ilele mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta ya na ndị ikom nwere ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe obi ụtọ. Ọ jụrụ aro dọkịnta ya bụ Bryan Donkin, mana ọ nọgidere na-akpasu ya iwe na uwe ya. Nke ka njọ bụ na n'agbanyeghị na Karl Pearson na-eche na o bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ enyi ya, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara nwee mmasị n'ebe ọ nọ. Ọ naghị azaghachi mmetụta ya, masịrị Elizabeth Cobb . Na London, Schreiner na-ahụkarị onwe ya na atụmanya ọha na eze maka "omume nkwanye ùgwù". Edward Carpenter kọwara ya dị ka "nwanyị mara mma nke yiri nwanyị nke na-eyighị akwa mkpuchi ma na-eyikarị uwe aka, onye na-ekwu okwu ma na-achị ọchị ọbụna n'okporo ámá." <ref>First, Ruth and Scott, Ann. ''Olive Schreiner'' (1980) p 161</ref> Ya na ọtụtụ ndị nwe ụlọ na-ese okwu banyere ndị nwoke na-eleta ya ugboro ugboro, na otu oge, n'èzí ụlọ ya na ịrị na isii Portsea Place nso Marble Arch, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ejide ya dị ka onye akwụna. <ref>Sutherland, Gillian. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CF2XBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=Olive+Portsea+place&source=bl&ots=ZUCJ3Y7TQB&sig=ACfU3U0oZPiLUaO381TgubSlB0HvvMzdsw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdydfAteLnAhXRoVwKHahRB3U4ChDoATASegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Olive%20Portsea%20place&f=false ''In Search of the New Woman: Middle-Class Women and Work in Britain 1870–1914''] (2015) p 79</ref> N'afọ 1886, ọ hapụrụ England gaa na kọntinent Europe n'okpuru ihe nke ígwé ojii, na-eme njem n'etiti Switzerland, France, na Ịtali tupu ọ laghachi England. N'oge a, ọ na-arụpụta ihe nke ukwuu, na-arụ ọrụ ''site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ'' ma bipụta ọtụtụ nkọwa. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na mmalite nke Mary Wollstonecraft 's ''A Vindication of the Rights of Women'' . === Lọghachi ya na South Africa === N’iburu ọnọdụ dị na England, ikekwe ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na Schreiner họọrọ ịlaghachi South Africa, jiri ụgbọ mmiri laghachi Cape Town n'afọ 1889. Nlaghachi n'ụlọ ahụ na-ewute ya - ọ nwere mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ukwuu n'ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọ, mana n'otu oge ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ala ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ịgbalị ime ka ya na gburugburu ya nwee njikọ, ọ na-etinyekwu aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo wee mepụta ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ala na ndị gbara ya gburugburu, bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya dị ka ''Echiche na South Africa'' . Site n'ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ọ ghọrọ enyi na Emily Hobhouse na Elizabeth Maria Molteno, ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike nwere echiche yiri nke ahụ gbasara ikike obodo na ụmụ nwanyị. Ntinye aka ya na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Cape mere ka ya na Cecil John Rhodes na-akpakọrịta, onye ya na ya ga-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya na onye ọ ga-ede akụkọ satirical ''Trooper Peter Halket nke Mashonaland banyere ya'' . Nhụjuanya a malitere site na nkwado ya nke "strop bill" nke ga-ekwe ka a pịa ndị ohu ojii na ndị nwere agba ụta maka obere mmejọ. Mmegide ya megide "ụgwọ strop" mekwara ka ya na Samuel Cronwright na-akpakọrịta, onye ọrụ ugbo na-eme ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Ha nwere otu uche na "ajụjụ ala nna" na Rhodes, na n'oge na-adịghị anya Schreiner hụrụ ya n'anya. N’oge ọ gara Ingland dị mkpirikpi n’afọ 1893, ya na ndị enyi ya kwurịtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịlụ ya, n’agbanyeghị na o nwere nchegbu na ọ ga-amachibido ịlụ di na nwunye. Otú ọ dị, o wepụrụ obi abụọ ndị a, ha lụrụ dị na nwuye n'afọ 1894, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha biri n'ugbo Cronwright. Afọ ole na ole sochirinụ bụụrụ ha ihe siri ike na nke na-adịghị edozi ahụ. Ahụ ike na-akawanye njọ nke Schreiner mere ka di na nwunye ahụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe nile, mgbe nwa mbụ ya, otu nwa nwanyị, nwụrụ n'ime otu ụbọchị. Mfu a ka njọ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na afọ ime ya ndị ọzọ ga-ejedebe n'ime ọpụpụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetara nkasi obi n'ọrụ, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nta ya na di ya banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1896 na ''Trooper Peter Halket nke Mashonaland'' n'afọ ọzọ. Ha abụọ mere ka ọ kewapụrụ ya n’ebe ndị ezinụlọ ya nọ na ndị nọ ya gburugburu, o nwekwara ogologo oge owu ọmụma n’oge ndụ ya a. N'afọ 1898, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Johannesburg n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ahụ́ ike. Mgbe Jameson Raid gasịrị, a hụrụ ha dị ka ndị mmeri nke Republican kpatara n'ihu agha a na-apụghị izere ezere n'etiti Boer na British. Schreiner gbalịrị ime ka ndị ọchịchị South Africa gbanahụ ụzọ agha, ma mgbe nke ahụ kụrụ afọ n'ala, dere ''The South African Question nke Bekee South Africa'' na-agbalị imeghe anya ndị England na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ. Nke ahụ enweghịkwa ihe ịga nke ọma, mana ike agwụghị Schreiner. N'ime agha ahụ dum, ọ nọgidere na-agbachitere ọdịmma Boer ma na-arụ ụka maka udo, dị ka nwanne ya nwoke bụ William Philip Schreiner mere, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ata ahụhụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na nke uche na mgbalị ya niile zutere naanị ịkwa emo. Dị ka ihe na-adọpụ uche, ọ malitere ịmaliteghachi "akwụkwọ mmekọahụ" ọ malitere na England n'ime ''nwanyị na ọrụ'', nke bụ ngosipụta kachasị mma nke njirimara njirimara ya na socialism na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị. Site n'ọhụụ amụma ya nke South Africa na-abụghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe, n'oge Boer War Schreiner bi na obere obodo Hanover, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ogige ndị agha Britain. Afọ ole na ole gara aga nke ndụ Schreiner bụ ahụike na-abawanye ụba nke ikewapụ akara. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ ka na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpebisie ike ime akara ya na iwu ọhụrụ, karịsịa site na ọrụ ndị dị ka ''Closer Union'' . N'okwu a, ọ rụrụ ụka maka ikike ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị ojii kamakwa maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ sonyekwara na ngalaba Cape e hiwere ọhụrụ nke otu Women's Enfranchisement League n'afọ 1907, bụrụ osote onye isi ala ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ jụrụ ịkwado ya ọzọ mgbe alaka ndị ọzọ chọrọ iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na votu ahụ. === Ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya === Mgbe e mechara bipụta ''Nanyị na Ọrụ'' n'afọ 1911, Schreiner dara ọrịa siri ike, ụkwara ume ọkụ ya ka njọ site na ọgụ nke angina. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gawara nanị ya n'Ịngland maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọnyà ya bụ n'ebe ahụ site na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'oge a, mmasị ya bụ isi bụ ime udo - ọ na-akpakọrịta na Gandhi na ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Emily Hobhouse na Elizabeth Maria . Molteno - na ọ malitere akwụkwọ banyere agha, nke e debiri ma bipụta ya dị ka ''Dawn of Civilization'' . Nke a bụ akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ọ dere. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na Cape, bụ ebe ọ nwụrụ n'ụra ya n'ụlọ obibi na 1920. E mechara lie ya na Kimberley . Mgbe di ya, Samuel Cronwright nwụsịrị, e gwupụtara ozu ya, ya na nwa ya, nkịta na di ya, e liekwara ya n'elu ugwu Buffelskop, n'ugbo a maara dị ka Buffelshoek, nke dịdebere Cradock, na Eastern Cape . == Ọrụ ya ahọpụtara == * ''Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa'', 1883 (dị ka "Ralph Iron"). * ''Nrọ'', 1890 * ''Ndụ nrọ na ndụ n'ezie'', 1893 * ''Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Cape Colony'', 1895 (ya na SC Cronwright-Schreiner) * ''Onye agha Peter Halket nke Mashonaland'', 1897 * ''Echiche Nwanyị South Africa nke Bekee maka ọnọdụ ahụ'', nkatọ banyere ihe isi ike Transvaal site na ọnọdụ pro-Boer, 1899 * ''Akwụkwọ ozi na ndị Juu'', 1906 * ''Njikọ dị nso: Akwụkwọ ozi na South Africa Union na ụkpụrụ nke gọọmentị'', 1909 * ''Nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ'', 1911 * ''Echiche na South Africa'', 1923 * ''Akụkọ, Nrọ na nkọwa'', 1923 * ''Site na mmadụ ruo mmadụ'', 1926 * ''Undine'', 1929 == Nkwekọrịta == Olive Schreiner Letters Online <ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive Schreiner Letters Online|url=https://www.oliveschreiner.org/|accessdate=14 August 2019|work=www.oliveschreiner.org|archivedate=23 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823020722/https://www.oliveschreiner.org/}}</ref> nchekwa data bụ mkpokọta nke akwụkwọ ozi karịrị 5,000 edere ma ọ bụ sitere na Schreiner. Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche sitere na akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa, ndị ode akwụkwọ 'New Women', mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze mba ụwa, ruo n'echiche ọha mmadụ nke nwanyị. Mbipụta ''OSLO'' na-enye; ndebanye aha diplomatic zuru oke, gụnyere mwepu, ntinye, na 'mmejọ'; nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọchụchọ zuru oke; nchịkọta isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ozi Schreiner; a 'dramatis personae' na-enye ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ndị nta akụkọ Schreiner na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ ozi ya; mkpọkọta mkpụrụedemede ọhụrụ ka ha na-adị; ozi zuru ezu na akwụkwọ niile nke Schreiner, gụnyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, yana akwụkwọ; na akwụkwọ ndị a na-ebudata site na otu nyocha ''OSLO'' . == Akwụkwọ ọdịyo == [[File:Shortstory038_inafaroffworld_smh.ogg|thumb|"In a far off world"]] * ''Akụkọ nke ugbo Africa'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2010|title=The Story of an African Farm|url=http://archive.org/details/story_african_farm_1004_librivox|accessdate=14 August 2019}}</ref> == Nkuzi akwukwo nso nso a == * Carolyn Burdett's ''Olive Schreiner'' (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Oxford, 2013) , 9780746310939 * Liz Stanley, Andrea Salter & Helen Dampier (2013), 'Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories, ''Cultural and Social History'', 10:4, 577–597. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=December 2013|title=Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories: A Cultural Entrepreneur in a Historical Landscape|journal=Cultural and Social History|volume=10|issue=4|pages=577–597|doi=10.2752/147800413X13727009732245|issn=1478-0038}}</ref> * Stanley, L., Salter, A., & Dampier, H. (2013), 'Ọrụ nke Ime na Ọrụ Ọ Na-arụ: Cultural Sociology na' Na-ewebata-N'ịbụ' Cultural Mgbakọ nke Olive Schreiner Akwụkwọ Ozi' na ''Omenala Sociology'' ''7'' (3), 287–302. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=26 February 2013|title=The Work of Making and the Work it Does: Cultural Sociology and 'Bringing- Into-Being' the Cultural Assemblage of the Olive Schreiner Letters|journal=Cultural Sociology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=287–302|doi=10.1177/1749975512473463|issn=1749-9755}}</ref> * 'M na-egosipụta echiche m ma hapụ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ': Olive Schreiner dị ka onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ' nke Liz Stanley na Helen Dampier dere. Ebipụtara na ''okike na akụkọ ihe mere eme'', Vol. 24, mbipụta 3 (November 2012). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=2012|title='I Just Express My Views & Leave Them to Work': Olive Schreiner as a Feminist Protagonist in a Masculine Political Landscape with Figures|url=http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/540/1/Stanley_I%282012%29.pdf|journal=Gender & History|volume=24|issue=3|pages=677–700|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2012.01701.x|issn=1468-0424}}</ref> * Edemede Helen Dampier, 'Ngụgharị nke akwụkwọ ozi Olive Schreiner na Karl Pearson: Against mmechi', ''OSLP Akwụkwọ Ọrụ na Akwụkwọ Ozi, Akwụkwọ Ozi & Netwọk Epistolary'' No 3, Mahadum Edinburgh, p.&nbsp;46–71 * 'Olive Schreiner Globalizing Social Ajụjụ: Ntụle Feminist nke Ịkọwa ụwa' nke Stanley, L., Dampier, H., & Salter, A. na ''The Sociological Review'' (2010) ''58'' (4), 656-679. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=November 2010|title=Olive Schreiner Globalising Social Inquiry: A Feminist Analytics of Globalization|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/14764406/OSGlobalisingSocReview.pdf|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=58|issue=4|pages=656–679|doi=10.1111/j.1467-954x.2010.01945.x|issn=0038-0261}}</ref> * '" Akwụkwọ ozi ya n'ozuzu abụghị ihe mmasị": Heterotopic Persona nke Olive Schreiner na Alterity-Persona nke Cronwright-Schreiner', edemede nke Liz Stanley na Andrea Salter dere na ''Bekee na Africa'', Mpịakọta 36, Nọmba 2, 1 October 2009, p.&nbsp;7–30 (24). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=1 October 2009|title="Her letters cut are generally nothing of interest" : the Heterotopic Persona of Olive Schreiner and the Alterity-Persona of Cronwright-Schreiner|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sabinet/iseaeng/2009/00000036/00000002/art00001|accessdate=10 July 2019|work=www.ingentaconnect.com}}</ref> * ''Atụmatụ Nwanyị Ọhụrụ Ann Heilmans: Sarah Grand, Olive Schreiner, na Mona Caird'' (Manchester University Press, 2004) , 9780719057595 * Nkeji edemede nke John Kucich: 'Olive Schreiner, Masochism, na Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedial Politics' na ''akwụkwọ akụkọ: A Forum on Fiction ('' 2002) '''36''' (1): 79. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kucich|first=John|date=2002|title=Olive Schreiner, Masochism, and Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedipal Politics|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b4d5738045b5608cf6f0c56dd644a8ff81935706|journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction|volume=36|issue=1|pages=79–109|doi=10.2307/1346116}}</ref> * Edemede Liz Stanley, 'Onyinyo dina n'ofe ibe ya: akụkụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ịgụ 'ihe omume m' na akwụkwọ ozi Olive Schreiner' na ''Journal of European Studies'' (2002). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanley|first=Liz|date=27 July 2016|title=Shadows lying across her pages: epistolary aspects of reading 'the eventful I' in Olive Schreiner's letters|journal=Journal of European Studies|volume=32|issue=125–126|pages=251–266|doi=10.1177/004724410203212512}}</ref> * ''Olive Schreiner na ọganihu nke Feminism: Evolution, Gender na Alaeze Ukwu'' nke Carolyn Burdett (Springer, 2001) , 9780230598973 * Edemede Paula M. Krebs, 'Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa' na ''Ọmụmụ Victoria'' Vol. 40, Nke 3 (mmiri, 1997), p.&nbsp;427–444 ( ibe iri na asatọ). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krebs|first=Paula M.|date=1997|title=Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_victorian-studies_spring-1997_40_3/page/427|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=40|issue=3|pages=427–444|issn=0042-5222}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ ifo nke onwe nwanyị: Charlotte Bronte, Olive Schreiner, Katherine Mansfield'' nke Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (Springer 1991) , 9780230378254 * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mark James Perry ''Ndụ Olive Schreiner: akụkọ ndụ psychobiography.'' Mahadum nke Free State (31 Julaị 2012). == Hụkwa ihe ọzọ == * Olive Schreiner Prize - a award aha ya nsọpụrụ * Ndị ''jụrụ okwukwe'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Project Gutenberg E-text of Heretics, by Gilbert K. Chesterton|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/470/470-h/470-h.htm|accessdate=10 April 2020|work=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> nchịkọta edemede nke GK Chesterton bipụtara n'afọ 1905, bụ onye na-eto ya dị ka "onye edemede dị egwu, na-egbuke egbuke na onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ezie. . . Ezinụlọ agụmagụ ya na akụkọ ifo enweghị atụ nke kọntinent ahụ; ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ ndị ọmịiko ha nwere ob ọjọọ. Olive Schreiner bụ onye England na-achị na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị" na diatribe ya na Ọchịchị Bekee. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130728073703/http://zar.co.za/schreiner.htm Akụkọ ndụ South Africa nke Schreiner] na zar.co.za * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210422025943/https://www.places.co.za/html/schreiner.html Otu n'ime ebe Schreiner bi na South Africa: Cradock] na www.places.co.za * [http://www.google.co.za/search?q=olive+schreiner&hl=en&hs=cw0&sa=G&channel=s&prmd=ibo&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=adHvTOCOEoWglAeb1rnjDA&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=18&ved=0CHUQ5wIwEQ Usoro iheomume nke ndụ Schreiner] na www.google.co.za * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101118043829/http://heritage.thetimes.co.za/memorials/WC/OliveSchreiner/ Echetara echiche Schreiner banyere ụmụ nwanyị n'ezigbo ọnọdụ South Africa] na heritage.thetimes.co.za * Works by Olive Schreiner * Works by or about Olive Schreiner * Works by Olive Schreiner </img> * [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5070 Akụkọ ndụ nke Carolyn Burdett, Mahadum North London] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304090145/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/SchreinerCrono.html Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Olive Schreiner] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171205133712/http://thinkexist.com/quotes/olive_schreiner/ Olive Schreiner kwuru] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170501090408/https://www.oliveschreiner.org/ Akwụkwọ ozi Olive Schreiner n'ịntanetị] * [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/vwwp/VAB7185 Schreiner, Oliv.] [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/vwwp/VAB7185 ''Wepu nri.''] [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/vwwp/VAB7185 Site na mmalite nke SC Cronwright-Schreiner New York na London: Harper & Bros, 1928] . [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/welcome.do Ihe oru odee ndi nwanyi Victoria] * </img> * </img> {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ifipw318bv0yz5igylhz6joxaqzi3tf 0 12422 697739 638748 2026-08-10T06:58:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:BIANCA JONES MARLIN 041 Columbia Zuckerman Institute by John Abbott.jpg|thumb|Bianca Jones Marlin]] '''Bianca Jones Marlin, Ph.D.''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta nke America na Herbert and Florence Irving Assistant Prọfesọ nke nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ na Zuckerman Institute na Mahadum Columbia na New York City. Marlin na-amụ usoro epigenetic nke na-eme ka ọnyà ndị nne na nna nwee ike ibufe ụmụ n'ụdị òké. Ọrụ nke Marlin mgbe gụsịrị akwụkwọ kpugheere ọrụ bụ isi maka hormone oxytocin na omume nne, nke eji wee nye ya ihe nrite Donald B. Lindsley na Behavioral Neuroscience n'ihi ihe odide nke Ph.D ya nke puru iche na ihe [https://www.statnews.com/wunderkinds-2017/ nrite STAT Wunderkinds] maka nchoputa ya gbara agba. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Marlin tolitere na Central Islip, Long Island ebe e nwere usoro ezinụlọ pụrụ iche nke metụtara ọnọdụ ọrụ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://radiopublic.com/the-story-collider-o6NYDW/s1!eff03|title=The Story Collider – Bianca Jones Marlin: It's Because She's Black – 11:59|work=radiopublic.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14|archivedate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415232149/https://radiopublic.com/the-story-collider-o6NYDW/s1!eff03}}</ref> Nne na nna mụrụ Marlin, bụ́ ndị ya na ha bi, bụkwa ndị kpọọrọ ụmụ ndị ọ na-abughi ha mụrụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/five-questions-mothers-day-neuroscientist-bianca-jones-marlin|title=Five Questions for Mother's Day with Neuroscientist Bianca Jones Marlin|date=2018-05-11|work=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> I Dika ya na ụmụnne ya na-tolite, nke a mere ka Marlin nwee mmasị na ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name=":1" /> Ige ntị akụkọ ndị siri ike sitere n'aka ụmụnne ya ndị ọ na-abụghị nne na nna ya mụrụ ha bụ ihe na-enye aka inye ya mmasị ka mmekọrịta nne na nna na ahụmahụ si emetụta ụmụaka. <ref name="storycollider.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.storycollider.org/stories/2016/1/1/bianca-jones-marlin-its-because-shes-black|title=Bianca Jones Marlin: It's Because She's Black|work=The Story Collider|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> Ngosipụta nke Marlin n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mere ka o nweta ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu na simesta nke mbụ ya na mahadum St. John's University . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cns.nyu.edu/events/growingupinscience/unofficial.html#BiancaJonesMarlin|title=Growing up in science|work=www.cns.nyu.edu|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum St. John, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta abụọ na bayoloji na mmụta ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ma na-etinyesi aka ike na nduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ na nyocha. <ref name=":2" /> Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Marlin sonyere na nyocha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme nyocha oge okpomọkụ abụọ: otu na Mahadum Vanderbilt na nke ọzọ na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.storiesofwin.org/profiles/2019/11/13/dr-bianca-jones-marlin|title=Dr. Bianca Jones Marlin|work=Stories of WiN|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> Na MIT, Marlin rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke Dr. Martha Constantine Paton wee nweta ihe nrite maka akwụkwọ mmado nyocha ya na njedebe nke oge okpomọkụ. <ref name=":2" /> Na 2009, Marlin nwetara B. S. na Biology na B. S. na mmuta nke ndị dị afọ iri na uma site na Mahadum St. John. Na ngụsị akwụkwọ, e nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo onye ndu ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ya dị ka Onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Marlin ghọrọ onye nkuzi nwetara ikike na steeti New York wee kuzie na NEST +m, ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ New York maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nka na ndị nwere nka, ebe ọ kuziri mgbe ọ ka bu nwata akwụkwọ n'oge afọ agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya. N'oge ya na Nest+m, ọ kuziri sayensị ọkwa asaa na nke iri na Advanced Placement (AP) Biology. == Nnyocha doctoral == Site na 2009-2015, Marlin gbasoro nzere nke ndi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na New York University School of Medicine Graduate Program na Biology na Physiology. <ref name=":2" /> Nyocha Ph.D nke Marlin nyochara ọrụ nke hormone oxytocin na omume nne <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Bianca Jones Marlin Traces How Sensory Inputs Shape the Brain|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/scientist-to-watch/bianca-jones-marlin-traces-how-sensory-inputs-shape-the-brain-69220|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=The Scientist Magazine®|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203172213/https://www.the-scientist.com/scientist-to-watch/bianca-jones-marlin-traces-how-sensory-inputs-shape-the-brain-69220}}</ref> na cortex plasticity n'oge dị egwu nke mmepụta ụbụrụ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-28|title=5 Questions with Columbia Neuroscientist Bianca Jones Marlin|url=http://www.coolnycevents.com/2020/02/28/5-questions-with-columbia-neuroscientist-bianca-jones-marlin/|accessdate=2020-04-14|work=Cool NYC Events|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, o bipụtara akụkọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ na-akọwa mkpa nke excitatory-inhibitory balance (EI) na-ekpebi oge nke oge dị oke egwu plasticity maka nhazigharị ugboro ugboro - ebe ọ bụ na mgbe amuchara, cortex na-ahụ anya erubeghị. <ref name=":4" /> Ọrụ a tọrọ ntọala Marlin ka ọ chọpụta ka oxytocin si akpụ akpụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma gbanwee sekit ụbụrụ iji kpalite nlekọta nne n'ebe ụmụ nkịta nọ. Ndị nne rodent (nke a na-akpọ dams) ga-eweghachite ụmụ mgbe e kewapụrụ ya na ya na/ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu mgbe ụda olu ultrasonic na-apụta site na ụmụ nkịta dịpụrụ adịpụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Marlin|first=Bianca J.|date=2015-04-23|title=Oxytocin enables maternal behaviour by balancing cortical inhibition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2015-04-23_520_7548/page/499|journal=Nature|volume=520|issue=7548|pages=499–504|doi=10.1038/nature14402|issn=1476-4687|pmid=25874674}}</ref> Na-emekarị, dams na-anabata oku nwa agbọghọ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị nwoke adịghị - na-atụ aro na plasticity na cortex auditory na-eme mgbe a mụsịrị ahịhịa iji mee ka mmiri rụọ ọrụ iji zaghachi. <ref name=":5" /> Marlin chere na ọ bụ oxytocin na-ebugharị plasticity a na cortex auditory n'ihi na 1) dams na-ahapụ oxytocin mgbe a mụrụ ya iji kwalite njikọ, na 2) ụmụ agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na-anabata oku nwa agbọghọ mgbe a na-enye oxytocin n'ụzọ artificial. <ref name=":5" /> Marlin chọpụtara na oxytocin na-eme ka sekit akwara anụ ahụ dị na cortex nke anụ ahụ ma mee mgbanwe ogologo oge na nguzozi EI. <ref name=":5" /> Mgbanwe na nguzozi EI mere ka oge kwụ ọtọ kwụsiri ike nke a na-ahụ na dams (ma ọ bụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke oxytocin), mana ọ bụghị ụmụ agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke, mgbe ị na-aza oku nwa. <ref name=":5" /> N'ịgbaso nchoputa nke Marlin gbasara ọrụ oxytocin na nweghachi nwa, ọ rụkwara ọrụ ọzọ ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Robert Froemke Lab na-enyocha ọrụ oxytocin na-arụ na mgbasa ozi nke omume nne. <ref>{{Cite web|title=People {{!}} Laboratory of Robert C. Froemke|url=http://froemkelab.med.nyu.edu/people|accessdate=2022-03-22|work=froemkelab.med.nyu.edu|archivedate=2022-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125156/http://froemkelab.med.nyu.edu/people}}</ref> N'ime ọmụmụ ha, nke e bipụtara na Nature, <ref name=":5" /> ha na-egosi na oxytocin neurons na mpaghara ụbụrụ na-ahụ maka ntọhapụ nke oxytocin, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), na-arụ ọrụ site na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa na neurons a bu ọnụ ụzọ nzaghachi oku. Ha na-egosikwa na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị na-ebikọ ọnụ na ndị nne nwere ahụmahụ, na ndị na-ahụ anya na-ahụ maka nwa akwụkwọ nne na-amụ nwa, amụbawo ọrụ nke oxytocin neurons na PVN ma gosipụta àgwà alloparenting - na-atụ aro na omume nne nwere ike nweta site na mgbasa ozi ọha. <ref name=":5" /> Nchọpụta nke Marlin mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-egosi ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-arụ ọrụ lateralization nke ụbụrụ mammalian, kamakwa a raara onwe ya nye, oxytocin na-adabere na neural sekit maka omume nne na mmegharị mgbe amuchara nwa. <ref name=":5" /> E gosipụtara usoro nyocha a na mgbasa ozi a ma ama gụnyere National Geographic, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Yong|first=Ed|date=2015-04-15|title=Oxytocin Makes New Mouse Mothers Focus on Cries of Lost Pups|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/oxytocin-makes-new-mouse-mothers-focus-on-cries-of-lost-pups|accessdate=2022-02-16|work=Science|language=en}}</ref> na Los Angeles Times, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-oxytocin-motherhood-20150415-story.html|title=Hormone oxytocin jump-starts maternal behavior|date=2015-04-16|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> Science Magazine, <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Haupt|first=Ryan J.|date=2019-06-07|title=The scientist's summer reading list|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aax9532|journal=Science|language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.aax9532}}</ref> na Discover Magazine 's Top 100 Stories of 2015. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/how-oxytocin-changes-behavior|title=How Oxytocin Changes Behavior|work=Discover Magazine|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> == Nnyocha postdoctoral == Site na 2016-2020, Marlin bụ onye nyocha Postdoctoral na Mahadum Columbia n'okpuru ndụmọdụ nke onye nrite Nobel Laureate Richard Axel . <ref name=":9" /> N'ime ụlọ nyocha Axel, Marlin nyochara etu ọnyà ndị nne na nna si erute n'ọgbọ ndị na-esote (ya bụ, transgenerationally) site na usoro epigenetic . <ref name=":1" /> Marlin na ndị otu ya jikọtara ihe ndị na-esi ísì na akpata oyi n'ahụ ụmụ oke ndị toro eto, ma mesịa mụọ banyere mgbanwe akwara na akparamagwa nke ụmụ, ndị na-ahụtụbeghị ụdị nhụsianya-isi. Ọrụ Marlin na isiokwu a na mgbasa ozi a ma ama gụnyere Science Friday <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Breakthrough: The Trauma Tracer|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/videos/breakthrough-the-trauma-tracer/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Science Friday|language=en-US}}</ref> na Washington Post . <ref name=":13">{{Cite news|author=Hoover Greenway|first=Kelly|date=July 19, 2021|title=Why understanding inherited trauma is critical, and what it means for our kids|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2021/07/19/inherited-trauma-family-kids/|accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> == Nyocha ngalaba == Na 2020, Marlin sonyeere ngalaba na Mahadum Columbia na ngalaba nke Psychology na Neuroscience. Ụlọ nyocha Marlin dị na Zuckerman Institute na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-esi emeghe omume ebumpụta ụwa n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, yana ka esi agafe ozi mmụta n'ọgbọ ndị na-esote site na ihe nketa nke transgenerational epigenetic site na iji nchikota nke onyonyo, omume, na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa molecular..<ref name=":14" /> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * Magazin Sayensị ama ama nke 2021 "The Brilliant 10" <ref>{{Cite web|author=GOURGEY|first=BILL|date=2021-09-20|title=The Brilliant 10: The most innovative up-and-coming minds in science|url=https://www.popsci.com/science/brilliant-scientists-2021/|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=Popular Science|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021 Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị "ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-ekiri" <ref name=":9" /> * Ndị isi ọgbọ na-abịa 2020 Allen Institute <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/news-press/press-releases/allen-institute-announces-2020-next-generation-leaders|title=Allen Institute announces 2020 Next Generation Leaders|work=Allen Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-04-22|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422151948/https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/news-press/press-releases/allen-institute-announces-2020-next-generation-leaders}}</ref> * 2017 STAT Wunderkind Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/wunderkinds-2017/|title=Meet the 2017 STAT Wunderkinds|work=STAT|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> * 2016 Donald B. Lindsley Prize na Behavioral Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grassfoundation.org/people/bianca-jones-marlin|title=Bianca Jones Marlin {{!}} The Grass Foundation|work=www.grassfoundation.org|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> * 2016 Sackler Nrite akwụkwọ akụkọ pụtara ìhè <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine/about-us/news-awards|title=Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine News & Awards|work=NYU Langone Health|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14|archivedate=2019-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120165805/https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine/about-us/news-awards}}</ref> * 2015 Chọpụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha elu 100 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title=Love: it's all in your Head|url=https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/love-it-s-all-your-head,%20https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/love-it-s-all-your-head|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ebiputara ahọpụtara == * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke American History - SciCafe "Sayensị nke ịhụnanya na Bianca Jones Marlin" * Pọdkastị Sayensị Friday "Ndị nne anụmanụ: Site na ọdụm ruo òké" * The Story Collider – onye na-ekwu okwu pụtara “Itụrụ ime: Akụkọ gbasara sayensị ịmụ nwa” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.storycollider.org/stories/2018/9/3/pregnancy-stories-about-having-a-baby|title=Pregnancy: Stories about the science of having a baby|work=The Story Collider|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> na “Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ dị oji” <ref name="storycollider.org" /> * Egosiputara na National Geographic - “Mmume Nne Ọ bụ naanị maka ndị nne? Nke a bụ Sayensị ahụ," <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/05/mothers-day-2018-maternal-instinct-oxytocin-babies-science/|title=Is Maternal Instinct Only for Moms? Here's the Science.|date=2018-05-09|work=National Geographic News|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> "Ịma Aka Ike Ike," <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/great-energy-challenge/|title=Great Energy Challenge|work=Environment|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref> na "Oxytocin Na-eme Ka Ndị Nne Nne Ọhụụ Na-elekwasị anya na mkpu nke Pups furu efu" <ref name=":6" /> * Egosiri na Magazin Nchọpụta - "Olee otú Oxytocin si agbanwe omume" <ref name=":12" /> * Los Angeles Times - "Hormone Oxytocin Jump na-amalite omume ime nne" * Blọọgụ Ndị Nduzi NIH – Lab TV: Na-achọ ịmata ihe gbasara njikọ nne <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/08/25/labtv-curious-about-a-mothers-bond/|title=LabTV: Curious About a Mother's Bond|date=2015-08-25|work=NIH Director's Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-14|archivedate=2020-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808024739/https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/08/25/labtv-curious-about-a-mothers-bond/}}</ref> * Sayensị Fraịde - Ọka mmụta sayensị egosipụtara dị ka akụkụ nke Mmepe ahụ: Eserese nke Ụmụ nwanyị Na Sayensị - "Nhụta: Ọhụụ Trauma" <ref name=":14" /> * Neuron - Bianca Jones Marlin Ajụjụ&A <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-03|title=Bianca Jones Marlin|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627321007212|journal=Neuron|language=en|volume=109|issue=21|pages=3344–3345|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.048|issn=0896-6273}}</ref> * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post - Gịnị kpatara nghọta ọgbaghara ketara dị oke egwu, yana ihe ọ pụtara nye ụmụ anyị <ref name=":13" /> == Mbipụta == * Oxytocin neurons na-enyere mmadụ aka mgbasa nke omume nne. Carcea I., Caraballo NL, Marlin BJ, Ooyama R., Riceberg JS, Mendoza Navarro JM, Opendak M., Diaz VE, Schuster L., Alvarado Torres MI, Lethin H., Ramos D., Minder J., Mendoza SL, Bair-Marshall CJ, Samadjopoulos GH, Hidema S., Falkner A., Lin D., Mar A., Wadghiri YZ, Nishimori K., Kikusui T., Mogi K., Sullivan RM Froemke RC Nature. 2021 Ọgọst 26. 596 (7873): 553-557 . doi: [[doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03814-7.|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03814-7.]] <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Carcea|first=Ioana|date=2019-11-17|title=Oxytocin Neurons Enable Social Transmission of Maternal Behavior|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845495v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=845495|doi=10.1101/845495}}</ref> * Afọ 50 nke Neuroscience na-esote. Altimus CM, Marlin BJ, Charalambakis NE, Colón-Rodriquez A, Glover EJ, Izbicki P, Johnson A, Lourenco MV, Makinson RA, McQuail J, Obeso I, Padilla-Coreano N, Wells MF; maka Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Ọzụzụ. J Neurosci. 2020 Jenụwarị 2; 40 (1): 101-106 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0744-19.2019.  <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Altimus|first=Cara M.|date=2020-01-02|title=The Next 50 Years of Neuroscience|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=40|issue=1|pages=101–106|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0744-19.2019|issn=1529-2401|pmid=31896564}}</ref> * Oxytocin modulation nke sekit akwara ozi maka omume ọha mmadụ. Marlin BJ, Froemke RC. Dev Neurobiol. 2017 Feb; 77 (2): 169-189 . doi: 10.1002/dneu.22452. Epub 2016 Ọkt 4. Nyochaa. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27626613 27626613] <ref name="Marlin 169–189">{{Cite journal|author=Marlin|first=Bianca J.|date=February 2017|title=Oxytocin modulation of neural circuits for social behavior|journal=Developmental Neurobiology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=169–189|doi=10.1002/dneu.22452|issn=1932-846X|pmid=27626613}}</ref> * Netwọk ekesara maka ọgụgụ isi ọha emelitere maka ndị na-anabata Oxytocin. Miter M, Marlin BJ, Schiavo JK, Morina E, Norden SE, Hackett TA, Aoki CJ, Chao MV, Froemke RC. J Neurosci. 2016 Feb 24;36(8):2517-35 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2409-15.2016. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26911697 26911697] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mitre|first=Mariela|date=2016-02-24|title=A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=36|issue=8|pages=2517–2535|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2409-15.2016|issn=1529-2401|pmid=26911697}}</ref> * Oxytocin na-enyere aka omume nne site n'ịhazi mgbochi cortical. Marlin BJ, Miter M, D'amour JA, Chao MV, Froemke RC. Ọdịdị. 2015 Eprel 23; 520 (7548): 499-504 . doi: 10.1038/ ọdịdị14402. Epub 2015 Eprel 15. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25874674 25874674] <ref name=":5" /> * Ndepụta ọgụgụ oge okpomọkụ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị. Sayensị. Haupt R., Langis-Barsetti D., & O'Dwyer R., Preuss M., van Driel M., Margolis E., Jain M., Marlin BJ 7 Jun 2019. 364. 926-93. doi: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax9532 <ref name=":11" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marlin, Bianca Jones}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c96egcufdhvm1j1scacwfjatvk6rtjx 0 12499 697804 198563 2026-08-10T08:38:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Johnnetta Betsch Cole''' (amụrụ Ọktoba 19, 1936) bụ ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ, onye nkuzi, onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka, na onye isi kọleji. Cole bụ nwanyị mbụ onye isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ala America-Afrika]] nke Spelman College, kọleji ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme, jere ozi site na 1987 ruo 1997. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke kọleji Bennett site na 2002 ruo 2007. N'ime 2009–2017 ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Art nke Smithsonian Institution . <ref>Trescott, Jacqueline (February 10, 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html "Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''; accessed October 5, 2011.</ref> == Ndabere == A mụrụ Johnnetta Betsch na Jacksonville, Florida, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johnnetta-Cole|title=Johnnetta Cole {{!}} Biography & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-02}}</ref> na Ọktoba 19, 1936. Ezinụlọ ya so na klas elu nke Africa-America ; Ọ bụ nwa nwa Abraham Lincoln Lewis, onye isi ojii mbụ Florida, onye ọchụnta ego na onye rụpụtara Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, <ref name="ColeInterview">{{Cite journal|author=Yelvington|first=Kevin|title=An Interview with Johnnetta Betsch Cole|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2003-04_44_2/page/275|journal=Current Anthropology|date=2003|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–288|doi=10.1086/367970}}</ref> na Mary Kingsley Sammis. Nne na nna nna Sammis bụ Zephaniah Kingsley, onye na-azụ ahịa ohu na onye nwe ohu, onye zụrụ ohu Africa Anna Madgigine Jai na 1806, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ ọ dị afọ iri anọ na atọ. N'ime afọ 5, onye na-edina n'ike n'ike tụbara ya ime ugboro atọ wee mụọ ụmụ ya, George, mụrụ June 1807; Martha, a mụrụ Julaị 1809; na Mary, a mụrụ February 1811. Mgbe Zefanaya dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọ tọhapụrụ Ana, ya onwe ya wee ghọọ ohu, soro onye bụbu ohu ya na-arụkọ ọrụ. Onye bụbu ada eze Wolof bụ onye sitere [[Senegal]] ugbu a, echekwara ụlọ ya Fort George Island dị ka Kingsley Plantation, National Historic Landmark . <ref>Jackson, Antoinette; Burns, Allan (January 2006). ''[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/timu/timu_ethno.pdf Ethnohistorical Study of the Kingsley Plantation Community]'', [[National Park Service]], p. 24.</ref> Cole debanyere aha mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ịse na Mahadum Fisk, kọleji ojii nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ gafere na Oberlin College na Ohio, ebe ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sociology n'afọ 1957. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Northwwest, na-enweta Master of Arts (1959) na Dọkịta nke Nkà Ihe Ọmụma (1967) na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ . O mere nyocha ihe omumu ya na [[Liberia]], West Africa, n'afọ 1960-1961 site na Northwwest University dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha akụ na ụba ha na mba ahụ. <ref name="ColeInterview"/> == Nkuzi == Cole jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ na Mahadum steeti Washington site n'afọ 1962 ruo 1970, ebe ọ kpalitere otu mmemme mmụta ojii mbụ nke US. N'afọ 1970 Cole malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Anthropology na Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, ebe ọ jere ozi ruo 1982. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Massachusetts, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke WEB Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole kwagara Hunter College n'afọ 1982 ma bụrụ onye isi na mmemme ọmụmụ Latin America na Caribbean. Site n'afọ 998 ruo 2001 Cole bụ prọfesọ nke Anthropology, Women's Studies, na African American Studies na Mahadum Emory dị na Atlanta. <ref name="ColeInterview"/> == Nchịkwa == N'afọ 1987, a họpụtara Cole ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ nke Spelman College, kọleji ojii na-ewu ewu maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ jere ozi ruo 1997, na-ewulite onyinye ha site na mgbasa ozi isi nde $113, na-adọta ndebanye aha dị elu ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-abawanye, na, n'ozuzu, ogo ụlọ akwụkwọ n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà na-emesapụ aka kacha mma gbagoro. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spelman.edu/about-us/office-of-the-president/past-presidents/johnnetta-cole|title=About Johnnetta B. Cole, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 17, 2018|archivedate=May 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511234152/https://www.spelman.edu/about-us/office-of-the-president/past-presidents/johnnetta-cole}}</ref> Onye ọchị ọchị Bill Cosby na nwunye ya Camille nyere $20 nde na mkpọsa isi obodo. <ref name="post">Jacqueline Trescott, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html "Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', February 10, 2009.</ref> Mgbe ọ kụzichara ihe na Mahadum Emory, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Bennett College for Women, bụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji maka ụmụ nwanyị akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ebe ahụ, o duuru mkpọsa isi obodo ọzọ na-aga nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye, o hiwere ụlọ ngosi nka iji tinye aka na omenala kọleji. <ref name="post"/> Cole bụ ugbu a oche oche nke Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute tọrọ ntọala na Bennett College for Women . Ọ bụ onye otu Delta Sigma Theta sorority. Ọ bụ onye ntụzịaka nke National Museum of African Art, akụkụ nke Smithsonian Institution na Washington, DC, n'oge 2009–2017. <ref name="post"/> N'oge ọ na-eduzi ihe ngosi arụmụka, "Mkparịta ụka: African na African-American Artworks in Dialogue," nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ na mkpokọta nka nke Bill na Camille Cosby n'afọ 2015, dabara na ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide onye na-agụ ọchị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/at-80-johnnetta-cole-reflects-on-her-career-and-the-controversial-cosby-exhibit/2016/10/27/e736a33a-9ae0-11e6-b3c9-f662adaa0048_story.html|title=At 80, Johnnetta Cole reflects on her career and the controversial Cosby exhibition|author=McGlone|first=Peggy|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Cole ejekwa ozi na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na ntọala. Cole jere ozi ruo ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye isi oche na Rockefeller Foundation a ma ama. Ọ bụla onye isi Merck &amp;amp; Co. kemgbe 1994. Site na 2004 ruo 2006, Cole bụ onye isi oche nke Board of Trustees of United Way of America <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110308010003/http://conferences.unitedway.org/wls_2011/biographies/johnnetta_cole "Dr. Johnnetta Cole"]. ''[[United Way of America]]''; accessed October 07, 2011.</ref> ma nọkwa na Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Kemgbe afọ 2013, edepụtara Cole na Council Advisory nke National Center for Science Education . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council|title=Advisory Council|work=ncse.com|publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810112828/https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council|archivedate=2013-08-10|accessdate=2018-10-30|date=2008-07-15}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu The Links . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Graham|first=Lawrence Otis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877899803|title=Our kind of people|date=2014|publisher=HarperCollins e-Books|isbn=978-0-06-187081-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=877899803}}</ref> : 105  == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Onye isi ala-ahọpụtara Bill Clinton họpụtara Cole n'òtù mgbanwe ya maka agụmakwụkwọ, ọrụ, nka, na mmadụ n'afọ 1992. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makers.com/johnnetta-cole|title=Johnnetta Cole|author=MAKERS|work=MAKERS}}</ref> Ọ tụlekwara ya maka ọkwa ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nke agụmakwụkwọ . <ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1106653 President of Spelman College, Johnnetta Cole], Fresh Air program, 1993.</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbe ''akwụkwọ akụkọ The Jewish Daily Forward'' kọrọ na ọ bụbu onye so na kọmitii mba nke Venceremos Brigades, nke Federal Bureau of Investigation jikọtara ya na ndị agha ọgụgụ isi Cuban, Clinton emeghị ka nhọpụta ya pụta. <ref>Susan Chira. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/10/weekinreview/conversations-johnnetta-b-cole-scholar-s-convictions-keep-her-pushing-power.html Conversations/Johnnetta B. Cole; A Scholar's Convictions Keep Her Pushing the Power of Words], ''New York Times'', January 10, 1993.</ref> == Ihe nketa na nsọpụrụ ya == * N'afọ 2018 enwetara ya Legend in Leadership Award for Higher Education site na Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://som.yale.edu/news/2018/01/chief-executive-leadership-institute-honors-johnnetta-b-cole-of-the-smithsonian-national-museum-of-african-art|title=Chief Executive Leadership Institute Honors Johnnetta B. Cole of the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art|date=2018-01-30|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref> * [http://www.aam-us.org/about-us/media-room/2017/american-alliance-of-museums-honors-dr-johnnetta-cole-with-2017-award-for-distinguished-service-to-museums American Alliance of Museums na-asọpụrụ Dr. Johnnetta Cole na 2017 Award for Distinguished Service to Museums] * Na 2013, Cole nwetara akara kachasị elu nke International Civil Rights Center &amp;amp; Museum, Alston-Jones International Civil and Human Rights Award. <ref name="gala2013">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wschronicle.com/2013/02/sit-in-museum-to-present-awards/|title=Sit-in museum to present awards|date=February 1, 2013|work=The Winston-Salem Chronicle|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref> * Cole anatala ihe karịrị ogo nsọpụrụ 40, gụnyere ndị sitere na kọleji Williams na kọleji Bates na 1989, kọleji Oberlin na 1995, kọleji Mount Holyoke na 1998, Mahadum Mills na 1999, Mahadum Howard na North Carolina A&amp;amp;T State University na 2009, na Gettysburg College . n'afọ 2017. * Ọ natara nkwanye ugwu na Phi Beta Kappa site na Yale na 1996, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fisk.edu/campus-life/phi-beta-kappa-delta-chapter|title=Phi Beta Kappa-Delta Chapter {{!}} Fisk University|work=www.fisk.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107100320/https://www.fisk.edu/campus-life/phi-beta-kappa-delta-chapter|archivedate=2017-01-07}}</ref> wee jee ozi dị ka onye omebe iwu Phi Beta Kappa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbk.org/web/pbkdocs/Triennial_Council/39thCouncilBulletin.pdf|title=Bulletin|work=pbk.org|accessdate=2017-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310220915/https://www.pbk.org/web/pbkdocs/Triennial_Council/39thCouncilBulletin.pdf|archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref> * Na 1995, Cole nwetara ihe nrite Golden Plate Award nke American Academy of Achievement nke onye otu Awards Council na Morehouse College President Walter E. Massey gosipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref> * Ọ natara onyinye nturu ugo Candace site na National Coalition of 100 Black Women na 1988. <ref name="page2">{{Cite web|work=National Coalition of 100 Black Women|title=CANDACE AWARD RECIPIENTS 1982-1990, Page 2|url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html|archivedate=March 14, 2003}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọkwụrụ == == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317233138/https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/166127 2002 Olu sitere na oghere] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/at-80-johnnetta-cole-reflects-on-her-career-and-the-controversial-cosby-exhibit/2016/10/27/e736a33a-9ae0-11e6-b3c9-f662adaa0048_story.html Na 80, Johnnetta Cole na-atụgharị uche na ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi Cosby na-ese okwu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606232414/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/press/releases/speech/drcole.shtml 1998 mmalite okwu, Ugwu Holyoke College] * [http://new.oberlin.edu/events-activities/commencement/krislov-speech-2009address.dot 2009 State-nke-College Adreesị, Oberlin College] * [https://www.makers.com/profiles/591f2765bea17771623a7f4a Johnnetta Cole: Ọkà mmụta Groundbreaking & Onye isi oche kọleji] . Vidio mepụtara site ''Makers: Women Who Make America'' * Appearances [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kk1g0bfpo0xzwp8tsyjacf0vn30vgrv 0 12514 697652 696972 2026-08-10T04:54:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Infobox musical artist|name=Fela Kuti|background=solo_singer|image=Fela Kuti (cropped).jpg|caption=Kuti in 1970|birth_name=Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1938|10|15}}|birth_place=[[Abeokuta]], [[British Nigeria]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1997|8|2|1938|10|15}}|death_place=[[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], [[Nigeria]]|genre={{flatlist| *[[Afrobeat]] *[[highlife]]}}|occupation={{flatlist| *Singer-songwriter *musician *activist}}|instrument={{flatlist| *Saxophone *vocals *keyboards *trumpet *guitar *drums}}|years_active=1958–1997|label={{flatlist| *[[Barclay Records|Barclay]]/[[PolyGram Records|PolyGram]] *[[MCA Records|MCA]]/[[Universal Music Group|Universal]] *[[Celluloid Records|Celluloid]] *[[EMI|EMI Nigeria]] *[[Victor Entertainment|JVC]] *[[Wrasse Records|Wrasse]] *[[Shanachie Records|Shanachie]] *[[Knitting Factory Records|Knitting Factory]]}}|associated_acts={{flatlist| *Africa&nbsp;'70&nbsp;/ Afrika&nbsp;'70 *Egypt&nbsp;'80 *Koola Lobitos *Nigeria&nbsp;'70 *[[Hugh Masekela]] *[[Ginger Baker]] *[[Tony Allen (musician)|Tony Allen]] *[[Femi Kuti]] *[[Seun Kuti]] *[[Roy Ayers]] *[[Lester Bowie]]}}|website={{url|http://felakuti.com/}}}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Fela Aníkúlápó Kuti''' (a mụrụ '''Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti''' ; 15 October 1938 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-05|title=Fela Kuti – 10 of the best|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/may/05/fela-kuti-10-best-songs|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> – 2 August 1997), a makwa ya dịka '''Abami Eda''', ọ bụ onye ọkụ egwu nke Naijiria, onyeisi ndị egwú, onye na-echepụta egwu, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Pan-Africanist . A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ Afrobeat, ụdị egwu Afrịka nke na-ejikọta egwu ndị Yoruba ọdịnala na ụdị olu ya na funk na jazz America. <ref name="oesketite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.analysisworldmusic.com/images/1aawmoikelomepaper.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707135016/http://www.analysisworldmusic.com/images/1aawmoikelomepaper.pdf|archivedate=7 July 2011|title=Stylistic Analysis of Afrobeat Music of Fela Anikulapo Kuti|author=Albert Oikelome|publisher=Analysisworldmusic.com|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> N'oge ọ na-ewu ewu, a na-akpọ ya otu n'ime ndị na-eme egwu na-ama aka na [[Eluàlà|Africa]] . <ref name="rebel"/> AllMusic kọwara ya dị ka olu egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ụwa pụtara. Kuti bụ nwa onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwanyị Naijiria, [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]]. Ka ha nwechara ahụmịhe mbụ na mba ofesi, ya na ndị otu ya Africa&nbsp;70 (nwere onye na-akụ Tony Allen ) gbagoro dịka ndị àmà ama na Naijiria n'ime afọ 1970s, bụ oge ọ bụ onye nkatọ n'ekwughị okwu na ebumnuche nke ndị agha Naijiria . N'afọ 1970, ọ tọrọ ntọala Kalakuta Republic commune, bụ nke kwupụtara onwe ya pụọ na ọchịchị ndị agha. Ebibiri obodo a na mbuso agha 1978. Gọọmenti [[Muhammadu Buhari]] tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'afọ 1984, mana ọ hapụrụ ya ka ọnwa iri abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na-edekọ ma na-eme ihe site n'afọ 1980 na 1990. Kemgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1997, nwa ya nwoke bụ Femi Kuti na-elekọta na nchịkọta egwu ya. == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Family_Ransome_Kuti_c1940.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ezinụlọ Ransome-Kuti gburugburu 1940: Reverend Israel na [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti|Chief Funmilayo]] nọ ọdụ, Dolu n'azụ, Fela n'ihu na nwa Beko, na Olikoye n'aka nri.]] Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/17/arts/celebrating-the-life-and-impact-of-the-nigerian-music-legend-fela.html?pagewanted=1|title=Celebrating the Life and Impact of the Nigerian Music Legend Fela|author=Ogunnaike|first=Lola|date=17 July 2003|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> bụ onye a mụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ Ransome-Kuti, ezinụlọ Nigeria nke elu-etiti, n'ụbọchị 15 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1938 na [[Abeokuta]] (isi obodo nke oge a nke [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun State]] <ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice. ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 70.</ref> ), nke na oge ahụ bụ obodo dị na British Colony nke Nigeria . Nne ya, Chief [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], bụ nwanyị na-emegide ndị ọchịchị, na nna ya, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, bụ onye ozi Anglican, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na onye isi oche mbụ nke Nigeria Union of Teachers . <ref name="NUT">{{Cite web|title=Origin of NUT|url=https://www.nut-nigeria.org/index.php/2016-01-08-15-02-20/origin-of-nut|work=nut-nigeria.org|publisher=Nigeria Union of Teachers|accessdate=13 January 2020|archivedate=2020-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926145650/http://nut-nigeria.org/index.php/2016-01-08-15-02-20/origin-of-nut}}</ref> Ụmụnne ya nwoke bụ Beko Ransome-Kuti na Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, bụ ndị dibia bekee, bụ ndị amara nke ọma na mba. Kuti bụ nwa nwanne nne mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-30|title=Fela Kuti remembered: 'He was a tornado of a man, but he loved humanity'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/31/fela-kuti-musical-neil-spencer|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> mgbe e wepụrụ onye edemede na Nobel Laureate [[Wole Soyinka]], onye isi ojii [[Eluàlà|Afrika]] mbụ nwetara Nrite Nobel maka akwụkwọ, n'ihi na ha abụọ bụ ụmụ Josiah Ransome-Kuti, onye bụ nna nna Kuti na nne Soyinka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/31/fela-kuti-musical-neil-spencer|title=Fela Kuti remembered: 'He was a tornado of a man, but he loved humanity'|author=Spencer|first=Neil|date=2010-10-30|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> Kuti gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Abeokuta Grammar School . N'afọ 1958, e zigara ya London ka ọ mụọ nkà mmụta ọgwụ mana o kpebiri ịmụ egwu na Trinity College of Music, na opi bụ ngwá ọrụ kachasị amasị ya. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ hiwere otu Koola Lobitos wee kpọọ ngwakọta jazz na ndụ dị elu . <ref name="yabis">{{Cite journal|author=Olatunji|first=Michael|year=2007|title=Yabis: A Phenomenon in the Contemporary Nigerian Music|journal=[[The Journal of Pan African Studies]]|volume=1|pages=26–46|url=http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol1no9/Yabis.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, Kuti lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, Remilekun (Remi) Taylor, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ ( Femi, Yeni, na Sola). <ref>{{Cite web|title=VANGUARD|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510151630.html|accessdate=27 August 2020|work=allafrica}}</ref> Na 1963, Kuti laghachiri na Federation of Nigeria nwere onwe ohuru, megharia Koola Lobitos, a zụọ ya dị ka onye na-emepụta redio maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Nigeria.. Ya na Victor Olaiya na All-Stars gụrụ egwu n'oge ụfọdụ. N'afọ 1967, Kuti gara [[Ghana]] ịchọ ntụzịaka egwu ọhụrụ. <ref name="oesketite"/> Ọ kpọrọ ụdị ya Afrobeat, ngwakọta nke highlife, funk, jazz, salsa, calypso, na egwu Yoruba ọdịnala. <ref name="oesketite" /> N'afọ 1969, Kuti kpọgara ndị otu ahụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ma nọrọ ọnwa iri na Los Angeles. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ chọpụtara mmegharị Black Power site na Sandra Smith (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Sandra Izsadore ma ọ bụ Sandra Akanke Isidore), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/10/12/sandra-iszadore-fashola-ajibade-others-speak-at-felabration/|title=Sandra Iszadore, Fashola, Ajibade, others speak at Felabration|work=PM News|first=Funsho|author=Arogundade|date=12 October 2015|accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref> onye otu akụkụ nke Black Panther Party . Ahụmahụ a metụtara egwu ya na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ukwuu. <ref name="L.A. Weekly">{{Cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/fela-kutis-lover-and-mentor-sandra-smith-talks-about-afrobeats-la-origins-as-fela-musical-arrives-at-the-ahmanson-2370345|title=Fela Kuti's Lover and Mentor Sandra Smith Talks About Afrobeat's L.A. Origins, as Fela! Musical Arrives at the Ahmanson|work=[[L.A. Weekly]]|date=December 13, 2011|accessdate=April 3, 2016|author=Tewksbury, Drew}}</ref> Ọ kpọgharịrị aha band Nigeria 70. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, onye mgbasa ozi wepụrụ ndị ọrụ mbata na ọpụpụ na Naturalization na Kuti na ndị otu ya nọ na US na-enweghị ikike ọrụ. Ndị otu ahụ rụrụ nnọkọ ndekọ ngwa ngwa na Los Angeles nke ga-emecha wepụta ya dị ka ''Oge '69 Los Angeles'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Olaniyan, Tejumola.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65189067|title=Arrest the music! : Fela and his rebel art and politics|date=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11034-3|location=Bloomington|oclc=65189067}}</ref> === Afọ 1970 === {{See also|Confusion (album)}} Ka Kuti na ndị otu ya laghachiri na Naijiria, a kpọgharịrị otu ahụ aha (the) Africa '70 ka isiokwu lyrical gbanwere site na ịhụnanya gaa na nke ọha mmadụ. <ref name="yabis"/> Ọ hibere Kalakuta Republic &#x2014; ọgbakọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ndị ejikọrọ na otu egwu &#x2014; nke o mechara kwupụta nọọrọ onwe ya na steeti Naijiria. Kuti hibere ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Empire, nke mbụ akpọrọ Afro-Spot ma mesịa bụrụ Afrika Shrine, ebe ọ na-eme egwuregwu oge niile ma na-eme ememe omenala ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ahaziri iche iji kwanyere okwukwe ndị nna nna ya ugwu. Ọ gbanwekwara aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Anikulapo (nke pụtara "Onye na-ebu ọnwụ n'akpa ya", na nkọwa ya: "M ga-abụ onye isi nke akara aka m ma kpebie mgbe oge ọnwụ ga-ada"). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerian.name/w/index.php?title=Anikulapo|title=Meaning of Anikulapo in|publisher=Nigerian.name|date=11 January 2008|accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref> Ọ kwụsịrị iji aha nna a kpọchiri akpọchi bụ́ “Ransome” n’ihi na o weere ya dị ka aha ohu . Egwu Kuti na-ewu ewu n'etiti ọha Naijiria na ndị Africa n'ozuzu ha. O kpebiri ịbụ abụ na Pidgin English ka ndị mmadụ n’Afrika niile nwee ike ịnụ ụtọ egwu ya, ebe asụsụ obodo ha na-asụ dị iche na ọtụtụ . Ebe ọ bụ na egwu Kuti na-ewu ewu na Naịjirịa na n'ebe ndị ọzọ, ọchịchị na-achị anaghị amasị ya, a na-ebusokwa mba Kalakuta Republic agha ugboro ugboro. N'oge 1972, Ginger Baker dekọtara ''Stratavarious ,'' na Kuti pụtara n'akụkụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Tench . <ref>[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p130948/credits|pure_url=yes}} Bobby Gass credits], [[AllMusic]]</ref> N'oge a, Kuti malitere itinye aka na okpukpe ndị Yoruba . <ref name="rebel"/> N'afọ 1977, Kuti na Africa 70 wepụtara album <nowiki><i id="mwpw">Zombie</i></nowiki>, bụ nke katọrọ ndị agha Naijiria nke ukwuu, ma jiri ihe atụ zombie kọwaa ụzọ ndị agha Naijiria si eme. Album ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ma kpasuo gọọmenti iwe, bụ́ ndị ji ndị agha 1,000 wakporo Republic of Kalakuta. N’oge mwakpo ahụ, e tiri Kuti ihe nke ukwuu, ma merụọ nne ya meworo agadi ahụ nke ukwuu mgbe e si na windo tụpụ ya. A gbara ọgbakọ ahụ ọkụ, ma bibie ụlọ ọrụ Kuti, ngwa na teepu ukwu . Kuti kwuru na a ga-egbu ya ma ọ bụghị na onye isi ọchịagha nyere aka ka a na-eti ya ihe. Nzaghachi Kuti na mwakpo ahụ bụ ibugara igbe ozu nne ya na Dodan Barrack dị na [[Lagos]], ebe obibi General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], na ide abụ abụọ, "Coffin for Head of State" na "Unknown Soldier," na-ezo aka n'ajụjụ ndị gọọmentị kwuru nke kwuru. onye agha amaghi ama ebibiela obodo ahụ. Kuti na ndị otu ya gara biri na Crossroads Hotel mgbe e bibichara ụlọ agbara na ọgbakọ ahụ. N'afọ 1978, ọ lụrụ ụmụnwaanyị iri abụọ na asaa: Kikelomo Oseyni, Folake Oladejo, Tejumade Adebiyi, Naa Lamiley, Sewaa Kuti, Omotola Osaeti, Omowunmi Oyedele, Alake Anikulapo Kuti, Shade Shodeinde, Adeola Williams, Najite Kuti, Emaruaghevwe, Osawemighola Osawemigho, Emaruagheru, Osawemigho, Anikula Osawela, Emaruagheru, Osawela, Emaruagheru, Osawela, Najite Kuti., Adejonwo Iyabode Ogunitro, Bose Anikulapo Kuti, Lara Anikulapo Kuti, Suru Eriomola, Tokunbo Akran, Funmi Kuti, Omowunmi Afesumo, Laide Anikulapo Kuti, Ronke Edason, Damiregba Anikulapo Kuti, Aduni Idowu, and Omolara Shosanya Remilekun Taylor. Ọtụtụ n’ime ha bụ ndị na-agba egwú, ndị na-agụ egwú, na ndị na-abụ abụ bụ́ ndị ya na ha rụkọrọ ọrụ. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ abụghị nanị iji mee ncheta nke mwakpo a wakporo Kalakuta Republic kamakwa iji chebe Kuti na ndị nwunye ya n'okwu ụgha nke ndị ọchịchị na-ekwu na Kuti na-atọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite book|author=See: Washington|first=Teresa N.|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|pages=218–219|isbn=978-0991073016}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nakweere usoro ntụgharị nke ilekọta ndị nwunye iri na abụọ n'otu oge. <ref name="music.guardian.co.uk">{{Cite news|author=Culshaw|first=Peter|title=The big Fela|url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1927705,00.html|work=The Guardian|date=15 August 2004|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref> E nwekwara ihe nkiri abụọ n'afọ: nke mbụ bụ na Accra, bụ nke ọgba aghara malitere n'oge egwu "Zombie", nke mere ka amachibidoro Kuti ịbanye [[Ghana]] ; nke abụọ bụ mgbe Berlin Jazz Festival gasịrị mgbe ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu Kuti hapụrụ ya n'ihi asịrị na o mere atụmatụ iji ego niile enweta ego iji kwado mgbasa ozi onye isi ala ya. N'afọ 1979, Kuti hiwere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, nke ọ kpọrọ Movement of the People (MOP), iji "sachapụ ọha mmadụ dị ka ngwa eji ehicha ụlọ bụ mọp n'asụsụ Bekee", ma ọ malitere ngwa ngwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ n'ihi esemokwu ya na gọọmentị nke oge ahụ. MOP kwusara Nkrumahism na Africanism . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmBcCAAAQBAJ|title=Fela: Kalakuta Notes|author=Collins|first=John|date=5 June 2015|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=9780819575401}}</ref> <ref>''Fela Kuti: Music is the Weapon''. Directors Jean-Jacques Flori and Stephane Tchalgadjieff. 1982. Universal Import. March 2004.</ref> === 1980 na gafere === N'afọ 1983, Kuti họpụtara onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisiala na ntuliaka mbụ e mere Naijiria n'ime iri afọ, mana jụrụ ịzọ ọkwa ya. N'oge a, Kuti kere ìgwè ọhụrụ, Egypt 80, nke gosipụtara echiche na [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|mmepeanya Ijipt]], ihe ọmụma, nkà ihe ọmụma, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na usoro okpukpe bụ ndị Africa na a ghaghị ịza ya. Kuti kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ: "Na-emesi ike na m ga-eme ka ndị Africa mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmepeanya Egypt bụ nke Africa. Ya mere, ọ bụ ya mere m ji gbanwee aha ndị agha m ka ọ bụrụ Ijipt 80." <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gFY-6x1qTzU Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFY-6x1qTzU|title=Fela Kuti & Egypt 80 Arsenal TV3 Catalonian TV 1987-08-04|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2020-05-01|archivedate=2014-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319145405/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFY-6x1qTzU}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFY-6x1qTzU|title=Fela Kuti & Egypt 80 Arsenal TV3 Catalonian TV 1987-08-04|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2020-05-01}}</ref> Kuti gara n'ihu na-edekọ ọba na ịgagharị obodo ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu kpasuo ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị iwe site n'itinye osote onyeisiala ITT Corporation, Moshood Abiola, na Obasanjo n'ọkwa ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama nke were nkeji iri abụọ na ise akpọrọ "ITT (International Thief-Thief)". N'afọ 1984, ọchịchị [[Muhammadu Buhari]], nke Kuti bụ onye na-emegide ya, tụrụ ya mkpọrọ maka ebubo mbupụ ego . Amnesty International na ndị ọzọ katọrọ ebubo a dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/15/guardianobituaries.mainsection|work=The Guardian|first=Shola|author=Adenekan|title=Obituary: Dr Beko Ransome-Kuti|date=15 February 2006}}</ref> Mgbaghara kpọpụtara ya onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/content.asp?CategoryID=10097|title=Success stories|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=9 June 2012|archivedate=3 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603021747/http://amnesty.org.uk/content.asp?CategoryID=10097}}</ref> na ndị otu ndị ọzọ ruuru mmadụ webakwara ikpe ya. Ka ọnwa 20 gachara, General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Kuti gbara nwunye ya iri na abụọ fọdụụrụ ya n'ihi na "alụmdi na nwunye na-ebute ekworo na ịchọ ọdịmma onwe nanị". <ref name="music.guardian.co.uk"/> Kuti gara n'ihu wepụta ọba ya na Egypt 80 wee gaa na United States na Europe ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na 1986 ọ rụrụ na Giants Stadium na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] dị ka akụkụ nke Amnesty International 's A Conspiracy of Hope concert tinyere Bono, Carlos Santana, na Neville Brothers . N'afọ 1989, Kuti na Egypt 80 weputara album mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ''Beasts of No Nation'' nke gosipụtara Onye isi ala US Ronald Reagan, Prime Minister UK Margaret Thatcher, na Onye isi ala South Africa steeti Pieter Willem Botha na mkpuchi ya. Aha nke ihe mejupụtara sitere na nkwupụta nke Botha: "Mmegide a [megide usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ] ga-ewepụta anụ ọhịa ahụ n'ime anyị." Mpụta album Kuti ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na 1990s, na n'ikpeazụ, ọ kwụsịrị ịwepụta albums kpamkpam. Na 21 Jenụarị 1993, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinyemi|first=Oluwamayowa|title=NOSTALGIA: 28 Years Ago Today, Fela Kuti Was Arrested On Suspicion Of Murder - A New Touch of Africa|url=https://anewtouchofafrica.com/nostalgia-28-years-ago-today-fela-kuti-was-arrested-on-suspicion-of-murder/|accessdate=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref> ejidere ya na ndị otu anọ nke Africa 70 ma emesịa bo ya ebubo na 25 Jenụwarị maka igbu ọchụ nke onye ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. <ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1993-01-25|title=NIGERIAN MUSICIAN FELA CHARGED WITH MURDER|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/01/26/nigerian-musician-fela-charged-with-murder/53f09d58-3ad4-47c3-b6e6-8b2fd2b21643/|accessdate=2021-01-24}}</ref> Asịrị na-ekwukwa na ọ na-arịa ọrịa nke ọ na-ajụ ọgwụgwọ. Agbanyeghị, enwebeghị nkwupụta nkwenye sitere na Kuti gbasara ntule a. == Ọnwụ == N'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa [[August|Ọgọst]] 1997, nwanne Kuti Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, onye bụbu onye na-akwado ọrịa AIDS a ma ama na onye bụbu minista ahụike, kwupụtara na Kuti anwụọla n'ụbọchị gara aga site na nsogbu ndị metụtara AIDS (ọrịa obirinajaọcha). Kuti bụbu onye na- agọnarị ọrịa AIDS, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/1999/11/09/part-2-a-tale-of-two-brothers/|title=Part 2: A Tale of Two Brothers|work=[[The Village Voice]]|first=Mark|author=Schoofs|date=3 November 1999|accessdate=30 March 2022|archivedate=1 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301171814/https://www.villagevoice.com/1999/11/09/part-2-a-tale-of-two-brothers/}}</ref> nwunye ya kwusiri ike na di ya anwụghị n'ihi ọrịa AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.ng/fela-did-not-die-of-aids-widow-insists/|title=Fela Did Not Die of AIDS, Widow Insists|date=29 March 2015|work=Daily Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|author=See: Washington|first=Teresa N.|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|isbn=978-0991073016|pages=285n105}}</ref> Nwa ya nwoke nke ọdụdụ Seun weere ọrụ iduzi ndị otu Kuti mbụ bụ Egypt 80. Dịka n'afọ 2020, ìgwè ahụ ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-ewepụta egwu n'okpuru moniker Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 ''.'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/seun-kuti-egypt-80-mn0000999542/biography|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref> == Egwu == A na-akpọ ụdị egwu Kuti Afrobeat . Ọ bụ ụdị o mebere nke ukwuu, ma bụrụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke jazz, funk, highlife, na egwu ọdịnaala ndị Naijiria, Africa na ukwe. O nwere ihe dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ obi mmụọ ma nwee myirịta na ụdị nhazi James Brown. Afrobeat na-enwetakwa nnukwu ego site na "tinker pan". <ref>As Iwedi Ojinmah points out in his article "Baba is Dead – Long Live Baba,"</ref> Tony Allen (onye na-akụ Kuti afọ iri abụọ) nyere aka n'ichepụta Afrobeat. Kuti kwuru otu oge na "a gaghị enwe Afrobeat na-enweghị Tony Allen". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giants of Afrobeat: an interview with Tony Allen and Orlando Julius|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/features/giants-of-afrobeat-an-interview-with-tony-allen-and-orlando-julius|accessdate=2021-01-15|first=Nigel|author=Williamson|work=Songlines|language=en|date=1 May 2020|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213436/https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/features/giants-of-afrobeat-an-interview-with-tony-allen-and-orlando-julius}}</ref> Ndị otu Kuti ama ama maka igosipụta saxophone baritone abụọ mgbe ọtụtụ otu na-eji naanị otu. Nke a bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị egwu Africa na nke Africa ma nwee ike ịhụ ya na funk na hip hop . Ndị otu ya na-eji bassists abụọ na-eme oge ụfọdụ n'otu oge ma na-egwu egwu na-agbakọ ọnụ na rhythms. A na-enwekarị ndị egwu egwu abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Guitar ụdị ọkụ eletrik West African dị na band Afrobeat bụ ihe kachasị mkpa mana ejiri ya na-enye usoro ntọala, na-akpọ nkwupụta ụda olu / ụda olu ugboro ugboro, riff, ma ọ bụ groove. Ụfọdụ ihe na-adịkarị na egwu Kuti bụ oku na nzaghachi n'ime egwu egwu na ihe atụ mana dị mfe. Egwu ya dịkwa ogologo nke ukwuu, ọ dịkarịa ala nkeji 10–15 n'ogologo, na ọtụtụ ruru nkeji 20 ma ọ bụ 30, ebe ụfọdụ egwu anaghị ewepụta ga-adịru nkeji iri anọ na ise mgbe a na-eme ya ndụ. Ogologo ha bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe kpatara na egwu ya erubeghị ogo ewu ewu na mpụga Africa. Ihe ndekọ LP ya na-enwekarị otu egwu nkeji iri atọ n'otu akụkụ. A na-enwekarị akụkụ "Instrumental Instrumental" jam akụkụ nke egwu ahụ ihe dị ka nkeji 10-15 tupu Kuti amalite abụ akụkụ "isi" nke egwu ahụ, na-egosipụta egwu ya na ịbụ abụ, maka nkeji 10-15 ọzọ. N'ụfọdụ ndekọ, a na-ekewa abụ ya ụzọ abụọ: Nkebi nke 1 bụ ngwa ihe, na akụkụ 2 na-agbakwunye na ụda olu. A na-abụkarị egwu Kuti na Nigerian pidgin English, n’agbanyeghị na o mekwara egwu ole na ole n’asụsụ Yoruba. Akụrụngwa ya bụ isi bụ saxophone na ahụigodo, mana ọ na-akpọkwa opi, ụbọ eletrik, na sọọsọ ịgbà. Kuti jụrụ ime egwu ọzọ ka o dekọchara ha, nke gbochiri ewu ewu ya na mpụga Africa  . A maara Kuti maka ihe ngosi ya, na ihe nkiri ya na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị mma na adị aghara. Ọ zoro aka n'omume ogbo ya dị ka "Egwuregwu ime mmụọ n'okpuru ala". Ọtụtụ ndị tụrụ anya na ọ ga-eme ihe ngosi dị ka ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa, ma n'oge 1980, ọ nweghị mmasị n'itinye "ihe ngosi". Ọrụ Europe ya bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe dị mkpa n'oge ahụ na mkpali ya ndị ọzọ. <ref name="rebel">{{Cite journal|author=Grass|first=Randall F.|date=1 January 1986|title=Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: The Art of an Afrobeat Rebel|journal=The Drama Review: TDR|volume=30|issue=1|pages=131–148|doi=10.2307/1145717}}</ref> Ọ nwara ime ihe nkiri ma ọkụ ahụ gọọmenti ndị agha na-achị kụnyere n’ụlọ ya tụfuru ya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Darnton|first=John|date=1977-07-24|title=NIGERIA'S DISSIDENT SUPERSTAR|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/24/archives/nigerias-dissident-superstar-fela.html|accessdate=2021-04-29}}</ref> O chere na nka, na si otú a egwu nke ya, kwesịrị inwe ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pụtara. <ref name="rebel" /> Kuti bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị nsụhọ Afro-Centric nke hiwere na ma wepụta ya site na egwu ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ gụnyere na Hank Bordowitz ''Noise of the World'', Kuti kwuru:<blockquote>Egwú kwesịrị inwe mmetụta. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-egwu egwu ma ndị mmadụ anaghị eche ihe, ị naghị eme shit. Nke ahụ bụ ihe egwu Afrịka gbasara. Mgbe ị nụrụ ihe, ị ga-emegharịrịrị. Achọrọ m ịkpali ndị mmadụ ịgba egwu, kamakwa iche echiche. Egwu chọrọ ikpebi ndụ ka mma, megide ndụ ọjọọ. Mgbe ị na-ege ntị ihe na-egosi na ị na-ebi ndụ ka mma, ma ị naghị ebi ndụ ka mma, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-emetụta gị. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bordowitz|first=Hank|title=Noise of the World: Non-Western Musicians In Their Own Words|date=2004|publisher=Soft Skull Press|location=Canada}}</ref></blockquote>Egwu Kuti na ime ihe ike sitere na gburugburu ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ onyonyo a chọtara na ''Faces of Africa'' na CGTN Africa, o kwuru maka ntụnyere n'etiti egwu ịhụnanya Bekee na egwu nke ya:<blockquote>Ee, ọ bụrụ na ịnọ n'England, egwu ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ngwa na-atọ ụtọ. Ị nwere ike na-abụ maka ịhụnanya, ị nwere ike bụrụ abụ banyere onye ị ga-edina ọzọ. Mana na gburugburu nke m, obodo m enweghị mmepe n'ihi usoro mba ọzọ na ndị anyị. Yabụ na ọ nweghị ụtọ egwu. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ka ịhụnanya. Ọ dị ihe dị ka mgba maka ịdị adị ndị mmadụ. </blockquote> == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmemme == === Ime ihe === Kuti na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Africa site na 1970 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ katọrọ nrụrụ aka nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Naijiria na mmeso ụmụ amaala Naijiria. O kwuru banyere ọchịchị colonial dị ka mgbọrọgwụ nke nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akpagbu ndị Africa. Nrụrụ aka bụ otu n'ime nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha njọ chere Afrịka ihu na 1970 na Naịjirịa so na mba ndị kacha arụrụ arụ. Gọọmenti ya kpara nkata nhoputa ndi ochichi ma mebie ọchịchị nke mechara kawanye ịda ogbenye, ahaghị nhata akụ na ụba, enweghị ọrụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-akwalite nrụrụ aka na mpụ. Egwu ngagharị iwe Kuti kpuchiri isiokwu ndị sitere n'eziokwu nrụrụ aka na enweghị ahaghị n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Afrịka. Enwere ike ịnụ nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kuti na Afrịka niile. <ref name=":2"/> Okwu Kuti kwuputara n'ihu ọha banyere ọchịchị ime ihe ike na mmegbu na-achị Naijiria abịaghị n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya. E jidere ya n'ihe karịrị oge 200 dị iche iche wee nọrọ oge n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, gụnyere ọnwa 20 kachasị ogologo ya mgbe ejidechara ya na 1984. N'elu oge nga, gọọmenti rụrụ arụ zigara ndị agha ka ha kụrie Kuti, ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya, ma bibie ebe ọ bụla o bi na ngwá ọrụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndekọ ọ bụla o nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=20 years after Fela's death, his music, lifestyle and influence lives on » YNaija|url=https://naija.yafri.ca/20-years-after-felas-death-his-music-lifestyle-and-influence-lives-on/|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Darnton|first=John|date=1977-07-24|title=NIGERIA'S DISSIDENT SUPERSTAR (Published 1977)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/24/archives/nigerias-dissident-superstar-fela.html|accessdate=2021-01-20}}</ref> N'ime 1970s, Kuti malitere ịgbasa ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwu okwu na oghere mgbasa ozi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na kwa izu dịka ''Daily Times'' na ''[[The Punch]]'', na-agafe nchịkọta akụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke steeti Nigeria na-achị. Ebipụtara ya na 1970s na mmalite 1980 n'okpuru aha "Chief Priest Say", kọlụm ndị a bụ ndọtị nke Kuti a ma ama Yabi Sessions—ememe na-akwalite mmụọ okwu, ya na onwe ya dị ka onye isi nchụaja, emere na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị Lagos ya. N'ịbụ onye a haziri gburugburu ntụgharị Afrocentric na-alụ ọgụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme na isi mmalite nke ịma mma ojii, "Chief Priest Say" lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ nke oke omenaala na-aga n'ihu na-edo onwe ndị Africa. Kuti kwuru okwu n'ọtụtụ isiokwu, site na nkatọ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke omume mpụ nke Gọọmenti Naijiria, ụdị nrigbu nke Islam na Christianity, na ajọ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa; ka deconstructions nke Western ọgwụ, Black Alakụba, mmekọahụ, mmetọ, na ịda ogbenye. "Chief Priest Say" mechara kagbuo ''Daily Times'' na ''The Punch'' . Ọtụtụ ndị ekwuola na a manyere ndị na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ka ha kwụsị ibipụta ya, gụnyere iyi egwu ime ihe ike.  === Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị === Egwu Kuti kwuputara echiche ime ya. Ngolite ya na ewu ewu n'ime 1970s gosipụtara mgbanwe na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti egwu dị ka ụdị nka na okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shonekan|first=Stephanie|date=1 January 2009|title=Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/black-music-research-journal_spring-2009_29_1/page/127|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=127–144}}</ref> N'afọ 1984, ọ katọrọ ma kparị onye ọchịchị mgbe ahụ bụ onyeisiala mba Naijiria bụ Muhammadu Buhari. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/apr/01/nigerias-new-president-muhammadu-buhari-is-the-man-who-put-fela-kuti-in-jail|title=Nigeria's new president Muhammadu Buhari – the man who jailed Fela Kuti|author=Denselow|first=Robin|date=1 April 2015|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> "Beast of No Nation", otu n'ime egwu ya kacha ewu ewu, na-ezo aka na Buhari dịka "anụmanụ dị n'ahụ onye ara"; in Nigerian Pidgin: "No be outside Buhari dey ee / na craze man be dat / Animal in craze man skini." Kuti kwenyesiri ike na Africa ma na-ekwusa udo mgbe niile n'etiti ndị obodo ya. O chere na ụzọ kacha mkpa ha ga-esi lụso ọchịchị alaeze ukwu Europe ọgụ bụ ịkwado okpukpe ọdịnala na ụzọ ndụ na kọntinent ha. <ref name="rebel"/> Otu ndị ike ojii America metukwara echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kuti; ọ kwadoro Pan-Africanism na socialism ma kpọkuo ka mba Africa dị n'otu, onye kwuo uche ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=Alexander|date=5 December 2013|title=Make It Funky: Fela Kuti, James Brown and the Invention of Afrobeat|journal=American Studies|volume=52|issue=4|pages=99–118|doi=10.1353/ams.2013.0124|issn=2153-6856|url=http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4463}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-hCBAAAQBAJ&q=fela+democratic+african+republic&pg=PT157|title=Suffering, Art, and Aesthetics|author=Hadj-Moussa|first=R.|date=9 July 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137426086}}</ref> Ndị isi Africa ọ kwadoro n'oge ndụ ya gụnyere Kwame Nkrumah na Thomas Sankara . <ref name=":1"/> Kuti bụ ezigbo onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya bụ ọgụ megide ọchịchị aka ike, kpọmkwem gọọmentị militaristic nke Nigeria na 1970s na 1980. Ọ katọkwara ndị Africa ibe ya (karịsịa ndị elu) maka ịgọnarị omenala ndị Africa ọdịnala. N'afọ 1978, Kuti ghọrọ nwoke ji ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị mgbe ọ lụrụ ụmụnwanyị iri abụọ na asaa n'otu oge. <ref name=":1a"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Carlos|title=Fela: This Bitch of a Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbMDyvjYIyMC|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=1982|isbn=9781556528354}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ a kpọsara nke ukwuu rụrụ ọtụtụ ebumnuche: ọ bụ ụbọchị ncheta otu afọ nke Kuti na ndị nwunye ya lanarịrị mwakpo gọọmentị Naijiria wakporo Kalakuta Republic na 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Washington|first=Teresa N.|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|isbn=978-0991073016|location=|pages=218}}</ref> ma mekwaa mmekọrịta Kuti na ụmụnwanyị ya na ha bi; Iwu a gbochiri gọọmenti Naijiria ịwakpo ogige Kuti n'ihi na Kuti tọọrọ ụmụnwaanyị ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> Kuti kọwakwara ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị dị ka ezi uche na adaba: “Nwoke na-aga maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na mbụ. Dị ka ọ dị na Europe, nwoke lụrụ nwanyị, mgbe nwunye ya na-ehi ụra, ọ na-apụ gakwuru ụmụnwanyị ọzọ. Ọ ga-akpọta ndị inyom n’ụlọ, ka ha na ya biri, kwụsị ịgba ọsọ n’okporo ámá!” <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaybabcock.com/fela.html|title=Fela Kuti|publisher=Jaybabcock.com|accessdate=1 October 2011|archivedate=28 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528221805/http://www.jaybabcock.com/fela.html}}</ref> Ụfọdụ na-akọwa echiche ya n'ebe ụmụnwanyị nọ dị ka nhụsianya ma na-ehotakarị egwu dịka "Mattress" dịka ihe akaebe ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/STAN.HTM|title=Fela and His Wives: The Import of a Postcolonial Masculinity|work=Jouvert|publisher=english.chass.ncsu.edu|accessdate=16 March 2010|year=1998|author=Stanovsky|first=Derek|archivedate=17 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103741/http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/STAN.HTM}}</ref> <ref name="Olaniyan 76–89">{{Cite journal|author=Olaniyan|first=Tejumola|date=1 May 2001|title=The Cosmopolitan Nativist: Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and the Antinomies of Postcolonial Modernity|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29585|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=32|issue=2|pages=76–89|doi=10.2979/RAL.2001.32.2.76|issn=1527-2044}}</ref> N'ihe atụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị, ọ na-akwa emo ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na ụkpụrụ nke ịbụ nwanyị Europe mgbe ọ na-ebuli ụkpụrụ nke nwanyị ahịa na "Lady". <ref name="Olaniyan 76–89" /> Agbanyeghị, Kuti katọkwara ihe o lere anya na ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ịbụ nwoke Africa. N'abụ ya "JJD (Johnny Just Drop)" na "Gentleman", Kuti na-akwa emo maka omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụnwoke Africa na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ Europe ma kwupụta onwe ya "onye Africa: Original". <ref name=":0" /> Kuti bụkwa onye na-akatọ mba Amerịka. Na nzukọ n'oge njem 1981 ya na Amsterdam, ọ "kọsara mkpesa banyere agha uche nke òtù America dị ka ITT na CIA busoro mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe n'ihe gbasara asụsụ". N'ihi na okwu ndị dị ka Ụwa nke Atọ, ndị na-emepebeghị emepe, ma ọ bụ-ọbụna nke ka njọ - mba ndị na-abụghị nke na- egosi na ọ dị ala, Kuti chere na e kwesịghị iji ha mee ihe. <ref name=":1a"/> == Ihe nketa == A na-echeta Kuti dị ka onye ama ama nke kwupụtara echiche ya n'ihe metụtara mba ahụ site na egwu ya. Kemgbe 1998, mmemme Felabration, echiche nke nwa ya nwanyị Yeni Kuti malitere, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2019/09/22/felabration-2019-how-we-came-about-the-theme-from-lagos-with-love-yeni-kuti/|title=Felabration 2019: How We Came About the Theme, 'From Lagos, With Love!' – Yeni Kuti|work=The News|date=22 September 2019|accessdate=6 November 2021}}</ref> na-eme kwa afọ na New Afrika Shrine iji mee ememe ndụ nke akụkọ egwu a na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na Kuti nwụrụ na 1997, enweela mmụgharị nke mmetụta ya na egwu na omenala ndị a ma ama, na-ejedebe na mwepụta ọzọ nke katalọgụ ya nke UMG na-achịkwa, Broadway na Off-Broadway nke ehibere site n'onu ya, na ndị egwú ọhụrụ, dị ka Antibalas, ndị na-ebu ọkọlọtọ Afrobeat na ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-ege ntị. N'afọ 1999, Universal Music France, n'okpuru Francis Kertekian, megharịrị nchịkọta egwu ya iri anọ na ise nke o nwere wee wepụta ha na diski kọmpat 26. Enyere aha ndị a ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma e wezụga na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na [[Japan]], ebe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere egwu Kuti. N'afọ 2005, ọrụ ndị America nke UMG nyere ikike nke aha egwu ụwa niile na akara UK Wrasse Records, bụ nke weghachitere diski 26 ahụ maka nkesa na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] (ebe ha na-anọchi anya isiokwu site na MCA ) na UK. N'afọ 2009, Universal mepụtara nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ maka mba US na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]], na Knitting Factory Records na PIAS n'otu n'otu, nke gụnyere ntọhapụ nke Broadway nkedo ndekọ nke egwu ''Fela!'' N'afọ 2013, njikwa ikike BMG nwetara FKO Ltd., ụlọ ọrụ nwere ikike nke ihe niile Kuti mere. N'afọ 2003, ihe ngosi ''Black President'' gbara na New Museum for Contemporary Art, New York, wee gosipụta egwu, ihe ngosi, ihe nkiri, na ọrụ ndị nka mba ụwa dị iri atọ na itoolu. <ref>[http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/403 "Black President: the Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti"], New Museum Digital Archive.</ref> <ref name=":1a">{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=John|title=Fela: Kalakuta Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmBcCAAAQBAJ|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|date=5 June 2015|isbn=9780819575401}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/5518/black-president-the-art-and-legacy-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-new-museum-of-contemporary-art|title=—Black President: The Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo Kuti, New Museum of Contemporary Art|author=Koirala, Snigdha|work=BOMB Magazine|accessdate=29 November 2016|archivedate=10 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110172858/http://bombmagazine.org/article/5518/black-president-the-art-and-legacy-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-new-museum-of-contemporary-art}}</ref> Onye ọgụ egwu America bụ Bilal dekọrọ ihe nrụpụtagharị nke Kuti's 1977 " Anya mmiri na Ọbara " maka album ya nke abụọ, ''Love for Sale'', na-egosi onye ọbịa rap nke Common . Bilal zoro aka na ngwakọta Kuti nke jazz na mmasị ndị mmadụ dịka mmetụta na egwu ya. Ihe nkiri nke afọ 2007 ''The Visitor'', nke Thomas McCarthy duziri, gosipụtara prọfesọ kwụsịrị ( Richard Jenkins ) onye chọrọ ịgụ egwu djembe ; ọ na-amụta site na nwa okorobịa Siria ( Haaz Sleiman ) bụ onye na-agwa prọfesọ na ọ gaghị aghọta n'ezie egwu Africa ma ọ gwụla ma ọ na-ege Kuti ntị. Ihe nkiri a nwere obere vidiyo nke Kuti's "Open and Close" na " ''Je'nwi Temi'' (Don't Gag Me)". N'afọ 2008, mmepụta ihe na-apụ apụ na Broadway gbasara ndụ Kuti, nke ''akpọrọ Fela!'' sitere na akụkọ ndụ 1982 ''Fela, Fela!'' ''Nke a Bitch of a Life'' nke Carlos Moore, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gregorybossler.com/topics/shows/fela-review-roundup|author=Bossler, Gregory|title=Fela!: Review Roundup|publisher=Gregorybossler.com|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reedy, R. Scott|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/marshfield/fun/entertainment/arts/x1942573570/THEATER-REVIEW-Theatergoers-can-t-stay-in-their-seats-during-Fela#axzz22GB2xo7j|title=Theatergoers can't stay in their seats during 'Fela!'|publisher=Marshfield Mariner|date=3 May 2012|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100513/http://www.wickedlocal.com/marshfield/fun/entertainment/arts/x1942573570/THEATER-REVIEW-Theatergoers-can-t-stay-in-their-seats-during-Fela#axzz22GB2xo7j|archivedate=15 January 2013}}</ref> malitere site na nkuzi mmekorita n'etiti Afrobeat band Antibalas na Tony award-winner Bill T. Jones . Nmepụta ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na-ere ahịa n'oge ọ na-agba ọsọ ma nweta otuto dị egwu. Na 22 Nọvemba 2009, ''Fela!'' malitere ịgba ọsọ na Broadway na ụlọ ihe nkiri Eugene O'Neill . Jim Lewis nyeere aka dee edemede ahụ (yana Jones) wee nweta nkwado onye mmepụta site na Jay-Z na Will Smith, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 4 Mee 2010, ''Fela!'' a họpụtara maka 11 Tony Awards, gụnyere Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Bill T. Jones, Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Sahr Ngaujah, na Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Lillias White . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/shows/201004241272141059439.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509020130/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/shows/201004241272141059439.html|title=Tony Award Nominations, 2010|archivedate=9 May 2010}}</ref> Na 2011, mmepụta London nke ''Fela!'' (nke a na-eme na Royal National Theatre ) bụ ihe nkiri. <ref name=":1a"/> Na 11 June 2012, a mara ọkwa na ''Fela!'' ga-alaghachi na Broadway maka mmemme 32. Na 18 August 2009, DJ J.Period weputara free mixtape na ọha ọha, nke isiokwu ya bụ ''Ndị ozi'' . Ọ bụ mmekorita ya na onye na-ese hip-hop nke a mụrụ na [[Somalia]] bụ K'naan na-akwụ ụgwọ maka Kuti, [[Bob Marley]], na Bob Dylan . Ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị, Knitting Factory Records malitere ịmaliteghachi aha 45 nke UMG na-achịkwa, malite na ntinye ọzọ na US nke nchịkọta ''The Best of the Black President'', nke emechara ma wepụta ya na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Chick|first=Stevie|date=2013-03-04|title=BBC - Music - Review of Fela Kuti - The Best of the Black President 2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/26b6/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-28|work=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Fela Nwa Kuti: Ọdịda Kalakuta'' bụ egwuregwu egwuregwu nke Onyekaba Cornel Best dere na 2010. O nwela otuto mmeri dịka akụkụ nke Felabration nke afọ ahụ wee laghachi na 2014 na National Theater and Freedom Park na Lagos. Egwuregwu ahụ na-ekwu maka ihe omume na ebe nzuzo, otu ụbọchị mgbe ọdịda Kalakuta gasịrị. Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri zuru oke nke ''ịchọta Fela'', nke Alex Gibney duziri, malitere na 2014 Sundance Film Festival . [[Usòrò:Fela_Anikulakpo-kuti,_off_Allen_roundabout,_Lagos.jpg|thumb| Fela Kuti akpụrụ akpụ na [[Ikeja|Ikeja, Lagos]]]] Ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ site na Focus Features, nke Steve McQueen na-eduzi ma dee ya bụ [[Biyi Bandele]], na-ekwu na ọ na-emepụta na 2010, ya na Chiwetel Ejiofor na-edu ndú. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2010/05/as-fela-lands-11-tony-noms-pic-on-the-musicianactivist-signs-chiwetel-ejiofor-38010/|author=Mike Fleming Jr|title=As 'Fela!' Lands 11 Tony Noms, Pic On The Musician/Activist Signs Chiwetel Ejiofor|publisher=Deadline.com|date=4 May 2010|accessdate=27 January 2021}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, site n'afọ 2014, a naghị emepụta atụmatụ ahụ n'okpuru Features Focus, na mgbe ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede bụ isi, Andrew Dosunmu nọchiri McQueen dịka onye nduzi. McQueen gwara ''The Hollywood Reporter'' na ihe nkiri a "nwụrụ anwụ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ginsberg|first=Merle|date=2014-01-09|title=Fela Kuti Biopic Soldiers On, Without Steve McQueen or Focus Features|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fela-kuti-biopic-soldiers-steve-669532|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-28|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ 2019 ''Enyi m Fela'' ( ''Meu amigo Fela'' ), nke Joel Zito Araújo mere, na-enyocha mgbagwoju anya nke ndụ Kuti "site na anya na mkparịta ụka" nke onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya bụ Carlos Moore . <ref>[https://iffr.com/en/2019/films/my-friend-fela "My Friend Fela"], IFFR.</ref> Ndị njikọta jazz/afrobeat album ''Rejoice'' nke Tony Allen na Hugh Masekela, ewepụtara na 2020, gụnyere egwu "Ọ dịghị mgbe (Lagos agaghị abụ otu)", ụtụ maka Kuti, onye Allen na Masekela zutere na 1970s. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/19/tony-allen-afrobeats-master-on-hugh-masekela-damon-albarn-and-friction-with-fela-kuti|title=Tony Allen: Afrobeat's master on Hugh Masekela, Damon Albarn and friction with Fela Kuti|first=Robin|author=Denselow|authorlink=Robin Denselow|date=19 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrobeat-tony-allen-hugh-masekela-never-lagos-gonna-be-the-same-listen/|title=Tony Allen & Hugh Masekela Pay Tribute to Fela In 'Never (Lagos Never Gonna Be The Same)'|author=Music News|work=[[OkayAfrica]]|accessdate=6 November 2021}}</ref> Egwu Kuti "Zombie" apụtala na egwuregwu vidiyo ''Grand Theft Auto: IV'', a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Nzukọ Rock &amp;amp; Roll Hall of Fame na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jay-Z, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner Among 16 Nominees For Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966298198/jay-z-mary-j-blige-tina-turner-among-16-nominees-for-rock-roll-hall-of-fame|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Hulu wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere akụkụ isii akpọrọ "McCartney 3, 2, 1," nke e hotara Paul McCartney ka ọ na-ekwu maka nleta ịhụ Fela Kuti na African Shrine, Kuti's club na mpụga Lagos, na mmalite 1970s. : "Egwu ahụ dị nnọọ ịtụnanya nke na m bere ákwá. Ịnụ nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime oge egwu kachasị mma na ndụ m." <ref>Ruggieri, Melissa. "Paul recalls The Beatles' 'laboratory'", ''[[USA Today]]'', Monday, 19 July 2021, p. 7B.</ref> N'ubochi nke mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, e mepere ihe nde ihe n'acha bluu nke Nubian Jak Community Trust at 12 Stanlake Road, Shepherd's Bush, ebe Kuti biburu na London n'afọ 1958 n'aka amụ egwu na Trinity College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2021/11/afrobeat-legend-fela-kuti-honoured-blue-plaque-shepherds-bush|title=Afrobeat legend Fela Kuti honoured with blue plaque in Shepherds Bush|date=3 November 2021|work=H&F (Hammersmith & Fulham)|accessdate=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/news/uk-news/2021/11/04/fela-kuti-honoured-with-blue-plaque-at-former-london-home/|title=Fela Kuti honoured with Blue Plaque at former London home|work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]|date=4 November 2021|accessdate=5 November 2021}}</ref> Mmemme a gụnyere nkwanye ùgwù si n'aka nwa ya nwanyị bụ Shalewa Ransome-Kuti, Resonance FM onye nta akụkọ Debbie Golt, onye bụburu onye nlekọta ọrụ Kuti bụ Rikki Stein, onye ǹkà egwu Lemi Ghariokwu, na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/another-fela-kuti-plaque-unveiled-in-london/|title=Another Fela Kuti Plaque unveiled in London|first=Eugene|author=Smith|work=African Voice|date=3 November 2021|accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiswickherald.co.uk/new-blue-plaque-honours-local-afrobeat-legend-p13823-313.htm|title=New Blue Plaque Honours Local Afrobeat Legend|work=The Chiswick Herald|author=News Team|date=4 November 2021|accessdate=7 November 2021|archivedate=7 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107125519/https://chiswickherald.co.uk/new-blue-plaque-honours-local-afrobeat-legend-p13823-313.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/Fela-Kuti-godfather-of-Afrobeat-honoured-with-a-blue-heritage-plaque-in-London-England-1392583|title=Fela Kuti, godfather of Afrobeat, honoured with a blue heritage plaque in London, England|first=Afrikatu Kofi|author=Nkrumah|work=[[GhanaWeb]]|date=1 November 2021|accessdate=7 November 2021|archivedate=7 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107125505/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/Fela-Kuti-godfather-of-Afrobeat-honoured-with-a-blue-heritage-plaque-in-London-England-1392583}}</ref> Na 2022, ewebatara Kuti n'ime Black Music &amp;amp; Entertainment Walk of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Conteh|first=Mankaprr|date=2022-02-22|title=More Excellence: Snoop Dogg, Fela Kuti, Berry Gordy Honored at Atlanta's Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-pictures/black-music-and-entertainment-walk-fame-atlanta-induction-1302579/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> * ''Fela Fela Fela'' (1969) * ''[[Fela's London Scene|Ihe nkiri London nke Fela]]'' (1971) * ''[[Why Black Man Dey Suffer|Ihe mere Black Man Dey ji ata ahụhụ]]'' (1971) * ''[[Live! (Fela Kuti album)|Dị ndụ!]]'' (1971) * ''[[Open & Close|Mepee & mechie]]'' (1971) * ''[[Shakara (album)|Shakara]]'' (1972) * ''[[Roforofo Fight|Agha Roforofo]]'' (1972) * ''[[Afrodisiac (Fela Kuti album)|Afrodisiac]]'' (1973) * ''[[Gentleman (Fela Kuti album)|Nwa nwoke]]'' (1973) * ''[[Confusion (album)|Mgbagwoju anya]]'' (1975) * ''[[Expensive Shit|Shit dị oke ọnụ]]'' (1975) * ''Ọ Miss Road'' (1975) * ''Mmiri Enweghị Onye iro'' (1975) * ''JJD (Johnny Just Drop!!) (1977) Fela Kuti'' * ''[[Zombie (album)|Zombie]]'' (1977) * ''[[Stalemate (Fela Kuti album)|Ọkpụkpụ]]'' (1977) * ''[[No Agreement|Enweghị nkwekọrịta]]'' (1977) * ''[[Sorrow Tears and Blood|Anya mmiri na Ọbara]]'' (1977) * ''[[Shuffering and Shmiling|Shuffering na Shmiling]]'' (1978) * ''Onye isi ala ojii'' (1981) * ''Sufferhead izizi'' (1981) * ''[[Unknown Soldier (Fela Kuti album)|Onye agha amaghi ama]]'' (1981) * ''[[Army Arrangement|Nhazi ndị agha]]'' (1985) * ''Anụ ọhịa nke Mba Ọ dịghị'' (1989) * ''Ọkpụkpụ mgbagha'' (1990) * ''[[The Best Best of Fela Kuti|Kachasị mma nke Fela Kuti]]'' (1999) * ''[[The '69 Los Angeles Sessions|Oge '69 Los Angeles]]'' (1969/2010) </div> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Enyi m Fela'', 2019, Joel Zito Araújo (Casa de Criação Cinema) * ''Ịchọta Fela'', 2014, Alex Gibney na Jack Gulick (Jigsaw Productions) * ''Femi Kuti - Bi na Shrine'', 2005, e dekọrọ na Lagos, Nigeria (Foto nkwụ) * ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000xh3n/glastonbury-fela-kuti-at-glastonbury-1984 Fela Live!]'' ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000xh3n/glastonbury-fela-kuti-at-glastonbury-1984 Fela Anikulapo-Kuti na Egypt '80 Band]'' , 1984, e dekọrọ na Glastonbury, England (Yazoo) * ''Fela Kuti: Onye nkuzi Akụzila m ihe efu & Berliner Jazztage '78'' (Ụdị Abụọ), 1984 ( Lorber Films ) * ''Fela na Concert'', 1981 (Lee) * ''Egwu Bụ Ngwá Agha'', 1982, Stéphane Tchalgadjieff na Jean-Jacques Flori (Egwu Egwu) == Edensibịa == '''Ihe ndetu''' {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4us8pi4mr3xt10kyojyn65homdivsme 0 12751 697738 208209 2026-08-10T06:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ike na-adịgide adịgide gụnyere ịba ụba mmepụta nke ume ọhụrụ, ime ka ike dị nchebe dị n'ụwa nile, na nchekwa ike. Si n'elu aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Concentrated solar power|Ike anyanwụ gbadoro anya]] na [[Thermal energy storage#Molten salt technology|nchekwa ọkụ nnu gbazere]] na Spain, [[Wind energy|ike ikuku]] na South Africa, [[Public transport|ụgbọ njem ọha]] na-enye ọkụ na Singapore, na [[Clean cooking|isi nri dị ọcha]] na Etiopia. [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] Ike na- adigide ma ọ bụrụ na ọ "na-egbo mkpa nke ugbu a n'emebighị ikike nke ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu iji gboo mkpa nke onwe ha". [1] Ọtụtụ nkọwa nke '''ike na-adigide''' gụnyere nleba anya n'akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ikuku ikuku griin haus na akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba dị ka ịda ogbenye ike . Isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ dị ka ifufe, ike mmiri ọkụ, anyanwụ, name ike geothermal na-enwekarị nkwado karịa isi mmalite mmanụ ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ọrụ ike mmeghari ohuru, dị ka ikpochapụ oke ohia iji mepụta biofuels, nwere ike ịkpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọrụ nke isi iyi ike na-adịghị emeghari na ume na-adigide bụ arụmụka. Ike nuklia bụ isi iyi carbon dị ala nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ikuku na anyanwụ, mana arụrịtara ụka maka ịdịgide ya n'ihi nchegbu gbasara ihe mkpofu redio, mmụba nuklia, na ihe mberede . Ịgbanwe site na kol gaa na gas sitere n'okike nwere uru gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mmetụta ihu igwe dị ala, mana ọ nwere ike ibute igbu oge n'ịgbanwe na nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-adigide. Enwere ike iwunye njide na nchekwa carbon n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ iji wepụ ikuku nke carbon dioxide ( CO ) ha, mana ọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-adịkarịghị etinye ya. Mmanụ ọkụ fosil na-enye 85% nke oriri ike ụwa na usoro ike na-akpata 76% nke ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ihe dịka 790&nbsp;nde mmadụ na mba ndị ka na -emepe emepe enweghị ọkụ eletrik na 2.6&nbsp;ijeri na-adabere na mmanụ ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị ka osisi ma ọ bụ icheku esi nri. Mbelata ikuku ikuku griin na ọkwa kwekọrọ paris 2015 ga-achọ mgbanwe n'usoro nke ụzọ esi emepụta ike, kesaa, chekwaa na iri. Ọkụ nke mmanụ ọkụ na biomass bụ nnukwu ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ ikuku, nke na-ebute ihe dị ka .&nbsp;nde mmadụ na-anwụ kwa afọ. Ya mere, mgbanwe gaa na usoro ume nke obere carbon ga-enwe uru bara uru maka ahụike mmadụ. Ụzọ dị iji nye ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ iji nweta ọkụ eletrik na isi nri dị ọcha n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ebumnuche ihu igwe, ebe ọ na-eweta nnukwu Uru a h na akụ na ụba na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. N'ụzọ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nke a tụrụ atụpụtara dabara na ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ 2 Celsius C (3.6 °F), ụwa na-ewepụ ngwa ngwa ọkụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik ọzọ site na isi mmalite dị ọcha dị ka ifufe na anyanwụ, na-atụgharị gaa n'iji ọkụ eletrik kama mmanụ ọkụ na mpaghara dịka ụgbọ njem na ụlọ ọkụ. Maka ụfọdụ teknụzụ na-agbasi ike ike na usoro ndị siri ike ịgbanye ọkụ, ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akọwa ọrụ na-eto eto maka mmanụ ọkụ hydrogen nke sitere na isi mmalite ike dị ala. Iji nabata oke oke nke ike mmeghari ohuru, grid eletrik chọrọ mgbanwe site na akụrụngwa dịka nchekwa ike . Iji mee ka mbelata miri emi nke ikuku, akụrụngwa na teknụzụ na-eji ike, dị ka ụlọ na usoro njem, ga-adị mkpa ka a gbanwee iji ụdị ike dị ọcha yana iji chekwaa ike . Teknụzụ ụfọdụ dị oke egwu maka ikpochapụ ikuku ikuku griin ha n'ike etobeghị. Ikuku na ike anyanwụ mepụtara 8.5% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2019. òkè a toro ngwa ngwa mgbe ọnụ ahịa na-adaba ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-ada. Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị Na- ahụ Maka Mgbanwe ihu igwe(IPCC) na-eme atụmatụ na 2.5% nke ngwaahịa ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ (GDP) ga-achọ itinye ego na usoro ike kwa afọ n'etiti 2016 na 2035 iji gbochie okpomọkụ ụwa na 1.5 . . Atumatu gọọmentị ahaziri nke ọma nke na-akwalite mgbanwe usoro ike nwere ike belata ikuku ikuku griin ma melite ogo ikuku. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ha na-abawanye nchebe ike . Amụma a na-abịaru nso gụnyere ọnụahịa carbon, ụkpụrụ Pọtụfoliyo a na-emegharịgharị, nkwụsị nke enyemaka mmanụ ọkụ, na mmepe nke akụrụngwa iji kwado ọkụ eletrik na njem na-adigide. Ịnye ego nyocha, mmepe na ngosipụta nke teknụzụ ume ọhụrụ dị ọcha bụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa nke gọọmentị. == Nkọwa na ndabere == === Nkọwa === Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Brundtland kọwapụtara echiche nke mmepe na-adigide, nke ike bụ isi ihe dị mkpa, na akụkọ 1987 ''anyị na-eme n'ọdịnihu'' . Ọ kọwara mmepe na-adigide dị ka igbo mkpa nke ugbu a na-emebighị ikike nke ọgbọ na-abịa n'ihu iji gboo mkpa nke ha. [1] A kọwapụtala nkọwapụta nke mmepe na-adigide n'ọtụtụ nkọwa na nkọwa nke ike na-adigide <ref name=":OU">{{Cite web|publisher=[[The Open University]]|date=|title=Definitions: energy, sustainability and the future|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/introduction-sustainable-energy/content-section-2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144447/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/introduction-sustainable-energy/content-section-2|archivedate=27 January 2021|accessdate=30 December 2020|language=en}}</ref> [4] Ọ nweghị otu nkọwa ka echiche nke nkwado siri metụta ike enwetala nnabata zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nkọwa ọrụ nke ike na-adigide gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nkwado dị ka gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na ọha mmadụ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, echiche nke mmepe ike na-adịgide adịgide lekwasịrị anya na ikuku na nchekwa ike . Kemgbe mmalite 1990s, echiche a agbasawanyela iji gbasaa okwu gbasara ọha na eze na akụnụba. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gunnarsdottir|first=I.|date=2021|title=Sustainable energy development: History of the concept and emerging themes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032121000654|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=141|pages=110770|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110770|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=15 August 2021}}</ref> Akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke nkwado na-agụnye ikuku ikuku griin haus, mmetụta na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na nsị nsị, oriri mmiri, [8] na mmebi nke ihe ndị na-adịghị emeghari. A na-akpọ isi iyi ike nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala mgbe ụfọdụ ''ike ndụ ndụ'' ma ọ bụ ''ike dị ọcha'' . Akụkụ akụ na ụba nke nkwado na-ekpuchi mmepe akụ na ụba, iji ike eme ihe nke ọma, na nchekwa ume iji hụ na obodo ọ bụla na-enweta ike zuru oke mgbe niile. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vera|first=Ivan|title=Energy indicators for sustainable development|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|date=2007|volume=32|issue=6|pages=875–882|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.006|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544206002337|language=en|issn=0360-5442|accessdate=15 August 2021}}</ref> [10] Okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere ịnweta ike dị ọnụ ala na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka mmadụ niile, ikike ndị ọrụ, na ikike ala. === Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi === [[Usòrò:Rajasthan_carrying_firewood.jpeg|alt=Photograph of a woman carrying firewood she has gathered on her head|thumb| Otu nwanyị bi n'ime ime obodo Rajasthan, India, na-anakọta nkụ. Iji osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe e ji esi nri na-akpata ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku nke ime ụlọ na n'èzí .]] Usoro ike dị ugbu a na-enye aka na ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmetọ ikuku, mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, ntọhapụ nke nsị na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ụkọ mmiri. Dị ka nke 2019, 85% nke mkpa ike ụwa na-egbo site na mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ. [11] Mmepụta na oriri ume bụ maka 76% nke ikuku ikuku griin ha na-eme kwa afọ dịka nke 2018. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Global Historical Emissions|url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage&end_year=2018&sectors=total-including-lucf&start_year=1990|accessdate=19 August 2021|work=[[Climate Watch]]|archivedate=4 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604144234/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage&end_year=2018&start_year=1990}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ge|first=Mengpin|title=4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors|url=https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas-emissions-countries-and-sectors|accessdate=19 August 2021|date=August 2021|publisher=[[World Resources Institute]]|language=en}}</ref> Nkwekorita onu Paris mba ụwa nke afọ 2015 maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-achọ igbochi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'okpuru 2 Celsius C (3.6 Celsius F) na ọkachamma ka 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C (2.7&nbsp;Celsius F); irute ebumnobi a ga-achọ ka e wedata ikuku ikuku ozugbo enwere ike wee rute net-zero n'etiti narị afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]|title=The Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|accessdate=2021-09-18|archivedate=19 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement}}</ref> Ọkụ nke mmanụ ọkụ na biomass bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ ikuku, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Watts|first=Nick|date=2021|title=The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises|journal=[[The Lancet]]|language=en|volume=397|issue=10269|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X|pmid=33278353|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=June 4, 2019|title=Every breath you take: The staggering, true cost of air pollution|url=https://stories.undp.org/every-breath-you-take|accessdate=2021-05-04|language=en|archivedate=20 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022524/https://stories.undp.org/every-breath-you-take}}</ref> nke na-ebute atụmatụ 7.&nbsp;nde mmadụ na-anwụ kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2021|title=New WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution|accessdate=2021-10-16|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en|archivedate=23 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923021545/https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution}}</ref> Ọkụ mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ike, ụgbọ ala, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ isi ihe na-emepụta ikuku na-ejikọta ya na ikuku oxygen na ikuku na-ebute mmiri ozuzo acid . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|title=Acid Rain and Water|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/acid-rain-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|accessdate=2021-10-14|archivedate=27 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627103228/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/acid-rain-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects}}</ref> Mmetọ ikuku bụ ihe nke abụọ na-ebute ọnwụ site na ọrịa na-anaghị efe efe. [19] Ihe dị ka 99% nke ndị bi n'ụwa na-ebi na ọkwa mmetọ ikuku gafere oke nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa tụrụ aro. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2021|title=Ambient (outdoor) air pollution|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008055940/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emetọ emetọ nri dị ka osisi, nsị anụ,kol ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmetọ ikuku niile n'ime ụlọ, nke na-ebute ihe dị ka 1.6 ruo 3.8.&nbsp;nde mmadụ na-anwụ kwa afọ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2019|title=Access to Energy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death|accessdate=1 April 2021|journal=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> [19] ma na-enyekwa aka nke ukwuu na mmetọ ikuku n'èzí. [22] Mmetụta ahụike gbadoro ụkwụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nwere ike bụrụ ọrụ maka isi nri, na ụmụaka. [22] Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-agafe karịa ihe ndị sitere na ikuku nke carbon dioxide. Mmanụ na-awụfu n'oké osimiri na-emerụ ndụ mmiri ma nwee ike bute ọkụ na-ahapụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. [23] Ihe dị ka 10% nke mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-aga maka mmepụta ume, tumadi maka oyi na osisi ike ọkụ. Na mpaghara akọrọ, nke a na -ebute ụkọ mmiri . Mmepụta bioeneji, ngwupụta kul na nhazi, na mpụta mmanụ na-achọkwa nnukwu mmiri. [24] Ịwebiga ihe ókè nke osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ a pụrụ ire ọkụ maka ọkụ nwere ike ịkpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dị egwu, gụnyere ọzara . [25] N'afọ 2021, UNECE bipụtara nyocha nke ndụ ndụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọgbọ eletrik, na-aza ajụjụ ndị a: iji akụ (mineral, metals); eji ala; iji ihe onwunwe (fossils); eji mmiri eme ihe; obere ihe; nhazi nke ozone fotokemikal; ozone mmebi; nsị mmadụ (na-abụghị ọrịa kansa); ionizing radieshon; nsị mmadụ (cancer); utrofikeshio (terrestrial, mmiri, mmiri ọhụrụ); ecotoxicity (mmiri ọhụrụ); acidfikeshio; mgbanwe ihu igwe. === Ebumnuche mmepe na-adigide === [[Usòrò:People-without-electricity-country-2016.svg|alt=Map of people with access to energy. Lack of access is most pronounced in India, Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia.|thumb| Map ụwa gosiri ebe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik bi n’afọ 2016—karịsịa n’ebe ndịda Sahara Africa nakwa n’okpuru kọntinent India.]] Izute mkpa ume dị ugbu a na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide bụ ihe ịma aka dị oke mkpa maka ebumnuche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke igbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ejigide ọganihu akụ na ụba na ime ka ụkpụrụ ndụ bilie. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kessides|first=Ioannis N.|date=28 July 2011|title=The Global Energy Challenge|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/the-global-energy-challenge|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725174744/http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/the-global-energy-challenge|archivedate=25 July 2019|accessdate=27 September 2019|publisher=[[World Bank]]|language=en}}</ref> Ike ntụkwasị obi na nke dị ọnụ ala, karịsịa ọkụ eletrik, dị mkpa maka nlekọta ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, na mmepe akụ na ụba. [28] Dị ka nke 2020, 790&nbsp;nde mmadụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe enweghị ọkụ eletrik, na gburugburu 2.6&nbsp;ijeri na-adabere na mmanụ ndị na-emetọ ihe na-ere ọkụ maka isi nri. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=Access to clean cooking|work=SDG7: Data and Projections|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163046/https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking|archivedate=6 December 2019|accessdate=31 March 2021|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> [30] Imewanye ohere ike na mba ndị mepere emepe na ime ka ike dị ọcha bụ isi ihe iji nweta ọtụtụ ebumnuche United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals nke na-ekpuchi okwu sitere na omume ihu igwe ruo nha anya nwoke . Sustainable Development Goal 7 na-akpọ maka "ịnweta ike dị ọnụ ala, ntụkwasị obi, nkwado na ume ọgbara ọhụrụ maka mmadụ niile", gụnyere ịnweta ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ yana ikpocha ụlọ nri site na 2030. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy|work=SDG Tracker|url=https://sdg-tracker.org/energy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202044832/https://sdg-tracker.org/energy|archivedate=2 February 2021|accessdate=12 March 2021|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|language=en}}</ref> == Nchekwa ike == [[Usòrò:Energy_use_per_person_2019_-_OWID.svg|alt=Countries such as the US and Canada use twice as much energy per capita as Japan or western Europe, and 100 times as much commercial energy per capita as some African countries.|thumb|Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy use per person|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use|accessdate=16 July 2021|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128155350/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use}}</ref>]] Ịrụ ike ike-iji obere ume na-ebuga otu ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ibuga ọrụ ndị yiri ya na obere ngwongwo - bụ isi nkuku nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ ike na-adigide. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-25|title=Europe 2030: Energy saving to become "first fuel"|url=https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/europe-2030-energy-saving-become-first-fuel|accessdate=2021-09-18|work=EU Science Hub|publisher=[[European Commission]]|language=en|archivedate=18 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213742/https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/europe-2030-energy-saving-become-first-fuel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Motherway|first=Brian|date=19 December 2019|title=Energy efficiency is the first fuel, and demand for it needs to grow|url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-efficiency-is-the-first-fuel-and-demand-for-it-needs-to-grow|accessdate=2021-09-18|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=18 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213716/https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-efficiency-is-the-first-fuel-and-demand-for-it-needs-to-grow}}</ref> International Energy Agency (IEA) ekwuola na ịba ụba ike ike nwere ike nweta 40% nke mbelata ikuku griin ha chọrọ iji mezuo ebumnuche nkwekọrịta Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Energy Efficiency 2018: Analysis and outlooks to 2040|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2018|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=29 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929142015/https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2018}}</ref> Enwere ike ichekwa ike site n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ teknụzụ nke ngwa ngwa, ụgbọ ala, usoro mmepụta ihe, na ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2021|title=Net zero by 2050 hinges on a global push to increase energy efficiency|url=https://www.iea.org/articles/net-zero-by-2050-hinges-on-a-global-push-to-increase-energy-efficiency|accessdate=2021-07-19|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|author=Fernandez Pales|first=Araceli|archivedate=20 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720145913/https://www.iea.org/articles/net-zero-by-2050-hinges-on-a-global-push-to-increase-energy-efficiency}}</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iji ihe ndị dị nta nke mmepụta ha chọrọ ike dị ukwuu, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na nhazi ụlọ dị mma na imegharị ihe. Mgbanwe omume dị ka iji mkparịta ụka vidiyo karịa ụgbọ elu azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ime njem obodo site na ịgba ígwè, ije ije ma ọ bụ njem ọha kama iji ụgbọ ala, bụ ụzọ ọzọ isi chekwaa ike. [38] Atumatu gọọmentị iji kwalite arụmọrụ nwere ike ịgụnye koodu ụlọ, ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ, ọnụahịa carbon, na mmepe nke akụrụngwa na-arụ ọrụ ike iji kwalite mgbanwe n'ụdị njem . [38] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mundaca|first=Luis|date=2019|title=Demand-side approaches for limiting global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C|url=|journal=[[Energy Efficiency (journal)|Energy Efficiency]]|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=343–362|doi=10.1007/s12053-018-9722-9|issn=1570-6478}}</ref> ike nke akụ na ụba ụwa (ọnụọgụ ike a na-eri kwa nkeji nke nnukwu ngwaahịa ụlọ (GDP)) bụ ihe ngosi siri ike nke ike ike nke mmepụta akụ na ụba. [40] Na 2010, ike ike zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ 5.6 megajoules (1.6 kWh ) kwa dollar US nke GDP. [40] United Nations na-akpọ maka ike ike ka ọ belata site na 2.6% kwa afọ n'etiti 2010 na 2030. [41] N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya emezubeghị ebumnuche a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'etiti 2017 na 2018, ike ike belatara naanị 1.1%. [41] Nkwalite arụmọrụ na-ebutekarị mmetụta nlọghachi nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na-eji ego ha na-echekwa zụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-agba ume. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brockway|first=Paul|date=2021|title=Energy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: A review of the evidence and its implications|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121000769|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=141|pages=110781|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110781|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwalite arụmọrụ teknụzụ na nso nso a na njem na ụlọ emebiela nke ukwuu site na omume ndị ahịa, dị ka ịzụrụ ụgbọ ala na ụlọ buru ibu. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=November 2019|title=Energy Efficiency 2019|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013050500/https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2019|archivedate=13 October 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref> == Isi mmalite ike na-adịgide adịgide == === Isi mmalite ike anaghị emeghari ohuru === [[Usòrò:2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg|alt=Graph showing the expansion of wind and solar renewable energy capacity from 2011 to 2020|thumb| Uto nke mmeghari ohuru bu 45% buru ibu na 2020 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2019, gụnyere ịrị elu 90% na mgbakwunye ikike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ (acha ndụ ndụ) yana mgbasawanye 23% nke nrụnye fotovoltaic ọhụrụ nke anyanwụ (edo edo). <ref name="IEA_20210511">{{Cite web|title=Renewable electricity|work=Renewable Energy Market Update 2021|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221837/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity|archivedate=11 May 2021|date=May 2021}}</ref><ref name=BloombergNEF_20230126>{{cite news |last1=Catsaros |first1=Oktavia |title=Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $1 Trillion for the First Time |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |publisher=Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance) |date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522001857/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |location=Figure 1 |quote=Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Isi mmalite nke ume ọhụrụ dị mkpa maka ike na-adigide, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-ewusi nchekwa ike ike ma na-ebunye ikuku griin dị ntakịrị karịa mmanụ ọkụ . [45] Ọrụ ume ọhụrụ na-ebuli mgbe ụfọdụ nchegbu nkwado dị ukwuu, dị ka ihe egwu dị na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche mgbe a na-atụgharị mpaghara uru gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu na mmepụta bioenergy ma ọ bụ ikuku ma ọ bụ ugbo anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santangeli|first=Andrea|date=2016|title=Global change synergies and trade-offs between renewable energy and biodiversity|journal=[[GCB Bioenergy]]|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=941–951|doi=10.1111/gcbb.12299|issn=1757-1707}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rehbein|first=Jose A.|date=2020|title=Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.15067?casa_token=V-osDUaGDAcAAAAA%3A_91md5m4xWOBR0nZiUA541voCPA5IGRwzFvnyyrHaFz7KTcLYuHVh3rQKMVdSecTu8hIMwcCmHZgDzg|journal=[[Global Change Biology]]|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=3040–3051|doi=10.1111/gcb.15067|pmid=32133726|issn=1365-2486|accessdate=6 March 2021}}</ref> Mmiri mmiri bụ isi iyi ọkụ eletrik kachasị ukwuu ebe ike anyanwụ na ikuku na-eto ngwa ngwa. Igwe ọkụ fotovoltaic na ikuku dị n'ikpere mmiri bụ ụdị dị ọnụ ala nke ike nrụpụta ike ọhụrụ n'ọtụtụ mba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|title=Renewable Energy|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|url=https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy|accessdate=31 July 2020|archivedate=4 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120952/https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy}}</ref> Maka ihe karịrị ọkara nke 770&nbsp;nde mmadụ ndị na-enwetaghị ọkụ eletrik ugbu a, ike mmeghari ume ọhụrụ dị ka obere grids na-enweta anyanwụ nwere ike bụrụ ụzọ dị ọnụ ala iji nye ya n'afọ 2030. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Access to electricity|work=SDG7: Data and Projections|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-electricity|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513103128/https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-electricity|archivedate=13 May 2021|accessdate=5 May 2021|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ebumnuche United Nations maka 2030 gụnyere ịba ụba nke ukwuu nke ike mmeghari ume na ike na-enye ụwa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy|work=SDG Tracker|url=https://sdg-tracker.org/energy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202044832/https://sdg-tracker.org/energy|archivedate=2 February 2021|accessdate=12 March 2021|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|language=en}}</ref> ==== Anyanwụ ==== [[Usòrò:Renewable_Energy_Development_in_the_California_Desert_006.jpg|alt=long rows of dark panels, sloped about 45 degrees at the height of a person, stretch into the distance in bright sunshine|thumb| Ọdụ ọkụ fotovoltaic dị na [[California]], United States]] Anyanwụ bụ isi iyi ike dị n'ụwa, akụrụngwa dị ọcha na nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ mpaghara. [51] Na 2019, ike anyanwụ nyere ihe dị ka 3% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data|url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html|publisher=[[Enerdata]]|work=Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021|accessdate=13 June 2021|archivedate=19 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014426/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html}}</ref> na-abụkarị site na mbara igwe dabere na sel fotovoltaic (PV). A na-etinye ogwe ndị ahụ n'elu ụlọ ma ọ bụ tinye ya na ogige ntụrụndụ nke anyanwụ na-arụ ọrụ. Ọnụ ego nke mkpụrụ ndụ fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ agbadala ngwa ngwa, na-ebute uto siri ike na ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ. [53] Ọnụ ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ugbo anyanwụ ọhụrụ na-asọmpi ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ọnụ ala karịa ọkụ eletrik sitere na ụlọ ọrụ coal dị ugbu a. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|title=Levelized Cost of Energy and of Storage|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/|accessdate=2021-02-26|publisher=[[Lazard]]|language=en|archivedate=25 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114950/https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/}}</ref> Atụmatụ dị iche iche nke iji ike eme ihe n'ọdịnihu na-achọpụta PV anyanwụ dị ka otu n'ime isi mmalite nke ọgbọ ike na ngwakọta na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Solar photovoltaics is ready to power a sustainable future|journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]]|volume=5|issue=5|pages=1041–1056|doi=10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005|first=Marta|author=Victoria|issn=2542-4351}}</ref> [56] Ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nwere ike ịmegharị ngwa ngwa, mana nke a anaghị eme mgbe niile na enweghị iwu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goetz|first=Katelyn P.|date=2020|title=Sustainability in Perovskite Solar Cells|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.0c17269|journal=[[ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1021/acsami.0c17269|pmid=33372760|issn=1944-8244}}</ref> Panels na-enwekarị ọla dị arọ, yabụ na ha na-ebute ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya na ebe a na- ekpofu ahịhịa . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Xu|first=Yan|date=2018|title=Global status of recycling waste solar panels: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X18300576|journal=[[Waste Management (journal)|Waste Management]]|language=en|volume=75|pages=450–458|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.036|pmid=29472153|issn=0956-053X|accessdate=28 June 2021}}</ref> Ọ na-ewe ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ maka igwe anyanwụ na-emepụta ike dị ka ejiri mee ya. A na-achọ obere ume ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emegharị ihe kama igwupụta ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tian|first=Xueyu|date=2020|title=Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells|url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/31/eabb0055|journal=[[Science Advances]]|language=en|volume=6|issue=31|pages=eabb0055|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abb0055|issn=2375-2548|pmid=32937582|accessdate=28 June 2021}}</ref> Na ike anyanwụ gbadoro anya, ụzarị anyanwụ na-etinye uche na mpaghara enyo, na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri. A na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na uzuoku nke na-esi na ya pụta na engini okpomọkụ . Ike anyanwụ gbadoro anya nwere ike ịkwado ọgbọ ike a na-ebugharị, dịka a na-echekwa ụfọdụ ọkụ iji mee ka ọkụ eletrik pụta mgbe ọ dị mkpa. [60] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar energy|url=https://www.irena.org/solar|accessdate=2021-06-05|publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]]|language=en|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513154426/https://www.irena.org/solar}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, a na-eji ike anyanwụ eme ihe ozugbo; A na-eji usoro ikpo ọkụ ọkụ nke anyanwụ na -emepụta mmiri ọkụ, ụlọ ọkụ, ihicha, na nsị. [62] ==== Wind power ==== [[Usòrò:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|alt=Photograph of wind turbines against a hazy orange sky|thumb| Ụgbọ mmiri ikuku na Xinjiang, China]] Ifufe abụrụla ihe dị mkpa na-emepe emepe kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, na-enye ike maka usoro mmepụta ihe, nfuli mmiri, na ụgbọ mmiri. [63] A na-eji igwe ikuku ikuku nke oge a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik wee nye ihe dịka 6% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2019. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data|url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html|publisher=[[Enerdata]]|work=Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021|accessdate=13 June 2021|archivedate=19 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014426/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html}}</ref> Ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ugbo ikuku dị n'ikpere mmiri na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ coal dị ugbu a yana asọmpi na gas sitere n'okike na nuklia. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|title=Levelized Cost of Energy and of Storage|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/|accessdate=2021-02-26|publisher=[[Lazard]]|language=en|archivedate=25 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114950/https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye igwe ikuku ikuku n'akụkụ oke osimiri, ebe ikuku na-esiwanye ike ma sie ike karịa ala mana ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu na mmezi dị elu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-12|title=What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore wind farms?|url=https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms|accessdate=2021-09-18|publisher=[[American Geosciences Institute]]|language=en|archivedate=18 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918215856/https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms}}</ref> Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ikpere mmiri, nke a na-ewukarị n'ime ọhịa ma ọ bụ n'ime ime obodo, na-enwe mmetụta a na-ahụ anya na odida obodo. [65] Ọ bụ ezie na nkukota na turbine ikuku na-egbu ma ụsụ ma ruo n'ókè nnụnụ dị nta, mmetụta ndị a dị ala karịa site na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ dị ka windo na ahịrị nnyefe . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Shifeng|date=2015|title=Impacts of wind energy on environment: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032115004074|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=49|pages=437–443|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.137|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=15 June 2021}}</ref> [67] Mkpọtụ na ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke nke turbines na-emepụta nwere ike ịkpata iwe na ịmachibido iwu ụlọ n'akụkụ ebe ndị mmadụ juru. Ike ikuku, n'adịghị ka ụlọ ọrụ nuklia na mmanụ ọkụ, anaghị eri mmiri. [68] Obere ike dị mkpa maka ịrụ turbine ikuku ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike nke ụlọ ọrụ ikuku na-emepụta n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Yu-Fong|date=2017|title=Life cycle assessment and net energy analysis of offshore wind power systems|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116309156|journal=[[Renewable Energy (journal)|Renewable Energy]]|language=en|volume=102|pages=98–106|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.050|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> A naghị emegharị agụba turbine n'ụzọ zuru ezu, nyocha n'ime usoro nke imepụta agụba dị mfe iji megharịa ka na-aga n'ihu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Belton|first=Padraig|date=7 February 2020|title=What happens to all the old wind turbines?|language=en-GB|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51325101|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> ==== Ike mmiri ==== [[Usòrò:Central_Hidroeléctrica_Simón_Bolívar_Represa_de_Guri_Гідроелектростанція_Симона_Болівара_-_гребля_Гурі_29.jpg|alt=a river flows smoothly from rectangular openings at the base of a high sloping concrete wall, with electricity wires above the river|thumb| Guri Dam, mmiri mmiri ọkụ na [[Venezuela]]]] Ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na-agbanwe ike nke ịkwaga mmiri na ọkụ eletrik. N'afọ 2020, ike mmiri wetara 17% nke ọkụ eletrik ụwa, gbadata site na elu nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% n'etiti etiti narị afọ nke 20. [71] [72] Na ike mmiri mmiri, a na-emepụta mmiri mmiri n'azụ mmiri mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri nke oge ochie na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe nke ukwuu, nke a na-ebugharị. Enwere ike ijikọ ha na ikuku na ike anyanwụ iji zute ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke a na-achọ na iji kwụọ ụgwọ mgbe ifufe na anyanwụ adịghị adị. <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Moran|first=Emilio F.|date=2018|title=Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century|url=|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|language=en|volume=115|issue=47|pages=11891–11898|doi=10.1073/pnas.1809426115|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30397145}}</ref> Tụnyere akụrụngwa dabere na mmiri mmiri, ọkụ eletrik na-agba ọsọ nke osimiri na-enwekarị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi pere mpe. Agbanyeghị, ikike ya imepụta ike dabere na oke osimiri, nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na ihu igwe kwa ụbọchị na nke oge. Ebe nchekwa nchekwa na-enye njikwa oke mmiri nke a na-eji maka njikwa ide mmiri na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe ma na-echekwa nchekwa n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo maka inye mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ịgba mmiri. teisk.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Moran|first=Emilio F.|date=2018|title=Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century|url=|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|language=en|volume=115|issue=47|pages=11891–11898|doi=10.1073/pnas.1809426115|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30397145}}</ref> ==== Geothermal ==== [[Usòrò:Larderello_Cooling_Towers.jpg|alt=3 enormous waisted vertical concrete cylinders, one emitting a wisp of steam, dwarf a building in the foreground|thumb| Ụlọ elu jụrụ oyi na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ geothermal na Larderello, Italy]] A na-emepụta ike geothermal site na ịbanye n'ime okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala <ref name="László 1981 248–249">{{Cite journal|author=László|first=Erika|year=1981|title=Geothermal Energy: An Old Ally|journal=[[Ambio]]|volume=10|issue=5|pages=248–249}}</ref> na iji ya mee ka ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ na mmiri na ụlọ. Ojiji nke geothermal ike na-etinye uche na mpaghara ebe ikpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dị mma: a chọrọ nchikota nke okpomọkụ dị elu, ọkụ ọkụ, na permeability (ikike nke nkume na-ekwe ka mmiri na-agafe). [78] A na-emepụta ike site na uzuoku a na-emepụta n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-19|title=Geothermal Energy Information and Facts|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/geothermal-energy|accessdate=2021-08-08|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|language=en|archivedate=8 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808194416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/geothermal-energy}}</ref> Ike geothermal nyere ihe na-erughị 1% nke oriri ike zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|title=Energy mix|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref> Ike geothermal bụ akụrụngwa enwere ike imeghari n'ihi na a na-ejuputa ike ọkụ mgbe niile site na mpaghara ọkụ gbara agbata obi yana ire ere redio nke isotopes na-emekarị . [81] Na nkezi, ikuku griin haus nke ọkụ eletrik sitere na geothermal erughị 5% nke ọkụ eletrik sitere na kol. Ike geothermal na-ebu ihe ize ndụ nke ịkpata ala ọma jijiji, chọrọ nchebe dị mma iji zere mmetọ mmiri, ma na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nke enwere ike ijide. [82] ==== Nri ike ==== [[Usòrò:Kenyan_farmer_with_a_biogas_lamp_provided_by_USAID_2013.jpg|alt=Man lighting a lamp hung from the ceiling|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Onye ọrụ ugbo ala Kenya na-amụnye oriọna biogas. Biogas sitere na biomass bụ isi iyi ume ọhụrụ nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ maka isi nri ma ọ bụ ọkụ.]] [[Usòrò:Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG|alt=A green field of plants looking like metre high grass, surrounded by woodland with urban buildings on the far horizon|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Osisi okpete na-emepụta ethanol na Brazil]] Biomass bụ ihe a na-emegharị ahụ nke sitere na osisi na anụmanụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2021|title=Biomass explained|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/|accessdate=2021-09-13|publisher=[[US Energy Information Administration]]|archivedate=15 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915223913/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/}}</ref> Enwere ike ịgba ya ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ na ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ mmanụ dị ka biodiesel na ethanol, nke a pụrụ iji mee ka ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kopetz|first=Heinz|date=2013|title=Build a biomass energy market|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-02-07_494_7435/page/29|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|language=en|volume=494|issue=7435|pages=29–31|doi=10.1038/494029a|pmid=23389528|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Demirbas|first=Ayhan|date=2008|title=Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890408000770|journal=[[Energy Conversion and Management]]|language=en|volume=49|issue=8|pages=2106–2116|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2008.02.020|issn=0196-8904|accessdate=11 February 2021}}</ref> Mmetụta ihu igwe nke bioenergy dịgasị iche iche dabere na ebe nri nri biomass si abịa yana ka esi eto ha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Correa|first=Diego F.|date=2019|title=Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211930139X|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=107|pages=250–263|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=7 February 2021}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi na-ere ọkụ maka ume na-ahapụ carbon dioxide; Enwere ike imebi ihe ọkụkụ ndị ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri osisi ọhụrụ dochie osisi ndị a na-egbute n'ime ọhịa a na-ejikwa nke ọma, n'ihi na osisi ọhụrụ ahụ ga-amịkọrọ carbon dioxide site na ikuku ka ha na-etolite. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daley|first=Jason|date=24 April 2018|title=The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|language=en|archivedate=30 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630153427/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nguzobe na ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ nke bioenergy nwere ike ịchụpụ ihe ndị e kere eke, mebie ala, na iri ihe mmiri na fatịlaịza sịntetik. [88] [89] A na-egbute ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke osisi niile a na-eji mmanụ ọkụ. [90] Akụrụngwa bioenergy na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu maka iwe ihe ubi, nkụ, na ibufe; ojiji ike maka usoro ndị a nwere ike ibunye ikuku ikuku. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mmetụta nke mgbanwe iji ala eme ihe, ịkụ ihe, na nhazi nwere ike ime ka ikuku carbon dị elu maka bioenergy dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere iji mmanụ ọkụ. [89] [91] Iji ala ugbo eme ihe na-eto biomass nwere ike ime ka enwere obere ala maka itolite nri . Na United States, ihe dị ka 10% nke mmanụ ụgbọala ejirila ethanol dabeere ọka dochie anya mmanụ ụgbọala, nke chọrọ oke dị ukwuu nke owuwe ihe ubi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2020|title=Biofuels explained: Ethanol|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biofuels/ethanol.php|accessdate=2021-05-16|publisher=[[US Energy Information Administration]]|archivedate=14 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514154634/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biofuels/ethanol.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foley|first=Jonathan|date=5 March 2013|title=It's Time to Rethink America's Corn System|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/time-to-rethink-corn/|accessdate=16 May 2021|work=[[Scientific American]]|language=en|archivedate=3 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103212244/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/time-to-rethink-corn/}}</ref> Na Malaysia na Indonesia, ikpochapụ oke ohia na-emepụta [[Nmanu nri|nkwụ mmanụ]] maka biodiesel emewo ka oké njọ na-elekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta, dị ka ọhịa ndị a dị oké egwu carbon sinks na ebe obibi maka iche iche ụdị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayompe|first=Lacour M.|date=2021-01-01|title=Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620339597|journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]]|language=en|volume=278|pages=123914|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914|issn=0959-6526|accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lustgarten|first=Abrahm|date=2018-11-20|title=Palm Oil Was Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe.|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html|accessdate=15 May 2019}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na photosynthesis na-eweghara nanị ntakịrị akụkụ nke ume n'ime ìhè anyanwụ, imepụta oke ike nke bioenergy chọrọ nnukwu ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nwere ike imeghari. [96] Ọgbọ biofuels nke ọgbọ nke abụọ nke a na-emepụta site na osisi na-abụghị nri ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-ebelata asọmpi na mmepụta nri, mana nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ahia ahia na mpaghara nchekwa na mmetọ ikuku nke mpaghara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Correa|first=Diego F.|date=2019|title=Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211930139X|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=107|pages=250–263|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=7 February 2021}}</ref> Isi mmalite biomass na-adịte aka gụnyere algae, mkpofu na ihe ọkụkụ ndị a kụrụ n'ala na-adabaghị maka mmepụta nri. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụrụ na isi iyi biomass bụ ihe mkpofu ugbo ma ọ bụ nke ime obodo, ọkụ ya ma ọ bụ ịtụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ gas na-enye ụzọ isi kpofuo ihe mkpofu a. [88] Enwere ike iji njide carbon na teknụzụ nchekwa iji weghara ikuku sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ike bioenergy. A maara usoro a dị ka bioenergy na carbon ijide na nchekwa (BECCS) ma nwee ike ịkpata mwepụ carbon dioxide ụgbụ na ikuku. Agbanyeghị, BECCS nwekwara ike bute ikuku dị mma dabere n'otú e si eto, wepụta, na ibuga ihe biomass. Nkwanye nke BECCS na akpịrịkpa akọwara n'ụfọdụ ụzọ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-achọ ịtụgharị nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ. [97] ==== Ike mmiri ==== Ike mmiri nwere nke kacha nta n'ahịa ike. Ọ na-agụnye ike tidal, nke na-eru nso ntozu, na ike ife, bụ nke mbụ na mmepe ya. Usoro ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị na France na na South Korea bụ 90% nke mmepụta ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na otu ngwaọrụ ike mmiri na-enwe ntakịrị ihe ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetụta nke ngwaọrụ ndị buru ibu na-amachaghị nke ọma. [98] === Isi mmalite ike anaghị emeghari ohuru === ==== Mgbanwe mmanụ ọkụ fosil na mbelata ==== Ịgbanwe site na coal gaa na gas nwere uru n'ihe gbasara nkwado. Maka otu akụkụ nke ike a na-emepụta, ikuku ikuku griin haus-gas nke gas sitere n'okike dị ihe dị ka ugboro iri ato nke ikuku ma ọ bụ ike nuklia mana ọ dị obere karịa kol. Gas sitere n'okike na-emepụta ihe dị ka ọkara ihe ọkụkụ nke coal mgbe ejiri ya na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke coal mgbe ejiri ya na-emepụta okpomọkụ. Mbelata ntapu methane na usoro ịwepụta na ibufe gas nwere ike ibelata mmetụta ihu igwe ya. <ref name="IEA gas">{{Cite web|date=July 2019|title=The Role of Gas: Key Findings|url=https://www.iea.org/publications/roleofgas/|accessdate=2019-10-04|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|archivedate=1 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901022422/https://www.iea.org/publications/roleofgas/}}</ref> Gas sitere n'okike na-emepụta mmetọ ikuku dị obere karịa kol. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural gas and the environment|url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php|accessdate=28 March 2021|publisher=[[US Energy Information Administration]]|archivedate=2 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402225017/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php}}</ref> Ịgbanwe site na coal gaa na gas sitere n'okike na-ebelatihe ọkụkụ n'ime obere oge, mana n'ime ogologo oge ọ naghị enye ụzọ maka ikuku net-efu .nmebe eke gas akụrụngwa ize ndụ carbon mkpọchi-in na stranded akụ, ebe ọhụrụ fossil akụrụngwa ma na-eme ka ọtụtụ iri afọ nke carbon anwuru, ma ọ bụ ga-edepụ tupu ya rite uru. <ref name="nytimes coal fades">{{Cite web|author=Plumer|first=Brad|date=26 June 2019|title=As Coal Fades in the U.S., Natural Gas Becomes the Climate Battleground|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/climate/natural-gas-renewables-fight.html|accessdate=4 October 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|archivedate=23 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923092305/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/climate/natural-gas-renewables-fight.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gürsan|first=C.|date=2021|title=The systemic impact of a transition fuel: Does natural gas help or hinder the energy transition?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120308364|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=138|pages=110552|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2020.110552|issn=1364-0321|accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ikuku ikuku griin haus nke mmanụ ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ ike biomass site na ijide carbon na nchekwa (CCS). Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-eji echiche na-arụ ọrụ na CCS nwere ike ijide 85-90% nke carbon dioxide ( CO ) na-esi na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Budinis|first=Sarah|date=1 November 2018|title=An assessment of CCS costs, barriers and potential|journal=[[Energy Strategy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=22|pages=61–81|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2018.08.003|issn=2211-467X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Zero-emission carbon capture and storage in power plants using higher capture rates|url=https://www.iea.org/articles/zero-emission-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-power-plants-using-higher-capture-rates|accessdate=14 March 2021|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=30 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330093543/https://www.iea.org/articles/zero-emission-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-power-plants-using-higher-capture-rates}}</ref> Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na 90% nke CO a na-ebupụta na-ejide site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, ihe ọkụkụ ya na-enweghị ike ka ga-adị ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ikuku nke nuklia, ike anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ikuku nke otu unit nke ọkụ eletrik emepụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=February 10, 2020|title=What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy|accessdate=14 March 2021|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Simon|date=8 December 2017|title=Solar, wind and nuclear have 'amazingly low' carbon footprints, study finds|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-wind-nuclear-amazingly-low-carbon-footprints|accessdate=15 March 2021|work=[[Carbon Brief]]|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316102518/https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-wind-nuclear-amazingly-low-carbon-footprints}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na osisi coal na-eji CCS eme ihe agaghị adị nke ọma, ha ga-achọkwu coal ma si otú a na-abawanye mmetọ nke metụtara Ngwuputa na ibufe coal. [107] Usoro CCS dị oke ọnụ, yana ọnụ ahịa dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nso ebe ahụ na geology kwesịrị ekwesị maka nchekwa carbon dioxide . <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Simon|date=2020-08-27|title=Wind and solar are 30–50% cheaper than thought, admits UK government|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/wind-and-solar-are-30-50-cheaper-than-thought-admits-uk-government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923025247/https://www.carbonbrief.org/wind-and-solar-are-30-50-cheaper-than-thought-admits-uk-government|archivedate=23 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|work=[[Carbon Brief]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Malischek|first=Raimund|date=|title=CCUS in Power|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-power|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929020648/https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-power|archivedate=29 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nbunye nke teknụzụ a ka nwere oke oke, yana naanị 21 nnukwu osisi CCS na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile dịka nke 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Deign|first=Jason|date=7 December 2020|title=Carbon Capture: Silver Bullet or Mirage?|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/no-clearer-if-carbon-capture-is-silver-bullet-or-mirage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119013833/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/no-clearer-if-carbon-capture-is-silver-bullet-or-mirage|archivedate=19 January 2021|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=[[Greentech Media]]}}</ref> ==== Ike nuklia ==== [[Usòrò:Electricity production from fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables, World, OWID chart.svg|alt=Chart showing the proportion of electricity produced by fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables from 1985 to 2020|thumb| Kemgbe 1985, oke ọkụ eletrik sitere na isi mmalite carbon dị ala amụbaala ntakịrị. Ọganihu ndị a na-ebuga ihe ndị a na-emegharị emegharị emebiela site na mbelata oke ike nuklia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Roser|first=Max|date=10 December 2020|title=The world's energy problem|url=https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem|accessdate=2021-07-21|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]|archivedate=21 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721202510/https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem}}</ref>]] Ejila ike nuklia kemgbe 1950s dị ka isi iyi carbon dị ala nke ọkụ eletrik baseload . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rhodes|first=Richard|date=19 July 2018|title=Why Nuclear Power Must Be Part of the Energy Solution|publisher=[[Yale School of the Environment]]|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-nuclear-power-must-be-part-of-the-energy-solution-environmentalists-climate|accessdate=2021-07-24|work=[[Yale Environment 360]]|language=en-US|archivedate=9 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809182424/https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-nuclear-power-must-be-part-of-the-energy-solution-environmentalists-climate}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia na mba 30 na-emepụta ihe dịka 10% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=June 2021|title=Nuclear Power in the World Today|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716094103/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx|archivedate=16 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2021|publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2019, nuklia mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ike carbon niile dị ala, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na-esote ike mmiri. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|title=Energy mix|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|accessdate=9 July 2021}}</ref> Ike ikuku ikuku ikuku griin ha na ndụ ndụ ike nuklia—gụnyere ngwuputa na nhazi nke uranium —yiri ihe na-esi na isi mmalite ike mmeghari ohuru. Ike nuklia na-eji obere ala kwa nkeji ike emepụtara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị bụ isi emeghari, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Van Zalk|first=John|date=2018|title=The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S.|journal=[[Energy Policy (journal)|Energy Policy]]|language=en|volume=123|pages=83–91|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> na anaghị emepụta mmetọ ikuku nke mpaghara. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-energy|title=Nuclear Energy|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|accessdate=19 July 2021|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ígwè uranium a na-eji amụba osisi fission nuklia bụ ihe a na-apụghị imegharịgharịgharị, nke ga-ezuru ya iji nye ya ruo ọtụtụ narị puku afọ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. [117] Otú ọ dị, akụrụngwa uranium nke enwere ike ịnweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, na steeti ugbu a, nwere oke na mmepụta uranium enweghị ike ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu n'oge mgbasawanye. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Nikolaus|author=Muellner|date=2021|pages=112363|title=Nuclear energy - The solution to climate change?|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112363|journal=Energy Policy|volume=155}}</ref> Ụzọ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe kwekọrọ na ebumnuche ndị nwere oke na-ahụkarị mmụba nke ikenye sitere na nuklia. [120] A na-arụrịta ụka banyere ma ike nuklia ọ̀ ga-adịgide adịgide, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi nchegbu banyere mkpofu ngwá agha nuklia, ịba ụba ngwá agha nuklia, na ihe mberede . A ghaghị ijikwa ihe mkpofu nuklia na-arụ ọrụ redio ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ na ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia na-emepụta ihe fissile nke enwere ike iji maka ngwa agha. Maka akụkụ ume ọ bụla emepụtara, ike nuklia akpatala ọnwụ dị ntakịrị na mberede na mmetọ karịa mmanụ ọkụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nuklia dị ka isi mmalite ndị enwere ike imeghari. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=10 February 2020|title=What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy|archivedate=29 November 2020|accessdate=2 December 2020|publisher=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> Mmegide ọha na eze megide ike nuklia na -emekarị ka ụlọ ọrụ nuklia sie ike itinye n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mbelata oge na ọnụ ahịa nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ nuklia ọhụrụ bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mana ọnụ ahịa na-adị elu yana ogologo oge. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Timmer|first=John|date=21 November 2020|title=Why are nuclear plants so expensive? Safety's only part of the story|work=[[Ars Technica]]|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/11/why-are-nuclear-plants-so-expensive-safetys-only-part-of-the-story/|accessdate=17 March 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dunai|first=Marton|date=24 September 2019|title=Nuclear energy too slow, too expensive to save climate: report|language=en|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-energy-nuclearpower-idUSKBN1W909J|accessdate=2021-03-18}}</ref> Ụdị ike nuklia ọhụrụ dị iche iche na-etolite, na-atụ anya ileba anya n'ihe ndọghachi azụ nke osisi ndị a na-emekarị. Ngwa ngwa breeder reactors bụ ike nke recycling nuklia n'efu na ya mere nwere ike budata ibelata ego nke n'efu na-achọ geological mkpofu, ma ọ bụghị ma e deployed on a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ azụmahịa ndabere. Ike nuklia dabere na thorium (kama uranium) nwere ike inye nchebe ike dị elu maka mba ndị na-enweghị nnukwu uranium. Obere reactors modular nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ uru karịa nnukwu reactors ugbu a: Ọ ga-ekwe omume iwulite ha ngwa ngwa yana modularization ha ga-enye ohere mbelata ọnụ ahịa site na mmụta site na ime . Ọtụtụ mba na-anwa imepụta ihe nrụpụta ngwa agha nuklia, nke ga-ebute ntakịrị ihe mkpofu na enweghị ihe mgbawa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McGrath|first=Matt|date=2019-11-06|title=Nuclear fusion is 'a question of when, not if'|language=en-GB|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50267017|accessdate=13 February 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ike njikọ ewerela nzọụkwụ na-aga n'ihu na ụlọ nyocha, ọtụtụ afọ iri chọrọ iji weta ya na ịzụ ahịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ pụtara na ọ gaghị etinye aka na ihe mgbaru ọsọ efu 2050 maka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=2022-02-09|title=Major breakthrough on nuclear fusion energy|language=en-GB|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60312633|accessdate=10 February 2022}}</ref> == Ngbanwe usoro ike == [[Usòrò:GHG_emissions_from_energy_by_sector_2020.svg|alt=Energy-related emissions produced by sector in decreasing order: industry, land use, building, transport, other, and fugitive emissions from fossil fuel production|thumb| Iji ike eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ kpatara 24.2% nke ikuku GHG niile na 2016. Ojiji ike n'ime ụlọ na njem butere 17.5% na 16.2% nke ihe ọkụkụ, n'otu n'otu. Pasent 9.5 ọzọ nke anapụta sitere na ojiji ike ndị ọzọ yana 5.8% bụ ihe mgbapụ sitere na mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ. <ref name="Ritchie Roser 2020 p.">{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|title=Emissions by sector|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|date=11 May 2020|url=https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector|accessdate=30 July 2021}}</ref>]] Mbelata ihe ndị dị mkpa iji mee ka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ dị n'okpuru 2 Celsius C ga-achọ mgbanwe n'usoro nke ụzọ e si emepụta ike, kesaa, chekwaa na iri. [11] Maka ọha mmadụ iji dochie otu ụdị ike na nke ọzọ, ọtụtụ teknụzụ na omume na usoro ike ga-agbanwerịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe site na mmanụ gaa na ike anyanwụ dị ka isi iyi ike maka ụgbọ ala chọrọ ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik, mgbanwe na ọkụ eletrik iji nabata mgbanwe na mmepụta nke anyanwụ na ihe dị elu n'ozuzu ya, nnabata nke ụgbọ ala eletrik, na netwọk nke chaja ụgbọ ala eletrik . akụrụngwa na ụlọ ahịa ndozi. [131] Ọtụtụ ụzọ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ahụ maka akụkụ atọ bụ isi nke sistemụ ike carbon dị ala: * Iji isi mmalite ike na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik * Electrification - nke a na-abawanye iji ọkụ eletrik kama ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ozugbo * Ntinye ngwa ngwa nke usoro nrụpụta ike [132] Ụfọdụ teknụzụ na usoro na-agba ume siri ike ịgbanye ọkụ, gụnyere ụgbọ elu, mbupu na nchara. Enwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka ibelata ikuku sitere na ngalaba ndị a: mmanụ ọkụ biofuels na mmanụ ọkụ na-anọpụ iche nke carbon nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala emebere iji gbaa mmanụ ọkụ, agbanyeghị, enweghị ike imepụta biofuels na oke achọrọ yana mmanụ sịntetik dị oke ọnụ ugbu a. [133] Maka ụfọdụ ngwa, ihe kacha pụta ìhè na electrification bụ ịmepụta usoro dabere na mmanụ ọkụ hydrogen na-adịgide adịgide. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Simon|date=30 November 2020|title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change|accessdate=1 December 2020|work=[[Carbon Brief]]|language=en|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref> A na-atụ anya ka mkpochapụ zuru oke nke usoro ike ụwa ga-ewe ọtụtụ iri afọ ma enwere ike nweta ya site na teknụzụ ndị dị ugbu a. [135] IEA na-ekwu na ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ike, dị ka teknụzụ batrị na mmanụ ọkụ na-anọghị na carbon, dị mkpa iji ruo 2050 net zero emissions. [136] Ịmepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ chọrọ nyocha na mmepe, ngosi, na mbelata ọnụ ahịa site na ntinye . [136] Mgbanwe gaa na usoro ume carbon carbon ga-eweta uru siri ike maka ahụike mmadụ: Healthtù Ahụ Ike Worldwa na-eme atụmatụ na mbọ iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C nwere ike ịzọpụta ọtụtụ nde ndụ kwa afọ site na mbelata gaa na mmetọ ikuku naanị. [137] <ref name="Vandyck_et_al_2018">{{Cite journal|author=Vandyck|first=T.|year=2018|title=Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges.|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4939|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9|pmid=30467311}}</ref> Site na ezigbo atụmatụ na njikwa, ụzọ dị adị iji nye ohere eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na isi nri dị ọcha site na 2030 n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ebumnuche ihu igwe. [139] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọtụtụ mba enwetala nnukwu akụ na ụba site na iji kol. [139] Otú ọ dị, a ka nwere windo ohere maka ọtụtụ mba na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye " ịwụli elu " ndabere mmanụ ọkụ site na ịmepụta usoro ike ha dabere na mmeghari ohuru, nyere ego zuru oke nke mba ụwa na ịnyefe ihe ọmụma. [139] === Na-ejikọta isi iyi ike agbanwe agbanwe === [[Usòrò:SoSie+SoSchiff_Ansicht.jpg|alt=Short terraces of houses, with their entire sloping roofs covered with solar panels|thumb| Ụlọ ndị dị na ebe nchekwa anyanwụ na Schlierberg, Germany, na-emepụta ike karịa ka ha na-eri. Ha na-etinye ogwe ọkụ nke elu ụlọ ma wuo ya maka ịrụ ọrụ ike kachasị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hopwood|first=David|date=2007|title=Blueprint for sustainability?: What lessons can we learn from Freiburg's inclusive approach to sustainable development?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471084607700689|journal=[[Refocus]]|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=54–57|doi=10.1016/S1471-0846(07)70068-9|issn=1471-0846|accessdate=17 October 2021}}</ref>]] Iji wepụta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya site na isi mmalite ike mmeghari ohuru dị ka ikuku na anyanwụ, sistemu ọkụ eletrik chọrọ mgbanwe. [142] Ọtụtụ grid eletrik ka arụnyere maka isi mmalite ike na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction to System Integration of Renewables|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/introduction-to-system-integration-of-renewables|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=30 May 2020|archivedate=15 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515213454/https://www.iea.org/reports/introduction-to-system-integration-of-renewables}}</ref> Dị ka a na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ike anyanwụ na ikuku n'ime grid, a ghaghị ime mgbanwe na usoro ume iji hụ na ọkọnọ ọkụ eletrik kwekọrọ na ihe achọrọ. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Blanco|first=Herib|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, isi mmalite ndị a rụpụtara 8.5% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ, òkè toro ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data|url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html|publisher=[[Enerdata]]|work=Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021|accessdate=13 June 2021|archivedate=19 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014426/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html}}</ref> Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche iji mee ka usoro ọkụ eletrik dịkwuo mfe. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ikuku na ọgbọ nke anyanwụ na-emekọ ihe kwa ụbọchị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge: a na-enwekwu ikuku n'abalị na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ntakịrị. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Blanco|first=Herib|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ijikọ mpaghara mpaghara dị iche iche site na ahịrị nnyefe ogologo na- enye ohere ịkagbu n'ihu na mgbanwe. [145] Enwere ike gbanwee ọchịchọ ike n'oge site na njikwa ike ike na iji smart grids, na-adaba oge mgbe mmepụta ike na-agbanwe agbanwe dị elu. Site na nchekwa ike grid, ike emepụtara n'oke nwere ike hapụ ya mgbe achọrọ ya. <ref name=":13" /> Enwere ike ịnye mgbanwe ndị ọzọ site na njikọta ngalaba, nke na-ejikọta mpaghara ọkụ eletrik na mpaghara okpomọkụ na njem site na ike-na-ekpo ọkụ - usoro na ụgbọ ala eletrik. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bloess|first=Andreas|date=2018|title=Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261917317889|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|language=en|volume=212|pages=1611–1626|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073|accessdate=24 July 2021}}</ref> Ịkwalite ikike maka ikuku na ọgbọ anyanwụ nwere ike inye aka hụ na a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik zuru ezu ọbụna n'oge ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị mma, enwere ike ibelata mmepụta ike ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike iji ma ọ bụ chekwaa oke ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike kpuchiri ndakọrịta nke ikpeazụ-ịchọ site na iji isi mmalite ike dị ka ike mmiri, bioenergy, ma ọ bụ gas. [147] ==== Nchekwa ike ==== [[Usòrò:1_MW_4_MWh_Turner_Energy_Storage_Project_in_Pullman,_WA.jpg|alt=Photo with a set of white containers|thumb| Ebe nchekwa batrị]] Nchekwa ike na-enyere aka imeri ihe mgbochi na ike mmeghari ume na-adịte aka ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ike na-adịgide adịgide. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|author=Koohi-Fayegh|first=S.|date=2020|title=A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X19306012|journal=[[Journal of Energy Storage]]|language=en|volume=27|pages=101047|doi=10.1016/j.est.2019.101047|issn=2352-152X|accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref> Ụzọ nchekwa nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ pumped-storage hydroelectricity, nke chọrọ ebe nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ịdị elu na ịnweta mmiri. <ref name=":16" /> Batrị, ọkachasị batrị lithium-ion, na-agbasakwa ebe niile. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Katz|first=Cheryl|date=17 December 2020|title=The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075439/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery|archivedate=11 January 2021|accessdate=10 January 2021|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Batrị na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik maka obere oge; nyocha na-aga n'ihu na teknụzụ nwere ikike zuru oke iji na-aga n'oge. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herib|first=Blanco|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ọnụ ego batrị bara uru na US adaala gburugburu 70% kemgbe 2015, agbanyeghị ọnụ ahịa na ike dị ala nke batrị na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị irè maka nnukwu nchekwa ike dị mkpa iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge na mmepụta ume. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=19 May 2021|title=Climate change: science and solutions|url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/|chapter=Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions|chapterurl=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/climate-science-solutions-batteries.pdf|accessdate=15 October 2021|publisher=[[The Royal Society]]}}</ref> A na-etinye nchekwa nchekwa mmiri na ike na gas (na-atụgharị ọkụ eletrik na gas na azụ) nke nwere ike iji ọtụtụ ọnwa mee ihe n'ebe ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunt|first=Julian D.|date=2020|title=Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=947|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y|pmid=32075965|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Balaraman|first=Kavya|date=2020-10-12|title=To batteries and beyond: With seasonal storage potential, hydrogen offers 'a different ballgame entirely'|url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/to-batteries-and-beyond-with-seasonal-storage-potential-hydrogen-offers/584959/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118052735/https://www.utilitydive.com/news/to-batteries-and-beyond-with-seasonal-storage-potential-hydrogen-offers/584959/|archivedate=18 January 2021|accessdate=2021-01-10|work=Utility Dive|language=en-US}}</ref> === Electrification === [[Usòrò:Heat_Pump.jpg|alt=Photograph two fans, the outdoor section of a heat pump|thumb| Akụkụ dị n'èzí nke mgbapụta ọkụ . N'adịghị ka mmanụ ọkụ na gas, ha na-eji ọkụ eletrik ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, electrification nke kpo oku nwere ike ibelata umu anwuru. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cole|first=Laura|date=15 November 2020|title=How to cut carbon out of your heating|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating|accessdate=2021-08-31|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=en|archivedate=27 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827063629/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating}}</ref>]] E jiri ya tụnyere usoro ike ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ibelata ikuku ọkụ ngwa ngwa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. [132] Dị ka nke 2019, 37% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na-esite na isi mmalite carbon dị ala (mmeghari ohuru na ike nuklia). Mmanụ ọkụ, nke bụ coal, na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye ọkụ eletrik. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2020|title=Electricity Mix|url=https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|accessdate=16 October 2021}}</ref> Otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị mfe na ngwa ngwa iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ bụ ikpochapụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ ma na-abawanye ọgbọ ọkụ eletrik. [132] Ụzọ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik dị ukwuu - iji ọkụ eletrik dochie anya ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ maka ụlọ kpo oku na njem. [132] Amụma ihu igwe na-achọsi ike ga-ahụ ọnụọgụ ike okpukpu abụọ nke a na-eri dị ka ọkụ eletrik site na 2050, site na 20% na 2020. [156] Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka dị n'inye ohere eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ikesa ọkụ n'ime ime obodo. Sistemu ewepụ-grid na obere grid dabere na ike mmeghari ohuru, dị ka obere nrụnye PV nke anyanwụ na-emepụta ma chekwaa ọkụ eletrik zuru oke maka obodo, bụ ihe ngwọta dị mkpa. [157] Ị nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ga-eduga n'iji ọkụ ọkụ na mmanụ diesel eme ihe, bụ nke a na-emekarị ugbu a na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. [158] Akụrụngwa maka ịmepụta na ịchekwa ọkụ eletrik na-emegharị ọhụrụ chọrọ mineral na ọla, dị ka cobalt na lithium maka batrị na ọla kọpa maka akụkụ anyanwụ. <ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|author=Herrington|first=Richard|date=2021|title=Mining our green future|journal=[[Nature Reviews Materials]]|language=en|volume=6|issue=6|pages=456–458|doi=10.1038/s41578-021-00325-9|issn=2058-8437}}</ref> Imegharị ihe nwere ike gboo ụfọdụ ihe a chọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na a haziri okirikiri ndụ ngwaahịa nke ọma, agbanyeghị na ịnweta ikuku efu ka ga-achọ mmụba dị ukwuu na ngwuputa ihe maka ụdị ọla na mineral iri na asaa. <ref name=":19" /> Otu obere mba ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa ahịa mgbe ụfọdụ maka ngwa ahịa ndị a, na-ebuli nchegbu geopolitical. Dị ka ihe atụ, a na-egwupụta ihe ka ukwuu n'ime cobalt nke ụwa na Democratic Republic of the Congo, mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị akwụsi ike ebe a na-ejikọtakarị ogbunigwe na ihe egwu ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref name=":19" /> Ịnweta mpaghara dị iche iche nwere ike hụ na nkwụsi ike nke yinye ọkọnọ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Babbitt|first=Callie W.|date=2020|title=Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries|journal=[[Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy]]|language=en|volume=22|issue=6|pages=1213–1214|doi=10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3|issn=1618-9558}}</ref> === Hydrogen === Hydrogen bụ gas nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ iji mepụta okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nwee ike mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, na-enwe ihe efu na-esi na ya eme ihe. Mgbapụta ikuku hydrogen na-adabere n'otú e si emepụta ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-enye hydrogen n'ụwa ugbu a sitere na mmanụ ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Reed|first=Stanley|date=2021-07-13|title=Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part.|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref> Ụzọ bụ isi bụ nhazigharị methane nke uzuoku, nke a na-emepụta hydrogen site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ n'etiti uzuoku na methane, bụ isi ihe na-emepụta gas. Ịmepụta otu tonne nke hydrogen site na usoro a na-ewepụta tọn carbon dioxide 6.6-9.3. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Bonheure|first=Mike|date=March 2021|title=Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries|url=https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132733/https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852|archivedate=17 July 2021|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=CEP Magazine|publisher=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ijide carbon nwere ike wepu nnukwu akụkụ nke ikuku ndị a, mkpokọta carbon akara nke hydrogen sitere na gas sitere n'okike siri ike nyocha {{As of|2021}} , n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta na mmepụta nke gas n'onwe ya. <ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|language=en|volume=80|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208|issn=2214-6296|first=Steve|author=Griffiths|accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọkụ eletrik kewaa ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na-emepụta hydrogen na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụhaala na ejiri ọkụ eletrik na-adịgide adịgide. Agbanyeghị, usoro electrolysis a dị oke ọnụ ugbu a karịa imepụta hydrogen sitere na methane yana arụmọrụ ntụgharị ike dị ala. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Simon|date=30 November 2020|title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change|accessdate=1 December 2020|work=[[Carbon Brief]]|language=en|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref> Enwere ike imepụta hydrogen mgbe enwere njupụta nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe, wee chekwaa ma jiri ya mee ka ikpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ weghachi ọkụ eletrik. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Palys|first=Matthew J.|date=2020|title=Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: A geographically comprehensive techno-economic study|journal=[[Computers & Chemical Engineering]]|language=en|volume=136|pages=106785|doi=10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106785|issn=0098-1354}}</ref> Enwere ike gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ sịntetik dị ka amonia na methanol . [167] Ihe ọhụrụ na hydrogen electrolysers nwere ike ime ka mmepụta hydrogen sitere na ọkụ eletrik dịkwuo ọnụ ahịa. [168] Enwere ike ka hydrogen na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'imebi sistemu ike ike n'ihi na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, iji ọkụ eletrik dochie mmanụ ọkụ ozugbo ga-esi ike. <ref name=":18">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Simon|date=30 November 2020|title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change|accessdate=1 December 2020|work=[[Carbon Brief]]|language=en|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref> Mmanụ hydrogen nwere ike iwepụta okpomọkụ siri ike achọrọ maka mmepụta ígwè, simenti, iko, na kemịkal ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Maka imepụta ígwè, hydrogen nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebu ume dị ọcha yana n'otu oge dị ka ihe na-eme ka carbon dị ala na-edochi coke sitere na kol. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blank|first=Thomas|date=January 2020|title=Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry|url=https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf|pages=2,7,8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115313/https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf|archivedate=22 September 2020|accessdate=|publisher=[[Rocky Mountain Institute]]}}</ref> Ọdịmma nke hydrogen dị ka ihe na-ebu ike gụnyere nnukwu ego nke nchekwa na nkesa n'ihi mgbawa hydrogen, nnukwu olu ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmanụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ, na ọchịchọ ya ime ka ọkpọkọ na-agbaji. <ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|language=en|volume=80|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208|issn=2214-6296|first=Steve|author=Griffiths|accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref> === Teknụzụ ojiji ike === ==== Ụgbọ njem ==== [[Usòrò:Hornby_Street_Separated_Bike_Lane.jpg|alt=Group of cyclists using a bike lane in Vancouver, Canada|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Akụrụngwa ịgba ígwè, dị ka ụzọ igwe kwụ otu ebe na Vancouver, na-akwado njem na-adigide. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fraser|first=Simon D.S.|title=Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling|journal=[[European Journal of Public Health]]|date=December 2011|volume=21|issue=6|pages=738–743|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckq145|pmid=20929903}}</ref>]] Ụgbọ njem bụ 14% nke ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-12|title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|accessdate=2021-10-15|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|language=en|archivedate=5 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data}}</ref> mana enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ iji mee ka njem na-adigide. Ụgbọ njem ọha na -ebunyekarị ikuku ikuku griin dị ole na ole karịa ụgbọ ala nkeonwe, ebe ụgbọ oloko na ụgbọ ala nwere ike ibu ọtụtụ ndị njem n'otu oge. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bigazzi|first=Alexander|date=2019|title=Comparison of marginal and average emission factors for passenger transportation modes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191930580X|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|language=en|volume=242|pages=1460–1466|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.172|issn=0306-2619|accessdate=8 February 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schäfer|first=Andreas W.|date=2020|title=A holistic analysis of passenger travel energy and greenhouse gas intensities|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0514-9|journal=[[Nature Sustainability]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=6|pages=459–462|doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0514-9|issn=2398-9629}}</ref> Enwere ike dochie ụgbọ elu dị mkpirikpi site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị elu, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, karịsịa mgbe ọkụ eletrik. [174] [175] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pucher|first=John|date=2017|title=Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future|journal=[[Transport Reviews]]|volume=37|issue=6|pages=689–694|doi=10.1080/01441647.2017.1340234|issn=0144-1647}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=John|date=22 September 2016|title=Sustainable transport|url=https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/sustainable-transport_en|accessdate=22 October 2021|publisher=[[European Commission]]|language=en|archivedate=22 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022074150/https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/sustainable-transport_en}}</ref> Ịrụ ọrụ ike nke ụgbọ ala amụbaala ka oge na-aga, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knobloch|first=Florian|date=2020|title=Net emission reductions from electric cars and heat pumps in 59 world regions over time|journal=[[Nature Sustainability]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=6|pages=437–447|doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0488-7|pmid=32572385|issn=2398-9629}}</ref> mana ịtụgharị na ụgbọ ala eletrik bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa ga-aga n'ihu n'ịkwụsị ụgbọ njem na ibelata mmetọ ikuku. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|author=Bogdanov|first=Dmitrii|date=2019|title=Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps|url=|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1077|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1|issn=|pmid=30842423}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ikuku metụtara okporo ụzọ bụ ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị sitere na uzuzu okporo ụzọ yana nbibi taya na breeki. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Martini|first=Giorgio|url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC89231|title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions – Brake and tyre wear PM. EUR 26648.|date=2014|publisher=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|isbn=978-92-79-38303-8|pages=42|oclc=1044281650}}</ref> Enweghị ike ibelata mmetọ site na isi mmalite ndị a site na ọkụ eletrik; ọ na-achọ ihe ndị dị ka ime ka ụgbọ ala dị ọkụ ma na-akwọ ha obere. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/non-exhaust-particulate-emissions-from-road-transport_4a4dc6ca-en|title=Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge|date=2020|publisher=[[OECD]] Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-45244-2|pages=8–9|language=en|chapter=Executive Summary|doi=10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en}}</ref> Ụgbọ njem ibu dị anya na ụgbọ elu bụ akụkụ siri ike iji teknụzụ dị ugbu a mee ka ọkụ eletrik dị ugbu a, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi ibu batrị achọrọ maka njem dị anya, oge nchaji batrị, yana obere ndụ batrị. [182] <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=19 May 2021|title=Climate change: science and solutions|url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/|chapter=Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions|chapterurl=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/climate-science-solutions-batteries.pdf|accessdate=15 October 2021|publisher=[[The Royal Society]]}}</ref> N'ebe ọ dị, ibu ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko na-adịkarịgide karịa ikuku na okporo ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rail and waterborne – best for low-carbon motorised transport|publisher=[[European Environment Agency]]|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/rail-and-waterborne-transport|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en|archivedate=9 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009064539/https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/rail-and-waterborne-transport}}</ref> Ụgbọ ala hydrogen nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ maka ụgbọ ala buru ibu dịka ụgbọ ala. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Miller|first=Joe|date=9 September 2020|title=Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles|url=https://www.ft.com/content/98a386ee-1a04-40fd-b6a4-8cf13ff1d0da|accessdate=9 September 2020|work=[[Financial Times]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=20 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920154027/https://www.ft.com/content/98a386ee-1a04-40fd-b6a4-8cf13ff1d0da}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ndị dị mkpa iji wedata ikuku sitere na mbupu na ụgbọ elu ka dị n'oge mmepe ha, na amonia (nke sitere na hydrogen) bụ onye na-ekwe nkwa maka mbupu mmanụ. [185] Biofuel nke ụgbọ elu nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ihe kacha mma nke bioenergy ma ọ bụrụ na ejide ma chekwaa ihe ndị na-ekupụta n'oge a na-emepụta mmanụ ọkụ. ==== Ụlọ na isi nri ==== [[Usòrò:Aghazade_mansion.jpg|alt=Building with windcatcher towers|thumb| Ihe ndị na-eme ka ahụ dị jụụ, dị ka ụlọ elu ndị a na-ekpuchi ifufe na Iran, na-ebute ikuku dị jụụ n'ime ụlọ na-enweghị ike ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abdolhamidi|first=Shervin|date=27 September 2018|title=An ancient engineering feat that harnessed the wind|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind|accessdate=2021-08-12|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=en|archivedate=12 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812203754/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Kookplaat_inductie.JPG|alt=Electric induction oven|thumb|Maka isi nri, stovu mbubata ọkụ eletrik bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ kacha arụ ọrụ ike yana nchekwa. [188] <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=16 January 2013|title=Cooking appliances|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/products/product-information/appliances-for-residential-use/cooking-appliances/13987|accessdate=30 July 2021|archivedate=30 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730185801/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/products/product-information/appliances-for-residential-use/cooking-appliances/13987}}</ref>]] Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke iji ike eme ihe bụ ụlọ na ihe owuwu ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Buildings|url=https://www.iea.org/topics/buildings|accessdate=2021-10-15|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|language=en-GB|archivedate=14 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014223318/https://www.iea.org/topics/buildings}}</ref> Iji kpoo ụlọ, ihe ndị ọzọ na-ere ọkụ fossil mmanụ na biomass gụnyere ọkụ eletrik site na nfuli ọkụ ma ọ bụ igwe ọkụ eletrik, ike geothermal, kpo oku etiti anyanwụ, iji ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na oge nchekwa ike ọkụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mortensen|first=Anders Winther|date=2020|title=The role of electrification and hydrogen in breaking the biomass bottleneck of the renewable energy system – A study on the Danish energy system|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|language=en|volume=275|pages=115331|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115331|issn=0306-2619}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Knobloch|first=Florian|date=2019|title=Simulating the deep decarbonisation of residential heating for limiting global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C|journal=[[Energy Efficiency (journal)|Energy Efficiency]]|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=521–550|doi=10.1007/s12053-018-9710-0|issn=1570-6478}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alva|first=Guruprasad|date=2018|title=An overview of thermal energy storage systems|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421732056X|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|language=en|volume=144|pages=341–378|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037|issn=0360-5442|accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref> Igwe ọkụ ọkụ na-enye ma okpomọkụ na ntụ oyi site na otu ngwa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Plumer|first=Brad|date=2021-06-30|title=Are 'Heat Pumps' the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So.|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html|accessdate=2021-09-11}}</ref> Ndị IEA na-ekwu na nfuli okpomọkụ nwere ike inye ihe karịrị 90% nke ohere na mmiri kpo oku zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abergel|first=Thibaut|date=June 2020|title=Heat Pumps|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303162213/https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps|archivedate=3 March 2021|accessdate=12 April 2021|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref> Ụzọ dị mma iji kpoo ụlọ ọkụ bụ site na ikpo ọkụ mpaghara, nke a na-emepụta okpomọkụ na ebe etiti ma kesaa ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ site na ọkpọkọ mkpuchi . N'ọdịnala, ọtụtụ sistemu kpo oku distrikti ejirila mmanụ ọkụ, mana sistemụ kpo oku nke oge a na oyi na-atụ ka ejiri oke oke ike emeghari. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buffa|first=Simone|date=2019|title=5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|language=en|volume=104|pages=504–522|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lund|first=Henrik|authorlink=Henrik Lund (academic)|date=2014|title=4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214002369|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|language=en|volume=68|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089|accessdate=13 June 2021}}</ref> Enwere ike ime ka ime ụlọ dị jụụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma site na imewe ụlọ na-agafe agafe, atụmatụ nke na-ebelata mmetụta nke agwaetiti okpomọkụ nke obodo, na usoro jụrụ oyi na mpaghara nke na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụlọ dị jụụ na mmiri oyi. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|date=22 July 2020|title=How cities are using nature to keep heatwaves at bay|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-cities-are-using-nature-keep-heatwaves-bay|accessdate=11 September 2021|archivedate=11 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911225833/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-cities-are-using-nature-keep-heatwaves-bay}}</ref> <ref name=":26">{{Cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=Four Things You Should Know About Sustainable Cooling|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/23/four-things-you-should-know-about-sustainable-cooling|accessdate=2021-09-11|publisher=[[World Bank]]|language=en|archivedate=11 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911232205/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/23/four-things-you-should-know-about-sustainable-cooling}}</ref> Ikuku ikuku na- achọ ọkụ eletrik buru ibu ma ọ naghị adị ọnụ ala maka ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye. <ref name=":26" /> Ụfọdụ ụlọ ntụ oyi ka na-eji refrigerants bụ gas griin haus, n'ihi na ụfọdụ mba akwadoghị Ndezigharị Kigali ka ọ na-eji naanị friji na-eme enyi na ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mastrucci|first=Alessio|date=2019|title=Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South|journal=[[Energy and Buildings]]|language=en|volume=186|pages=405–415|doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.015|issn=0378-7788}}</ref> Na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ebe ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ site na ịda ogbenye ike, a na-ejikarị mmanụ ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị ka osisi ma ọ bụ nsị anụmanụ eme nri. Iji mmanụ ọkụ ndị a esi nri anaghị adịgide adịgide, n'ihi na ha na-ahapụ anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ nakwa n'ihi na iwere osisi nwere ike iduga nbibi nke ọhịa. Nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ nri dị ọcha, nke dịlarị na mba ndị bara ọgaranya, [188] ga-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma ma nwee mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ihu igwe. [202] [203] Ebe isi nri dị ọcha na-ejikarị gas sitere n'okike, mmanụ mmanụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik dị ka isi iyi ike; Sistemu biogas bụ ihe ọzọ na-ekwe nkwa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. [188] Igwe esi nri emelitere nke na-ere ọkụ biomass nke ọma karịa stovu ọdịnala bụ ihe ngwọta nwa oge ebe mgbanwe na usoro nri dị ọcha siri ike. [204] ==== Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ==== Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ojiji ike bụ ụlọ ọrụ. A na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ike ahụ na usoro okpomọkụ: na-emepụta okpomọkụ, ihicha, na refrigeration . Oke nke ike mmeghari ohuru na ụlọ ọrụ bụ 14.5% na 2017-karịsịa okpomọkụ dị ala nke sitere na bioenergy na ọkụ eletrik na-eweta. Ihe omume kachasị ike na ụlọ ọrụ nwere oke kachasị ala nke ume ọhụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eche njedebe na ịmepụta okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ karịa 200 . . [205] Maka ụfọdụ usoro mmepụta ihe, ịzụ ahịa nke teknụzụ a na-ewubeghị ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ga-adị mkpa iji kpochapụ ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ. [206] Ịmepụta ígwè, dịka ọmụmaatụ, siri ike ịgbanye ọkụ n'ihi na ọ na-ejikarị coke eme ihe, nke sitere na coal, ma na-emepụta oke okpomọkụ dị elu yana dịka ihe na-eme nchara n'onwe ya. [207] Imepụta rọba, simenti, na fatịlaịza na-achọkwa ike dị ukwuu, na-enwe obere ohere iji decarbonise. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Åhman|first=Max|date=2017|title=Global climate policy and deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries|journal=[[Climate Policy (journal)|Climate Policy]]|volume=17|issue=5|pages=634–649|doi=10.1080/14693062.2016.1167009|issn=1469-3062}}</ref> Mgbanwe gaa na akụ na ụba okirikiri ga-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye ịmegharị ihe ọzọ ma si otú a na-eji obere ume ma e jiri ya tụnyere iwepụta ihe ọhụrụ. [209] == Atumatu gọọmentị == <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" id="677" style="">"Iweta teknụzụ ume ọhụrụ n'ahịa nwere ike na-ewe ọtụtụ iri afọ, mana ọ dị mkpa iru ikuku ikuku ikuku n'ụwa niile site na 2050 pụtara na ọganihu ga-adị ngwa ngwa. Ahụmahụ egosila na ọrụ gọọmentị dị oke mkpa n'ịbelata oge achọrọ iji weta teknụzụ ọhụrụ n'ahịa na ịgbasa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe."</blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">[[International Energy Agency]] (2021) </cite> </div> [[Usòrò:MicrocityCarSharingHangzhou.jpg|alt=Photograph of a row of cars plugged into squat metal boxes under a roof|thumb|Ọtụtụ mba na European Union ewepụtala ụbọchị maka ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ niile ga-abụ ụgbọ ala anaghị ekpochapụ efu . [211]]] Amụma gọọmentị a haziri nke ọma nke na-akwalite mgbanwe usoro ume nwere ike belata ikuku ikuku griin haus ma melite ogo ikuku n'otu oge, na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nwekwara ike ịbawanye nchekwa ike. [212] Ejirila ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi kemgbe afọ 1970 iji kwalite ojiji ike na-adịgide adịgide. [213] Ụfọdụ gọọmentị ewepụtala ụbọchị maka ịkwụsị ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ na ịkwụsị nyocha ọhụrụ mmanụ ala . Gọọmenti nwere ike ịchọ ka ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ na-emepụta ikuku efu, ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ ụlọ ọhụrụ kama gas. [211] Ụkpụrụ Pọtụfoliyo a na-emegharị ọhụrụ n'ọtụtụ mba chọrọ akụrụngwa iji mụbaa pasentị ọkụ eletrik ha na-ewepụta site na isi mmalite. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ciucci|first=M.|date=February 2020|title=Renewable Energy|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/70/renewable-energy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604182037/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/70/renewable-energy|archivedate=4 June 2020|accessdate=3 June 2020|publisher=[[European Parliament]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals|url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603174312/https://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx|archivedate=3 June 2020|accessdate=3 June 2020|publisher=[[National Conference of State Legislators]]}}</ref> Gọọmenti nwere ike mee ka mgbanwe usoro ike dị ngwa ngwa site na-eduga mmepe nke akụrụngwa dịka eriri nnyefe eletrik dị anya, grids smart, na pipeline hydrogen. [216] N'ime njem, akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị na ihe mkpali nwere ike ime ka njem dịkwuo mma ma ghara ịdabere na ụgbọ ala. [212] Atụmatụ ime obodo nke na-egbochi mgbasa nwere ike ibelata ojiji ike na njem na ụlọ dị n'ime obodo ma na-eme ka ndụ dịkwuo mma. [212] Nchọpụta ego gọọmentị na-akwado, ịzụ ahịa, na atumatu mkpali dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mmepe na ntozu teknụzụ ike dị ọcha, dịka batrị anyanwụ na lithium. [217] N'ọnọdụ nke IEA maka usoro ike ikuku efu site na 2050, a na-achịkọta ego ọha na eze ngwa ngwa iji weta ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na oge ngosi na ịkwado mbugharị. [218] Ọnụ ego carbon (dị ka ụtụ isi na ikuku CO ) na-enye ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa ihe mkpali iji belata ikuku ikuku ma na-ahapụ ha ka ha họrọ otu esi eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike ịgbanwe gaa na isi mmalite ike na-eku ume, melite arụmọrụ ike, ma ọ bụ belata ojiji ha na-eji ngwaahịa na ọrụ ike ike. [219] Ọnụ ego carbon ezutela mgbagha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike na mpaghara ụfọdụ, ebe amụma akọwapụtara ike na-adịkarị mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="Plumer">{{Cite news|author=Plumer|first=Brad|date=2018-10-08|title=New U.N. Climate Report Says Put a High Price on Carbon|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/climate/carbon-tax-united-nations-report-nordhaus.html|accessdate=2019-10-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Green|first=Jessica F.|date=2021|title=Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses|url=https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdae9|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=043004|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abdae9|issn=1748-9326}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-egosi na iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na 1.5 Celsius C, ọnụ ahịa carbon ga-adị mkpa ka atumatu siri ike gbanyere ume gbakwunye ya. [222] Dị ka nke 2019, ọnụ ahịa carbon n'ọtụtụ mpaghara dị oke ala iji nweta ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris. Ụtụ isi carbon na-enye isi iyi ego a ga-enweta nke enwere ike iji wedata ụtụ isi ndị ọzọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax {{!}} Canada|url=https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly/revenue-neutral-carbon-tax|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052504/https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly/revenue-neutral-carbon-tax|archivedate=28 October 2019|accessdate=28 October 2019|publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]}}</ref> ma ọ bụ nyere ezinụlọ ndị nwere obere ego aka ị nweta ụgwọ ọrụ ike dị elu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carr|first=Mathew|date=10 October 2018|title=How High Does Carbon Need to Be? Somewhere From $20–$27,000|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/how-much-does-carbon-need-to-cost-somewhere-from-20-to-27-000|accessdate=2019-10-04}}</ref> Gọọmenti ụfọdụ, dị ka EU na UK, na-enyocha iji mmezi oke carbon . <ref>{{Cite web|title=EAC launches new inquiry weighing up carbon border tax measures|date=24 September 2021|publisher=[[UK Parliament]]|url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/62/environmental-audit-committee/news/157728/eac-launches-new-inquiry-weighing-up-carbon-border-tax-measures/|accessdate=2021-10-14|language=en|archivedate=24 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924120030/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/62/environmental-audit-committee/news/157728/eac-launches-new-inquiry-weighing-up-carbon-border-tax-measures/}}</ref> Ndị a na-etinye tarifu na mbubata sitere na mba ndị nwere amụma ihu igwe na-adịchaghị mma, iji hụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ọnụ ahịa carbon dị n'ime ka na-asọmpi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Plumer|first=Brad|date=2021-07-14|title=Europe Is Proposing a Border Carbon Tax. What Is It and How Will It Work?|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/14/climate/carbon-border-tax.html|accessdate=2021-09-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bharti|first=Bianca|date=2021-08-12|title=Taxing imports of heavy carbon emitters is gaining momentum – and it could hurt Canadian industry: Report|language=en|work=[[Financial Post]]|url=https://financialpost.com/news/economy/border-carbon-adjustments-canada-eu-import-carbon-tax|accessdate=2021-10-03}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọsọ ọsọ nke mgbanwe amụma ebidola ka nke 2020 dị obere karịa ka achọrọ iji mezuo ebumnuche ihu igwe nke nkwekọrịta Paris. [229] [230] Na mgbakwunye na atumatu ime ụlọ, a ga-achọ nkwado dị ukwuu nke mba ụwa iji mee ka ihe ọhụrụ dị ngwa na iji nyere mba ndị ka daa ogbenye aka ịmepụta ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide iji nweta ume zuru oke. [231] Mba nwere ike ịkwado mmeghari ohuru iji mepụta ọrụ. [232] Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile na-eme atụmatụ na mgbalị iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2&nbsp;Celsius C ga-ebute oke ọrụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụ na ụba. <ref name=":21">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-14|title=24&nbsp;million jobs to open up in the green economy|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_628644/lang--en/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213559/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_628644/lang--en/index.htm|archivedate=2 June 2021|accessdate=30 May 2021|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na 24&nbsp;A ga-emepụta nde ọrụ ọhụrụ site n'afọ 2030 na mpaghara ndị dị ka ọgbọ ọkụ eletrik na-emegharị, na-eme ka ike na-arụ ọrụ ike n'ime ụlọ, na mgbanwe gaa na ụgbọ ala eletrik. Nde ọrụ nde isii ga-efunahụ ya, na ngalaba dịka ngwuputa ihe na mmanụ ọkụ. <ref name=":21" /> Gọọmenti nwere ike ime mgbanwe na ike na-adịgide adịgide karịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ site n'ịhụ na mgbanwe ziri ezi maka ndị ọrụ na mpaghara ndị na-adabere na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ, iji hụ na ha nwere ohere akụ na ụba ọzọ. [139] == Ego == [[Usòrò:20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg|alt=Graph of global investment for renewable energy, electrified heat and transport, and other non-fossil-fuel energy sources|thumb|Electrified heat and transport are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition.<ref name=BNEF_20240130>{{cite web |title=Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/ |website=BNEF.com |publisher=Bloomberg NEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628232137/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/ |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |date=30 January 2024 |quote=Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards. |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Ịkwalite ego zuru oke maka ihe ọhụrụ na ntinye ego bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe ike. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|author=Mazzucato|first=Mariana|date=2018|title=Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162517306820|journal=[[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]|language=en|volume=127|pages=8–22|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021|issn=0040-1625|accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref> Ndị IPCC na-eme atụmatụ na ịgbachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C, US $2.4&nbsp;trillion ga-achọ itinye ego na sistemu ike kwa afọ n'etiti 2016 na 2035. Imirikiti ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ndị a, nhata 2.5% nke GDP ụwa, ga-adị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru akụ na ụba na ahụike. [235] [236] ego itinye ego kwa afọ na teknụzụ ume carbon dị ala na nrụpụta ike ga-adị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu isii karịa na 2050 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2015. [237] Otu United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change na-eme atụmatụ na ego ihu igwe ruru $681&nbsp;Ijeri na 2016. [238] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a bụ ntinye ego nke onwe na ntinye ume ọhụrụ, itinye ego n'ọrụ ọha na eze na njem na-adigide, na ntinye ego nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ike. [239] Nkwekọrịta Paris gụnyere nkwa nke mgbakwunye $100&nbsp;ijeri kwa afọ site na mba ndị mepere emepe gaa na mba ndị dara ogbenye, ime mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe. Agbanyeghị, emezubeghị ebumnuche a yana iwu ngụkọ na-edoghị anya egbochila nha ọganiru. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roberts|first=J. Timmons|date=2021|title=Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance|journal=[[Nature Climate Change]]|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=180–182|doi=10.1038/s41558-021-00990-2|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Radwanski|first=Adam|date=2021-09-29|title=Opinion: As pivotal climate summit approaches, Canada at centre of efforts to repair broken trust among poorer countries|language=en-CA|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-as-pivotal-climate-summit-approaches-canada-at-centre-of-efforts-to/|accessdate=2021-09-30}}</ref> Ego mmanụ ọkụ na enyemaka bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi na mgbanwe ike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bridle|first=Richard|date=June 2019|title=Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps: How to pay for an energy revolution|url=https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117055218/https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap.pdf|archivedate=17 November 2019|accessdate=|publisher=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|author=Mazzucato|first=Mariana|date=2018|title=Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162517306820|journal=[[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]|language=en|volume=127|pages=8–22|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021|issn=0040-1625|accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref> Enyemaka mmanụ ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ kpọmkwem bụ $319&nbsp;ijeri na 2017. Nke a na-ebili na $5.2&nbsp;trillion mgbe a na-ere ọnụ ahịa na-apụtaghị ìhè, dịka mmetụta sitere na mmetọ ikuku. <ref name="Watts_et_al_2019">{{Cite journal|author=Watts|first=N.|year=2019|title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31733928|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=394|issue=10211|pages=1836–1878|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6|pmid=31733928|accessdate=3 November 2021}}</ref> Ịkwụsị ihe ndị a nwere ike ibute mbelata 28% nke ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mbelata 46% nke ọnwụ mmetọ ikuku. [244] Ego maka ike dị ọcha ka ọrịa COVID-19 emetụtaghị ya, yana ngwugwu mkpali akụ na ụba metụtara ọrịa na-enye ohere maka mgbake akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuzemko|first=Caroline|date=2020|title=Covid-19 and the politics of sustainable energy transitions|url=|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|language=en|volume=68|pages=101685|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2020.101685|issn=2214-6296|pmid=32839704}}</ref> [246] * Akụ na ụba carbon dị ala * Usoro iheomume nke nyocha ike na-adigide 2020-dị ugbu a * </img> * </img> * </img> == Ntụaka == === Ihe ndetu === === Isi mmalite ike anaghị emeghari ohuru === 671s5caw1xqobckh4fx4bmdk98h3qpx 0 12766 697820 637572 2026-08-10T08:52:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gertrude "Trudi" Makhaya''' bụ onye South Africa na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye edemede.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/5-things-we-didnt-know-about-the-president-new-advisor-2018-4|title=10 things we didn't know about Trudi Makhaya, Cyril Ramaphosa's new economic advisor|work=Business Insider|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba nke onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa, onye isi ala South Africa ugbu a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/ramaphosa-appoints-trudi-makhaya-as-economic-advisor-14478015|title=Ramaphosa appoints Trudi Makhaya as economic advisor {{!}} IOL Business Report|work=Independent Online|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na Deloitte, Genesis Analytics na AngloGold Ashanti na South Africa. Ọ rụziri ọrụ na Kọmitii Asọmpi nke South Africa site na 2010 ruo 2014. N'afọ 2015, Makhaya guzobere Makhaya Advisory. Makhaya nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ o bipụtara, na-elekwasị anya na asọmpi akụ na ụba na amụma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://trudimakhaya.co.za/about-trudi-makhaya/|title=About Trudi Makhaya {{!}} mzansipreneur|accessdate=3 April 2019|archivedate=3 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064940/https://trudimakhaya.co.za/about-trudi-makhaya/}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Makhaya ma zụlite ya na Hammanskraal, Gauteng, South Africa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sapeople.com/2018/04/19/introducing-trudi-makhaya-president-ramaphosas-new-economic-advisor/|title=Introducing Trudi Makhaya – President Ramaphosa's New Economic Advisor|author=Contributor|first=SAPeople|date=19 April 2018|work=SAPeople – Your Worldwide South African Community|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, Makhaya debara aha na St Barnabas College, na Bosmont, South Africa.<ref name=":0" /> O mechara nweta ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu nke Rhodes wee gaa St Antony's College of Oxford University dị ka onye so na klas nke 2002, wee nweta nzere MBA na MSc na mmepe akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|title=Rhodes House – Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|work=Rhodes House – Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> Makhaya gakwara Mahadum Witwatersrand wee nweta nzere BCom na Economics na Iwu, nzere nsọpụrụ na akụ na ụba na nzere Masters na Economics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> N'oge ọrụ ya na Deloitte, Genesis Analytics na AngloGold Ashanti, Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ njikwa ma nwekwa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2010, Makhaya sonyeere Kọmitii Asọmpi nke South Africa, na mbụ dị ka onye isi akụ na ụba. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka osote kọmishọna ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu kọmitii isi nke asọmpi ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ọrụ ya na Kọmitii Asọmpi lekwasịrị anya na akụ na ụba asọmpi na ọrụ nke gụnyere ịtụle mmetụta asọmpi gbasara mkpebi azụmahịa yana nyochaa ikpe mmanye asọmpi. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịnọchite anya Kọmitii Asọmpi na Ụlọikpe Asọmpi na ije ozi dị ka onye akaebe ọkachamara.<ref name=":2" /> Makhaya bụkwa onye isi na-etinye nha nke ihe karịrị otu ijeri rands n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ na-etinye aka na aghụghọ iji bulie arịrịọ maka ámá egwuregwu maka 2010 FIFA World Cup n'oge ọ bụ osote kọmishọna.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, Makhaya hapụrụ Kọmitii Asọmpi.<ref name=":2" /> Makhaya guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ na 2015 nke a na-akpọ Makhaya Advisory ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi ya. Isi ihe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ azụmaahịa na amụma asọmpi. Ọ na-akwado ndị ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ site na ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nke ha. Makhaya akwadola azụmahịa ọhụrụ site n'inye ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ndụmọdụ na inye ego site na ije ozi dị ka onye mmụọ ozi na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ mmalite.<ref name=":1" /> Ọzọkwa, Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na MTN South Africa na Vumelana Advisory Fund n'ọkwa ndị na-abụghị ndị isi.<ref name=":1" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, a họpụtara Makhaya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba kachasị ọhụrụ nke onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa. Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba kacha nta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/business/2018-04-18-trudi-makhaya-in-ramaphosas-a-team/|title=Trudi Makhaya in Ramaphosa's A-team|work=SowetanLIVE & Sunday World|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> A na-enye Makhaya ọrụ ịhazi na ikenye ọrụ nke ndị ozi pụrụ iche nke InvestSA bụ ndị ga-eweta ma ọ pekata mpe ijeri dọla otu narị nke itinye ego mba ụwa site na 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> == Akwụkwọ mbiputa ndị a họọrọ == === "Competition, barriers to entry and inclusive growth – Capitec case study" (2015) === Makhaya so Nicholas Nhundu dee akwụkwọ ọrụ a. Akwụkwọ ahụ jiri Capitec Bank, ụlọ akụ na-ere ahịa na South Africa, dị ka ihe nyocha iji nyochaa ihe mgbochi ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akụ na-ere ahịa na South Africa. E nyochara ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec na ndị ọzọ na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2008 iji chọpụta ihe ndị nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec na ihe mgbochi Capitec meriri iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec mere ka ụlọ akụ na-asọmpi zaghachi na mmejuputa iji soro Capitec sọọ mpi, ebe ndị ahịa na-ahọrọ ịgbanwe gaa na Capitec n'ihi ụgwọ ụlọ akụ dị ala. Ọzọkwa, a na-enye ndị ahịa nke ụlọ akụ na-asọmpi ụgwọ dị ọnụ ala iji gbanwee gaa Capitec. Ime ka ndị ahịa kwenye ịgbanwe mere ka Capitec merie nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke dị oke mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma ha. Akwụkwọ ahụ tụrụ aro na iji ngwaahịa dị mfe nke e nwere ike ịghọta na ime ka ndị ahịa na-agbazinye ego gbanwee ghọọ ndị ahịa ụlọ akụ, bụ ihe kpatara ihe ịga nke ọma ha. A tụrụ aro n'akwụkwọ ahụ na aro ndị sitere na nyocha ahịa n'ime ụlọ akụ mekwara ka ọnọdụ asọmpi dị mma nyekwara aka na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Capitec. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke usoro ndị a, ha kwubiri na a ka nwere ike imeziwanye usoro mgbanwe ahụ na n'etiti ọganihu ndị ọzọ dịka usoro siri ike iji mee ka a nabata ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-abata n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makhaya|first=Gertrude|year=2015|title=Competition, Barriers to Entry and Inclusive Growth – Capitec Case Study|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2728273|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> === "Expectations and outcomes: considering competition and corporate power in South Africa under democracy" (2013) === N'ime akwụkwọ a, Makhaya na onye so dee ya bụ Simon Roberts nyochara usoro ụlọ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro iwu asọmpi na South Africa. E nyochara nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ atọ dị mkpa. Ha nyochakwara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihe gbasara nchedo ike ahịa na mmetụta nke ndị isi asọmpi na akụ na ụba South Africa. Dị ka akụ na ụba South Africa mepụtara ogologo oge ikpa oke agburu, ndị edemede ahụ rụrụ ụka na enwere nghọta dị nta banyere ahịa asọmpi na ụlọ ọrụ dị na South Africa. Ọzọkwa, ndị edemede ahụ tụrụ aro na iwu na ụlọ ọrụ South Africa nọgidere n'ikwado ụlọ ọrụ dị ike, a ghọtahiere atụmanya nke iwu asọmpi ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa ọrụ ọ bụla maka steeti, ya mere ọrụ nke iwu asọmpi ahụ mebiri ma ghara ịdị irè. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na mmetụta nke iwu ndị e guzobere n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gara n'ihu na-egbochi ụlọ ọrụ na South Africa n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọhụrụ na mgbanwe akụ na ụba n'ihi na usoro ahụ nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị nọ n'ọkwa ohere ichebe ọdịmma nke ha ebe a na-egbochi ndị nwere olileanya ịbanye n'ahịa, n'enweghị uru nke ndị ọchịchị asọmpi. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a chọrọ ndị na-etinye ego ga-echebe ọnọdụ ha n'ahịa ebe ndị na-ekenye ndị ọhụrụ nwara ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ iji chebe ụgwọ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makhaya|first=Gertrude|date=17 December 2013|title=Expectations and outcomes: considering competition and corporate power in South Africa under democracy|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=40|issue=138|pages=556–571|doi=10.1080/03056244.2013.854034|issn=0305-6244}}</ref> === "How should young institutions approach competition enforcement? Reflections on South Africa's experience"" (2012) === Makhaya so dee akwụkwọ a na mmekorita ya na Simon Roberts na Wendy Mkwananzi. Ọ nyochara mmezu nke South Africa nke iwu asọmpi mgbe e guzobere ọchịchị asọmpi. Akwụkwọ ahụ jiri South Africa dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma gbasara iwu asọmpi maka mmejuputa iwu asọmpi n'Africa niile ma gosipụta mpaghara abụọ dị mkpa, otu bụ mkpa nyocha nsonaazụ ahịa na nke ọzọ gbasara usoro nhazi. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na mmejuputa iwu mmanye siri ike nyere ụlọọrụ ahụ aka ikpughe omume aghụghọ dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba. Nchọpụta ndị dị mkpa na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ihe ịga nke ọma nke kọmitii ahụ, otu bụ iwu ebere nke ụlọ ọrụ ebe nke ọzọ bụ nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke dị irè n'ịchọpụta ọrụ cartel. Akwụkwọ a nyochara ọrụ nke South African Competition Commission kemgbe 1999, mgbe e kere ya. Ha chọpụtara na ibute ịmalite nyocha ụzọ a na ịkwalite ngwa enyemaka ụlọ ọrụ site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka na omume aghụghọ dị oke mkpa gbasara ịmanye cartels nke ọma. Nke a mere ka ntụkwasị obi nke kọmitii ahụ mụbaa. Ihe omume ndị a dugara na mmanye cartel nke ọma, otu n'ime mmezi na mmanye nke Kọmitii Asọmpi mere. Ihe ọzọ na-enye aka n'ihe ịga nke ọma nke Kọmitii Asọmpi nke akwụkwọ ahụ chọpụtara bụ usoro ihe e mere banyere ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ dị mma nke na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma kwado nsonaazụ asọmpi. Ha kwubiri na ihe ndị a nyere aka n'ihe ịga nke ọma nke Kọmitii Asọmpi dị ka ikike asọmpi nke mba na-emepe emepe iji dozie ọdịdị mmegide asọmpi nke ụlọ ọrụ South Africa dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makhaya|first=Gertrude|date=28 March 2012|title=How should young institutions approach competition enforcement? Reflections on South Africa's experience|journal=South African Journal of International Affairs|volume=19|issue=1|pages=43–64|doi=10.1080/10220461.2012.670402|issn=1022-0461}}</ref> === "Telecommunications in developing countries: reflections from the South African experience" (2003) === Makhaya na Simon Roberts bu ndi dere akwụkwọ a, akwụkwọ a chọrọ inyocha arụmụka gbasara privatization, ahụmịhe mba ụwa na mmepe akụ na ụba gbasara mgbalị South Africa ịgbasa ọrụ nkwukọrịta na mba ahụ mgbe ọ nọ n'usoro nke inyefe ihe gbasara telekomunikashions n'aka ndị mmadụ. Ndị edemede ahụ rụrụ ụka na n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọganihu na teknụzụ nkwukọrịta na South Africa mepụtara ohere maka mmepe akụ na ụba enwerekwa ihe ize ndụ nke nkewa akụ na ụba nke nwere ike ịpụta n'ihi nkesa na-adịghị mma nke ọrụ nkwukọrịta. N'iburu n'uche enweghị nhata ego na South Africa gbasara agbụrụ, ndị edemede ahụ tụrụ aro na enwere ike igosipụta enweghị nhata ndị a site na ịgbatị ọrụ nkwukọrịta. Otú ọ dị, ndị edemede ahụ nyekwara ihe akaebe maka uru maka uto akụ na ụba n'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ nkwukọrịta. Ha nyochara ahụmịhe South Africa na mbọ ahụ ma nyochaa usoro iwu nke mba ahụ na nyefee, arụmọrụ nke otu n'ime netwọk ya dị mkpa, ntinye aka gọọmentị na ụkpụrụ gbasara nkwukọrịta, na mmetụta telekomunikashions nwere na arụmọrụ akụ na ụba na ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otu n'ime nkwubi okwu nke ọmụmụ ihe ahụ bụ na nwe onwe onye na iwu anaghị edozi mmụba nke ọrụ nkwukọrịta dị ọnụ ala nye ndị bi na South Africa n'ịgbalị ikpochapụ enweghị nhata dị ugbu a, nke ndị edemede ahụ weere dị ka nnukwu nsogbu ndị South Africa na-eche ihu. Ka netwọk Telkom kwadoro [[Iba|ịba]] ụba uru, ịgbanwere site na ịpụ iche gaa n'ịgbasa ọrụ ghọrọ ihe na-abaghị uru dị ka ịba uru mere ka ọrụ nkwukọrịta ghara ịdị ọnụ ala nye ndị ga-eche na ha ga-erite uru site na mmụba ahụ. N'aka nke ya, a chọpụtara na ọpụrụiche na-eme ka uru Telkom dịkwuo elu. Nkwubi okwu ọzọ bụ na Telkom nwere ike iji ọnọdụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mee ihe n'ihi nsogbu asọmpi a na-eleghara anya n'oge usoro nke privatization. Nke a kpatara mmụba mgbochi ịbanye maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ma mebie mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ihe na nlọghachi na akụ na ụba. Ndị edemede ahụ kwubiri na ahụmịhe South Africa na-atụ aro na usoro iwu nke mba mepụtara uru a na-enweta site n'ịgbanwe ọrụ nkwukọrịta nakwa na a chọrọ ntinye aka gọọmentị maka akụ na ụba iji rite uru site na mgbanwe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makhaya|first=Gertrude|year=2003|title=Telecommunications in developing countries: reflections from the South African experience|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_telecommunications-policy_february-march-2003_27_1-2/page/41|journal=Telecommunications Policy|volume=27|issue=1–2|pages=41–59|doi=10.1016/s0308-5961(02)00090-3|issn=0308-5961}}</ref> == Mgbalị ndị ọzọ == Makhaya bụ onye edemede na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. E bipụtala ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya na nso nso a. Ọ na-enyekwa nkọwa ọha na eze site na ide kọlụm maka [[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] na ''Acumen''<ref name=":1" />. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r8s7zinu4ijakimfvh46iejn73ez14w 0 12821 697919 93377 2026-08-10T10:45:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Potty parity''' bụ nha nha ma ọ bụ nha nhata nke ụlọ mposi ọha akụrụngwa maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'ime oghere ọha. [[Usòrò:L-toilet4.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Atụmatụ ụlọ mposi ọha na eze na Charing Cross Road, London, 1904. Ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwoke (n'aka ekpe) nwere cubicles iri na abụọ na urinals iri na atọ; ebe ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị (n'aka nri) nwere naanị cubicles 5.]] == Nkọwa nke parity == Enwere ike ịkọwa nha n'ụzọ dị iche iche gbasara ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime ụlọ. Nke kachasị mfe bụ dị ka ala nhata maka ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ịsa ahụ nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke gụnyere urinals, nke na-ewe obere ohere karịa ụlọ ahịa, nke a ka na-arụpụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwoke. Otu ihe ọzọ dị nhata bụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndozi n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na nkezi na-etinyekwu oge n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke nwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ kwa oge. Ya mere, iwu ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-achọ ka ụmụ nwanyị nwekwuo ihe ndozi iji hụ na nkezi oge eji echere iji ụlọ mposi bụ otu maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ụmụ nwoke, ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ọnụọgụ nke ụlọ mposi nwoke na nwanyị dị nhata.<ref name="shah"> {{Cite web|url=http://www.governingwithcode.org/journal_articles/pdf/How_Architecture_Regulates.pdf|title=How Architecture Regulates|author=Shah|first=Rajiv C.|pages=14–15|accessdate=2009-05-11}} </ref> == Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị == Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-etinyekarị oge n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ karịa ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke, n'ihi ihe gbasara anụ ahụ na ọdịbendị.<ref name="Plaskow">{{Cite journal|author=Plaskow|first=Judith|date=8 July 2008|title=Embodiment, Elimination, and the Role of Toilets in Struggles for Social Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cross-currents_spring-2008_58_1/page/51|journal=Cross Currents|volume=58|issue=1|pages=51–64|doi=10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00004.x}}</ref> Ihe a chọrọ iji cubicle kama iji urinal pụtara ịsa ahụ na-ewe ogologo oge ma a ghaghị ịsa aka nke ọma.<ref name="Plaskow" /><ref name="Anthony"> {{Cite journal|author=Anthony|first=Kathryn H. and|year=2007|title=Potty Parity in Perspective: Gender and Family Issues in Planning and Designing Public Restrooms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-planning-literature_2007-02_21_3/page/267|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|volume=21|issue=3|pages=267–294|doi=10.1177/0885412206295846}} </ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eleta ụlọ ịsa ahụ. Ọrịa urinary tract na incontinence na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Plaskow" /> [[Afọ ime|Ime ime]], nsọ nwanyị, [[Ị chu ara|inye nwa ara]], na mgbanwe diaper na-eme ka ojiji dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Plaskow" /> Ndị agadi, bụ ndị nwanyị na-enweghị atụ, na-ewe ogologo oge ma na-eleta ụlọ ịsa ahụ ugboro ugboro. E mepụtara ụdị urinals ụmụ nwanyị na funnels onwe onye iji mee ka ọ dịrị ụmụ nwanyị mfe ịsa ahụ n'eguzo ọtọ. Ọ dịghị nke zuru oke iji metụta nhazi iwu na potty parity.<ref name="Anthony" /> John F. Banzhaf III, onye prọfesọ iwu na Mahadum George Washington, na-akpọ onwe ya "nna nke potty parity".<ref name="Anthony" /> Banzhaf na-arụ ụka na ileghara nha potty anya; ya bụ, inwe naanị ụlọ ọrụ nhata maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị; bụ ụdị ịkpa ókè mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0119/p16s01-lihc.html|title='Potty parity' aims to remedy long lines|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=2006-01-19}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970s, Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịkwụsị ụlọ mposi na-akwụ ụgwọ na America kwuru ihe yiri nke ahụ: na ikwe ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ mposi kwụọ ụgwọ maka iji cubicle mgbe urinals achọghị ego bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi nye ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=March Fong Eu|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0880736.html|work=infoplease.com|accessdate=3 April 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ achọpụtala nha ite dị ka okwu nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ime ka ụmụ nwanyị, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile nwere ike ịmata ya.<ref name="Plaskow" /> == Leekwa == * Ụgwọ ụlọ ịsa ahụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} f9ombp43g3p1jafcae9s6qmtuwsp785 0 12838 697918 75234 2026-08-10T10:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697918 wikitext text/x-wiki Na '''ọmụmụ nzuzo''', nne na eweputara ndị ọchịchị njirimara ya, mana ọ choghi ka ndị ọchịchị kpughe njirimara ya. N'ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche, a kwadoro ọmụmụ nzuzo ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ iji gbochie igbu ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ ugboro ugboro, ọkachasị n'èzí alụmdi na nwunye. . Ikike nne nke mkpebi onwe onye kwụsịtụrụ ikike nwa ahụ ịma gbasara ndu nna nna ha ruo mgbe ọ gbanwere obi ya ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe nwatakịrị tozuru etozu rịọrọ ka a kpughee ya n'oge ọzọ. Echiche ọzọ nke [[Anonymous birth|ọmụmụ]] a na-amaghị aha, ebe nne na-ekpugheghị ndị ọchịchị njirimara ya ma ọlị, ma ọ bụ ebe njirimara ya ka na-enweghị njedebe, gafere nke a. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enwere ike ịhụ onye bu ụzọ maka iwu ọmụmụ nzuzo na [[Sweden]], ebe Iwu igbu ụmụaka nke 1778 nyere ndị nne ikike na ụzọ ịmụ nwa n'amaghị aha. Otú ọ dị, mmezigharị nke 1856 nke iwu ahụ gbochiri iwu a na ọmụmụ nzuzo, ebe e nyere onye na-amụ nwa e nyere iwu idebe aha nne ahụ n’ime envelopu mechiri emechi. Na [[France]], a kwadoro ''ọmụmụ nzuzo'' na 1793, mgbe Isiokwu 326 nke Code Civil webatara ma echiche nke ọmụmụ na-amaghị aha na nzuzo. === Ogbugbu ụmụaka === Ịmata nwa ọhụrụ site na nkọwa bụ mmadụ na-ama ụma gbuo nwatakịrị na-erubeghị afọ nke ezi uche, nke na-adịgasị iche n’ebe ọ nọ, mana a na-ewerekarị na ọ dị afọ itoolu, n’agbanyeghị na n’ụka Katọlik, afọ a dị afọ asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=31703|title=Dictionary : AGE OF DISCRETION|work=www.catholicculture.org|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nne egbuo nwa ya ma lụọ di, mgbe ahụ, a gaghị ekpe ikpe ahụ dị ka igbu mmadụ kama ọ bụ iwu nkịtị n'okpuru igbu ọchụ..Ọ bụrụ na a mụrụ nwa ahụ, nne ahụ ga-eji otu akaebe gosi ya na akwụkwọ onye ọrụ nke ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Rowe|first=G. S.|date=1991|title=Infanticide, Its Judicial Resolution, and Criminal Code Revision in Early Pennsylvania|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1991-06_135_2/page/200|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=135|issue=2|pages=200–232|pmid=11612570}}</ref> Ogbugbu ụmụaka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu n'ihi ihe isi ike nke ikpe na ọdịdị nke mmejọ ahụ. N'ọtụtụ ebe, echiche enyemaka mmadụ mere ka ndị na-ekpe ikpe tụlee na mgbe ndị na-eto eto na-alụbeghị di gburu ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, ntaramahụhụ ahụ ekwesịghị ịdị njọ.<ref name=":02" /> Ogbugbu ụmụaka belatara ka mkpebi bịara nke gbanwere echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe onwe ha na ndị ọzọ nọ. Ụfọdụ obodo bịara ghọta na omume mmegbu n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-ebutekarị ọnwụ ụmụ ha. Nke a gbara ọha mmadụ ume ka ha tụleghachi usoro na ọrụ ha na-arụ.<ref name=":02" /> == Leekwa == * Baby hatch * Nkwupụta nnabata * Ịchoputa * Ogbugbu ụmụaka * Nchịkwa Ọmụmụ * Griswold v. Connecticut == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} m4lstyvmitauq0jyewp92v60rqp5zn8 0 12847 697622 192578 2026-08-10T04:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} N'ime nde isii [[Jew|ndị Juu]] e gburu n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, nde abụọ bụ ụmụnwanyị. N'agbata afọ 1941 nakwa n'afọ 1945, a tụrụ ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu mkpọrọ n'ogige ịta ahụhụ ndị Nazi ma ọ bụ zoo iji zere njide ndị Nazi n'okpuru ọchịchị Adolf Hitler na mba [[Jémanị|Germany]].<ref name="historyplace.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-statistics.htm|title=Holocaust Timeline: Statistics of the Holocaust|publisher=The History Place|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref><ref name="Hedgepeth2010">{{Cite book|author=Hedgepeth|first=Sonja|title=Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust|date=2010|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon|isbn=978-1584659044}}</ref> A na-emegbu ha n'ụzọ mmekọahụ, dinaa ha n'ike, na-akparị ha ihe, na-eti ha ihe, ma jiri ha mee nnwale ụmụ mmadụ ndị Nazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women During the Holocaust|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005176|accessdate=29 April 2014|author=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu nwere ọrụ dị ukwuu ma dị iche na ndị na-eguzogide na ndị otu.<ref name="Tec 34–47">{{Cite journal|author=Tec|first=Nechama|date=January 1996|title=Women in the Forest|journal=Contemporary Jewry|volume=17|pages=34–47|doi=10.1007/BF02965404}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta nke ọha == Dị ka onye edemede Joan Ringelheim si kwuo, ụmụnwanyị gosipụtara omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ karịa ụmụnwoke ibe ha, n'ihi àgwà ha pụrụ iche.<ref name="Ringelheim1998">{{Cite book|author=Ringelheim|first=Joan|title=Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust|date=1998|publisher=Paragon House|isbn=978-1557785046}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụmụnwoke kewapụtakwara nkwado nke mmekọrịta nke ọha n'ogige ndị ahụ.<ref name="Tec 2003">{{Cite book|title=Resilience and Courage: Women, Men and the Holocaust|author=Tec|first=Nechama|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003}}</ref> Ajụjụ ọnụ nke onye lanarịrị Holocaust aha ya bụ Rose kọwara nkekọ ụmụnwanyị ahụ guzobere:   == Mmeri Mmekọahu == Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ bụ ndị nwere ike imetọ mmekọahụ site n'aka ndị Nazi jidere ha: E mebiri ụmụnwanyị ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asatọ (80) ozugbo ha banyere dị ka "igbu egbugbu, iwepụ ntutu isi ha, mwakpo nke oghere ahụ ha" bụ akụkụ nke usoro mmebi, mmechuihu, na ime ha dịka ngwa ahịa. "<ref name="Goldenberg1996">{{Cite journal|author=Goldenberg|first=Myrna|date=November 1996|title=Lessons learned from Gentle Heroism: Women's Holocaust Narratives|journal=The Holocaust: Remembering for the Future|volume=548|pages=78–93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Waxman|first=Zoë|title=Women in the Holocaust: a feminist history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780199608683|pages=91}}</ref> Ikike ịmụ nwa nke ụmụnwanyị nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'ihi ọnọdụ mgbukpọ. Ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ kwuru na ha malitere amenorrhea, nke belatara ohere ha ịmụ ụmụ: 82 Ndina n'ike bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ụmụ nwanyị chere ihu na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ.<ref name="Goldenberg1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sinnreich|first=Helene|date=2008|title='And it was something we didn't talk about': Rape of Jewish Women during the Holocaust|journal=Holocaust Studies|volume=14|issue=2|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/17504902.2008.11087214|issn=1750-4902}}</ref> A na-edina ha n'ike mgbe ụfọdụ, wee gbuo ha: 83 A kọrọ na otu onye ọrụ SS "nwere omenala nke iguzo n'ọnụ ụzọ ... ma nwee mmetụta nke akụkụ nzuzo nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-abanye na gas bunker.<ref name="Goldenberg1996" /> E nwekwara ihe atụ nke ụmụnwoke SS nke ọkwa niile na-agbanye mkpịsị aka ha n'ime ike ụmụagbọghọ mara mma. " : 84<ref name="Goldenberg1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sinnreich|first=Helene|date=2008|title='And it was something we didn't talk about: Rape of Jewish Women during the Holocaust|journal=Holocaust Studies|volume=14|issue=2|pages=1–22|doi=10.1080/17504902.2008.11087214|issn=1750-4902}}</ref>  A kọrọ na "50%-80% nke ndị agha SS na ndị uwe ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mba Europe bụ ndị ikpe mara maka mwakpo mmekọahụ na ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu," ọ bụghị naanị maka obi ụtọ mmekọahụ kamakwa iji chịkwaa ma mee ka ha ghara ịdị mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Modern Judaism, Volume 32, Number 3|author=Katz|first=Steven|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|pages=293–322}}</ref> Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị iwu ndị Nazi nke machibidoro mmekọahụ n'etiti agbụrụ ndị Germany na ndị Juu nke a na-ata ahụhụ site na mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. E nwere oge nke ndị otu SS ebe a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu na-enweghị nchebe ugboro ugboro ruo mgbe ha dara n'ala na-agba ọbara. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwubiri na n'ihi na ndị isi SS na ndị agha bụ ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke ndị Juu nwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke mwakpo mmekọahụ na mmetọ karịa ụmụnwanyị.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glowacka|first=Dorota|title=Sexual Violence against Men and Boys during the Holocaust: A Genealogy of (Not-So-Silent) Silence|url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerhis/ghaa032/5843417|journal=German History|year=2020|volume=39|pages=78–99|language=en|doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghaa032}}</ref> Ịmụ nwa na-etinyekwa ndụ ụmụnwanyị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ogige ịta ahụhụ, na-emetụta ha n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na n'ụzọ mmetụta uche. Ozugbo a mụrụ nwa ọhụrụ, ụmụnwanyị nwere ike igbu ha na ụmụ ọhụrụ ha. Otu ihe ncheta na-akọwa ụfọdụ n'ime omume obi ọjọọ: "Ndị ikom na ndị inyom SS na-atọ onwe ha obi ụtọ site n'iji klọb na ụtarị na-eti ụmụnwanyị dị ime ihe, [na-eme ka nkịta dọwara ha], jiri ntutu isi ha dọkpụrụ ha ma jiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ German dị arọ gbaa ha ụkwụ n'afọ. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe [ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu dị ime] dara, a tụbara ha n'ime ebe a na-akpọ ozu - ndụ. " : 86 : 376<ref name="Goldenberg1996">{{Cite journal|author=Goldenberg|first=Myrna|date=November 1996|title=Lessons learned from Gentle Heroism: Women's Holocaust Narratives|journal=The Holocaust: Remembering for the Future|volume=548|pages=78–93}}</ref>  == Okike na njirimara == === Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu na ị bụ nne === Nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nne na ndị nna na akụkọ nke ndị lanarịrị bụ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu a tụrụ mkpọrọ kpatara: Ụmụnwanyị 155 na-akpọkarị onwe ha dị ka ndị nne na-amụ nwa: 158 ma gosipụta àgwà ha pụrụ iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị n'ịkọwa ahụmịhe ha n'ogige.<ref name="Feinstein2007">{{Cite journal|author=Feinstein|first=Margaret Myers|title=Absent Fathers, Present Mothers: Images of Parenthood in Holocaust Survivor Narratives|journal=Jewish Women in the Economy|date=Spring 2007|volume=13}}</ref><ref name="Feinstein2007" /> Nye ha, ịbụ nwanyị na Holocaust pụtara na ha rụrụ ọrụ ọ bụla nke nwanyị. Ha weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụnne nwanyị, nne, ụmụ nwanyị, wdg: 175 Nne na-anọchite anya okike ha, n'ihi na ha na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ụmụ ha.<ref name="Feinstein2007" /> === Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu dị ka ndị otu === Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu chere ihe ịma aka ihu ma rụọ ọrụ site na itinye aka ha na ndị otu ndị Juu, otu mmegide megide Nazi Germany na Europe niile nke ndị Nazi weghaara na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a gbapụrụ na ghettos ndị Juu n'ókèala niile ha weghaara iji sonyere ndị otu n'ime ọhịa iji gbanahụ mkpagbu ndị Nazi ma mee ka ohere ha dị ndụ.<ref name="Vershitskaya 567–572">{{Cite journal|author=Vershitskaya|first=Tamara|date=Fall 2011|title=Jewish Women in the Partisans in Belarus|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ecumenical-studies_fall-2011_46_4/page/567|journal=Journal of Ecumenical Studies|volume=46|issue=4|pages=567–572}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyeere ndị otu ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọma, ọkachasị na Bielski detachment.<ref name="Vershitskaya 567–572" /> Ndị otu Bielski nọgidere na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ihe dị ka ụmụnwanyị 364 n'ime ndị otu 1,018.<ref name="Vershitskaya 567–572" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ ụmụ nwoke, ọrụ ndị agha bụ ọrụ ụmụ nwoke. Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị gbapụrụ mkpagbu ndị Nazi iji ruo ngalaba ndị a, ha na-emekarị nke ahụ "n'ihi na ha na-achọ nnapụta, ọ bụghị n'ihi na ha na-alụso ndị iro ọgụ. "<ref name="Vershitskaya 567–572" /> Mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ngalaba ndị a na-egosipụta mgbe ụfọdụ àgwà ọha mmadụ ka ukwuu, gụnyere echiche nwoke na nwanyị na atụmanya. Ihe ndị a metụtara ọrụ ndị a na-enye ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime ha. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyeere ndị otu ahụ n'ozuzu ha n'ọrụ ọgụ na n'ọkwa ndị ndu" ma tinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị. Nnyocha na-egosi na ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị maara tupu ha abanye n'ọhịa na "ohere idina mmadụ n'ike ma ọ bụ igbu ọchụ dị adị."<ref name="Tec 2003">{{Cite book|title=Resilience and Courage: Women, Men and the Holocaust|author=Tec|first=Nechama|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003}}</ref> Ozugbo a nabatara ha n'ime ndị otu ahụ, a na-amanyekarị ụmụnwanyị ka ha na ụmụnwoke na ngalaba ndị a nwee mmekọrịta, ma ọ bụ n'afọ ofufo ma ọ bụ n'achọghị, n'ihi nchebe ha nyere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Tec 2003" /> Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a naghị akpa ókè ụmụ nwanyị ma were ha dị ka akụ bara uru. Kpọmkwem na Bielski detachment, ụmụnwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgba ogige ahụ site n'inye nri na inyere ndị merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa aka dị ka ndị nọọsụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ahụike.<ref name="Vershitskaya 567–572">{{Cite journal|author=Vershitskaya|first=Tamara|date=Fall 2011|title=Jewish Women in the Partisans in Belarus|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ecumenical-studies_fall-2011_46_4/page/567|journal=Journal of Ecumenical Studies|volume=46|issue=4|pages=567–572}}</ref> === Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu na nguzogide === Ma ụmụnwoke ma ụmụnwanyị so na nguzogide ahụ, mana a na-elegharakarị ọrụ ụmụnwanyị anya na mkparịta ụka nke oge a. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ụmụnwanyị adọta uche ndị Nazi ma dọta ha n'ime ebe ha na-eche ha nche ma ọ bụ gbuo ha n'onwe ha. Ụfọdụ ụmụnwanyị rụkwara ọrụ n'otu n'otu iji kwado nguzogide ahụ. Freddie Oversteegen na nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya dị afọ iri na anọ na iri na isii mgbe ha sonyeere ndị Dutch na-eguzogide. Ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ zutere Hannie Schaft, ha atọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka otu iji gbuo ndị agha Nazi. Afọ ha dị obere nyere ha ohere izere enyo ma jiri adịghị ike na nchekwa ndị Nazi. Mmadụ atọ ahụ dọtara ndị agha ndị iro n'ime ndị okenye nke ndị otu ha mere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Little|first=Becky|title=This Teenager Killed Nazis With Her Sister During WWII|url=https://www.history.com/news/dutch-resistance-teenager-killed-nazis-freddie-oversteegen|work=History|accessdate=12 May 2021}}</ref> Niuta Teitelbaum, nwanyị onye Juu dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ a na-akpọ "Little Wanda with the braids", na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Warsaw, bụ onye Gestapo. Teitelbaum ga-eji ejiji dị ka nwa agbọghọ ugbo [[Poland]] ma gbalịa ịrata ndị agha Nazi n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ozugbo ndị Nazi belatara nche ya, Teitelbaum ga-eji égbè gbuo ya. N'otu oge, Teitelbaum gbara ma gbuo ndị Nazi abụọ mgbe ọ merụrụ onye nke atọ ahụ. Enweghị afọ ojuju, ọ sooro onye Nazi ahụ merụrụ ahụ gaa n'ụlọ ọgwụ, banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ n'uwe dọkita, ma gbuo ma onye nche Nazi na onye uwe ojii na-agwọ nwoke ahụ o merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Batalion|first=Judy|title=The Nazi-Fighting Women of the Jewish Resistance|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/opinion/sunday/Jewish-women-Nazi-fighters.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 March 2021|accessdate=12 May 2021}}</ref> == Ụmụnwanyị ndị Juu nọ n'ogige ọrụ mmanye == Ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị kwenyere na ogige ọrụ mmanye bụ ohere ịrụ ọrụ maka nnwere onwe ha na ghettos, mana ụmụnwanyị ndị ọzọ nwara ịgbapụ. Ọnọdụ nke ogige ndị ahụ dị nnọọ njọ karịa ka a na-ekwukarị. Rena Kornreich Gelissen na-echeta na ọ gwara onwe ya "Anyị na-eto eto ... anyị ga-arụsi ọrụ ike ma tọhapụ anyị. " : 55 Gelissen, onye gara n'ogige ọrụ mmanye n'afọ ofufo, n'amaghị ọdịdị ha n'ezie, kwuru na nke a bụ echiche mbụ ya banyere ogige ọrụ mmanye.<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam">Gelissen, Rena Kornreich, and Macadam, Heather Dune. 2015. Rena’s Promise. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.</ref> N'ime ogige ndị ahụ, eziokwu ahụ pụtara ìhè. A napụrụ ụmụnwanyị ahụ uwe ha, ihe onwunwe ha, na ntutu isi ha. “Ha na-akpụ isi anyị, ogwe aka anyị; a na-atụfu ọbụna ntutu isi anyị ngwa ngwa na obi ọjọọ dị ka ntutu isi ndị ọzọ dị n'ahụ anyị: 58.”<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam" />  === Nhọrọ === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ bụ ikpochapụ ndị Juu. Otú ọ dị, ọchịchị ndị Nazi nọgidere na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ ndị Juu n'ogige ọrụ mmanye. Iji mee ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị Nazi nke mgbukpọ ndị Juu, ogige ọrụ mmanye ahụ mere "nhọrọ," nke a na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya. A haziri ụmụnwanyị ka e gbuo ha ma ọ bụ zọpụta ha, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mberede. Gelissen kwuru, sị, "Nhọrọ bụ oge ụfọdụ. Ọ dịghị agwa ugboro ole ha na-eme ..."" ọ gakwara n'ihu ịsị "E nwerekarị otu nwoke SS na-eguzo n'ikpe mgbe ndị ọzọ n'ime ha na-ekiri, mgbe ụfọdụ enwere nwoke SS abụọ, ha abụọ ga-enye gị mkpịsị aka maka ndụ. "": 133<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam">Gelissen, Rena Kornreich, and Macadam, Heather Dune. 2015. Rena’s Promise. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.</ref>  === Nri === Dị ka Gelissen si kwuo, "ọ bụrụ na agha ahụ na-aga nke ọma maka ndị Germany, n'otu oge [ha] na-enweta iberibe anụ n'ime ofe [ha] ma ọ bụ na achịcha [ha]," na anyị na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aracha nkwụ anyị mepere emepe, na-anụ ụtọ margarine ma ọ bụ mọstad.”: 136 E wezụga obere akụkụ ndị a kwa ụbọchị, ha na-enweta tii ụtụtụ, ofe maka nri ehihie, na achịcha maka nri abalị.<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam">Gelissen, Rena Kornreich, and Macadam, Heather Dune. 2015. Rena’s Promise. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ oge ha nwere naanị mmiri na obere ihe ọ kwesịrị ịbụ n'ezie. Agụụ na-agụ ha mgbe niile ma na-achọ ihe ndị ọzọ. "Amaghị m nke m ga-achọ ihe ndị ọzọ - nri ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe." : 137<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam" />  === Ọrụ === Ọrụ n'ogige ọrụ mmanye siri ike, n'ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike na nlekọta ndị SS mgbe niile. Ndị mkpọrọ na-arụkarị ọrụ aka n'anyanwụ zuru oke, "mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'isi ha." : 154 Gelissen rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ogige.<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam">Gelissen, Rena Kornreich, and Macadam, Heather Dune. 2015. Rena’s Promise. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.</ref> O kwuru na ihe mgbu ahụ enweghị atụ na ihe ọ bụla ọ nwetara. “Anyị na-arụ ọrụ na blọọgụ ọhụrụ ahụ, na-egwu ájá site na oghere miri emi ma na-agbanwe ya site na ụgbụ ụgbụ.” Otú ọ dị, Rena nwere ahụmahụ na-eme nke a ma ọ na-ekwu, “Aka anyị siri ike. Ha anaghịzi agba ọbara site na ogologo oge ọrụ....”: 141<ref name="Gelissen & Macadam" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust. Ihe ngosi n'ịntanetị nke Yad Vashem. Retrieved on 23 October 2014. * Lenore J. Weitzman, Women in the Holocaust, na Holocaust na United Nations Outreach Programme * [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/women-during-the-holocaust/ Ụmụ nwanyị n'oge] Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, na mmụta ndị Juu m * Helen Frink, Images of Women in the Holocaust, na Greenfield Community College na Western Massachusetts YouTube channel, 4 Eprel 2007 == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bijj2gg9sa7tklkgbpa2wnecq4qkm30 0 12887 697603 595591 2026-08-10T03:51:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697603 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Nkwado Ụmụnwanyị nke Ụmụ amaala nke a kpọrọ feminism''' bụ echiche na omume nke feminism nke na-elekwasị anya na decolonization, ọbụbụeze ụmụ amaala, na ikike mmadụ maka ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na ezinụlọ ha. Ihe a na-elekwasị anya bụ inye ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala ike n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala na ihe ndị dị mkpa, kama ịbụ ndị isi, ndị ọcha, ndị nna ochie.<ref name="Liddle2014">{{Cite news|author=Liddle|first=Celeste|title=Intersectionality and Indigenous Feminism: An Aboriginal Woman's Perspective - The Postcolonialist|url=http://postcolonialist.com/civil-discourse/intersectionality-indigenous-feminism-aboriginal-womans-perspective/|work=The Postcolonialist|date=25 June 2014}}</ref> N'echiche ọdịbendị a, enwere ike iji ya tụnyere nwanyị n'obodo ndị Africa na America. Obodo ụmụ amaala dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụmụnwanyị nọgidere na-enwe ike dị ukwuu n'ime mba agbụrụ ha, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ atụfuola ọrụ ọdịnala ha n'ime obodo ha, ebe ndị ọzọ bi na mpụga obodo ọdịnala kpamkpam. Ụmụnwanyị na-ejide ike n'ụlọ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị iche na ndị ka na-agbasi mbọ ike maka ikike mmadụ. Ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala nke oge a etolitewo dị ka obodo ma nyocha dị mkpa iji bute nsogbu ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na-eche ihu. Ịlanahụ ọgbọ nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu, colonisation, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ emeela ka ụmụnwanyị obodo dị iche iche dị mkpa. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-adịkarịghị njikere ibute nsogbu ndị bụ nsogbu ngwa ngwa na obodo ndị amaala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na-efu ma na-egbu egbu, ịmanye ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala, ọgụ maka ikike ala, na mmegbu mmekọahụ na-enweghị atụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Amerịka (MMIW), nke ụmụnwoke ọcha lekwasịrị anya.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Andrea|title=Decolonizing Anti-Rape Law and Strategizing Accountability in Native American Communities|journal=Social Justice|date=2011|volume=37|issue=4|pages=36–43}}</ref><ref name="Green">{{Cite book|title=Making Space For Indigenous Feminism|author=Green|first=Joyce|publisher=Hignell Book Printing, Canada|year=2007|isbn=978-1-842779-40-8}}</ref> Ụmụ amaala feminism nwere njikọ na postcolonial feminism dị ka ọ na-ekweta ihe ọjọọ nke colonisation na ụmụ amaala na ala ha bi, na mkpa nke decolonisation na ikpochapụ usoro mmegbu nke e webatara n'ihi colonisation. Ọrụ dị mkpa nke ala nna nna, na ikike ala ugbu a na mgba gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ejikọta ụmụ amaala nwanyị na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ecofeminism. Ịdị iche na ụmụ amaala feminism na ndị ọcha feminism na ụdị ya metụtara feminism (gụnyere liberal feminism na Orientalist feminism) dị mkpa n'ihi na "ụmụnwanyị obodo ga-enwe ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke na-emepụta mmekọrịta anyị na isi isiokwu" karịa nke ụmụnwanyị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala.<ref name="Moreton-Robinson">{{Cite book|title=Talkin' Up To The White Woman: Indigenous Women and Feminism|author=Moreton-Robinson|first=Aileen|publisher=University of Queensland Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7022-3134-6|location=Brisbane, AU}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Arvin|first=Maile|title=Decolonizing Feminism: Challenging Connections between Settler Colonialism and Heteropatriarchy|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2013|volume=25|issue=1|pages=8–34|doi=10.1353/ff.2013.0006}}</ref> A makwaara ụmụ amaala feminism site na aha ndị ọzọ, ndị a kapịrị ọnụ, dịka: Native American feminism na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], First Nations feminism na [[Kánada|Canada]], Aboriginal ma ọ bụ Indigenous [[Ostraliya|Australian]] feminism na Australia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Suzack|first=Cheryl|title=Indigenous Feminisms in Canada|journal=NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research|date=2 October 2015|volume=23|issue=4|pages=261–274|doi=10.1080/08038740.2015.1104595}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi ojiji nke okwu a na-emetụta ụwa ọnụ bụ "indigenous", ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ederede nke na-ezo aka na "Indigenous feminism" na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ amaala North America (Native American, First Nations, Inuit na Métis). == Mmetụta nke colonization == N'ọtụtụ obodo ụmụ amaala, ọ bụ ọchịchị na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] wetara mgbanwe kachasị njọ na nke na-emerụ ahụ na nguzo na mmeso ụmụnwanyị. Site na colonisation, ụmụ amaala ghọrọ ndị nọ n'okpuru usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gbanwere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke obodo ndị amaala tupu ha emekọrịta. Ike akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nke ime mmụọ nyere ụmụnwanyị n'obodo ụmụ amaala na-eyi ndị Europe na-abata egwu bụ ndị jiri "Xenophobia na egwu miri emi nke omume ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala" iji kwado mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka ụzọ ịchị.<ref name="LaDuke 2005 11">{{Cite book|title=Recovering the Sacred: The Power of Naming and Claiming|author=LaDuke|first=Winona|publisher=South End Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0896087125|pages=[https://archive.org/details/recoveringsacred00ladu/page/11 11]|url=https://archive.org/details/recoveringsacred00ladu/page/11}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, "ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ọdịnala ụmụnwanyị n'obodo ụmụ amaala dịgasị iche iche, ọchịchị na-edozila mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'okpuru, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ha tupu ha akpọtụrụ. "<ref name="SuzackHuhndorfPerreaultBarman2010">{{Cite book|title=Indigenous Women and Feminism: Politics, Activism, Culture|author=Suzack|first=Cheryl|date=2010|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1809-4|location=Vancouver}}</ref> Colonization rụrụ ọrụ iji dozie usoro mmekọrịta ụmụ amaala iji daba n'ime echiche ndị ọcha. Mgba ndị ụmụ amaala na-eche ihu taa bụ n'ihi ihe ndị bi na ya mere iji gosipụta ọchịchị site na ịchịisi. Ndị ọcha bi na-ewetakarị ụdị usoro akụ na ụba ọhụrụ site na mba Europe ha nke gụnyere echiche nke ihe onwunwe onwe onye, nwe, na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, nke a manyere n'obodo ndị amaala. Na A Recognition of Being: Reconstructing Native Womanhood, Anderson na-ekwu, "nkewa dị n'etiti ọrụ ọha na eze na nke onwe ya na iwebata akụ na ụba akụ na ụba mebiri ọchịchị akụ na ụba ọdịnala nke ụmụnwanyị Native. "<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite book|title=A Recognition of Being: Reconstructing Native Womanhood|author=Anderson|first=Kim|date=2001|publisher=Sumach Press|isbn=978-1-894549-12-7|location=Toronto}}</ref> Ogbenye bụ nsogbu nye ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala, a pụkwara ịchọta ya na echiche akụ na ụba nke onye na-achị obodo n'ime ndị obodo. Iji wepụ ụmụnwanyị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị na-achị obodo manyere usoro iwu n'aka ụmụ amaala, Iwu [[Ndia|India]] nke Canada bụ otu ihe atụ nke a. Omume a kọwara ọnọdụ ụmụnwanyị dị ka nke dị ala karịa nke ụmụ nwoke. A na-ekpebi njirimara na ọnọdụ ụmụ amaala ugbu a dabere na usoro ọbara patrilineal, nke na-efu ụmụnwanyị ọtụtụ ike mmekọrịta ha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Listening to the Beat of Our Drum: Indigenous Parenting in a Contemporary Society|author=Bourassa|first=Carrie A.|date=2017|publisher=Demeter Press|editor=McKenna|pages=13–45|chapter=Indigenous Women, Reproductive Justice, and Indigenous Feminisms}}</ref> Ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ime mmụọ nke ụmụnwanyị na-ejikọkarị, dịka ọrụ ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ echiche maka ụmụnwanyị nwere ike ịgwa ezigbo ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ihi ya, "omenala okpukpe heteropatriarchal ewepụla ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwere mmụọ abụọ n'ọrụ ndu." Ngwakọta nke ọnwụ nke ike site na akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndu ime mmụọ na-etinye ndị obodo n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ime ihe ike. Arụmụka zuru oke banyere mmetụta nke colonialism "ọ bụghị naanị na a na-achị anyị, kama [nakwa] na anyị na-eche na ụdị ọchịchị mba bụ ụzọ kachasị mma isi chịkwaa ụwa. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Dana|title=A Feminist World is Possible|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|date=1 December 2010|volume=12|issue=3–4|pages=485–517|doi=10.1080/14616742.2010.513125}}</ref> == Echiche na agụmakwụkwọ == Nkwado Ụmụnwanyị nke Ụmụ amaala na-achọ iwulite n'ụdị ọdịnala ebe ọ na-etinyekwa echiche ụmụnwanyị nke oge a.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Lisa Kahaleole|title=Navigating Our Own 'Sea of Islands': Remapping a Theoretical Space for Hawaiian Women and Indigenous Feminism|journal=Wicazo Sa Review|date=2009|volume=24|issue=2|pages=15–38|doi=10.1353/wic.0.0038}}</ref> Ụmụ amaala feminism na-esite na postcolonial feminism, dị ka ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka na echiche postcolonial n'ozuzu ya eleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonialism anya dị ka ọ dị maka ụmụ amaala.<ref name="Byrd2011">{{Cite book|author=Byrd|first=Jodi|title=The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism|date=2011|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-1-4529-3317-7}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ (dịka Robert Warrior, Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, Craig S. Womack) ekwuputala nchegbu banyere oke nke echiche postcolonial na itinye ya na ọmụmụ ụmụ amaala. A na-enwekarị enweghị ntụkwasị obi na usoro echiche nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke nwere ike ime ka echiche ụmụ amaala dị iche. Na "Who Stole Native American Studies?" Elizabeth Cook-Lynn na-atụle arụmụka dị ịrịba ama banyere ihe mejupụtara Qqqpost-colonial, na onye na-enweta ihe ùgwù nke ịkpọ aha mgbe ọha mmadụ ghọrọ post-colonial.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cook-Lynn|first=Elizabeth|title=Who Stole Native American Studies?|journal=Wicazo Sa Review|date=1997|volume=12|issue=1|pages=9–28|doi=10.2307/1409161}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị kwagara na ụmụ amaala feminism dị ka ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu ndị a na postcolonial feminism. Mmepe nke ụmụnwanyị nke oge a sitere na mmegide megide mgbalị itinye ụmụnwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ n'otu aka na n'ụzọ dị irè nye ụmụnwanyị niile n'agbanyeghị ahụmịhe ha. A na-ahụta mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ndị na-enweghị isi n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke ụmụnwanyị na ndị obodo. Na-ewuli elu site n'echiche nke intersectionality site na Kimberle Crenshaw, echiche ụmụ amaala nwanyị na-achọ ịgbanwe ụzọ ndị White feminism "na-ejikọta ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu anya. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color|journal=Stanford Law Review|date=1991|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1241–1299|doi=10.2307/1229039}}</ref> Cheryl Suzack na Shari M. Huhndorf na-arụ ụka na Indigenous Women and Feminism: Politics, Activism and Culture na: "Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ amaala feminism bụ ngalaba na-eto eto nke nyocha ndị ọkà mmụta, ọ sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịbendị nke bu n'obi ịlụso ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị ọgụ, nweta ikpe ziri ezi maka ''ụmụnwanyị'', ma na-emegide mkpochapụ mmekọrịta ha na ibe ya - mbọ ndị na-adaba n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke feminism, n'agbanyeghị mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị na okwu ahụ na mmegharị ụmụnwanyị. " Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na nsogbu ndị dị ngwa ngwa iji dozie ụmụ amaala nwanyị na-agafe ókè n'etiti ihe a na-ewere dị ka nwanyị na ihe a na-ewere dị ka ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trask|first=Haunani-Kay|title=Feminism and Indigenous Hawaiian Nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-1996_21_4/page/906|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1996|volume=21|issue=4|pages=906–916|doi=10.1086/495125}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ amaala ụmụ amaala amalitela gburugburu nsogbu ndị sitere na omume ndị ọchịchị. Ụmụ amaala feminism bụ nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke, na azịza kpọmkwem maka ọchịchị na mmegbu na-aga n'ihu nke ụmụ amaala gburugburu ụwa. Mkpa ọ dị ịjụ omume ọdịbendị site n'ime na-enye ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala ohere ịkpụzi obodo ha ma na-enye aka na-agba ume mkpebi onwe onye na nwe ọdịbendị. Ịdị iche na ụmụ amaala na ụmụnwanyị ọcha na-eme ka ụzọ ndị ụmụnwanyị ọcha na-adịghị akọwapụta ahụmahụ ụmụ amaala. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ekewapụ ụmụ amaala ụmụ amaala site na mmegharị ikike ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ, dị ka echiche nnwere onwe ụmụ amaala, n'ihi na echiche ndị ahụ "eleghị anya n'ụzọ nwoke na nwanyị nke mmegbu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị, ma ọ bụ na mmekọahụ nke ụfọdụ obodo ụfọdụ na-egosipụta. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Green|first=Joyce A.|title=Making Space for Indigenous Feminism|date=2007|publisher=Fernwood Publishing|location=Winnipeg|isbn=978-1-55266-220-5}}</ref> E nwere ụfọdụ n'ime obodo ụmụ amaala na-ahọrọ ịghara ịmata dị ka nwanyị ma ya mere ha na-anọpụ onwe ha na ụmụnwanyị. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara nhọrọ a, Otú ọ dị, Kim Anderson na-arụ ụka na ọ bụrụ na:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Kim|editor=Suzack|title=Affirmations of an Indigenous Feminist|date=2010|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver}}</ref><blockquote>Nkwado Ụmụnwanyị nke ọdịda anyanwụ adịghị mma n'ihi na ọ bụ maka ikike kama ibu ọrụ, mgbe ahụ anyị niile kwesịrị iji ibu ọrụ kpọrọ ''ihe'' ma jụọ ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ahụ maka ndị niile so n'obodo anyị. Ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-ajụ ịha nhata iji kwado ọdịiche, mgbe ahụ ọ dị anyị mkpa ijide n'aka na ọdịiche ndị ahụ etinyere na usoro ndị na-enye ndị otu niile ike. Ọ bụrụ na anyị ahụ feminism dị ka itinye ego dị ukwuu na nnwere onwe ọdịda anyanwụ na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, mgbe ahụ ọ dị anyị mkpa ịhụ na ụzọ nchịkọta anyị na-ejere onye ọ bụla nọ na mkpokọta ozi. Ọ bụrụkwa na anyị chọrọ ịnabata ihe ndị dị mkpa nke nwanyị nke bụ nsogbu maka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ... mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-ahụ na echiche ndị a anaghị etinye aka na nkọwa nkịtị ma ọ bụ nke ndị nna ochie.</blockquote>Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-achọpụta ụmụ amaala nwanyị dị ka ndị metụtara ụmụnwanyị dị oke egwu ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwadokarị maka ọgba aghara nke usoro ike niile nke na-ahazi njigide nke ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala dabere na oke nwoke na ọdịiche agbụrụ. Feminism nke ụmụ amaala na-agba ume isonye na decolonization dị mkpa site n'aka ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị. Myrna Cunningham (Miskita) ekwuola na: "Agha nke ụmụ amaala abụghị ihe iyi egwu maka ọgụ anyị dị ka ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ ndị a dị ka mmeghachi omume. "<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal|author=Cunningham|first=Myrna|title=Indigenous Women's Visions of an Inclusive Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-development_2006_49_1/page/55|journal=Development|date=2006|volume=49|issue=1|pages=55–59|doi=10.1057/palgrave.development.1100227}}</ref> A na-ahụta Decolonization dị ka ngwá ọrụ kachasị mma iji lụso ndị obodo ọgụ. == Nkatọ nke ụmụnwanyị ọcha == Ụmụ amaala na-akwado ụmụnwanyị na-ala azụ itinye aka na echiche nwanyị nke ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi ọdịda anyanwụ n'ịghọta mmetụta nke usoro okike nke colonialism na ụmụnwanyị obodo, yana usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-aghọtaghị, ma ọ bụ na-adịghị njikere ịbụ ndị mmekọ megide, ọtụtụ mmegbu ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na-eche ihu. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-echekarị na ịlụ ọgụ mmegbu na-adabere na mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe kachasị mkpa (ma ọ bụ ọbụna naanị ya), ebe indigeneity bụ ihe dị mkpa nke abụọ. Moreton-Robinson dere na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị ọcha "na-ala azụ ịhụ onwe ha n'ọnọdụ nke ịbụ ndị mmegbu, ebe ha na-eche na nke a ga-abụ n'efu itinye uche na mmegbu. "<ref name="Moreton-Robinson 2002 94">{{Cite book|title=Talkin' Up To The White Woman: Indigenous Women and Feminism|author=Moreton-Robinson|first=Aileen|publisher=University of Queensland Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7022-3134-6|location=Brisbane, AU|pages=94}}</ref> Nke a na-elekwasị anya n'itinye mkpa ụmụnwanyị ọcha n'ihu nke ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala nwere mgbọrọgwụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma nwee ike ime ka ike gwụ ndị inyom nke ụmụ amaala na imekọta ọnụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ikike nke "ụmụnwanyị".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Leigh|first=Darcy|title=Colonialism, Gender and the Family in North America: For a Gendered Analysis of Indigenous Struggles|journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism|date=April 2009|volume=9|issue=1|pages=70–88|doi=10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01029.x}}</ref> Ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala niile na-ekerịta ahụmịhe nke mmegbu sitere na colonialism; nke a bụ mmegbu nke ha na ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ niile. Ya mere, echiche nke ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na-esite na njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ha na ala ha, ihe nketa nke ịchụpụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na mmekọahụ, na-aga n'ihu na-eme ihe ike ha n'ime ọnọdụ nne na nna mgbe ụfọdụ, yana ịkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ n'ofe na n'ime ọdịbendị ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha. Ihe ùgwù ụmụnwanyị na-acha ọcha na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-ejikọta ya na ihe nketa a na-ajụkarị ajụjụ na nke a na-ekwenyeghị na-erite uru site na colonialism na ịchụpụ ụmụ amaala. Maka ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala, ụmụnwanyị ọcha niile eritewo uru site na colonization, ma nọgide na-enweta uru ndị a; ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nọchitere anya ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ, nwee ọrụ dị mkpa, ma bụrụ ụkpụrụ nkịtị nke nwanyị n'ime Australia na mba ndị ọzọ na-achị achị. Dị ka Carrie Bourassa si kwuo, nsogbu dị n'idozi nsogbu ụmụ amaala nwanyị site na oghere a bụ na ụmụnwanyị na-acha ọcha n'onwe ya na-etinye akụkọ nke colonialism. O jirila indigeneity, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, heteronormativity, na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji "ndị ọzọ" ụmụ amaala ma kwado mkpa ọ dị "ime ka ha dị mma"; n'ihi ya, enwebeghị itinye ọrụ ụmụnwanyị ụmụ amaala na okwu ndị a ma ama. Dịka, mgbe ndị inyom na-acha ọcha 'na-akwado' ma ọ bụ 'gụnyere' ụmụ nwanyị amaala na ọrụ ha, ọ bụ n'echiche ngosi, na-akwado maka abamuru nke ha, ọ bụghị maka uru ụmụ nwanyị niile, gụnyere mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị Australia. O doro anya n'ọtụtụ mmegharị ụmụ amaala nwanyị na "Aboriginal (na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ amaala ụmụ amaala) feminism bụ mmekọrịta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana mmekọrịta dị irè na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a. "<ref name="Burton">{{Cite book|title=Gender, Sexuality, and Colonial Modernity|author=Burton|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Burton|publisher=Routledge, New York}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala nwere ike ikweta na e nwere oke n'ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ụmụ amaala feminists na ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ, dị ka Celeste Liddle (Arrernte) "kwenyesiri ike na dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Aboriginal, ebe ọgụ anyị nwere njikọ na ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu n'ime agbụrụ ndị ọzọ a na-eleghara anya, ha abụghị otu. " Otu arụmụka nke Minnie Grey mere na edemede ya, From the Tundra to the Boardroom to Everywhere in Between, banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ otú ọ na-eleghị anya karịa ihe ndị bụ isi nke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị dabere na mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị n'okwu ndị ọzọ, dị ka klas, agụmakwụkwọ, na mmetụta nke ụdị mmegbu ndị a na ụmụ nwoke. <blockquote>"Anyị, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Inuit, anọwo na-agbasi mbọ ike maka ihe ndị dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata maka ọrụ nhata, òkè nhata nke ọrụ maka ọdịmma ezinụlọ, ikike nhata isonye na usoro ime mkpebi nke gọọmentị anyị, ikike nhata maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa niile nke azụmahịa na sayensị, ikike nhata na agụmakwụkwọ, na nke kachasị mkpa, ikike nhata iji zụlite ụmụ anyị n'ọnọdụ dị mma, ahụike, na nke dị mma. Nke a pụtara, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, n'elu akara ịda ogbenye. Ana m ele ọchịchọ ndị a anya ọ bụghị dị ka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, kama dị ka nnwere onwe ndị mmadụ. N'ezie, anyị chọrọ ma hụ ndị ikom anyị n'anya, n'otu aka ahụ, ọ dị anyị mkpa ịtọhapụ ha n'echiche ndị na-ejikọta ha na ọrụ ọdịnala na-enweghị ike imebi emebi nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka ọnọdụ dị mma n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa. "</blockquote>Ihe atụ ọzọ dị otú ahụ bụ ogologo oge e were iji nweta ikike ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na e nyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha a na-ewere dị ka ụmụ amaala Canada ikike ịtụ vootu na 1918, e kweghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ niile nwee ikike ịtụ vootu ruo mgbe e mesịrị. A naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị Aboriginal na Canada mee ntuli aka ruo n'afọ ndị 1960, n'oge ahụ, ebili mmiri nke abụọ nke feminism apụla n'okwu ndị dị otú ahụ. Rauna Kuokkanen (Sami) ekwuola maka ụkpụrụ ụmụ amaala kpọmkwem, na-emegide nke nwanyị n'ihi na ọ bụ ezie na "ụfọdụ echiche na omume ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasịkwa anya na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ ... ụzọ ha na-ewepụkarị echiche nke nchịkọta yana ikike ala nke bụ isi ihe maka ụmụ amaala. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuokkanen|first=Rauna|title=Towards an 'Indigenous Paradigm' from a Sami Perspective.|journal=Canadian Journal of Native Studies|date=2000|volume=20|issue=2}}</ref> Cunningham gosipụtara nkatọ ọzọ megide feminism:<blockquote>Ha na-ahụ na ụkpụrụ nwanyị na-achịkwa na-adabere na ihe nlereanya a na-amaghị nke etiti na n'akụkụ. N'ihe nlereanya a, ụmụ amaala, ụmụ Afrịka, na ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye nọ n'akụkụ ma ga-anakwere echiche na echiche nke feminism dị ka ndị nọ n'etiti kọwara. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-atụ anya na anyị ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala ga-anakwere ihe kachasị nke ihe bụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. Nsogbu bụ, foto a bụ naanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na ahụmịhe nke anyị. A na-agọnahụ ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ihe ndị dị na ahụmịhe anyị na-adabaghị na foto a anya. Ihe nlereanya a na-achịkwa na-anwa ime ka òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile nwere otu ihe ha chọrọ na otu ohere iji nweta ikike ha. Echiche a na-ezighi ezi na-agọnahụ mkpa ọdịbendị, asụsụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọhụụ dị iche iche iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị.</blockquote>Ndị ọkà mmụta Feminist nke ụmụ amaala eguzogidewo nhọrọ na mmegbu nke agụmakwụkwọ ha dị ka nsonaazụ ọzọ nke colonialism. Dị ka mkpokọta, ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị akpọọla oku maka "mkpa dị ukwuu maka nkwuwa okwu na ibu ọrụ n'ihi akụkọ ọjọọ nke colonization, ịgba ohu, na mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke na-emepụta ugbu a" iji hụ na ụmụ amaala feminism na-agwa site na decolonization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/07/open-letter-indigenous-women-scholars-regarding-discussions-andrea-smith|title=Open Letter From Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith|author=mazecyrus|date=2015-07-07|work=Indian Country Today Media Network.com|accessdate=2016-10-10}}</ref> == Nkatọ nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị == Nkatọ nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị edemede omenala pop bụ na ụmụ amaala "na-ahọrọ ịhapụ onwe ha na ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="Shiels">{{Cite journal|author=Shiels|first=Shauna|title=Review: Making Space for Indigenous Feminism|journal=Race & Class|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=113–114|doi=10.1177/03063968100520011102}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị obodo na-ele Feminism anya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mkpa n'ihi na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụfọdụ n'ime obodo ndị a dị elu tupu ọchịchị. Nke ahụ bụ ịsị, dị ka Hall si kwuo, na ịbụ "onye amaala" bụ "feminist". Mana nkatọ a n'onwe ya na-adabere na nkọwa nke feminism (ma ọ bụ "white feminism") dị ka "okwu ọchịchị dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ naanị".<ref name="Shiels" /> Feminism n'ozuzu ya na-abụkarị ihe a na-ahụkarị dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha nke America, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị feminists na-arụ ụka na feminism ọcha anaghị edozi nchegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nzụlite dị iche iche. Ụmụ amaala Australia nwanyị Aileen Moreton-Robinson na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị niile na-ebi n'ime ọha mmadụ nke na-atụpụ ha n'akụkụ, nke ọ dị mkpa ka a maa ya aka site na omume nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ iji chọpụta ụdị mmegbu jikọtara ọnụ nke na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị niile, akụkọ ''ihe'' mere eme, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ tinyere amaghị ndị na-abụghị ndị obodo banyere ụmụ nwanyị obodo na-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ụfọdụ (dịka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ nwanyị na-efu na-egbu egbu) anọgidewo na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala ndị na-ahụghị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-anabata ha ma ọ bụ na-edozi nchegbu ha kachasị mkpa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ndị a kpọrọ "Indigenous feminism" na-ezo aka naanị na ụmụ amaala nke ndị Amerịka nọ na United States na, ruo n'ókè dị nta, na ndị mba mbụ nke [[Kánada|Canada]]. Nke a na-abụkarị ikpe mgbe a na-ezo aka na "Indigenous feminists" n'onwe ha, dị ka Leanne Betasamosake Simpson na Leslie Marmon Silko. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị feminism nke na-ekwu maka ụmụ amaala ma nwee ike ịgbaso echiche ndị yiri ya, isiokwu, na / ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ amaala ụmụ amaala, mana ha anaghị amata kpọmkwem dị ka "Indigenous feminism". Ụdị feminism ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye Intersectional feminism, transnational feminism, postcolonial feminism, Native Hawaiian feminism, feminism in India, na Asian feminism. A na-ekewapụkarị ụdị feminism ndị a n'etiti ibe ha, ma na agụmakwụkwọ ma n'ọrụ, n'ihi obere ọdịiche dị na nkwenkwe na ilekwasị anya. Ụfọdụ akpọọla oku ka e nwekwuo ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị otu a, echiche na ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Crossings of Indigenousness, Feminism, and Gender|author=Sinevaara-Niskanen|first=Heidi|journal=Nora - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research|date=2010|volume=18|issue=3|pages=217–221|doi=10.1080/08038740.2010.498328|url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1254&context=aprci}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nguzogide na mmegide megide ndị ọchịchị nwere ike ịbịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị: ngagharị iwe iwu ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, omume ịgwọ ọrịa, ịkọ akụkọ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ nka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Mouchref|first=Melissa|date=July 2016|title=Representations of Indigenous Feminism and Social Change|journal=Cultural Intertexts|volume=5|pages=88–101}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na-efu ma gbuo (MMIW) === Mgbalị igbu ọchụ na-aga n'ihu nke ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala, ebe na ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị, a naghị ebute igbu ụmụ nwanyị a, ọ gwụla ma a na-egbu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala. Na Ọktọba 4, na Febụwarị 14, ụmụ amaala ụmụ nwanyị agbaala obodo ume ka ha sonye na nche na omume maka ikpe ziri ezi maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na ezinụlọ ha. "Sisters In Spirit" bụ otu ndị na-ahazi nche, iji kwanyere ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-efu na ndị e gburu egbu (MMIWG). Nche ndị a mere ka Gọọmentị Canada malite nyocha mba banyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-efu na ndị e gburu egbu na Septemba 2016. Nnyocha a nyochara ma kọọ banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na Canada site n'ileba anya na usoro, ihe ndị dị na ya na n'ikpeazụ, usoro kpatara ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/|title=National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls|work=National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls|accessdate=2017-10-10}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọganihu nke nyocha ahụ belatara ma na-egbochi ya mgbe ụfọdụ site na nsogbu ndị dị ka enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere ụbọchị akaebe na obere ndị ọrụ na ihe onwunwe, o mechara ruo nkwubi okwu na e nwere mgbukpọ na-aga n'ihu megide ụmụ nwanyị na North America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2017/07/06/feminists-should-work-to-secure-justice-for-missing-and-murdered-indigenous-women-mochama.html|title=Feminists Should Focus on Justice for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women|author=Mochama|first=Vicky|date=July 6, 2017|work=Toronto Star}}</ref><ref name="CBC_Barrera_20190531">{{Cite web|first=Jorge|author=Barrera|title=National inquiry calls murders and disappearances of Indigenous women a 'Canadian genocide'|work=CBC News|accessdate=June 5, 2019|date=May 31, 2019|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/genocide-murdered-missing-indigenous-women-inquiry-report-1.5157580}}</ref><ref name="Dalton">{{Cite web|author=Dalton|first=Jane|title=Murdered and missing women and girls in Canada tragedy is genocide rooted in colonialism, official inquiry finds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/canada-genocide-murdered-missing-women-girls-indigenous-inquiry-report-a8939646.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=1 June 2019|accessdate=2 June 2019|quote=State ‘actions and inactions and ideology’ blamed for allowing attackers to get away with violence over nearly 50 years}}</ref><ref name="NYTgenocide">{{Cite news|author=Ian Austen|title=Canadian Inquiry Calls Killings of Indigenous Women Genocide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/world/canada/canada-indigenous-genocide.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=3 June 2019|accessdate=4 June 2019}}</ref> Na United States, e mepụtara National Resource Center to Enhance Safety of Native Women and their Children (NIWRC) "iji mee ka ikike nke agbụrụ American Indian na Alaska Native (Native), Native Hawaiians, na Tribal na Native Hawaiian òtù iji meghachi omume na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niwrc.org/|title=National Indigenous Women's Resource Center|work=www.niwrc.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-10}}</ref> Òtù a na-ekerekwa òkè na isiokwu ụmụ amaala nwanyị site na nraranye ha na nchekwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ụmụ amaala. === Idle No More ===   Idle No More bụ otu ụmụ amaala nke ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala atọ na otu onye na-abụghị ndị obodo hiwere, n'ebumnobi "ịgbanwe okwu nke oge a banyere ikike, ọbụbụeze, na mba site n'ikwu na ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala kwesịrị ijide ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ụmụ amaala, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ nwee oche nhata na tebụl arụmụka. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Amanda|title=Twenty-First Debt Collectors: Idle No More Combats a Five-Hundred-Year-Old Debt|url=http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a69d5116-ecc3-4174-b9ef-81ad46edb98f%40sessionmgr106&vid=16&hid=113|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=42}}</ref> Isi isiokwu ha na-eme ihe ike gụnyere ọbụbụeze, mweghachi nke mba, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, na iguzogide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.idlenomore.ca/|title=Idle No More|accessdate=2017-10-10}}</ref> A na-arụ ọrụ a site n'ime mgbanwe na Iwu India nke Canada, otu iwu nke na-egbochi ọbụbụeze ụmụ amaala, yana ịkwado maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọrụ ha na-arịọ ndị mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ka ha sọpụrụ ọbụbụeze ụmụ amaala na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Òtù Canada ọzọ nke na-elekwasị anya ma na-akwalite echiche ụmụ nwanyị bụ Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC). Ha na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike site n'ịzụlite na ịgbanwe iwu nke na-emetụta ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwac.ca/|title=Home – NWAC|work=NWAC|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-10-10}}</ref> === Ụbọchị Ndị Obodo ===   Ịrụ ọrụ iji gbanwee aha "Christopher Columbus Day" ka ọ bụrụ "Indigenous Peoples' Day" bụ ihe atụ nke ịgbanwe akụkọ nke Indigeneity na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/09/us/columbus-day-indigenous-peoples-day/index.html|title=On Columbus Day, support grows for the indigenous|author=Marilia Brocchetto and Emanuella Grinberg|work=CNN|accessdate=2016-10-10}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado mgbanwe a kwenyere na Columbus anọwo n'okpuru "ịkwa iko", n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ akụkụ na-adịghị mma nye ya, gụnyere " mpako ya, nchịkwa ya na-adịghị mma nke ọrụ ọchịchị ya na akọ na uche ya na-enweghị ntụpọ, nke ịgba ohu nke ndị obodo na-enweghị nsogbu, ọbụlagodi mgbe ime nke a megidere ọchịchọ nke ndị na-akwado eze ya. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hackel-columbus-day-california-settlers-indigeous-peoples-20171009-story.html|title=Why L.A. is right to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day|date=2017-10-09|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2017-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụbọchị a na-esonyere ụbọchị ndị ọzọ nke ememe nke ụmụ amaala, gụnyere ọnwa ihe nketa nke ndị Amerịka na United States, Dia del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural (Ụbọchị nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịbendị dị iche iche) na Argentina, Dia de la Hispanidad (Ụbọchị Hispanicity) na Spain, Dia de la Resistencia Indigena (Ụbọchị Mmegide ụmụ amaala) na [[Venezuela]], na Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke ụmụ amaala ụwa. === Ọghọm dị n'etiti ọgbọ na omume ịgwọ ọrịa ụmụ amaala === N'ihi mmerụ ahụ nke ọgbọ nke a na-agafe site n'ọgbọ ọ bụla gaa na nke ọzọ n'ihi ọchịchị ime ihe ike, ịgwọ ọrịa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke iguzogide.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Lifelong Consequences of Trauma|url=https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/ttb_aces_consequences.pdf|journal=American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> Omume ịgwọ ọrịa gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ nke na-alaghachi na ọrụ ọdịnala ọdịnala ọdịnala ndị obodo dị ka ịkpa ákwà, ịkwa akwa, egwu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna itinye aka na obodo ụmụ amaala.<ref name="Anderson"/> Tinyere nke a, iweghachite ọbụbụeze site na ịkọ akụkọ na ide ihe bụkwa ụdị ọrụ ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.7591/9780801458804-007|chapter=Indigenous Feminism, Performance, and the Gendered Politics of Memory|title=Mapping the Americas|year=2015|pages=105–139|isbn=978-0-8014-5880-4|author=Huhndorf|first=Shari M.}}</ref> Ide ihe bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru karịsịa n'ịgwọ ọrịa na ime ihe ike. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ma, "ụzọ nke ịlanarị mmegbu na ụzọ isi tinye aka na usoro ọgwụgwọ."<ref name="Anderson" /> Akwụkwọ This Bridge Called My Back, Writings by Radical Women of Color na-eme ka echiche a bụrụ eziokwu, site na ibipụta akụkọ na-akwụwa aka ọtọ na nke okike banyere ụmụ amaala na ụmụ amaala, ma na-etinye ihe ndị a dị ka agụmakwụkwọ. == Mgbanwe site na mba na mpaghara == === Australia === N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Australia, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nke ụmụ amaala na-akwado maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, mana ha na-akwado maka nnwere onwe nke ụmụ amaala Australia n'ozuzu ha, gụnyere imeziwanye nlekọta ahụike, mgbanwe na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na usoro mgbasa ozi na usoro ikpe, yana imeziwanye usoro agụmakwụkwọ na usoro nkuzi asụsụ abụọ na-agụnye ndị ọzọ na-enwe olileanya ịmaliteghachi asụsụ ụmụ amaala n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ na obodo. Mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime obodo ụmụ amaala yiri ka ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka imeziwanye ọgwụgwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị, kama ọ bụ maka ndụ dị mma maka ụmụ amaala Australia niile. Ịga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ikpeazụ na obodo ụmụ amaala, ọkachasị site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị, pụtara ịchọ ikike ọzọ dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na dị ka obodo. Mmegharị a na-enye ikike na-ebu ụzọ na-achọ ịnakwere ọchịchị dị ka ụdị enweghị ike, iji wughachi ma mee ka omume ime mmụọ na omenala ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na-esonyere ọgwụgwọ. A nabatara ma kwenye na isi ihe na-agwọ mkpụrụ obi nke ọnyá nke colonisation kpatara bụ ka ụmụ nwanyị kọọ akụkọ ha; akụkọ ndị e kpochapụrụ, gbagọrọ agbagọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee iji gboo mkpa nke coloniser. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-aga n'ihu na arụmụka na ngagharị iwe na-eme na mba iji gbanwee ụbọchị ma ọ bụ aha ụbọchị mba Australia nke a maara dị ka "Australia Day", nke na-eme ememe ọbịbịa nke ụgbọ mmiri mbụ na kọntinent Australia na 26th nke Jenụwarị. N'etiti ụmụ amaala Australia, a maara ụbọchị ahụ dị ka "Ụbọchị Mwakpo"; enwere oku ka a gbanwee ụbọchị ahụ gaa na ụbọchị dị iche, n'ihi ọnọdụ obi mgbawa nke ụbọchị ahụ maka ụmụ amaala Australia, yana aro iji gbanwee aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Ụbọchị Ịlanahụ", iji kweta mmeso ọjọọ na ịchụpụ obodo ụmụ amaala. N'ikwekọ na oku ndị a, Kansụl Yarra nke Melbourne akwụsịla ime emume ụmụ amaala na 26th nke Jenụwarị.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/16/melbournes-yarra-council-votes-unanimously-to-move-australia-day-citizenship-ceremonies|title=Melbourne's Yarra council votes unanimously to move Australia Day citizenship ceremonies|work=theguardian.com.au|date=2017-08-16|accessdate=2018-10-30}}</ref> === Mexico === Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha na-ahụkarị feminism dị ka mmegharị nke hiwere isi na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị kwụ ọtọ, ndị nọ n'etiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berenstain|first=Nora|title=White Feminist Gaslighting|journal=Hypatia|date=2020|volume=35|issue=4|pages=733–758|doi=10.1017/hyp.2020.31|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/BERWFG}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya abụtụbeghị otu mmegharị nke Global North, kama ọ nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'ụwa niile na-agafe agbụrụ, agbụrụ na mpaghara. Na Mexico, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na-ekwusi ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha dịgasị iche n'etiti agbụrụ ha dị iche iche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịgbagha echiche na gburugburu ihe bụ na ihe a na-adịghị ewere dị ka "feminist".<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|author=Lugos|first=Brenda|date=2020|title=¿Cómo se vive el feminismo indígena?|url=https://lasillarota.com/lacaderadeeva/como-se-vive-el-feminismo-indigena/352361|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=La Silla Rota|language=es}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]] [[Òtù:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ụmụ amaala feminism bụ nchịkọta feminism, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ụdị Western, mainstream feminism nke na-enwekarị njirimara nke onye ọ bụla na echiche nnwere onwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gómez|first=Mariana Daniela|title=Presentación del debate : Mujeres indígenas y feminismos: encuentros, tensiones y posicionamientos|journal=Corpus. Archivos Virtuales de la Alteridad Americana|date=26 June 2017|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.4000/corpusarchivos.1816}}</ref> Na Mexico, ụmụ nwanyị asaa n'ime ụmụ amaala iri bi na ịda ogbenye na ụmụ nwanyị atọ n'ime iri nọ n'oké ịda ogbenye; ha nọ n'okpuru nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ha kamakwa site na ọkwa ha na agbụrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=García|first=Ana Karen|title=7 de cada 10 indígenas en México son pobres|language=es|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/7-de-cada-10-indigenas-en-Mexico-son-pobres-20180916-0007.html|work=El Economista|date=16 September 2018}}</ref> Na Mexico, a ghaghị ịmepụta otu mmegharị dị iche na nke a na-ahụkarị, nke na-emesapụ aka iji nwee ike ịnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka ụmụ amaala ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị naanị otu ma ọ bụ ndị otu abụọ dị nta, ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala na-ewepụkarị ha.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author=FILAC|first=comunicación|date=2020-03-11|title=Racismo invisibilliza violencia contra las mujeres indígenas|url=https://www.filac.org/wp/comunicacion/actualidad-indigena/racismo-invisibilliza-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-indigenas/|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=FILAC {{!}} Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y El Caribe|language=es|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155040/https://www.filac.org/wp/comunicacion/actualidad-indigena/racismo-invisibilliza-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-indigenas/}} [[Òtù:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Hegemonic feminism, tinyere okwu ''feminism'' n'onwe ya, na-agbagha maka nchịkọta ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị; Ọzọkwa, ma dị ka a hụrụ na ha anaghị aghọta na e wuru nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche na ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, nakwa na ụmụ nwanyị nwere echiche nke ha banyere ùgwù ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|author=Aparacio|first=Rosario|date=2018|title=507 International Perspectives on Gender and Race/Ethnicity|url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:3HjrGyKOQHQJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=es&as_sdt=0,5&as_vis=1&scioq=Gender+and+Ethnicity+in+Mexico:+Considerations+on+Gender+Violence+Against+Indigenous+Women|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409191453/https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:3HjrGyKOQHQJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=es&as_sdt=0,5&as_vis=1&scioq=Gender+and+Ethnicity+in+Mexico:+Considerations+on+Gender+Violence+Against+Indigenous+Women|archivedate=2022-04-09|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=scholar.googleusercontent.com}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Feminism na Mexico na-elekwasị anya n'ịchọrọ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka iwepụ ọdịiche ụgwọ ọrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na ịkwụsị ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. Feminism nke Mexico anaghị akatọ colonialism, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na enweghị nhata akụ na ụba dị ka isi iyi nke nkewa na ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị aborigine.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Olivera|first=Mercedes|chapter=Justicia, mujeres indígenas y defensa participativa en Chiapas|language=es|date=2019-12-01|title=Mercedes Olivera|pages=379–404|publisher=CLACSO|isbn=978-987-722-549-5|doi=10.2307/j.ctvt6rm5c.20}}</ref> Ahụhụ, ịkpa ókè na enweghị mmasị mere ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a were ngwá agha, welie olu ha ma chọọ ka ha sonye n'ọrụ megide enweghị nhata agbụrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị amaala akọwapụtala profaịlụ nke ọdịbendị, obodo, ikike na omenala. Dị ka Lugo si kwuo, enwere ike idepụta usoro a dị ka ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị. Site na ọmụmụ nke ụmụ amaala nwanyị na Mexico, a na-atụ aro ka a tụgharịa uche n'eziokwu ụmụ amaala, ọ bụghị naanị dabere na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ha, kamakwa iji nyocha nke njirimara agbụrụ ha. Ha na-achọ mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ Mexico na Steeti, na-akatọ ịhụ mba n'anya nke mere ka gọọmentị na ndị bi na Mexico dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie, lesbophobic na homophobic nke nwere ike ịkpalite ụdị ime ihe ike agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oslender|first=Ulrich|title=Reseña. Cutting the wire. The Story of the Landless Movement in Brazil|journal=Tabula Rasa|date=30 December 2003|issue=1|pages=281–286|doi=10.25058/20112742.199}}</ref> ==== Iwu Zapatista na Iwu Mgbanwe nke Ụmụ nwanyị ==== N'ịbụ ndị mejupụtara ndị otu Chiapas Indigenous, "Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Chol, Tiobal, Zoque, Kanjobal na Mame", ndị otu Zapatista alụọla ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ amaala Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Godelmann|first=Iker Reyes|date=30 July 2014|title=The Zapatista Movement: The Fight for Indigenous Rights in Mexico|url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205134/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/|archivedate=2023-02-09|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=Australian Institute of International Affairs|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na ndị agha Zapatista ma na-achọ "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enweghị ọkwa nwoke na nwanyị," yana ikike ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Speed|first=Shannon|title=Dissident women : gender and cultural politics in Chiapas|date=2006|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-292-79433-7|edition=1st|location=Austin|pages=95|oclc=646793587}}</ref> Olivera na-ekwu na "Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo nke jikọtara ọnụ dị ka ndị na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ - n'okwu Subcomandante Marcos - 'netwọk nkwado' (bases de apoyo) bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị otu EZLN [ma ọ bụ Zapatista]. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olivera|first=Mercedes|title=Subordination and rebellion: Indigenous peasant women in Chiapas ten years after the Zapatista uprising|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-peasant-studies_july-october-2005_32_3-4/page/608|journal=Journal of Peasant Studies|date=2005|volume=32|issue=3–4|pages=608–628|doi=10.1080/03066150500267073}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ Zapatista bụ ikpochapụ agbụrụ na nkewa nwoke na nwanyị, na-abanye n'ime ebe ọha na eze nke nwoke na ndị mestizo ebe a gbachiri olu ha nkịtị. Mmegharị Zapatista mere ka ikike ụmụ amaala nwere ikpebi onwe ha banye n'ime iwu Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Godelmann|first=Iker Reyes|date=30 July 2014|title=The Zapatista Movement: The Fight for Indigenous Rights in Mexico|url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205134/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/|archivedate=2023-02-09|accessdate=2021-02-04|work=Australian Institute of International Affairs|language=en-US}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, ndị Zapatista kwadoro ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Iwu Mgbanwe nke Ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Marcos|first=Sylvia|date=22 July 2014|title=The Zapatista Women's Revolutionary Law as it is lived today|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/zapatista-womens-revolutionary-law-as-it-is-lived-today/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-02-04|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref> Iwu mgbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe dị mkpa maka feminism dịka e debere ya n'akụkụ iwu EZLN ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Hernández Castillo|first=R. Aída|title=The Emergence of Indigenous Feminism in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2010_35_3/page/n12|journal=Signs|date=2010|volume=35|issue=3|pages=539–545|doi=10.1086/648538}}</ref> Iwu mgbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị Zapatista "mere ka e mepụta ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche iji hazie onwe ha, na-akwalite mgbanwe n'ụdị ọrụ na okwu ndị gosipụtara usoro nhazi ha ruo n'afọ ndị 1990. "<ref name=":02" /> === Ụmụ amaala Amerịka === Native American feminism ma ọ bụ Native feminism bụ otu mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ahụmịhe ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Native American na First Nations (FNIM). Dị ka alaka nke ụmụ amaala ụmụ amaala, n'otu aka ahụ, ọ na-ebute decolonization, ọbụbụeze ụmụ amaala, na ike nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ụmụ amaala n'ọnọdụ nke ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị Amerịka na mba mbụ na ihe ndị dị mkpa, kama ndị ọcha, ndị a ma ama.<ref name="Ramirez">{{Cite journal|author=Ramirez|first=Renya|title=Race, Tribal Nation, and Gender: A Native Feminist Approach to Belonging|journal=Meridians|date=2007|volume=7|issue=2|pages=22–40|doi=10.2979/MER.2007.7.2.22}}</ref> Otu okwu dị mkpa na ngwa ngwa maka ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala bụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ nwanyị na-efu ma gbuo (MMIW).<ref name="McKenna">{{Cite web|author=McKenna|first=Cara|url=http://www.metronews.ca/features/vancouver/vancouvering/2016/12/02/indigenous-feminists-strategize-before-mmiw-inquiry.html|title=Indigenous feminists strategize before MMIW inquiry - Advocates in Vancouver to hold last of three public meetings this weekend|work=[[Metro International#North America|Metro Toronto]]|date=2 Dec 2016|accessdate=15 Oct 2017|archivedate=16 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014645/http://www.metronews.ca/features/vancouver/vancouvering/2016/12/02/indigenous-feminists-strategize-before-mmiw-inquiry.html}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ amaala nke North America * Chicana feminism * Feminism zuru ụwa ọnụ * Gypsy feminism * Feminism nke Alakụba * Feminism nke postcolonial * Postfeminism * Feminism nke mba ụwa * Nwanyị == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == * Anderson, Kim. "Affirmations of an Indigenous Feminist." Ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na Feminism: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọrụ, ọdịbendị. Ed. Cheryl Suzack. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010. 81. * {{Cite journal|author=Deer|first=Sarah|authorlink=Sarah Deer|title=(En)Gendering Indian Law: Indigenous Feminist Legal Theory in the United States|journal=Yale Journal of Law and Feminism|volume=31|issue=1|year=2019|url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlf/vol31/iss1/2}} * Episkenew, Jo-Ann. Iweghachite mmụọ anyị: Akwụkwọ Ụmụ Amaala, Iwu Ọha, na Ịgwọ ọrịa. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2009. Mbipụta. * Hill Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. [New ed.] [[London]]: Routledge, 2009. * Suzack, Cheryl, Shari M. Huhndorf, Jeanne Perreault, na Jean Barman, eds. Ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na Feminism: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọrụ, ọdịbendị. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010. * Mihesuah, Devon A., na Angela Cavender Wilson, eds. Indigenizing the Academy: Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. * Green, Joyce A. Ed. Making Space for Indigenous Feminism Black Point, N.S.: Fernwood Pub., 2007. * Maracle, Lee. ''Abụ m nwanyị'': Echiche nke obodo na Sociology na Feminism. Vancouver, B.C.: Press Gang, 1996. * Anderson, Kim & Bonita Lawrence, eds. Strong Women Stories: Native Vision and Community Survival. Toronto: Sumach Press, 2006. * Mihesuah, Devon A. Ụmụ nwanyị Amerịka: Decolonization, Empowerment, Activism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. * Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. London: Duke University Press, 2003. * Razack, Sherene. Ed. Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2002. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 18sm178mxk0y7iifql8qjzwjn0o7la0 0 12903 697720 95624 2026-08-10T06:30:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Na epidemoloji, ọrịa '''gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ ọrịa ndị enwere ike ikwu kpọmkwem na [[Environmental factor|ihe ndị a metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi]] (dị iche na ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ọrịa). E wezụga ezigbo nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa monogenik nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, gburugburu ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi mmepe nke ọrịa. Nri, ikpughe na nsí, nje, ụzarị ọkụ, na kemịkal dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye nile na ndị na-ehicha ụlọ, nchekasị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na mmetọ anụ ahụ na nke uche bụ ihe na-akpata akụkụ buru ibu nke ọrịa na-abụghị nke nketa. Ọ bụrụ na e kwubiri usoro ọrịa na ọ bụ n'ihi ngwakọta nke mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ịkpọ mmalite ya dị ka inwe usoro multifactorial. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite book|first=Joe|author=Miller|title=''Biology''|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|date=2010-02-01|isbn=9780133685190}}</ref> * Ọrịa nke ihe ana ahụ anya na gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara, dị ka ọrịa kansa akpụkpọ ahụ nke oke ikpughe na ụzarị ultraviolet na ìhè anyanwụ kpatara * Ọrịa ihe kpatara ya bu ikpughe na kemịkal na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ na-akpasu iwe na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọla na-egbu egbu * Ọrịa ihe na akpata ya bu ikpughe na nsí site na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka aflatoxicosis site na akpụ nke na-emepụta aflatoxin * Ọrịa ihe kpatara ya bu ikpughe na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ * Ọrịa ndụ dị ka ọrịa obi, ọrịa ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ kpatara dị ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na ọrịa metụtara ise siga == Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi vs. Ọrịa ndị metụtara mmetọ == Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nsonaazụ kpọmkwem site na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ dịgodị, a na-ekwu na ọrịa ndị metụtara mmetọ bụ n'ihi ikpughe na ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ikuku, mmiri, na ala. Ya mere, ọrịa nile metụtara mmetọ bụ ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ bụghị ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi nile bụ ọrịa metụtara mmetọ. == Ọrịa ndị metụtara obodo mepere emepe == Mpaghara obodo mepere emepe bụ mpaghara dị oke ọnụ nke nwere ~ 50% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile ugbu a, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eto ruo 70% site na 2050, ma mepụta ihe karịrị 80% nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2019-12-01|title=Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019323864|journal=Environment International|language=en|volume=133|pages=105187|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2019.105187|issn=0160-4120|author=Flies|first=Emily J.|issue=Pt A|pmid=31648161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> A maara mpaghara ndi a mara na-inwe nnukwu oke na-ụfodu ọrịa nke bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa n'ihi uto ngwa ngwa ha. Ọnọdụ obodo mepere emepe gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ize ndụ ndị a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetọ ikuku, bụ ndị a maara nke ọma, ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka ikpughe nje gbanwere bụ ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkwara ume ọkụ nwere ike ibute ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mmetọ metụtara ọkụ, nke jupụtara ebe niile n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guarnieri|first=Michael|date=2014-05-03|title=Outdoor air pollution and asthma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-3-9-2014_383_9928/page/1581|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=383|issue=9928|pages=1581–1592|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6|pmid=24792855|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, obodo mepere emepe, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị obodo ha, enweghị obodo dị iche iche nke nwere nje, nke nwere ike inye aka gbochie mmepe nke ụkwara ume ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stein|first=Michelle M.|date=2016-08-04|title=Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-08-04_375_5/page/411|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=375|issue=5|pages=411–421|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1508749|issn=0028-4793|pmid=27518660}}</ref> Mmetụta abụọ a na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ụkwara ume ọkụ n'obodo ukwu. Ọrịa na-efe efe na-adịkarịkwa n'obodo ukwu, ebe ọ bụ na mbugharị n'etiti ndị ọbịa na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na mmụba ịnweta ahụike na-eme ka mmekọrịta obodo na ọrịa ndị a ghara ịdị ike, mmetụta ya ka edoghị anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cooke|first=Graham S|date=2019-02-01|title=Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246812531830270X|journal=The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=135–184|doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30270-X|pmid=30647010|issn=2468-1253}}</ref> N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike uche ejikọtala ya na obodo mepere emepe, ọkachasị na mpaghara akụ na ụba dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peen|first=J.|date=2010|title=The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=121|issue=2|pages=84–93|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x|pmid=19624573|issn=1600-0447}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nchekasị, ikuku & ìhè & mmetọ mkpọtụ, na mbelata ohere "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" bụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi niile metụtara obodo mepere emepe nke nwere njikọ dị njọ na ahụike uche.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ ezie na obodo mepere emepe na-ejikọkarị na unyi na ọrịa, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-enwekwu ohere ịnweta nlekọta ahụike dị elu nke nwere ike ibute nsonaazụ ahụike dị mma. Uru a ga-anọgide na-eto ka ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ ahụike na-arịwanye elu. N'iburu nke a n'uche, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ niile dị adị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ihe ize ndụ obodo mepere emepe dị iche iche ma na-adaberekarị obodo na gburugburu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kemikal == === Metals === A maara nsí site na ndu na mercury kemgbe oge ochie. ọla ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ọla ndị a maara na ha na-akpali mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma bụ arsenic, phosphorus, zinc, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, osmium, platinum, selenium, tellurium, thallium, uranium, na vanadium.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2009|author=McWhinney|first=S. R.|title=Platinum Neurotoxicity Pharmacogenetics|journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=10–16|doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0840|pmid=19139108}}</ref> == Edensịbia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ọrià]] 4beh9zb4aq837x9ma7ppcyvu7wkp1yr 0 12961 697957 631482 2026-08-10T11:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suniti Solomon''' (1938 ma ọ bụ 1939 &#x2D; 28 Julaị 2015) bụ dibịa India na microbiologist bụ onye malitere nyocha na mgbochi ọrịa AIDS na India mgbe ọ chọpụtara ọrịa AIDS mbụ nke [[Ndia|India]] n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ Chennai na 1986 ya na nwa akwụkwọ ya Sellappan Nirmala .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/466463/the-doctor-who-detected-indias-first-hiv-case-has-died/|title=The doctor who detected India's first HIV case has died|publisher=[[Quartz (publication)|QUARTZ INDIA]]|author=Manu Balachandran|date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=AIDS in India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medical-journal_2006-09_82_971/page/545|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=82|issue=971|pages=545–547|year=2006|author=Solomon|first=S.|pmid=16954447|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.044966}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala Y R Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education na Chennai. Gọọmentị India nyere ya ihe nrite National Women Bio-scientist Award.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Suniti-Solomon-who-woke-India-up-to-HIV-threat-dies-at-76/articleshow/48260161.cms|title=Suniti Solomon, who woke India up to HIV threat, dies at 76|date=29 July 2015|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dr-suniti-solomon-who-pioneered-hiv-research-and-treatment-in-india-passes-away/|title=Dr Suniti Solomon, who pioneered HIV research and treatment in India, passes away|first=Arun|author=Janardhanan|date=29 July 2015|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/dr-suniti-solomon-part-of-team-who-detected-hiv-passes-away/20150728.htm|title=Dr Suniti Solomon, part of team who detected HIV, passes away|publisher=Rediff|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="huff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/07/28/suniti-solomon-hiv_n_7884648.html|title=Suniti Solomon, Doctor Who Awakened India To HIV, Passes Away|publisher=Huffington Post|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37183012|title=The woman who discovered India's first HIV cases|publisher=[[BBC]]|work=Geeta Pandey|date=30 August 2016|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> Na 25 Jenụwarị 2017, Gọọmentị India nyere ya ihe nrite Padma Shri maka ọgwụ maka onyinye ya maka nchọpụta na ịgwọ nje HIV.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In 2017, Padma Awards to honour unsung heroes of healthcare|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/in-2017-padma-awards-to-honour-unsung-heroes-of-healthcare/|publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|title=PadmaAwards-2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Suniti Solomon (née Gaitonde), na ezinụlọ Maharashtrian Hindu nke ndị ahịa akpụkpọ anụ na Chennai. Ọ bụ nwa nke asaa n'ime ezinụlọ mmadụ asatọ ma bụrụ naanị nwa nwanyị.<ref name="live" /><ref name="lan">{{Cite journal|author=Jeremy Laurance|title=Suniti Solomon|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2900772-2/fulltext|accessdate=8 November 2015|journal=The Lancet|date=7 November 2015|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00772-2|pmid=26843302|volume=386|issue=10006}}</ref><ref name="yrg2">{{Cite web|title=About Us/Our Founder|url=http://www.yrgcare.org/about-us/our-founder/|work=YRG CARE|accessdate=16 July 2016|archivedate=19 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019235719/http://yrgcare.org/about-us/our-founder/}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya n'afọ 2009, o kwuru na ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ọgwụ site na nleta ndị ọrụ ahụike kwa afọ n'ụlọ ha maka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref name="live">{{Cite news|author=Anupama Chandrasekaran|title=Freedom to live with HIV — Suniti Solomon|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0BndFwDSQojGe71oE8lFVK/Freedom-to-live-with-HIV--Suniti-Solomon.html|accessdate=8 November 2015|work=Live mint|publisher=HT Media Ltd|date=14 August 2009}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ maka ọgwụ na Madras Medical College e wee zụọ ya na pathology na UK, U.S. na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ruo n'afọ 1973 mgbe ya na di ya, Victor Solomon, laghachiri Chennai, n'ihi na "ọ chere na ọrụ ya dị mkpa karịa na India. " O mere nzere doctorate ya na microbiology ma sonye na ngalaba nke Institute of Microbiology na Madras Medical College mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="lan"/><ref name="hindu">{{Cite news|author=Gaitonde|first=Vishwas|title=Remembering Dr. Solomon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/world-aids-day-how-dr-suniti-solomons-flexibility-shaped-indias-aids-crisis/article7936732.ece|accessdate=16 July 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na ndụ ọrụ mbụ ya na mba ofesi, Solomon rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dibịa na-eto eto na King's College Hospital, [[London]].<ref name="hindu" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri India, Solomon rụrụ ọrụ dị ka microbiologist na Madras Medical College wee ruo ọkwa prọfesọ.<ref name="toi"/> Ọ gbasoro akwụkwọ banyere nkọwa ahụike nke ọrịa AIDS na 1981, nchọpụta nke nje HIV na 1983 na site na 1986 kpebiri ịnwale otu narị ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ebe India enweghị obodo na-edina ụdị onwe ya n'ihu ọha. Ọbara mmadụ isii n'ime otu narị ahụ gosipụtara na ha bu nje HIV. Solomon mechara ziga ihe ngosi ndị ahụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore maka nyocha ọzọ nke kwadoro nsonaazụ ya.<ref name="googlebook">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|title=Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries|accessdate=26 September 2016|isbn=9780309102803|date=2006-12-20|author=Medicine|first=Institute of}}</ref><ref name="hindu"/> Nchọpụta a ghọrọ akwụkwọ HIV mbụ na India.<ref name="lan"/><ref name="yrg">{{Cite web|title=About Us/The History|url=http://www.yrgcare.org/about-us/history/|work=YRG CARE|publisher=Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education|accessdate=16 July 2016|archivedate=5 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005074321/http://yrgcare.org/about-us/history/}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, Solomon kpebiri ịrara ndụ ya nye ịrụ ọrụ na nyocha HIV / AIDS, ọgwụgwọ, na mmata. Ọ kọwara otú ndị mmadụ si ezere ndị bu nje HIV; ọbụnadị di ya achọghị ka ya "na-arụ ọrụ ya na ndị ọrịa bu nje HIV," ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'oge ahụ bụ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, ndị na-agbanye onwe ha ọgwụ ọjọọ na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Solomọn zara site na "ị ghaghị ige ntị n'akụkọ ha ma ị gaghị ekwu otu ihe ahụ."<ref name="live"/> Solomon bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ kwuru okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ banyere nje HIV na ihere dị na ya, o kwuru n'otu oge "ihe na-egbu ndị nwere ọrịa AIDS karịa bụ ihere na ịkpa ókè."<ref name="toi" /> Site na 1988 ruo 1993, Solomon guzobere AIDS Resource Group mbụ na India nke e hiwere na MMC ma rụọ ọtụtụ nyocha AIDS na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ndị otu a bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ HIV / AIDS mbụ zuru oke na India tupu ngalaba ọ bụla nke onwe na nke ọha.<ref name="yrg"/> N'afọ 1993, Solomon guzobere 'Y R Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education' (YRG CARE) n'aha nna ya.<ref name="hindu"/> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe mbụ India maka ndụmọdụ na nyocha nke afọ ofufo banyere nje HIV. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, a na-ahụ ndị ọrịa otu narị n'ebe ahụ kwa ụbọchị na ndị ọrịa pụkụ ịrị na ise nọ na-eje ebe ahụ mgbe niile. A kọwara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ dị ka "ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ibelata ọrịa [HIV]". Ọ na-enyekwa ndị dọkịta na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ agụmakwụkwọ banyere nje HIV na ọgwụgwọ ya.<ref name="lan"/> O nwetara aha "dọkịta AIDS nke Chennai" ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke AIDS Society of India.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="ie"/> Solomon rụkọkwara ọrụ na nyocha nyocha mba ụwa, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ mba HIV / STD Prevention Trial na US National Institute of Mental Health, HIV Prevention Trials Network nke US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases na-eduzi, nyocha NIH nke ihere HIV na ọnọdụ nlekọta ahụike na Southern India, na nyocha nke atọ nke 6% CS GEL, onye na-achọ microbicide nke CONRAD (òtù).<ref name="ie"/><ref name="googlebook"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Solomon zutere di ya, Victor Solomon, onye na-awa obi, mgbe ọ na-agụ ọgwụ na Madras College. Ọ gbasoro njem ya na UK, US na Australia. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2006. Nwa ha nwoke bụ Sunil Solomon bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore. A chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa pancreatic ọnwa abụọ tupu ọnwụ ya na Julaị 28, 2015, n'ụlọ ya na Chennai, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na isii.<ref name="lan"/> == Ihe nrite == Solomon nwetara ihe nrite ndị a:<ref name="rediff"/> * N'afọ 2001, onyinye maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na HIV / AIDS site n'aka ndị otu ahụike steeti.<ref name="googlebook"/> * N'afọ 2005, Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society nyere ya Lifetime Achievement Award maka ọrụ ya na nje HIV<ref name="googlebook" /> * N'afọ 2006, DMS (Honoris Cusa) nke Mahadum Brown, USA * N'afọ 2009, 'National Women Bio-scientist Award' site n'aka ndị ozi sayensị na teknụzụ nke India. * N'afọ 2010, Mmekọrịta nke National Academy of Medical Sciences.<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf|title=List of Fellows - NAMS|publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences|date=2016|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> * N'afọ 2012, 'Lifetime Achievement Award for Service on HIV/AIDS' site n'aka Dr MGR Medical University na Chennai. * na ọtụtụ onyinye ndị ọzọ, dị ka 'Mother Teresa Memorial Award' maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ enyemaka. * N'afọ 2017, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara onyinye "Padma Shri" (posthumous) maka ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na ngalaba ọgwụ<ref>{{Cite news|title=In 2017, Padma Awards to honour unsung heroes of healthcare|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/in-2017-padma-awards-to-honour-unsung-heroes-of-healthcare/|publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=27 January 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * {{Cite journal|author=Solomon|first=Suniti|title=In vitro sensitivity of enteric bacteria to epicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and furazolidone|journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion|date=1976|volume=4|issue=3|pages=229–232|doi=10.1185/03007997609109309|pmid=985743}} * {{Cite journal|author=Solomon|first=S|title=Spectrum of opportunistic infections among AIDS patients in Tamil Nadu, India|journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS|date=1995|volume=6|issue=6|pages=447–9|doi=10.1177/095646249500600615|pmid=8845406}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kumarasamy|first=N|title=Neurological manifestations in aids patients in South India|journal=Journal of Neuroimmunology|date=1995|volume=63|issue=1|doi=10.1016/0165-5728(96)80989-1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Solomon|first=S|title=Blepharitis and lid ulcer as initial ocular manifestation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients|journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology|date=1997|volume=45|issue=4|pages=233–234|pmid=9567019}} * {{Cite journal|author=Solomon|first=S|title=Prevalence and risk factors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in urban and rural areas in Tamil Nadu, India|journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS|date=1998|volume=9|issue=2|pages=98–103|doi=10.1258/0956462981921756|pmid=9506375}} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} lbm67mt9pgzuj5no6lvlvd1bxinfxdn 0 13023 697480 195630 2026-08-10T01:03:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ "mgbanwe nke '''ọrụ mmekọahụ''', arụmọrụ, ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(09)34469-9|pmid=19962636|title=Criminalization, legalization or decriminalization of sex work: What female sex workers say in San Francisco, USA|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=17|issue=34|pages=38–46|date=November 2009|first=Alexandra|author=Lutnick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0028/latest/whole.html|title=Prostitution Reform Act 2003 No 28 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation|work=www.legislation.govt.nz|accessdate=2019-01-28}}</ref> Ọ na-agụnye ihe omume nke mmekọrịta anụ ahụ kpọmkwem n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa ya na mkpali mmekọahụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref name="Weitzer"/> Ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ezo aka naanị na azụmahịa mmekọahụ afọ ofufo; ya mere okwu ahụ anaghị ezo aka na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na azụmahịa mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ a manyere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta dịka ịgba akwụna ụmụaka. Azụmahịa ahụ ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti ndị okenye na-ekweta bụ ndị ruru afọ iwu kwadoro na ikike uche iji kwenye ma ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'enweghị ụzọ ọ bụla mmanye, ma e wezụga ịkwụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/qa-policy-to-protect-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/|title=Q&A: policy to protect the human rights of sex workers|work=www.amnesty.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref><ref name="Trafficking">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alternet.org/story/84987/sex_work_vs._trafficking%3A_understanding_the_difference|title=Sex Work vs. Trafficking: Understanding the Difference|author=Ditmore|first=Melissa|date=May 9, 2008|work=Alternet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064716/https://www.alternet.org/story/84987/sex_work_vs._trafficking%3A_understanding_the_difference|archivedate=November 27, 2018}}</ref> Okwu a na-emesi mmetụta ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ụdị ọrụ a ike. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ iji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-enye ndị na-ere ọrụ ndị a ụlọ ọrụ. [[Usòrò:Red_Light_District.jpg|thumb|Mpaghara Red Light na Amsterdam]] N'ihi ọnọdụ iwu nke ụfọdụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ihere metụtara ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọ na-esiri ndị mmadụ ike ịnweta; ya mere enwere obere nnyocha agụm akwụkwọ emere na isiokwu ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ na-elekwasị anya na ịgba akwụna, na obere, ịgba egwu na-enweghị atụ; enwere obere nnyocha banyere ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ. A pụghị ịkọwapụta nchọpụta ndị a n'ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ. Ka o sina dị, e nwere ogologo akụkọ ederede ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọahụ na ọdịdị onwe ya na akụ na ụba ya. == Ụdị == N'afọ puku abụọ na anọ, e mere nyocha Medline na nyocha nke isiokwu 681 "ịgba akwụna" iji mepụta ụdị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ site na iji ụdị na-enweghị isi. A chopụtara ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ iri abụọ na ise iji mepụta nghọta dị n'usoro banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ya. Ịgba akwụna dịgasị iche site n'ụdị na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere ụdị ịgba akwụna dị iche iche. Nnyocha a dị ka emere iji rụọ ọrụ iji meziwanye ahụike na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harcourt|first=C|title=The many faces of sex work|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=1 June 2005|volume=81|issue=3|pages=201–206|doi=10.1136/sti.2004.012468|pmid=15923285}}</ref> Ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ na agụnye ọrụ mmekọahụ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ arụmọrụ agụụ mmekọahụ, na-agụnye ogo dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na ndị ahịa:<ref>[https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/understanding-sex-work-open-society Who are sex workers]</ref> * Ngosipụta webcam na ịme ihe ngosi ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. A na-emekarị nke mbụ site na saịtị camming, nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ nwere ike ọ gaghị eji ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenye.<ref name="Weitzer"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weiss|first=Benjamin R.|date=5 April 2017|title=Patterns of Interaction in Webcam Sex Work: A Comparative Analysis of Female and Male Broadcasters|journal=Deviant Behavior|volume=39|issue=6|pages=732–746|doi=10.1080/01639625.2017.1304803|issn=0163-9625}}</ref> * Ịgba egwu dị egwu * Ịgba egwu.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Green|first=Alison|title=Top 10 Sex-Related Jobs|url=http://www.careeraddict.com/top-10-sex-related-jobs|work=www.careeraddict.com|accessdate=22 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109084603/http://www.careeraddict.com/top-10-sex-related-jobs|archivedate=9 November 2015|date=2017-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Weitzer" /> * Ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na ekwentị: na ndị ahịa na-enwe mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ, ma nwee ike ịme egwuregwu mmekọahụ * Egwú go-go * Erotik egwú * Neo-burlesque *  Egwú ike * warara-tils / Egwu tabulu * Ịhịa aka n'ahụ * Ịgwe ọka * Ịgba egwu ùwà * Ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ * Ndị na-eme Peepshow * Ọrụ iduga / Ahụmahụ enyi nwanyị / nwadiuto * Ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ: soro ndị nyocha uche na-arụ ọrụ iji nwee mmekọahụ dịka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ na ndị ahịa ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poelzl|first=Linda|date=October 2011|title=Reflective Paper: Bisexual Issues in Sex Therapy: A Bisexual Surrogate Partner Relates Her Experiences from the Field|journal=Journal of Bisexuality|volume=11|issue=4|pages=385–388|doi=10.1080/15299716.2011.620454}}</ref> * Ịgba akwụna n'okporo ámá * Ịgba akwụna n'ime ụlọ (ọrụ ụlọ akwụna, ịgba akwụna metụtara ụlọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ụlọ mmanya ma ọ bụ ịgba akwụna cha cha) == Usoro iwu == '''Mmebi iwu zuru oke''' nke ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ usoro iwu kachasị eme maka ịchịkwa mmekọahụ azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/about-map|title=About the map of Sex Work Law {{!}} Sexuality, Poverty and Law|work=spl.ids.ac.uk|accessdate=2019-10-29|archivedate=2021-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512214355/http://www.spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/about-map}}</ref> A na-eme mpụ zuru oke na mba China, Russia, na ọtụtụ mba dị na Afrịka a. Na United States, nke steeti ọ bụla nwere iwu mpụ nke ya, ọrụ mmekọahụ zuru oke bụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ebe niile, ọrụ mmekọahụ site na iji condom bụ iwu naanị n'akụkụ Nevada; ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enweghị mmekọrịta bụ ebe isi awọ na mgbagwoju anya. N'okpuru mpụ zuru oke, onye na-ere ahịa, onye na-azụ ya, na onye ọ bụla nke atọ metụtara na-enweta ntaramahụhụ mpụ. Nke a gụnyere onye ọ bụla na-erite uru site na mmekọahụ azụmahịa na ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ anụ ahụ. E jikọtara mpụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ, ime ihe ike nke ndị mmekọ, na iyi egwu ndị uwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hayes‐Smith|first=Rebecca|date=2010-03-01|title=Why is prostitution criminalized? An alternative viewpoint on the construction of sex work|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|volume=13|issue=1|pages=43–55|doi=10.1080/10282580903549201|issn=1028-2580}}</ref> Egwu nke mmetụta iwu nwere ike igbochi ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ịchọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike mmekọahụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ma mee ka ha ghara ịkọ mpụ nke ha bụ ndị ahụ metụtara. Dị ka nnyocha nke Human Rights Watch mere si kwuo, mpụ na-eme ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee ike ịdaba n'ike, igbu ọchụ, na ịkpa ókè n'ihi ọnọdụ ha na ikike ndị uwe ojii nwere ikpe ha maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha abịa dị ka onye a tara ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/07/why-sex-work-should-be-decriminalized|title=Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized|date=2019-08-07|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Prostitution_laws_of_the_world.svg|thumb|352x352px|Ịkwụsị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ]] '''Mmebi iwu''' na-enye ohere maka nkwado iwu nke ịzụta na ire mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị abụọ kwetara mana ọ machibidoro ire ahịa nke mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ akwụna ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọha na eze dị ka ịrịọ arịrịọ n'okporo ámá. Nke a nwere nsonaazụ a na-atụghị anya ya na ọ na-eme ka njikọ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ mpụ, na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ naanị ha na n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma. Mmebi iwu ụfọdụ sitere na ụdị iwu dị iche iche dịka Nkwụsị, neo-abolitionism na Swedish-Nordic Model. [[Usòrò:SexWorkers2009Marcha2009.JPG|thumb|Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-egosipụta maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma na 2009 Marcha Gay na Mexico City]] A na-eme nkwado '''iwu''' ugbu a na akụkụ nke South Amerịka, [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Europe, na mpaghara ụfọdụ na steeti Nevada nke United States. Red Light dị na Amsterdam, Netherlands, bụ ihe atụ nke nkwado iwu zuru oke, ebe a na-ekwe ka akụkụ niile nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha debanyere aha na gọọmentị. Ebe ọ bụ na usoro ndebanye aha na-adịkarị ọnụ ma na-ewe oge, na-achọ ebe obibi iwu kwadoro, ma nwee ike ịgụnye nyocha ahụike mgbe niile, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ a na-eleghara anya ga-anọgide na-akwadoghị iwu, ma na-akwụkarị ụgwọ dị ala, n'ihi na ha enweghị ike irube isi na iwu. Nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nta, ndị mbịarambịa, na ndị ọrụ na-enweghị ego. Ikpa oké bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị akwado site n'aka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'onwe ha. Ikpa oké bụ naanị ngwọta iwu nke na-enye enweghị mpụ nke onye ọ bụla na-etinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ ma na mgbakwunye enweghị ihe mgbochi na onye nwere ike isonye na ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Mmebi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ agaghị ewepụ ntaramahụhụ iwu ọ bụla na-akatọ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Enweghị ihe akaebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-egosi na mmebi iwu nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-agba ume ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref name=":3"/> New Zealand bụ mba mbụ machibidoro ọrụ mmekọahụ n'afọ puku abụọ na atọ, site na ngafe nke Iwu Ndozigharị Ịgba akwụna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/|title=New Zealand Parliament home page - New Zealand Parliament|work=www.parliament.nz|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> Nke a bụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-akwado n'ihi na ọ na-enye ha ohere ka ha na ndị ahịa ha nwee ike ịkparịta ụka. Site na nchebe zuru oke n'okpuru iwu, ha nwere ikike ịchọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ ha, usoro nchebe, ma chebe onwe ha pụọ n'aka ndị omekome na-eme ihe ike. Ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị ochie dị adị na ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme mpụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe iji chịkwaa ya, ọrụ ahụ agbanwebeghị ma ọ bụla ka oge na-aga. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ahịa mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka a ga-erigbu ha, na-azụ ahịa, na ndị a wakporo mgbe a na-eme mpụ maka ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-01-01|title=Decreasing Human Trafficking through Sex Work Decriminalization|url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/decreasing-human-trafficking-through-sex-work-decriminalization/2017-01|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=122–126|doi=10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.1.sect2-1701|pmid=28107164|issn=2376-6980|author=Albright|first=E.}}</ref> Malite n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ puku abụọ na ise, Amnesty International, otu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-enweghị ọdịmma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ na mmegbu, webatara iwu nke rịọrọ ka mba niile mee ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=www.amnesty.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers' rights|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/05/amnesty-international-publishes-policy-and-research-on-protection-of-sex-workers-rights/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=www.amnesty.org|date=26 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> Amnesty International kwuru na iwu a na imebi ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-ebelata ịzụ ahịa mmadụ site n'ịkwalite ahụike na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ site n'ikwe ka ha nwee onwe ha site na nchebe nke gọọmentị.<ref name=":4" /> Iwu a nwetara nkwado dị ukwuu n'ụwa niile site n'aka WHO, UNAIDS, GAATW, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, mana anabatabeghị ya n'ụwa niile. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, kemgbe oge ochie. A na-akọ na ọbụna n'obodo ndị kasị ochie, enwere mmekọahụ azụmahịa. Ịgba akwụna juru ebe niile n'Ijipt na Gris oge ochie, ebe a na-eme ya na ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A hụrụ Hetaera na Gris na geisha na [[Japan]] dị ka ndị a ma ama nke ọha mmadụ maka ọkwa ọzụzụ ha dị elu na mkpakọrịta. Àgwà banyere ịgba akwụna agbanweela site na akụkọ ihe mere eme. [[Usòrò:NAMA_Courtisane_&_client.jpg|thumb|Ihe eji eme ihe n'asụsụ Grik oge ochie na-egosi nwanyị akwụna na onye ahịa ya.]] N' etiti oge gboo, a nabatara ịgba akwụna mana ọ bụghị ememe. Ọ bụ ruo mgbe atuteghachi na Ndozigharị Protestant na narị afọ nke iri na isii ka àgwà gbanwere megide ịgba akwụna n'ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ma a malitere ịchịkwa ahụ nke ọma. Mgbanwe omume ndị a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka mmachi nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ịmanye iwu gbasara ịgba akwụna metụtara ndị ogbenye n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ.<ref name="Ditmore">{{Cite book|editor=Melissa Hope|title=Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work Volumes 1 & 2|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313329685}}</ref> Ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na United Steeti mana iwu na-achịkwa ire mmekọahụ dị ọhụrụ. Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ịgba akwụna gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike site na Louisiana ruo San Francisco. N'agbanyeghị njupụta ya, àgwà n'ebe ndị akwụna nọ adịghị mma ma na-enwe obi ọjọọ ọtụtụ ugboro. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ahụ ekwughị kpọmkwem banyere ịgba akwụna n'oge a, ndị mmanye iwu na-elekwasịkarị ndị akwụna anya. E ji iwu megide ịkwa iko na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị mee ihe iji chịkwaa ọrụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara na-acha uhie uhie guzobere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche na mba ahụ na mgbalị nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ịchọta ohere ebe ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ, kewapụrụ onwe ha na ọha mmadụ na ihere kwekọrọ. Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'iwu nyere ndị akwụna ohere ịgbagha mkpọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe. Site n'okwu ndị a, ndị akwụna manyere nkwenye a ma ama nke ọrụ ha ma gbachitere ikike na ihe onwunwe ha. N'agbanyeghị mbọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-agba, ndị na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-achọ ịkwụsị ịgba akwụna ozugbo malitere inweta nkwado na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Iwu ọhụrụ lekwasịrị anya na azụmahịa nke atọ ebe ịgba akwụna na-eme, dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ akwụna, na-ejide ndị nwe ya maka ọrụ ndị mere n'ime ụlọ ha. Mpaghara na-acha uhie uhie malitere imechi. N'ikpeazụ, na 1910 Mann Act, ma ọ bụ "White Slave Traffic Act" mere iwu na-akwadoghị omume ịmanye mmadụ ịgba akwụna ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ ndị ọzọ, iwu gọọmentị etiti mbụ na-ekwu maka ịgba akwụna. Emere omume a iji dozie ịzụ ahịa nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto, ndị Europe bụ ndị e chere na a tọọrọ ma buru ha gaa United States ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụna, mana ha mere ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of American History: With the Complete Text of the Constitution of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqG-B4jsMIAC|first=Michael Rheta|author=Martin|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1978|isbn=9780822601241}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ, iwu ndị agha mmiri manyere mmechi nke azụmahịa metụtara mmekọahụ na nso ebe ndị agha. Mgbochi na ime ihe ike n'ụzọ doro anya mere ka obere njikwa ndị ọrụ nwere n'ọrụ ha funahụ. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, n' afọ otu puku na iri na asatọ , Iwu Chamberlain-Kahn mere ka nwanyị ọ bụla a hụrụ na ọ nwere ọrịa a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ (STI) bụrụ onye gọọmentị ga-ekewapụ. Ebumnuche mbụ nke omume a bụ ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ọrịa mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị agha United States.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ann|first=Moseley|title=Cather Studies, Volume 11|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803296992|pages=384|edition=11|date=August 2017}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ puku iri na iteghete na iri na ịse n'okpuru iwu a, a pụrụ ịkwụsị ndị akwụna, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ahụta dị ka ndị akwụna, nyochaa, ma jide ha ma ọ bụ ziga ha n'ụlọ mmeghari ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ha ka ha nwere ọrịa mmekọahụ ọ bụla. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ, e jidere ma nyochaa ụmụ nwanyị puku atọ . Steeti emeela ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ka ha bụrụ ndị iwu kwadoro.<ref name="Crime">{{Cite web|author=Grant|first=Melissa Gira|title=When Prostitution Wasn't a Crime: The Fascinating History of Sex Work in America|url=https://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/when-prostitution-wasnt-crime-fascinating-history-sex-work-america|work=[[AlterNet]]|accessdate=31 May 2018|date=18 February 2013|authorlink=Melissa Gira Grant}}</ref> N'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na New York City bụ ihe karịrị pacenti iri ise nke njide maka ịgba akwụna.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blanshard|first=Paul|title=Negro Deliquency in New York|journal=The Journal of Educational Sociology|date=October 1942|volume=16|issue=2|pages=115–123|doi=10.2307/2262442}}</ref> Ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ gbasaa na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu. Ihe nkiri na mgbe e mesịrị Intanet nyere ohere ọhụrụ maka ọrụ mmekọahụ. Na afọ puku ịrị iteghete na iri asaa na asatọ , Carol Leigh, onye na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na onye na-eme ihe ike, chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ mmekọahụ" dịka a na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a. Ọ na-ele anya ịlụso mmegide ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ọgụ site na ịmepụta okwu nke gosipụtara mmetụta ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ahụ. Okwu a malitere iji ya eme ihe n'afọ 1980s. (bayswan). COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics) na otu ndị ọzọ yiri ya guzobere na 1970s na 80s iji kwalite nnwere onwe mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Esemokwu guzobere n'ime feminism nke na-aga n'ihu taa, ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka maka ịkwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ maka nnabata na ikike maka ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ihere bụ echiche na akara na-adịghị mma ma na-abụkarị mkparị nke a na-etinye na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ndị otu obodo. Ihe ihere nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ekesa site na usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche bụ ihere "nwanyị akwụna" nke a na-akpọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka "ndị akwụna" n'ihi ọdịdị na ụba nke mmekọrịta ndị ahịa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Hallgrimsdottir|first=Helga Kristin|date=August 2006|title=Fallen Women and Rescued Girls: Social Stigma and Media Narratives of the Sex Industry in Victoria, B.C., from 1980 to 2005|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2006.tb02224.x|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=265–280|doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.2006.tb02224.x}}</ref> A mụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ iji nweta akụkọ atọ kachasị elu nke egosipụtara na mgbasa ozi banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ. Nke mbụ, a na-egosi ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-ebute ọrịa na isi iyi nke ọrịa. Nke abụọ, a na-egosi ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke dịgasị iche na ịdị njọ. Na nke atọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-egosi ọrụ mmekọahụ na mgbasa ozi iji mee n'èzí, nke na-agbakwụnye echiche na-adịghị mma nke na-ejikọta ọrụ mmekọahụ na unyi ma ọ bụ ọha na eze. N'ime akụkọ ndị a niile, anyị na-ahụkarị usoro nhazi nke a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ dị iche iche dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke na-egosi dị ka ọrụ ikike nke pimps, ndị ahịa, na ndị na-ahụ maka iwu.<ref name=":7"/> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ puku abụọ na isii site na Mahadum Victoria chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ahụmịhe mbụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ adịghị ka nke ahụ. Achọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na ezighi ezi, a na-emepụta ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi nke ọrụ mmekọahụ site na ederede mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala siri ike nke na-eme ka ihere na-aga n'ihu ma na-enye mmetụta na mgbasa ozi na echiche ọjọọ banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref name=":7"/> Ọrịa nje HIV / AIDS nyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ. Mmebi nke ikpughe ndị ọzọ na nje HIV / AIDS metụtara ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ukwuu. A haziri usoro mbelata mmerụ ahụ na-enye nyocha, ndụmọdụ, na ihe iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ. Ịhazi ahụmịhe a nyere aka mee ka omume n'ọdịnihu maka ikpe ziri ezi ọha na eze. Egwu ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu n'ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Njikọ nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ iwu kwadoro dị ka ndị na-agba egwu na-enweghị atụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na ndị ọrụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ruuru mmadụ emeela ka ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ka o sina dị, mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịkwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-akparị na-eme ka ịhazi gburugburu ọrụ mmekọahụ sie ike. N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ndị a, omume megide ime ihe ike na mmụba ọhụụ na ikike na-anọgide na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị sonyere.<ref name="swaay">{{Cite web|url=http://www.swaay.org/history.html|title=Sex Work Activists, Allies, and You History|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202021857/http://www.swaay.org/history.html|archivedate=February 2, 2016}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ na-enwekarị ihere na ịkpa ókè karịa ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Mastin|first=Teresa|date=2016-03-03|title=Having Their Say: Sex Workers Discuss Their Needs and Resources|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07399332.2015.1020538|journal=Health Care for Women International|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=343–363|doi=10.1080/07399332.2015.1020538|pmid=25719732|issn=0739-9332}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ihere na ịkpa ókè a sitere na echiche na-adịghị mma nke aha ọrụ "onye ọrụ mmekọahụ" na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere dị nso na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ dị ka HIV na AIDS. Ihe ihere ndị a na-emetụta otú ọha mmadụ si emekọrịta ihe na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na [[Hong Kong]] kọrọ na ha na onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ahụike nwere mmekọrịta mkparị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, nke kpaliri mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ahụike n'ozuzu ya na ịnweta ahụike n'ụzọ na-adịghị nhata.<ref name=":10" /> N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, amachibidoro ọrụ mmetụta nke anụ arụ (nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na ndị ọzọ) na mba ụfọdụ. Nke a ebutela mbelata na Europe nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke ọrụ mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nswp.org/es/news/impact-covid-19-sex-workers-europe|title=Impact of COVID-19 on Sex Workers in Europe|date=6 July 2020|work=Global Network of Sex Work Projects}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, enweela nnabata ka ukwuu nke ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ nke na-achọghị kọntaktị anụ ahụ (ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị). <ref name="saw.americananthro.org">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=Alex J.|date=2020-11-02|title=Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://saw.americananthro.org/pub/sex-work-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/release/1|journal=Exertions|language=en|doi=10.21428/1d6be30e.3c1f26b7}}</ref> <ref name="Back to the street">{{Cite web|author=Kabelka|first=Hannah|date=2020-05-25|title=Back to the Street|url=https://www.kit.nl/back-to-the-street/|accessdate=|work=KIT Royal Tropical Institute|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=DeLacey|first=Hannah|date=2020-05-10|title=The precarisation of sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/the-precarisation-of-sex-workers-during-the-covid-19-pandemic|accessdate=|work=leidenlawblog.nl|language=en}}</ref> Ọmụmaatụ nke ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nke na-achọghị kọntaktị anụ ahụ gụnyere imewe kamera weebụ yana ọrụ ndenye ọdịnaya nke okenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ. Naanị Fans). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=2020-05-18|title=Sex Workers Built OnlyFans. Now They Say They're Getting Kicked Off|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/onlyfans-sex-workers-porn-creators-999881/|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-aga n'ihu n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị, nakwa n'ihi na ụfọdụ ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịchọ akaụntụ ụlọ akụ gọọmentị (ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ego dijitalụ ) na ọnụ ụlọ nkeonwe. <ref name="Back to the street" /> <ref name="saw.americananthro.org" /> Ọrịa COVID-19 abawanyela mwepu, ahaghị nhata na mpụ nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Site na ihe egwu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke metụtara ọrịa na-efe efe, a kwụsịtụrụ ọrụ mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ, na-ebute nsogbu ego karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye kparala aka. Iwu COVID-19 ewepụtala ihe egwu karịa na nchekwa anụ ahụ na nke ego nke ndị ọrụ mmekọ na-adịghị mma nke ọha na-enweghị akwụkwọ, mmegharịa o we nna agba. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bromfield|first=Nicole F.|date=May 2021|title=At the Intersection of COVID-19 and Sex Work in the United States: A Call for Social Work Action|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886109920985131|journal=Affilia|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=140–148|doi=10.1177/0886109920985131|issn=0886-1099}}</ref> == Mmekọahụ ọrụ ike == === Ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ === Dr. Annie Sprinkle na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ wemaram ọrụ USA buru ụzọ hụ ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na Disemba iri na asaa , puku abụọ na atọ , a na-amatakwa ya nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ iri na asaa gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|author=NSWP|date=2010-11-26|title=17 December: International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers|url=https://www.nswp.org/event/17-december-international-day-end-violence-against-sex-workers|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Global Network of Sex Work Projects|language=en}}</ref> Sprinkle na ndị Ọrụ mmekọahụ Outreach Project USA buru ụzọ hụ ụbọchị a na ebe nchekwa nke ndị egburu na Green River Killer na Seattle Washington wee malite n'afọ kwa afọ, mba ụwa maka obodo ndị ọzọ furu efu ọtụtụ ndụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, ndị nwere ahụmahụ na enwetala ime ihe ike, na inye ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=NSWP|date=2017-05-11|title=International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers|url=https://www.nswp.org/event/international-day-end-violence-against-sex-workers|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Global Network of Sex Work Projects|language=en}}</ref> N'ime izu nke Disemba iri na asaa , ụbọchị mba ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ndị ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na-akpọ uche gaa na mpụ ịkpọasị gburugburu ụwa na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na obodo ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ iji jide ncheta na ogbo omume iji mee ka mmata nke ime ihe ike site na. na-elekwasị anya na nkatọ nke transphobia, egwundịobịa, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ime mpụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe yana mkparị nke ọrụ mmekọahụ ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ nke dị nchebe, nke na-adịghị eme mpụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daring|first=Christa|title=Homepage|url=https://december17.swopusa.org/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=December 17th - International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813124143/https://december17.swopusa.org/}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenye === Na ọrụ ndebanye aha ọdịnaya nke ndị okenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ. OnlyFans) ndị na-emepụta mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọdịnaya ha. Ọdịnaya a nwere ike ịgụnye selfies, ndụmọdụ, ozi, nkuzi, yana ọrụ mmekọahụ. Naanị ndị na-emepụta Fans na-enweta uru bara uru site n'aka ndị debanyere aha na-azụta ohere ịnweta akaụntụ ha pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Sex workers turned to OnlyFans, but so did a lot of amateurs|url=https://www.marketplace.org/shows/marketplace-tech/sex-workers-pivoted-onlyfans-there-are-lot-amateurs-there-too|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Marketplace|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ahụmịhe ahụ maka onye ọ bụla debanyere aha megide ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị dị ka ọdịnaya nke Pornhub / brazzers / xxxvideos / wdg nyere.<ref name=":9" /> OnlyFans agbanweela ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ mere ka ọ dị ike maka onye okike, ma dị nchebe maka ha ịchịkwa otú ha si arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ ha. Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta OnlyFans na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ mmekọahụ, ekwuola na ha na-enweta ọtụtụ ndị debanyere aha ka ha na-ede akwụkwọ ugboro ugboro. Ọ baghị uru ma ọ bụrụ na posts bụ "ihe doro anya" ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Jacob|date=2019-02-09|title=How OnlyFans Changed Sex Work Forever|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/09/style/onlyfans-porn-stars.html|accessdate=2021-04-08}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na OnlyFans nwere ndị ha maara ihe niile banyere ha site na nkọwa ọrụ ha, na aha ụmụaka / di / nwunye, na mgbe usoro ịwa ahụ ha dị. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akwụkarị ndị okike a ụgwọ ma nwee ike inye aka na orgasms ndị debanyere aha ha: omume a abụghị ịgba akwụna. Ndị debanyere aha na akaụntụ OnlyFans ebe ha na-enweta ọrụ mmekọahụ, ekwuola na ha nwere ike ịnweta porn n'efu n'ebe ọ bụla, nakwa na ha na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ na-egbo mkpa onwe ha. Ndị debanyere aha a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa n'ịntanetị nke na-enyere ha aka mgbe ụfọdụ nweta ogazim .<ref name=":8" /> == Ọrụ mmetụta uche == Ọrụ mmetụta uche bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ọrụ ọrụ, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ. Site na ọrụ mmetụta uche, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinye aka na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ime ihe a maara dị ka ime ihe n'elu na ime ihe miri emi. Ọkwa ndị a na-egosipụta mmekọrịta onye ọrụ mmekọahụ na ọrụ mmetụta uche. Ime ihe n'elu na-eme mgbe onye na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ maara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezigbo ahụmịhe mmetụta uche ha na ngosipụta mmetụta uche ha. N'ụzọ dị iche, ime ihe nkiri miri emi na-eme mgbe onye ọrụ mmekọahụ enweghịzi ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe bụ eziokwu na ihe na-eme ihe; ime ihe na-aghọ eziokwu.<ref name="Hochschild">{{Cite book|author=Hochschild|first=Arlie Russell|title=The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling|date=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520054547|url=https://archive.org/details/managedheart00arli|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Woman_lying_on_bed,_looking_at_mirror,_Berlin_2001.jpg|thumb|Onye ọrụ mmekọahụ na Berlin n'afọ 2001]] dị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmetụta uche maka ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. Nke mbụ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche iji wuo arụmọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ.<ref name="Frank"/><ref name="Sanders">{{Cite journal|author=Sanders|first=T.|year=2005|title='It's Just Acting': Sex Workers' Strategies for Capitalizing of Sexuality|journal=Gender, Work and Organization|volume=12|issue=4|pages=319–342|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00276.x}}</ref><ref name="Trautner">{{Cite journal|author=Trautner|first=M.|year=2005|title=Doing Gender, Doing Class: the Performance of Sexuality in Exotic Dance Clubs|journal=Gender and Society|volume=19|issue=6|pages=771–788|doi=10.1177/0891243205277253|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1246f751262e8736dcdd4df85d16176a777bbc7f}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ndị a na-egosipụtakarị ọchịchọ nke ndị ahịa nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị ahịa ji ụmụ nwanyị ha na-ahụta dị ka ụmụ nwanyị kpọrọ ihe. Maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, inweta echiche a chọrọ arụmọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ nke gụnyere nrubeisi nye ndị ahịa na nkwenye nke nwoke ha, yana ngosipụta anụ ahụ nke nwanyị ọdịnala.<ref name="Frank" /><ref name="Brewis">{{Cite book|author=Brewis|first=Joanna|title=Sex, Work and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134621774|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9KFAgAAQBAJ&q=Sex%2C+Work+and+Sex+Work|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ mmetụta uche na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa karị mgbe ọdịiche agbụrụ metụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Mistress Velvet, onye ojii, nwanyị na-achị achị, na-akpọsa onwe ya site na iji àgwà ya kachasị mma. Ọ na-eme ka ndị ahịa ya, bụ ndị na-abụkarị ndị ọcha na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha, gụọ echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii tupu nnọkọ ha. Nke a na-enye ndị ahịa ohere ịhụ ihe mere òkè ha, dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-acha ọcha na-edina nwoke, na-enye aka na fetishization nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Duberman|first=Amanda|title=Meet The Dominatrix Who Requires The Men Who Hire Her To Read Black Feminist Theory|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mistress-velvet_us_5a822b50e4b00ecc923d4eba|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=20 April 2018|date=2018-02-13}}</ref> Ma n'ime ọrụ mmekọahụ ma n'ụdị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-arụ ọrụ mmetụta uche n'ihi na a na-atụ anya na ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji ya rụọ ọrụ nke nwanyị, ebe a na-atụ anya na ụmụ nwoke ga-eji ya rụọ arụmọrụ nke nwoke.<ref name="Hochschild"/> N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, a na-emezu atụmanya ndị a n'ihi na ọrụ a dị mkpa iji mee ka uru ego dị ukwuu ma nwee ike ijigide ọrụ. N'ezie, a na-ejikarị ọrụ mmetụta uche eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ego dị ukwuu. Ọ na-akwalite ahụmịhe ka mma maka onye ahịa ma na-echebe onye ọrụ wee mee ka onye ọrụ nweta uru kachasị.<ref name="Frank"/><ref name="Sanders"/><ref name="Sijuwade">{{Cite journal|author=Sijuwade|first=P.|year=1996|title=Counterfeit Intimacy: Dramaturgical Analysis of an Erotic Performance|journal=International Journal of Sociology of the Family|volume=26|issue=2|pages=29–41|doi=10.1080/01639625.1988.9967792}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-etinyekarị aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche dị ka atụmatụ nchebe onwe onye, na-ewepụ onwe ha na ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="Weitzer">{{Cite book|editor=Weitzer|title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415922944|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sanders"/> N'ikpeazụ, ndị ahịa na-ejikarị eziokwu a ghọtara na azụmahịa ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ; ya mere, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ịnwa ịkwalite echiche nke ezi mmekọrịta chiri anya.<ref name="Frank">{{Cite book|author=Frank|first=Katherine|title=G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822329725|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sijuwade"/> == Nlekọta ahụike maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ == === Nlekọta ahụike bụ isi === Ihe omume mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike na-etinye ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka nsogbu ahụike uche. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere dị elu nke ịrịa nsogbu ahụike uche, ohere ahụ dịkwa ukwuu maka ndị bụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị nta gụnyere obodo LGBTQ +.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Puri|first=Nitasha|date=2017-12-19|title=Burden and correlates of mental health diagnoses among sex workers in an urban setting|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12905-017-0491-y|issn=1472-6874|pmid=29258607}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka ha ga-egosipụta ihe ịrịba ama nke PTSD (13%), nchekasị (33.7%), na ịda mbà n'obi (24.4%). Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwekwu ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi iji nweta nlekọta ahụike uche n'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ ha na-abawanye n'ihi ihere, enweghị ohere ịnweta mkpuchi, enweghị ntụkwasị obi site n'aka ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na misogyny.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Sawicki|first=Danielle A.|date=2019|title=Culturally Competent Health Care for Sex Workers: An Examination of Myths That Stigmatize Sex-Work and Hinder Access to Care|journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy : Journal of the British Association for Sexual and Relationship Therapy|volume=34|issue=3|pages=355–371|doi=10.1080/14681994.2019.1574970|issn=1468-1994|pmid=30899197}}</ref> E mere nnyocha na-enyocha ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-eche ihu na Canada n'afọ 2016. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe dị ka pasent 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ na ahụike. Ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ ndị a gụnyere ogologo oge ichere, obere awa nke ọrụ, na ọgwụgwọ na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè n'aha ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Socías|first=M. Eugenia|date=2016-05-16|title=Universal Coverage without Universal Access: Institutional Barriers to Health Care among Women Sex Workers in Vancouver, Canada|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=e0155828|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155828|pmid=27182736|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> === Nlekọta ahụike bụ isi === Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ yikarịrị ka ha agaghị achọ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ ruo eru ịchọ nlekọta ahụike n'ihi ihere na-adịghị mma. A na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ na ọnọdụ nlekọta ahụike. Ọ bụ obere mkpa na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ohere ịnweta nyocha na ọgwụgwọ STD / STI ugboro ugboro, mana ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee ohere nhata maka nlekọta bụ isi maka ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị na-abụghị ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref name=":6"/> UNAIDS nyochara pasent ọnụego nke ọrụ mgbochi nwere ike ịnweta maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na 2010 gburugburu ụwa wee kwubie na 51% enweghị ohere.<ref>{{Cite book|author=National Center for Biotechnology Information|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304106/|title=NSWP GLOBAL SEX WORKER CONSULTATION|date=December 2012|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi ọzọ maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ iji nweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike bụ na ọtụtụ enweghị ike, ma ọ bụ na-achọghị ikpughe ọrụ ha na akwụkwọ ahụike achọrọ na-eme ka ha ghara iru eru ịnata nlekọta ahụike.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Anna Kathryn|date=2016-06-01|title=How can general practice respond to the needs of street-based prostitutes?|journal=British Journal of General Practice|language=en|volume=66|issue=647|pages=323–324|doi=10.3399/bjgp16X685501|issn=0960-1643|pmid=27231303}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze lekwasịrị anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute nje HIV. A na-eji echiche a eme atụmatụ maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ihe gbasara akụ ahụike, mana achọpụtala na ọ na-agbakwunye ihere na ịkpa ókè nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na-eme ka ịgba akwụna ghara ịdị ka isi iyi nke ego, na-egbochi ntinye aka ahụike dị irè, ma na-eme ka echiche ahụ dị na ịbụ onye ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Uretsky|first=Elanah|date=January 2015|title='Sex' – it's not only women's work: a case for refocusing on the functional role that sex plays in work for both women and men|journal=Critical Public Health|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=78–88|doi=10.1080/09581596.2014.883067|pmid=25642103|issn=0958-1596}}</ref> Atụmatụ nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze nke na-ebute mgbochi nje HIV n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ma gosipụta ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike na-ekpuchi ikike nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ikike nke ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ. E webatara aha "onye ọrụ mmekọahụ" n'onwe ya iji gbalịa imebi mkpakọrịta site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke jikọtara ụmụ nwanyị akwụna na njirimara ruru unyi, omume rụrụ arụ, na ọrịa.<ref name=":11" /> == Mmekọrịta chiri anya == Nnyocha e mere na Melbourne, Australia, chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu mmekọrịta n'ihi ọrụ ha. Nke a sitere n'okwu gbasara ikpughe ọrụ ha na mmekọrịta onwe onye. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ kwuru na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-enye aka n'ihi na ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-enwe mmekọrịta ma ha maara ọrụ ha.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Bellhouse|first=Clare|title=The Impact of Sex Work on Women's Personal Romantic Relationships and the Mental Separation of Their Work and Personal Lives: A Mixed-Methods Study|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=10|pages=e0141575|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141575|pmid=26516765|date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ kọrọ na ọrụ ha metụtara ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ndị kwuru mmetụta dị mma kọrọ na ha na-abawanye ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike.<ref name=":5"/> Enwere obere ihe akaebe na-egosi ndị ahịa nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, mana ha nwere ike ịkekọrịta nsogbu yiri nke ahụ. Otu isiokwu ''Scientific American'' banyere ndị na-azụ mmekọahụ chịkọtara obere ngalaba nyocha nke na-egosi na Johns nwere profaịlụ akparamaagwa nkịtị nke kwekọrọ na ọdịdị nke ụmụ nwoke sara mbara mana ha na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Why Do Men Buy Sex?|first=Nikolas|author=Westerhoff|date=1 October 2012|journal=Scientific American|volume=21|issue=2s|pages=60–65|doi=10.1038/scientificamericanbrain0512-60}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta chiri anya nke ngwaahịa === Na nzute ndị ahịa na ndị akwụna ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba egwu (na ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ), ọtụtụ na-achọ ihe karịrị afọ ojuju mmekọahụ. Ha na-achọkarị, site na mmekọrịta ha na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, nkwenye nke nwoke ha, nke ha nwere ike iche na ọ dịghị n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Frank"/><ref name="Brewis"/> Nkwenye a na-abịa n'ụdị (nṅomi nke) ịhụnanya na agụụ mmekọahụ, na "ebe dị nro, nke dị nso, nke na-emetụ n'obi, ebe ụzọ e si ejikwa oge na-achịkwa naanị site n'ọchịchọ na obi ụtọ. "<ref name="Brewis" /> N'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ha na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mmekọrịta ndị a, a na-ahazi ahụmịhe ndị akwụna na nkọwa nke oge kama site na ọchịchọ iji mee ka ego dị ukwuu, zere ike ọgwụgwụ, na / ma ọ bụ zere imebi ùgwù onwe onye.<ref name="Brewis" /> Maka ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, mmekọrịta chiri anya na-enye uru dị iche iche. Na Brazil, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ebute ụmụ nwoke si mba ọzọ karịa ụmụ nwoke obodo n'ihe gbasara iso ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụmụ nwoke obodo banyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị na-abaghị uru karịa ọrụ ha. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụmụ nwoke si mba ọzọ na-esokarị akụ na ụba na ọnọdụ, nke bụ ihe ndị nwere ike inyere onye ọrụ mmekọahụ aka inwere onwe ya. N'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na Brazil yikarịrị ka ha ga-achọ "njikọ mgbagwoju anya" na ụmụ nwoke mba ọzọ ha na-enye ọrụ, kama ụmụ nwoke obodo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Williams|first=Erica|title=Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements|date=8 November 2013|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252079443|pages=224}}</ref> == Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị == Ajụjụ ọnụ nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-esonyere na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị pụta ìhè na ahụmịhe ndị a.<ref name="Weitzer"/> Na nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-esonyere na-akwụ ụgwọ karịa ụmụ nwoke. [isi iyi dị E jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ahịa niche na-akwụ ụgwọ ọnụego dị ala.<ref name="Fogg">{{Cite web|url=https://andrewfogg.com/2014/10/14/gender-differences-amongst-sex-workers-online/|title=Gender differences amongst sex workers online|author=Fogg|first=A.|date=14 October 2014|accessdate=28 April 2022|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003020443/https://andrewfogg.com/2014/10/14/gender-differences-amongst-sex-workers-online/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche a na ọnụego adịghị maka ndị ikom na-esonyere. Ndị na-eso ụmụ nwoke kwuru na nnabata zuru oke na obodo ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha; o yikarịrị ka ha karịa ụmụ nwanyị ikpughe ọrụ ha. Nnabata obodo a bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nye ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha ọ bụghị ahụmịhe nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke na nwanyị na-agba akwụna yikarịrị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke na-edina nwoke na-agba akwụna iji mee ndị ahịa nwoke na nwanyị nwee obi ụtọ n'ihi mkpa, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị ahịa bụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Brewis"/> N'ozuzu, enwere atụmanya dị ukwuu maka ụmụ nwanyị itinye aka na ọrụ mmetụta uche karịa ka ọ dị maka ụmụ nwoke; enwerekwa nsonaazụ dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị.<ref name="Hochschild"/> == Ihe ize ndụ == Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike ibute onye ọrụ dịgasị iche iche dabere na ọrụ ha na-arụ. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'èzí ma ọ bụ n'okporo ámá, ndị ọrụ ime ụlọ enweghị ike ihu ime ihe ike.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Krusi|first=A|title=Negotiating safety and sexual risk reduction with clients in unsanctioned safer indoor sex work environments: a qualitative study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2012-06_102_6/page/1154|journal=Am J Public Health|date=Jun 2012|volume=102|issue=6|pages=1154–9|doi=10.2105/ajph.2011.300638|pmid=22571708}}</ref> Ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'okporo ámá nwekwara ike iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eri ahụ, inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị nchebe, na ịbụ onye a wakporo n'ụzọ mmekọahụ.<ref name="Weitzer"/> HIV na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, nke nwoke na nwanyị niile, ndị na-agba akwụna n'ụwa niile. Idina n'ike na ime ihe ike, ịda ogbenye, ihere, na ịpụ iche ọha na eze bụ ihe ize ndụ niile ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-eche ihu n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Ditmore"/> Nnyocha nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-agba akwụna n'okporo ámá chọpụtara na 68% kwuru na e dinara ha n'ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1300/J012v11n04_04|title=Prostitution|journal=Women & Criminal Justice|volume=11|issue=4|pages=29|year=2008|author=Farley|first=Melissa}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke igbu ọchụ. Dị ka ọmụmụ Salfati si kwuo, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ nwere ike igbu ugboro 60 ruo 120 karịa ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị akwụna.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0886260507312946|pmid=18319375|title=Prostitute Homicides: A Descriptive Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interpersonal-violence_2008-04_23_4/page/505|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|volume=23|issue=4|pages=505–43|year=2008|author=Salfati|first=C. G.}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ndị a na-etinyekwu aka na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ zuru oke, ihere na ihe ize ndụ nchekwa jupụtara maka ụdị ọrụ mmekọahụ niile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị iche iche.<ref name="Weitzer" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> N'ihi ọnọdụ iwu dịgasị iche iche nke ụdị ụfọdụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na mba ụfọdụ na-echekwa ihe ize ndụ nke ịtụ mkpọrọ, ịpịa ụtarị na ọbụna ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.<ref name="FRD306">{{Cite book|title=Saudi Arabia A Country Study|author=Federal Research Division|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4191-4621-3}}</ref> == Mkparịta ụka ụmụ nwanyị == Arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ịgba akwụna. A na-adabere arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị megide ọrụ ndị a n'echiche na ụdị ọrụ ndị a na-eweda ụmụ nwanyị ala, na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee mmekọahụ, na / ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ụmụ nwoke dị elu.<ref name="Dworkin">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/aclu/dworkin/michlawjouri.html|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|author=Dworkin|first=A.}}</ref> Na nzaghachi, ndị na-akwado ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ ụka na nkwupụta ndị a na-agọnahụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa na ịhọrọ itinye aka na ọrụ a nwere ike inye ike. Ha na-ekwusi ike na echiche nke ndị na-emegide ọrụ mmekọahụ na-adabere na echiche nke mmekọahụ nke ndị patriarchy wuru iji chịkwaa ngosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ.<ref name="O'Connell">{{Cite book|author=Davidson|first=Julia O'Connell|title=Prostitution, Power and Freedom|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780745668093|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ZnAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> N'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị feminists na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-ekwu na ime mpụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ ha. Otu isiokwu dị na Touro Law Review 2014, na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ịma aka ndị akwụna na-eche ihu na United States na mkpa ọ dị maka mgbanwe ịgba akwụna: "[Site na mpụ ịgba akwụna] ụmụ nwanyị na-efunahụ nhọrọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka inwe mmekọahụ. Nwanyị nwere ike inwe mmekọahụ n'efu, mana ozugbo ọ natara ihe bara uru maka ọrụ ya, omume ahụ na-aghọ iwu na-akwadoghị. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carrasquillo|first=Tesla|title=Understanding Prostitution and the Need for Reform|journal=Touro Law Review|date=October 2014|volume=30|issue=3|pages=697–721|url=https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2551&context=lawreview}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ nke a dị ka mwakpo na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mwakpo na-adịbeghị anya na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị na ite ime na-achọ, na United States. Ụfọdụ ndị nweere onwe ha na-arụkwa ụka na ebe ọ bụ na òkè na-enweghị atụ nke ndị na-ahọrọ ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego bụ ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike, ndị ọrụ ọhaneze kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eme ka ndụ nke ndị na-ahọrọ ime nke ahụ kama ịkatọ ụzọ nzuzo" nke ndị ahụ metụtara ọha mmadụ na-eji.<ref name="Feministe">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministe.us/blog/archives/2009/07/29/7-key-american-sex-worker-activist-projects/|title=Audacia Ray in Feministe "7 Key American Sex Worker Activist Projects"|accessdate=2022-04-28|archivedate=2017-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061925/http://www.feministe.us/blog/archives/2009/07/29/7-key-american-sex-worker-activist-projects/}}</ref> === Mkparịta ụka banyere ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ === A na-etinyekarị isiokwu nke ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ime echiche ndị na-emegide mkpochapụ na echiche mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hakim|first=Catherine|year=2015|title=Economies of Desire: Sexuality and the Sex Industry in the 21st Century|url=http://www.catherinehakim.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/EconomicAffairs-2015-Economies-of-Desire.pdf|journal=Economic Affairs|volume=35|issue=3|pages=329–348|doi=10.1111/ecaf.12134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex|author=Bernstein|first=Elizabeth|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2007|location=Chicago}}</ref> Echiche abolitionist na-akọwakarị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị ọrụ mmegbu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Comte|first=Jacqueline|year=2013|title=Decriminalization of Sex Work: Feminist Discourses in Light of Research|journal=Sexuality and Culture|volume=18|pages=196–217|doi=10.1007/s12119-013-9174-5}}</ref> Dị ka ndị na-emegide ịgba akwụna si kwuo, ọ bụghị naanị ịzụta ahụ mmadụ n'ụzọ nkịtị maka mmegbu mmekọahụ, ọ bụkwa itinye ike n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ ma n'ụzọ ihe atụ ma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. Echiche a na-ele ịgba akwụna na ịzụ ahịa anya dị ka njikọ chiri anya ma ya mere ọ na-akpọ ka a kwụsị ịgba akwụna na mgbalị iji kpochapụ mmegbu mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị mmegide na-agbagha echiche nke nkwenye n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ site n'ikwu na nkwenye dị otú ahụ bụ naanị nnabata nrubeisi nke mmegbu ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'ihi ihe ndị a, ndị mmegide kwenyere na imebi ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ kpamkpam dị ka otu klas site n'ịnọgide na-emegbu ha n'ụzọ mmekọahụ na akụ na ụba ha mgbe ha "na-ejere ọdịmma nke ndị pimps, ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị akwụna ozi".<ref name=":0" /> Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na-aghọta ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị nọ n'ime usoro mmekọahụ nke oge a nke ọdịda anyanwụ ebe a na-akwanyere nwoke na nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye ùgwù ebe a na-ele ndị LGBT, ndị na-efe ofufe, na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị akwụna na ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ anya dị ka ndị na-emebi mmekọahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Rubin|first=Gayle|year=1984|title=Thinking Sex: Notes toward a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality|url=http://sites.middlebury.edu/sexandsociety/files/2015/01/Rubin-Thinking-Sex.pdf|journal=Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality|pages=275–284}}</ref> Dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ si kwuo, iwu gbasara mmekọahụ na-agụnye mmachibido iwu megide ịgwakọta mmekọahụ na ego iji kwado ọkwa a. Ya mere, a na-ewere ndị na-eme omume mmekọahụ ndị a "na-ezighị ezi" dị ka ndị omempụ ma nwee obere nkwado ụlọ ọrụ ma na-etinye ha ntaramahụhụ akụ na ụba.<ref name=":1" /> Echiche dị mma nke mmekọahụ na-agbagha ndị isi a site n'inwe ekele maka mmekọahụ dị iche iche na ịjụ echiche ọ bụla nke mmekọahụ "nke nkịtị".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sex Matters: Future Visions for a Sex-Positive Society|author=Windsor|first=Elroi|publisher=Norton|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-93586-8|location=New York|pages=691–699}}</ref> Site na nghọta a, a na-ahụta ndị na-ahọrọ itinye aka na omume mmekọahụ mpụ dị ka ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị onwe ha kama ịbụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ metụtara. Maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, a na-ele ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka ọnọdụ n'ihi echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme, a pụkwara iwere ya dị ka otu akụkụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya nke echiche nke gụnyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka oge na-aga. Otu nsonaazụ nke a bụ ụzọ mmekọrịta agbụrụ si emetụta mmegharị nke ndị isi ojii na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Miller-Young|first=Mireille|title=A Taste for Brown Sugar, Black Women in Pornography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4_uBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Duke University Press Book|isbn=978-0822358282}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-emesapụ aka kwenyere na "omume ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" kwesịrị ikpe mmekọahụ (dị ka a ga-asị na ọchịchọ nke ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, yana nkà ha n'inye ihe ụtọ mmekọahụ, kwesịrị ikpebi ntụziaka nke ụkpụrụ omume ọha mmadụ) "site n'ụzọ ndị mmekọ si emeso ibe ha, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị mmanye, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịdị mma nke ihe ụtọ ha na-enye. "<ref name=":1"/> Ha na-atụ aro na ọ gaghị abụ nchegbu gbasara ụkpụrụ omume ma omume mmekọahụ jikọtara ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè, otu ma ọ bụ agwakọta mmekọahụ, na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ vidiyo, azụmahịa ma ọ bụ n'efu.<ref name=":1" /> == Usoro telivishọn na ihe nkiri ndị dị mkpa == * Ndepụta Ndị Ahịa * Ndepụta ndị ahịa (usoro TV) * The Deuce (usoro TV) * Ahụmahụ enyi nwanyị (usoro TV) * Dollar ájá * N'abalị nke Cabiria * Ọrụ Florida * Top of the Lake * Ebube nke ndị akwụna * Mama Rom * Ịzụta Mmekọahụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3186984/|title=Buying Sex (2013)|work=IMDB|date=May 2013}}</ref> * Zute ndị Fokkens<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Fokkens (2011)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2062989/|work=IMDb|date=December 2011}}</ref> == Ndị otu nkwado dị mkpa == * African Sex Workers Alliance * Global Network of Sex Work Projects * Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ na United States * EMPOWER * RedTraSex * Njikọ Ndị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ Caribbean == Leekwa ==   * Onye ọrụ mmekọahụ * Ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ * Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ * Mmekọahụ na-positive feminism * Ịkwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ * Ndepụta nke òtù ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ * Ịgba akwụna * Ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ndị mbịarambịa * Onye ọrụ mmekọahụ transgender == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8e9d6ecxbjk8kefefis8hybeaduqd87 0 13070 697905 99939 2026-08-10T10:29:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ ihe atụ eji kọwaa ọnọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="rapport1998">Rapport, David (1998). "Defining ecosystem health." Pages 18-33 in Rapport, D.J. (ed.) (1998). ''Ecosystem Health.'' Blackwell Scientific.</ref><ref name="lackey2001">{{Cite journal|author=Lackey|first=Robert T.|date=2001|title=Values, Policy, and Ecosystem Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2001-06_51_6/page/n18|journal=BioScience|volume=51|issue=6|pages=437–443|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0437:VPAEH]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị iche n'ihi ọkụ, idei mmiri, ọkọchị, mkpochapụ, ụdị mbuso agha, mgbanwe ihu igwe, Ngwuputa, [[Iku azu|ịkụ azụ]], [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] ma ọ bụ igodo osisi, mmiri ọgwụ na-awụfu, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Enweghị akara ngosi a nabatara n'ụwa niile maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, kama ọnọdụ ahụike doro anya nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na nke a na-eji usoro ahụike eme ihe n'ikpe ya na ọchịchọ ọha na eze na-eduzi nyocha ahụ.<ref>Rapport, David J. (1992). "Evaluating ecosystem health." ''Journal of aquatic ecosystem health'' 1:15-24</ref><ref name="palmer2012">Palmer, Margaret A. and Catherine M. Febria (2012). "The heartbeat of ecosystems." ''Science'' 336:1393-1394.</ref> Ndị na-akwado ihe atụ ahụike na-arụ ụka maka ịdị mfe ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwukọrịta. "Ndị na-eme iwu na ọha na eze chọrọ echiche dị mfe, nke a pụrụ ịghọta dị ka ahụike."<ref>Meyer, Judy L. (1997). "Stream health: incorporating the human dimension to advance stream ecology." ''Journal of the North American Benthological Society'' 16:439^447</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-echegbu onwe ha na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, "ihe owuwu bara uru," nwere ike "ịgafe dị ka sayensị nye ndị na-eme iwu na ọha na eze na-enweghị nchekasị."<ref name="lancaster2000">Lancaster, Jill (2000). "The Ridiculous Notion of Assessing Ecological Health and Identifying the Useful Concepts Underneath."''Human and Ecological Risk Assessment'' 6: 213-222</ref><ref>Lackey, Robert T. (2007). "Science, scientists, and policy advocacy." ''Conservation Biology.'' 21(1): 12-17.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị okwu a eme ihe n'igosi ọnọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile na nchekwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na UN na-ejikarị okwu ahụ ike mbara ala na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ na-adịbeghị anya [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/home The Lancet Planetary Health] . == Akụkọ banyere echiche ahụ == Ejirila ihe atụ ahụike a na-etinye na gburugburu ebe obibi kemgbe mmalite afọ 1800 ebe nukwu onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa America bụ Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) kwuru okwu n'ụzọ ihe atụ banyere ahụike ala, ọrịa ala, mmerụ ahụ, na ime ihe ike mgbe ọ na-akọwa omume iji ala eme ihe.<ref>Anon (1816). "Rural economy, agricultur " ''[[Encyclopaedia Perthensis]]'' Volume 19, 391-497. Edinburgh: John Brown.</ref><ref>Anon (1839). "On the culture of potatoes". ''Framer's Magazine, '' 2(5):337-338.</ref><ref>Leopold, Aldo (1946). "The land health concept and conservation." Pages 218-226 in Callicott, J. Baird, and Eric T.Freyfogle. (1999) ''For the Health of the Land. '' Washington DC: Island Press.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nchịkwa usoro ihe omume" ejirila ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1950.<ref>Lutz, H.J. (1957). "Applications of ecology in forest management." ''Ecology'' 38:46-64.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi" agbasaala n'akwụkwọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ihe atụ n'ozuzu nke pụtara ihe dị mma, na dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha ubi nke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, oké osimiri, na ọhịa.<ref name="Jax2010">Jax, Kurt. (2010). ''Ecosystem Functioning.'' Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Davies, P.E. et al. (2010). "The Sustainable Rivers Audit: assessing river ecosystem health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia." ''Marine and Freshwater Research'' 61:764–777.</ref><ref>Xu, F, ZF Yang, B. Chen, and Y.W. Zhao. (2012). "Ecosystem Health Assessment of Baiyangdian Lake Based on Thermodynamic Indicators." ''Procedia Environmental Sciences'' 12: 2402–2413.</ref><ref>HELCOM (2010). ''Ecosystem health of the Baltic Sea 2003–2007'' HELCOM Initial Holistic Assessment.Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 122.</ref><ref>Covington, W. Wallace et al. (1997) "Restoring Ecosystem Health in Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwest." ''Journal of Forestry'' 95:23-29.</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe atụ a abụrụla isiokwu nke nhazi ọnụ ọgụgụ site na iji echiche usoro dị mgbagwoju anya dị ka nkatọ, nke pụtara na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma dị n'ụdị nguzozi n'etiti mgbanwe na ike (usoro).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramírez-Carrillo|first=Elvia|date=2018-07-16|title=Assessing sustainability in North America's ecosystems using criticality and information theory|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=e0200382|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200382|pmid=30011317|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> Ka o sila dị, a ka na-enyocha ịdị oke mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ ma mara ya dị ka Criticality Hypothesis, nke na-ekwu na usoro dị n'ọchịchị dị ike na-agbanwe n'etiti usoro na ọgba aghara, na-enweta ọkwa kachasị elu nke ikike mgbakọ na mwepụ ma nweta azụmahịa kachasị mma n'etiti ike na mgbanwe. Nsonaazụ na-adịbeghị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ na evolushọn bayoloji, nurosayensị na sayensị kọmputa nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na echiche dị oke mkpa, na-emesi ọrụ ya ike dị ka iwu zuru oke na mpaghara nke usoro mgbagwoju anya (lee na ntụaka na ya).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roli|first=Andrea|date=2017-11-17|title=Dynamical Criticality: Overview and Open Questions|journal=Journal of Systems Science and Complexity|volume=31|issue=3|pages=647–663|doi=10.1007/s11424-017-6117-5|issn=1009-6124}}</ref> == Ihe ọ pụtara == Ejirila okwu ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi mee ihe iji nabata ụfọdụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi a na-ewere dị ka ihe achọrọ.<ref>Slocombe, D. Scott (1998). "Defining Goals and Criteria for Ecosystem-Based Management." ''Environmental Management'' 22:483–493</ref> Akwụkwọ Edward Grumbine nke e hotara nke ukwuu "Gịnị bụ njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi?" nyochara njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na akwụkwọ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma chịkọta nkwupụta mgbaru ọsọ a na-ahụkarị:<ref name="grumbine1994">Grumbine, R. Edward (1994). "What is ecosystem management?" ''Conservation Biology'' 8:27-38</ref> * Idebe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị irè nke ụdị obodo * Idebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche * Ịnọgide na-enwe usoro evolushọn na gburugburu ebe obibi * Ijikwa ogologo oge iji nọgide na-enwe ikike evolushọn * Ịkwado ojiji mmadụ na ibi n'ime ihe mgbochi ndị a Grumbine na-akọwa nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a dị ka "nkwupụta uru" ma na-ekwusi ike, bụ ọrụ nke ụkpụrụ mmadụ n'ịhazi ihe mgbaru ọsọ njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikpeazụ a kpọtụrụ aha na nyocha ahụ, ịnabata ụmụ mmadụ, nke kachasị esemokwu. "Anyị ahụla na mgbe ìgwè ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ iji kọwaa ... ọhụụ, nke a na-eduga na arụmụka banyere ma ọ ga-emesi ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọdịmma mmadụ ike. Ma ihe kachasị mkpa bụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na-emetụta nyocha nke ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya." na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "N'ebe ụfọdụ nọ, anụ ọhịa wolf dị oke mkpa maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na akụkụ dị mkpa nke okike, maka ndị ọzọ, ha bụ ihe nnọchianya nke oke gọọmentị na-eyi ndụ ha na ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị ha egwu. "<ref>Leslie, heather M. and Karen L. McLeod (2007). "Confronting the challenges of implementing marine ecosystem-based management." ''Frontiers of Ecology and the Environment'' 5:540-548.</ref><ref>Myers, Andrew (2015). Which wolf, which trap? Socially constructing wolves and trapping in western Montana. ''Scholar Works'', University of Montana, Oral Presentations.</ref> Ịtụle ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-eduzi gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọhụụ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Superior mepụtara site na nnọkọ ọha na eze ma kwadebe ọtụtụ ebumnuche maka ichebe ebe obibi na mmezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe dị ka ụdị azụ iri asaa.<ref name="horns2003">Horns, W.H., et al. (2003). '' Fish-community objectives for Lake Superior. '' Great Lakes Fish. Commission Special Publication. 03-01. 78 pages.</ref> E mepụtara ihe ngosi ahụike ọdọ mmiri iri asatọ maka Great Lakes Basin nke gun Ụfọdụ ndị edemede anwaala inweta nkọwa sara mbara nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka akara ngosi dị ka ahụike na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme "tupu mmalite nke anthropogenic stress. "<ref name="rapport2011">Rapport, David J. and • Luisa Maffi (2011). "Eco-cultural health, global health, and sustainability." ''Ecological Research'' 26:1039-1049</ref> Ihe isi ike bụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ gbanwere amaghị ma ọ bụ amaghị. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndekọ fossil na pollen na-egosi na ụdị ndị na-agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi site na oge, ya mere ọ na-esiri ike ịmata otu foto n'oge dị ka nke kachasị mma ma ọ bụ "dị mma"..<ref name="wicklum1995">Wicklum, D. and Ronald W. Davies (1995). "Ecosystem health and integrity?" ''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 73:997-1000.</ref> Nkọwa sara mbara a na-ekwukarị na-ekwu na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma nwere àgwà atọ: # nrụpụta ihe, # nkwụsi ike, na # "nhazi" (gụnyere ihe dị iche iche).<ref name="rapport2011">Rapport, David J. and • Luisa Maffi (2011). "Eco-cultural health, global health, and sustainability." ''Ecological Research'' 26:1039-1049</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-enweta ihe ndị dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi, njupụta bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịchọta n'ihi na ihe ndị ahụ anaghị eyite onwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ pụtaghị na enwere mmekọrịta doro anya ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti mmepụta ihe na akụnụba ụdị.<ref>Adler, Peter et al. (2011). "Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness." ''Science'' 333:1750-1752.</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nkwụsi ike na ọdịiche dị mgbagwoju anya, na nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdabere na otu ma ọ bụ ụdị ole na ole kama ịdị iche iche.<ref>Ives, Anthony R. and Stephen R. Carpenter (2007). "Stability and Diversity of Ecosystems." ''Science'' 317:58-62.</ref> Na ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma na-emepụta ihe nke ukwuu.<ref>Asanova, Umut (2002). "Philosophy of ecological ethics education, considering the Issyk-Kul Lake reediation mechanisms." Jean Klerkx and Beishen Imanakanov (2002). Lake Issk-Kul: Its natural Environment Springer Science</ref> "Ịke nnagide abụghị ihe achọrọ n'onwe ya. Enwere ike inwe ọnọdụ siri ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-adịghị mma site na ụfọdụ echiche mmadụ, dị ka anụ mmiri coral reefs. "<ref name="Jax2010">Jax, Kurt. (2010). ''Ecosystem Functioning.'' Cambridge University Press</ref> Nguzogide gburugburu ebe obibi bụ "ikike" dịgasị iche iche nke dabeere n'ihe onwunwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi a ga-amụ ma dabere na ụdị ọgba aghara a na-atụle na otu esi atụpụta ha. Ụzọ iji nyochaa ya "na-eche ihu n'aka dị elu ma ka na-achọ ọtụtụ nyocha na nyocha. "<ref name="Jax2010" /> Ndị edemede ndị ọzọ achọwo ndepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke ga-enye ohere iji tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga. Otu usoro dị otú ahụ na-eji ọkwa nke ihe onwunwe atọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu: Ahụike = ike usoro x nhazi usoro x nkwụsi ike usoro.<ref>Costanza, R. 1992. "Toward an operational definition of ecosystem health." Pp 239-256 in Costanza, R., B. Norton, and B. Haskell. ''Ecosystem health. New Goals for Environmental Management. '' Washington DC: Island Press.</ref> Ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi Glenn Suter na-arụ ụka na akara ngosi ndị dị otú ahụ na-eji "ngalaba na-enweghị isi," akara ngosi ndị ahụ enweghị "ihe ọ pụtara; a pụghị ịkọ ha, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị emetụta ọtụtụ nsogbu nchịkwa; ha enweghị ikike nchọpụta; mmetụta nke otu akụkụ na-ekpuchi site na nzaghachi nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ, a maghịkwa ihe kpatara uru index dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala. "<ref name="suter1993">Suter, Glenn W. (1993). "A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes." ''Environmental toxicology and chemistry'' 12:1533-1539.</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahụike == A na-ekpebi metrics ahụike site na ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị na-ahụ maka ya, nke na-eduzi nkọwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe na-enweghị isi.<ref>Jax, Kurt (2007). "Can we define ecosystems? On the confusion between definition and description of ecological concepts." ''Acta Biotheor'' 55:341–355</ref><ref name="Oneill2001">O'Neill, Robert V. (2001). "Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!)" ''Ecology'' 82:3275–3284</ref> "A pụghị ịmata ma ọ bụ chọta usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'okike. Kama nke ahụ, onye na-ekiri ha ga-ekpebi ha n'onwe ya. Enwere ike ime nke a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche maka otu akụkụ nke ọdịdị, nke dabere na echiche kpọmkwem nke mmasị. "<ref name="Jax2010">Jax, Kurt. (2010). ''Ecosystem Functioning.'' Cambridge University Press</ref> Nkọwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpebi ụdị mgbanwe dị iche iche (ọnọdụ ntụgharị) ma na-ekpebi mgbanwe nhata. A na-eji nke ikpeazụ a dị ka ihe ngosi nke ọdịdị na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, a pụkwara iji ya dị ka ihe ngosi nke "ahụ ike". Ihe ngosi bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ihe onwunwe kemịkal ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke a na-eji ya, iji chọpụta ọnọdụ na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ọzọ (nke a na-atụghị) ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ nke mgbanwe ndị a na-atụghị atụ (indicandum). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na-arị elu nke canaries na ebe a na-egwupụta coal bụ ihe na-egosi ịrị elu nke carbon monoxide. Ịrị elu nke chlorophyll-a n'ime ọdọ mmiri nwere ike igosi eutrophication.<ref>Wright, David A. and Pamela Welbourne (2002) ''Environmental Toxicology''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ntụle gburugburu ebe obibi na-eji ụdị akara ngosi abụọ, akara ngosi nkọwa na akara ngosi. "A pụrụ iji akara ngosi mee ihe n'ụzọ nkọwa maka ebumnuche sayensị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ nkịtị maka ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị."<ref name="heink2010">Heink, Ulrich and Ingo Kowarik (2010) "What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning." ''Ecological Indicators'' 10:584–593</ref> Ejiri nkọwa, chlorophyll-a dị elu bụ ihe na-egosi eutrophication, mana enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka akara ngosi ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka akara ngosi (ahụ ike), ọ na-egosi ọkwa na ọkwa ahụike, ọkwa nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na mmasị ọha mmadụ banyere ihe achọrọ. A pụrụ ile ọkwa chlorophyll-a dị elu na ala mmiri na-aga n'ihu anya dị ka ihe dị mma ebe ala mmiri nke mmadụ nwere ''otu'' uru akara ngosi nwere ike ikpe na-adịghị mma.<ref>Costanza, Robert, and Michael Mageau (1999). "What is a healthy ecosystem?" ''Aquatic Ecology'' 33: 105–115</ref> A katọrọ atụmatụ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi maka ijikọta ụdị abụọ nke ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="heink2010">Heink, Ulrich and Ingo Kowarik (2010) "What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning." ''Ecological Indicators'' 10:584–593</ref><ref>Carolan, Michael (2006). "The values and vulnerabilities of metaphors within the environmental sciences." ''Society and Natural Resources'' 19:921–930</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụike bụ akara ngosi, ma ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara ya na akara ngosi nkọwa "na-egosi na enwere ike ịtụ ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nke abụghị eziokwu. N'ihi ya, a na-etinye ụkpụrụ doro anya nye onye na-agụ ya, ọnọdụ nke a ga-ezere.<ref name="heink2010" /> Omume nke ịhọrọ ihe ngosi nke ụdị ọ bụla na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche onye na-ekiri ihe na nkewa nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na nkọwa ka a kwadoro dị ka nzọụkwụ iji mee ka ọ pụta ìhè: "Nkewa nke nkọwa na ụkpụrụ ngosi dị mkpa site n'echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma nke sayensị ... A pụghị ịkọwapụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ụkpụrụ kpọmkwem site na nkọwa ... eziokwu nke a na-emesi ike ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ nke ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi ... N'ihi ya, anyị na-adụ ọdụ mgbe niile ịkọwapụta nkọwa nke ihe ngosi ma na-atụ aro ịmata ọdịiche doro anya na-egosi gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị site na akara ngosi iwu eji eme mkpebi. "<ref>Jax, Kurt (2005). "Function and 'functioning' in ecology: what does it mean?" ''Oikos'' 111:3</ref><ref name="heink2010">Heink, Ulrich and Ingo Kowarik (2010) "What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning." ''Ecological Indicators'' 10:584–593</ref> Na njikọta nke ọtụtụ, ma eleghị anya na-emegiderịta onwe ha, akara ngosi n'ime otu ọnụọgụ nke "ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi" bụ nsogbu. N'iji ihe ngosi iri ise na isii, "ịchọpụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ịtụle ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri n'ụzọ njikọta ka bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ịma aka na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, nyocha na njikwa"<ref>Borja A, et al. (2014). "Tales from a thousand and one ways to integrate marine ecosystem components when assessing the environmental status." ''Frontiers in Marine Science''. 1:72</ref> Ihe iseokwu ọzọ na ihe ngosi bụ ịdị irè. Ezi ihe ngosi ga-enwerịrị uru amụma dị elu nke a kwadoro n'onwe ya, nke ahụ bụ mmetụta dị elu (ohere dị elu nke igosi mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na akara ngosi) na nkọwa dị elu (ohere dị ala nke igosi mgbanwe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi). A na-ajụ ntụkwasị obi nke usoro ahụike dị iche iche na "ihe ngwakọta nke nha a ga-eji nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe arụmụka sayensị ugbu a. "<ref>Woodward, Guy, et al. (2012). Continental-wide effects of nutrient pollution on stream ecosystem functioning. ''Science'', 336:1448-1440.</ref><ref name="palmer2012">Palmer, Margaret A. and Catherine M. Febria (2012). "The heartbeat of ecosystems." ''Science'' 336:1393-1394.</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbalị iji chọpụta ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị nwere njikọ kama isi na nyocha nke uru amụma ha na usoro nhọrọ maka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dabere na ihe akaebe na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe akaebe.<ref>Barton, Philip S. et al. (2015). "Learning from clinical medicine to improve the use of surrogates in ecology." ''Oikos'' 124:391-398.</ref><ref>Ahmed A.H. et al. (2016). "How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecological change? Insights from 14 years of publication in ''Ecological Indicators''." ''Ecological Indicator''s 60:223-230.</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a maghị ihe ngosi a pụrụ ịdabere na ya: "Anyị ahụghị ihe atụ nke invertebrates eji mee ihe n'ụzọ gara nke ọma na mmemme nlekota [ọhịa]. Ọgaranya ha na ụba ha na-eme ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mana ha na-egbochi ilekwasị anya n'ụdị isi ole na ole. " Na, "Nyocha nke usoro nlekota ụdị na-ekpughe na ọ dịghị otu ụdị, maọbụ otu ìgwè nke ụdị, na-egosipụta obodo niile n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ịghọta mmeghachi omume nke otu ụdị nwere ike ọ gaghị enye amụma a pụrụ ịdabere na ya banyere otu ìgwè nke ụdị ọbụna mgbe ìgwè ahụ nwere ụdị ole na ole yiri ya. "<ref>Kremsater, Laurie L. and Fred L. Bunnell (2009). "Sustaining forest-dwelling species." Pages 173-218 in Bunnell, Fred L. and Glen B. Dunsworth (2009). ''Forestry and Biodiversity''. Learning how to Sustain Biodiversity in Managed Forests. UBC Press.</ref> == Mmekọrịta na ahụike mmadụ: mgbagwoju anya ahụike == A na-akpọ azụmahịa n'etiti ahụike mmadụ na "ahụ ike" nke okike "ihe mgbagwoju anya ahụike" ma ọ na-eme ka ụkpụrụ mmadụ si akwalite echiche nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>C. Max Finlayson and Pierre Horwitz (2015) isanda steph (2020). "Wetlands as settings for human health – the benefits and the paradox." Pages 1-13 in Finlayson, C.M. et al. 2015. ''Wetlands and Human Health''. Springer</ref> Ahụ ike mmadụ eritewo uru site n'ịchụ "ahụ ike" nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa, dị ka ikpochapụ na ịmachi ndagwurugwu ọhịa, mbibi nke ala mmiri na-ebu anwụnta, ntụgharị mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ịtụgharị ọzara ka ọ bụrụ ugbo, iwepụ osisi, na ikpochapụ agụ, whale, ferrets, na anụ ọhịa wolf. Enweela nkewa kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba n'ajụjụ banyere ajụjụ banyere ma ọ ga-eweghachi ọchịchị mmadụ nke biosphere" ma ọ bụ ma ọ ga-anabata ya.<ref>Tallis, Heather and & Jane Lubchenco (2014) "Working together: A call for inclusive conservation." ''Nature'' 515, 27–28</ref><ref>Tudela, Sergi and Katherine Short (2005). "Paradigm shifts, gaps, inertia, and political agendas in ecosystem-based fisheries management." ''Marine Ecology Progress Series'' 300:282-286.</ref><ref>Noss, Redd et al. (2013). "Humanity's domination of nature is part of the problem: a response to Kareiva and Marvier." ''BioScience'' 63:241-242</ref> E gosipụtara echiche abụọ a dị ka ndị na-eji ihe na ndị na-echebe mmadụ.<ref>Nijhius, Michelle (2014). "Bridging the conservation divide." New Yorker, December 9.</ref> Echiche bara uru na-emeso ahụike na ọdịmma mmadụ dị ka ụkpụrụ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Su, Meirong et al. (2010)."Urban ecosystem health assessment: A review." ''Science of the Total Environment'' 408:2425–2434</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbibi nke ala mmiri iji chịkwaa anwụnta ịba "mere ka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma. "<ref>Rapport, David J. (1998). "Some distinctions worth making." ''Ecosystem Health'' 4:193-194.</ref> Echiche nchebe na-emeso ụmụ mmadụ dị ka ụdị mbuso agha: "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ụdị ruru eru dị ka ahụhụ mbuso agha, ọ bụ ''Homo sapiens'',"<ref name="Oneill2001">O'Neill, Robert V. (2001). "Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!)" ''Ecology'' 82:3275–3284</ref> Ndị na-akwado echiche bara uru na-arụ ụka na "a na-egosipụta usoro ihe ndị dị mma site n'ikike ha iji kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị mma," na "usoro ihe ndị dị mma ga-abụrịrị ihe bara uru na akụ na ụba," ebe ọ bụ "ihe ndị na-adịghị mma" nke nwere ike ịkpata mmụba nke mmetọ, ọrịa na-efe efe, ọkụ, idei mmiri, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ na ọdịda azụmaahịa.<ref name="rapport1998">Rapport, David (1998). "Defining ecosystem health." Pages 18-33 in Rapport, D.J. (ed.) (1998). ''Ecosystem Health.'' Blackwell Scientific.</ref><ref>Rapport, David (1998). "Dimensions of ecosystem health." Pages 34-40 in Rapport, D.J. (ed.) (1998). ''Ecosystem Health''. Blackwell Scientific.</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka nchebe na-arụ ụka na inwe ikike nke ahụike mmadụ bụ esemokwu nke mmasị dịka ụmụ mmadụ bibiri ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji nọgide na-enwe ọdịmma ha, ọrịa na nje bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref name="wilkins1999">Wilkins, D.A. (1999). "Assessing ecosystem health." ''Trends in Ecology and Evolution'' 14:70</ref> Ọrịa na nje na-akwalite ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eduzi ihe dị iche iche na arụpụta ihe, nje nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke biomass gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Hudson, Peter J., Andrew P. Dobson and Kevin D. Lafferty (2006). "Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites?" ''Trends in Ecology and Evolution'' 21:381-385.</ref><ref>Kuris, Armand M. et al. (2008). "Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries." ''Nature'' 454:515-518.</ref> A na-ajụ nhọrọ nke okwu ahụ bụ "ahụ ike" nke etinyere na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka enweghị nnọpụiche n'isiokwu BioScience banyere iji asụsụ sayensị eme ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị: "Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na-atụ egwu na okwu ndị a nwere ike ịkwado ọchịchị mmadụ nke ụwa ... ma nwee ike ime ka ntọala nghọta na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekarị mmata na gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ ma na-emebi emebi ma si otú a chefuo ọdịdị nke oge gara aga. "<ref>Kueffer, Christoph and Brendon M. H. Larson (2014). "Responsible Use of Language in Scientific Writing and Science Communication." ''BioScience'' 64(8): 719–724.</ref> == Nkatọ nke echiche ahụ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ a tụrụ aro == Nkatọ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịda nke ndị na-akwado ya iji mata ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ doro anya n'etiti ụkpụrụ (nhọrọ iwu) site na nkọwa (ozi sayensị), ma tinye ihe ndị a: * Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'anya onye na-ekiri ya. Ọ bụ ikpe akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ omume kama ịbụ ihe sayensị nke ịdị mma gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na mmasị nke ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emepụta ọkwa ahụike.<ref name="lancaster2000">Lancaster, Jill (2000). "The Ridiculous Notion of Assessing Ecological Health and Identifying the Useful Concepts Underneath."''Human and Ecological Risk Assessment'' 6: 213-222</ref><ref>Carolan, Michael S. (2006). "Science, Expertise, and the Democratization of the Decision-Making Process." ''Society and Natural Resources'' 19:661–668</ref> “Ọ dịghị ihe ndabere sayensị maka ịkọwapụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.”<ref> Hearnshaw, E.J.S., Cullen, R. and Hughey, K.F.D., (2005). "Ecosystem health demystified." Economic and Environment Network, Australia National University, Canberra. 30 pp. </ref> "N'isi arụmụka banyere uru nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọgụ maka mmasị ọha na eze ga-ebute ụzọ."<ref name="lackey2003">Lackey, Robert T. (2003). "Appropriate use of ecosystem health and normative science in ecological policy" Pages. 175-186 in: Rapport, David J. et al. (2003) ''Managing for Healthy Ecosystems '' Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers, , 1510 pages.</ref> * Ahụike bụ ihe atụ, ọ bụghị ihe onwunwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ahụike bụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Ọ na-egosi "dị mma", ọnọdụ kachasị mma, mana n'ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi bụ mgbakọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agafe agafe na-enweghị njirimara kachasị mma.<ref name="wicklum1995">Wicklum, D. and Ronald W. Davies (1995). "Ecosystem health and integrity?" ''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 73:997-1000.</ref><ref>Calow, P. (1992)." Can ecosystems be healthy? Critical consideration of concepts." ''Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health'' 1:1-5.</ref> * Ojiji nke ahụike na ọdịmma mmadụ dị ka ụkpụrụ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewebata mpako na esemokwu nke mmasị n'ime nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kpatara ọtụtụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="wilkins1999">Wilkins, D.A. (1999). "Assessing ecosystem health." ''Trends in Ecology and Evolution'' 14:70</ref><ref>Stanley, Thomas R. Jr. (1995). "Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism." ''Conservation Biology'' 9:255-262</ref> * Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọrụ n'ihi na ndị njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi "nwere ike ịla azụ ịkọwa ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha nke ọma."<ref name="lackey2001" /> * Ọ bụ echiche na-edoghị anya.<ref name="Jax2010">Jax, Kurt. (2010). ''Ecosystem Functioning.'' Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Duarte, Carlos M. et al. (2015). "Paradigms in the recovery of estuarine and coastal ecosystems." ''Estuaries and Coasts'' 38:1202-1212</ref> Ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta n'echiche siri ike ma, ya mere, a na-anakwere ya naanị dị ka igosipụta echiche na-edoghị anya nke ọdịmma.”<ref>Ryder, R. A., (1990). "Ecosystem health, a human perception: Definition, detection, and the dichotomous key." ''Journal of Great Lakes and Reserves'' 16: 619-624.</ref> "Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ọtụtụ nkọwa, nke na-emegiderịta onwe ha, nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi," nke "na-emeghe maka mmegbu na ojiji na-ezighị ezi nke na ha na-anọchite anya ihe egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi. "<ref name="lackey2001" /><ref name="lancaster2000" /> * "Enweghị nkọwa doro anya n'ozuzu ya banyere ihe ndị na-akwado echiche ahụ pụtara site na 'ecosystem'."<ref name="Jax2010" /> * Enwere ike ịghọgbu ọha na eze site na okwu ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike ikpuchi mmetụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ iwu ma were ya n'ọrụ iji mee nhọrọ iwu dị njọ.<ref name="lackey2001" /> "Ojiji na-ezighị ezi nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na echiche ndị yiri ya bụ itinye ụkpụrụ onwe onye n'okpuru ngosipụta nke 'scientific' na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu. "<ref name="lackey2003" /> A na-atụ aro ihe ndị ọzọ maka okwu ahụ ike gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere asụsụ na-anọpụ iche dịka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, amụma gburugburu ebe obibi, na nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Link, Jason S. (2002) "What Does Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management Mean?" ''Fisheries'' 27:18-21</ref><ref>Schrecker, Ted (1995) Synthesis of Discussion.pp 118-125 in Hodge, Tony et al. ''Pathways to Sustainability: Assessing Our Progress''. Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy.</ref> Ihe ọzọ ọzọ iji ihe atụ ahụike bụ "igosipụta kpọmkwem na n'ụzọ doro anya iwu ọha na eze na ebumnuche njikwa," iji ndị na-akọwa ebe obibi na ezigbo ihe onwunwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="suter1993">Suter, Glenn W. (1993). "A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes." ''Environmental toxicology and chemistry'' 12:1533-1539.</ref><ref name="lancaster2000">Lancaster, Jill (2000). "The Ridiculous Notion of Assessing Ecological Health and Identifying the Useful Concepts Underneath."''Human and Ecological Risk Assessment'' 6: 213-222</ref><ref name="lackey2001" /> Otu ihe atụ nke nkwupụta iwu bụ "Nchekwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ebute ụzọ karịa ojiji mmadụ ọ bụla nke anụ ọhịa eme ihe. "<ref>Anon (1995). ''Wildlife policy for Prince Edward Island. Government of Prince Edward Island'', 18 pages.</ref> Otu ihe atụ nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ "Nọgide na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị irè nke ụdị obodo niile n'ọnọdụ."<ref name="grumbine1994">Grumbine, R. Edward (1994). "What is ecosystem management?" ''Conservation Biology'' 8:27-38</ref> Otu ihe atụ nke ebumnuche njikwa bụ "Nọgide na-elekọta onwe ha nke ọdọ mmiri whitefish n'ime oke ụba a hụrụ n'oge 1990-99."<ref name="horns2003">Horns, W.H., et al. (2003). '' Fish-community objectives for Lake Superior. '' Great Lakes Fish. Commission Special Publication. 03-01. 78 pages.</ref> Kurt Jax gosipụtara usoro nyocha nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ezere itinye echiche nke nkịtị, nke na-ezere mgbagwoju anya nke ụkpụrụ na nkọwa, nke ahụ na-enyekwa uche dị ukwuu na nkọwa gburugburu ebe obibi. (1) Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụle ebumnuche ọha na eze maka gburugburu ebe obibi, (2) a na-akọwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ na-ekwusi ike na ihe ndị metụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị na-ahụ maka ya, (3) a na-eguzobe ọnọdụ ntụaka akara ngosi na mgbanwe ndị a na-ekwe omume nke usoro ahụ, (4) a na-ahọrọ mgbanwe nha nha nha nha nha nha oge na-ekpebi oge na mbara igwe nke nyocha.<ref name="Jax2010">Jax, Kurt. (2010). ''Ecosystem Functioning.'' Cambridge University Press</ref> Ejirila [[ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] mee ihe dị ka okwu ahụike na-ezo aka na mmerụ ahụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ mmetụta kemịkal na dị ka okwu ahụike ọha na eze maka mmemme iji gbanwee ihe ize ndụ ahụike (ọrịa shuga, oke ibu, ise siga, wdg.<ref>McCormick, Gail (2001). ''Living with multiple chemical sensitivity. '' North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 296 pages.</ref>).<ref>"Implementing the ecological approach in tobacco control programs: results of a case study." ''Evaluation and Program Planning'' 27: 409–421</ref><ref>Richard, Lucie et al. (2004).</ref> Ahụike mmadụ n'onwe ya, mgbe a na-ele ya anya n'echiche ya sara mbara, a na-ele ya anya dị ka nke nwere ntọala gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Franklin|author=White|title=Global Public Health: Ecological Foundations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8SXPGGbeMC|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975190-7}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa okwu atụmatụ obodo na-ezo aka n'obodo "green" (composting, recycling), ma ejirila ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, na dịka ọnọdụ nke ebe obibi na-enye nsogbu mmadụ.<ref>Register, Richard (2006). ''Ecocities. Rebuilding cities in balance with nature. '' Gabriola Island: New Society publishers. 373 pages.</ref><ref name="karr1996" /> Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi ọnọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere mmetụta mmadụ kacha nta.<ref name="karr1996">KARR, J. R., (1996). "Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same." Pp. 97-109, In: Schulz, P. (ed.) ''Engineering Within Ecological Constraint''s Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.</ref> [[Health ecology|Ecohealth]] bụ mmekọrịta nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, agha, mmepụta nri, ime obodo, na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ.<ref>Dakubo, Crescentia Y. (2010). ''Ecosystems and human health, a critical approach to ecohealth research and practice.'' New York: Springer, 233 pages.</ref> Njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa dabeere na gburugburu ebe obibi na-ezo aka na njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike iji okwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ.<ref>Leech, Susan., Alan Wiensczyk, and Jennifer Turner. (2009). "Ecosystem management: A practitioners' guide." ''BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management'' 10:1–12.</ref> Omume nke njikwa akụ na ụba agbanweela ka ihe ndị dị mkpa n'etiti ọha mmadụ gbanwere ma, n'ihi ya, nkọwa ọrụ nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, tinyere ihe mgbaru ọsọ njikwa n'ozuzu ya, agbanweela.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Knight|title=A New Century for Natural Resources Management|date=2013|publisher=Island Press|isbn=9781597262453}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7wcsixiwa5ohu43bj1qxw6lkcz11xxj 0 13094 697791 87409 2026-08-10T08:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A bụghị m nwanyị? Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Feminism''''' bụ akwụkwọ afọ 1981 site na mgbịrịgba mgbịrịgba enyere áhà mgbe Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" okwu. hooks na-enyocha mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwanyị ojii, mmegharị ikike obodo, na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị site na suffrage ruo mgbé afọ 1970s. Ọ na-arụ ụka na njikọta nke mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'oge ịgba ohu nyere aka na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ọnọdụ kachasị ala na ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke otu ọ bụla na mba America. Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-ekpochapụ ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enwekarị ntụsara ahụ na ụmụ nwoke ojii na-ekpochapụ ihe dị ka Frederick Douglass, ebe ndị na-ahụ maka nkewa na ndịda na echiche nke ịkwa iko ụmụ nwanyị ojii na omume rụrụ arụ kpatara ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ bụla ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ekwu okwu. nko na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha a na-eme mgbanwe na-echegbu onwe ha maka omume ndị ọcha karịa ọnọdụ omume ndị a kpatara ndị America ojii America.<ref name="debate">{{Cite web|title=Ain't I a Woman?|url=http://www.debate.org/reference/aint-i-a-woman|publisher=debate.org|accessdate=11 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111190336/http://www.debate.org/reference/aint-i-a-woman|archivedate=11 November 2013}}</ref> == Nnabata == Kemgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ a, Abụghị m Nwanyị ka a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na ọmụmụ nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị maka ịtụle njikọ dị n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu na United States na mmetụta ya na-adịgide adịgide na ọha mmadụ America nke oge a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|title=In Praise of bell hooks|author=Jin Lee|first=Min|date=Feb 28, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 23, 2019}}</ref> A na-eto Abụghị m Nwanyị maka idozi njikọ nke agbụrụ na nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị iche. Ihe odide hooks emeghewokwa ọnụ ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị ọzọ ide ma kwuo maka isiokwu ndị yiri ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|date=1983|title=Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/274371|journal=Phylon|volume=44|issue=1|pages=84|doi=10.2307/274371}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cooke|first=Claire|date=2012|title=Violently Silenced? The Role of Violence in bell hooks' Development as a Writer|journal=Limina: A Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies|volume=18}}</ref> A na-ejikarị akwụkwọ a eme ihe na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, ọmụmụ ndị ojii, na ọmụmụ nkà ihe ọmụma. Ọrụ ahụ emeela ka ụfọdụ katọọ ya ịbụ "onye na-ahistorical, na-agụghị akwụkwọ (e nwere ọtụtụ mkpesa maka enweghị ihe odide ala ala ala), na nwoke idina nwoke".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bell-Scott|first=Patricia|title=The Centrality of Marginality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-review-of-books_1985-02_2_5/page/n2|journal=The Women's Review of Books|date=1985|volume=2|issue=5|pages=3–4|doi=10.2307/4019632}}</ref> Ọ naghị enye akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka ọrụ ya ọ bụla, na-eme ka o sie ike ịchọta ndị editọ na ozi mbipụta maka ibe ndị edepụtara n'okpuru ngalaba "ndetu" nke ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pettis|first=Joyce|title=A Review of Feminist Theory: From Margin To Center|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-1986_11_4/page/788|journal=Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1986|volume=11|issue=4|pages=788–789|doi=10.1086/494279}}</ref> N'ime "Theory dị ka Liberatory Practice" hooks na-akọwa na enweghị usoro agụmakwụkwọ ya bụ "n'ihi ọchịchọ nke ịgụnye, iru ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ dị ka o kwere mee n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche o kwere mee".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haley|first=Shelly|title=Practicing Freedom|journal=The Women's Review of Books|date=1995|volume=7|issue=6|pages=10–11|doi=10.2307/4022111}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ụmụ nwanyị ojii == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} gsbzpijpvvrhjnb32zfbao66sm7xifr 0 13205 697795 194424 2026-08-10T08:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Agrupación_de_Familiares_de_Detenidos_Desaparecidos_de_Chile_(de_Kena_Lorenzini).jpg|thumb|Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of La Moneda Palace during the Pinochet military regime, demanding information on loved ones subjected to forced disappearance.]] '''Ikike nke eziokwu''' bụ ikike, n'ihe gbasara mmebi iwu nke ikike mmadụ, maka ndị ahụ metụtara na ezinụlọ ha ma ọ bụ obodo ha ịnweta eziokwu nke ihe merenụ.<ref name="Vedaschi">{{Cite book|editor=Shetreet|title=The Culture of Judicial Independence: Rule of Law and World Peace|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-25781-8|language=en|author=Vedaschi|first=Arianna|pages=107–133|chapter=Globalization of Human Rights and Mutual Influence between Courts: The Innovative Reverse Path of the Right to the Truth|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Y. Gloria|title=Truth as Justice: Legal and Extralegal Development of the Right to Truth|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|date=2010|volume=31|issue=4|pages=24–27|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42763345|issn=0739-1854}}</ref> Ikike nke eziokwu nwere njikọ chiri anya, mana ọ dị iche na, ọrụ steeti iji nyochaa ma kpee ikpe maka mmebi iwu steeti nke ikike mmadụ.<ref name="Sweeney">{{Cite journal|author=Sweeney|first=James A|title=The Elusive Right to Truth in Transitional Human Rights Jurisprudence|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|date=2018|volume=67|issue=2|pages=353–387|doi=10.1017/S0020589317000586}}</ref><ref name="Panepinto">{{Cite journal|author=Panepinto|first=Alice M.|title=The right to the truth in international law: The significance of Strasbourg's contributions|journal=Legal Studies|date=2017|volume=37|issue=4|pages=739–764|doi=10.1111/lest.12172|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/the-right-to-the-truth-in-international-law-the-significance-of-strasbourgs-contributions(7f34cdba-be1d-426d-934b-ed9fba7bdcca).html}}</ref> Ikike nke eziokwu bụ ụdị ikike ndị metụtara; ọ dị mkpa karịsịa maka ikpe ziri ezi na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime ihe banyere mmegbu nke ikike mmadụ n'oge gara aga.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Klinkner|first=Melanie|title=The Right to The Truth in International Law: Victims' Rights in Human Rights and International Criminal Law|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-33508-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szoke-Burke|first=Sam|title=Searching for the Right to Truth: The Impact of International Human Rights Law on National Transitional Justice Policies|journal=Berkeley Journal of International Law|date=2015|volume=33|pages=526}}</ref> N'ime afọ 2006, Yasmin Naqvi kwubiri na ikike nke eziokwu "na-eguzo n'otu ebe n'ọnụ ụzọ nke ụkpụrụ iwu na ngwaọrụ akụkọ ... n'otu ebe n'elu ezi arụmụka na ebe dị n'okpuru iwu iwu doro anya. [1]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Naqvi|first=Yasmin|title=The right to the truth in international law: fact or fiction?|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|date=2006|volume=88|issue=862|pages=245–273|doi=10.1017/S1816383106000518|url=https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/right-truth-international-law-fact-or-fiction|language=en}}</ref> Echiche nke ikike iwu kwadoro eziokwu dị iche na nghọta dị adị na mbụ banyere mkpa ọ dị iguzobe eziokwu gbasara ihe mere n'ihe gbasara imebi ikike mmadụ..<ref name="Sweeney">{{Cite journal|author=Sweeney|first=James A|title=The Elusive Right to Truth in Transitional Human Rights Jurisprudence|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|date=2018|volume=67|issue=2|pages=353–387|doi=10.1017/S0020589317000586}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, Protocol to Mgbakọ Geneva nyere ikike maka ezinụlọ ndị e gburu n’agha iji chọpụta ihe mere ndị ikwu ha..{{sfn|Groome|2011|p=176}} Ọgbakọ enwere n'afọ 1993 na Katọlik Institute for International Relations kwuru okwu ikike nke eziokwu..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linden|first=Ian|title='The right to truth: Amnesty, amnesia, and secrecy˚s|journal=Development in Practice|date=1994|volume=4|issue=2|pages=141–143|doi=10.1080/096145249100077701}}</ref> A matala ikike nke eziokwu n'ime ngwa mba ụwa Soft law dị ka United Nations Principles to Combat Impunity (2005){{sfn|Sweeney|2018|pp=356–357}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=Groome|first=Dermot|editor=Haldemann|title=The United Nations Principles to Combat Impunity: A Commentary|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-106128-8|language=en|chapter=Principle 2: The inalienable right to the truth}}</ref> .{{sfn|Sweeney|2018|pp=356–357}} N'afọ 2006, United Nations Human Rights Commission kpebisiri ike na enwere “ikike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na nke kwụụrụ onwe ya” maka eziokwu. Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka ichebe mmadụ niile pụọ n’ike nhụsianya na-ekwekwa ndị ihe amanye mwepu ikike ịmata ọnọdụ ndị na-apụ n’anya, ma ọ bụghị n'ụwa nile kwadoro ya.[13], .{{sfn|Sweeney|2018|p=358}} == Ikpe == [[Usòrò:Villa_Grimaldi_3.jpg|thumb|Ncheta na Villa Grimaldi na aha ọtụtụ narị mmadụ ma ọ bụ na-efu ma ọ bụ gbuo n'ebe ahụ site n'aka ndị uwe ojii nzuzo Chile n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike Pinochet.]] Màkà ikpe dị gasịrị n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa nke na-ahụ steeti na-emebi ikike mmadụ, a chọrọ ka steeti: [1] # BkMee nyocha dị irè ma kpee ndị na-ahụ maka ya ikpe # Kpughe ozi gbasara ndị furu efu # Na-arịọ mgbaghara n'ihu ọha ma na-ekweta mmebi nke ikike mmadụ # Bipụta ikpe ụlọ ikpe # Na-akwụ ndị e gburu ụgwọ # Reimburse court costs of claimants # Meziwanye nchekwa iji nye ohere ịlaghachi ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ # Mee ihe iji gbochie mmeghachi omume nke mmebi iwu ahụ # Gbanwee iwu mba # Usoro ụlọ ọrụ iji meziwanye nrubeisi na ngwá ọrụ ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa # Wuo ebe ncheta iji cheta mmebi ikike mmadụ === Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke United Nations === Ikpe nkè mbụ gosiri ikike nke eziokwu na ikpe ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa bụ ikpe ná amanye ịfụ efu, ''Quinteros v''. ''Uruguay'' (afọ 1983); Kọmitii Na-ahụ n'ihe gbasara Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ nke UN kpebiri na, dị ka ọgbụgba Ndụ Mba Nile Maka Ikike Obodo na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si kwuo, nne onye ahụ nwere "ikike ịmata ihe mere nwa ya nwanyị. N'akụkụ ndị a, ya onwe ya bụkwa onye a tara ahụhụ n'ihi mmebi nke ọgbụgba ndụ nke nwa ya nwanyị tara ahụhụ karịsịa, nke isiokwu nke asaa [ICCPR][17] Na ''Saadoun v''. Algeria (afọ 2003), banyere otu nwoke nke furu efu n'ike n'oge agha obodo ''Algeria'', Kọmitii ahụ kpebiri na enweghị nyocha mere ka e nwee mmebi iwu ọhụrụ nke ICCPR. N'okwu a, Algeria ekwuputala mgbaghara maka mpụ ndị e mere n'oge "ọdachi mba". [1] === Inter-American Court of Human Rights === Iwu ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Inter-American nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na-elekwasị anya na ikike nnwere onwe nke eziokwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ferrer Mac-Gregor|first=Eduardo|title=The Right to the Truth as an Autonomous Right Under the Inter-American Human Rights System|journal=Mexican Law Review|date=2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=121–139|doi=10.1016/j.mexlaw.2016.09.007}}</ref> Màkà ikike nke eziokwu, IACHR akachapugo nkwekọrịta ndị na-enye mgbaghara nye ndị na-emebi ikike mmadụ, dịka na ''Barrios Altos v''. ''Perú'' [es] (n'afọ 2001).[20] N'afọ 1985, afọ isii tupu Guatemala anabata ikike nke IACHR, onye nta akụkọ America bụ Nicholas Blake furu efu. Na ''Blake v''. Guatemala (afọ 1998), IACHR kpebiri na mbọ ndị ''Guatemala'' na-agba iji gbochie ezinụlọ ya ịchọ eziokwu bụ mmeso obi ọjọọ megidere nkwekọrịta Amerịka maka ihe ruuru mmadụ. [1] IACHR na-ekwughachi echiche ya na: {{quote|the right to the truth is subsumed in the right of the victim or his next of kin to obtain clarification of the facts relating to the violations and the corresponding responsibilities from the competent State organs, through the investigation and prosecution established in Articles 8 and 25 of the Convention.{{sfn|Sweeney|2018|p=369}}}} === Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe === E nwekwara iwu ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ na Yurop metụtara ikike nke eziokwu.<ref name="Panepinto">{{Cite journal|author=Panepinto|first=Alice M.|title=The right to the truth in international law: The significance of Strasbourg's contributions|journal=Legal Studies|date=2017|volume=37|issue=4|pages=739–764|doi=10.1111/lest.12172|url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/the-right-to-the-truth-in-international-law-the-significance-of-strasbourgs-contributions(7f34cdba-be1d-426d-934b-ed9fba7bdcca).html}}</ref> Na ''Saịprọs v''. [[Turkéy|Turkey]] (afọ 2001), ECtHR kpebiri megide Turkey n'okwu ndị Gris Saịprọs bụ ndị ikpeazụ a hụrụ n'aka ndị agha ''Turkey''. Ahụhụ nke ndị ikwu dị ndụ bụ "mmebi iwu na-aga n'ihu nke Nkebi nke 3 nke European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) màkà ndị ikwu nke ndị Gris-Cypriot na-efu." [1] Na ''El-Masri v''. [[Macedonia|Masedonia]] (afọ 2012), ECtHR guzobere na North ''Macedonia'' emebiela nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ikwe ka e jide El-Masri na US n'oge ntụgharị pụrụ iche. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwukwara sí na ndị ọchịchị Masedonia "anapụla onye na-arịọ arịrịọ ka a mara ya ihe merenụ, tinyere inweta akụkọ ziri ezi n'ihi nhụjuanya o kwuru na ọ diri na ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka nhụjuanya ya" yana izochi ozi a n'ihu ọha n'ozuzu ya. Dị ka prọfesọ iwu Arianna Vedaschi si kwuo, "mkpebi ahụ e nyere na El-Masri gosipụtara echiche iwu ọhụrụ na àgwà ọhụrụ nke ndị ọka ikpe n'ebe mmanye ikike nke eziokwu dị ukwuu."<ref name="Vedaschi">{{Cite book|editor=Shetreet|title=The Culture of Judicial Independence: Rule of Law and World Peace|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-25781-8|language=en|author=Vedaschi|first=Arianna|pages=107–133|chapter=Globalization of Human Rights and Mutual Influence between Courts: The Innovative Reverse Path of the Right to the Truth|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fabbrini|first=F.|title=The European Court of Human Rights, Extraordinary Renditions and the Right to the Truth: Ensuring Accountability for Gross Human Rights Violations Committed in the Fight Against Terrorism|journal=Human Rights Law Review|date=2014|volume=14|issue=1|pages=85–106|doi=10.1093/hrlr/ngt017|url=https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/en/publications/the-european-court-of-human-rights-extraordinary-renditions-and-the-right-to-the-truth(391966fa-d680-42ad-a0be-d10c4be2b0a9).html}}</ref> Na ''Janowiec na ndị ọzọ v''. Russia (2013), ụlọ ikpe ahụghị mmebi nke nkwekọrịta ahụ gbásárá nyocha ndị ''Russia'' banyere ogbugbu Katyn nke 1940, mana mkpebi a bụ n'ụkpụrụ nke enweghị nkwụghachi azụ n'ihi na ogbugbu ahụ mere tupu e depụta ECHR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poland disappointed with European ruling over the 1940 Katyn massacre|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-katyn/poland-disappointed-with-european-ruling-over-the-1940-katyn-massacre-idUSBRE99K0CZ20131021|accessdate=6 December 2020|work=Reuters|date=21 October 2013|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Adler|title=Understanding the Age of Transitional Justice: Crimes, Courts, Commissions, and Chronicling|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-9776-8|author=Schabas|first=William A.|date=2018|language=en|chapter=2. Time, Justice, and Human Rights: Statutory Limitation on the Right to Truth?}}</ref> Iwu [[Argentina]] na-anabata ikike nke eziokwu, na usoro iwu ''sui generis'' nke a na-akpọ ''juicio por la verdad'' [es] (ikpe maka eziokwu) mepụtara mgbe ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha Argentina gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Garibian|first=S.|title=Ghosts Also Die: Resisting Disappearance through the 'Right to the Truth' and the Juicios por la Verdad in Argentina|journal=Journal of International Criminal Justice|date=2014|volume=12|issue=3|pages=515–538|doi=10.1093/jicj/mqu030|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:38728}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Kọmitii Eziokwu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Aldana-Pindell|first=Raquel|title=In Vindication of Justiciable Victims' Rights to Truth and Justice for State-Sponsored Crimes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vanderbilt-journal-of-transnational-law_2002-11_35_5/page/n8|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|date=2002|volume=35|pages=1399}} * {{Cite journal|author=Jaquemet|first=I.|title=Fighting Amnesia: Ways to Uncover the Truth about Lebanon's Missing|journal=International Journal of Transitional Justice|date=2008|volume=3|issue=1|pages=69–90|doi=10.1093/ijtj/ijn019}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mulligan|first=Deirdre K.|title=Rescripting Search to Respect the Right to Truth|journal=Georgetown Law Technology Review|date=2018|volume=2|issue=2|url=https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/rescripting-search-to-respect-the-right-to-truth/GLTR-07-2018/|language=en-us}} * {{Cite book|title=East Asia's Renewed Respect for the Rule of Law in the 21st Century: The Future of Legal and Judicial Landscapes in East Asia|publisher=Hotei Publishing|isbn=978-90-04-27420-4|author=Vanhullebusch|first=Matthias|chapter=The Right to Truth and the Legacies of World War II: A Way Forward for China?|date=2015|pages=87–111|language=en}} * {{Cite journal|author=Werkheiser|first=Ian|title=A Right to Understand Injustice: Epistemology and the "Right to the Truth" in International Human Rights Discourse|journal=The Southern Journal of Philosophy|date=2020|volume=58|issue=1|pages=186–199|doi=10.1111/sjp.12354}} * {{Cite journal|author=Medawatte|first=Danushka S.|title=Chasing Tails: Establishing the Right to Truth, Mourning and Compensation|journal=California Western International Law Journal|volume=46|pages=69|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwilj/vol46/iss2/2/|date=2016}} 7ws89rus8yw0uvyvamobphlaojohsac 0 13208 697485 672295 2026-08-10T01:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697485 wikitext text/x-wiki Otu nta, site na nkọwa mbụ ya, na-ezo aka na otu ndị omume, agbụrụ, okpukperechi, agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ njirimara ndị ọzọ dị ole na ole karịa otu ndị bụ isi nke nhazi ndị ahụ. Agbanyeghị, na sociology nke oge a, otu '''pere mpe na-''' ezo aka n'ụdị ndị mmadụ na-enwe nhụsianya dịtụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị otu na-achị ọha. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Race, ethnicity, gender, & class : the sociology of group conflict and change|author=Healey, Joseph F.|others=Stepnick, Andi,, O'Brien, Eileen, 1972-|isbn=9781506346946|edition=Eighth|location=Thousand Oaks, California|oclc=1006532841|date=2018-03-02}}</ref> Ndị otu pere mpe na-adaberekarị na ndịiche dị na njirimara ma ọ bụ omume a na-ahụ anya, dị ka: agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), okpukpere chi ( obere okpukpe ), usoro mmekọahụ ( ntakịrị mmekọahụ ), ma ọ bụ nkwarụ . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of sociology|author=George|first=Ritzer|isbn=9781483340173|location=Los Angeles|oclc=871004576|date=2014-01-15}}</ref> N'iji usoro nke intersectionality, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na mmadụ nwere ike ijide otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu dị iche iche (dịka ma agbụrụ na okpukpe nta).  N'otu aka mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke otu pere mpe n'ihe gbasara njirimara ụfọdụ, mana akụkụ nke otu na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara ndị ọzọ. Okwu "ntakịrị otu" na-emekarị n'ime okwu nke ikike obodo na ikike mkpokọta, dị ka ndị òtù nke nta dị iche iche na-enwekarị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na mba na obodo ha bi. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/louilr63&div=34&id=&page=|title=The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions among and within Minority Groups|author=Johnson|first=Kevin|journal=Louisiana Law Review|volume=63|accessdate=2018-08-14}}</ref> Ndị otu pere mpe na-enwekarị ịkpa oke n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọha, gụnyere ụlọ, ọrụ, ahụike, na agụmakwụkwọ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The economics of discrimination|author=1930-2014.|first=Becker, Gary S. (Gary Stanley)|date=1971|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226041049|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|oclc=658199810}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=WILLIAMS|first=DAVID R.|date=1999|title=Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=896|issue=1|pages=173–188|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x|pmid=10681897|issn=0077-8923|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71908/1/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.pdf|accessdate=2019-09-23}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịkpa oke, ọ nwekwara ike ime site na ahaghị nhata n'usoro, nke ikike na ohere na-enweghị ike ịnweta mmadụ niile. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verloo|first=Mieke|date=2006|title=Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=211–228|doi=10.1177/1350506806065753|issn=1350-5068|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/22512|accessdate=2018-09-14}}</ref> A na-ejikarị asụsụ nke ikike pere mpe kparịta iwu ndị e mere iji kpuchido ndị pere mpe pụọ na ịkpa oke ma nye ha ohere nha anya n'ọha obodo n'otu ndị na-achị. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The minority rights revolution|author=David.|first=Skrentny, John|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674043732|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=431342257}}</ref> == Nkọwa == === Sociological === Louis Wirth kọwara otu nta dị ka "otu ndị, n'ihi ọdịdị anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omenala ha, bụ ndị a na-akpọpụta na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime [[Ȯgbà|obodo]] ha na-ebi maka mmeso dị iche na nke na-enweghị aha, ya mere na-ewere onwe ha dị ka ihe nke mkpokọta. ịkpa ókè". <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Science of Man in the World Crisis|author=Wirth|first=L.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1945|editor=Linton|location=New York|chapter=The Problem of Minority Groups}} The political scientist and law professor, Gad Barzilai, has offered a theoretical definition of non-ruling communities that conceptualizes groups that do not rule and are excluded from resources of political power. Barzilai, G. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</ref> Nkọwa a gụnyere ma ebumnobi na njirisi nke onwe: otu n'ime otu pere mpe bụ nke ọha mmadụ kwadoro nke ọma, dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume mmadụ; A na-ejikwa ya n'ụzọ doro anya ndị òtù ya, ndị nwere ike iji ọnọdụ ha mee ihe ndabere nke njirimara otu ma ọ bụ ịdị n'otu . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/12323228|title=Minorities in the new world: six case studies|author=Wagley|first=Charles|date=1958|publisher=New York: Columbia University Press|language=en}}</ref> Yabụ, ọkwa otu pere mpe bụ categorical: onye gosipụtara njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume nke otu pere mpe ka enyere ọkwa nke otu ahụ ma bụrụkwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ dịka ndị otu ahụ ndị ọzọ nọ. <ref name=":3" /> Joe Feagin, na-ekwu na otu obere ìgwè nwere àgwà ise: (1) na-ata ahụhụ ịkpa ókè na nrubeisi, (2) àgwà anụ ahụ na / ma ọ bụ omenala nke na-ekewa ha, na nke ndị na-achị achị anabataghị, (3) echiche nkekọrịta. njirimara mkpokọta na ibu ọnụ, (4) iwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze gbasara onye bụ na onye na-anaghị ekpebi ọkwa pere mpe, na (5) ọchịchọ ịlụ di na nwunye n'ime otu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial and Ethnic Relations|author=Joe R. Feagin|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1984|isbn=978-0-13-750125-0|edition=2nd|pages=10}}</ref> ==== Nkatọ ==== Enwere esemokwu n'iji okwu ahụ pere mpe, dịka o nwere mkpokọta na ojiji agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Diversity Glossary of Terms|author=Diversity Training University International|publisher=Diversity Training University International Publications Division|year=2008|pages=4}}</ref> Ojiji a na-ejikarị okwu a na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezo aka na ike dị iche iche n'etiti otu dị iche iche karịa ndịiche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ n'etiti otu. <ref name="Barzilai 20102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sHzZbXdjggC|title=Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities|author=Barzilai|first=Gad|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0472024001|accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> Nkatọ a dị n'elu dabeere n'echiche bụ na a pụrụ iwere otu ìgwè dị ka ndị dị nta ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na ọ bụghị ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze akatọwo echiche nke "obere / ọtụtụ", na-arụ ụka na asụsụ a na-ewepu ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ọdịdị omenala na-agbanwe ma ọ bụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ, yana mmekọ omenala gafee oke mba. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ejikarị okwu a na-ewepụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (HEGs) mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ mmegbu na nchịkwa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, na otú nke a si arụpụta enweghị nnọchite nke otu dị iche iche n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ. === Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === A na-ejikarị okwu a bụ obere mba na-akparịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na nke mba. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Daniel Šmihula|year=2008|title=National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU|url=http://ns.ier.ro/site/documente/rjea_pdf/RJEA_Vol8_No3_Sept2008.pdf|journal=Romanian Journal of European Affairs|volume=8|pages=51–81}}</ref> Mba niile nwere ogo dị iche iche nke agbụrụ, agbụrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/18/the-most-and-least-culturally-diverse-countries-in-the-world/|title=The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world|work=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811213739/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/18/the-most-and-least-culturally-diverse-countries-in-the-world/|archivedate=2019-08-11|accessdate=2019-11-01}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ndị pere mpe nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị mbata, ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ obodo na-enweghị ala. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament : a global overview|author=Oleh.|first=Protsyk|date=2010|publisher=Inter-parliamentary Union|others=Inter-parliamentary Union.627|location=Geneva|oclc=754152959}}</ref> Nke a na-ebutekarị mgbanwe dị iche iche n'asụsụ, omenala, nkwenkwe, omume, nke na-eme ka ụfọdụ dị iche na ndị isi. Dị ka a na-aghọtakarị ndịiche ndị a n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke a na-ebute ọdịda nke ọha mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị òtù nke nta. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verkuyten|first=Maykel|date=2005|title=Ethnic Group Identification and Group Evaluation Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Multiculturalism Hypothesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2005-01_88_1/page/121|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=88|issue=1|pages=121–138|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.121|pmid=15631579|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> Enweghị nkọwa iwu gbasara ndị pere mpe na mba n'iwu mba ụwa, n'agbanyeghị na nkwupụta mba United Nations maka ikike mmadụ bụ nke mba ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, okpukperechi na asụsụ akọwapụtara nchebe nke otu pere mpe. Iwu mpụ mba ụwa nwere ike ichekwa ikike nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. <ref>[[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]] (2004). ''International Criminal Law: Protection of Minority Rights, Beyond a One-Dimensional State: An Emerging Right to Autonomy?'' ed. Zelim Skurbaty. (2004) 255–275.</ref> Ikike nke ikpebiri onwe ya bụ isi okwu. Kansụl nke Europe na-ahazi ikike ndị pere mpe na European Charter maka asụsụ mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke pere mpe yana Nkwekọrịta Framework maka nchekwa nke ndị pere mpe nke mba . N'ebe ụfọdụ, agbụrụ ndị nọ n'okpuru nwere ike ịbụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu, dị ka ndị ojii na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=du Toit|first=Pierre|date=1988|title=Ethnic and minority groups, and constitutional change in South Africa|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies|language=en|volume=7|issue=1–2|pages=133–147|doi=10.1080/02589008808729481|issn=0258-9001}}</ref> Na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic bụ ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (63.4%) na agbụrụ na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile ( Mexican, [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African Americans]], Asian America, American Indian, na Native Hawaiians ) bụ nkewa dị ka "ndị nta". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: UNITED STATES|work=Census Bureau QuickFacts|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816204719/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217|archivedate=2018-08-16}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic dara n'okpuru 50% otu ahụ ga-abụ naanị ''ọtụtụ'', ọ bụghị ọtụtụ. == Ọmụmaatụ nke otu pere mpe == === Obere agbụrụ === Enweghi ihe akaebe na-ezighi ezi ma mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya n'obere agbụrụ dị irè karị n'ịgbanwe omume ahụike dịka ịkwụsị ise siga, mbelata ibu arọ, na àgwà nri ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa ozi ezubere maka ọha mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Targeted Mass Media Interventions Promoting Healthy Behaviours to Reduce Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases in Adult, Ethnic Minorities|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=17 February 2017|volume=2|issue=2|pages=CD011683|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011683.pub2|pmid=28211056}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewere [[Ndị Rom|ndị Romani]], nke a makwaara dị ka Gypsies dị ka obere agbụrụ na Europe. Ndị Romani bụ agbụrụ kacha ukwuu na Europe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-roma-rights-idUSKCN1RK01Y|title=Roma people: 10 ways Europe's biggest minority faces discrimination|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Obere obodo === Otu obere mba bụ otu ọha mmadụ n'ime steeti dị iche na ọtụtụ na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, asụsụ, omenala, ma ọ bụ okpukperechi, mana ọ na-achọkwa inwe njikọ chiri anya na mpaghara akọwapụtara nke ndị pere mpe. otu mmekọrịta si. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=United Nations|title=United Nations Guide for Minorities|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/minorities/united-nations-guide-minorities|work=https://www.ohchr.org/en/ohchr_homepage}}</ref> === Ndị pere mpe na-amanyeghị onwe ha === A makwaara dị ka "obere obere castelike", ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha bụ okwu maka ndị ebuteburu n'obodo ọ bụla megidere ọchịchọ ha. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na ndị amaala America, ụmụ amaala Hawaii, Puerto Ricans, ndị America America, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|title=Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning|author=Ogbu|first=John U.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223606/http://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-04}}</ref> na ndị America America mụrụ. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ogbu and Simons|date=1998|title=Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|volume=29|issue=2|pages=155–188|doi=10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155}}</ref> N'ihi ihe ndị dị iche n'ọdịbendị, ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha nwere ike ịnwe ihe isi ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị otu obere ndị ọzọ (na-ewepụta onwe ha). Ego ọha na eze na-enyere ụmụaka aka iso ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche na-ekerịta otu ebumnuche. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Subtractive Schooling|author=Valenzuela|first=Angela|pages=116–118}}</ref> === Ndị obere afọ ofufo === Ndị kwabatara na-ewere ọnọdụ dị nta na obodo ọhụrụ ha, na-enwekarị olileanya maka ọdịnihu ka mma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa n'ala nna ha. N'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya na ihe ịga nke ọma, ndị obere afọ ofufo nwere ike ime nke ọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị ọzọ na-akwaga ọzọ. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|title=Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning|author=Ogbu|first=John U.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223606/http://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-04}}</ref> Ime mgbanwe n'ọdịbendị na asụsụ dị iche na-eme ka ihe isi ike na mmalite nke ndụ na mba ọhụrụ ahụ. Ndị kwabatara n'afọ ofufo anaghị enwe mmetụta nke kewara ekewa dịka ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha ma na-enwekarị ọgaranya n'isi obodo n'ihi ọchịchọ mmụta ha. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Subtractive Schooling|author=Valenzuela|first=Angela|pages=116–118}}</ref> Otu nnukwu ndị mbata na United States gụnyere ndị Mexico, Central na South America, ndị Cuban, ndị Africa, East Asia, na South Asia. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ogbu and Simons|date=1998|title=Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|volume=29|issue=2|pages=155–188|doi=10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155}}</ref> === Obere okike na okike === [[Usòrò:Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_(5897488480).jpg|thumb| A na- eme mmemme nganga kwa afọ n'ụwa niile maka ndị pere mpe na-enwe mmekọahụ. Na foto a, ndị mmadụ na-ezukọ na Senate Square, Helsinki, ozugbo tupu 2011 Helsinki Pride parade amalite.]] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ahụike ọha na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ obere mmekọahụ eme ihe iji mata ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eme omume mmekọahụ, gụnyere ndị na-amaghị n'okpuru nche anwụ LGBTQ+. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na ndị ikom (MSM), ma ha anaghị akọwapụta dị ka nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Na mgbakwunye, okwu ahụ pere mpe nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ndị na- emekọrịta ihe, ndị transgender, ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ndị LGBTQ+ anaghị ahọrọ okwu ndị a na-enwekarị mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ha na-anọchi anya ngalaba ahụike karịa njirimara onye ọ bụla. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Mayer|first=Kenneth H.|date=2008|title=Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2008-06_98_6/page/989|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=989–995|doi=10.2105/ajph.2007.127811|issn=0090-0036|pmid=18445789}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, bisexual, transgender, na queer (LGBTQ+) dị adị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, mmegharị ikike LGBTQ+ n'ọtụtụ mba ọdịda anyanwụ mere ka a nabata ndị LGBTQ+ dị ka ndị otu obere. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Mayer|first=Kenneth H.|date=2008|title=Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2008-06_98_6/page/989|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=989–995|doi=10.2105/ajph.2007.127811|issn=0090-0036|pmid=18445789}}</ref> Ndị LGBTQ+ na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ. Ha na-enweta ọtụtụ ahaghị nhata n'etiti ọha na eze sitere na otu ha dị ka ndị LGBTQ+. Enweghị nhata ndị a na-agụnye ịkpa ókè na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ohere na-enweghị ike inweta nlekọta ahụike, ọrụ, na ụlọ, na ahụmahụ na-adịghị mma nke uche na ahụike anụ ahụ n'ihi ahụmahụ ndị a. <ref name=":6" /> === Ndị nwere nkwarụ === Na-eduga na Iwu ikike mmadụ 1998 na UK, ịrị elu na mmata gbasara otu esi emeso ndị nwere nkwarụ malitere. Ọtụtụ ndị malitere ikweta na a napụrụ ha ihe ndị bụ́ isi ruuru mmadụ. Omume a nwere akụkụ nke kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị echebeghị ndị nwere nkwarụ mmụta site na omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmejọ ma ọ bụ nleghara anya, mgbe ahụ enwere ike gbaa ha akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Luke|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8964p|title=Disabled people and European human rights: A review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK|date=2003|publisher=Bristol University Press|edition=1}}</ref> Otu ikike ikike nkwarụ nyere aka n'ịghọta ndị nwere nkwarụ dị ka obere ma ọ bụ njikọ nke obere ndị ọha mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu, ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu n'ihi adịghị ike ha. Ndị na-akwado ikike nkwarụ na-ekwusi ike na ọdịiche dị na arụ ọrụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche, kama ịdị ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ndị nwere autism na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere neurodiversity, dị ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere agbụrụ dị iche iche. A na-elekarị ndị ogbi anya dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ na omenala ole na ole kama ịbụ otu nwere nkwarụ, ụfọdụ ndị ogbi anaghị ahụkwa onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ọlị. Kama nke ahụ, teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze emebere iji gboo ndị na-achị achị na-emebi ha. ( ''Lee Nkwekọrịta Maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ'' . ) === Okpukpe pere mpe === Ndị nọ n'okpukpe dị nta nwere okwukwe dị iche na nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere. Ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa nwere obere okpukpe. A nabatarala ugbu a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe ịhọrọ okpukpe ha, gụnyere enweghị okpukpe ọ bụla ( ekweghị na Chineke na / ma ọ bụ ekweghị na Chineke ), na gụnyere ikike ịtụgharị site n'otu okpukpe gaa na nke ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ mba, a kpachibidoro nnwere onwe a. [[Egypt|N'Ijipt]], usoro ọhụrụ nke kaadị njirimara chọrọ ka ụmụ amaala niile kwupụta okpukpe ha - na naanị nhọrọ bụ [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]], [[Efefe Kraịst|Christianity]], ma ọ bụ [[Judaism|okpukpe ndị Juu]] (Lee esemokwu kaadị njirimara Egypt ). Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ ikpe nke mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị pere mpe na Pakistan, ebe a na-atụgharị ha n'ike ma ọ bụ gbuo ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/another-hindu-girl-abducted-forcibly-converted-to-islam-in-pakistans-sindh-family-stages-protest/494399|title=Another Hindu girl abducted, forcibly converted to Islam in Pakistan's Sindh; family stages protest|work=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925100901/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/another-hindu-girl-abducted-forcibly-converted-to-islam-in-pakistans-sindh-family-stages-protest/494399|archivedate=2019-09-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hindu-medical-student-found-dead-in-pakistan-hostel-brother-alleges-foul-play/story-GeJuS3xpHigO3IFhBFvvCJ.html|title=Hindu medical student found dead in Pakistan hostel, brother alleges foul play|date=2019-09-17|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925100903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hindu-medical-student-found-dead-in-pakistan-hostel-brother-alleges-foul-play/story-GeJuS3xpHigO3IFhBFvvCJ.html|archivedate=2019-09-25}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka obere === N'ọtụtụ obodo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị enweghị nhata. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị obere obere, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minority|work=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=6 February 2020|title=Definition of MINORITY}}</ref> ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu ndị nọ n'okpuru emela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mụọ ha dị ka otu obere. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hacker|first=Helen Mayer|year=1951|title=Women as a Minority Group|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_1951-10_30_1/page/60|journal=[[Social Forces]]|volume=30|issue=1|pages=60–69|doi=10.2307/2571742}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi na ikike na ọkwa ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'iwu dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mba, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta enweghị ahaghị nhata n'etiti ndị nwoke n'ọtụtụ obodo. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Multicultural jurisdictions : cultural differences and women's rights|author=Shachar, Ayelet|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0511040801|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=56216656}}</ref> A na-ajụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na-eme ihe ike, na enweghị ohere inweta otu ohere akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwoke. <ref>Women, U. N. (2018). Annual Report 2017–2018.</ref> == Iwu na ọchịchị == Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ụfọdụ, "obere" bụ agbụrụ nke iwu kwadoro ma nwee ikike ndị akọwapụtara. Ndị na- asụ asụsụ pere mpe nke iwu kwadoro, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike ịnwe ikike mmụta ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu na gọọmentị n'asụsụ ala nna ha. Mba ndị nwere onyinye pụrụ iche  maka ndị pere mpe gụnyere [[Kánada|Canada]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], [[Kroatia|Croatia]], na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] .  A naghị enye ndị otu pere mpe dị iche iche n'otu obodo otu nha. Otu dị iche iche pere mpe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkọwa iji nweta nchekwa pere mpe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịmanye onye otu obere agbụrụ ka ọ lelee "Ndị ọzọ" na ndepụta nlele nke nzụlite dị iche iche wee nweta ohere dị nta karịa onye so na otu akọwapụtara. Ọtụtụ gọọmentị nke oge a na-ahọrọ iche na ndị ha na-achị ha niile sitere n'otu obodo kama ịbụ ndị dị iche iche dabere na agbụrụ. United States na-arịọ maka agbụrụ na agbụrụ n'ụdị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị ya, nke na-ekewa ma na-ahazi ndị bi na ya gaa n'ìgwè dị iche iche, bụ agbụrụ agbụrụ karịa mba. [[Spain]] anaghị ekewa ndị obodo ya site n'agbụrụ ma ọ bụ obere mba, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ejigide echiche gọọmentị nke asụsụ pere mpe, nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime njirisi maka ikpebi obere mba, n'elu Nkwekọrịta Framework for Protection of National Minorities . Ụfọdụ ndị pere mpe ma ọ bụ ndị siri ike na-enweta nchebe zuru oke na nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] bụbu Yugoslavia nabatara mba atọ mejupụtara, ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu (lee mba Bosnia na Herzegovina ). Agbanyeghị, ndị ọzọ pere mpe dị ka [[Ndị Rom|Romani]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421|title=Political recognition of Roma People in Spain. [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)|work=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191302/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421|archivedate=2017-09-05}}</ref> na [[Jew|ndị Juu]], bụ ndị akpọrọ “ndị mba ọzọ” na ewepụrụ na ọtụtụ n'ime nchekwa ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịwepụ ha n'ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere onyeisi oche. A na-arụrịta ụka maka ịnakwere otu obere na ihe ùgwù ha. Otu echiche <ref>For example, J.A. Lindgren-Alves, member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, speaking at the Committee's 67th Session (Summary Record of the 1724th Meeting, 23 August 2005, CERD/C/SR.1724)</ref> bụ na itinye ikike pụrụ iche nye ndị pere mpe nwere ike imerụ ụfọdụ mba, dị ka steeti ọhụrụ dị n'Africa ma ọ bụ Latin America esiteghị na ụkpụrụ mba Europe, ebe ọ bụ na nnabata pere mpe nwere ike igbochi iguzobe njirimara obodo. O nwere ike mebie njikọ nke ndị pere mpe n'ime ọha mmadụ, ikekwe na-ebute nkewa ma ọ bụ nke ukwuu . Na [[Kánada|Canada]], ụfọdụ  chere na ọdịda nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na- [[Asụsụ Bekee|asụ Bekee]] emeghị ka ndị Canada bụ́ French kpasuo ikewapụ ndị Quebec . Ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ndị pere mpe na-achọ nchekwa kpọmkwem iji hụ na ewepụghị ha: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụta asụsụ abụọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka ndị pere mpe na-asụ asụsụ wee banye n'usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ wee zọọ mpi otu n'ime ọha. N'echiche a, ikike maka ndị pere mpe na-ewusi ọrụ iwu obodo ike, ebe ndị otu pere mpe na-ahụ ọdịmma ha nke ọma, ma jiri obi ha niile nabata ikike nke mba ahụ na ntinye ha (ọ bụghị nnabata) n'ime ya. <ref>See {{Cite book|first=K.|author=Henrard|title=Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=2000|pages=218–224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFF5nzuAze0C&pg=PA218|isbn=978-9041113597|accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7kl6eykcnw5vjkz6nrwa9chj7yjkkle 0 13234 697836 541276 2026-08-10T09:06:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Mozambique]] bụ isi iyi na, ruo n'ókè dị ala karị, mba na-aga maka ụmụnwoke, ụmụnwanyị, na ụmụaka ndị a na-atụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị ọrụ mmanye na ịgba akwụna mmanye. Ojiji nke ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ mmanye na ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ime obodo nke mba ahụ, mgbe na ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-arụkọ ọrụ. A na-adọtakwa ụmụnwanyị na ụmụagbọghọ si n'ime ime obodo ndị a n'obodo ukwu na nkwa ọrụ ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ, yana mba South Africa maka ịgba ohu n'ụlọ na ịgba akwụna mmanye. Akụkọ NGO na ndị na-azụ ahịa na Mozambik na-ahụ maka ndị na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ kpọgara "ụlọ ọzụzụ" na [[Eswatini]] na mba South Africa iji kwadebe maka mmụba a na-atụ anya maka ịgba akwụna n'oge iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2010. A na-etinye ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwoke Mozambik na-eto eto n'ọnọdụ ọrụ mmanye na ugbo na ogbunigwe South Africa; ha na-arụkarị ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na South Africa n'akwụghị ụgwọ na n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmanye tupu e nyefee ha n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka ịchụpụ ha dị ka ndị mbịarambịa iwu na-akwadoghị. A na-amanye ndị okenye Mozambik ịrụ ọrụ mmanye na ịgba akwụna na [[Human trafficking in Portugal|Portugal]]. Ụmụnwanyị na ụmụagbọghọ si Rhodesia na [[Human trafficking in Malawi|Malawi]] ndị ji aka ha kwaga Mozambique na-aga n'ihu ịbụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-achịkwa ha n'ịgba akwụna na ịgba ohu n'ụlọ mgbe ha rutere. E nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 145,600 bi n'ohu na Mozambique na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọbata na mba South Africa n'achọghị. Ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa na-abụkarị akụkụ nke netwọk na-enweghị isi nke ụmụ amaala Mozambik ma ọ bụ mba South Africa; Otú ọ dị, ndị China buru ibu na ndị na-akọ na ha na-azụ ahịa na [[Ahia itụ mgbere mmadụ na Steeti Edo|Naijiria]] na-arụkwa ọrụ na Mozambique. A na-ejikwa ụzọ ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ n'ime na-agafe ókèala na-ebubata ọgwụ ọjọọ; mgbe mgbe, otu ndị na-enyere aka na-ebugharị ma ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ndị a na-azụ ahịa. Na mgbakwunye, ndị na-ebubata ndị South [[Asia]] na-ebugharị ndị South Asia na-enweghị akwụkwọ na-enweghị akwụkwọ na [[Eluàlà|Africa]] niile na-akọ na ha na-ebugharị ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa site na Mozambique. Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime obodo na mba dị iche iche maka ebumnuche nke iwepụ akụkụ ahụ n'ike iji kwado ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala na South Africa na Mozambique dị ịrịba ama. Ndị dọkịta amoosu na Mozambique na mba ndị ọzọ na-ewepụ akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche n'aka ụmụaka na ndị okenye, ma ọ bụ mgbe ndị ahụ ka dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ozugbo ha nwụsịrị n'ike, maka iji ya mee ihe n'ụdị ahụike "omenala" iji gwọọ ọrịa, kwalite ọganihu akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ merụọ ndị iro ahụ.<ref name="dos"/> Gọọmentị Mozambique anaghị agbaso ụkpụrụ kacha nta maka iwepụ ịzụ ahịa; Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eme mgbalị dị ukwuu ime nke ahụ. N'agbanyeghi mbọ ndị a, gụnyere ọrụ na mmepe nke mmejuputa iwu maka iwu ọhụrụ ya megide ịzụ ahịa, gọọmentị egosighi ihe akaebe nke mgbalị na-arịwanye elu iji dozie ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị mgbalị ikpe ma ọ bụ ikpe ndị omekome ịzụ ahịa ikpe dị ka o mere n'oge gara aga, ma ọ bụ inyocha akụkọ na-aga n'ihu banyere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-etinye aka na mpụ ịzụ ahịa.<ref name="dos"/> Ụlọ ọrụ US State Department na-enyocha ma na-alụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ tinyere mba ahụ na "Tier 2 Watchlist" n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archivedate=2017-06-28|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|work=www.state.gov|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == === Ihe gbasara ụmụnwanyị === E nwere atụmanya maka ụmụnwanyị ịlụ di ma lụọ di na nwunye na nwata ka ha wee ghara ịbụ ibu arọ nye ezinụlọ ha ego. Ụmụnwanyị na-alụghị di na nwunye nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịzụ ahịa n'ihi oke ohere akụ na ụba ha (Britton).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1899|title=Animal Grafts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1899-01_33_385/page/62|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=33|issue=385|pages=62|doi=10.1086/277107}}</ref> Omenala ndị Mozambik anaghị arụ ọrụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-alụbeghị di na nke a bụ ihe na-amanye ha ịchọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ ha ga-esi na-ebi ndụ. A na-akọ na "ọchịchị ụwa na mbuso agha na-egosipụta usoro mmekọrịta ike na-adịghị nhata na usoro ike nke ụmụagbọghọ na ụmụnwanyị dara ogbenye n'ozuzu ha, na ụmụagbọghọ dara ogbenye na ụmụnwanyị nwere agba karịsịa, dị na ala nke usoro ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (Gale). Nke a bụ eziokwu na Mozambique na ụmụnwanyị bụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na-azụ ahịa na South Africa. Ụmụnwanyị nwere akpụkpọ anụ ojii, nchara nchara, na ọla edo kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na a na-ahụta ha dị ka "exotic' nke na-eme ka ndị ọzọ nwee mmasị na ahia mmekọahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (Gale).<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Human Trafficking: Encyclopedia of Race and Racism|last=Hartwell|first=John|date=2008|url=http://go.galegroup.com/|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2011-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521185035/http://go.galegroup.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ebe ọdịnala na ime obodo nke Mozambique, enwere ike ịgọnahụ ụmụnwanyị ọrụ dabere na ọnọdụ ha, aha ezinụlọ ha, na ọdịbendị ha. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala na-ejedebe n'ọrụ ha nwere ike inweta, na-ahapụ ha obere ego ịzụta ihe ndị dị mkpa ma lekọta ezinụlọ ha. Na Mozambique, “Nkesa ịda ogbenye bụ nke nwoke na nwanyị, na ezinụlọ ndị isi nwanyị dị ka ndị kachasị nwee nsogbu” (Women's Age Indicator)[1]. Ogbenye, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, bụ ụzọ na-eduga n'ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ụmụnwanyị bi na ịda ogbenye na-ahụkarị nke a n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka ha ga-achọ ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche iji kwado onwe ha. Ụmụnwanyị na-achọsi ike ịchọta di yikarịrị ka ha ga-abụ ndị ụgha na-adọrọ adọrọ, a pụkwara ịkpụkwa ụmụ nwanyị na-alụghị di site na afọ ụfọdụ ịchọta ụdị ọrụ ọzọ na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịtụ mgbere ahịa. === Ụkpụrụ Omenala === Ụkpụrụ ọdịnala Mozambik na-akwalite nnabata na ntụkwasị obi nke ụmụnwoke nke na-eme ka ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa uru. A na-akụziri ụmụnwanyị kpọmkwem ịtụkwasị ụmụnwoke obi n'ihi na na Mozambique, "A na-ahụkarị mmekọahụ dị ka ebe ụmụnwanyị nọ n'okpuru" (Arnfred). Alụmdi na nwunye bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye di ya mmekọahụ nwanyị, ma nwee ike igbochi ọganihu ya na obodo Mozambik (Arnfred).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Arnfred|first=Signe|title=Sexuality and Gender Politics in Mozambique: Rethinking Gender in Africa|date=2011|publisher=Boydell and Brewer|isbn=9781847010353|chapter=Rethinking Gender in Africa}}</ref> A na-akụziri ụmụnwanyị ịdabere na ụmụnwoke nke nwere ike itinye ha n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị ike ma a bịa n'ịzụ ahịa.  Otu [[Ílú|ilu]] Afrịka a ma ama na-ekwu, "Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịga ngwa ngwa gaa naanị gị. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịga ebe dị anya gaa ọnụ (Tu) na nke a bụ ihe ndị mmadụ na-agbaso na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tu|date=October 18, 2018|title=Mozambican Proverbs|url=http://proverbicals.com/mozambican|work=proverbicals}}</ref> Echiche na nchịkọta bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ihe ịga nke ọma pụta ìhè n'uche ọtụtụ ndị Mozambique bi n'obodo ọdịnala. Ndị mmadụ na-atụkwasịkarị obi na ndị gbara ha gburugburu nwere mmasị ha kachasị mma n'uche na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ikpe ịzụ ahịa mmadụ nke ndị a tọọrọ na Mozambique ka e ree ha na South Africa nke na-adịghị adịkarị. Louisa, nwa agbọghọ a tọọrọ n'ime ime obodo ya, kwuru banyere njem ya n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Deutsche Welle News na otú o si banye n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Louisa na-aga n'ụlọ mgbe ọ zutere otu nwoke nke nyere ya ọrụ n'ụlọ ya ka ọ na-ehicha maka ya. Mgbe ọ rutere ebe ahụ, o yiri ya egwu ma kpọrọ ya gaa South Africa n'enweghị akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Ná ngwụsị nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, nne ya wee sị, sị, "Mgbe m dị afọ iri na ise, nwa m nwanyị ahụtụbeghị onye n'obodo anyị nke na-agwaghị ya eziokwu" (DW News). === Akụ na ụba ụlọ na-adịghị mma === Mozambique bụ otu n'ime mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke enweghị ọrụ na enweghị akụrụngwa. N'agbanyeghị uto akụ na ụba ngwa ngwa mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gasịrị, a naghị ekesa akụ na ụba ahụ n'otu aka mana ọ na-etinyekarị uche na pasent iri kachasị elu. Nkezi ego nke pasent iri kachasị elu dị okpukpu ise karịa ego nkezi nke mba, ego nke kwekọrọ na ọkara nke ego ime obodo niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cunguara|first=Benedito|date=2010|title=Poverty Is Not Being Reduced in Mozambique|url=http://www.crisisstates.com/Publications/publications.htm|journal=Crisis States Working Papers Series|volume=2|pages=4–5}}</ref> N'etiti ndị ogbenye bi n'ime ime obodo, a na-ewerekarị Europe dị ka ala nwere ohere, nchekwa na akụ na ụba. A na-agbakarị ndị na-eto eto Mozambique si n'ezinụlọ nwere obere ego ume ka ha mee njem dị ize ndụ na Europe maka ohere akụ na ụba ka mma site n'aka ezinụlọ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Groes-Green|first=Christian|date=2015|title=The road to a better life: A critical perspective on human trafficking, global inequalities and migration from Mozambique towards Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.5897/IJSA2014.0573|journal=International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology|volume=7|issue=5|pages=119–121|doi=10.5897/IJSA2014.0573}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mbugharị na mba Europe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịghọ ndị ahịa mmadụ na-ahụ maka ịtụ mgbere ahịa. Mmesi ike nke iwu mgbochi ịzụ ahịa nke mba Europe nakweere iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ na-ejedebe na-eme ka ndị mbịarambịa a si mba ndị na-emepe emepe dị ka Mozambique. N'ihi ya, iwu ndị a na-emegide ịzụ ahịa na-eme ka iwu mbata siri ike, nke gụnyekwara ịchụpụ mmadụ n'ike, si otú a na-eyi nchekwa nke ndị mbịarambịa si mba ọzọ egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=Nandita|date=2005|title=Anti-trafficking rhetoric and the making of a global apartheid|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4317159|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=17|issue=3|pages=88–111|doi=10.2979/NWS.2005.17.3.88}}</ref> == Ụdị == === Ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmekọahụ === Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmekọahụ eme ihe dị ka okwu yiri nke ịgba akwụna, ọ bụ echiche nke gụnyekwara ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ịgba egwu na-enweghị atụ, ikpochapụ, ihe ngosi mmekọahụ, ndị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, ịgba akwụna ndị agha, na njem mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deshpande|first=Neha A.|date=2013|title=Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls|journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=e22–e27|pmid=23687554}}</ref> Ịgba akwụna mmanye bụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ kachasị na Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=D. N.|date=2012|title=Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and children in a Southern and South African context|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC120054|journal=Child Abuse Research in South Africa|volume=13|pages=71}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọdịdị nzuzo nke azụmahịa ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịma aka ịnakọta data ziri ezi iji nyochaa oke na ọdịdị nke azụmahịa ahụ na mpaghara ahụ, ọkachasị na mmegbu nke ndị ahụ metụtara na ụlọ ọrụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ụlọ akwụna mmekọahụ. === Ịtụ mgbe ahịa akụkụ ahụ === A na-akọ na igbu ọchụ na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-eme iji nweta akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na Mozambique. A na-ebo ndị dọkịta amoosu ebubo na ha na-eme ka akụkụ ahụ mmadụ dị ukwuu n'ihi nkwenye na akụkụ ahụ mmadụ nwere ike iweta akụnụba na ọganihu. Otú ọ dị, ndị nkatọ na-adịbeghị anya na-ekpughe na akụkọ ifo a nke na-ata ndị amoosu ụta dị ka mgbọrọgwụ nke nsogbu ahụ bụ ndị uwe ojii na-etinye aka na azụmahịa ịzụ ahịa akụkụ ahụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geis|first=Gilbert|date=2008|title=The Transnational Traffic in Human Body Parts|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986208318207|journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice|volume=24|issue=3|pages=218–219|doi=10.1177/1043986208318207}}</ref> N'ihi ịdị nso ya na [[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]], Mozambique nwere ike inye azụmahịa ịzụ ahịa akụkụ ahụ nke South Africa nhọrọ dị ọnụ ala, nke bara uru. == Mgbalị iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ == === Mkpesa === N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2008, gọọmentị tiri iwu ọhụrụ zuru oke maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Iwu ahụ nyere ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ afọ iri na isii ruo afọ iri abụọ maka ndị na-ewe ma ọ bụ na-eme ka mmegbu nke mmadụ maka ebumnuche nke ịgba akwụna, ọrụ mmanye, ịgba ohu, ma ọ bụ ịgba ohu ụgwọ na-enweghị isi; ntaramahụhụ ndị a siri ike ma karịa ndị maka mpụ ndị ọzọ dị egwu. N'ime afọ 2009, gọọmentị mere mmefu ego ọzọ $ 360,000 iji kwado mmanye iwu ahụ ma maka afọ nke abụọ ekenyeghị ego a na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ọ bụla. E nyeghị iwu maka iwu ahụ; na-enweghị iwu ndị a, ndị uwe ojii anọghị n'ọnọdụ ijide ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha na-azụ ahịa ma mee nyocha nke nwere ike ịkwado ikpe ikpe nke ọma. Gọọmentị guzobere mmekọrịta ya na NGO iji nye nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe megide ịzụ ahịa maka ndị uwe ojii ọhụrụ na mba ahụ niile. Ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ha jidere ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa ma mebie ọtụtụ atụmatụ ịzụ ahịa n'afọ ahụ, gụnyere njide ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ [[wiktionary:ringleader|onye isi]] na-atụ mgbere ahịa. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2010, ndị uwe ojii jidere otu nwoke na Beira maka ebubo na ọ na-agba ọsọ mpụ na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ siri ike na ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ. Ndị mgbasa ozi kọrọ na onye a na-enyo enyo nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye uwe ojii na-akwụ ụgwọ. N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2010, ndị uwe ojii jidere ndị na-azụ ahịa asatọ mgbe ndị nta akụkọ nzuzo dọrọ ha aka na ntị na ndị na-azụ ahịa ahụ kwere nkwa "ire" ha ọtụtụ ụmụagbọghọ na ụmụnwanyị. N'ime izu ole na ole, a tọhapụrụ ndị niile a na-enyo enyo na mgbapụta. Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-enyekarị ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu aka azụ iji kwe ka ndị na-azụ ahịa na-agagharị n'ime na gafee ókèala mba na South Africa na Eswatini, mgbe ụfọdụ na-enweghị paspọtụ. Enweghị ihe akaebe nke itinye aka gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ịnabata ịzụ ahịa; Otú ọ dị, enwere ikpe ama ama nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-eme ka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ dị mfe. Ọ dịghị ndị isi a nyochara, jide, ma ọ bụ kpee ikpe maka itinye aka na mpụ ịzụ ahịa. Na nke mbụ ya, ndị uwe ojii malitere idebe ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ndị na-azụ ahịa; data a adịghị n'oge mbipụta.<ref name="dos">"Mozambique". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. U.S. Department of State (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> === Nchedo === Gọọmentị mba Mozambique na-enwe oke ego na enweghị nkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Ego maka enyemaka ndị metụtara ka dị obere, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-adabere mgbe niile na NGO iji nye ebe obibi, ndụmọdụ, nri, na mmeghari. Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-enweghị usoro a haziri ahazi maka ịchọpụta ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-azụ ahịa ma na-ezo aka na ha n'aka òtù na-enye ọrụ nchebe. Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka maka ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka na-adịghị ike gara n'ihu na mmekorita ya na netwọk nke NGO na-emegide ịzụ ahịa iji zaghachi ngwa ngwa na ndụmọdụ gbasara ikpe ịzụ ahịa ma nye nlekọta na nchebe nye ndị metụtara. UNICEF nyeere ndị uwe ojii aka guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii mbụ e mere kpọmkwem iji nyere ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka aka, gụnyere ndị na-azụ ahịa, na Maputo. Nọmba a raara onwe ya nye, '116," malitere ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2009, na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ịkọ mpụ megide ụmụaka, gụnyere ịzụ ahịa. Line "116" natara oku 5,239 site na Nọvemba ruo Disemba 2009, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ole n'ime ndị a metụtara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Otu NGO na-elekọta naanị ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide nke mba ahụ maka ndị na-azụ ahịa ụmụaka, nke na-arụ ọrụ na ala nke gọọmentị Moamba District nyere. Gọọmentị gbara ndị a metụtara ume ka ha nyere aka na nyocha na ikpe nke ndị na-azụ ahịa ma ghara inye ndị metụtara ntaramahụhụ maka omume iwu na-akwadoghị mere n'ihi na ịzụ ahịa. Gọọmentị enyeghị ụzọ iwu ọzọ iji wepụ ndị mba ọzọ na mba ebe ha ga-eche ihe isi ike ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ ihu.<ref name="dos"/> ==== Nchedo Ịtụ mgbere Ahịa Mmekọahụ ==== Nguzobe nke Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, na-agbakwunye nkwekọrịta United Nations megide mpụ a haziri ahazi na mba na 2000 bụ otu n'ime iwu ndị isi na-eme iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ. Ịkwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụzọ ndị African Union na Southern African Development Community si họrọ ịlụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ. O siri ike maka gọọmentị ikpe mpụ metụtara ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ ma nye nkwado maka ndị metụtara. Ego gọọmentị, imekọ ihe ọnụ obodo, na nnabata nke okwu a bụ akụkụ nke ihe na-eme ka ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ na Mozambique sie ike ịlụ ọgụ. Gọọmentị nwere atụmatụ ime ihe, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mgbe a gbasoro ha. N'afọ gara aga, “Gọọmentị nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ nchebe zuru oke ... ma nye obere ebe obibi, ahụike, na enyemaka uche.” (U.S. Department of State).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226783.htm|title=Mozambique|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2018-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> A naghị eso ozi a kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii iji mee ka o siere gọọmentị ike inyere ndị nọ ná mkpa aka. Ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ahụike ọha na eze na mba ahụ na-ebute ụzọ n'ịlụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ anaghị ebute ụzọ mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara ego. A chọpụtala ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na usoro nkwado ndị dị n'èzí, mana, “Maputo 'emezughị ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ chebe ndị metụtara n'afọ gara aga, ejighịkwa ego maka ọgụ ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ kachasị mma.’”(VOA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poverty-witchcraft-mozambique-risky-bald-men/3901884.html|title=Poverty, Witchcraft Make Mozambique Risky for Bald Men|author=Junior|first=Alfredo|work=VOA|accessdate=2018-10-23|language=en}}</ref> Gọọmentị ewereghị ịlụso okwu a ọgụ dịka ha nwere ike na ọtụtụ n'ime ego na-aga ịlụso ịzụ ahịa ọgụ sitere na NGO nke enwere ike iwepụ n'oge ọ bụla.   === Mgbalị Gọọmenti === Mgbalị mgbochi gọọmentị nọgidere na-adịghị ike n'oge akụkọ ahụ. Gọọmentị amaliteghị mkpọsa mba niile iji kwalite mmata banyere ịzụ ahịa n'etiti ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ụmụ amaala onwe ha. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị Mozambique, gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu, kwuru na ha enweghị nghọta doro anya banyere ihe bụ ịzụ ahịa. Ndị isi na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Anti-Trafficking Forum, nke nyere usoro nke gọọmentị na ndị mmekọ NGO ya nwere ike ikwurịta okwu gbasara ịzụ ahịa ma hazie ọrụ ha megide ịzụ ahịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ megide ịzụ ahịa bụ ndị NGO na ụfọdụ gọọmentị sonyere. Mgbasa ozi gbasara ikpe ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu belatara nke ukwuu n'ime afọ gara aga, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ na-egbu egbu nke dugara na njide mmadụ asatọ Mozambik na ndị China na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2010 gosipụtara n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na akụkọ. Ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu na ndị otu NGO na-enyocha nnukwu ókèala na usoro mbata maka ihe ngosi nke ndị nwere ike ịzụ ahịa, mana ndị ọrụ a nọgidere na-esonyere ndị na-azụ ahịa. Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na netwọk nke NGO rụkọrọ ọrụ iji mepụta atụmatụ mgbochi ịzụ ahịa maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2010, nke nwere ike ime ka ndị Mozambik na-azụ ahịa na-ebuga na South Africa maka mmegbu mmekọahụ azụmahịa, mana mmejuputa ya adịghị mma. Gọọmentị emeghị ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa iji belata ọchịchọ maka ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ azụmahịa n'afọ ahụ.<ref name="dos"/> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/07/rights-mozambique-law-to-stop-human-trafficking/ RIGHTS-MOZAMBIQUE: Iwu iji kwụsị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035648/https://www.rnw.org/archive/asian-human-traffickers-seek-mozambican-route-safrica Ndị na-azụ ahịa mmadụ n'Eshia na-achọ ụzọ Mozambik na-aga S.Africa] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 11w27d17tqg1dpk69qaafz9n8pwp26c 0 13243 697697 198500 2026-08-10T05:53:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nlekọta ndị ọrụ''' bụ (na-emekarị akpaaka) nyocha nke ọrụ ndị ọrụ. Òtù na-etinye aka na nlekota ndị ọrụ maka ihe dị iche iche dịka iji soro arụmọrụ, iji zere ibu ọrụ iwu, iji chebe ihe nzuzo azụmahịa, na iji dozie nchegbu nchekwa ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin, Kirsten, and R. Edward Freeman|title=Some problems with employee monitoring|journal=Journal of Business Ethics}}</ref> Omume a nwere ike imetụta afọ ojuju ndị ọrụ n'ihi mmetụta ya na nzuzo onye ọrụ. N'etiti òtù, oke na usoro nlekota ndị ọrụ dị iche.<ref name="Mishra & Crampton 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Mishra|first=Jitendra M|title=Employee monitoring: Privacy in the workplace?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sam-advanced-management-journal_summer-1998_63_3/page/n5|journal=S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal|volume=63|issue=3|year=1998|pages=4–14|id={{ProQuest|231233456}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" /></ref> == Usoro Nlekọta == Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike iji ngwá electronic ya kwa ụbọchị iji nyochaa ndị ọrụ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile. Usoro ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere nlekota ngwanrọ, ịpị ekwentị, nyocha vidiyo, nlekota email, na nlekota ebe. Igodo igodo, ma ọ bụ igodo '''igodo''', bụ usoro nke na-edekọ ntinye onye ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leijten|first=Mariëlle|title=Keystroke Logging in Writing Research: Using Inputlog to Analyze and Visualize Writing Processes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_written-communication_2013-07_30_3/page/358|journal=Written Communication|date=July 2013|volume=30|issue=3|pages=358–392|doi=10.1177/0741088313491692}}</ref> Software igodo igodo isi nwekwara ike ijide nseta ihuenyo mgbe ọ na-akpali site na isi okwu ndị akọwapụtara. Ụfọdụ [onye?] na-ahụ ya dị ka imebi nzuzo n'ebe ọrụ ma bụrụ onye ama ama maka iji ya mee ihe n'ebumnobi ọjọọ. Ndị na-egbu osisi nwere ike ịnakọta ma chekwaa paswọọdụ, ozi akaụntụ ụlọ akụ, ozi nzuzo, nọmba kaadị akwụmụgwọ, nọmba PIN, na aha njirimara. == Iwu == Nlekọta ndị ọrụ na-emegidekarị nzuzo ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mishra, J. M.|year=1998|title=Employee monitoring: Privacy in the workplace?|journal=S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal|volume=63|issue=3|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-21160636}}</ref> Nlekọta na-anakọta ọrụ metụtara ọrụ, mana ọ pụkwara ịnakọta ozi nkeonwe nke onye ọrụ na-enweghị njikọ na ọrụ ha. Nlekọta n'ebe ọrụ nwere ike itinye ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ na esemokwu n'ihi na akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-agbalị ichebe ọdịmma onwe onye. Ndị ọrụ chọrọ ịnọgide na-enwe nzuzo ha ebe ndị ọrụ chọrọ ịhụ na ejighị ego ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe usoro nlekota omume site n'izere nlekota ọrụ ndị ọrụ.<ref> Burks, F. ''Ethical Issues & Employer Monitoring Internet Usage''. Chron.com, 2010.</ref> Onye ọrụ kwesịrị ịghọta ihe a na-atụ anya n'aka ha ebe onye ọrụ kwesịrị ịmepụta iwu ahụ. == Ojiji Iwu == Azụmahịa na-eji nlekota ndị ọrụ maka ihe dị iche iche. Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke gụnyere, mana ọ bụghị naanị: [nkọwa dị mkpa]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mishra|first=Jitendra M.|title=Employee monitoring: Privacy in the workplace?|journal=S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal|volume=63}}</ref> * Chọta ozi azụmahịa dị mkpa mgbe onye ọrụ ahụ adịghị. * Chebe nchekwa nke ozi na data. * Mgbochi ma ọ bụ nyochaa ọrụ mpụ ndị ọrụ nwere ike ime. * Mgbochi iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ eme ihe. * Nyochaa maka mmebi iwu ụlọ ọrụ megide iziga email na-akpasu iwe ma ọ bụ nke na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. * Nyochaa mkpesa nke iyi egwu. * Nyochaa maka ngwanrọ iwu na-akwadoghị. == Ihe gbasara iwu == Na Jenụwarị 2016, Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ na Yurop nyere mkpebi dị ịrịba ama n'okwu Bărbulescu v Romania (61496/08) gbasara nlekota kọmputa ndị ọrụ. Onye ọrụ ahụ bụ Maazị Bărbulescu boro onye were ya n'ọrụ ebubo imebi ikike ya maka 'ndụ onwe ya' na 'nkwenye' nke e debere na Nkebi nke 8 nke European Convention on Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-159906"]}/|author=EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, JUDGMENT|title=CASE OF BĂRBULESCU v. ROMANIA (Application no. 61496/08)|date=2016-12-01}}</ref> O kwuru na onye injinia na-ere ahịa nwere 'atụmanya ezi uche dị na nzuzo' megide ozi onwe onye a na-agụ (gụnyere ndị nke di ya na nwanne ya nwoke), n'agbanyeghị na a gwara ya ka ọ ghara iji onye ozi Yahoo n'ebe ọrụ maka ihe gbasara onwe ya, n'ihi na ntụziaka onye ọrụ enweghị ike ibelata ndụ mmekọrịta onwe ya n'ebe ọrụ na efu. Nkwanye ùgwù maka ndụ onwe onye na maka nzuzo nke akwụkwọ ozi na-anọgide na-adị, ọ bụrụgodị na enwere ike igbochi ndị a ruo n'ókè ọ dị mkpa. "<ref>[2017] ECHR 754, [80]</ref> Ọ na-esote na enwere ikike mmadụ maka nkwurịta okwu onwe onye, n'agbanyeghị ihe onye were ya n'ọrụ na-ekwu. == Ọnụ ego nke nlekota == Ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike imetụta ego site na nlekota ndị ọrụ bụ na ha nwere ike ijide n'aka na ha na-akwụ ndị ahịa ụgwọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Dị ka "Business 2 Community" si kwuo, ịgba ndị ahịa ụgwọ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi ga-ekwe omume mgbe niile n'ihi njehie mmadụ. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-ezighi ezi nwere ike ịkpata esemokwu n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na onye ahịa nke nwere ike imecha mee ka onye ahịa kwụsị azụmahịa ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụdị nkwụsị a agaghị emerụ naanị ego ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kamakwa aha ya na ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị ahịa nwere ike. Ihe ngwọta a tụrụ aro maka nsogbu a bụ ngwanrọ nchọta oge iji nyochaa ọnụ ọgụgụ awa onye ahịa na onye ọrụ na-etinye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Benefits of Employee Monitoring|work=Business 2 Community|date=October 12, 2015|author=Vessella, Victoria|url=https://www.business2community.com/human-resources/6-benefits-of-employee-monitoring-01347304|accessdate=March 3, 2020|archivedate=March 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303094441/https://www.business2community.com/human-resources/6-benefits-of-employee-monitoring-01347304}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Nlekọta mmegbu * Nlekọta kọmputa n'ebe ọrụ * Omume ọrụ na-abaghị uru * Nlekọta ọtụtụ mmadụ * Akparamàgwà ahụike ọrụ * Ikike nke nzuzo * Nlekọta * Nzuzo n'ebe ọrụ * Njehie n'ebe ọrụ * Enweghị omume rụrụ arụ n'ebe ọrụ * Nlekọta ahụike n'ebe ọrụ == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jt21fut8kmb3zk3yq11jioq6g4onxgc 0 13279 697730 207451 2026-08-10T06:50:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Conrad, Giorgio (1827-1889) - n. 202a.jpg|thumb|Spanking]]   Ịkụ aka bụ ụdị ntaramahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke gụnyere '''ịkụ''' aka, ma ọ bụ nkwụ aka ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe, buttocks nke mmadụ iji kpatara ihe mgbu anụ ahụ. Okwu ịkụ aka n'ụzọ sara mbara na-agụnye iji aka ma ọ bụ mmejuputa, iji ihe eji eme ihe nwekwara ike ịpụta nchịkwa nke ụdị ntaramahụhụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ịpịa ụtarị, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnyagharịa. Ụfọdụ ndị nne na nna na-akụ ụmụaka ihe n'ihi omume na-achọghị.<ref name="Zolotor2014">{{Cite journal|author=Zolotor|first=AJ|title=Corporal punishment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2014-10_61_5/page/971|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=October 2014|volume=61|issue=5|pages=971–8|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2014.06.003|pmid=25242709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sylvester, Foster|first=Charles Herbert, Ellsworth D.|date=1919|title=The New Practical Reference Library, Volume 2|journal=The New Practical Reference Library|volume=2}}</ref> Ndị okenye na-akụkarị ụmụnwoke karịa ụmụnwanyị ma n'ụlọ ma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="Primordial">{{Cite book|author=Straus, Murray A.|title=The Primordial Violence: Spanking Children, Psychological Development, Violence, and Crime|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|isbn=978-1848729537|pages=31–32}}</ref> Mba ụfọdụ amachibidoro ịkụ ụmụaka n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, gụnyere ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ntaramahụhụ, ebe ndị ọzọ na-enye ya ohere mgbe nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ onye nlekọta mere ya.<ref name="States which">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/progress/prohibiting-states/|title=States which have prohibited all corporal punishment|publisher=Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children}}</ref> == Usoro okwu == N'asụsụ Bekee nke mba Amerịka, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na-akọwa ịkụ aka dị ka eji aka na-emeghe ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe dị ka paddle.<ref>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: "Spank: To slap on the buttocks with a flat object or with the open hand, as for punishment."</ref> N'ihi ya, a na-akpọkarị ụdị ntaramahụhụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ US (iji paddle) dị ka ''ịkụ aka''. Na mba [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|North America]], a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "ịkụ aka" mee ihe dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna dị ka ókwú nnọchiteanya maka ntaramahụhụ nke ndị okenye na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>See e.g. [https://www.corpun.com/cajur3.htm Evidence of Colonel G. Headly Basher, Deputy Minister for Reform Institutions, Ontario], Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries, Canada, 1953–55.</ref> N'asụsụ Bekee nke mba Britain, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na-akọwa "ịkụ aka" dị ka a na-enye naanị aka oghe.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "Spank: To slap or smack (a person, esp. a child) with the open hand." Collins English Dictionary: "Spank: To slap or smack with the open hand, esp. on the buttocks."</ref> Na mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], Ireland, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na New Zealand, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "smacking" eme ihe karịa "spanking" mgbe ị na-akọwa iji aka na-emeghe aka, kama iji ihe eji eme ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụ aka na ala mgbe niile, "ịkụ aka" adịghị kpọmkwem ma nwee ike ịpụta ịkụ aka, ogwe aka ma ọ bụ ụkwụ nwatakịrị yana ala ya.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "Smack: To strike (a person, part of the body, etc.) with the open hand or with something having a flat surface; to slap. Also spec. to chastise (a child) in this manner and fig."</ref> == N'ụlọ ==   Ndị nne na nna na-akụkarị ụmụ ha ihe dị ka ụdị ntaramahụhụ na mba United States; Otú ọ dị, nkwado maka omume a yiri ka ọ na-ebelata n'etiti ndị nne na nna [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name="Zolotor2014"/><ref name="AAPSege2018">{{Cite journal|author=Sege|first=RD|title=Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children|journal=Pediatrics|date=December 2018|volume=142|issue=6|pages=e20183112|doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3112|pmid=30397164}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> A na-ejikarị otu ma ọ bụ karịa ịkụ aka n'azụ nwa ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị, a na-eji ihe dị iche iche na-akụ ụmụaka, dị ka ntutu isi ma ọ bụ osisi.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị okenye na-akụ ụmụnwoke karịa ụmụnwanyị.<ref name="Primordial"/><ref name="Elder">{{Cite journal|title=Family Structure and Child Rearing Patterns: The Effect of Family Size and Sex Composition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociological-review_1963-12_28_6/page/891|journal=[[American Sociological Review]]|year=1963|first=G.H.|author=Elder|volume=28|issue=6|pages=891–905|doi=10.2307/2090309}}</ref> Na mba United States, ndị okenye na-akụkarị ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Straus, Murray A.|title=Prevalence, Societal Causes, and Trends in Corporal Punishment by Parents in World Perspective|journal=Law and Contemporary Problems|date=Spring 2010|volume=73|issue=2|url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1564&context=lcp|format=PDF}}</ref> Isi ihe ndị nne na nna ji enye maka ịkụ ụmụaka ihe bụ iji mee ka ụmụaka nwekwuo obi ike na ịkwalite omume ka mma, ọkachasị iji kwụsị omume ike nke ụmụaka. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha egosila na ịkụ aka (ma ọ bụ ụdị ntaramahụhụ ọ bụla ọzọ) nwere njikọ na mmetụta dị iche.<ref name="Zolotor2014"/><ref name="AAPSege2018"/> Mgbe ndị okenye na-ata ụmụaka ahụhụ, ụmụaka na-erubere ndị nne na nna isi obere oge ma na-azụlite omume ike, gụnyere n'ebe ụmụaka ndị ọzọ nọ.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> Mmụba a nke omume ime ihe ike yiri ka ọ na-egosipụta echiche nwatakịrị ahụ na ịkụ ihe bụ ụzọ isi dozie iwe na nkụda mmụọ.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> E nwekwara ọtụtụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke anụ ahụ, nke uche, na nke mmetụta uche metụtara ịkụ aka na ụdị ntaramahụhụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere mmerụ ahụ dị iche iche, nchegbu, ịda mbà n'obi, na omume na-emegide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /><ref name="Development">{{Cite journal|author=Gershoff|first=Elizabeth T.|date=September 2013|title=Spanking and Child Development: We Know Enough Now to Stop Hitting Our Children|journal=Child Development Perspectives|volume=7|issue=3|pages=133–137|doi=10.1111/cdep.12038|pmid=24039629}}</ref><ref name="MacMillan2017">{{Cite journal|author=MacMillan|first=HL|title=Moving research beyond the spanking debate.|journal=Child Abuse & Neglect|date=September 2017|volume=71|pages=5–8|doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.012|pmid=28249733|url=http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/31256/1/Final%20with%20Abstract_CRM.pdf}}</ref> Ndị okenye a tiri ụtarị n'oge ha bụ nwata yikarịrị ka ha ga-emegbu ụmụ ha na di ha ma ọ bụ nwunye ha.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), na Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) niile na-atụ aro na a gaghị akụ nwatakịrị ọ bụla ma kama ọ na-akwado iji ụdị ịdọ aka ná ntị dị irè, nke dị mma.<ref name="Zolotor2014"/><ref name="AAPSege2018"/><ref name="RCPCHPositionStatement">{{Cite web|title=Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment|url=http://rcpch.adlibhosting.com/files/Corporal%20Punishment%20Position%20Statement%202009-11.pdf|work=rcpch.adlibhosting.com|publisher=The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health|accessdate=2022-05-02|archivedate=2023-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211221704/http://rcpch.adlibhosting.com/files/Corporal%20Punishment%20Position%20Statement%202009-11.pdf}}</ref><ref name="RACPPositionStatement">{{Cite web|title=Position Statement: Physical Punishment of Children|url=https://www.racp.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/physical-punishment-of-children.pdf|work=www.racp.edu.au|publisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, AAP na-atụ aro ka ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta bụ isi (dịka, ndị dọkịta ụmụaka na ndị dibịa ọgwụ ezinụlọ) malite ịtụle usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị nne na nna n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa ọnwa itoolu ma tụlee ịmalite mkparịta ụka dị otú ahụ site na afọ ọnwa 3-4.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa asatọ, pasentị ise (5%) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na nna na-akọ na ha na-akụ aka na 5% na-akọ na ha malitere ịkụ aka mgbe ha dị ọnwa atọ.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> AAP na-atụkwa aro ka ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na-atụle usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị dị irè ma na-adụ ndị nne na nna ọdụ banyere enweghị ike nke ịkụ aka na ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ metụtara omume ahụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ nye ụmụaka ma duzie ndị nne na nna.<ref name="AAPSege2018" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orentlicher|first=David|date=1998|title=Spanking and Other Corporal Punishment of Children by Parents: Undervaluing Children, Overvaluing Pain|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2028343|journal=Houston Law Review|volume=38|pages=147}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nne na nna na ndị ọzọ na-akwado ịkụ aka na-ekwukarị na ịkụ aka dị mkpa iji kwalite ịdọ aka ná ntị ụmụaka, ọmụmụ ihe egosila na ndị nne na nna na-etinye ntaramahụhụ anụ ahụ n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ ma na-apịa ọtụtụ mgbe ha na-ewe iwe ma ọ bụ na-enwe nrụgide.<ref name="Guidance">{{Cite journal|author=Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health|title=Guidance for effective discipline|journal=Pediatrics|volume=101|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=723–8|date=April 1998|pmid=9521967|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/4/723|doi=10.1542/peds.101.4.723}}</ref> Ojiji nke ntaramahụhụ nke ndị nne na nna na-eme ka ohere ụmụaka ga-ata ahụhụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọtụtụ ikpe nke mmetọ ahụ na mba [[Kánada|Canada]] nakwa mba United States na-amalite dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị.<ref name="Zolotor2014"/><ref name="Gershoff2010">{{Cite journal|author=Gershoff, Elizabeth T.|date=Spring 2010|title=More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children|url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol73/iss2/3/|journal=Law & Contemporary Problems|volume=73|issue=2|pages=31–56}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a na-apịa nwatakịrị ihe ugboro ugboro, ụdị ntaramahụhụ a na-adịchaghị irè n'ịgbanwe omume ka oge na-aga (nke a makwaara dị ka mkpochapụ).<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> Na mmeghachi omume na mbelata arụmọrụ nke ịkụ aka, ụfọdụ ndị nne na nna na-eme ka ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ ịdị njọ nke ịkụ aka ma ọ bụ jiri ihe.<ref name="Zolotor2014" /> === Ihe Nnọchiteanya anya ịkụ Ihe n'ike === Ndị nne na nna nwere ike ịkụ obere - ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ma ọlị - ma ọ bụrụ na ha amụtala usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị dị irè, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị nne na nna na-ele ịkụ aka dị ka usoro ikpeazụ iji dọọ ụmụ ha aka ná ntị.<ref name="AAPSege2018"/> E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ọzọ maka ịkụ aka na ụdị ntaramahụhụ ndị ọzọ: * Oge, mmụba, otuto, na oge pụrụ iche iji kwalite omume achọrọ * Oge ezumike iji kwụsịtụ site na omume ọjọọ na-arịwanye elu * Nkwalite dị mma nke omume na-akwụghachi ụgwọ na-achọsi ike na kpakpando, mpempe akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ * Imejuputa ntaramahụhụ na-abụghị nke anụ ahụ (psychology) nke nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma na-esote omume ọjọọ, dị ka iwepụ ihe ùgwù * Ileghara omume ọjọọ dị ala anya ma na-ebute nlebara anya n'ụdị omume ọjọọ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama * Izere ohere maka omume ọjọọ ahụ ime ma si otú a nwee mkpa maka ịdọ aka ná ntị mgbazi.<ref name="Zolotor2014"/> == N'ụlọ akwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:Koerperstrafe-_MA_Birkenrute.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe nnọchi anya oge ochie nke nwa akwụkwọ a na-akụ alaka osisi]] Ntaramahụhụ, nke a na-ejikarị ihe eji eme ihe (dịka paddle ma ọ bụ okpete) kama iji aka ghere oghe, bụbu ụdị ịdọ aka ná ntị ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ mba, mana a machibidoro ya iwu ugbu a n'ọtụtụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ụwa. Ntaramahụhụ, dị ka ịpịa ụtarị, ka bụ ụdị ịdọ aka ná ntị a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ mba [[Asia]] na mba Afrịka, ọbụnadị na mba ndị e weere omume a dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị dịka [[Ndia|India]] na mba South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pak|first=Jennifer|title=Malaysia's love for the cane is questioned|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26883902|work=BBC News|date=5 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Corporal punishment 'widespread' in Indian schools|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11617206|accessdate=20 June 2018|work=BBC News|date=25 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Seale|first=Lebogang|title=Severe corporal punishment still carried out at many SA schools|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/severe-corporal-punishment-still-carried-out-at-many-sa-schools-11514666|accessdate=20 June 2018|publisher=IOL|date=7 October 2017}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ndị a, a na-akpọ ya "ịkụ aka" na ọ bụghị "ịkụ aka". Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States n'afọ 1977 kwuru na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ abụghị iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>[[Ingraham v. Wright]], 97, S.Ct. 1401 (1977).</ref> Otú ọ dị, steeti iri atọ na otu amachibidoro ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha. Ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụfọdụ dị na ndịda, ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 167,000 nọ n'afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ 2011-2012 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze mba America.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/corporal-punishment/420420/|title=The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students|author=Anderson|first=Melinda D.|work=The Atlantic|language=en-US|accessdate=10 May 2016|date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Enwere ike ịta ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụhụ site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo na njedebe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nke pụtara na ọbụna ndị okenye ruru afọ ole na-abụ ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="corpun">{{Cite web|url=https://www.corpun.com/counuss.htm|title=Corporal punishment in US schools|author=C. Farrell|date=October 2016|work=www.corpun.com}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka akparamàgwà mmadụ ewepụtala nkwupụta na-emegide ụdị ntaramahụhụ niile n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-ezo aka na nsonaazụ ndị dị ka ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ dara ogbenye, mmụba na omume ndị na-emegide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmerụ ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, na ọnọdụ mmụta na-adịghị mma. Ha gụnyere American Medical Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Society for Adolescent Medicine, American Psychological Association, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Psychiatrists, Canadian Paediatric Society<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effective discipline for children|author=Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee|journal=Paediatrics & Child Health|year=2004|volume=9|issue=1|pages=37–41|pmid=19654979|doi=10.1093/pch/9.1.37}}</ref> na Australian Psychological Society, yana mba United States' National Association of School Psychologists na National Association of Secondary School Principals.<ref name="NCACPS list">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071530/https://www.ama-assn.org/ssl3/ecomm/PolicyFinderForm.pl?site=www.ama-assn.org&uri=/resources/html/PolicyFinder/policyfiles/HnE/H-515.995.HTM "H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools"]. American Medical Association.</ref><ref name="AACAP">{{Cite web|title=Corporal Punishment in Schools|url=https://www.aacap.org/aacap/policy_statements/1988/Corporal_Punishment_in_Schools.aspx|publisher=American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|date=September 2014}}</ref><ref name="APSAPositionStatement">{{Cite web|title=Position Statement on Corporal/Physical Punishment|url=http://www.apsa.org/sites/default/files/2013%20%E2%80%94%20Position%20Statement%20on%20Physical%20Punishment.pdf|work=www.apsa.org|publisher=American Psychoanalytic Association|accessdate=2022-05-02|archivedate=2021-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105054904/https://apsa.org/sites/default/files/2013%20%E2%80%94%20Position%20Statement%20on%20Physical%20Punishment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid6599942">{{Cite journal|author=American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on School Health|title=Corporal punishment in schools|journal=Pediatrics|volume=73|issue=2|pages=258|date=February 1984|doi=10.1542/peds.73.2.258|pmid=6599942|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6599942}}</ref><ref name="pmid9521967">{{Cite journal|author=Stein, M.T.|title=Guidance for effective discipline. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health|journal=Pediatrics|volume=101|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=723–8|date=April 1998|pmid=9521967|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9521967|doi=10.1542/peds.101.4.723}}</ref><ref name="SAM2003">{{Cite journal|author=Greydanus, D.E.|title=Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine|journal=J Adolesc Health|volume=32|issue=5|pages=385–93|date=May 2003|pmid=12729988|doi=10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9|url=http://www.adolescenthealth.org/PositionPaper_Corporal_Punishment_in_Schools.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid1498122">{{Cite journal|author=Corporal Punishment|first=Committee Ad Hoc|date=May 1992|title=Corporal punishment in schools. A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_1992-05_13_3/page/240|journal=J Adolesc Health|volume=13|issue=3|pages=240–6|doi=10.1016/1054-139X(92)90097-U|pmid=1498122}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apa.org/about/policy/corporal-punishment.aspx "Corporal Punishment"]. ''Council Policy Manual''. American Psychological Association. 1975.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/asset_library/Policy%20and%20Standards/Policy%20Documents/Corporal%20Punishment%20Policy%20Nov09.pdf|title=Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment|date=November 2009}}</ref><ref name="pmid12949335">{{Cite journal|author=Lynch, M.|title=Community pediatrics: role of physicians and organizations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2003-09_112_3/page/n269|journal=Pediatrics|volume=112|issue=3 Part 2|pages=732–4|date=September 2003|pmid=12949335|doi=10.1542/peds.112.s3.732}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1192/pb.2.4.62|title=Memorandum on the Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools|year=1978|journal=Psychiatric Bulletin|volume=2|issue=4|pages=62–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/lc/qalc.nsf/ad22cc96ba50555dca257051007aa5c8/ca25707400260aa3ca25706f0001d5c8!OpenDocument|title=Legislative assembly questions #0293 - Australian Psychological Society: Punishment and Behaviour Change|accessdate=6 August 2008|date=20 October 1996|publisher=Parliament of New South Wales|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503222048/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/lc/qalc.nsf/ad22cc96ba50555dca257051007aa5c8/ca25707400260aa3ca25706f0001d5c8!OpenDocument|archivedate=3 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="NASSPCPPositionStatement">{{Cite web|title=Corporal Punishment|url=https://www.nassp.org/policy-advocacy-center/nassp-position-statements/corporal-punishment/|work=www.nassp.org/|publisher=National Association of Secondary School Principals|date=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="NASPPositionStatement">{{Cite web|title=Position Statement: Corporal Punishment|url=https://www.nasponline.org/x26815.xml|work=www.nasponline.org|publisher=National Association of School Psychologists}}</ref> == Ịkụ ndị okenye aka == Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ịkụ aka n'etiti ndị okenye na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu n'ime ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ịkụ aka na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. N'ime mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a na-ahụkarị ụmụnwoke na-akụ nwunye ha na ndị enyi ha nwanyị dị ka ụdị ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụlọ. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ihe nkiri ndị America, site na mmalite ruo n'afọ ndị afọ 1960, a na-ejikarị ya na-ezo aka n'ịhụnanya n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Heisel|first=Andrew|title='I Don't Know Whether to Kiss You or Spank You': A Half Century of Fear of an Unspanked Woman|url=https://pictorial.jezebel.com/i-dont-know-whether-to-kiss-you-or-spank-you-a-half-ce-1769140132|work=Pictorial|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=6 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106113850/https://pictorial.jezebel.com/i-dont-know-whether-to-kiss-you-or-spank-you-a-half-ce-1769140132}}</ref> Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ndị na-agbaso obere ọdịbendị a maara dị ka ''ịdọ aka ná ntị'' n'ụlọ Ndị Kraịst nwere nkọwa nkịtị nke Bible kwadoro ịkụ aka dị ka ụdị ntaramahụhụ a na-anakwere nke ụmụnwanyị site n'aka di ha.<ref name="Snyder-Hall2">{{Cite journal|author=Snyder-Hall|first=R. Claire|year=2008|title=The Ideology of Wifely Submission: A Challenge for Feminism?|journal=Politics & Gender|volume=4|issue=4|pages=563–586|doi=10.1017/S1743923X08000482}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ na-akọwa omume ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ụdị mmetọ n'ụlọ.<ref name="Zadrozny2">{{Cite news|author=Zadrozny|first=Brandy|date=19 June 2013|title=Spanking For Jesus: Inside The Unholy World Of 'Christian Domestic Discipline'|work=The Daily Beast|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/19/spanking-for-jesus-inside-the-unholy-world-of-christian-domestic-discipline.html}}</ref> Ntaramahụhụ na-abụghị nke ụmụnwanyị site n'aka di ha, gụnyere ịkụ aka, ka juru ebe niile n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa dịka mba India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-01|title=Most Indian women okay with wife beating « MyNation Foundation - News|url=http://mynation.wordpress.com/2007/12/12/most-indian-women-okay-with-wife-beating/|accessdate=2021-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201030433/http://mynation.wordpress.com/2007/12/12/most-indian-women-okay-with-wife-beating/|archivedate=1 February 2009}}</ref> == Omenala ịkụ aka == [[Usòrò:Pomlázka.jpg|thumb|Ụtarị Ista (Czech: ''pomlázka''; Slovak: ''korbáč'')]] === Asia === N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ezumike afọ ọhụrụ nke ọnwa mba China, 'Spring Festival' nke na-ewe otu izu, ememme kachasị mkpa maka ndị mba China n'ụwa niile, ọtụtụ puku ndị China na-eleta ụlọ nsọ Taoist ''Dong Lung Gong'' na Tungkang iji gafee emume narị afọ iji kpochapụ chi ọjọọ. Ụmụ nwoke na-anata ụtarị ma na-apịa ụmụ nwanyị ụtarị, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa strok nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ nsọ ga-enye (mgbe niile n'ụzọ dị mfe) na-ekpebi n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla site n'aka chi Wang Ye na site n'ịkpọ ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ na ịtụ osisi abụọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha niile na-ala n'obi ụtọ, na-ekwere na ihu ọma ha ga-akawanye mma.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 January 2004|title=Ring in the new year with a spanking for luck|work=Independent Online|url=https://www.corpun.com/twi00401.htm}}</ref> === Europe === Na Mọnde [[Ista Mọnde|Ista]], enwere ọdịnala Slavic nke ịkụ ụmụagbọghọ na ụmụagbọghọ na-eto eto ihe eji akwa willow (Czech: ''pomlázka''; Slovak: ''korbáč'') ma na-etinye ha mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ember, Melvin|title=Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum|year=2004|isbn=0-306-47770-X|location=New York|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGasFR3USxYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA382,M1 382]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Montley, Patricia|title=In Nature's Honor: Myths And Rituals Celebrating The Earth|publisher=Skinner House Books|year=2005|isbn=1-55896-486-X|location=Boston, MA|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cxzHq4SmCucC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA56,M1 56]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knab, Sophie Hodorowicz|title=Polish customs, traditions, and folklore|publisher=Hippocrene|year=1993|isbn=0-7818-0068-4|location=New York}}</ref> Na mba [[Slovenia]], enwere ọdịnala ọchị na onye ọ bụla nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịrịgo n'elu Ugwu Triglav na-enweta ụtarị ma ọ bụ birching.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Walters|first=Joanna|date=12 November 2000|title=Reach for the top and a birching|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2000/nov/12/climbingholidays.slovenia.observerescapesection}}</ref> === North America === ''Ịkụ aka ụbọchị ọmụmụ'' bụ ọdịnala n'ime akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba United States. N'ime ọdịnala ahụ, onye ọ bụla (nke a na-ahụkarị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị naanị, nwatakịrị) n'ụbọchị ọmụmụ ha na-enweta, nke kwekọrọ na afọ ndụ ha, ọtụtụ ịkụ aka n'ike. N'ụzọ pụtara ìhè, ịkụ aka ndị a na-egwuri egwu, a na-ejikwa ya n'ụdị dị otú ahụ ka onye natara ya ghara ịnata ma ọ bụ naanị obere ahụ erughị ala. == Leekwa == * Nkwekọrịta UN maka ikike nke nwatakịrị == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gcsmidu68jotcdphcrpljv4som7m4u6 0 13573 697586 191607 2026-08-10T03:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:18_mai_2015,_Nyunzu,_Katanga,_RD_Congo_-_Une_femme_congolaise_défend_et_promeut_les_droits_des_femmes_via_un_message_imprimé_sur_ses_pagnes_(17962257508).jpg|alt=A Congolese woman defends and promotes the rights of women via a message printed on the fabric she wears, 2015.|thumb|350x350px|Otu nwanyị Congo na-agbachitere ma na-akwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị site na ozi e biri na ákwà ọ na-eyi, 2015.]] Omenala, evolushọn, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị a mụrụ na, bi na kọntinent nke Africa na-egosipụta mgbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kọntinent Africa n'onwe ya. E meela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ dị mkpirikpi banyere akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na mba Afrịka.<ref>For a brief guide to the historiography see [https://web.archive.org/web/20140410161901/http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/history/media/114310t2.pdf HIST 4310, Twentieth Century African Women's History by J. M. Chadya]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunt|first=Nancy Rose|title=Placing African women's history and locating gender|journal=Social History|date=October 1989|volume=14|issue=3|pages=359–379|doi=10.1080/03071028908567748}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hetherington|first=Penelope|title=Women in South Africa: The Historiography in English|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=1993|volume=26|issue=2|pages=241–269|doi=10.2307/219546}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hay|first=Margaret Jean|title=Queens, Prostitutes and Peasants: Historical Perspectives on African Women, 1971–1986|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|date=10 March 2014|volume=22|issue=3|pages=431–447|doi=10.1080/00083968.1988.10804220}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na mba na mpaghara ụfọdụ, dị ka Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Nigeria Lesotho, na sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eldredge|first=Elizabeth A.|title=Women in Production: The Economic Role of Women in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-1991_16_4/page/707|journal=Signs|date=1991|volume=16|issue=4|pages=707–731|doi=10.1086/494700}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ilekwasị anya na mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa site na iji isi mmalite ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka abụ sitere na [[Malawi]], usoro ịkpa ákwà na [[Sokoto]], na asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kathleen|author=Sheldon|chapter=Women's History: Africa|editor=Boyd|title=Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 2|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA1309|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=1308–11|isbn=9781884964336}}</ref> 38w4w1g6uzgrpudpyf9xbj7155wo7ls 0 13873 697431 187024 2026-08-09T17:10:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Adetomiwa Edun|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1984}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria|death_date=|death_place=|other_names=|alma_mater=[[Christ's College, Cambridge]]<br>{{nowrap|[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], 2008)</small>}}|occupation=[[Actor]]|years_active=2000–present}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Adetomiwa Stafford "Tomiwa" Edun''', {{Audio|Yo-Adetomiwa Edun.ogg|Audio}} (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1984) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.<ref name="Burke's Peerage 2003">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage 2003, vol. 3, p. 3063</ref><ref name="Debrett 1995, p. 986">Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 1995, ed. Patrick Montague-Smith, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, p. 986</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Sir Elyan na ihe ngosi telivishọn ''Merlin'', Marcus Young na ''Bates Motel'' na Alex Hunter na egwuregwu vidio bọọlụ ''FIFA 17'', ''FIFA 18'' na ''FIFA 19''. == Mmalite ndụ ya == A mụrụ Edun na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, n'aka onye na-ahụ maka ego na [[Naijiria]] bụ Olawale Edun na ọkara onye [[Ghana]], ọkara onye Bekee bụ Amy Adwoa (née Appiah).<ref name="Burke's Peerage 2003">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage 2003, vol. 3, p. 3063</ref><ref name="Debrett 1995, p. 986">Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 1995, ed. Patrick Montague-Smith, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, p. 986</ref><ref name=":0">Kwame Appiah's website URL= https://web.archive.org/web/20230915072858/http://appiah.net/2009/04/30/my-nephew/ Date accessed= 20 October 2018</ref> Nwanne nne ya bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Kwame Anthony Appiah .<ref name=":0" /> Nne na nna nne ya bụ onye ọka iwu Ghana, onye nnọchi anya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Joseph Emmanuel Appiah - Nana nke ndị Ashanti site na onye Edun sitere na ya bụ nwa nke eze ukwu Ghana Osei Tutu - na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye edemede Peggy Cripps, nwa Sir Stafford Cripps, Chancellor of the Exchequer site n'afọ 1947 ruo afọ 1950 na nwa nke Lord Parmoor mbụ.<ref name="Burke's Peerage 2003" /><ref name="Debrett 1995, p. 986" /> Site n'aka nna ya, ka ọ dị ugbu a, Edun na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye sitere n'aka onye ọrụ Egba Adegboyega Edun. Edun kwagara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu. Ọ gara Eton College site na afọ iri na atọ, tupu ọ gụọ Classics na kọleji Christ, Cambridge (Mahadum nke Cambridge).<ref name="Rajul">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/adetomiwa-edun-a-romeo-to-die-for-1676257.html?action=Popup&gallery=no|title=Adetomiwa Edun: A Romeo to die for|date=30 April 2009|author=Rajul|first=Amol|accessdate=18 March 2012|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/right-on-cue-meet-the-new-generation-of-hot-young-british-actors-taking-the-world-by-storm-2124425.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109004631/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/right-on-cue-meet-the-new-generation-of-hot-young-british-actors-taking-the-world-by-storm-2124425.html|archivedate=2010-11-09|title=Right on cue: Meet the new generation of hot young British actors taking the world by storm|date=7 November 2010|author=Gilbert|first=Gerard|accessdate=18 March 2012|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="CC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/alumni/distinguished-alumni/adetomiwa_edun/|title=Adetomiwa Edun (m. 2002)|accessdate=18 March 2012|publisher=[[Christ's College, Cambridge]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402111441/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/alumni/distinguished-alumni/adetomiwa_edun/|archivedate=2 April 2012}}</ref> N'afọ ikpeazụ ya na Christ's College, o ritere ihe nrite maka edemede ya na Homer's Odyssey .<ref name="CC" /> Nna ya, onye na-enye ego, gbara Edun ume ịbanye n'ụlọ akụ dị ka ọrụ, ọ nọrọ na Citigroup.<ref name="Gilbert" /> Ọ tụlere ịmụ maka nzere Master of Philosophy, mana o kpebiri ịga Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) kama.<ref name="Rajul" /> == Ọrụ ya == N'afọ 2000, Edun pụtara na Edinburgh Fringe Festival dị ka Clifford na ihe ngosi ''Kassandra'' nke Ivo Stourton.<ref name="RADA" /> Edun gara RADA, na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ma na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Arts in Acting n'afọ 2008.<ref name="Gilbert" /><ref name="RADA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rada.ac.uk/profiles?prof_act=7976|title=Adetomiwa Edun|accessdate=18 March 2012|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na RADA, ọ rụrụ obere akụkụ na mmepụta na Almeida Theatre na Liverpool Playhouse .<ref name="Rajul" /> O mekwara Macbeth na mmepụta nke [[Macbeth|egwuregwu]] a na-akpọ aha ya site na National Theatre, na-enweta otuto maka ịbụ "onye na-adọrọ adọrọ" na "onye na-ekwu okwu amaokwu dị mma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/23462/macbeth|title=Macbeth|date=12 February 2009|author=Elkin|first=Susan|accessdate=18 March 2012|work=[[The Stage]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/01/03/mon11.asp|title=The incredible Romeo and he is... black|date=3 January 2010|author=Heart|first=Gwen|accessdate=18 March 2012|work=Sunday Observer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073347/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/01/03/mon11.asp|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, Edun ghọrọ naanị onye oji nke abụọ na-eme ihe nkiri Romeo na Globe Theatre mgbe a họpụtara ya na mmepụta Dominic Dromgoole nke Romeo na Juliet .<ref name="Gilbert" /> Ọ pụtakwara na Slaves, egwuregwu nke Rex Obano bipụtara.<ref name="Gilbert" /> Edun apụtawokwa n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi telivishọn. N'afọ 2009, ọ pụtara na ihe omume nke The Fixer, tupu ọrụ na Law & Order: UK dị ka ''onye'' agha na-alọta agha na Afghanistan.<ref name="Gilbert" /> N'oge usoro atọ nke ''Merlin'', Edun pụtara dị ka Elyan na ihe omume atọ, ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na usoro anọ. E gburu Elyan n'oge usoro nke ise na nke ikpeazụ nke ''Merlin'' n'afọ 2012. N'afọ 2011, ọ pụtara na ihe omume abụọ nke ihe ngosi ihe nkiri The Hour dị ka Sey, ma maliteghachi ọrụ ahụ maka ihe omume atọ n'afọ 2012. N'afọ 2015, Edun nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na oge nke atọ nke ''Bates Motel'' dị ka Marcus Young, onye na-azọ ọkwa Sheriff nke White Pine Bay, nke ọ gbasoro na ọrụ na ''Lucifer'', Legends, na Death in Paradise .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/bates-motel-season-3-spoilers-norman-unravels-episode-6-norma-louise-gives-new-look-1880570|title=‘Bates Motel’ Season 3 Spoilers: Norman Unravels In Episode 6; "Norma Louise" Gives New Look At "Psycho" [recap]|date=13 April 2015|author=Remling|first=Amanda|accessdate=4 July 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara dị ka Mr Brocks n'afọ 2016 Doctor Who Christmas Special n'afọ 2016. N'afọ sochirinụ, Edun gosipụtara onye omekome agha na ihe omume nke ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ''Elementary''. Edun mere ihe nkiri ma kwupụta ọrụ Alex Hunter na egwuregwu vidio nke EA Sports, ''FIFA 17'', ma kwughachi ọrụ ya na usoro ''FIFA 18'' na ''FIFA 19''. == Ọmụme Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2012 |''Dara Ju'' |Tunde Akande |Obere ihe nkiri |- |2014 |''Ọnwụ nke Ìhè'' |Mbui | |- |2015 |''Cinderella'' |Onye agha | |- |2017 |''Ihe mere na Monday'' |Eddie |A makwaara dị ka ''ụmụnne nwanyị asaa'' |- |2017 |''Banana Island Ghost'' |Enyi nwoke |Mmepụta Naijiria |- |2018 |''N'igwe ojii'' |Theo Jones |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/gabriel-byrne-justin-chatwin-crackle-in-the-cloud-1202564408/|title=Gabriel Byrne, Justin Chatwin Star in Crackle’s VR-Themed Movie ‘In the Cloud’|date=20 September 2017|author=Spangler|first=Todd|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Nduzi nke Onye Na-egbu Mmadụ Maka Ndụ'' |Ben |Mmepụta post-mmepụta |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2009 |''Onye na-edozi ihe'' |Nwa okorobịa |Nkebi: "Episode #2.6" (2.6) |- |2010 |''Iwu na Iwu: UK'' |Lloyd Benson |Nkebi: "Shaken" (4.3) |- |2010–2012 |''Merlin'' |Sir Elyan |Ihe omume 21 |- |2011–2012 |''Oge Awa'' |Sey Ola |Ihe omume ise |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Bates Motel'' |Marcus Young |Ihe omume anọ |- |''Lucifer'' |2Vile |Nkebi: "Pilot" (1.1) |- |''Akụkọ ifo'' |Omume ọma |Ihe omume abụọ |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Ọnwụ na Paradaịs'' |Ellery Wallace |Nkebi: "Otu maka okporo ụzọ" (5.2) |- |''Dọkịta Who'' |Maazị Brock |Nkebi: "The Return of Doctor Mysterio" (10.0) |- |2017 |''Elementary'' |Akello Akeny |Nkebi: "Moving Targets" (5.22) |- |2018 |''Nchọpụta nke ndị amoosu'' |Sean |Ihe omume atọ |- |2019 |''Ihe E jidere'' |Faisal |Ihe omume abụọ |- |2022 |''Wallander na-eto eto'' |Samuel Osei |Ihe omume isii |} === Egwuregwu vidio === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Egwuregwu !Ọrụ olu !Ihe edeturu |- |2016 |''FIFA 17'' | rowspan="4" |Alex Hunter | rowspan="4" |Ọzọkwa njide mmegharị |- |2017 |''FIFA 18'' |- |2018 |''FIFA 19'' |- |2019 |''FIFA 20'' |} === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ !Onye isi !Ụlọ ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2009 |''Romeo na Juliet'' |Romeo | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Shakespeare's Globe | |- |2013 |''Lionboy'' |Charlie Ashanti | |Mmepụta nke Annabel Arden | |- |2016 |''Oké Osimiri Blue Deep'' |Jackie Jackson | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri mba | |- |2018 |''Nsụgharị'' |Lieutenant Yolland | |Ụlọ ihe nkiri mba | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3givq3d543jwatetb5uwkp833qenaip 0 13888 697499 655188 2026-08-10T01:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697499 wikitext text/x-wiki El Anatsui (/ɛl ˌænətˈsuːi/; amuru 4 Februarị 1944) bu onye oka nka onye Ghana na-aru oru n’ime otutu oru ya na Naijiria. Ọ dọtala uche mba ụwa karịsịa maka "nrụnye karama ya". Nrụnye ndị a nwere ọtụtụ puku iberibe aluminom sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ a na-emegharị mmanya na-aba n'anya ma were waya ọla kọpa dụkọta ọnụ, bụ́ nke a na-agbanwezi ka ọ bụrụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ dị ka ákwà ọla. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka ọ siri ike ma sie ike, na-enwere onwe ya ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-enyekarị aka na nhazi mgbe ọ na-etinye ihe ọkpụkpụ ya.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://art21.org/artist/el-anatsui/|title=El Anatsui|author=Sollins|first=Marybeth|work=Art 21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Christinee|first=Lindsay|date=8 September 2020|title=Fall In Love With These Sustainable Artists|url=https://thewellnessfeed.com/sustainable-artists-making-art-from-trash-0908/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122032741/https://thewellnessfeed.com/sustainable-artists-making-art-from-trash-0908/|archivedate=22 January 2021|accessdate=19 January 2021|work=The Wellness Feed|language=en-US}}</ref> Agụnyere Anatsui na 2023 Time 100 ndepụta nke ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6268986/el-anatsui/|title=El Anatsui: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023|date=13 April 2023|accessdate=17 May 2024|archivedate=7 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207172347/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6268986/el-anatsui/}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ El Anatsui na Anyako, na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana. Nkakrankakra nkratafa 32 a ɛwɔ baabi a wote no, Anatsui a woyii no adi no nyinaa akyi no, woyii no fii afiase. Ahụmahụ mbụ ya na nka bụ site n'ise akwụkwọ ozi na chalkboard. Mgbalị ide akwụkwọ ya dọọrọ mmasị onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, bụ́ onye gbara mbọ ya ume site n'inyekwu nzu. N'ihi afọ ndụ ya n'oge ahụ (ozugbo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara), ọ na-ewere akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ dị ka ihe oyiyi karịa ka akwụkwọ ozi - ụdị ndị nwere mmasị na ya..<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Anatsui|first=El|date=2008|title=Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand—An Interview with El Anatsui|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40598941|journal=Art Journal|volume=67|issue=2|pages=36–53|issn=0004-3249}}</ref> Anatsui nwetara B.A. ya na 1968 site na College of Art and Built Environment (KNUST) na Kumasi, Ghana. Ọ natara diplọma ya na agụmakwụkwọ nka n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1969, site na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) , kwa na Kumasi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=El Anatsui &#124; Curriculum Vitae|url=https://elanatsui.art/curriculum-vitae|accessdate=22 April 2022|work=El Anatsui}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta nka mbụ ya gụnyere [[Oku Ampofo]], [[Vincent Kofi|Vincent Akwete Kofi]], na [[Kofi Antubam]], ha niile malitere ịjụ mmetụta ndị mba ọzọ n'omume ha maka ụdị nka ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Akyeampong|first=Emmanuel Kwaku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Vincent+Akwete+Kofi&pg=RA1-PA283|title=Dictionary of African Biography|date=2012-02-02|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1969, Anatsui malitere ọrụ nkuzi na Winneba Specialist Training College (nke bụzi Mahadum Mmụta), ọrụ nke Kofi rụzuru na mbụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Oguibe|first=Olu|date=Winter 1998|title=El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1998_31_1/page/48|journal=African Arts|volume=31|issue=1|pages=48–55+96|doi=10.2307/3337623}}</ref> Ọ malitere nkuzi na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1975. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi ukwu na ngalaba Fine and Applied Arts na 1982, ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi na ngalaba ahụ na prọfesọ zuru oke nke ọkpụrụkpụ na 1996, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo 2011. Ọnụnọ ya na Mahadum Nsukka mere ka ọ banye n'òtù Nsukka..<blockquote>O werela ọtụtụ afọ ịchọta ndị na-ese ihe nwere ike ịnọ ebe a ma ama na sekit zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe ha na-ahọrọ ibi na mpụga etiti obodo. William Kentridge emeela aha ya site na Johannesburg, El Anatsui emeriela mbara ala mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na obodo mahadum Nigeria dị na Nsukka..<ref>McDonald, John, [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/el-anatsui-out-of-africa-and-taking-the-world-by-storm-20160201-gmin4r.html "El Anatsui: out of Africa and taking the art world by storm"], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 6 February 2016.</ref></blockquote> == Ihe osise == Anatsui na-ekwu na, site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, "ihe niile anyị na-eme bụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ," ọkachasị n'ime ngalaba nka nke mahadum ya; o chere na e nwere ihe na-efu na agụmakwụkwọ ya maka enweghị uche ya na ọdịbendị nke ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-09|title=El Anatsui: the sculptor on making art from waste, and waking up the artist in all of us|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/10/09/el-anatsui-the-sculptor-on-making-art-from-waste-and-waking-up-the-artist-in-all-of-us|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Iji dozie nke a, ọ malitere ileta National Cultural Centre of Ghana, kwa na Kumasi, iji soro ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na'ese akwa, ndị na - ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ụdị niile. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ zutere Adinkra, usoro ihe ịrịba ama na akara, nke bụ mmeghe mbụ ya maka nka na-enweghị atụ ma meghee ụwa ọhụrụ nke ohere nka maka ya.[1]<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ ndị 1970, Anatsui na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na osisi. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na trayị osisi, nke ọ na-ahụkarị na a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ahịa iji gosipụta ihe oriri na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ - ọ ga-akpụ ha ma ọ bụ jiri akara Adinkra na akara ndị ọzọ jiri osisi ọkụ see ha.<ref name=":4"/> Ọ malitekwara iji osisi rụọ akụkụ mgbidi site na eriri ndị a na-etinye n'akụkụ ibe ya, a na-achọ elu ya mma na atụmatụ ndị a na'elu ihe ahụ site na iji ụdọ, gouges, ire ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ágbá.<ref name="NMOAA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230556/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/anatsui.htm "El Anatsui"] biography at the National Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C.". Retrieved 24 January 2010.</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 70, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ụrọ: ite, ọkachasị, na-enyocha isiokwu nke adịghị ike na mmebi. O nwere mmasị n'otú, ọbụlagodi mgbe ite gbawara ma kwụsị iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ anyị na-eche (maka nri, mmiri), ọ na-ewere ebumnuche ọhụrụ, ọbụna na-enweta uru ndị ọzọ, site na nke ụwa ruo na nke ime mmụọ. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ya bụ iji iberibe ite maka inye onyinye. O kwuru, "Ọ dị ka a ga-asị na ite ahụ, ebe ọ gbajiri, gbanwere n'ime akụkụ nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ndị nna nna na chi ndị nọ n'onwe ha na akụkụ mmụọ. "[1]<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ya na ite ndị a gbajiri agbaji, Anatsui nyochara isiokwu nri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ: osisi, ọzọ, n'ụdị ụrọ; ngwá ọrụ eji arụ ọrụ cassava, na elu karama.<ref name=":4"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Anatsui gosipụtara ihe ndị, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị nwere ndụ nke iji mee ihe tupu e mepụta ya n'ime ihe osise a. Otú ọ dị, nkwenye ya na ihe ahụ a chọtara, abụghị nke Duchampian, ma lekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ojiji na ihe akaebe nke aka mmadụ na ihe ahụ.<ref name=":4"/> <blockquote>"Mgbe ejirila ihe mee ihe, enwere ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ike ụfọdụ, nke ga-emetụta ndị metụrụ ya aka ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi mgbe ụfọdụ. Nke a na-enyere aka iduzi ihe mmadụ na-eme, yana ịgbanye ihe mmadụ na na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịbendị. "<ref name=":2"/></blockquote>Okpu karama bụ ihe kachasị amasị ya; dị ka ákwà, Anatsui na-akọwa, nhazi nke okpu karama dịgasị iche iche, na-enye ya ohere ịtụle nka ya ma n'ụzọ a tụrụ atụ (site n'ụdị okpu) na n'ụzọ na-ese ihe (site na agba nke okpu). Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ekele maka ọhụụ nke okpu karama na-enye n'ime nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ugbu a na akụkọ ihe mere eme, site na aha na agba nke ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ dị iche iche a na-ebipụta na okpu.<ref name=":2"/><blockquote>"Ihe kachasị mkpa nye m bụ mgbanwe. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbasa ozi ndị a, nke ọ bụla na-akọwa ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ, anaghịzi alaghachi iji rụọ otu ọrụ ahụ kama ha bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata echiche, ụfọdụ echiche, ma ọ bụ naanị ihe ijuanya. Nke a ga-ekwe omume n'ihi na ewepụrụ ha n'ihe ha maara, na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ihe ọhụrụ, ha na-eweta akụkọ ihe mere eme na njirimara ha. "<ref name=":4"/></blockquote>Ọtụtụ isiokwu dị n'ọrụ Anatsui: mbibi na mmezigharị nke ihe dị ka ihe atụ maka ndụ na mgbanwe ndị Afrịka chere ihu n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na kemgbe nnwere onwe; isiokwu ọdịnala na ihe ndị dị na ákwà a na-akwa akwa na ákwù ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka; na nchegbu maka nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka na mgbagwoju anya ọ kpatara.<ref name="NMOAA"/> Ọrụ ya nwekwara njikọ na ọdịbendị ọdịbendị nke West Africa na echiche nke oriri na ọrụ.<ref name=":4"/> Echiche nke Sankofa [nke a sụgharịrị dị ka "laghachi azụ ma weghachite"] dịkwa na ọrụ Anatsui. Ọ na-ele ya anya dị ka ụzọ isi see ihe ndị gara aga, nkuzi ndị ọ na-enye, iji kọwaa usoro ịga n'ihu. Maka ya, Sankofa kọwara mkpa ọ dị ịdọrọ site na ihe dị ya gburugburu ozugbo; Ghana nwere onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọtụtụ n'ime agụmakwụkwọ ya lekwasịrị anya na nka nka na akụkọ nka ọdịda anyanwụ, ya mere ọ dị ya ka a kpọrọ ya ka ọ 'laghachi azụ wee weghachite' akụkụ nke omenala Ghana nke ekpochapụworo, ihe ọ kọwara dị ka. ụdị "ọchịchọ maka ịchọpụta onwe" <ref name=":4"/> == Ihe ngosi == [[Usòrò:El_Anatsui_-_Man's_Cloth.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Uwe Nwoke'' (1998-2001) na British Museum na 2009]] Ọrụ Anatsui ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too, malite n'obodo ya bụ [[Nsukka]] tupu ọ gbasaa n'ebe ndị dị ka [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] na Lagos, ma mesịa gaa mba ụwa.<ref name=":03" /> N'afọ 1990, Anatsui nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya dị mkpa na Studio Museum na Harlem, [[Nú Yọk|New York]]. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị omenkà atọ a họpụtara na ngosi 1990 "Ndị omenkà Africa nke oge a: Mgbanwe ọdịnala", nke agbatịpụrụ ruo afọ ise.[1]<ref name=":03" />Anatsui gosipụtara ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere na Brooklyn Museum (2013); Clark Art Institute (2011); <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140928110020/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/el_anatsui/ "Gravity and Grace: Monumental Works by El Anatsui"]. Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</ref> Rice University Art Gallery, Houston (2010); Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2008-09); <ref>Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. (2008). [https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2008/rich-legacy-of-african-textiles-on-view-in-metropolitan-museum-exhibition "Rich Legacy of African Textiles on View in Metropolitan Museum Exhibition"]. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</ref> National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (2008); <ref>[http://www.ricegallery.org/el-anatsui "El Anatsui: Gli (Wall)"]. (2010). Rice University Art Gallery, Houston, Texas. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> Fowler Museum na UCLA (2007); [3] Venice Biennale (1990 na 2007); [4] Hayward Gallery (2005); [4] Liverpool Biennial (2002); [4] National Museum of Modern Art Guppha (2001); [4] Modern Museum of Vienna Contemporal; [4] Biennale (2001); [5] Modern Museum of Japan Biennale; [4] Biennial (1980) <ref>[http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artnetnews/artnetnews1-17-08.asp "El Anatsui at NMAA"], ''Artnet'', 17 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/el-anatsui-gawu "El Anatsui: Gawu"]. Fowler Museum at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. (2007). Retrieved 1 July 2014.</ref><ref name="interview">Preece, R. J. (2006). [http://www.artdesigncafe.com/el-anatsui-interview-2006 "El Anatsui interview: Out of West Africa"]. ''Sculpture/artdesigncafe''. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref>" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22","html":"<nowiki><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010195827/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/hayward-gallery-and-visual-arts/hayward-gallery-exhibitions/past/africa-remix\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external text\" id=\"mwAiM\">\"AFRICA REMIX: Contemporary Art of a Continent\"</a></nowiki>. Hayward Gallery, London. Retrieved 29 January 2010."}}' id="cite_ref-22" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./El_Anatsui#cite_note-22 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[9]</nowiki></span>]<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Anatsui Triumphant Scale|url=https://www.kunstmuseumbern.ch/en/see/today/925-el-anatsui-120.html|accessdate=2022-06-04|archivedate=2022-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628170837/https://www.kunstmuseumbern.ch/en/see/today/925-el-anatsui-120.html}}</ref>N'afọ 1995, Anatsui mere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya na mpụga Afrịka na [[London]]. O gosipụtara isiokwu dịgasị iche iche ma gosipụta otu esi egosipụta nka Africa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị a na-adịghị ele anya dị ka "ihe atụ" Africa.[1] Ọrụ ya jiri usoro echiche nke ndị na-ese ihe na Europe na America na-eji eme ihe mana ọ na-esiri ya ike na mba Afrịka.[1] Anatsui gosipụtara ọrụ ya na de Young Museum na San Francisco n'afọ 2005. Nke a bụ oge mbụ ya "na-apụta dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide na nnukwu ebe ngosi nka".[ing]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=El Anatsui: Art and Life|url=https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge|author=Vogel|first=Susan|publisher=Prestel|year=2012|isbn=978-3-7913-4650-2|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge/page/78 78]–85}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, ihe ngosi ya na Skoto Gallery nke New York, "Danudo," bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke mpempe ígwè ya n'obodo America.[12] N'ụlọ ngosi a, Skoto Aghahowa gosipụtara akụkụ mgbidi osisi Anatsui n'akụkụ ihe osise Sol LeWitt. Ihe ngosi a mere ka ọrụ ya bụrụ ihe a ma ama ka ọ na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù na ndị nta akụkọ.[12]<ref name=":0" /> [[Usòrò:Artempo_ElAnatsui.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke Palazzo Fortuny Artempo nke Anatsui na 2007]] A kpọrọ Anatsui ka ọ bịa Venice Biennale n'afọ 2006 nakwa ọzọ n'afọ 2007 ebe e nyere ya ọrụ ime ihe abụọ a na-akwụnye ígwè. N'oge mbipụta nke afọ 2007, o gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Palazzo Fortuny nke nwere mgbidi ndị e wuru ọhụrụ maka ya iji gosipụta ihe atọ a na-akpọ ''Dusasa''.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe osise ọ bụla gosipụtara ọdịdị na agba dị iche iche gụnyere ọlaedo, ọbara ọbara, na oji. Ụzọ e si kpuchie elu karama ahụ n'oge niile a na-akwụnye ya mere ka ọ dị nro nke mere ka ọ guzo iche na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na gallery.[1] Onye na-ahụ maka nka nke Biennale, Robert Storr, kwuru na usoro onye na-ese ihe "na-alaghachi n'usoro ihe niile n'oge agha-ọ nwere ụdị nkwanye ugwu m na-ahụbeghị mbụ".[1] N'oge ngosi Venetian a, Anatsui chọrọ ịmepụta ahụmịhe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ekiri ya n'echiche. O kwenyere na "ndụ mmadụ abụghị ihe a na-ebibi ma kpọọ nkụ. Ọ bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile. " N'oge a, ọ malitere ịkpọ ọrụ ígwè ya dị ka ihe nkedo kama ịbụ "uwe". <ref name=":03"/><ref name=":03" /> Nnyocha ọrụ ya nke afọ 2010, nke akpọrọ When I Last Wrote to You About Africa, bụ nke Museum for African Art haziri ma meghee na Royal Ontario Museum na Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O mechara gaa ebe ndị dị na United States ruo afọ atọ, mechie na Mahadum nke Michigan Museum of Art. Nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke akpọrọ Gravity & Grace: Monumental Works nke El Anatsui, nwere mmalite ya na [[New York City|New York]] na Brooklyn Museum na 2013. N'ịbụ nke Akron Art Museum haziri (ihe ngosi: 2012), ihe ngosi ahụ mechara gaa Des Moines Art Center (2013-14) na Bass Museum of Art na Miami (2014). Nnyocha ọrụ ya, nke [[Okwui Enwezor]] na [[Chika Okeke-Agulu]] haziri, nke akpọrọ Triumphant Scale dọtara ìgwè mmadụ mgbe ọ meghere, na Machị 2019 na Munich's Haus der Kunst. Site n'ebe ahụ, ihe ngosi ahụ gara Arab Museum of Modern Art, na Doha, ma mesịa gaa Kunstmuseum Bern na 2020. A họpụtara Anatsui maka ụlọ ọrụ Hyundai nke 2023 na Turbine Hall na Tate Modern; nnukwu oghere ngosi maka nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ na ọrụ nka pụrụ iche. Ọrụ ya, "Behind the Red Moon," bụ nke e ji ọtụtụ puku elu na iberibe karama mee, na-ewu n'elu ọrụ ya na ihe ndị metụtara ahịa ohu gafere Atlantic, ọ ga-adịkwa ka ọ ga-apụta ruo n'April 14, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sooke|first=Alastair|date=2023-10-09|title=El Anatsui: the Turbine Hall has become a mesmerising catwalk|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/what-to-see/el-anatsui-hyundai-commission-tate-modern-review/|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Frankel|first=Eddy|date=2024-04-14|title=El Anatsui: Behind The Red Moon at Tate Modern review|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/art/el-anatsui-behind-the-red-moon|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=Time Out London|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=El Anatsui — from eating Tate & Lyle sugar in Ghana to filling Tate Modern's Turbine Hall|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c5fe7635-5de8-4619-b1fa-9937b0ea0513|accessdate=2024-04-08|work=www.ft.com}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == A họpụtara Anatsui ka ọ bụrụ onye otu International Society for Education through Art (InSEA) world council na 1992 maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":03"/> Anatsui bụ onye guzobere na onye otu Forum for African Arts na 2000. N'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọkwara onye otu Kọmitii Nhọrọ Mba Nile maka Dakar Biennale na Senegal.[1] N'afọ 2001 ọ bụ onye otu na Civitella Ranieri Foundation na Ịtali. [1] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=El Anatsui when I last wrote to you about Africa|author=Binder, Lisa M.|date=2010|publisher=Museum for African Art|isbn=978-0-945802-56-3|oclc=800807190}}</ref><ref name=":03" /> == Nkwado == === Onyinye === Anatsui nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi nka mba Ghana nke mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na 1968. N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma n'afọ na College of Art na Kumasi, Ghana.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=El Anatsui: Art and Life|url=https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge|author=Vogel|first=Susan|publisher=Prestel|year=2012|isbn=978-3-7913-4650-2|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elanatsuiartlife0000voge/page/11 11], 41–45, 85–89, 164}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVogel2012">Vogel, Susan (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:elanatsuiartlife0000voge|''El Anatsui: Art and Life'']]</span>. New York: Prestel. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:elanatsuiartlife0000voge/page/11|11]], 41–45, 85–89, 164. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-3-7913-4650-2|<bdi>978-3-7913-4650-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1983, o ritere ọrụ maka nnukwu ihe oyiyi ọha na eze abụọ e ji simenti terrazzo mee na ogige [[Nsukka]].[1] A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà iri a kpọrọ na Zweites Symposium Nordesekkuste residency na Cuxhaven, West Germany, na 1984. [1]<ref name=":03" /> N'afọ 1990, a kpọrọ Anatsui ka ọ bịa na mmemme Venice Biennale nke iri anọ na anọ kwa afọ nke 5 Contemporary African Artists, ebe ọ natara aha nsọpụrụ.<ref name=":03"/> N'afọ ahụ, a gụnyere ya na ihe ngosi America nke Nigerian Art-Kindred Spirits . N'afọ 2015, Venice Biennale nyere Anatsui ọdụm ọla edo maka ihe ọ rụzuru. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/04/23/venice-biennale-awards-golden-lions-to-el-anatsui-susanne-ghez-names-international-jury/|title=2015 Venice Biennale News. Venice Biennale Awards Golden Lions to El Anatsui, Susanne Ghez, Names Jury|author=Russeth|first=Andrew|date=23 April 2015|work=author|accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>Toledo, Manuel, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32666521 "Venice Biennale honours Africa's 'bottle-top artist' El Anatsui"], BBC News, 9 May 2015.</ref> N'afọ 2017, e nyere Anatsui Praemium Imperial, onye Ghana mbụ meriri ihe nrite nka mba ụwa a.<ref>[http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate-en/laureates-en/anatsui-en "2017 Sculpture El Anatsui"], Praemium Imperiale.</ref><ref>Chow, Andrew R., [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/12/arts/praemium-imperiale-mikhail-baryshnikov-shirin-neshat.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fdesign "Shirin Neshat and Mikhail Baryshnikov Among Praemium Imperiale Winners"], ''The New York Times'', 12 September 2017.</ref> Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ gụnyere: * 1990 - Ihe nrite ọha, 7th Annual Triennale der Kleinplastik<ref name=":03"/> * 1995 - Kansai Telecasting Prize, 6th Osaka Sculpture Triennial[1]<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":03" /> * 1998 - Ihe nrite ọla nchara, 9th Osaka Sculpture Triennial[1]<ref name=":03" /> * 2008 - Ndị Ọhụụ! Onyinye, Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) [1]<ref name=":03" /> * 2009 - Onyinye Prince Claus * 2009 - Onye na-ese ihe, Ememe ncheta afọ iri atọ, National Museum of African Art[1]<ref name=":03" /> * 2023 - ''Oge 100''<ref>Tessa Solomon (13 April 2023), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/wolfgang-tillmans-simone-leigh-el-anatsui-time-100-list-1234664115/ Wolfgang Tillmans, Simone Leigh, and El Anatsui Make Time’s ‘100 Most Influential People’ List] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> === Degree nsọpụrụ === * 2016 - Honorary doctorate, Mahadum Harvard<ref>Gibson, Katie, [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/05/nine-to-receive-honorary-degrees/ "Nine to receive honorary degrees"], ''Harvard Gazette'', 26 May 2016.</ref><ref>Gyamfi Asiedu, Kwasi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20241213203142/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/el-anatsui-legendary-ghanaian-artist-receives-honorary-degree-from-harvard-id5090626.html "Legendary Ghanaian artist receives honorary degree from Harvard"], Pulse.com.gh, 30 May 2016.</ref> * 2017 - Doctorate Honorary, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=14 December 2017|title=KNUST honours eight personalities for invaluable services|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-eight-personalities-for-invaluable-services.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134408/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-eight-personalities-for-invaluable-services.html|archivedate=19 December 2018|accessdate=19 January 2021|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=5 December 2017|title=KNUST honours Fibre Optics inventor Dr Mensah and others|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-honours-fibre-optics-inventor-dr-mensah-and-others.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=19 January 2021|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == {{DEFAULTSORT:Anatsui, El}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6v19f53l4yd6yx50uq4e14ho4qkac2p 0 13920 697591 644009 2026-08-10T03:34:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Susanne Wenger.tif|thumb|Susanne Wenger]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Chief '''Susanne Wenger''' MFR, nke a makwaara dị ka '''Adunni Olorisha''' (ihe dị ka 1915 - 12 Jenụwarị 2009), bụ onye Austria-Nigerian na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri, [[Tribal chief|onye]] bi na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/wenger_susanne.htm|title=Susanne Wenger}}</ref> Isi ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya bụ omenala ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịrụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe na [[Osogbo]].<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/26/obituary-suzanne-wenger Obituary], theguardian.com, 26 March 2009; accessed 2 April 2017.</ref> Ya na ndị na-ese ihe n'obodo Osogbo jikọrọ aka iji rụgharịa ma mezie [[Osun-Osogbo|Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove]] na ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe osise na-egosi ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị Orishas. Wenger bụ onye isi na-akwado maka ichekwa Osun Grove. N'ihi mbọ ya, e mere osisi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ncheta mba na 1965, ma mesịa mara ya dị ka ebe nketa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|date=2014|title=The Osun-Osogbo Grove as a Social Common and an Uncommon Ground: An Analysis of Patrimonial Patronage in Postcolonial Nigeria|journal=International Journal of Cultural Property|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=173–198|doi=10.1017/S0940739114000058|issn=0940-7391}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Susanne Wenger na Graz, Austria. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Bekee na French na nne amụrụ onye isi ndị agha Austro-Hungarian.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/> Wenger gara School of Applied Arts na Graz na 1930, ọkachamara na ite. O mechara gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya, nke mbụ na Higher Graphical Federal Education and Research Institute wee gaa na Academy of Fine Arts Vienna n'akụkụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Herbert Boeckl .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/susanne-wenger-a-brief-walk-in-to-the-life-of-adunni-olorisa-id8175055.html|title=Susanne Wenger: A brief walk in to the life of Adunni Olorisa|author=Oreva|first=Duke|accessdate=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ mụtara usoro fresco ma meziwanye nkà eserese ya.<ref name=":3"/> Mgbe agha ahụ biri, Wenger bụ onye ọrụ nke magazin ụmụaka ndị Kọmunist ''Unsere Zeitung'' ("Akwụkwọ akụkọ anyị"), nke bụ mkpuchi nke mbipụta mbụ ọ haziri. N'afọ 1947, ndị enyi ya kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Vienna Art Club.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Probst|first=Peter|date=2008|title=M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger|journal=Critical Interventions|language=en|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=245–255|doi=10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|issn=1930-1944}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFProbst2008">Probst, Peter (2008). "M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger". ''Critical Interventions''. '''2''' (3–4): 245–255. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1944 1930-1944]. [[S2CID (njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170247850 170247850].</cite></ref> Na Vienna, n'oge na mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ nnwale na-esite n'ike mmụọ; ọrụ ndị a gụnyere eserese pensụl na-acha uhie uhie na ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ siri ike ịkọwapụta.<ref name=":4" /> N'afọ 1947, Wenger gara Ịtali, e nyere ya njem ahụ dị ka ihe nrite maka mmeri asọmpi mpempe akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ lọtara, ọ chọtara ihe ịga nke ọma na-ere ọrụ ya n'aka onye na-ere ihe osise, Johann Egger, onye nwekwara ọrụ Hans Arp, Paul Klee na Piet Mondrian.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Probst|first=Peter|date=2008|title=M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger|journal=Critical Interventions|language=en|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=245–255|doi=10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|issn=1930-1944}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFProbst2008">Probst, Peter (2008). "M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger". ''Critical Interventions''. '''2''' (3–4): 245–255. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1944 1930-1944]. [[S2CID (njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170247850 170247850].</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ biri na Italy na Switzerland na aro nke Egger, na 1949 Wenger gara Paris, ebe ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Ulli Beier .<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Probst|first=Peter|date=2008|title=M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger|journal=Critical Interventions|language=en|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=245–255|doi=10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|issn=1930-1944}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFProbst2008">Probst, Peter (2008). "M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger". ''Critical Interventions''. '''2''' (3–4): 245–255. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1944 1930-1944]. [[S2CID (njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170247850 170247850].</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere Beier ọkwa dị ka onye na-akpọ fonetik na Ibadan, Nigeria. Ọ bụ naanị onye nkuzi lụrụ di na nwunye nyere ọkwa ahụ, di na nwunye ahụ na-echeghị echiche banyere alụmdi na nwunye tupu onyinye ahụ kpebiri ịlụ di na nwunye na London wee kwaga Nigeria.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual|title=Susanne Wenger - "Art is Ritual"|date=2014-02-27|work=Susanne Wenger Foundation|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-15}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual "Susanne Wenger - "Art is Ritual""]. ''Susanne Wenger Foundation''. 2014-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na Ibadan, kọleji ọhụrụ ahụ dị n'èzí obodo ahụ na ngalaba ndị Britain na-esikarị ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrịka ha na-akpakọrịta.<ref name=":4" /> Mmeghachi omume di na nwunye ahụ na ọnọdụ ọchịchị bụ isi Ibadan kwaga n'obodo Ede n'afọ sochirinụ. Na Naịjirịa, Wenger nabatara akụkụ nke nka na ọrụ aka nke Afrịka ma tinye aka na atụmatụ batik. N'ime otu afọ ọ bịarutere, ọ rịara ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bịara bụrụ onye mmụọ ma tụgharịa gaa n'okpukpe Yoruba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7595841.stm|title=The white priestess of 'black magic'|date=2008-09-10|accessdate=2018-08-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ dọtara mmasị n'okpukpe ahụ mgbe ọ zutere Ajagemo, onye ụkọchukwu nke Obatala na Ede.<ref name=":1"/> Ajagemo webatara Wenger na echiche ụwa Yoruba, asụsụ na okpukpe, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha abụọ ahụ mepụtara njikọ pụrụ iche.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Laduke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womans-art-journal_spring-summer-1989_10_1/page/17|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=10|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.2307/1358125|issn=0270-7993}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLaduke1989">Laduke, Betty (1989). "Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''10''' (1): 17–21. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1358125|10.2307/1358125]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993 0270-7993]. [[JSTOR (njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/1358125 1358125].</cite></ref> N'oge a, Wenger nwalere atụmatụ mara mma nke usoro Adire na-emetụta. Wenger na Beier mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm, Wenger mechara lụọ onye na-agba egwu Lasisi Ayansola Onilu, n'oge ahụ ọ na-eme onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị nke okpukpe Orisha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pierre-guicheney.eklablog.com/susanne-wenger-un-portrait-p417306|title=Susanne Wenger, un portrait|work=pierre-guicheney.com|accessdate=2018-08-18}}</ref> Wenger hapụrụ Ede wee kwaga Ilobu, tupu o mechaa biri na Osogbo na 1961. Mgbe ọ na-ebi n'obodo ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ụlọ arụsị ndị a raara nye Orishas; o mechara wughachi ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise okpukpe n'ime ebe nsọ ma nyekwa ya ọrụ site na Osogbo District Council iji rụzigharị ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ arụsị obodo, ọkachasị ụlọ nsọ a raara nye chi nwanyị osimiri, Oshun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Omoruyi|first=David|date=September 1965|title=How I Fell in Love and Married Ace Drummer, Lasisi|journal=Spear : Nigeria's National Magazine.|language=en|issn=0038-6634}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOmoruyi1965">Omoruyi, David (September 1965). "How I Fell in Love and Married Ace Drummer, Lasisi". ''Spear : Nigeria's National Magazine''. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-6634 0038-6634]. [[OCLC (njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645029 1645029].</cite></ref> A malitekwara Wenger n'okpukpe Obatala, Soponna, na Ogboni, ma mesịa nye ya aha Adunni Olorisha. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke oge ochie "New Sacred Art", alaka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Oshogbo sara mbara, wee bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Sacred Grove nke chi nwanyị Osun n'akụkụ Osimiri Osun na [[Osogbo|Oshogbo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/DC/asapr60.18/asapr60.18.pdf|title=The art of Suzanne Wenger|author=Aragbabalu|first=Omidiji|date=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Unknown|first=Unknown|date=13 June 2018|title=THE MEGA CITY / LIFESuzanne wenger's groove|url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/06/suzanne-wengers-groove/|journal=New Telegraph}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Osun_Groove_6.jpg|thumb|Osun grove]] === Osun grove === Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ ọkpụkpụ Wenger na Osun Grove, mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Osun. Ntinye aka ya na osisi ahụ malitere na 1960s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Laduke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womans-art-journal_spring-summer-1989_10_1/page/17|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=10|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.2307/1358125|issn=0270-7993}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLaduke1989">Laduke, Betty (1989). "Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove". ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''10''' (1): 17–21. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1358125|10.2307/1358125]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993 0270-7993]. [[JSTOR (njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/1358125 1358125].</cite></ref> N'elu òkù nke nnukwu onye nchụàjà nwanyị Osun nke nwere nsogbu site na ọdịmma azụmahịa na termites na-ebibi ụlọ nsọ, ihe ọkpụkpụ dị nsọ na ihe osise, Wenger jikọtara ya na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ iji kpochapụ termites ma mezie ihe osise na ụlọ dị n'ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ site na iji osisi na simenti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Ikegwu|first=Jacinta|date=2010|title=THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUSANA WENGER TO THE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF OSUN-OSHOGBO SACRED GROVE/SHRINE IN NIGERIA.|journal=Nsukka Journal of the Humanities|volume=18|pages=1–12}}</ref> Ndụ na ọrụ Wenger na Osun Grove bụ isiokwu nke ''The Oshun Diaries'', ihe ncheta nke Diane Esguerra (Eye Books, 2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eye-books.com/books/the-high-priestess-of-oshun|title=The Oshun Diaries by Diane Esguerra &#124; Eye Books}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Chief Wenger bi n'ụlọ obibi dị okpukpu atọ na Osgobo nke di mbụ ya bụ Chief Ulli Beier gbazitere na mbụ mgbe ọ nọ na Institute of Mural Studies. N'afọ 1965, ya na di ya nke abụọ, onye na-agba egwu bụ Lasisi, nwere ụlọ ahụ: ha abụọ bi n'okpukpu mbụ ebe di ya gara aga bụ Beier bi n'okpukpu nke abụọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na mgbazinye mgbe Beier hapụrụ na 1970, ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ahụ mgbe ya na Lasisi gbara alụkwaghịm. Ebe obibi ya na-egosi nka ya, ebe ọtụtụ arịa ụlọ ahụ na-egosi akụkụ nke ụdị nka Yoruba nke Chief Wenger hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu. == Ọnwụ == Na abalị iri na abụọ na ọnwa Jenụwarị, na afọ 2009, Wenger nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 93 na Oshogbo.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/26/obituary-suzanne-wenger Obituary], theguardian.com, 26 March 2009; accessed 2 April 2017.</ref> == Ihe nketa na nsọpụrụ == Ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị e debere na Oshun's grove site na ngwụsị afọ 1950 gaa n'ihu, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na ndị na-ese ihe n'obodo ya mepụtara, bụ nke UNESCO World Heritage Site kemgbe 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1118/|title=Forêt sacrée d'Osun-Oshogbo|author=mondial|first=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine|work=whc.unesco.org|language=fr|accessdate=2018-08-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFmondial">mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. [https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1118/ "Forêt sacrée d'Osun-Oshogbo"]. ''whc.unesco.org'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-18</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaresource.com/lifestyle/memorials/848-susan-wenger-the-white-priestess-of-an-african-goddess-passes-on|title=Susan Wenger, The White Priestess Of An African Goddess, Passes On!|author=Africa|work=www.africaresource.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-08-18}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, gọọmentị Naịjirịa nabatara ya dị ka onye otu Order of the Federal Republic . Maka mbọ ya n'aha ndị Yoruba, eze, ma ọ bụ Ataoja, nke Oshogbo nyere ya aha onye isi nke obodo Osogbo. == Ihe ngosi == * 1995: Retrospective of the 80th Birthday, Minoritenkirche Stein an der Donau (n'èzí Old Town of Krems) * 2004: On a holy river in Africa, Kunsthalle Krems * 2006: Susanne Wenger - ndụ ya na chi nke Africa, Graz City Museum * 2016: Between the Sweet Water and the Swarm of Bees: A Collection of Works by Susanne Wenger, The Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University, Atlanta, GA == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] chszh6usx2h27nx7x49lxgg3f1oxvf7 0 14029 697939 631523 2026-08-10T11:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697939 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Twins Seven Seven, amụrụ Omoba '''Taiwo Olaniyi Oyewale-Toyeje Oyelale Osuntoki''' (3 Mee 1944 - 16 Juun 2011) bụ onye Naijiria na-ese ihe, onye na-akpụ ihe na onye na-eti egwu. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-agba egwu tupu ọ malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, nke mbụ ọ gara na nzukọ Mbari Mbayo nke e mere n'afọ 1964 nke Ulli Beier na Georgina Beier duziri na [[Osogbo]]. Twins Seven Seven gara n'ihu bụrụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà a ma ama nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Osogbo. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya dị ka Omoba Taiwo Olaniyi Oyewale-Toyeje Oyekale Osuntoki nna ya bụ Aitoyeje, onye bụ onye Alakụba si [[Ibadan]], [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo Steeti]], ebe nne ya, Mary, onye bụ Onye Kraịst si Ogidi, [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi Steeti]], na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Glassie"/> Aha a maara ya na-arutu aka n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ naanị nwa dị ndụ n'ime ụmụ ejima asaa nne ya mụrụ, Naịjirịa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ejima kachasị elu n'ụwa.<ref name="Stegmann">Petra Stegmann, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214002404/http://www.nathanielturner.com/princetwinssevenseven.htm "Seven Twins"] at ''ChickenBones: A Journal''.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Mundy-Castle|first=A. C.|date=1972|title=Twins Seven Seven|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-1972_6_1/page/8|journal=African Arts|volume=6|issue=1|pages=8–13|doi=10.2307/3334634|issn=0001-9933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010607_twins.shtml|title=The Land Of Twins {{!}} BBC World Service|work=www.bbc.co.uk|date=7 June 2001|accessdate=14 March 2019}}</ref> Otu ''babalawo'' nyere nne ya ntụziaka ka ọ ṅụọ mmiri dị nsọ nye chi nwanyị osimiri Osun iji hụ na nwa ya dị ndụ. N'ihi ya, ekwenyere na Twin Seven Seven bụ nlọ ụwa nke nna nna ya, Osun-toki, onye aha ya pụtara "Osun kwesịrị ofufe".<ref name="Glassie" /> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-esikarị nne ya ike, na-eyi egwu, ya mere ''babalawo'' na-eji ahịhịa ọgwụ pụrụ iche etechi obere mmerụ ahụ n'ihu ya iji hụ na ọ na-adịgide adịgide n'ógbè anụ ahụ. Ihe odide ahụ nọgidere n'ihu ya ruo mgbe o toro.<ref name=":0" /> Mmalite nke Twins Seven Seven na nka abụghị site na eserese, kama ọ bụ site na ịgba egwu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, akụkụ nke mkpali ya maka ịgba egwu sitere na omenala ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nke kwuru na nwanyị mụrụ ejima kwesịrị ịgba egwu n'okporo ámá niile maka ego, ya mere Twins Seven Seven gbara egwu n'aha nne ya.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị, yana ịga kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkụzi obere oge ruo otu afọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ule ya, ọ kpọrọ ọdịdị nke ụlọ klas asị ma nwekwuo mmasị na nka na egwu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pemberton|first=John|date=2002|title=Ulli Beier and the Oshogbo Artists of Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2002-04_45_1/page/115|journal=African Studies Review|volume=45|issue=1|pages=115–124|doi=10.1017/s0002020600031577|issn=0002-0206}}</ref> Mgbe ha mechara ihe ngosi na Oshogbo na Mbari Club, Twins Seven Seven zutere Ulli Beier, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ọkà mmụta German bi n'ebe ahụ n'oge ahụ, onye ya na nwunye ya Georgina Beier na-arụ ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Naifeh|first=Steven W.|date=1981|title=The Myth of Oshogbo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1981-02_14_2/page/25|journal=African Arts|volume=14|issue=2|pages=25–88|doi=10.2307/3335724|issn=0001-9933}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Ụlọ akwụkwọ Oshogbo nwere obi ụtọ na ọ bụghị ebe na-akụziri ndị na-ese ihe, kama ọ na-enye ohere iji gosipụta ọhụụ nke ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/oshogbo/beier_B.htm|title=Georgina Beier|work=africa.si.edu|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=1 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901115111/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/oshogbo/beier_B.htm}}</ref> N'ụlọ ọrụ Beier, e nyere Seven Seven ngwá ọrụ ndị bụ isi na obere ntụziaka n'ime usoro nka ya. Site na nke a, Seven Seven nwere ike ịmepụta ụdị eserese ya pụrụ iche.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ na ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == Ọrụ Twin Seven Seven na-emetụta akụkọ ọdịnala na ọdịbendị ndị Yoruba, ma mepụta eluigwe na ala dị egwu nke ụmụ mmadụ, anụmanụ, osisi na chi ndị Yoruba. N'ụzọ pụtara ihe, ọrụ ya yiri ihe osise ndị Yoruba na nkewa, nkewa na mmegharị nke ihe ndị o dere; n'echiche, ọ na-egosipụta mmetụta a na mmesi ike na mgbanwe na nguzozi, yana ngosipụta ya nke udidi abụọ dị ka ụwa na nke ime mmụọ, oge gara aga na ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo. Ọrụ mbụ dị ka ''Dreams of the Abiku Child'' (1967) na-arutu aka n'echiche ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na Yoruba cosmology na akụkọ ifo, dị ka abiku (nwa ekwensu), na orisha Osun . Otú ọ dị, Twins Seven Seven kọwakwara ọrụ ya dị ka "nkà ọdịnala Yoruba nke oge a", ọ bụghị naanị na-asọpụrụ mmetụta nke ọdịbendị ya kamakwa na-achọpụta mmeghachi omume ya na ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a na ahụmịhe postcolonial. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'ịgụ akwụkwọ Amos Tutuola bụ My Life in the Bush of Ghosts nke Georgina Beier nyere ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cosentino|first=Donald J.|date=1997|title=In Memoriam: Amos Tutuola, 1920-1997|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-1997_30_4/page/16|journal=African Arts|volume=30|issue=4|pages=16–17|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-aga n'ihu dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Twins Seven Seven lekwasịrị anya na ihe osise dabere na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Yoruba na nrọ ya.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ gbalịrị izere ikpughe onwe ya na ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta ụdị eserese ya pụrụ iche. Mgbe nleta mbụ ya na United States, ọ jụrụ ịga ihe ngosi Picasso, na-ekwu, sị: "Ee e, achọghị m itinye onye ọ bụla ọzọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name=":0"/> Naanị ihe m na-eme dị n'ime m. Agaghị m anọdụ ala na studio ma mụta ịgwakọta agba dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Europe. "<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1974|title=African Art Today: Four Major Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-1974_8_1/page/61|journal=African Arts|volume=8|issue=1|pages=61–62|doi=10.2307/3334924|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Na 1972, Twins Seven Seven kụziri na US na Merced College na [[California]] na Haystack Mountain Crafts School, Deer Isle.<ref>The African Studies program at Morgan State University Presents [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214002404/http://www.nathanielturner.com/princetwinssevenseven.htm "Prince Twins Seven Seven"]. ''ChickenBones: A Journal''.</ref> Ọ nọ n'usoro ịghọ Eze nke Ibadan nke a ga-akpọ Osuntoki II. Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ bụrụ onye isi ezinụlọ ya, Mogaji. Mgbe Mogaji ochie nwụrụ, ndị ezinụlọ ya họpụtara Twins Seven Seven ka ọ nọchie ya, mana a nọgidere na-eme ka okpueze ahụ laghachi azụ, ọ nwụrụ tupu ya enwee ike ịnọ n'ọkwa a.<ref name="Glassie"/> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 1982, ọ lanarịrị ihe mberede ụgbọ ala - ọ bụ ezie na e mere ọkwa redio na-ezighi ezi banyere ọnwụ ya mgbe a dọtara ya n'ụgbọala ahụ mebiri emebi - ma emesịa ọ nọrọ n'ihe ndina ruo ọnwa iri na asatọ.<ref name="Glassie">Henry Glassie, [https://materialculture.com/prince-twins-seven-seven-in-memoriam/ "Prince Twins Seven-Seven: In Memoriam"], ''African Arts'', Spring 2012, via Material Culture.</ref> N'afọ ndị 1990, ọrụ ya pụtara na nnukwu ihe ngosi na Spain, [[Finland]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], England, [[Jémanị|Germany]], na US.<ref name="Glassie"/> N'oge a, ọ zụkwara ala n'obodo Sekola, na-eme atụmatụ ime ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ Yoruba na ebe ndị njem nleta akpọrọ "Paradise Resort", mana ọ pụtaghị ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Probst|first=Peter|title="Yoruba Heritage as Project: Reauthenticating the Osun Grove in Osogbo, Nigeria."|journal=African Arts|date=2009|volume=42|issue=4|pages=24–37|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20627025.}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, ọ kwagara Philadelphia, ebe ọ na-atụ anya ibi na ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, mana e zuru ya ohi, chụpụ ya, ma chụọ ya n'ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ala. N'oge a dị ala, George Jevremovic mere ihe ngosi maka ya na 2005 maka ego mmesapụ aka ma nye ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ebe a ruo n'afọ 2008 mgbe enweghị ego mere ka ọ laghachi Naịjirịa.<ref name="Glassie"/> Ihe nrite o nwetara gụnyere aha echichi Naịjirịa, dịka mgbe na Jenụwarị 1996, a kpọrọ ya '''Ekerin-Basorun''' na '''Atunluto''' nke Ibadan . Na Disemba 1996, a kpọrọ ya '''Obatolu''' nke Ogidi .<ref name="Glassie"/> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ UNESCO Artist for Peace na 25 Mee 2005 "na nkwanye ùgwù maka onyinye ya n'ịkwalite mkparịta ụka na nghọta n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ọkachasị na mpaghara Africa na African Diaspora".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=27586&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Prince Twins Seven-Seven Named UNESCO Artist for Peace|date=25 May 2005|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> Twin Seven Seven nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na asaa na Ibadan na 16 June 2011, na-esote nsogbu sitere na ọrịa strok.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/arts/design/prince-twins-seven-seven-nigerian-artist-dies-at-67.html?ref=deathsobituaries|title=Prince Twins Seven-Seven, Nigerian Artist, Dies at 67|author=William Grimes|authorlink=William Grimes (journalist)|date=3 July 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Ụmụ ụmụ ejima asaa asaa bụ Azeez Ojulari, onye na-agba ọsọ maka New York Giants nke National Football League, na BJ Ojulari, onye na-agba ọsọ maka LSU Tigers. == Nchịkọta nkeonwe == * Olivier Doria d'Angri (Rome/London) * Ezinụlọ Glendonwyn (Madrid / Tenerife / Dubai) * Patrick na Awele Okigbo (Abuja, Nigeria) == Discography == * ''Slang'' in Trance (Caravan of Dreams, 1986) '''Ya na Ronald Shannon Jackson''' * Live at the Caravan of Dreams (Caravan of Dreams, 1986) == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == Twins Seven-Seven, A Dreaming Life: An Autobiography of Chief Twins Seven-Seven, the Ekerin-Bashorun Atunluto of Ibadanland, Bayreuth: Bayreuth University Press, 1999.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-3-927510-61-6|978-3-927510-61-6]] == Njikọ mpụga == * Glassie, Henry. Prince Twins Seven-Seven: His Art, His Life in Nigeria, His Exile in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35439-6|978-0-253-35439-6]] (nke Combined Academic Publishers kesara na UK na Europe). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160818154320/http://www.kyonoir.com/ Ntinye ego nka nke Afrịka nke oge a] * [http://www.africancontemporary.com African Contemporary Art Gallery] * [http://indigoarts.com/gallery_africanart_twin77.html Indigo Arts Gallery] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s1tdogbfqylatowejkc6y3d7syfu22r 0 14341 697655 206078 2026-08-10T05:00:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Osita M. Ogbu, OON bụ Ọkankụzi nke akụ na ụba na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum]] Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjM1NA--|title=Staff Profile|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka atụmatụ mba site n'afọ 2005 ruo n'afọ 2006, na onye bụbu onye isi ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba nke [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|onye isi ala Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/index.php/about-us/cabinet-ministers|title=Cabinet Ministers|publisher=[[Federal Ministry of Budget and National Planning]]|accessdate=9 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013000012/http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/index.php/about-us/cabinet-ministers|archivedate=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/fed-character-killing-economy-ex-minister/|title=Fed Character killing economy - Ex-minister|author=Ayansina|first=Caleb|date=September 21, 2012|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/03/03/soludo-we-want-a-nigeria-where-it-doesnt-matter-where-the-president-comes-from/|title=Soludo: We Want a Nigeria Where It Doesn't Matter Where the President Comes From|date=March 3, 2017|work=Thisday|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye nleta nke Brookings Institution's Africa Growth Initiative .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/events/africas-odious-debts-how-foreign-loans-and-capital-flight-bled-a-continent/|title=Africa's Odious Debts: How Foreign Loans and Capital Flight Bled a Continent|work=[[Brookings Institution]]|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Osita Ogbu si Ovoko, na Igbo-Eze South LGA nke [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu Steeti]] nke Naịjirịa. A mụrụ Ogbu na Septemba 29, 1957 na Onitsha . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Holy Trinity Primary School, Onitsha yana St. Teresa's College, Nsukka . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Nigeria, Nsukka ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1979 na B.Sc. nakwa akụ na ụba na Mahadum Howard na Washington DC, US, ebe ọ nwetara M.A. na akụ na ụba n'afọ 1984 na Ph.D. na akụ na ụba n'afọ 1988. O nwekwara asambodo na ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ na Mahadum Harvard (July 2009). == Ọrụ == === Post-UNN === Osita Ogbu bụ onye njikwa ahịa na Lever Brothers (Nig.) Ltd site n'afọ 1980-1983, na-elekọta, n'oge dị iche iche, Delta District na Industrial Sales na Lagos. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ na-ahụ maka nchọpụta na mpaghara Afrịka nke World Bank na Washington DC n'etiti afọ 1987 na 1991. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na International Development Research Centre of Canada na Ottawa na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara dị na Nairobi dịka ọkachamara mmemme site n'afọ 1991 ruo afọ 2001. === ATPS === Osita Ogbu guzobere African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) dịka nzukọ mba ụwa na Nairobi ma bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa / CEO nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'afọ 2001 ruo afọ 2005. ATPS bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha iwu mba ụwa nke raara onwe ya nye nkwalite na itinye sayensị na teknụzụ maka mmepe Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATPS – African Technology Policy Studies Network|url=https://atpsnet.org/|accessdate=2021-05-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Gọọmentị === Osita Ogbu bụ onye isi ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba nke onye isi ala nke Federal Republic of Nigeria nakwa Minista na-ahụ maka National Planning Commission site n'afọ 2005 ruo 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/2017/index.php/about-us/cabinet-ministers|title=MINISTRY OF BUDGET AND NATIONAL PLANNING - Cabinet Ministers|work=www.nationalplanning.gov.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229155849/http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/2017/index.php/about-us/cabinet-ministers|archivedate=2017-12-29}} </ref> Dịka onye isi ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba, Osita Ogbu bụ osote onye isi nke National Economic Team. Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Kansụl Na-achị Isi nke Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan . === Ugbu a === Ugbu a, ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Economics na onye isi nke Institute for Development Studies na Mahadum nke Nigeria, Nsukka . Ọ bụkwa MD / CEO nke African Development Solutions International Ltd. [ADSI], ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe ọmụma, na [[Abuja]], Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjM1NA--|title=UNN Staff Profile}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nlekọta ugbu a nke Clement Isong Foundation nakwa onye isi nke AfriHeritage Institution, Enugu. Ọ na-eje ozi na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na Privatization Council nke Enugu Steeti. == Akwụkwọ == === Ihe Odide Ihe === Novel: The Moon Also Sets [nke ndị East African Educational Publishers, Kenya Ltd, Nairobi (2002) na Heinemann Nigeria Ltd, Ibadan (2003) bipụtara].<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Books Collective: The Moon Also Sets|url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/the-moon-also-sets|accessdate=2021-05-28|work=www.africanbookscollective.com}}</ref> === Edited === 1. Eboh, E. & Ogbu, O. (2010). The Global Economic Crisis and Nigeria: Taking the Right Lessons, Avoiding the Wrong Lessons, (African Institute for Applied Economics, Enugu, Nigeria: 2010). 2. Charles Soludo, Osita Ogbu, na Ha-Joon Chang (2004). The Politics of Trade and Industrial Policy in Africa (Africa World Press Inc., New Jersey, US: 2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/politics-trade-and-industrial-policy-africa-forced-consensus|title=The Politics of Trade and Industrial Policy in Africa: Forced Consensus? &#124; IDRC - International Development Research Centre}}</ref> 3. Ogbu, O., Oyeyinka, B. na Mlawa, H. (1995). Technology Policy and Practice in Africa, (IDRC Books, Canada: 1995).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/technology-policy-and-practice-africa|title=Technology Policy and Practice in Africa &#124; IDRC - International Development Research Centre}}</ref> 4. Uramah, C.K; Ogbu, Osita; Bijker, W; Alfonso, A.; Gomez, N.; Ozor, N.(2009). The African Manifesto for Science, Technology and Innovation.(African Technology Policy Studies Network, Kenya, Nairobi: 2009). == Ndụ onwe onye == === Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ === * {{Cite journal|author=Ogbu|first=Osita M.|year=1990|title=Agricultural Supply Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review of the Literature|journal=African Development Review|volume=2|issue=2|pages=83–99|issn=1017-6772|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.1990.tb00025.x}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ogbu|first=Osita|year=1992|title=Public expenditures and health care in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1992-03_34_6/page/615|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=34|issue=6|pages=615–624|issn=0277-9536|doi=10.1016/0277-9536(92)90189-W|pmid=1574729}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ogbu|first=Osita|year=1991|title=On Public Expenditures and Delivery of Education inSub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-education-review_1991-05_35_2/page/n90|journal=Comparative Education Review|volume=35|issue=2|pages=295–318|issn=0010-4086|doi=10.1086/447019}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ogbu|first=Osita|title=Estimating import demand for Nigeria : is adaptive expectation methodology relevant?|journal=Eastern Africa Economic Review|date=1994|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–10|issn=1011-4750}}< === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * The Moon Also Sets (2005)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200502080741.html|title=Nigeria: An Uninspiring Afterglow|date=7 February 2005|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|publisher=allAfrica|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200503100227.html|title=Nigeria: A Clear, Lucid Glow|date=May 9, 2005|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|accessdate=10 August 2017}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cm9kahigskbmt52f9a9j1ehqtxwxcmn 0 14356 697832 577599 2026-08-10T09:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697832 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Oluwarotimi Adebiyi Wahab Fani-Kayode''' (20 Eprel 1955 - 21 Disemba 1989) bụ onye na-ese foto amụrụ na Naijiria, onye kwagara England mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ iji gbanahụ agha obodo Naijiria.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024853/http://www.autograph-abp-shop.co.uk/files/Newspapers/NO9.Dec89-Jan90.pdf "Rotimi Fani-Kayode (In Memoriam)"], ''Autograph'' Newsletter, No. 9, December 1989/January 1990.</ref> E mepụtara isi ọrụ ya n'etiti 1982 na 1989. Ọ nyochara esemokwu nke ịbụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyi, agbụrụ na ọdịbendị nke o mepụtara site na ihe osise na nhazi. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Rotimi Fani-Kayode na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1955, dị ka nwa nke abụọ nke ezinụlọ [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] a ma ama (Chief Babaremilekun Adetokunboh Fani-Kayode na Chief Mrs. Adia Adunni Fani-Kayode) nke kwagara Brighton, England, n'afọ 1966, mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha na agha obodo sochirinụ. Rotimi gara ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Britain maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, nke gụnyere Brighton College, Seabright College, na Millfield, o wee kwaga USA na 1976. Ọ gụrụ Fine Arts na Economics na Mahadum Georgetown, Washington, DC, maka BA ya, ọ gara n'ihu maka MFA ya na Fine Arts & Photography na Pratt Institute, New York City. Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ya na Robert Mapplethorpe ghọrọ enyi, onye o kwuru na ọ na-emetụta ọrụ ya nke ụkwụụ.<ref>Conversation with the author 1988</ref> Fani-Kayode laghachiri UK na 1983 ebe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Brixton Artists Collective, na-egosi na mbụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ngosi ndị otu ahụ emere na Brixton Art Gallery tupu ọ gaa n'ihu igosi na ebe ngosi ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na London. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi ọrịa nkụchi obi mgbe ọ na-agbake n'ọrịa metụtara ọrịa AIDS na 21 Disemba 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotimi Fani Kayode – Photo {{!}} Revue Noire|url=https://www.revuenoire.com/en/rotimi-fani-kayode-photo/|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.revuenoire.com}}</ref> N'oge ọnwụ ya, ya na onye ya na-arụkọ ọrụ Alex Hirst bi na Brixton, London. == Ọrụ == Fani-Kayode kwetara na ọrụ mbụ nke Mapplethorpe na-emetụta ya mana ọ gbasiri mbọ ike na nka ya, na-enyocha ọnọdụ ịbụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, colonialism na esemokwu dị n'etiti nwoke idina nwoke ya na nkuzi Yoruba ya site na usoro ihe oyiyi na agba na oji na ọcha.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photographers''.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Rotimi Fani-Kayode kwuru na Robert Mapplethorpe dị ka mmetụta na ọrụ ya, Fani-Kayode na-arụ ọrụ na isiokwu Baroque ebe Mapplethorpe na-arụ ọrụ na Classical.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2979/transition.118.74|title=Rotimi Fani-Kayode's Ecstatic Antibodies|journal=Transition|issue=118|pages=74–86|year=2015|author=Moffitt}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ya na okpukpe Yoruba malitere mgbe ya na nne na nna ya nọ. Fani-Kayode kwuru na nne na nna ya bụ ndị na-efe Ifa, orisha, na ndị na-elekọta ụlọ arụsị ndị Yoruba, ahụmahụ mbụ nke metụtara ọrụ ya. Site na ihe nketa a, ọ malitere ịchọ ijikọta ọchịchọ, emume, na ahụ nwoke ojii. Ahụmahụ okpukpe ya gbara ya ume iṅomi usoro Yoruba nke inwe, nke ndị ụkọchukwu Yoruba na-ekwurịta okwu na chi ma nwee obi ụtọ. E gosipụtara ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ n'etiti foto Fani-Kayode na usoro obi añuri ndị Yoruba na ọrụ ya, Bronze Head (1987).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/00043249.2005.10791152|title=Transgressive Transcendence in the Photographs of Rotimi Fani-Kayode|journal=Art Journal|volume=64|pages=4–19|year=2005|author=Nelson|first=Steven}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ ikwurịta okwu na uche ndị na-ege ntị na-amaghị ihe na ijikọta echiche Yoruba na nke ọdịda anyanwụ (karịsịa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst). Omume a nke ijikọta ihe ịchọ mma na agụụ mmekọahụ okpukpe na-amanye onye na-ekiri ya ịhụ anya na n'ụzọ na-akpali akpali.<ref name=":2">Worton, Michael. "Behold the (sick) man." National Healths: Gender, Sexuality, and Health in Cross-cultural Context (2004): 151–165.</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ nke a na ọrụ mbụ ya, "Sonponnoi" (1987). Sonponnoi bụ otu n'ime orishas kachasị ike na Yoruba pantheon; ọ bụ chi nke kịtịkpa. N'ihi nnukwu ike ya, ọ na-akpata egwu ruo n'ókè ebe ndị mmadụ na-atụ egwu ikwu aha ya, ọ na-aghọkwa onye na-anọghị n'èzí, na-ebi n'ime ime obodo kama ịnọ n'ime ala. N'ihe oyiyi ahụ, e nwere onye ojii na-enweghị isi, nke e ji ntụpọ ọcha na oji chọọ mma, na-ejide kandụl atọ na-ere ọkụ na nkwonkwo ya. Fani-Kayode ji ntụpọ chọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ mma iji gosipụta kịtịkpa Sonponnoi na akara agbụrụ Yoruba. Kandụl atọ ahụ na-ere ere n'ahụ ya na-akpali echiche na mmekọahụ na-aga n'ihu ọbụna n'ọrịa / ọzọ. Ọ na-anọchite anya otú okwukwe Ndị Kraịst si dochie ọdịnala Yoruba ebe ọ na-ewetakwa ọrịa na ya n'oge ọchịchị.<ref name=":2">Worton, Michael. "Behold the (sick) man." National Healths: Gender, Sexuality, and Health in Cross-cultural Context (2004): 151–165.</ref> N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, Fani-Kayode chọpụtara na orisha a bụ onye na-abụghị onye ọzọ, mana ọ gbatịkwuru ozi ihe atụ nke onyinyo ahụ, na-agwa ya okwu na ọ katọrọ mmekọahụ mgbe ọ na-ebi na mba ọdịda anyanwụ nke na-emegide okpukpe nna nna ya. Ọ na-ezo aka karịsịa na Esu, onye ozi na chi nke a na-egosipụtakarị dika amụ kwụ ọtọ, ugboro ugboro na ihe oyiyi ya. Ọ ga-edepụta amụ kwụ ọtọ n'ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi ya iji kọwaa ahụmịhe mmiri ya na mmekọahụ. Ọrụ Fani-Kayode a kpọrọ 'Black Male, White Male' na-ejikọta isiokwu agbụrụ ya na nke mmekọahụ na ngosipụta aghụghọ nke mmekọrịta ofufe na chi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ahụ na-egosipụta mgbagwoju anya nke enwere ike ijikọ ya na Esu, onye na-egosipụta ike na-emegide onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oguibe|first=Olu|year=1999|title=Finding a Place: Nigerian Artists in the Contemporary Art World|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_summer-1999_58_2/page/n36|journal=Art Journal|volume=58|issue=2|pages=35–36|doi=10.1080/00043249.1999.10791937}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere Esu, ọ na-ekwusi ike, "Eshu na-elekọta ebe a..Ọ bụ onye aghụghọ Onyenwe nke Crossroads (onye ogbugbo n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị), mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbanwe akara ngosi iji duhie anyị [...O nwere ike ịbụ site na ọmụmụ ọzọ ga-eme. "<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Expressions of the Body: Representations in African Text and Image|author=Baker|first=Charlotte|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Parsons|first=Sarah Watson|date=1999|title="Interpreting Projections, Projecting Interpretations: A Reconsideration of the "Phallus" in Esu Iconography"|journal=Africa Today|issue=2|volume=32|pages=36–91}}</ref> Esu pụtakwara na foto Fani-Kayode, nke a kpọrọ Nothing to Lose IX . A na-aghọta ọnụnọ Esu na agba nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ; site na iji akara ọcha, uhie, na oji, ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-eguzo dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke chi Esu. Ọ bụ ezie na agba ndị a na-anọchi anya Esu, ihe mkpuchi ahụ n'onwe ya enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-ebute ụzọ na ịme ihe mkpuchi ọdịnala Afrịka; isiokwu a dị aghụghọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị larịị iji gosipụta "ọnọdụ ịbụ onye Africa" (nkatọ nke echiche nke ndị na-ege ntị na Europe gbanyere n'ọtụtụ ebe).<ref name=":4"/> Enwere ike inyocha echiche Fani-Kayode nke ịbụ onye a na 1987 'Bronze Head'. Na foto ahụ, ọ na-akụpụta ahụ ojii nke onye ahụ iji kpughee ụkwụ ya na ike ya ka ọ na-aga ịnọdụ n'elu ihe ọkpụkpụ Ife eji ọla nchara wee mee. A na-etinye ihe ọkpụkpụ Ife n'elu efere gbara gburugburu, oche, ma ọ bụ ntọala, ma tinye ya n'ụzọ dị mma n'etiti foto ahụ. Dịka, isi ọla nchara dị na foto ahụ bụ iji sọpụrụ eze Ife. Otú ọ dị, n'ihe gbasara foto Fani-Kayode, ọ na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ eze Yoruba.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ola, Yomi.|title=Satires of power in Yoruba visual culture|date=2013|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|isbn=978-1-61163-037-4|location=Durham, N.C.|pages=191|oclc=786273719}}</ref> Foto a na-anọchite anya ma ndọrọ n'agha ya na nwoke idina nwoke, akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa nke ụwa ya. Ahụ a na-egbutu egbutu na-anọchi anya njirimara ya, ọnọdụ ahụ na-ezo aka na mmekọahụ ya na ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ na-anọchi anya ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya oge ochie na ndụ ya nke ọ na-anwa ịrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=Steven|date=1 January 2005|title=Transgressive Transcendence in the Photographs of Rotimi Fani-Kayode|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_spring-2005_64_1/page/n5|journal=Art Journal|volume=64|issue=1|pages=4–19|doi=10.2307/20068359}}</ref> Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya, nke akpọrọ "Communion" (1995), gosipụtara mmekọrịta ya na okpukpe Yoruba. O yiri ka ọ na-ewepụta echiche ndị Yoruba nke ịdị jụụ na ike. Ọ na-egosipụta na ọ bụ "udo nke mmekọrịta ya na ụwa ime mmụọ." Otu n'ime ihe oyiyi dị na usoro ahụ, "The Golden Phallus," bụ nke nwoke nwere ihe mkpuchi dị ka nnụnụ na-ele onye na-ekiri ya anya, ya na amụ ya akwụgidere na eriri. A kọwara onyinyo ahụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya na-enweghị isi nke otú ndị isi ojii si buru ibu arọ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=":4"/> N'ihe oyiyi a (''The Golden Phallus''), dị ka ọ dị na Fani-Kayode's Bronze Head, a na-elekwasị anya na liminality, ime mmụọ, ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụkọ ọdịbendị - na-ewere echiche ndị a hụrụ dị ka 'oge ochie' (na ngosipụta nke 'classical' African art) ma weghachite ha dị ka archetype nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=Steven|date=2005|title=Transgressive Transcendence in the Photographs of Rotimi Fani-Kayode|journal=Art Journal|volume=64|pages=4–19|doi=10.1080/00043249.2005.10791152}}</ref> == Ihe Ncheta == Fani-Kayode na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ weere ya dị ka onye na-anọghị n'èzí na ihe ngosi nke ndị mba ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, Fani-Kayode kwenyere na n'ihi ngosipụta a nke onwe ya, o nyere aka mepụta ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto.<ref name=":0"/> N'ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru okwu banyere ahụmịhe ya nke ịbụ onye mba ọzọ n'ihe gbasara mba ofesi, mana ọ dịkwa mkpa iburu n'uche na ọ bụ mbugharị mmanye. Ịchụpụ ya na Naịjirịa mgbe ọ dị obere metụtara echiche ya nke ịdị n'otu. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ka onwere "obere ihe ọ ga-efu".<ref>Cotter, Holland. ''Rotimi Fani-Kayode: Nothing to Lose''. New York Times Company, New York, N.Y, 2012.</ref> Ma e mepụtara njirimara ya site n'echiche ya nke ịdị ọzọ ma mee ya. N'ọrụ ya, ndị Fani-Kayode na-achị bụ kpọmkwem ndị isi ojii, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ekwupụta onwe ya dị ka onye isi ojii n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, nke a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ihe ngosi na ọhụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. N'ịkọwa nka ya dị ka "Black, African, homosexual photography" N'iji ahụ dị ka isi ihe dị na foto ya, o nwere ike ịchọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti echiche agụụ mmekọahụ na ụkpụrụ ime mmụọ nna nna ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=11 May 2012|title=Rotimi Fani-Kayode: 'Nothing to Lose': [Review]|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> Ahụmahụ ya dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọgba aghara, nkewa, ịjụ, na nkewa niile mepụtara ọrụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Kobena|first=Mercer|year=1996|title=Eros & Diaspora|journal=Reading the Contemporary: African Art from Theory to the Marketplace|pages=289–293}}</ref> Fani-Kayode gbara aka na a ghara ịhụ anya nke "African queerness", ma ọ bụ ịgọnahụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ nke Africa, na ha abụọ. Ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ na nke Afrịka. N'ozuzu ya, ọ chọrọ ịmegharị echiche nke mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị na foto ya, na-egosi na mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị na-apụta ihe siri ike na nke a na-apughị ịwepụ n'ihi omenala na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mana ọ bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Otú ọ dị, ọ chọsiri ike ịzụlite queerness na nka Afrịka nke oge a, nke chọrọ ka ọ lebara anya na ihe nketa ndị ọchịchị na nke Ndị Kraịst anya nke na-egbochi queerness ma wuo echiche na-emerụ ahụ nke nwoke ojii. N'oge a na-anọghị na-anọchite anya ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka, o ji iwe bịakwute okwu ahụ site n'ikwu okwu ma na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere mmegide nke ahụ ojii. (charlotte) Mmetụta homoerotic ya n'iji ahụ nwoke ojii nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka ngosipụta nke echiche, nke ọchịchọ na ọchịchọ, na ịma onwe onye na nzaghachi maka ahụ ojii na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Enwezor|first=Okwui|year=2008|title=The postcolonial constellation: Contemporary art in a state of permanent transition|journal=Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity|pages=207–234|doi=10.1215/9780822389330-015}}</ref> O nwere ike igosi ụwa na ndị nọ n'ụwa nka otú olu ojii si dị mkpa. Ịkọ akụkụ ha nke akụkọ ahụ na ọ bụghị naanị ịbụ isiokwu nke onye ọzọ na-egosi ha. Ọ bụghị naanị na a na-eto Fani-Kayode maka echiche ya nke Africanness na queerness (na African queerness), a na-etokwa ya maka ikike ya ijikọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ na mmekọahụ na agụụ mmekọahụ okpukpe na ịma mma. Otu onye nkatọ kọwakwara ọrụ ya dị ka "neo-romantic", nakwa na echiche ihe oyiyi ya na-akpali echiche nke ịma mma na-agafe agafe.<ref name=":1"/> Ọrụ ya jupụtara na aghụghọ, ihe ọchị, na nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. O nyekwara aka na arụmụka nka gbasara nje HIV / AIDS.<ref>Jean Marc Patras/ Galerie.</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Ọ malitere igosi ihe ngosi na 1984 ma sonye n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1989. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na United Kingdom, France, [[Austria]], Italy, Nigeria, Sweden, Germany, South Africa, na US. Fani-Kayode bu ụzọ gosipụta na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi nke Brixton Artists Collective na-elekọta. O gosipụtara na ''ihe ngosi'' atọ na Gallery: No Comment, December 1984; Seeing Diversity, February 1985 na Annual Members Show, November 1985. * ''Same Difference'', ihe ngosi otu na Camerawork, July 1986<ref>{{Cite web|title=Same Difference - Emily Andersen, Keith Cavanagh, Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Jean Fraser, Sunil Gupta, Nigel Maudsley, Brenda Prince, Susan Trangmar, Val Wilmer, Bob Workman|url=https://www.fourcornersarchive.org/archive/view/0001988|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.fourcornersarchive.org|language=en-GB}}</ref> * The Invisible Man, ihe ngosi otu na Goldsmith's Gallery, 1988<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Recordings:A Select Bibliography of Contemporary African,Afro-Caribbean and Asian British Art|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0036/199467/Recordings-A-Select-Bibliography-of-Contemporary-African,-Afro-Caribbean-and-Asian-British-Art2.pdf|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=}}</ref> * ''ÁBÍKU - Born to Die'', otu onye na-egosi na Centre 181 Gallery (Hammersmith), Septemba / Ọktoba 1988<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tate|title=‘Abiku (Born to Die)', Rotimi Fani-Kayode, 1988, printed c.1988|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fani-kayode-abiku-born-to-die-p82472|accessdate=2021-11-15|work=Tate|language=en-GB}}</ref> * US / UK Photography Exchange, na-eme njem ngosi otu na Camerawork & Jamaica Arts Centre, New York, 1989<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diaspora-artists: View details|url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=302&table=artists|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=new.diaspora-artists.net|archivedate=2021-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130163126/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=302&table=artists}}</ref> * ''Ecstatic Antibodies'': Resisting the AIDS Mythology, Touring group exhibition, Curated by Sunil Gupta and Tessa Boffin, 1990, Impressions Gallery, York; Ikon Gallery, Birmingham; Battersea Arts Centre, London. N'afọ 1988, Fani-Kayode na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese foto (ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha gbakọtara maka Reflections of the Black Experience, Brixton Artists Collective) gụnyere Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo na Armet Francisco guzobere Association of Black Photographers (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Autograph ABP) wee bụrụ onye isi mbụ ha.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193604/http://autograph-abp.co.uk/multimedia/video/autograph-sees-light-of-day "Autograph Sees Light of Day"], Autograph.</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Black Audio Film Collective .<ref name="ReferenceB">'' GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture''.</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ndị ojii na-eto eto na-ese foto nọ na ngwụsị afọ 1980 na afọ 1990. Mgbe Alex Hirst nwụrụ n'afọ 1992, ụfọdụ esemokwu anọgidewo banyere ọrụ ndị Fani-Kayode.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> == Mbipụta == * ''Communion''. London: Autograph, 1986. * Black Male/White Male. London: Gay Men's Press, 1988. Foto nke Fani-Kayode, ederede nke Alex Hirst. * ''Bodies of Experience'': Akụkọ banyere inwe nje HIV.—ihe ngosi otu na Camerawork na 1989 * ''Autoportraits''. Camerawork RF-K March 1990 (E tinyere ya na mgbasa ozi maka ihe ngosi ahụ mana egosighi ọrụ ya n'ihi ọnwụ mberede ya na Disemba 1989). * Memorial Retrospective Exhibition. 198 Gallery, December 1990 (Brian Kennedy, City Limits magazine, na-arịọ maka onyinye iji kwado ''ihe ngosi'' ahụ.) Poster-catalogue essays by Alex Hirst and Stuart Hall. * ''Photographs.'' Autograph ABP, London, 1996. Site n'aka Fani-Kayode na Alex Hirst.<ref>[http://www.revuenoire.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117:2-909571-17-3&catid=13:Grand%20Livre&Itemid=4&lang=en Extract]. ''Revue Noire''.</ref> * ''Decolonising the Camera'' nke Mark Sealy dere peeji nke 226-232. * And Bloodflowers: Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Photography and the 1980s. by W Ian Bourland. == Quotes == "E wuru njirimara m site n'echiche nke m gbasara onye ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị, agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ. Akụkụ atọ ahụ adịghị iche n'ime m. Foto bụ ngwá ọrụ nke m nwere obi ike iji gosipụta onwe m. Ya mere, ọ bụ foto - ojii, Afrịka - nke m ga-eji ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ngwá ọrụ, kama dị ka ngwá agha ma ọ bụrụ na m ga-eguzogide mwakpo na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe m na, n'ezie, ịdị adị m n'ụzọ nke m. "<ref>"Traces of Ecstasy", ''Ten-8'', no. 28, 1988.</ref> "N'ihe atọ, abụ m onye na-anọ n'èzí: n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ; n'ihe gbasara mpaghara na ọdịbendị; na n'echiche nke ịghara ịghọ ụdị ọkachamara lụrụ nwanyị a na-akwanyere ùgwù nne na nna m nwere ike ịtụ anya ya. "<ref name=":3"/> "M na-eme foto m nwoke idina nwoke n'inwe ebumnuche. Ndị isi ojii si n'ụwa nke atọ ekpughebeghị ma ọ bụ ndị nke ha ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ otu eziokwu na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ: ha nwere ike ịchọ ibe ha.<ref name=":3"/> "Ana m agbalị iwepụta akụkụ ime mmụọ na foto m ka echiche nke eziokwu wee bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya ma na-emeghe ka a kọwaa ya. Nke a chọrọ ihe ndị ụkọchukwu Yoruba na-akpọ usoro nke obi añuri"<ref name=":0"/> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q91ru3vdgudc94in6acyfc52uvap4wt 0 14524 697904 595705 2026-08-10T10:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ladi Kwali''', OON, MBE (c.1925– 12 August 1984) bụ onye Naijiria na-akpụite, onye na-ahụ maka ụrọ na onye nkuzi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Awa|first=Omiko|date=6 December 2020|title=Ladi Dosei Kwali, a legendary pacesetter|language=en-US|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ladi-dosei-kwali-a-legendary-pacesetter/|accessdate=10 August 2021}}</ref> A mụrụ Ladi Kwali n'obodo Kwali dị na mpaghara Gwari nke Northern Nigeria, ebe ịkpụ ite bụ ọrụ ụmụ amaala n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":3"/> Ọ mụtara ịkpụ ite mgbe ọ bụ nwata site n'aka nwanne nne ya site n'iji usoro ọdịnala nke ịkwanye. O mere nnukwu ite maka iji mee ihe dị ka ite mmiri, ite eji esi nri, na efere site na ụrọ, nke a na-eti site n'ime ya na osisi dị larịị. A na-eji ụkpụrụ ihe atụ geometric na ụdị ihe atụ chọọ ha mma, gụnyere akpị, ngwere, agụ iyi, chameleons, agwọ, nnụnụ, na azụ.<ref name=":1"/> A maara ite ya maka ịma mma nke ọdịdị na ịchọ mma ha, a makwaara ya na mpaghara ya dị ka ọkpụite nwere onyinye na onye a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=Barbara|date=6 February 2007|title=Namsifueli Nyeki: A Tanzanian Potter Extraordinaire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-2007_40_1/page/54|journal=African Arts|volume=40|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.54|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Emir nke [[Abuja]], Alhaji Suleiman Barau, nwetara ọtụtụ n'ụlọ ya Michael Cardew hụrụ ha n'afọ 1950.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|title=History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter|date=8 February 2015|accessdate=18 January 2016|work=Abuja Facts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya na obere obodo Kwali, nke dị ugbu a Kwali Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, na 1925 (Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ na-egosi ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya bụ n'ezie 1920).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Okunna|first=E.|date=1 January 2012|title=Living through two pottery traditions and the story of an icon: Ladi Kwali|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjas/article/view/117190|journal=Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies|volume=1|issn=2346-7126}}</ref> O tolitere n'ime ezinụlọ nke na-agbaso ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị ikpu ite.<ref name=":5" /> Mallam Mekaniki Kyebese, nwanne Ladi Kwali nke nta, kwuru; "Ọbụna n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ime ite, Ladi Kwali mara n'ọrụ aka ahu nke ọma ma a na-erekarị ngwa ahịa ya ọbụna tupu e buru ha gaa ahịa. "<ref name=":5" /> N'ime afọ ọkachamara mbụ ya, ọnọdụ ọdịbendị ọdịnala kpaliri ya imepụta ite ite nke ọdịnala Gbagyi nke metụtara ma mee ka ọ pụta ìhè na okwu onwe onye. Ụzọ o si ele ụrọ anya na-ekwughachi site na ụda mgbakọ na mwepụ, nke a na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè site na ngosipụta na-aga n'ihu nke symmetry.<ref name=":5"/> [[Usòrò:Hand-Built_pot_by_Ladi_Kwali_(YORYM-2004.1.919).JPG|thumb|Ladi Kwali ji aka wuo ite ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ; W.A. Ismay Studio Ceramics Collection, York Art Gallery]] == Ọrụ == Michael Cardew, onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ite na Ngalaba Azụmahịa na Ụlọ ọrụ na Gọọmentị Naịjirịa na 1951, guzobere Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Ụrọ na Suleja (nke a na-akpọ "Abuja") n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1952.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Slye|first=Jonathon|date=October 1966|title=Abuja Stoneware|journal=Ceramics Monthly|pages=12–16}}</ref> N'afọ 1954, Ladi Kwali sonyeere Abuja Pottery dị ka nwanyị mbụ ọkpụite ya. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mụtara ịtụ wiil, ịcha, ịgba ọkụ, mmepụta nke saggars, na iji slip, n'ikpeazụ o mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi.<ref name=":2" /> O mere efere na ihe ịchọ mma sgraffito, nke gụnyere imikpu arịa na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha wee kpoo ihe ịchọ mma ahụ site na akwa ahụ gaa n'okpuru ahụ, na-eji akwa porcupine.<ref name=":1"/> Ka ọ na-erule oge Cardew hapụrụ ọrụ ya na 1965, Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ adọtawo ụmụ nwanyị anọ ọzọ si Gwari: Halima Audu, Lami Toto, Assibi Iddo, na Kande Ushafa.<ref name=":3"/> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ''Dakin Gwari'' (ọnụ ụlọ Gwari), iji aka rụọ nnukwu ite mmiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Cardew|first=Michael|date=April 1972|title=Ladi Kwali: The Potter from England Writes on the Potter from Africa|journal=[[Craft Horizons]]|issue=32|pages=34–37}}</ref> === Ụdị imewe === Ha ga-eji okpokoro ụgbụ, mkpụrụ siri ike ma ọ bụ okpokoro calabash kpụọ ma kpochapu ihe dị n'ime ite ndị ahụ.<ref name=":2"/> Mgbe ahụ, ha gbanwere atụmatụ ọdịnala ha, site n'itinye ha na kaolin ọcha na feldspar slip, nke ga-adọrọ mmasị n'ime ihe ịchọ mma ndị dara mbà n'obi.<ref name=":2" /> Mgbe a gbasịrị ite ndị a na-egbuke egbuke celadon glaze, ebe ndị nwere slip ga-apụta na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ụzọ dị iche na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ ígwè na-acha uhie uhie nke arịa ndị ahụ.<ref name=":1"/> N'ihi na a na-egbukepụ ite ndị e ji aka rụọ, ndị a na-achọ mma nke ọma ma na-agba ha ọkụ na ọkụ dị elu, ha na-anọchite anya ngwakọta na-adọrọ mmasị nke Gwari ọdịnala na ite studio nke ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>Ladi Kwali – https://web.archive.org/web/20200324105116/http://www.studiopottery.com/cgi-bin/mp.cgi?item=251</ref> A na-etinye ite Ladi Kwali dị mkpa n'ime ụrọ nkume, jiri ụkpụrụ ngwere chọọ ya mma ma jiri ọchịchịrị na-egbuke egbuke gbaa ya. Maka ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọchịchịrị ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ite "Africanness".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels|author=Vincentelli|first=Moira|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0719038402|location=Manchester, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenceramics00moir/page/58 58–76]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenceramics00moir/page/58}}</ref> Ọ ga-eme ka ụkpụrụ dị n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ site n'ịgbagharị obere roulettes nke eriri gbagọrọ agbagọ ma ọ bụ osisi a pịrị apị n'elu ụrọ ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka eriri kwụ ọtọ na mgbe ụfọdụ na panel kwụ ọtọ.<ref name=":1"/> The osisi roulettes mejupụtara obere cylinders nke osisi siri ike, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ sentimita ogologo na a ọkara sentimita n'obosara, notched na kwụ ọtọ, oblique, ma ọ bụ yiri ụkpụrụ.<ref name=":2"/> A na-edepụta arịa ụrọ na usoro ịchọ mma na oge neolithic.<ref name=":2" /> N'ịgbaso usoro ọdịnala mpaghara ahụ, a gbara ha ọkụ n'ọkụ nke ahịhịa akọrọ. === Ihe ngosi === Site na ọdịnala ọdịbendị ya, ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ite, ụrọ Ladi Kwali ghọrọ "ihe nka".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reed|first=Lucy|date=1 January 2002|title=Review of Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels|journal=Studies in the Decorative Arts|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–163|doi=10.1086/studdecoarts.9.2.40663018}}</ref> E gosipụtara ite Ladi Kwali na ngosi mba ụwa nke ite Abuja na 1958, 1959, na 1962, nke Cardew haziri. Na 1961, Kwali mere ihe ngosi na Royal College, Farnham, na Wenford Bridge na Great Britain.<ref name=":3"/> O mekwara ngagharị iwe na France na Germany n'oge a. N'afọ 1972, ya na Cardew gara Amerịka. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na London na [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG61973 Berkeley Galleries]. A gbanwere aha Abuja Pottery ka ọ bụrụ Ladi Kwali Pottery na mmalite afọ 1980. == Ihe nrite na ihe ịga nke ọma == N'afọ 1954, e gosipụtara ite Kwali na ngosi mba ụwa nke ite Abuja nke Michael Cardew haziri. E nyere Kwali MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) na 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ladi Kwali MBE award year|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125301|publisher=British Museum|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42686/supplement/4352|title=Supplement to the London Gazette|date=25 May 1962|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, e nyere ya akara ugo mmụta doctoral na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] dị na Zaria.<ref name=":4"/> N'afọ 1980, [[Naijiria|Gọọmentị Naịjirịa]] (site na Cabinet Office nke [[Naijiria|Federal Republic of Nigeria]]) nyere ya akara nke Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM), nsọpụrụ mba kachasị elu maka agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127183309/http://www.frontiersnews.com/nigerian-national-order-of-merit-award/ "Nigerian National Order Of Merit Award"], ''Frontiers News'', 5 December 2013.</ref><ref name=":4"/> O nwetakwara nsọpụrụ mba nke Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) n'afọ 1981.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|title=History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter {{!}} Abuja Facts|work=www.abujafacts.ng|accessdate=27 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref> Foto ya pụtara n'azụ naira ịrị abụọ nke Naịjiria. <ref name=":4"/> A na-akpọ nnukwu okporo ámá dị na Abuja Ladi Kwali Road.<ref name=":4"/> Sheraton Hotel nwere Ladi Kwali Convention Center, nke bụ otu n'ime ụlọ nzukọ kachasị ukwuu na Abuja, nke nwere ụlọ nzukọ iri na ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ anọ.<ref name=":4"/> A na-anakọta ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa, dị ka Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, USA, Victoria and Albert Museum, na Aberystwyth University Ceramics Gallery, UK Ihe ngosi nke 2022 na Two Temple Place Body Vessel Clay, Black Women, Ceramics & Contemporary Art gụnyere Kwali dị ka mmalite maka ịde afọ iri asaa nke ụrọ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Body Vessel Clay|url=https://twotempleplace.org/exhibitions/body-vessel-clay/|accessdate=2022-03-07|work=Two Temple Place}}</ref> Google Doodle maka 16 Machị 2022 bụ maka ịsọpụrụ Kwali. == Ndetu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nl6d3kf6kmjpzufgewjfeu6achf3x5v 0 14564 697877 201298 2026-08-10T10:00:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zerihun Yetmgeta''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1941 na [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia) Yetmgeta bụ onye [[Ethiopia]] na-ese ihe. Ihe osise ya na ngwakọta mgbasa ozi ya jikọtara ihe ndị dị na nka nke oge a na ụdị ọdịnala nke obodo ya bụ Ethiopia, ọkachasị site na ihe oyiyi na akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke nkà Ọtọdọks nke Etiopia. == Ọrụ == Omume nka Yetmgeta malitere mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, o ritere ihe nrite mbụ na asọmpi nka mba, nke a maara dị ka asọmpi "All Ethiopian School". Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara Alle School of Fine Arts and Design na Addis Ababa (1963-1968). Mgbe ọ na-aga mahadum, Yetmgeta na Alexander Boghossian, nke a maara dị ka Skunder Boghossian, kekọritara otu ụlọ ọrụ. Boghossian, ya na [[Gebre Kristos Desta]] na Karl Heinz Hansen (ndị prọfesọ ya na School of Fine Arts), bu ndị ekwụrụ na ha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nke onye na-ese ihe ahụ nọ.<ref name="Silverman African Arts">{{Cite journal|author=Silverman|first=Raymond A.|title=Zeribun Yetmgeta: Portfolios|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1997_30_1/page/52|journal=African Arts|date=1997|volume=30|issue=1|pages=52–57|doi=10.2307/3337472}}</ref> Yetmgeta akụziela na Alle School of Fine Arts and Design kemgbe 1978.<ref name="School of Art and Design">{{Cite web|title=Zerihun Yetmgeta|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/cpva/zerihun-yetmgeta-belete/|work=Alle School of Art and Design, Addis Ababa University|accessdate=2022-06-10|archivedate=2022-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125413/http://www.aau.edu.et/cpva/zerihun-yetmgeta-belete/}}</ref> Mgbe mgbanwe nke afọ 1974 nke Etiopia gasịrị, mgbe a kwaturu Eze Ukwu Haile Selassie, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gara mba ọzọ. Ọchịchị ndị agha na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Kansụl Nchịkwa Ndị Agha (nke a maara dị ka Derg) nke sochirinụ, guzobere omume mmegbu n'ebe nka dị, na-enye iwu ka e jiri ezi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nyochaa isiokwu. Otú ọ dị, Yetmgeta họọrọ ịnọ na Addis Ababa. Kemgbe njedebe nke ọchịchị Derg, Yetmgeta enweela ima ama na mba ụwa ma o gosipụtakwala ọtụtụ ebe.<ref name="Martin Nagy">{{Cite book|author=Martin Nagy|first=Rebecca|title=Continuity and Change: Three Generations of Ethiopian Artists|date=2007|publisher=University of Florida Press|location=Gainesville|pages=74–75}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019, ogige ọdịbendị Etiopia, nke gosipụtara atụmatụ mbụ nke Yetmgeta na mgbakwunye na mmegharị nke ọrụ ya "Mgbe Anyanwụ Na-ezute Ọnwa", raara ya nye na Rockefeller Park na Cleveland, Ohio. Ọ bụ ogige ọdịbendị mbụ sitere na kọntinent Afrịka ma ekwere na ọ bụ naanị ihe ncheta nke Ethiopia na United States. Chojnaki, Stanislau. "A Survey of Modern Ethiopian Art." Na ''Äthiopien''. Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, 1973, 84–94. === Isiokwu === Isi mmalite nke omume dị iche iche nke Yetmgeta gụnyere ihe osise sitere na nka Coptic nke ndị Ọtọdọks nke Etiopia na nka nkume oge ochie. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịgụnye ihe odide Amharic na ihe ngosi anya na akwụkwọ mpịakọta ekpere, ihe oyiyi, na ebe ịchụàjà. Ọ na-emepụta ọrụ metụtara njikọ ya na kọntinent Afrịka, na-esite na ihe osise sitere na Ijipt oge ochie, ihe mkpuchi West na Central Africa, na ọkachasị nka ọdịnala sitere na Ghana. A pụrụ ịchọta ememe ya maka mgbọrọgwụ ọdịbendị ya ọ bụghị naanị na ọrụ ya, kamakwa na ụlọ ọrụ ya, nke na-agbaso atụmatụ ala nke ụka Etiopia.<ref name="h-net">{{Cite web|author=Silverman|first=R.A.|title=Zerihun Yetmgeta and Modern Art in Ethiopia|url=http://www.h-net.org/~etoc/Pages/zerihun_info.html|work=Ethiopia Traditions of Creativity}}</ref> Yetmgeta na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, nke gụnyere mbipụta, eserese, na mgbasa ozi agwakọtara agwakọta. Ihe ndị a rụrụ na-adabere na ihe osise osisi nwekwara ike ịgụnye ihe ndị dị na akpụkpọ anụ, bamboo, wax, na ọlaedo. === Ihe nrite === Nrite nke mbụ, All Ethiopian School, Addis Ababa, 1958 Ọ nọchitere anya Ethiopia na Havana Biennial nke anọ na 1991, isiokwu ya bụ: Ihe ịma aka nke ọchịchị ndị ọcha Prix de la Biennale, Dakar Biennale, ma ọ bụ Dak'Art ’92 Ihe nrite nke abụọ na Kenya Art Panorama, French Cultural Center, Nairobi, 1994 == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == Biasio, Elisabeth. "The Hidden Reality. Three Contemporary Ethiopian Artists: Zerihun Yetmgeta, Girmay Hiwet, Worku Goshu. ' (1989). ---. "Magic Scrolls in Modern Ethiopian Painting." ''Africana Bulletin'' 52 (2004): 31–42. ---, na Zerihun Yetmgeta. "Ethiopian World Art." Ethiopia–Traditions of Creativity, University of Washington Press, Seattle (1999): 88–111. Chojnaki, Stanislau. "A Survey of Modern Ethiopian Art." Na ''Äthiopien''. Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, 1973, 84–94. Martin Nagy, Rebecca. Ịga n'ihu na mgbanwe: Ọgbọ atọ nke ndị na-ese ihe na Etiopia. Gainesville, U nke Florida 2007 74-75. Silverman, Raymond A. “Zeribun Yetmgeta: Portfolios.” African Arts 30/1 (1997), 52-57 ---et al, Ethiopia: Omenala nke Okike. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1999 Sylla, A. "Yetmgeta, Zerihun, A Spiritual Art." ''CIMAISE'' 43, no. 240–41 (1996): 82–86. Yetmgeta, Zerihun, na Abebe Zegeye. Zerihun Yetmgeta: The Magical Universe of Art. Unisa Press, 2008. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r23x7yuh8h2kqdqxil5vxazk0706ov0 0 14601 697747 130663 2026-08-10T07:06:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697747 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Michele Magema.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Michèle Magema''', onye amụrụ na [[Kinshasa]] n'afọ 1977, bụ onye Congo-French na-eme ihe nká vidiyo, mmepụta, na onye na-ese foto. A mụrụ ya na [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] n'afọ 1977. Ọ kwagara Paris, France na 1984, ma biri ugbu a na Nevers.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Michèle Magema, Goodbye Rosa – 2005 (2005)|journal=Signs|date=Summer 2013|volume=38|issue=4|url=http://signsjournal.org/michele-magema-goodbye-rosa-2005-2005/}}</ref> N'afọ 2002 Michèle Magema nwetara nzere MA ya na nka site na l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts de Cergy . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara South Korea maka ebe obibi post diploma, nke sochiri ya bụ ebe obibi Ifritry na Morocco. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na Cité internationale des arts na Paris, o sonyere na Africa Remix Exhibition. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ngosi Global ''Feminisms'' na Brooklyn Museum, Hirshoron Museum, na Sculpture Garden.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Muller|first=Dena|title=Reviewed Works: Global Feminisms by Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin; Global Feminisms: New Directions in Contemporary Art by Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-2008_33_2/page/471|journal=Signs|date=Winter 2008|volume=33|issue=2|pages=471–474|doi=10.1086/521560}}</ref> Site na nzụlite na nka plastik Michèle Magema malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gbasoro nnwale na vidiyo, arụmọrụ, foto na n'ikpeazụ ịgwakọta vidiyo na eserese na ederede. N'oge a, ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-egosipụta onwe ya karịsịa site na arụmọrụ vidiyo, ebe ọ na-ekpuchi ihe nkiri dị iche iche dịka foto na eserese, eserese na vidiyo, foto na lace. Ọtụtụ ọzụzụ na ndị na-ese ihe emetụtawo nka Michèle Magema: na akwụkwọ na uri nke Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Maya Angelou, Senghor, Edouard Glissant, Franz Fanon; na egwu nke Billie Holiday; site na sinima nnwale Antonioni, Fellini, Rossilini, Wim Wenders, Ingmar Bergman, yana ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe dị ka Pipilitorist, Cindy Sherman, Anna Mendieta, Eva Esse, Gina Pane, Renée Green kpaliri ya. Ihe osise Michèle Magema dị na mpaghara uche dị n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme, akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-anwa ịmepụta mkparịta ụka na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti akụkọ ya na ihe ncheta ya na ncheta nchịkọta nke ndị na-ekiri ya site na ịbịaru isiokwu dị iche iche dịka feminism, sociology, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụkọ ifo. Ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ahụ bụ mgbe niile n'etiti ọrụ ya. Michèle Magema nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite nka na ihe ndị ọkachamara rụzuru n'etiti nke ihe nrite mbụ nke Dakar Biennale 2004 na ihe nrite Yango Biennale IFAA 2014. A na-echekwa ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'ime nchịkọta nka nke oge a gụnyere Sindika Dokolo Collection na Luanda (Angola), Tervuren Contemporary Collection (Belgium) na Artothèque Villeurbanne (France). Otu n'ime ọrụ ya a maara nke ọma bụ ''Oyé Oyé'', (2004) ntinye vidiyo abụọ, nke a na-egosi nwanyị (Magema) na-aga ije n'aka ekpe, ebe n'aka nri ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mobutu Sese Seko nke Zaire na-elekọta ngagharị nke nganga omenala Congo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michèle Magema|url=http://www.doualart.org/spip.php?article301|publisher=doual'art|accessdate=30 May 2015|archivedate=18 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091236/http://www.doualart.org/spip.php?article301}}</ref> == Ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Africultures, Michèle Magema. <nowiki>http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=personne&no=5261</nowiki> * African digital art. The Video Artwork of Michèle Magema <nowiki>http://africandigitalart.com/2016/01/the-video-artwork-of-michele-magema/</nowiki> * Signs journal (2005). Michèle Magema, Goodbye Rosa (2005). <nowiki>http://signsjournal.org/michele-magema-goodbye-rosa-2005-2005/</nowiki> * Julie Crenn. Michele magema /// without echo, there is no meeting(2013). <nowiki>https://crennjulie.com/2013/01/11/michele-magema-without-echo-there-is-no-meeting-n-paradoxa-vol-31-2013/</nowiki> * BrooklynMuseum (2010). Global Feminisms: Michele Magema. <nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3QHF_1GVv0</nowiki> * Muller, Dena (Winter 2008). "Reviewed Works: Global Feminisms by Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin; * Global Feminisms: New Directions in Contemporary Art by Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin. Signs. 33 (2): 471–474. doi:10.1086/521560. JSTOR 10.1086/521560. * Pensa, Iolanda (Ed.) 2017. Public Art in Africa. Art et transformations urbaines à Douala /// Art and Urban Transformations in Douala. Genève: Metis Presses.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-94-0563-16-6|978-2-94-0563-16-6]] == Ihe ngosi == === Ndị o mere naanị ya === * 2015 : Michèle Magema CCF - 4 th Lubumbashi Biennal - Lubumbashi/ DRC * 2014 : Interstices - Galerie Saro Léon/ Las Palmas- Gran Canaria * 2011 : Michèle Magema The Triptych - Jean-Marc Patras Galerie / Paris- France === Ndị o so otu wee mee === * Tramway Film Festival, Glasglow Slotland/United Kingdom * Oghere Africa Museum, Permanent Collection Tervuren (vernissage, mmeghe nke ihe ngosi nka, Belgium) * Congo Stars, nke Barbara Steiner- Kunsthaus Graz / Austria haziri * I'm What I'm, nke Julie Creen- IciGallery- Paris 11/ France haziri * SUD (Salon Urbain de Douala), nke Cécile Bourne- Farell- Doual'art Art Space, Douala / Camerun haziri === Emume Nordwind === * YOUNG CONGO Nouvelle Génération d’Artistes Congolais- Site na Kin Arts Studio- Institut Français- Kinshasa/ DRC * AFIAC Des Artistes chez l’Habitant - FRONTIERES EFFRANGEES- FIAC/FRANCE * ỊZỌ ỤZỌ ỤZỌ iji kwado ego - nke Ingrid La Fleur na Ayana V Jackson haziri - Cgallery - Milan / Italy * AFRIQUES CAPITALES nke Simon Njami haziri, Gare Saint-Sauveur, Lille / France * LUCY'S EYE nke Orlando Britto haziri, CAAM- Las Palmas / Gran Canaria * SUD (Salon Urbain de Douala), nke Cécile Bourne- Farell- Doual'art Art Space, Douala / Camerun haziri * AN AGE FOR YOWN MAKING curated by Bonaventure Soh Ndikung- Roskilde / Copenhagen/ Denmark * DAKAR BIENNAL « LA CITÉ DANS LE JOUR BLEU » nke Simon Njami- Dakar / Senegal haziri * 4th LUBUMBASHI BIENNAL « Réalités Filantes », curated by Toma Muteba- Museum of Lubumbashi-Lubumbashi / DRC * L’AFRIQUE A DU GENIE, nke Ghitha Triki haziri - 3th International African Development Forum, Attijariwafa Bank Foundation, Casablanca / Morocco * SENTIMENTAL FINAL ACT, nke Elise Atangana Revue Noire Gallery- Paris/ France haziri * WHERE WE’ RE AT : OTHERS VOICES AND GENDER – Summer of Photography, curated by Christine Eyene, Bozar Museum, Bruxelles/ Belgium * TOILES DE LUMIERES / collection Saro Leon, curated by Orlando Britto Casa Africa Las Palmas - Canary * Ka na-alụ ọgụ Ignorance & Intellectual Perfidy Vidéo art from Africa curated by Kisito Assangni - Pori museum/ Finland * 1st CASABLANCA BIENNAL - Casablanca/ Marocco * SUREEL CONGO Kinshasa la ville des images/ Art Museum of History and Cultur - Dortmund- Germany * Ka na-alụ ọgụ na amaghị ihe na ọgụgụ isi Perfidy Vidéo art from Africa nke Kisito Assangni haziri : ** Contemporary Art Center /Moscou- Russia ** Art Museum Torrance– Californie- USA ** Lucca Museum - Italy ** Gallery Arena 1 - Los Angeles - USA * COLOGNE OFF - Cologne International Video Art Festival, September, Cologne Germany * UN CERTAIN CERCLE DE REGARD Cité Internationale des Arts Gallery, Paris/France * ARCO MADRID 2010 na Arte Invisible, Madrid, Spain * A COLLECTIVE DIARY AN AFRICAN CONTEMPORARY JOURNEY, Janvier-Avril 2010, Contemporary Art Museum of Herzliya, Herzliya ISRAEL * PANAFRICAN FESTIVAL, nke Nadira Laggoune haziri, Alger, Algeria * PARADE & PROCESSION ebe a na-abịa onye ọ bụla, Parasol Unit, London UK * 16th INTERNATIONAL ART VIDEO FESTIVAL OF CASABLANCA, Casablanca Morocco * NOTES FROM THE EMPIRE, Kunsthaus Dresden, Dresde Germany * THE MESSENGER 10/10- 23/11, Cultur Center BRGGE - Bruge BELGIUM * THE CINEMA EFFECT (Illusion Reality and the Moving Image) 19/06– 07/09, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington/ USA * DISTRITO LA REGENTA nke Orlando Britto haziri, La Regenta Las-Palmas / Gran Canaria * ON PROCESSION, IMA Indiannapolis/ USA * FLOW, Studio Art Museum na Harlem, New York / USA * SUD (Urban Salon of Douala), Space Doual’art, Douala / CAMERUN * 7th BAMAKO AFRICAN PHOTOGRAPHY BIENNALE curated by Simon Njami, Bamako / Mali * BLACK PARIS, Iwalewa-Haus, Bayreuth / Germany * AFRICA REMIX, nke Simon Njami haziri 24/06/07 - 18/08/O7 : ** National Art Gallery, Johannesburg / South Africa ** Moderna Museet, Stockholm / Sweden ** Mori Museum, Tokyo / Japan ** Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris / France ** Hayward Gallery, London / UK ** Kunst Palast Museum, Dusseldörf / Germany * 9th HAVANA BIENNALE, nke akpọrọ « Urban Dynamic Culture », Havana / Cuba » * AFRICATTITUDES 04/02- 19/03, Michèle Magema & Cheikh Niass, Maison du Livre, de l'Image et du Son, Villeurbanne / France * 5th BAMAKO AFRICAN PHOTOGRAPHY BIENNALE / DIFFUSION PROJECT 27/04- 04/05, - Cultural Center of Teheran - Teheran / IRAN * BEAUTES AFRIQUES@NANTES, Le Lieu Unique, Nantes / France * LES AFRIQUES 31/03- 18/08, coproduction Tri Postale na Espace 251 Nord, Lille / France * 6th DAKAR BIENNALE, Dakar / SENEGAL - Nrite mbụ * 5th BAMAKO AFRICAN PHOTOGRAPHY BIENNALE, Bamako / MALI === Hụkwa === * Ndepụta nke nka ọha na Douala [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9hqm3zdlxhc7p7ytmh9f0yoq7nzml71 0 14825 697453 450713 2026-08-09T19:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ainea Ojiambo''' (a mụrụ na 20 Eprel 1970), bụ onye Kenya na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2066570/|title=Ainea Ojiambo|publisher=elcinema|accessdate=6 November 2020}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri The Constant Gardener, ''Bullion'' nakwa ''Jack Zollo'': My Life in Crime .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/51217-love-gold-led-kenyan-actor-scammers-video|title=Ainea Ojiambo|publisher=kenyans|accessdate=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/516924.html|title=Ainea Ojiambo: Schauspieler|publisher=filmstarts|accessdate=6 November 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == A mụrụ ya n'abalị 20 ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970 n'obodo Nairobi, Kenya. Ọ bụ nna ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị. == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ banye na ihuenyo a ma ama, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya si malite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of Ainea Ojiambo & Net Worth 2021 Biography of Ainea Ojiambo & Net Worth 2021.|url=https://coursediscovery.com/biography-of-ainea-ojiambo-net-worth-2021biography-of-ainea-ojiambo-net-worth-2021/|accessdate=10 November 2021|language=en-US|archivedate=10 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110133124/https://coursediscovery.com/biography-of-ainea-ojiambo-net-worth-2021biography-of-ainea-ojiambo-net-worth-2021/}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ kpọọ egwu na ihe nkiri Hollywood The Constant Gardener nke Fernando Meirelles duziri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.makutanojunction.org.uk/the-soap/the-characters/snake.html?phpMyAdmin=1fsBD3w5EHXJC4U4sqKUm1Rz7kc|title=Ojlambo|accessdate=6 October 2015|work=Makutano Junction|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126195943/http://www.makutanojunction.org.uk/the-soap/the-characters/snake.html?phpMyAdmin=1fsBD3w5EHXJC4U4sqKUm1Rz7kc}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ rụrụ obere ọrụ nke 'Police Driver'. Ihe nkiri a bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ma nweta nhọpụta Oscar anọ. Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2007, o mere ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn nke Kenya ''Makutano Junction'' na ọrụ nke 'snake'.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke usoro ahụ gasịrị, e mechara kpọọ ya ka ọ kpọọ egwu na usoro telivishọn abụọ ọzọ: ''Block-D'' na Noose of Gold . N'ihe nkiri soap opera Noose of Gold, Ojiambo rụrụ ọrụ ndu nke 'Ole Mpisha'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wapend.com/video/Ole_Mpisha_and_breakfast_Noose_of_Gold/zrV_10ncp6k|title=Ole Mpisha|accessdate=15 December 2015|work=wapend.com|archivedate=22 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152335/http://wapend.com/video/Ole_Mpisha_and_breakfast_Noose_of_Gold/zrV_10ncp6k}}</ref> E mechara gbasaa ncha ahụ maka oge atọ n'ofe Afrịka na Africa Magic Channel. N'afọ 2010, o mere ihe nkiri Hollywood nke abụọ ya The First Grader, ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ nke Justin Chadwick duziri. Na ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nkwado dịka 'Education Official'.<ref name="sqoop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201404/features/one-on-one-with-kenyan-bullion-actor-ainea-ojiambo.html|title=FEATURESAPRIL 4, 2014One-on-one with Kenyan Bullion actor Ainea Ojiambo|publisher=sqoop|accessdate=6 November 2020}}</ref> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na ''ihe'' nkiri, The Rugged Priest, ''Fundi-Mentals'', ''Nairobi'' Half Life, Following Jesus, Babuz Babies, ''Kibera Kid'', Closed hands, Stigma, ''Obohoz'', The Rugged Priest, ''Guerilla Boy'', na ''LoveDoctor'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kenya.spla.pro/en/file.person.ainea-ojiambo.43134.html|title=Ainea Ojiambo|publisher=kenya.spla|accessdate=6 November 2020|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126195953/http://kenya.spla.pro/en/file.person.ainea-ojiambo.43134.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri mpụ nke Uganda bụ ''Bullion'' nke a họpụtara na ''Oscars'' na ọrụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|author=whownskenya|date=30 April 2021|title=Ainea Ojiambo Biography, Age, Career And Shooting Incident {{!}} whownskenya|url=https://whownskenya.com/index.php/2021/04/30/ainea-ojiambo-biography-age-career-con-story-and-shooting/,%20https://whownskenya.com/index.php/2021/04/30/ainea-ojiambo-biography-age-career-con-story-and-shooting/|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=whownskenya.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Will BULLION MOVIE bring Uganda its first OSCAR AWARD?|url=https://www.ugandanewsreleases.com/%EF%BB%BFbullion-premieres-saturday/|accessdate=4 October 2020}}</ref>. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ref. |- |2005 |''Onye Ọrụ Ugbo Na-adịgide Adịgide'' |Ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii |Usoro | |- |2007 |''Makutano Junction'' |Agwọ |Usoro TV | |- |2007 |''Toto Millionaire'' |Supa |Ihe nkiri | |- |2009 |''Block-D'' |Chinedum |Usoro TV | |- |2010 |''Ọlaedo nke Ọlaedo'' |Ole Mpisha |Usoro TV | |- |2010 |''Onye nke mbụ'' |Onye ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ |Ihe nkiri | |- |2011 |''Onye Nchụàjà siri ike'' |Ole Shompole |Ihe nkiri | |- |2012 |''Nairobi Ọkara Ndụ'' |Onye ọrụ Mutua |Ihe nkiri | |- |2013 |''Sumu la Penzi'' |Victor |Usoro TV | |- |2014 |''Bullion'' |Doc |Ihe nkiri | |- |2015 |''Fundi-Mentals'' |Doc |Ihe nkiri | |- |2020 |''Kina'' |Onye nchọpụta Juma |Usoro TV | |- |2020 |Mkpịsị osisi iri anọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ainea Ojiambo|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2020221/|accessdate=10 November 2021|work=IMDb}}</ref> |Onye enyemaka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị |Thriller | |- |TBD |''Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi nke abụọ gasịrị'' |Wilson |Ihe nkiri | |- |TBD |''Kahawa Black'' |Steven Wamba |Ihe nkiri | |} == Lekwaa == * Ndụ m na onye omekome: Akụkọ Milly * Ndụ m na mpụ == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm2020221}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lceel2yriy24eq6i6wilescpc92rikn 0 14928 697760 91576 2026-08-10T07:37:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jackson Hlungwani''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1923 rụọ úbọchị irí abụọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2010) bụ onye South Africa na-akpụ ihe, onye ụkọchukwu, na onye guzobere ''Yesu Galeliya'' One Aposto na Sanyoni Alt na Omega na New Jerusalem, ebe dị na Mbhokota na Limpopo. Nwoke ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu, a na-akọwa ọrụ Hlunwani site na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ya na njikọ ya na obodo. == Mmalite ndụ == === Nwatakịrị === A mụrụ Jackson Hlunwani n'afọ 1923, a maghị ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya, n'ezinụlọ Tsonga n'ime obodo Mashamba nke dị na Venda, South Africa. A kpọrọ Hlungwani aha nna nna ya, Bhandi Pavalala, nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ aha Tsonga / Shangaan dị nsọ nke chi. Nna nna Hlungwani nwụrụ otu izu tupu a mụọ ya, a kwenyekwara na a mụrụ nna nna ya ọzọ n'ime nwa nwa ya. E mechara manye ezinụlọ ya ịkwaga Gazankulu na-esote Iwu Apartheid nke afọ1948. [dubious Hlunwangi mụtara usoro Tsonga nke ịkpụ osisi na ịkwa nkà site n'aka nna ya, nkà nke ọ ga-aga n'ihu iji ọrụ nka ya niile. === Okenye === Hlungwani rụrụ ọrụ na Johannesburg site n'afọ 1941 rụọ afọ 1944, laghachi n'ala nna ya na-esote ihe mere n'ọrụ nke mere ka mkpịsị aka funahụ ya. Ógè ọ lọtara, Hlungwani bịdọrọ njem iji chọta ọgwụgwọ n'ime, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ma mesịa bụrụ onye ụkọchukwu nke Zion Christian Church site n'afọ 1944 ruo afọ 1978. == Isiokwu == Mkpa okpukpe enweghị ikewapụ na mkparịta ụka ógè ị na-enyocha ọrụ Hlungwani. N'ebe ngosi nke mgbe a, a na-elegharakarị nkwupụta okpukpe Hlungwani anya dị ka "ọchịchọ ịmata ihe" ọ bụghị dị ka isi ihe na-emetụta ọrụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, Hlungwani chere na ọ bụ ọkpụkpọ Chineke ya iji ihe ọkpụkpụ na-agwa ndị obodo agha na agbụrụ kewara ekewa ozi Chineke. Na mkparịta ụka mbụ Hlungwani na Marcelle Manley, onye nta akụkọ, Manley na-echeta otú, “(Hlungwani) si nọdụ n'elu ikpo okwu dị ka veranda n'elu ọrụ aka ya gbakọtara, na-egbutu adze a rụrụ n'ụlọ na igodo ọzọ. Otu ọkụ eletrik gbara ọkụ n'akụkụ ya, na-eme ka ụkwụ ya dị ọnyá ebe, ọtụtụ afọ tupu ógè ahụ, akụ́ Setan batara ma nọrọ n'anụ ahụ ya, wee ghọọ agwọ. Ọkụ ahụ mere ka ọnyá ahụ ghara ikpo ọkụ ka Onye Ọjọọ ahụ wee nwee ike, n'oge a kara aka, ịpụ site n'otu ogbi ahụ. Ọ gwara m nke a n'ime nkeji ole na ole mgbe m zutere m, n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ obi abụọ ọ bụla n'ihi mkpa ahụmịhe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manley|first=Marcelle|title=The Reality of Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/religion-and-theology_1994-03_1_1/page/27|journal=Religion and Theology|date=July 1994|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–28|doi=10.1163/157430194X00042|issn=1023-0807}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Corrigall|first=Mary|title=On Jackson Hlungwani: A close encounter with an artistic deity|url=https://mg.co.za/friday/2020-09-21-on-jackson-hlungwani-a-close-encounter-with-an-artistic-deity/|accessdate=14 November 2021|work=The Mail & Guardian|date=21 September 2020|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke otú Hlungwani si nweta ọtụtụ ọdịbendị maka isi mmalite nke mmụọ nsọ na otú o si zube ịkpọlite ụwa ime mmụọ site na ihe nnọchianya na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 5pe4gem2y8jk98conqmiplp9ofinlv4 0 14948 697906 672387 2026-08-10T10:30:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697906 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gloria Jean Watkins''' (September 25, 1952 - December 15, 2021), nke a maara nke ọma site na mkpịsị aka ya bell hooks (nke a na-ede na obere mkpụrụ akwụkwọ), <ref name="pen-name">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Dinitia|date=September 28, 2006|title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers|page=E3|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html|accessdate=February 21, 2017|quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.}}</ref> bụ onye edemede America, onye nkuzi, na onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Prọfesọ a ma ama na Residence na Berea College. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Holland|first=Jennifer L.|title=Tiny you: a western history of the anti-abortion movement|date=2020|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96847-9|location=Oakland, California}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe odide ya gbasara agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{Cite news|author=Knight|first=Lucy|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/bell-hooks-author-and-activist-dies-aged-69|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica">{{Cite web|author=Tikkanen|first=Amy|title=Bell Hooks {{!}} American scholar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/bell-hooks|work=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|publisher=Stanford University|date=November 27, 2019|accessdate=March 31, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nyochara njikọ agbụrụ, akụrụngwa, na okike, na ihe ọ kọwara dị ka ikike ha nwere ịmepụta na ime ka usoro mmegbu na ọchịchị nke ndị otu. Ọrụ ya bụ ntọala maka echiche nke oge a nke intersectionality. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=2019-03-12|title=How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism|url=https://www.them.us/story/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Them|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}</ref> O bipụtara ọtụtụ edemede ndị ọkà mmụta na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ 40, n'ụdị sitere na edemede na uri ruo n'akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya, okike, nka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọahụ, na mgbasa ozi. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 na-akụzi Bekee na Ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum nke Southern California. O mechara kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Mahadum Stanford, [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], New College of Florida, na The City College of New York, tupu ọ banye Berea College na Berea, Kentucky, na 2004. <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks">{{Cite web|title=Get to Know Bell Hooks|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180252/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College . A gbaziri aha edemede ya n'aka nne nne ya, Bell Blair Hooks, site na iji mkpụrụedemede dị ala iji mee ka onwe ya dị mma ma na-elekwasị anya n'ihe odide ya. == Oge ọ malitere == A ''amụrụ'' Gloria Jean Watkins na Septemba 25, 1952, n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ n'Afrịka, na Hopkinsville, <ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|author=Risen|first=Clay|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/books/bell-hooks-dead.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> obere obodo dị iche iche na [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]]. <ref name="medea1997">{{Cite book|author=Medea|first=Andra|title=Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8160-3425-7|editor=Hine|location=New York|pages=[[iarchive:blackwomeninamer00edit 0/page/100/mode/1up|100–101]]|chapter=hooks, bell (1952–)|oclc=35209436}}</ref> Watkins bụ otu n'ime ụmụ isii Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) na Veodis Watkins mụrụ. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne ya na-eje ozi n'ụlọ ndị ọcha.<ref name="Hsu-2021">{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya bụ Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins ga-ede banyere "mgbalị ya iji mepụta onwe ya na njirimara" mgbe ọ na-etolite na "ụwa anwansi bara ọgaranya nke ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii nke na-abụkarị paradaịs mgbe ụfọdụ na oge ndị ọzọ na-atụ egwu" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bell-hooks/bone-black/|title=Bone Black|date=August 15, 1996|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|accessdate=December 22, 2021}}</ref> Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu (ya na ndị na-ede uri William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, na Gwendolyn Brooks n'etiti ndị ọkacha mmasị MA ya), [1] Watkins gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na-ekewa, mechaa kwaga n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na njedebe 1960.[2] Ahụmahụ a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ya dị ka onye nkuzi, o mekwara ka ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke omume mmụta dị ka e gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ya, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. [3] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hopkinsville High School tupu ọ nweta BA na Bekee na Mahadum Stanford na 1973, yana MA ya na Bishon sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison na 1976. [4] [5] N'oge a, Watkins nọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ya Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, nke ọ malitere ide na afọ 19 (19) 1981. [6][7] In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, hooks completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlixAAAAIAAJ|first=bell|author=hooks|title=Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|date=1983}}</ref> Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị na-emetụta ya bụ onye American abolitionist na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Sojourner Truth. Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" kpaliri [[Ain't I a Woman? (book)|akwụkwọ]] mbụ nke hooks.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a kpọtụrụ onye nkuzi Brazil bụ Paulo Freire aha n'akwụkwọ Hooks bụ Teaching to Transgress . Echiche ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ dị na isi nke mbụ, "ịkụzi ihe".<ref>{{Cite book|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Teaching to transgress : education as the practice of freedom|date=1994|isbn=0-415-90807-8|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=30668295}}</ref> Mmetụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkà mmụta okpukpe Peruvian Gustavo Gutiérrez, ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Erich Fromm, onye na-ede egwuregwu Lorraine Hansberry, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sarkar|first=Somnath|date=July 11, 2021|title=Aint I a Woman? {{!}} Feminist Theory of Bell Hooks|url=https://www.eng-literature.com/2021/07/feminist-theory-of-bell-hooks.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023|work=All About English Literature|language=en-US|archivedate=March 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315051059/https://www.eng-literature.com/2021/07/feminist-theory-of-bell-hooks.html}}</ref> onye mọnk Buddha [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=Aleta|date=September 22, 2000|title=All About Love. (Book reviews: love everybody right now)|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA83698173&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Civil Rights Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=58–61}}</ref> na onye edemede Africa America James Baldwin.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|date=February 9, 1999|title=A WOMAN OF HER WORDS|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/02/09/a-woman-of-her-words/fd1f95a4-b6d7-43ef-b1f7-95c98d30637f/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks tells the story of the first time she met Thich Nhat Hanh - Lions Roar|date=December 21, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-on-meeting-thich-nhat-hanh/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Why James Baldwin Is Important: Books, Quotes, Essays, Poems, Movie, Biography * Bell Hooks Books|work=bell hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=November 20, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120234724/https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/}}</ref> Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth bụ ihe dị ike na-akpali akpali maka nko na ụzọ ọ na-esi agba mgba. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bouwer|first=Karen|date=2010|title=Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: Lumumba's Legacy in Literature and Film|chapter=Andrée Blouin: A Sister Among Brothers in Struggle|pages=71–99|chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230110403_4|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9780230110403_4|isbn=978-0-230-11040-3|accessdate=6 September 2025}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na ide ihe == Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum Southern California. [1] N'ime afọ atọ ọ nọ ebe ahụ, Golemics, onye mbipụta nke dabeere na Los Angeles, bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya bipụtara, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ And There Wept (1978), [2] nke edere n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ "Bell Hooks".[3] Ọ nakweere aha nne nne ya dị ka aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na, dị ka o mesịrị tinye ya, nne nne ya "a maara maka asụsụ ya nwere obi ike ma dị egwu, bụ nke ọ masịrị ya n'ezie." [5] Na nkọwa na-adịghị mma nke edemede ya, Hooks kwukwara, sị, "Mgbe mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nọ na njedebe ya na njedebe '60s na mmalite' 70s, enwere ọtụtụ ọpụpụ site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. Ọ bụ: Ka anyị kwuo banyere echiche ndị dị n'azụ ọrụ ahụ, ndị mmadụ dịkwa ntakịrị ... [6] Na mbido afọ 1980 na afọ 1990, hooks kụziri na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ post-secondary, gụnyere Mahadum California, Santa Cruz, Mahadum San Francisco State, [[Yale University|Yale]] (1985 ruo 1988, dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ Africa na Afro-American na Bekee), <ref name="Lee-2019">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Oberlin College (1988 ruo 1994, dị ka osota prọfesor nke akwụkwọ America na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị), na, malite na 1994, dị ka prọfesụ pụrụ iche nke Bekee na City College nke New York<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leatherman|first=Courtney|date=May 19, 1995|title=The Real Bell Hooks|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/}}</ref> South End Press bipụtara nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? Womenmụ nwanyị ojii na Feminism, na 1981, ọ bụkwa ntọala maka ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ.[1][2] N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ iri ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? amatara maka ajụjụ ya na echiche nwanyị, ebe ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ kwa izu na 1992 kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nwanyị iri abụọ kacha emetụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga".[3] Mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na 2019, Min Jin Lee kwuru na Abụghị m nwanyị "bụ ngwa dị ike ma dị mkpa maka mmepe echiche nwanyị. Olileanya? [[Faịlụ:Bellhooks.jpg|thumb|nko mgbịrịgba na 2009]] &nbsp;N'otu oge ahụ, Hooks ghọrọ onye ama ama dị ka onye na-eche echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkatọ omenala.[1] O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 30, malite na ndị isi ojii, ndị nna ochie, na ndị nwoke ruo n'ịnyere onwe ha aka; nkuzi na-etinye aka[2] na ihe ncheta nkeonwe; na mmekọahụ (na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịma mma na omenala anya).[3] Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class in Film (1996) na-anakọta edemede fim, nyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri.[4] Na New Yorker, Hua Hsu kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a kpughere akụkụ nke ọrụ Hooks bụ nke "na-adọrọ mmasị, ọmịiko, na ịchọ ndị enyi".[5] Na Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), hooks na-eme nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị ọcha na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ ghara ịdị n'otu nke ụmụ nwanyị gafee agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isoke|first=Zenzele|date=December 2019|title=Bell Hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By Bell Hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback).|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000643|issn=1743-923X}}</ref> Dị ka nko na-arụ ụka, nkwurịta okwu na ịgụ na ide (ikike ịgụ, ide, na iche echiche nke ọma) dị mkpa maka òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na na-enweghị ha, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị etolite ịmata enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olson|first=Gary A.|date=1994|title=Bell Hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation|journal=Journal of Advanced Composition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–19|issn=0731-6755}}</ref> Na Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks na-anwa ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ole na ole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom * Bell Hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/product/teaching-to-transgress/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> Karịsịa, nko na-agba mbọ ime ka agụmakwụkwọ na nkuzi dị mfe "ịgụ ma ghọta gafee ókèala klas dị iche iche".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Judd|first=Caitlin|date=December 31, 2021|title=What Bell Hooks taught me|url=https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|accessdate=January 17, 2024|work=Cambridge Girl Talk|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920085144/https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|archivedate=September 20, 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, hooks kwuru okwu mmeghe na Mahadum Southwestern. N'izere ụzọ ekele nke okwu mmalite ọdịnala, ọ kwuru okwu megide ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ime ihe ike na mmegbu gọọmentị kwadoro, ma dọọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị o kwenyere na ha na-agbaso omume ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref name="chronicle">{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks Digs In|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/|first=Lauri|author=Apple|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=December 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222190327/http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle|first=Jean|author=Kilker|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=October 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015002703/http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/}}</ref> The Austin Chronicle kọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ege ntị buuru okwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na "ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ gafere onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji kụọ ya aka ma ọ bụ makụọ ya".<ref name="chronicle" /> N'afọ 2004, ọ sonyeere Berea College dị ka Prọfesọ dị iche iche na Residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|title=Faculty and Staff|archivedate=May 28, 2010|publisher=[[Berea College]]|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2008, nke aha ya bụ: omenala nke ebe, gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Wendell Berry yana mkparịta ụka banyere ịlaghachi Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging: a culture of place|author=hooks|first=bell|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415968157|language=en|oclc=228676700}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta bi na The New School ugboro atọ, oge ikpeazụ na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2014|title=Bell Hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School|url=https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm|accessdate=December 16, 2021|publisher=[[The New School]]|archivedate=November 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107195019/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College; n'afọ 2017 ọ raara akwụkwọ ya nye kọleji ahụ. <ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Minyvonne|date=December 15, 2021|title=Acclaimed author and activist Bell Hooks dies at 69|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/acclaimed-author-activist-bell-hooks-dies-69-rcna8895|accessdate=December 25, 2021|publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Berea College, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks ya na prọfesọ Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou. <ref name="berea.edu">{{Cite web|title=The Bell Hooks center at Berea College - Feminism is for everybody|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọchite anya ya, ọkachasị ndị isi ojii na ndị na-acha nchara nchara, femme, queer, na ndị Appalachian na Berea College, ebe dị nchebe ebe ha nwere ike ịzụlite ngosipụta ha, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Bell Hooks center|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=November 11, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111163317/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu maka ọrụ hooks na nkwenye ya na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na ụkpụrụ nduzi nke agụmakwụkwọ ọ na-enye. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ihe omume na mmemme na-ekwusi ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="berea.edu" /> Ọ na-akatọkarị ihe nkiri Spike Lee. N'edemede ya, "Spike Lee Doing Malcolm X: Denying Black Pain", Hook na-arụ ụka na "ihe nkiri Lee adịghị amanye ndị na-ekiri ka ha chee ihu, ịma aka, gbanwee. Ha na-anabata ma kwụọ anyị ụgwọ nke enweghị mmasị-ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla." Ọ na-ahụ Lee dị ka "onye nyocha" na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe nkiri maka ndị ọcha na-ege ntị na-agbaso mgbakọ nke "akụkọ Hollywood ndị ọzọ".[1] Ọ kọwara ọkara mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka ọkara "ihe ngosi maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ" na ọkara "ọdachi"; ọ na-akatọ ihe ngosi nke mmekọrịta Malcolm na Sophia dị ka "otu akụkọ ochie" dị ka ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na-egosi mmekọrịta agbụrụ; na ọ na-ajụ ikike Denzel Washington ịgbanarị aha ya dị ka "ezigbo onye ọ bụla", nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike igosipụta "ọnụnọ dị egwu" Malcolm. Ihe a niile na-eme Malcolm "yiri onye enweghị olileanya, onye nwere ezi uche." N'ịgụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Lee "nwere mmasị na nkatọ siri ike nke Malcolm banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-acha ọcha" na echiche mbụ ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka "mgba ọsọ nwoke maka ike n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị ojii." N'ihi ya, ihe nkiri ahụ hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Malcolm n'akụkụ, na "nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na njikọ ya na alaeze ukwu na colonialism" na ihe nkiri ahụ "n'ezie" enweghị Malcolm" nkatọ nke capitalism." O kwukwara na Lee dere banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii otu ahụ ndị na-eme fim si dee gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ọ katọkwara ihe nkiri Paris Is Burning maka igosi ememe bọọlụ dị ka ihe ngosi maka "obi ụtọ" ndị ọcha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Phillip Brian Harper|title='The Subversive Edge': ''Paris Is Burning'', Social Critique, and the Limits of Subjective Agency.|journal=Diacritics|volume=24|issue=2/3|year=1994|pages=90–103|doi=10.2307/465166}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, n'oge Ngagharị iwe George Floyd, enwere mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na ọrụ hooks na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Sharon|date=December 15, 2021|title=Black feminist writer and intellectual Bell Hooks dies at 69|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/black-feminist-writer-intellectual-bell-hooks-dies-69-2021-12-15/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Banyere ihe nkiri ya, Hooks kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwoke na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke". [1] [2] [3] Ọ na-eji French dị ka asụsụ, na-ahọrọ ịbụ na Bekee. Ọ na-ahụ na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'okwu nke aka ya dị ka ndị a: "Dị ka onye bụ isi nke onye na-eme ihe ike, echere m na ọrụ Tim Dean bụ ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike, na onye na-ahụ ihe ike ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ - nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ya - ma onye na-eche onwe ya na onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ọ na-eme ihe ike. ụlọ na ọ nwere ike ime ka ọ pụta ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'otu ebe, ọ nwere ike ikwupụta na ọ nwere ike ime ihe ọ chọrọ. Alụola m di afọ iri na asaa. Ọ ga-amasị m inwe onye ọlụlụ, mana echeghị m na ndụ m bara uru."[6] Na Disemba 15, 2021, bell hooks nwụrụ site na nkụchi akụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Berea, Kentucky, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. <ref name="Guardian obit" /> === Okpukpe Buddha === Through her interest in Beat poetry and after an encounter with the poet and Buddhist Gary Snyder, hooks was first introduced to [[Buddhism]] in her early college years.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tworkov|first=Helen|title=Agent of Change|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/bell-hooks-buddhism/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|date=January 9, 2017|language=en}}</ref> She described herself as finding Buddhism as part of a personal journey in her youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her life and configure these concepts into her focus on activism and justice.<ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Building a Community of Love – Lion's Roar|date=March 24, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-and-thich-nhat-hanh-on-building-a-community-of-love/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> After her initial exposures to Buddhism, hooks incorporated it into her Christian upbringing and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced her identity, activism, and writing for the remainder of her life. Ọ dọtara mmasị ya na okpukpe Buddha n'ihi usoro onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ọ nyere ya ịghọta na imeghachi omume na nhụjuanya yana ịhụnanya na njikọ. Ọ na-akọwa na Ndị Kraịst na-elekwasị anya n'omume kwa ụbọchị dị ka imezu mkpa dị mkpa nke ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yancy|first=George|date=December 10, 2015|title=Bell Hooks: Buddhism, the Beats and Loving Blackness|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/bell-hooks-buddhism-the-beats-and-loving-blackness/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|work=Opinionator|language=en}}</ref> Echiche ndị Buddha, ọkachasị ọrụ [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, pụtara n'ọtụtụ edemede, akwụkwọ, na uri. Mmụọ nke ndị Buddha rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ụkpụrụ omume ịhụnanya nke ghọrọ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ya edere na ọrụ ya. == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" gụnyere nko, <ref name="p853">{{Cite web|author=Brozan|first=Nadine|title=CHRONICLE|work=The New York Times|date=January 23, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/23/nyregion/chronicle-537295.html|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> dị ka TIME magazine's "100 Women of the Year" na 2020, ebe a kọwara ya dị ka "''Oge'' egwu rock a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze nke na-eru n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ịnweta". Tupu ọ nọrọ na Berea College, hooks nwere ọkwa nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka Stanford, Yale, na The City College of New York. Mmetụta ya karịrị agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ebe obibi ya na United States na mba ofesi gosipụtara. N'afọ 2014, St. Norbert College raara otu afọ zuru ezu nye iji mee emume maka onyinye ya na "A Year of bell hooks".<ref>{{Cite web|title=year of bell hooks {{!}} St. Norbert College|url=https://www.snc.edu/cvc/images/programs/2013-14/bellhooks/#:~:text=In%20its%20inaugural%20year,%20the,April%2015-17,%202014.|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=www.snc.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ihe odide hooks na-ewu ewu n'etiti òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ nke ọnwụ [[George Floyd]] na Breonna Taylor kpaliri na 2020, na akwụkwọ ya All About Love: New Visions na-abanye na ndepụta New York Times bestseller karịa afọ 20 mgbe e bipụtara ya. <ref name="o571">{{Cite web|author=The Associated Press|title=A new generation of readers embraces bell hooks's 'All About Love'|work=NBC News|date=March 12, 2024|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/bell-hooks-all-about-love-success-posthumous-rcna143020|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Ojii bụ... Black Ain't (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Riggs-Eloquent-Last-Plea-for-Tolerance-3034313.php|title=Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance|author=Guthmann, Edward|date=May 5, 1995|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Hearst|work=SFGATE}}</ref> * ''Nye Mgbaghara Ọzọ'' (1995) [79] * ''Nkatọ Ọdịbendị na Mgbanwe'' (1997) <ref name="kumar2007">{{Cite book|title=Something about the Author|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4144-1071-5|editor=Kumar|pages=[[iarchive:somethingaboutau00lisa 1/page/116/mode/1up|112–116]]|chapter=hooks, bell 1952–|oclc=507358041}}</ref> * Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị (1997) <ref>{{Cite news|title=FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, ''My Feminism'' makes a valid point|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=May 23, 1998|page=18|id={{ProQuest|1143520117}}}}</ref> * ''Olu nke Ike'' (1999) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman|url=https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061038/https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672}}</ref> * BaadAsssss Cinema (2002) [82] * ''Abụ m nwoke: Nwoke ojii na America'' (2004) [83] * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ gbasara m (2004) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|archivedate=April 10, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220821/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview}}</ref> * ''Ọ̀ Bụ Ndị Inyom Anwụla?'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Feminism Dead?|url=https://www.films.com/id/148|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Films Media Group|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061049/https://www.films.com/id/148}}</ref> * Ìhè Dị Ike: Mgbe Mmụọ zutere Ọrụ (2008) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Bets|work=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]|date=December 3, 2010|page=E6|id={{ProQuest|856086736}}}}</ref> * Ịhụnanya (2012) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement|work=[[The Cairns Post]]|date=April 10, 2013|page=31|id={{ProQuest|1324698794}}}}</ref> * ''Hillbilly'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crust|first=Kevin|date=October 3, 2018|title=Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=January 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182223/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * ''Ọchịchọ: Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala'': The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|title=The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation|publisher=American Booksellers Association|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313174235/http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|archivedate=March 13, 2013}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Onyinye onye edemede site na Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/22/arts/10-writers-win-grants.html|title=10 Writers Win Grants|date=December 22, 1994|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref> * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ: onye a họpụtara maka onyinye ihe oyiyi NAACP (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=December 15, 2021|url=https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=Alkebu-Lan Image|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215212301/https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/}}</ref> * Homemade Love: Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka nke Bank Street College nke Afọ (2002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/|title=Bell Hooks|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190215/https://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/}}</ref> * Nzọpụta: Ndị ojii na Ịhụnanya: Onye a họpụtara na Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (2002) <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 21, 2002|title=Footlights|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/21/theater/footlights.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks" /><ref name="UCSantaCruz">{{Cite web|author=Rappaport|first=Scott|date=April 25, 2007|title=May 10 Bell Hooks event postponed|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California|archivedate=August 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818201329/https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html}}</ref> * bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "Otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi nke mba anyị" <ref name="UCSantaCruz" /> * mgbịrịgba: <nowiki><i id="mwAqo">Oge</i></nowiki> 100 Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afọ, 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|author=hampton|first=dream|title=Bell Hooks: 100 Women of the Year|url=https://time.com/5793676/bell-hooks-100-women-of-the-year/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=Time|date=March 5, 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ ndị okenye ===   === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=[[Chris Raschka]] (illustrator)|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=[[Little, Brown Books for Young Readers]]|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7868-2377-2|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Homemade Love|publisher=[[Hyperion Books for Children]]|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786825530|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Be boy buzz|url=https://archive.org/details/beboybuzz00hook|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786816439|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Skin Again|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|date=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7868-0825-0|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Grump Groan Growl|url=https://archive.org/details/grumpgroangrowl00hook|publisher=Little, Brown Books for Young Readers|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7868-0816-8|ref=none}} *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064830/http://www.feminish.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/bell-hooks-Selling-Hot-Pussy-representation-of-black-womens-sexuality.pdf Pdf.]  *   *   == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://bereaarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/resources/137 akwụkwọ mgbịrịgba] (onyinye nchọta nke Berea College Special Collections & Archives bipụtara) * bell hooks isiokwu ndị e bipụtara na magazin Lion's Roar. * South End Press (akwụkwọ ndị South End Press bipụtara) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222215043/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/libwaves/mar00/hooks.html Mahadum California, Santa Barbara] (ihe osise nke nko) * "Postmodern Blackness" (isiokwu site na nko) * Whole Terrain (ihe odide site na nko ndị e bipụtara na Whole Ter Train) * Ihe ịma aka nke Capitalism & Patriarchy (ajụjụ ọnụ na nko site na Third World Viewpoint) * Ingredients of Love (ajụjụ ọnụ na magazin Ascent) * {{IMDb name|0393654}} * AppearancesnaC-SPAN ** [https://www.c-span.org/video/?169843-1/depth-bell-hooks N'ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi na nko, May 5, 2002] * Lawrence Chua, "bells hooks" (ajụjụ ọnụ), BOMB magazine, July 1, 1994 * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/16/bell-hooks-remembered-she-reminded-us-of-the-better-world-we-were-working-towards "bell hooks chetara: 'Ọ gosipụtara ihe niile m chọrọ ịbụ'"], ''The Guardian'', Disemba 16, 2021. * [https://mediadiversified.org/2021/12/16/for-bell-hooks/ "N'ihi na mgbịrịgba"], Media Diversified, Disemba 16, 2021. * "Ịcheta mgbịrịgba na nkatọ ya nke 'Imperialist White Supremacist Heteropatriarchy'". ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya Ugbu a!'' * "Bell hooks - Are You Still a Slave? Liberating the Black Female Body" (site na YouTube), May 6, 2014. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tqespd1ej4ztqb11cfevrnb06bzjt65 697930 697906 2026-08-10T11:02:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697930 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gloria Jean Watkins''' (September 25, 1952 - December 15, 2021), nke a maara nke ọma site na mkpịsị aka ya bell hooks (nke a na-ede na obere mkpụrụ akwụkwọ), <ref name="pen-name">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Dinitia|date=September 28, 2006|title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers|page=E3|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html|accessdate=February 21, 2017|quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.}}</ref> bụ onye edemede America, onye nkuzi, na onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Prọfesọ a ma ama na Residence na Berea College. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Holland|first=Jennifer L.|title=Tiny you: a western history of the anti-abortion movement|date=2020|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96847-9|location=Oakland, California}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe odide ya gbasara agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{Cite news|author=Knight|first=Lucy|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/bell-hooks-author-and-activist-dies-aged-69|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica">{{Cite web|author=Tikkanen|first=Amy|title=Bell Hooks {{!}} American scholar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/bell-hooks|work=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|publisher=Stanford University|date=November 27, 2019|accessdate=March 31, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nyochara njikọ agbụrụ, akụrụngwa, na okike, na ihe ọ kọwara dị ka ikike ha nwere ịmepụta na ime ka usoro mmegbu na ọchịchị nke ndị otu. Ọrụ ya bụ ntọala maka echiche nke oge a nke intersectionality. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=2019-03-12|title=How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism|url=https://www.them.us/story/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Them|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}</ref> O bipụtara ọtụtụ edemede ndị ọkà mmụta na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ 40, n'ụdị sitere na edemede na uri ruo n'akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya, okike, nka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọahụ, na mgbasa ozi. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 na-akụzi Bekee na Ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum nke Southern California. O mechara kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Mahadum Stanford, [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], New College of Florida, na The City College of New York, tupu ọ banye Berea College na Berea, Kentucky, na 2004. <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks">{{Cite web|title=Get to Know Bell Hooks|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180252/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College . A gbaziri aha edemede ya n'aka nne nne ya, Bell Blair Hooks, site na iji mkpụrụedemede dị ala iji mee ka onwe ya dị mma ma na-elekwasị anya n'ihe odide ya. == Oge ọ malitere == A ''amụrụ'' Gloria Jean Watkins na Septemba 25, 1952, n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ n'Afrịka, na Hopkinsville, <ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|author=Risen|first=Clay|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/books/bell-hooks-dead.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> obere obodo dị iche iche na [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]]. <ref name="medea1997">{{Cite book|author=Medea|first=Andra|title=Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8160-3425-7|editor=Hine|location=New York|pages=[[iarchive:blackwomeninamer00edit 0/page/100/mode/1up|100–101]]|chapter=hooks, bell (1952–)|oclc=35209436}}</ref> Watkins bụ otu n'ime ụmụ isii Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) na Veodis Watkins mụrụ. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne ya na-eje ozi n'ụlọ ndị ọcha.<ref name="Hsu-2021">{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya bụ Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins ga-ede banyere "mgbalị ya iji mepụta onwe ya na njirimara" mgbe ọ na-etolite na "ụwa anwansi bara ọgaranya nke ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii nke na-abụkarị paradaịs mgbe ụfọdụ na oge ndị ọzọ na-atụ egwu" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bell-hooks/bone-black/|title=Bone Black|date=August 15, 1996|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|accessdate=December 22, 2021}}</ref> Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu (ya na ndị na-ede uri William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, na Gwendolyn Brooks n'etiti ndị ọkacha mmasị MA ya), [1] Watkins gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na-ekewa, mechaa kwaga n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na njedebe 1960.[2] Ahụmahụ a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ya dị ka onye nkuzi, o mekwara ka ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke omume mmụta dị ka e gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ya, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. [3] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hopkinsville High School tupu ọ nweta BA na Bekee na Mahadum Stanford na 1973, yana MA ya na Bishon sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison na 1976. [4] [5] N'oge a, Watkins nọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ya Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, nke ọ malitere ide na afọ 19 (19) 1981. [6][7] In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, hooks completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlixAAAAIAAJ|first=bell|author=hooks|title=Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|date=1983}}</ref> Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị na-emetụta ya bụ onye American abolitionist na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Sojourner Truth. Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" kpaliri [[Ain't I a Woman? (book)|akwụkwọ]] mbụ nke hooks.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a kpọtụrụ onye nkuzi Brazil bụ Paulo Freire aha n'akwụkwọ Hooks bụ Teaching to Transgress . Echiche ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ dị na isi nke mbụ, "ịkụzi ihe".<ref>{{Cite book|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Teaching to transgress : education as the practice of freedom|date=1994|isbn=0-415-90807-8|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=30668295}}</ref> Mmetụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkà mmụta okpukpe Peruvian Gustavo Gutiérrez, ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Erich Fromm, onye na-ede egwuregwu Lorraine Hansberry, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sarkar|first=Somnath|date=July 11, 2021|title=Aint I a Woman? {{!}} Feminist Theory of Bell Hooks|url=https://www.eng-literature.com/2021/07/feminist-theory-of-bell-hooks.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023|work=All About English Literature|language=en-US|archivedate=March 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315051059/https://www.eng-literature.com/2021/07/feminist-theory-of-bell-hooks.html}}</ref> onye mọnk Buddha [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=Aleta|date=September 22, 2000|title=All About Love. (Book reviews: love everybody right now)|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA83698173&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Civil Rights Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=58–61}}</ref> na onye edemede Africa America James Baldwin.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|date=February 9, 1999|title=A WOMAN OF HER WORDS|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/02/09/a-woman-of-her-words/fd1f95a4-b6d7-43ef-b1f7-95c98d30637f/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks tells the story of the first time she met Thich Nhat Hanh - Lions Roar|date=December 21, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-on-meeting-thich-nhat-hanh/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Why James Baldwin Is Important: Books, Quotes, Essays, Poems, Movie, Biography * Bell Hooks Books|work=bell hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=November 20, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120234724/https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/}}</ref> Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth bụ ihe dị ike na-akpali akpali maka nko na ụzọ ọ na-esi agba mgba. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bouwer|first=Karen|date=2010|title=Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: Lumumba's Legacy in Literature and Film|chapter=Andrée Blouin: A Sister Among Brothers in Struggle|pages=71–99|chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230110403_4|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9780230110403_4|isbn=978-0-230-11040-3|accessdate=6 September 2025}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na ide ihe == Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum Southern California. [1] N'ime afọ atọ ọ nọ ebe ahụ, Golemics, onye mbipụta nke dabeere na Los Angeles, bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya bipụtara, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ And There Wept (1978), [2] nke edere n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ "Bell Hooks".[3] Ọ nakweere aha nne nne ya dị ka aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na, dị ka o mesịrị tinye ya, nne nne ya "a maara maka asụsụ ya nwere obi ike ma dị egwu, bụ nke ọ masịrị ya n'ezie." [5] Na nkọwa na-adịghị mma nke edemede ya, Hooks kwukwara, sị, "Mgbe mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nọ na njedebe ya na njedebe '60s na mmalite' 70s, enwere ọtụtụ ọpụpụ site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. Ọ bụ: Ka anyị kwuo banyere echiche ndị dị n'azụ ọrụ ahụ, ndị mmadụ dịkwa ntakịrị ... [6] Na mbido afọ 1980 na afọ 1990, hooks kụziri na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ post-secondary, gụnyere Mahadum California, Santa Cruz, Mahadum San Francisco State, [[Yale University|Yale]] (1985 ruo 1988, dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ Africa na Afro-American na Bekee), <ref name="Lee-2019">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Oberlin College (1988 ruo 1994, dị ka osota prọfesor nke akwụkwọ America na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị), na, malite na 1994, dị ka prọfesụ pụrụ iche nke Bekee na City College nke New York<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leatherman|first=Courtney|date=May 19, 1995|title=The Real Bell Hooks|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/}}</ref> South End Press bipụtara nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? Womenmụ nwanyị ojii na Feminism, na 1981, ọ bụkwa ntọala maka ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ.[1][2] N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ iri ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? amatara maka ajụjụ ya na echiche nwanyị, ebe ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ kwa izu na 1992 kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nwanyị iri abụọ kacha emetụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga".[3] Mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na 2019, Min Jin Lee kwuru na Abụghị m nwanyị "bụ ngwa dị ike ma dị mkpa maka mmepe echiche nwanyị. Olileanya? [[Faịlụ:Bellhooks.jpg|thumb|nko mgbịrịgba na 2009]] &nbsp;N'otu oge ahụ, Hooks ghọrọ onye ama ama dị ka onye na-eche echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkatọ omenala.[1] O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 30, malite na ndị isi ojii, ndị nna ochie, na ndị nwoke ruo n'ịnyere onwe ha aka; nkuzi na-etinye aka[2] na ihe ncheta nkeonwe; na mmekọahụ (na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịma mma na omenala anya).[3] Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class in Film (1996) na-anakọta edemede fim, nyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri.[4] Na New Yorker, Hua Hsu kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a kpughere akụkụ nke ọrụ Hooks bụ nke "na-adọrọ mmasị, ọmịiko, na ịchọ ndị enyi".[5] Na Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), hooks na-eme nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị ọcha na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ ghara ịdị n'otu nke ụmụ nwanyị gafee agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isoke|first=Zenzele|date=December 2019|title=Bell Hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By Bell Hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback).|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000643|issn=1743-923X}}</ref> Dị ka nko na-arụ ụka, nkwurịta okwu na ịgụ na ide (ikike ịgụ, ide, na iche echiche nke ọma) dị mkpa maka òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na na-enweghị ha, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị etolite ịmata enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olson|first=Gary A.|date=1994|title=Bell Hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation|journal=Journal of Advanced Composition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–19|issn=0731-6755}}</ref> Na Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks na-anwa ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ole na ole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom * Bell Hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/product/teaching-to-transgress/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> Karịsịa, nko na-agba mbọ ime ka agụmakwụkwọ na nkuzi dị mfe "ịgụ ma ghọta gafee ókèala klas dị iche iche".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Judd|first=Caitlin|date=December 31, 2021|title=What Bell Hooks taught me|url=https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|accessdate=January 17, 2024|work=Cambridge Girl Talk|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920085144/https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|archivedate=September 20, 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, hooks kwuru okwu mmeghe na Mahadum Southwestern. N'izere ụzọ ekele nke okwu mmalite ọdịnala, ọ kwuru okwu megide ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ime ihe ike na mmegbu gọọmentị kwadoro, ma dọọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị o kwenyere na ha na-agbaso omume ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref name="chronicle">{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks Digs In|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/|first=Lauri|author=Apple|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=December 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222190327/http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle|first=Jean|author=Kilker|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=October 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015002703/http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/}}</ref> The Austin Chronicle kọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ege ntị buuru okwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na "ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ gafere onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji kụọ ya aka ma ọ bụ makụọ ya".<ref name="chronicle" /> N'afọ 2004, ọ sonyeere Berea College dị ka Prọfesọ dị iche iche na Residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|title=Faculty and Staff|archivedate=May 28, 2010|publisher=[[Berea College]]|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2008, nke aha ya bụ: omenala nke ebe, gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Wendell Berry yana mkparịta ụka banyere ịlaghachi Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging: a culture of place|author=hooks|first=bell|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415968157|language=en|oclc=228676700}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta bi na The New School ugboro atọ, oge ikpeazụ na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2014|title=Bell Hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School|url=https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm|accessdate=December 16, 2021|publisher=[[The New School]]|archivedate=November 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107195019/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College; n'afọ 2017 ọ raara akwụkwọ ya nye kọleji ahụ. <ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Minyvonne|date=December 15, 2021|title=Acclaimed author and activist Bell Hooks dies at 69|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/acclaimed-author-activist-bell-hooks-dies-69-rcna8895|accessdate=December 25, 2021|publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Berea College, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks ya na prọfesọ Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou. <ref name="berea.edu">{{Cite web|title=The Bell Hooks center at Berea College - Feminism is for everybody|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọchite anya ya, ọkachasị ndị isi ojii na ndị na-acha nchara nchara, femme, queer, na ndị Appalachian na Berea College, ebe dị nchebe ebe ha nwere ike ịzụlite ngosipụta ha, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Bell Hooks center|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=November 11, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111163317/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu maka ọrụ hooks na nkwenye ya na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na ụkpụrụ nduzi nke agụmakwụkwọ ọ na-enye. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ihe omume na mmemme na-ekwusi ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="berea.edu" /> Ọ na-akatọkarị ihe nkiri Spike Lee. N'edemede ya, "Spike Lee Doing Malcolm X: Denying Black Pain", Hook na-arụ ụka na "ihe nkiri Lee adịghị amanye ndị na-ekiri ka ha chee ihu, ịma aka, gbanwee. Ha na-anabata ma kwụọ anyị ụgwọ nke enweghị mmasị-ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla." Ọ na-ahụ Lee dị ka "onye nyocha" na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe nkiri maka ndị ọcha na-ege ntị na-agbaso mgbakọ nke "akụkọ Hollywood ndị ọzọ".[1] Ọ kọwara ọkara mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka ọkara "ihe ngosi maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ" na ọkara "ọdachi"; ọ na-akatọ ihe ngosi nke mmekọrịta Malcolm na Sophia dị ka "otu akụkọ ochie" dị ka ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na-egosi mmekọrịta agbụrụ; na ọ na-ajụ ikike Denzel Washington ịgbanarị aha ya dị ka "ezigbo onye ọ bụla", nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike igosipụta "ọnụnọ dị egwu" Malcolm. Ihe a niile na-eme Malcolm "yiri onye enweghị olileanya, onye nwere ezi uche." N'ịgụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Lee "nwere mmasị na nkatọ siri ike nke Malcolm banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-acha ọcha" na echiche mbụ ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka "mgba ọsọ nwoke maka ike n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị ojii." N'ihi ya, ihe nkiri ahụ hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Malcolm n'akụkụ, na "nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na njikọ ya na alaeze ukwu na colonialism" na ihe nkiri ahụ "n'ezie" enweghị Malcolm" nkatọ nke capitalism." O kwukwara na Lee dere banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii otu ahụ ndị na-eme fim si dee gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ọ katọkwara ihe nkiri Paris Is Burning maka igosi ememe bọọlụ dị ka ihe ngosi maka "obi ụtọ" ndị ọcha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Phillip Brian Harper|title='The Subversive Edge': ''Paris Is Burning'', Social Critique, and the Limits of Subjective Agency.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diacritics_summer-fall-1994_24_2-3/page/90|journal=Diacritics|volume=24|issue=2/3|year=1994|pages=90–103|doi=10.2307/465166}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, n'oge Ngagharị iwe George Floyd, enwere mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na ọrụ hooks na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Sharon|date=December 15, 2021|title=Black feminist writer and intellectual Bell Hooks dies at 69|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/black-feminist-writer-intellectual-bell-hooks-dies-69-2021-12-15/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Banyere ihe nkiri ya, Hooks kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwoke na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke". [1] [2] [3] Ọ na-eji French dị ka asụsụ, na-ahọrọ ịbụ na Bekee. Ọ na-ahụ na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'okwu nke aka ya dị ka ndị a: "Dị ka onye bụ isi nke onye na-eme ihe ike, echere m na ọrụ Tim Dean bụ ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike, na onye na-ahụ ihe ike ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ - nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ya - ma onye na-eche onwe ya na onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ọ na-eme ihe ike. ụlọ na ọ nwere ike ime ka ọ pụta ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'otu ebe, ọ nwere ike ikwupụta na ọ nwere ike ime ihe ọ chọrọ. Alụola m di afọ iri na asaa. Ọ ga-amasị m inwe onye ọlụlụ, mana echeghị m na ndụ m bara uru."[6] Na Disemba 15, 2021, bell hooks nwụrụ site na nkụchi akụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Berea, Kentucky, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. <ref name="Guardian obit" /> === Okpukpe Buddha === Through her interest in Beat poetry and after an encounter with the poet and Buddhist Gary Snyder, hooks was first introduced to [[Buddhism]] in her early college years.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tworkov|first=Helen|title=Agent of Change|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/bell-hooks-buddhism/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|date=January 9, 2017|language=en}}</ref> She described herself as finding Buddhism as part of a personal journey in her youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her life and configure these concepts into her focus on activism and justice.<ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Building a Community of Love – Lion's Roar|date=March 24, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-and-thich-nhat-hanh-on-building-a-community-of-love/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> After her initial exposures to Buddhism, hooks incorporated it into her Christian upbringing and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced her identity, activism, and writing for the remainder of her life. Ọ dọtara mmasị ya na okpukpe Buddha n'ihi usoro onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ọ nyere ya ịghọta na imeghachi omume na nhụjuanya yana ịhụnanya na njikọ. Ọ na-akọwa na Ndị Kraịst na-elekwasị anya n'omume kwa ụbọchị dị ka imezu mkpa dị mkpa nke ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yancy|first=George|date=December 10, 2015|title=Bell Hooks: Buddhism, the Beats and Loving Blackness|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/bell-hooks-buddhism-the-beats-and-loving-blackness/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|work=Opinionator|language=en}}</ref> Echiche ndị Buddha, ọkachasị ọrụ [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, pụtara n'ọtụtụ edemede, akwụkwọ, na uri. Mmụọ nke ndị Buddha rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ụkpụrụ omume ịhụnanya nke ghọrọ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ya edere na ọrụ ya. == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" gụnyere nko, <ref name="p853">{{Cite web|author=Brozan|first=Nadine|title=CHRONICLE|work=The New York Times|date=January 23, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/23/nyregion/chronicle-537295.html|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> dị ka TIME magazine's "100 Women of the Year" na 2020, ebe a kọwara ya dị ka "''Oge'' egwu rock a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze nke na-eru n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ịnweta". Tupu ọ nọrọ na Berea College, hooks nwere ọkwa nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka Stanford, Yale, na The City College of New York. Mmetụta ya karịrị agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ebe obibi ya na United States na mba ofesi gosipụtara. N'afọ 2014, St. Norbert College raara otu afọ zuru ezu nye iji mee emume maka onyinye ya na "A Year of bell hooks".<ref>{{Cite web|title=year of bell hooks {{!}} St. Norbert College|url=https://www.snc.edu/cvc/images/programs/2013-14/bellhooks/#:~:text=In%20its%20inaugural%20year,%20the,April%2015-17,%202014.|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=www.snc.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ihe odide hooks na-ewu ewu n'etiti òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ nke ọnwụ [[George Floyd]] na Breonna Taylor kpaliri na 2020, na akwụkwọ ya All About Love: New Visions na-abanye na ndepụta New York Times bestseller karịa afọ 20 mgbe e bipụtara ya. <ref name="o571">{{Cite web|author=The Associated Press|title=A new generation of readers embraces bell hooks's 'All About Love'|work=NBC News|date=March 12, 2024|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/bell-hooks-all-about-love-success-posthumous-rcna143020|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Ojii bụ... Black Ain't (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Riggs-Eloquent-Last-Plea-for-Tolerance-3034313.php|title=Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance|author=Guthmann, Edward|date=May 5, 1995|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Hearst|work=SFGATE}}</ref> * ''Nye Mgbaghara Ọzọ'' (1995) [79] * ''Nkatọ Ọdịbendị na Mgbanwe'' (1997) <ref name="kumar2007">{{Cite book|title=Something about the Author|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4144-1071-5|editor=Kumar|pages=[[iarchive:somethingaboutau00lisa 1/page/116/mode/1up|112–116]]|chapter=hooks, bell 1952–|oclc=507358041}}</ref> * Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị (1997) <ref>{{Cite news|title=FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, ''My Feminism'' makes a valid point|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=May 23, 1998|page=18|id={{ProQuest|1143520117}}}}</ref> * ''Olu nke Ike'' (1999) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman|url=https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061038/https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672}}</ref> * BaadAsssss Cinema (2002) [82] * ''Abụ m nwoke: Nwoke ojii na America'' (2004) [83] * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ gbasara m (2004) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|archivedate=April 10, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220821/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview}}</ref> * ''Ọ̀ Bụ Ndị Inyom Anwụla?'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Feminism Dead?|url=https://www.films.com/id/148|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Films Media Group|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061049/https://www.films.com/id/148}}</ref> * Ìhè Dị Ike: Mgbe Mmụọ zutere Ọrụ (2008) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Bets|work=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]|date=December 3, 2010|page=E6|id={{ProQuest|856086736}}}}</ref> * Ịhụnanya (2012) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement|work=[[The Cairns Post]]|date=April 10, 2013|page=31|id={{ProQuest|1324698794}}}}</ref> * ''Hillbilly'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crust|first=Kevin|date=October 3, 2018|title=Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=January 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182223/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * ''Ọchịchọ: Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala'': The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|title=The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation|publisher=American Booksellers Association|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313174235/http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|archivedate=March 13, 2013}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Onyinye onye edemede site na Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/22/arts/10-writers-win-grants.html|title=10 Writers Win Grants|date=December 22, 1994|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref> * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ: onye a họpụtara maka onyinye ihe oyiyi NAACP (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=December 15, 2021|url=https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=Alkebu-Lan Image|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215212301/https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/}}</ref> * Homemade Love: Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka nke Bank Street College nke Afọ (2002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/|title=Bell Hooks|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190215/https://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/}}</ref> * Nzọpụta: Ndị ojii na Ịhụnanya: Onye a họpụtara na Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (2002) <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 21, 2002|title=Footlights|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/21/theater/footlights.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks" /><ref name="UCSantaCruz">{{Cite web|author=Rappaport|first=Scott|date=April 25, 2007|title=May 10 Bell Hooks event postponed|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California|archivedate=August 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818201329/https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html}}</ref> * bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "Otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi nke mba anyị" <ref name="UCSantaCruz" /> * mgbịrịgba: <nowiki><i id="mwAqo">Oge</i></nowiki> 100 Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afọ, 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|author=hampton|first=dream|title=Bell Hooks: 100 Women of the Year|url=https://time.com/5793676/bell-hooks-100-women-of-the-year/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=Time|date=March 5, 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ ndị okenye ===   === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=[[Chris Raschka]] (illustrator)|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=[[Little, Brown Books for Young Readers]]|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7868-2377-2|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Homemade Love|publisher=[[Hyperion Books for Children]]|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786825530|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Be boy buzz|url=https://archive.org/details/beboybuzz00hook|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786816439|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Skin Again|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|date=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7868-0825-0|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Grump Groan Growl|url=https://archive.org/details/grumpgroangrowl00hook|publisher=Little, Brown Books for Young Readers|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7868-0816-8|ref=none}} *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064830/http://www.feminish.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/bell-hooks-Selling-Hot-Pussy-representation-of-black-womens-sexuality.pdf Pdf.]  *   *   == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://bereaarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/resources/137 akwụkwọ mgbịrịgba] (onyinye nchọta nke Berea College Special Collections & Archives bipụtara) * bell hooks isiokwu ndị e bipụtara na magazin Lion's Roar. * South End Press (akwụkwọ ndị South End Press bipụtara) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222215043/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/libwaves/mar00/hooks.html Mahadum California, Santa Barbara] (ihe osise nke nko) * "Postmodern Blackness" (isiokwu site na nko) * Whole Terrain (ihe odide site na nko ndị e bipụtara na Whole Ter Train) * Ihe ịma aka nke Capitalism & Patriarchy (ajụjụ ọnụ na nko site na Third World Viewpoint) * Ingredients of Love (ajụjụ ọnụ na magazin Ascent) * {{IMDb name|0393654}} * AppearancesnaC-SPAN ** [https://www.c-span.org/video/?169843-1/depth-bell-hooks N'ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi na nko, May 5, 2002] * Lawrence Chua, "bells hooks" (ajụjụ ọnụ), BOMB magazine, July 1, 1994 * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/16/bell-hooks-remembered-she-reminded-us-of-the-better-world-we-were-working-towards "bell hooks chetara: 'Ọ gosipụtara ihe niile m chọrọ ịbụ'"], ''The Guardian'', Disemba 16, 2021. * [https://mediadiversified.org/2021/12/16/for-bell-hooks/ "N'ihi na mgbịrịgba"], Media Diversified, Disemba 16, 2021. * "Ịcheta mgbịrịgba na nkatọ ya nke 'Imperialist White Supremacist Heteropatriarchy'". ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya Ugbu a!'' * "Bell hooks - Are You Still a Slave? Liberating the Black Female Body" (site na YouTube), May 6, 2014. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pfae56nljaya91ovx3d12hhjbidranq 0 15120 697947 164889 2026-08-10T11:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William John Monk''' (nwụrụ n'ubochí irí atọ n'otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1982) bụ onye South Africa, nke a maara maka foto ya nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị Cape Town n'etiti afọ 1967 na 1969, n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Billy Monk – "Cape Town Nightclub" (1967-1969)|url=http://www.americansuburbx.com/2011/09/billy-monk-capetown-nightclubs-1967-69.html|date=15 September 2011|archivedate=2019-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323153158/https://www.americansuburbx.com/2011/09/billy-monk-capetown-nightclubs-1967-69.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=The best photography books of 2012: an alternative selection|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/dec/21/best-photography-books-2012-selection|work=The Guardian|date=21 December 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, e bipụtara akwụkwọ e dere ógè ọ nwụsịrị, ''Billy Monk'': Nightclub Photographs . == Oge ọ malitere == A maghị ọtụtụ ihe màkà ndụ izizi nke Monk. Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya n'ubochí irí n'otu n'ọnwaJenụwarị ọ dịghị mgbe ọ maara afọ ole, ọ dịghịkwa onye maara afọ ole ọ dị.<ref name="goldblatt">{{Cite book|author=Goldblatt, David|title=Billy Monk|publisher=[[Dewi Lewis Publishing]]|isbn=978-1907893186|date=2011}}</ref> Ọ chọghị ikwu banyere nwata ya. Nna ya bụ onye aṅụrụma. Ọrụ mbụ ya gụnyere ịlanarị n'ụzọ ọ bụla o nwere ike, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na obere mpụ. E zigara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ abụọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma banyere izuru igbe, ọ mụtakwara ịghọ onye na-anabata ndị ọbịa. Ógè ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-ebubata ya na Transkei ma ọ bụ na-egbu azụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Cape Town.<ref name="telegraph-2012">{{Cite news|first=Lucy|author=Davies|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=Billy Monk: the bouncer who just kept on snapping|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/9099238/Billy-Monk-the-bouncer-who-just-kept-on-snapping.html|date=27 February 2012}}</ref> N'oge ndụ ya niile, o nwere ọrụ dịgasị iche iche, onye na-enyere onye na-ese foto aka, onye na'ime diamond, onye nwe ụlọ ahịa akpụkpọ ụkwụ, onye nwe ebe a na-eri akwụkwọ nri, na n'ikpeazụ, onye na - onye na-eche nche na onye na-ede foto.<ref name="goldblatt" /><ref name=":0" /> == Foto == Ógè ọrụ Monk dị ka onye na-eche nche anaghị arụ ọrụ ọ bịdọrọ ise foto. Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na The Catacombs, ọ bịdọrọ ibi ndụ ya na-ese foto nke ndị ahịa dị iche iche n'ụlọ mmanya.<ref name="sfexaminer">{{Cite web|first=Leslie|author=Katz|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=South Africa through the eyes of master photographers David Goldblatt, Ernest Cole and Billy Monk|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/south-africa-through-the-eyes-of-master-photographers-david-goldblatt-ernest-cole-and-billy-monk/|work=The San Francisco Examiner|archivedate=2019-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323153150/http://www.sfexaminer.com/south-africa-through-the-eyes-of-master-photographers-david-goldblatt-ernest-cole-and-billy-monk/}}</ref> O jiri igwefoto Pentax, nke nwere oghere anya 35 mm, obere flash na ihe nkiri Ilford FP4.<ref name="goldblatt" /><ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012">{{Cite news|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=Billy Monk's photos: an epitaph to a life lived on the edge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jan/31/billy-monk-photos-nightclub|work=The Guardian|date=31 January 2012}}</ref> Monk kwụsịrị ise foto n'afọ 1969.<ref name="telegraph-2012" /> Foto ya na-egosi ihe dịgasị iche iche dị n'okpuru afọ nke ndụ Cape Town n'oge ahụ site na ndị agadi nwoke na ndị inyom na-eto eto na ndị di na nwunye na-edina nwoke ibe ha, na ndị na-edeghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha na mmekọrịta agbụrụ, ọ na-egosi akụkụ nke ndụ n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> === Nchọpụta nke ọrụ ya === Jac de Villiers chọpụtara ọrụ Monk n'afọ 197ógègbe ọ kwagara n'ụlọ ọrụ ochie Monk.<ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /><ref name="telegraph-2012" /> Ọ bụghị naanị na onye na-ese foto wuru ha nke ọma, a na-ejikwa ụbọchị na aha edepụta ha nke ọma.<ref name="goldblatt" /><ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> Ihe ngosi mbụ nke ọrụ Monk mere na Market Gallery na Johannesburg n'afọ 1982 ọ bụ ezie na Monk enweghị ike ịga ihe omume ahụ ọ bụ ihe a na-aja mma nke ukwuu.<ref name="telegraph-2012" /><ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> === Ịkpa Ókèj === Monk na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa n'oge ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ gị na-egosi ebe ị nwere ike ibi, rụọ ọrụ, onye ị nwere ike ịlụ, na ebe ị nwere ikike ịṅụ mmanya. Ụzọ ndụ nzuzo nke Catacombs nyere ohere màkà enweghị nkwenye. Monk họọrọ ise foto na izizi dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego, site na ire ha nye ndị ahịa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/9099238/Billy-Monk-the-bouncer-who-just-kept-on-snapping.html|title=Billy Monk: the bouncer who just kept on snapping|publisher=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref> Foto ya na-ekpughe ndị ahịa dịgasị iche iche. Ọtutu bụ ndị na-adịghị mma, ụfọdụ bụ ndị dị mma ma jikọta ọnụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eyi uwe mkpụmkpụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ foto niile na-emetụta mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Colin|author=Pantall|authorlink=Colin Pantall|url=http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2012/04_05_Billy_Monk_Night_Club_Photographs.cfm|title=Magazine - Billy Monk: Night Club Photographs|publisher=Photo-eye.com|accessdate=25 February 2015|archivedate=25 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225171736/http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2012/04_05_Billy_Monk_Night_Club_Photographs.cfm}}</ref> Foto ndị ahụ na-ekpughe ọtụtụ n'ime ihe a na-ekweghị ekwe n'okpuru ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọkachasị ụdị nwoke na nwanyị dị iche iche na ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche.<ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> == Ọnwụ == Monk ahụghị ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na gallery.<ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /><ref name="telegraph-2012" /> N'ihe na-erughị izu abụọ ógè ihe ngosi ahụ bịdọrọ, ọ nwara iji si Cape Town gaa Johannesburg iji hụ ọrụ ya n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ banyere na esemokwu ebe otu nwoke dọtara égbè.<ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> A gbagburu Monk n'obi, ma nwụọ n'uhuruchi Satọdee ụbọchị irí atọ n'otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1982.<ref name="goldblatt" /><ref name="telegraph-2012" /> A na-ekwu na okwu ikpeazụ ya bụ na ọ lara ma gbuo m. Ụmụnne ya nwanyị atọ fọdụrụnụ, nwunye ya, Jeanette, nwa ya nwoke na nwa ya nwanyị na ndị na-agakarị Catacombs liri ya n'oké osimiri.<ref name="goldblatt" /> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe onye === * Ụlọ Ahịa, Johannesburg, 1982<ref name="telegraph-2012" /><ref name="guardian-ohagan-2012" /> === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * Site na Bridge gaa na Catacombs Club: Foto nke Billy Monk na David Wise, Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa, 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=photography and new media – Iziko Museums|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/static/page/photography-and-new-media|work=www.iziko.org.za|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323160826/https://www.iziko.org.za/static/page/photography-and-new-media|archivedate=2019-03-23}}</ref> * David Goldblatt, Ernest Cole, na Billy Monk's South Africa in Apartheid and After, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA, 2012-2013. Mụ na [[David Goldblatt]] na [[Ernest Cole (photographer)|Ernest Cole]].<ref name="sfexaminer" /><ref>{{Cite news|first=Missla|author=Libsekal|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=African art around the globe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/30/african-art-exhibitions-globe|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2012}}</ref> * Rise and Fall of Apartheid, International Center of Photography, New York, 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jason|author=Farago|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=Rise and Fall of Apartheid – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/sep/14/rise-fall-apartheid-photography-review|work=The Guardian|date=14 September 2012}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == === Akwụkwọ ndị Monk bipụtara === * Billy Monk: Foto Nightclub. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]ISBN . Na okwu mbido nke [[David Goldblatt]]. === Akwụkwọ ndị Monk nyere === * ''Anthology of African and Indian Ocean Photography''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke Jean Loup Pivin na Pascal Martin Saint Leon dezigharịrị. Bekee ISBN ; French 2- 909571-300; Portuguese . == Ihe nrite ndị e nyere mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == * ''Billy Monk'' bụ otu n'ime mmadụ atọ e depụtara maka Kraszna-Krausz Book Awards, UK, 2013<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|accessdate=2019-03-22|title=Andrea Gjestvang wins L'Iris d'Or at Sony world photography awards|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/apr/25/andrea-gjestvang-sony-world-photography-awards|work=The Guardian|date=25 April 2013}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == A na-edebe ọrụ Monk na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide na-esonụ: * Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa<ref name="telegraph-2012" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} t7meqzdhyxioxkzh86c96ehhcn6tyb4 0 15212 697902 208643 2026-08-10T10:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zwelidumile Geelboi Mgxaji Mslaba''' "Dumile" '''Feni''' (ụbọchị iri abụo na otu n'ọnwa Mée, n'afọ 1942), bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke oge a na South Africa nke a maara màkà ihe osise ya na ihe osise nke gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na ihe ọkpụ, nke na-egosipụtakarị ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.<ref name="SouthAfricanHistoryOnline-2014">{{Cite web|title=Dumile Feni|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dumile-feni|work=South African History Online|accessdate=8 February 2016|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Feni biri na mba ọzọ na oke ịda ogbenye màkà ọtụtụ ọrụ nka ya. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ nwa nwoke Feni na obere ugbo nke Withuis na Worcester, Cape Province, South Africa, nné nà nnà Geelbooi Magoqwana, ónyé ahịa na onye na-ezisa ozi ọma, na Bettie Nothemba Mgxaji, nwanyị ọchụnta ego. Mgbè ọ dị obere, ezinụlọ Feni kwagara na Welcome Estate na Cape Town. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Xhosa.<ref name="SouthAfricanHistoryOnline-Bio-2015">{{Cite web|author=Reuss|first=Sophia|title=Dumile Feni Biography|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/dumile-feni-biography-sophia-reuss|work=South African History Online|accessdate=8 February 2016|date=29 September 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Feni na-ejikọkarị ya na ógè ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nà South Africa.<ref name="MailGuardian-History-2014">{{Cite news|author=Jason|first=Stefanie|title=Dumile Feni's exhibition a timely take on being black|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-09-12-dumile-fenis-exhibiton-a-timely-take-on-being-black|accessdate=1 March 2016|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> Ọ biri na mba ọzọ site n'afọ 1968 ruo afọ 1991 n'etiti London, Los Angeles na New York.<ref>{{Cite journal|language=en|title=Writing Artists into History: Dumile Feni and the South African Canon|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-2011_44_1/page/8|journal=African Arts|volume=44|issue=1|pages=8–25|author=Nettleton|first=Anitra|year=2011|doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.1.8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22363/lot/40B/|title=Bonhams : Dumile Feni-Mhlaba (Zwelidumile Mxgazi) (South African, 1942–1991) 'The Prisoner' 148cm (58 1/4in) high|work=www.bonhams.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref> Ọ kwagara United States n'afọ 1978. Ọ bụ Ónyé na-ese ihe nà Institute of African Humanities na Los Angeles, nà Mahadum California.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dumileo/history/newspapers/scans/weekend-argus_2002-06-26.jpg|title=Artists Luthili masks brought home after 33 years in exile|author=Carew|first=Douglas|date=26 January 2002|work=Weekend Argus|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=South African art now|author=Williamson|first=Sue|publisher=Collins Design|year=2011|isbn=9780061343513|pages=42}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == N'afọ 2010, e wepụtara ihe ngosi a na-akpọ ''Zwelidumile'' . Ọ bụ Ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri nà South Africa bụ Ramadan Suleman mepụtara ya.<ref name="MailGuardian-Documentary-2011">{{Cite news|author=Zvomuya|first=Percy|title=Known only by his absence|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-16-known-only-by-his-absence|accessdate=8 February 2016|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Aha mbụ Feni, Zwelidumile, pụtara "onye a maara ná mba ahụ dum". Feni nwere nwa nwanyị áhà yá bụ Marriam Diale.<ref name="Zwelidumile-Documentary-2010">{{Cite web|title=Zwelidumile|url=http://africalia.be/en/productions/documentaries/zwelidumile/|date=2010|work=Africalia Belgium|accessdate=8 February 2016|archivedate=19 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519213607/https://africalia.be/en/productions/documentaries/zwelidumile/}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe onye === * 1965: Transvaal Academy, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1966: Ụlọ ngosi nka Durban, Durban, South Africa * 1966: Gallery 101, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1966: Johannesburg Civic Theatre, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1966: Pretoria Art Museum, Pretoria, South Africa * 1966: Ihe ngosi nke Ememme Republic, Pretoria, South Africa * 1966: SA Breweries Art Prize Exhibition, gara South Africa * 1966: ''Trans-Natal'', Natal Society for Arts, Durban, South Africa * 1967: Gallery 101, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1967: Transvaal Academy, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1968: Ihe osise sitere na Nchịkọta Onwe Onye, Goodman Gallery * 1969: Grosvenor Gallery, London, United Kingdom * 1970: Ihe ngosi sitere na Collection of Desmond Fisher, Goodman Gallery * 1970: Ihe ngosi nka oge oyi nke 51 Club, Goodman Gallery * 1975: Ihe osise South Africa, Goodman Gallery * 1981: ''Black Art'' Today, Jabulani Standard Bank, Soweto * 1988: La Galleria, New York, NY * 1989: Portrait of Nelson Mandela for the Pathfinder Mural, New York, NY * 1990: Township Art si South Africa, Applecrest, New York, NY * 1991: Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Grahamstown, South Africa * 2010: Art on Paper, MOMO Art Gallery, South Africa === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * 1966: ''Ndị na-ese ihe'' nke Fame na Nkwa, Adler Fielding Galleries, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1967: São Paulo Art Biennial, Brazil * 1967: ''Ihe'' osise South Africa, 1900: 1967, Adler Fielding Galleries, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1969: Nkà nke oge a nke Africa, Camden Arts Centre, London, United Kingdom * 1971: Gallery 101, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1972: Gallery 101, Johannesburg, South Africa * 1975: African Art si South Africa, Gallery 21, London, United Kingdom * 1977: ''Nkà'' nke oge a nke Africa na South Africa, Mahadum Rand Afrikaans, Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Pretoria, Mahadim Orange Free State, William Hamphrey Art Gallery (Mahadum Fort Hare) * 1977: SANG (Cape Town Festival), Gallery 21, South Africa * 1982: Art towards Social Development: ihe ngosi nke South African Art, National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana * 1983: Ihe ngosi nke United Nations, Ncheta nke Ụbọchị Nnwere Onwe nke Namibia, New York, NY * 1987: Unlock Apartheid's Jails, nzukọ banyere ụmụaka nọ n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ya na Bill Cosby na Kọmitii America nke Africa, Hyatt Hotel, New York, NY * 1988: Uhuru: ihe ngosi nke African American Art megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, City without Wall Gallery, Newark, NJ * 1988: ''Olu'' si Exile (Ndị omenkà South Africa asaa), Washington, DC; Los Angeles, CA; Houston, TX; Philadelphia, PA * 2010: MOMO Art Gallery, South Africa == Onyinye == * 2003: Order of Ikhamanga in Gold, maka ịdị mma na nka<ref name="Presidency-OrderOfIkhamanga-2003">{{Cite web|title=Dumile Feni (1939 - 1991): The Order of Ikhamanga in Gold|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7783|work=The Presidency: [[Republic of South Africa]]|accessdate=9 February 2016|date=2 December 2003|quote=Awarded to Dumile Feni (1939 -1991) for Exceptional achievement in the field of arts and contribution to the struggle against apartheid|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404215236/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7783|archivedate=4 April 2016}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|1790903|Zwelidumile}} * https://www.art-archives-southafrica.ch/DUMILE.htm * http://www.pelmama.org/DUMILE.htm 17kghyqesgyrr4del59jlhr9pyr3dyl 0 15473 697883 692665 2026-08-10T10:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A mụrụ '''Florence Ayisi''' na Kumba na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na 1962 (ọ bụ ezie na a kpọtụrụkwa 1964 aha).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&id=571|title=Biography of Florence Ayisi|work=African Success|date=3 June 2008|accessdate=19 Feb 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155058/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&id=571|archivedate=30 November 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe nkiri ya Sisters in Law meriri ihe<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/sisters-in-law|title=Winner 2007 Independent Lens: Sisters in Law|work=Peabody Awards|accessdate=2017-03-07|language=en}}</ref> karịrị onyinye iri abụọ na asaa (nke gụnyere Prix Art et Essai na Cannes Film Festival na 2005 na Peabody Award) ma depụta ya maka nhọpụta Academy Award na 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4575655.stm|title=Cannes award for courtroom film|date=24 May 2005|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm623.shtml/|title=Florence Ayisi|work=Women Make Movies|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/hollywood-embraces-britains-black-film-talent-825413.html|title=Hollywood embraces Britain's black film talent|date=2008-05-10|work=The Independent|accessdate=2017-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> O meriri UK Film Council Breakthrough Brits Award maka Film Talent na 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/breakthroughbrits#Florence|title=Honourees 2008|date=2012-02-23|work=UK Film Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143732/http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/breakthroughbrits#Florence|archivedate=23 February 2012|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2000 ọ na-akụzi ihe nkiri na Mahadum nke South Wales .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://staff.southwales.ac.uk/users/6797-fayisi01/|title=University of South Wales - Florence Ayisil|accessdate=19 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Patricia|date=2006-01-01|title=Cinema Solidarity: The Documentary Practice of Kim Longinotto|journal=Cinema Journal|volume=46|issue=1|pages=120–128|doi=10.1353/cj.2007.0008|url=https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-film-media/40}}</ref> Ayisi guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a kpọrọ Iris Films na 2005. N'afọ 2007, a nabatara ya site na nzukọ ya na eze nwanyị maka njikọ ọrụ ya na mba Commonwealth.<ref name=":2" /> == Akara ugo == * asambodo na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu (Cert Ed) (1997) Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, Mahadum Sunderland, UK. * MA na Film Production (1992) Northern School of Film and Television, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK * MA na Theatre and Media Production (1989) Mahadum nke Hull, UK<ref name=":2" /> * Diploma na Television Production na Journalism (1987), Television Training Centre, Fulham Studios, London * BA na Bekee (1986) - Faculty of Modern Letters and Social Sciences Mahadum nke Yaoundé, Cameroon, Central Africa<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nkiri == * Zanzibar Soccer Dreams (Florence Ayisi & Catalin Brylla, 2016, 64 nkeji) - * Ndụ Mgbanwe: PNDP na Mmepe Ime Obodo na Cameroon (2014, 35 nkeji) * ''Inye Oge'' Ikpeazụ Cameroon (2012, 55 nkeji) * Cameroon Women in Motion (2012, 10 nkeji) * Ihe osise nke ebe a: Ndị inyom na-ese ihe na Cameroon (2011, nkeji iri anọ)<ref name=":0" /> * ''Zanzibar Soccer Queens'' (2007/2008, 87 & 52 nkeji)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APa5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163|title=Political Animals: The New Feminist Cinema|author=Mayer|first=Sophie|date=2015-10-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857729941|language=en}}</ref> * ''Ụwa Anyị na Zanzibar'' (2007, nkeji 35)<ref name=":0" /> * Nne m: Isange (2005, nkeji 7)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sistersinlaw/filmmakers.html|title=Independent Lens . SISTERS IN LAW . The Filmmakers {{!}} PBS|work=www.pbs.org|accessdate=2017-03-07|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204083144/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sistersinlaw/filmmakers.html}}</ref> * Sisters in Law (2005) (Florence Ayisi & Kim Longinotto, 2005, 104 nkeji) * Ntụgharị uche (2003)<ref name=":1" /> == Nnabata == Marsha Meskimmon na Dorothy C. Rowe dere na "ihe osise dị iche iche nke Ayisi banyere ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke oge a jụrụ echiche dị mfe ma na-atụ aro na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa ụwa nwere ike ọ gaghị ekewa n'ụzọ dị mfe n'usoro nke mba, 'East' na 'West', ma ọ bụ 'mepụtara' na 化-emepe'.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marsha|author=Meskimmon|title=Women, the Arts and Globalization|chapter=Editorial|year=2012|isbn=9780719096716|publisher=Manchester University Press}}</ref> N'otu edemede nke afọ 2012 Olivier Jean TchOuaffé kwuru "Kim Longinotto na Florence Ayisi, na ihe nkiri ha Sister-in-Law, pụtara ìhè maka ihe ọhụrụ ha ji gosipụta onye ọka ikpe n'ime ọnọdụ enweghị nchebe, ka ha na-egosipụta ụmụ ''nwanyị'' abụọ siri ike dị ka ihu nke nchekwa na nkwụsi ike ikpe" p196.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tchouaffé|first=Olivier Jean|date=2012|title=Women in Film in Cameroon: Thérèse Sita-Bella, Florence Ayisi, Oswalde Lewat and Josephine Ndagnou|journal=Journal of African Cinemas|volume=4|issue=2|pages=191–206|doi=10.1386/jac.4.2.191_1}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka "ihe nkiri a rụrụ nke ọma, nke lekwasịrị anya nke na-ekwu ihe banyere obere akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ọzọ na ndị na-akpụzi ya".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malkowski|first=Jennifer|date=2007-06-01|title=Reel Paradise / Sisters in Law|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-quarterly_summer-2007_60_4/page/30|journal=Film Quarterly|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=30–34|doi=10.1525/fq.2007.60.4.30|issn=0015-1386}}</ref> Nnyocha na Black Camera kọwara Sisters in law dị ka "ihe nkiri nke na-eme ka ahụmịhe zuru ụwa ọnụ ghara itinye ya".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maher|first=Jennifer|date=Spring 2008|title=A Black Camera Movie Review: Sisters in Law by Florence Ayisi; Kim Longinotto|journal=Black Camera|volume=22/23|pages=120–122}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Ayisi|first=Florence|date=2013-05-08|title=The Politics of Representation and Audience Reception: Alternative Visions of Africa|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506534|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=44|issue=2|pages=125–141|issn=1527-2044|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.125}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.florenceayisi.com Florence Ayisi] - Nnyocha na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ihe nkiri * [http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm623.shtml Florence Ayisi] na Women Make Movies * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2021068/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Florence Ayisi] na Internet Movie Database * [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=florence+ayisi Florence Ayisi] na YouTube {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayisi, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] awochuedhngqxbmdlieywof454ubufh 0 15559 697658 154060 2026-08-10T05:02:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Brahim Haggiag|other_names=|image=Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=Screenshot of "The Battle of Algiers". On the right Brahim Haggiag playing [[Ali La Pointe]]|birth_date=1934|birth_name=Brahim Haggiag|birth_place=[[Médéa]], [[Algeria]]|death_date=1997 (aged 62&ndash;63)|death_place=[[Algiers]], Algeria|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|nationality=[[Algeria]]n|alma_mater=|education=|height=|years_active=1966–1986|party=|spouse=|children=|awards=|father=|mother=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|occupation=Actor}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Brahim Haggiag''' (1934-1997), bụ [[Actor|onye]] Algeria na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2923550|title=Brahim Haggiag}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri The Battle of Algiers, Patrouille à l'Est na L'opium et le baton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba28c9cf2|title=Brahim Haggiag|publisher=British Film Institute|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065759/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba28c9cf2}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1966, o mere ihe nkiri izizi ya na 'Ali La Pointe' na ihe nkiri The Battle of Algiers nke Gillo Pontecorvo duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/brahim-haggiag/142586/|title=Brahim Haggiag films|publisher=tvguide|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ nke na-ewu ewu n'afọ ahụ ma họrọ Haggiag maka ''ihe'' nkiri L'opium et le baton, Les hors-la-loi na Chronicle of the Years of Fire . == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |1966 |''Agha nke Algiers'' |Ali La Pointe |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Slow Looking: The Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005); Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne, ''Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain'' (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Gillo Pontecorvo, director, ''The Battle of Algiers'' (Criterion: Special Three-Disc Edition, 2004)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_millennium-journal-of-international-studies_2008-08_37_1/page/181|first=Michael J.|author=Shapiro|date=1 August 2008|journal=[[Millennium: Journal of International Studies]]|volume=37|pages=181–197|doi=10.1177/0305829808093770}}</ref> |- |1967 |''Onye Ọtụghị Anya'' |Ndị Arab |Ihe nkiri | |- |1969 |''Opium na ụtarị'' |Omar |Ihe nkiri | |- |1969 |''Ndị omekome'' |Onye na-anya ụgbọ ịnyịnya |Ihe nkiri | |- |1971 |''Ndị Nche n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ'' | |Ihe nkiri | |- |1975 |''Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ Ọkụ'' | |Ihe nkiri | |- |1985 |''Buamama'' | |Ihe nkiri | |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0352835}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201031193134/http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/15174.html BRAHIM HAGGIAG A kọwaghị ya] 5jhmz9bd3k1pebo5wjlk5y2gbywbve6 0 16376 697683 595593 2026-08-10T05:36:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Inji Aflatoun''' (16 Eprel 1924 - 17 Eprel 1989) bụ onye Ijipt na-ese ihe na onye na-achọ ikike mmadụ n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Radwan|first=Nadia|title=Inji Efflatoun|url=http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Inji-Efflatoun.aspx|work=Mathaf Encyclopedia|publisher=Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=12 June 2017|archivedate=27 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127045100/http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Inji-Efflatoun.aspx}}</ref> Ọ bụ "onye isi na-ekwuchitere ndị Marxist-progressive-nationalist-feminist movement na ngwụcha afọ 1940 na 1950", yana "onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nka Ijipt nke oge a" na "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri dị mkpa nke Ijipt".<ref name="Daly1998">{{Cite book|author=Daly|first=M. W.|title=The Cambridge history of Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00petr|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47211-1}}</ref><ref name="Mattar2004">{{Cite book|author=Mattar|first=Philip|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode14matt|year=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865771-4}}</ref><ref name="ahram2011">{{Cite news|title=Permanent art exhibition of activist Inji Aflatoun opens at Amir Taz Palace|publisher=Ahram Online|date=16 August 2011|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/5/25/19024/Arts--Culture/Visual-Art/Permament-art-exhibition-of-activist-Inji-Aflatoon.aspx}}</ref> == Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe == A mụrụ Aflatoun na Cairo na 1924 n'ime ezinụlọ ọdịnala ndị Alakụba ọ kọwara dị ka "semi-feudal na bourgeois", nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na onye nwe ala, nne ya bụ onye France na-azụ ejiji nke jere ozi na kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke Egyptian Red Crescent Society.<ref name="LaDuke1992">{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|year=1992|title=Inji Efflatoun: Art, Feminism, and Politics in Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_1992-03_45_2/page/n36|journal=Art Education|volume=45|issue=2|pages=33–41|doi=10.2307/3193323|issn=0004-3125}}</ref><ref name="LaDuke1989">{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|title=Egyptian Painter Inji Efflatoun: The Merging of Art, Feminism, and Politics|year=1989|journal=National Women's Studies Association Journal|volume=1|issue=3|pages=474–493|issn=1040-0656}}</ref><ref name="Smith2000">{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=Global feminisms since 1945|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-18491-5}}</ref><ref name="Goldschmidt2000">{{Cite book|author=Goldschmidt|first=Arthur|title=Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt|year=2000|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-229-8|url=https://archive.org/details/00jrgo/page/17}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara Marxism na Lycée Français du Caire .<ref name="Smith2000" /> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nka nke onwe ya, Kamel el-Telmissany, bụ onye mere ka ọ mata ndụ na ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt.<ref name="LaDuke1989" /><ref name="Zuhur1998">{{Cite book|author=Zuhur|first=Sherifa|title=Images of enchantment: visual and performing arts of the Middle East|year=1998|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-467-4}}</ref> Al-Timisani bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere 'Art and Freedom Group', otu ihe na-eme ihe n'eziokwu nke ga-enwe mmetụta na mmepe Aflatoun dị ka onye na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.broombergchanarin.com/egyptian-surrealism-2|title=Egyptian Surrealism|work=Broomberg & Chanarin|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-15}}</ref> N'afọ 1942, ọ sonyeere ''Iskra'', otu ndị ntorobịa Kọmunist.<ref name="Goldschmidt2000" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Fuad I dị na Cairo, ya na Latifa al-Zayyat, bụ onye guzobere ''Rabitat Fatayat na jami'a wa al ma' ahid'' (League of University and Institutes' Young Women) na 1945.<ref name="Smith2000" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya Njikọ ahụ na nnọkọ mbụ nke Women's International Democratic Federation na Paris.<ref name="Smith2000" /> O dere ''Thamanun milyun imraa ma'ana'' (Eighty Million Women with Us) na 1948 na ''Nahnu al-nisa al-misriyyat'' (We Egyptian Women) na 1949.<ref>translated in: {{Cite book|author=Badran|first=Margot|title=Opening the gates: an anthology of Arab feminist writing|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34441-0|url=https://archive.org/details/openinggatesseco00marg}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị a na-ewu ewu jikọtara mmegbu nke ndị otu na ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị, na-ejikọta ha abụọ na mmegbu nke alaeze ukwu.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /><ref name="Smith2000" /> N'afọ 1949, ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere Nzukọ Mbụ nke Kansụl Udo Mbụ nke Ijipt.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> Ọ sonyeere ''Harakat ansar al salam'' (Movement of the Friends of Peace) n'afọ 1950.<ref name="Goldschmidt2000" /> E jidere ya ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ na nzuzo n'oge Nasser na-achịkọta ndị Kọmunist na 1959.<ref name="LaDuke1989" /><ref name="Nelson1996">{{Cite book|author=Nelson|first=Cynthia|title=Doria Shafik, Egyptian feminist: a woman apart|url=https://archive.org/details/doriashafikegypt00nels|year=1996|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-413-1}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na 1963, ebe ọ bụ na e wepụrụ òtù ndị Kọmunist nke Ijipt, o tinyere nnukwu oge ya n'ise ihe.<ref name="LaDuke1989" /><ref name="Goldschmidt2000" /> O mechara kwuo, sị: "Nasser, ọ bụ ezie na o tinyere m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, bụ ezigbo onye hụrụ mba n'anya".<ref name="LaDuke1989" /> == Ihe osise == N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Aflatoun nwere mmasị ise ihe ma ndị mụrụ ya gbara ya ume.<ref name="LaDuke1989"/> Onye nkuzi nka nke onwe ya, Kamel el-Telmissany, onye ndú n'otu ndị Egypt Surrealist a na-akpọ Art and Freedom Group, mere ka ọ mata ihe mara mma nke surrealist na cubist.<ref name="Stuhe-Romerein">{{Cite news|author=Stuhe-Romerein|first=Helen|title=Egypt's Museums: Amir Taz Palace relates story of artist and activist Inji Aflatoun|work=Almasry Alyoum|date=24 August 2011|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/489471|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="LaDuke1989" /> Ihe osise ya nke oge ahụ nwere mmetụta nke surrealism.<ref name="LaDuke1992"/> O mechara cheta na ihe osise ya juru ndị mmadụ anya nke mere ka ha na-eche "ihe mere nwa agbọghọ si n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya ji taa ahụhụ nke ukwuu".<ref name="LaDuke1989" /> Ọ kwụsịrị ise ihe site na 1946 ruo 1948, na-atụle na ihe ọ na-ese anaghịzi adaba na mmetụta ya.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> E mechara mee ka mmasị ya dị ọhụrụ mgbe ọ gachara Luxor, Nubia, na oases ndị Ijipt.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> N'oge njem ndị a, o nwere ohere "ịgafe n'ụlọ ma see ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ".<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ otu afọ ya na onye na-ese ihe na Switzerland a mụrụ n'Ijipt bụ Margo Veillon N'oge a, o mere ihe ngosi onwe ya na Cairo na Alexandria ma gosipụta ya na Venice Biennale na 1952 na São Paulo Art Biennial na 1956.<ref name="Goldschmidt2000"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ryan|first=Niger|title=Obituary:Margo Veillon (1907–2003)|work=Al-Ahram Weekly|date=11 June 2003|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/642/cu1.htm}}</ref><ref name="LaDuke1992" /> N'afọ 1956, ya na onye na-ese ihe na Mexico bụ David Alfaro Siqueiros ghọrọ enyi ma mesịa nwee mmetụta.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> O nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-ese ihe n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ihe osise mbụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ ihe osise, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ala mara mma.<ref name="LaDuke1992" /> N'ime afọ ndị a tọhapụrụ ya, o gosipụtara na Rome na Paris na 1967, Dresden, East Berlin, Warsaw na Moscow na 1970, Sofia na 1974, Prague na 1975, New Delhi na 1979.<ref name="LaDuke1989" /> Ihe osise ya jupụtara na "brushstrokes nke ụcha dị egwu" na-echetara ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]]<ref name="Mattar2004"/> ma ọ bụ Bonnard.<ref name="Images">{{Cite book|title=Images|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7e7xAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Dav-al-hilal}}</ref> Ihe osise ya nke afọ ndị sochirinụ bụ nke a na-ejikarị nnukwu oghere ọcha gburugburu ụdị ya eme ihe.<ref name="LaDuke1989" /> A na-egosipụta nchịkọta nke ọrụ ya na Amir Taz Palace na Cairo.<ref name="ahram2011"/><ref name="Stuhe-Romerein" /> A na-egosi nchịkọta ọzọ nke ọrụ ya na Barjeel Art Foundation na Sharjah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/egypt/inji-efflatoun/|title=Inji Efflatoun|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-15}}</ref> == Ihe Ncheta == A Google Doodle na 16 Eprel 2019 mere ncheta ọmụmụ Aflatoun nke afọ 95 .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/inji-aflatouns-95th-birthday|title=Inji Aflatoun's 95th Birthday|work=Google|date=16 April 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aflatoon == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Anne Mullin Burnham, 1994, Reflections in Women's Eyes, ''Saudi Aramco World'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081137/http://www.nationalgallery.org/DesktopModules/JegersGallery/Viewers/Viewer.aspx?tabid=59&mid=397&path=Egypt/Inji%20Efflatoun&currentitem=0&currentstrip=1 Ọrụ nke Inji Aflatoun na Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts] E debere ya na Wayback Machine 9f66hzn72edu3vy3a3jzvd2aacxqv2w 0 16535 697909 139157 2026-08-10T10:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephanie Anne Johnson''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1952) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe na mgbasa ozi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ebe a kapịrị ọnụ, ihe osise na-emeghe ikuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=St. James Guide to Black Artists|author=Robinson|first=Jontyle Theresa|publisher=St. James Press|year=1997|isbn=1558622209|editor=Riggs|location=St. James Press|pages=278–279|chapter=Johnson, Stephanie A.}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Stephanie Anne Johnson na Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, na 1952.<ref name="Naidus2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXDQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|title=Arts for Change: Teaching Outside the Frame|date=1 April 2009|publisher=New Village Press|isbn=978-1-61332-005-1|pages=136–137|author=Beverly Naidus}}</ref> Nne ya, Virginia E. Johnson, bụ ónyé nkụzi na ónyé ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke rụkwara ọrụ na American Negro Theater na Harlem, nnà ya, Dr. Lawrence J. Johnson bụ ónyé ughna-ahụ màkà akparamàgwà ụmụaka na Bronx.<ref name="Grady">{{Cite news|author=Grady|first=Pam|title=Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? Artist Stephanie Anne Johnson thinks so, and she hopes her work can guide us.|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Is-there-a-light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-Artist-2513316.php|accessdate=March 17, 2016|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 24, 2006}}</ref><ref name="lawtf">{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Anne Johnson "Every 21 Days: Cancer, Yoga and Me"|url=http://www.lawtf.org/2015_fest_perf_johnson.html|publisher=Los Angeles Women's Theater Festival|accessdate=March 17, 2016|archivedate=April 2, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402101014/http://www.lawtf.org/2015_fest_perf_johnson.html}}</ref> Johnson gàrà Emerson College, mechaa B.F.A ya na ihe nkiri na 1974. Na Emerson, ọ gàrà klas na nhazi ọkụ. Mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ọrụ mbụ ya bụ imepụta ọkụ.<ref name="Grady"/> Nke a dugara n'ọrụ afọ iri anọ dị ka onye na-emepụta ọkụ na ihe nkiri ma mesịa kpalie ọrụ ya na nka ányá. Na mbido afọ 1990 o kpebiri ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na Fine Arts na 1994 ọ natara M.A. ya na Mahadum San Francisco State .<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 1999 ọ natara M.F.A. ya na Mahadum California, Berkeley. Ọ bụ Union Institute & University nyéré ya nzèrè doctorate na-ekwusi ike na iwu ọha na eze n'afọ 2013. Johnson na-emekwa otu egwu nke akpọrọ "Every Twenty One Days: Cancer, Yoga, and Me". Ónyé guzobere ngalaba na 1995, Johnson bụ Prọfesọ ugbu a na Ngalaba Visual na Public Art na Mahadum California State, Monterey Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculty Directory: Staphanie Johnson|url=https://csumb.edu/directory/people/stephanie-johnson|publisher=California State University, Monterey Bay|accessdate=March 16, 2016|archivedate=March 22, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322013802/https://csumb.edu/directory/people/stephanie-johnson}}</ref><ref name="BlackPast">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/contributor/johnson-stephanie-anne|title=Johnson, Stephanie Anne {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|work=www.blackpast.org|accessdate=March 5, 2016|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214153113/http://www.blackpast.org/contributor/johnson-stephanie-anne}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Johnson emeela ka aha nka ya dabere na ntinye nka ọha na eze na nka arụmọrụ.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe osise ya na-elekwasịkarị anya na isiokwu gbasara ihe nketa nna nna, akụkọ ihe méré eme na ọdịbendị, gụnyere ndị Afrịka na-agba ohu, mbata na ọpụpụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na nsogbụ agbụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe osise ya na-ejikarị ìhè eme ihe iji mepụta ihe oyiyi, kpughee ihe atụ, ma kpalie mmetụta uche, na-etinye nkà ọ nwetara dị ka ónyé na-emepụta ọkụ iji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ nka.<ref name="Light as medium">{{Cite journal|author=Cohn|first=Terri|title=Light as medium|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artweek_1998-10_29_10/page/13|journal=Artweek|date=October 1998|volume=29|issue=10|pages=13–14}}</ref> Johnson enweela ihe ngosi nka mmadụ abụọ na San Francisco. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ógbè na mba, ọkachasị na ngosi nke na-egosi ihe akaebe na Spelman College na Atlanta, Georgia. == Onyinye, mkpakọrịta na ebe obibi == N'afọ 1982, Johnson bụ onye natara onyinye National Endowment for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Endowment for the Arts: Annual Report 1982|url=https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/NEA-Annual-Report-1982.pdf|publisher=USA.gov|accessdate=March 16, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọnwa iri na otu na Headlands Center for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Headlands: Artists: Stephanie Johnson|url=http://www.headlands.org/artist/stephanie-johnson/|publisher=Headlands Center for the Arts|accessdate=March 16, 2016}}</ref> E nyela Johnson onyinye Lighting Artists in Dance. A họpụtara ya maka Excellence in Lighting Design site na Theatre Bay Area, San Francisco Bay Area Criticī, na Broadway Theatre West. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fvrqapy83idtp0etb5tt5zlcjzmvz0q 0 17244 697932 132411 2026-08-10T11:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Thelma Beatrice Johnson Streat''' (1912), bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe, na-agba egwu, na ónyé nkụzi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/streat_thelma_johnson/#.XmDGf5NKiL8|title=Thelma Johnson Streat (1912-1959)|work=Oregon Encyclopedia|accessdate=2020-03-05}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'afọ 1940 màkà nka ya, arụmọrụ ya na ọrụ ya iji kwalite nghọta na ekele ọdịbendị. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Thelma Johnson n'August 29, 1912 na Yakima, obéré ọbọdọ ọrụ ugbo na Washington State, nyé ónyé na-ese ihe James Johnson, na nwunye ya Gertrude.<ref name="Young">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/24530-thelma-johnson-streat-mural-finds-a-permanent-home-in-smithsonian|title=Thelma Johnson Streat Mural Finds a Permanent Home in Smithsonian|author=Young|first=Arashi|work=The Skanner News|accessdate=2017-02-22|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="OregonEncyclopedia">{{Cite web|url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/streat_thelma_johnson/|title=Thelma Johnson Streat (1912-1959)|work=The Oregon Encyclopedia|language=en|accessdate=2017-02-22|author=Allen, Ginny|publisher=Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe nketa Cherokee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/project-aims-to-educate-public-about-forgotten-trailblazer-born-in/article_53ab694c-d3b3-11e5-a89f-6f19de7d85e3.html|title=Project aims to educate public about forgotten trailblazer, born in Yakima|author=Muir|first=Pat|date=2016-02-14|work=Yakima Herald-Republic|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-05}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Portland, Oregon mgbè ọ bụ nwata.<ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 1932, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Washington High School.<ref name=":4"/> Ọ malitere ise ihe mgbè ọ dị afọ asaa ma mụọ nka na Museum Art School (nke bụzi Pacific Northwest College of Art) na Portland site na 1934 ruo 1935.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/msmodular72/docs/tjs_catalog|title=Thelma Johnson Streat: Faith in an Ultimate Freedom|publisher=Tyler Fine Art|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref><ref name="OregonEncyclopedia" /> Ọ gàrà nkụzi nka ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Oregon site na 1935 ruo 1936.<ref name=":1" /> === Nchịkọta === Ihe osise ya a ma ama, Rabbit Man, bụ ''nke'' Alfred Barr zụrụ màkà MoMA na 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/35320|title=Thelma Johnson Streat. Rabbit Man. 1941|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref> Streat bụ nwanyị Africa America mbụ nwèrè ihe osise gụnyere na nchịkọta MoMA na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagomodern.org/artists/thelma_johnson_streat/|title=Thelma Johnson Streat, Artists|work=Modernism in the New City: Chicago Artists, 1920-1950|accessdate=2019-02-27|archivedate=2019-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201140647/http://www.chicagomodern.org/artists/thelma_johnson_streat/}}</ref> A gbakwunyere ọrụ Streat na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Smithsonian mgbe ha zụrụ mural Medicine and Transportation na 2016, nkè bi na National Museum of African American History & Culture na Washington, DC Streat sere Medicine and Transportations n'etiti 1942 na 1944, nke gosipụtara onyinye nke ndị Africa-Amerịka na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afroamericanarti00cede|title=Afro-American Artists: A Bio-Bibliographical Directory|date=1973|publisher=Trustees of the Boston Public Library|editor=Cederholm|location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Igoe|first=Lynn Moody|title=250 Years of Afro-American Art|date=1981|publisher=R.R. Bowker Company|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Young"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.13.1|title=Medicine and Transportation|work=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-04}}</ref> Mills College Art Museum dị na Oakland, California nwekwara ihe osise akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke Streat kpọrọ ''Robot''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artmuseum.mills.edu:5000/media/Previews/MasterArchive/120716/1942.152.jpg|title="Robot" Illustration For Children's Book by Thelma Johnson Streat|author=Mills College Art Museum}}</ref>. Ndị nwéré ọrụ Streat gụnyere ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri Vincent Price, onye na-agụ egwu Roland Hayes, ónyé na'ese ihe Diego Rivera, ónyé na na-eme egwuregwu Fanny Brice, ónyé na -agba egwu Katherine Dunham, na ónyé na-ese ihe nkírí Paulette Goddard.<ref name="Oregonian 1945">{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Catherine|title=Freedom for Negroes Linked With the Arts|date=August 15, 1945|work=The Oregonian, Portland, Oregon}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ === Ihe osise ya apụtala n'ihe ngosi na ebe ngosi ihe mgbè ochie na gallery gụnyere: * 1938 ''Nwanyị na-enweghị obi ụtọ'', San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California<ref name=":1"/> * 1941 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie, San Francisco, California<ref name=":0"/> * 1942 Raymond & Raymond Gallery, New York City, New York<ref name=":0" /> * 1942 ''Ihe ọhụrụ'': American Painting and Sculpture, Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3048?locale=en|title=New Acquisitions: American Painting and Sculpture|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref> * 1943 The Little Gallery, nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-anakọta ihe osise bụ Vincent Price, Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California<ref name=":0" /> * 1943 ''Ihe ngosi mba ụwa nke Watercolor'', Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * 1946 Nkwupụta izizi nke ihe nkiri ọhụrụ ya, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/grace-mccann-morley-defending-and-diversifying-modern-art/|title=Grace McCann Morley: Defending and Diversifying Modern Art · SFMOMA|work=www.sfmoma.org|accessdate=2019-02-27|author=Potter, Berit|date=June 2017}}</ref> * 1991 Nchọgharị maka nnwere onwe: African American Abstraction 1945-1975, Kenkeleba Gallery, New York City, New York<ref name=":1" /> * 2003 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Portland, Portland, Oregon * 2017 na n'ihu Visual Art and the American Experience, (''ihe'' ngosi nka na-adịgide adịgide), Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History & Culture, Washington D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/visual-art-and-american-experience|title=Visual Art and the American Experience|date=2016-09-16|work=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyserving.com/2017/05/visual-art-and-the-american-experience-at-the-african-american-museum-of-history-and-culture/|title=Visual Art and the American Experience at the African American Museum of History and Culture|work=DAILY SERVING|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-02-27|archivedate=2019-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003921/https://www.dailyserving.com/2017/05/visual-art-and-the-american-experience-at-the-african-american-museum-of-history-and-culture/}}</ref> * American Contemporary Art Gallery, Münich, Germany * Honolulu Academy of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii * Albany Institute of the History of Art, Albany, New York == Onye na-agba egwú, onye na-agụ egwú, na onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala == Dị ka ónyé ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ na ónyé ya na Katherine Dunham maara, Streat gara Haiti n'etiti 1946 na 1951 iji mụọ ịgba egwú, nke ọ hụrụ dị ka ihe dị mkpà na-akpali mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe na-akwalite ịma ụkpụrụ ọha na eze aka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Bullington|first=Judy|date=2005-06-01|title=Thelma Johnson Streat and Cultural Synthesis on the West Coast|url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_summer-2005_19_2/page/92|journal=American Art|volume=19|issue=2|pages=92–107|doi=10.1086/444483|issn=1073-9300}}</ref> Ọ gakwara Mexico na Canada. Streat gosipụtara ihe nkírí ọhụrụ ya, nke sitere na njem ya, na arụmọrụ na San Francisco Museum of Art na 1946, nke jikọtara African, Haitian, Hawaiian, Native American, Portuguese na ụdị ịgba egwu ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Nsọpụrụ na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * O nwetara nkwado mba mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, mgbe ihe osise ya akpọrọ "A Priest" nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na ngosi Harmon Foundation na New York City (1929). * Nwanyị Africa America mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise na Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) na New York (1942).<ref>{{Cite book|author=The Guerrilla Girls|title=Guerrilla Girls Bedside Companion to the History of Western Art|date=1998|publisher=The Guerrilla Girls}}</ref> * Ọ duziri Children's Education Project iji mee ka ụmụaka America mara onyinye nke ndị Africa America site na usoro murals mara mma.<ref name="Oregonian 1945"/> * KKK yiri ya egwu maka igosi ihe osise na-asọpụrụ àjà onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri Black American.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KKK Threatens Woman Painter|work=The Pittsburgh Courier, national edition|date=December 4, 1943}}</ref> * O mere egwu egwu na Buckingham Palace maka Eze na Eze Nwanyị nke United Kingdom (1950).<ref name="Sacramento 1953">{{Cite news|title=Thema (sic) Streat At The Curran Starting Feb. 26|work=The Daily Recorder|date=February 13, 1953}}</ref> * Nwanyị America mbụ nwere usoro ihe omume telivishọn nke ya na Paris (1949).<ref name="Sacramento 1953" /> * Ya na onye na-ese ihe na Mexico bụ Diego Rivera rụkọtara ọrụ na Pan American Unity mural ya na San Francisco na 1939.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wysinger|first=Lena M.|title=News of Activities of Negroes|work=The Oakland Tribune|date=September 15, 1940}}</ref> * Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1947, otu n'ime naanị ndị na-ese ihe anọ n'Afrịka America nwere ihe ngosi onwe ha na New York City. Mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ bụ Romare Bearden, [[Rose Piper]], na Norman Lewis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon F.|title=African American Art|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana00patt_0|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, New York}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Ọ lụrụ Romaine Virgil Streat na 1935, ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1948.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Jones-Branch|first=Cherisse|date=2015-03-16|title=Thelma Beatrice Johnson Streat (1912-1959) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/streat-thelma-beatrice-johnson-1912-1959/|accessdate=2020-11-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Streat nọgidere na-eji aha alụmdi na nwunye ya maka ebumnuche ọkachamara.<ref name=":5" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ John Edgar Kline, onye njikwa ya na ónyé na-ede egwuregwu na ónyé na'emepụta ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri.<ref name=":4"/> Streat nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na 1959.<ref name=":5"/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri African-American * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe na narị afọ nke 20 == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * Falk, Peter Hastings, ed. (1985). Ònye bụ Ònye na American Art, 1898-1947. Connecticut: Sound View Press. * ''Dictionary Catalog of the Dance Collection''. Mpịakọta nke 9. The New York Public Library, 1974. peeji nke 6129. * Museum of Modern Art: Library Inventory List, Nkebi nke anọ. (S-Z). 1984. peeji nke 318. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Abstract Expressionism: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ. Yale University Press. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị na-ese ihe na Oregon: Otu narị afọ mbụ, 1859-1959. Oregon Historical Society. * Reference Library of Black America. Mpịakọta nke 4. Mahadum New York, 1971. peeji nke 93. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''The Negro Almanac'': A Reference Work on the African-American. The Black Artist. peeji nke 1076. * <nowiki><i id="mwAlg">Ebony</i></nowiki> (1966). ''Akwụkwọ'' ntuziaka Negro. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co. peeji nke 355. === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite news|title=Review/Art; 'African-American Abstraction,' an Exploration|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 1991|author=Smith, Roberta|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/arts/review-art-african-american-abstraction-an-exploration.html}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe onwunwe sitere na Reed's Collection". Reed College Magazine. Reed College, Portland. * "Obituary" John Edgar". Oregon Journal. May 14, 1959. peeji nke 11. * "Onye na-agba egwú na-acha odo odo nwụrụ mgbe obi kụrụ ya". The Oregonian. Mee 24, 1959. * "A na-eto onye na-ese ihe-agba egwú a ma ama na Los Angeles". ''Baltimore Afro-American''. June 6, 1959. peeji nke 15 * "Di na nwunye sitere na Hawaii Show Folklore Paintings, Curios". ''Bellingham Herald''. Mee 16, 1958. * "Hills Folklore nke Di na Nwunye Nchịkọta". Daily Journal. Rapid City, S.D. June 18, 1958. * "Ndị na-eleta ndị ndu ọdịmma ụmụaka na Hawaii Lee Folklore dị ka njikọ maka ụmụaka niile". Sioux City Sentinel Septemba 18, 1958. A-3. * "The Londoner's Diary: Two Yellow Moons". Evening Standard. UK. March 7, 1950. * "Akụkọ nke na-aga gburugburu". ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Irish''. Ireland Mee 6, 1950. * "Art na Artists: Thelma Johnson Streat na S.F. Museum of Art". ''Oakland Tribune'' March 17, 1946. === Ihe Ndị E Ji Eme Ihe === * Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara Marian Anderson (nke e dere na Disemba 19, 1938). Nchịkọta pụrụ iche (Marian Anderson archives), Van Pelt-Dietrich Library, Mahadum Pennsylvania. * Foto, ngwa onwe onye na akwụkwọ ozi. The Harmon Collection (The Harmon Foundation). National Archives. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235830/https://streat.webs.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Thelma Johnson Streat Project] * Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Vincent Price, 1992 Aug. 6-14, site na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution - nke a kwuru Streat na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, Price nwere Little Gallery na Beverly Hills * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044256/http://www.ccsf.edu/en/about-city-college/diego-rivera-mural/overview.html Ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara Diego Rivera na Pan American Unity mural na San Francisco] * Streat maara ma gaa leta onye bụbu nwunye onye isi ala Eleanor Roosevelt. Ms. Roosevelt kwuru banyere nleta nke Ms. Streat mere n'afọ 1951 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwa ụbọchị. * Lelee nyocha nke PBS History Detectives na WPA Mural Studies (Aired: Season 7, Episode 9, Detective: Elyse Luray) da8f56k0h0u9a9yx8y1zr2hac51cgyb 0 17741 697488 139354 2026-08-10T01:10:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kermit Oliver''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1943) bụ onye America na-ese ihe nke gụrụ akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ na Houston tupu ọ kwaga Waco, Texas.  Ọrụ ya gosipụtara ihe nketa Texas ya na mmasị ya na akụkọ ifo, okpukpe, na akụkọ ihe méré eme.  Oliver jikọtara ihe ndị dị n'oge a na nke ógè ochie, na-akpata ụdị ọ na-akpọ ihe nnọchianya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anonymous|date=April 2005|title=Oliver Retrospective|journal=Southwest Art|volume=34|issue=11|pages=70}}</ref> Ihe osise ya na-emepụta ụwa ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwéré ihe osise dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ bi na ya ma tinye ya n'usoro dị iche iche.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/columnists/native-texan/article/A-well-kept-secret-Waco-artist-endured-a-5519995.php#photo-6383918|title=A Well Kept Secret|author=Holley|first=Joe|date=May 31, 2014|work=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref> A kpọrọ Oliver ónyé na-ese ihe abụọ nke Texas State na 2017 site na Texas Commission on the Arts. E tinyere ihe osise ya, nkè a na-akpọ Tobias, na ngosi mmeghe nke 2016 na Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture na Washington, D.C. N'afọ 2013, a kwanyeere Oliver ugwu na Lifetime Achievement Award nké mbụ site na Art League Houston.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arts.texas.gov/initiatives/texas-state-artist/current-state-artists/|title=Current State Artists|date=2017|work=Texas Commission on the Arts|accessdate=12 August 2018}}</ref>  == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Oliver na Refugio, Texas, ebe nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-azụ ehi n'ugbo ehi. Mgbè ọ dị afọ 6 ma ọ bụ 7, nkà ya maka ịdọrọ ehi, ịnyịnya, na osisi na anụmanụ ndịda Texas pụtara ìhè.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/columnists/native-texan/article/A-well-kept-secret-Waco-artist-endured-a-5519995.php#photo-6383918|title=A Well Kept Secret|author=Holley|first=Joe|date=May 31, 2014|work=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na 1960 Oliver debanyere áhà na Mahadum Texas Southern na Houston, ebe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke ónyé na-ese ihe, Dr. John T. Biggers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Rowell|first=Charles Henry|date=2009-02-28|title=An Interview with Alvia Wardlaw|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_callaloo_winter-2009_32_1/page/261|journal=Callaloo|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=261–276|doi=10.1353/cal.0.0393|issn=1080-6512}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ nka ibe ya, Katie Washington, n'afọ 1962.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackartistsofne00faxe/page/128|title=Black artists of the new generation|author=Fax|first=Elton|date=1977|publisher=Dodd, Mead|isbn=978-0396074342|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackartistsofne00faxe/page/128 128–129]|oclc=2984385}}</ref>  Mgbè ọ nọ na Mahadum Texas Southern, ọ bụ onye natara Jesse Jones Art Scholarship, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1967 na Bachelor of Fine Arts na nzere mmụta nka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Houston reflections : art in the city, 1950s, 60s, and 70s|author=Reynolds, Sarah C.|date=2008|publisher=Rice University Press|isbn=9780892630059|location=Houston|pages=183|oclc=184906193}}</ref> N'afọ 1968, Oliver malitere ịkụzi nka na Mahadum Texas Southern, ọ kụzikwaara na Art League nke Houston n'oge a; Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, o kpebiri ịghara ịchụso nkuzi dị ka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes from a child's odyssey : the art of Kermit Oliver|author=J.|first=Wardlaw, Alvia|date=2005|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|others=Oliver, Kermit, 1943-, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.|isbn=0890901325|location=Houston|pages=27–29|oclc=60128384}}</ref>  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] grfft46ybcpwatodrckvoj26d0p2aps 0 17815 697492 540306 2026-08-10T01:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jackie Ormes''' (August 1, 1911 na December 26, 1985) bụ onye America na-ese ihe nkírí. A maara ya dị ka nwanyị Africa-America mbụ na-ese ihe nkírí na ónyé mepụtara ihe nkírí ''Torchy Brown'' na ''Patty-Jo 'n' Ginger'' panel. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Jackie Ormes '''Zelda Mavin Jackson''' na August 1, 1911, na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, nné na nnà William Winfield Jackson na Mary Brown Jackson.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Goldstein|first=Nancy|year=2008|title=Jackie Ormes: The First African American Woman Cartoonist|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jackie_Ormes/jYsLAQAAMAAJ|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=7, 183|isbn=978-0-472-11624-9|oclc=1176131351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/books/review/Wolk2-t.html?8bu&emc=bua2&_r=0|title=Origin Story|first=Douglas|author=Wolk|date=March 30, 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518021042/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/books/review/Wolk2-t.html?8bu&emc=bua2&_r=0|archivedate=May 18, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Index">{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J27V-5MV|title=Zelda Ormes|publisher=United States Social Security Death Index|accessdate=March 19, 2013|archivedate=April 26, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426210648/https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J27V-5MV}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/ormes-zelda-jackie-1911-1985|title=Ormes, Zelda "Jackie" (1911-1985) {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|work=BlackPast.org|date=April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325012358/http://www.blackpast.org/aah/ormes-zelda-jackie-1911-1985|archivedate=March 25, 2017|accessdate=December 4, 2016}}</ref> Nna ya William, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na onye nwe ụlọ ihe nkírí, nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọala na 1917.<ref name=":0" /> Nke a mèrè ka Jackie dị afọ isii n'oge ahụ na nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya Dolores nọrọ n'aka nwanne nne ha na nwanne nna ha maka oge dị mkpirikpi.<ref name=":0" /> N'ikpeazụ, nne Jackie lụrụ di ọzọ ma ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ọbọdọ dị nso nke Monongahela. Ormes kọwara ógbè ahụ n'ajụjụ ọnụ 1985 maka ''Chicago Reader'' dị ka "gbasa ma dị mfe. Ọ dịghị ihe dị mkpa na-eme ebe a. " Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Monongahela na 1930.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Notable Black American Women Vol. III|author=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|publisher=Gale|year=2003|isbn=0-7876-6494-4|location=Detroit|pages=455–456}}</ref> == Ihe osise == ''Akụkọ'' na-atọ ọchị mbụ nke Ormes, ''Torchy Brown na Dixie'' to Harlem, pụtara na mbụ na Pittsburgh Courier na Mee 1, 1937.<ref name="Holtz">{{Cite book|author=Holtz|first=Allan|title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide|date=2012|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=978-0472117567}}</ref> E jikọghị ọrụ ya n'echiche a na-ahụkarị, mana, ebe ọ bụ na Courier nwèrè mbipụta obodo iri na anọ, a na-agụ ya n'ezie site n'ụsọ oké osimiri ruo n'ụsoro oké osimiri.<ref>Goldstein, Nancy. Ibid. p. 39</ref> Akara ahụ, nke Torchy Brown na-eme, bụ ihe na-atọ ọchị nke ónyé nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke Mississippi nke nwetara aha na ọgaranya na-abụ abụ na ịgba egwú na Cotton Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.toonopedia.com/torchy-b.htm|title=Torchy Brown|first=Don|author=Markstein|year=2010|publisher=[[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6PeRv3XFz?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/torchy-b.htm|archivedate=May 18, 2014}}</ref> Njem Torchy si Mississippi gaa New York City gosipụtara njem nke ọtụtụ ndị Africa America na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'oge Nnukwu<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brunner|first=Edward|year=2007|title='Shuh! Ain't Nothin' To It': The Dynamics of Success in Jackie Ormes's 'Torchy Brown'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_melus_fall-2007_32_3/page/23|journal=[[The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States|MELUS]]|volume=32|issue=3|pages=23–49|doi=10.1093/melus/32.3.23}}</ref> Migration. Ọ bụ site na ''Torchy Brown'' ka Ormes ghọrọ nwanyị Africa America mbụ mepụtara ihe na-atọ ọchị na-apụta na mba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/rip-morrie-turner-cartoonists-say-farewell-to-a-friend-a-hero-a-wee-pals-pioneer/2014/01/31/9201b0ac-8a9f-11e3-916e-e01534b1e132_blog.html?wprss=rss_comics|title=RIP, Morrie Turner: Cartoonists say farewell to a friend, a hero, a ''Wee Pals'' pioneer|first=Michael|author=Cavna|date=January 31, 2014|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Akara ahụ gara n'ihu ruo n'April 30, 1938.<ref name="Holtz" /> Ihe kpatara njedebe mberede nkè eriri ahụ ejighị n'aka, mana a na-eche na ọ bụ n'ihi njedebe nkwekọrịta ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} nzkhc186owu5kyo7u1o3gczuzhgn7pp 0 17956 697635 638703 2026-08-10T04:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sana Musasama and Janet Olivia Henry for OHP.png|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]]{{Databox}} '''Janet Henry''' bụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkírí nke bi na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-12-28|title=Janet Henry|url=https://www.the-artists.org/janet-henry/|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=the-artists.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Henry na East Harlem na Jamaica, Queens, ébé ọ bi ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lightwork.org/archive/janet-henry/|title=Janet Henry|work=Light Work|accessdate=2017-03-11}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Bey|first=Dawoud|date=2009|title=Carrie Mae Weems|journal=BOMB|issue=108|pages=60–67}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://janethenry.com/home.html|title=Janet Henry|work=janethenry.com|accessdate=2017-03-11|archivedate=2017-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711002057/http://janethenry.com/home.html}}</ref> Henry gàrà School of Visual Arts na Fashion Institute of Technology.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ ónyé sonyere na mmemme Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU) ebe ọ zutere ónyé nkụzi [[Betty Blayton|Betty Blayton Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mounting frustration : the art museum in the age of Black power|author=Susan|first=Cahan|isbn=9780822358978|location=Durham|oclc=907161723|date=2016-02-19}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, Henry bụ ónyé natara Rockefeller Fellowship na Museum Education na Metropolitan Museum of Art.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensmuseum.org/qi2018/artists/henry|title=Queens International 2018: Volumes|work=www.queensmuseum.org|accessdate=2018-10-30|archivedate=2018-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052936/https://www.queensmuseum.org/qi2018/artists/henry}}</ref> == Ọrụ na onyinye nka == Ọru nka Janet Henry na-agbasa ọtụtụ usoro: collage na ọrụ ederede, ọla, na ihe ọkpụkpụ / ntinye site na iji ihe multimedia. Ọrụ ya na-ekwukarị banyere ọdịbendị America, gụnyere nna ochie nwoke ọcha, site na iji ihe egwuregwu, ụmụ bebi, na obéré ihe na ihe osise ya.<ref>Dyer, Susan Y. "'... she is talking unruly curls not peppercorns ...': Susan Y. Dyer profiles Janet Henry." ''Women's Art Magazine'', Nov.-Dec. 1995, p. 28. ''Academic OneFile'', Accessed 30 Oct. 2018.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/457960/revisiting-a-seminal-exhibition-on-third-world-feminist-art-at-a-i-r-gallery/|title=Revisiting a Seminal Exhibition on "Third World" Feminist Art at A.I.R. Gallery|date=2018-08-30|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, a maara ya màkà ịmepụta na ise foto ihe olu na mgbaaka nke gosipụtara usoro ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gumbo YaYa: Anthology of Contemporary African-American Women Artists|author=King-Hammond|first=Leslie|publisher=Midmarch Arts Press|year=1995|pages=102}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ọ rụchara n'ihe ngosi onwe ónyé na nke otu kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ngosi == E gosipụtara ihe osise Henry na ihe ngosi na ebe dị ichè ichè dị ka PPOW Gallery, New Museum, Studio Museum na Harlem, Newark Museum, Artists Space, na Just Above Midtown.<ref name=":0"/> === Ihe ngosi onwe onye na ihe owuwu === * Lower Eastside Girls Club Community Gallery, "Two's", NYC, 2004 * Cedar Crest College, Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya, nke Cynthia Hawkins haziri, Allentown, PA, 2003 * PPOW, "American Anatomy and Other Work", NYC, 2002<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/arts/art-in-review-janet-henry-american-anatomy-and-other-work.html|title=ART IN REVIEW; Janet Henry -- 'American Anatomy and Other Work?'|author=Glueck|first=Grace|date=2002-12-06|work=New York Times|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> * John Jay College, "In Situ," NYC, 1998 * Hallwalls, "American Anatomy," Nke Sara Kellner haziri, Buffalo, NY, 1995<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hallwalls.org/visual/3037.html|title=LAYLAH ALI, JANET HENRY, ELI LANGER, CHRISTOPHER GIGLIO - 9/16/95|accessdate=2018-02-03}}</ref> * Pulse Art, "American Anatomy," NYC, 1995 * Foto nke asaa nke abụọ, "Social Commentary Sewn-up na Vinyl," Nke Wendy Tiefenbacher haziri, NYC, 1992 * Snug Harbor Cultural Center, Staten Island, NY, "Nchịkọta, Ịhazi na Ịtụgharị," Nke Olivia Georgia haziri, NYC, 1990 * Public Art Fund, "Messages to the Public: Eventually," NY, 1988<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/5542_messages_to_the_public_-_henry/5542_messages_to_the_public_-_henry|title=Messages to the Public - Henry|work=www.publicartfund.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-03}}</ref> * Ebe dị iche iche na Queens, "American Anatomy," NY, 1986 * Ebe ngosi nka na Harlem, "Site na Studio: Artists-in-Residence," NYC, 1983<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/29/arts/art-studio-museum-exhibits-alma-thomas.html|title=Art: Studio Museum Exhibits Alma Thomas|author=Glueck|first=Grace|date=1983-04-29|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> * Just Above Midtown Gallery, "Janet Henry Retroactive," NYC, 1982 * Ụlọ ọrụ n'okpuru ala, "Handel abụghị onye nzuzu," NYC, 1981 * Ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi, "Ihe osise na ihe ndị ọzọ," Jamaica, NY 1978 === Ihe ngosi na ntinye ndị a họọrọ<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://janethenry.com/resume|title=Janet Henry Resume|work=Janet Henry|accessdate=2017-03-11|archivedate=2016-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085526/http://janethenry.com/resume}}</ref> === * Jamaica Center for Learning and Arts, "Ihe na-esite na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ anyị," Queens, New York 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutual Art|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/ONLINE--Process---Project--What-Comes-Ou/0A596B804500E405|accessdate=}}</ref> * Queens Museum, "Queens International 2018: Mpịakọta," Nke Sophia Marisa Lucas na Baseera Khan haziri, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://queensmuseum.org/2017/09/19311|title=Queens Museum|work=queensmuseum.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-30|archivedate=2018-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052939/https://queensmuseum.org/2017/09/19311}}</ref><ref>Press Release: Queens Museum Features 43 Queens-Based Artists in Queens International 2018: Volumes https://queensmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/QI-2018-Press-Release.pdf</ref> * A.I.R. Gallery, "Dialectics of Entanglement: Do We Exist Together?" Nke Roxana Fabius na Patricia M. Hernandez haziri, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/arts/design/dialectics-of-entanglement-gallery-review.html|title=Review: A.I.R. Gallery Catches Up on Some Unfinished Business|accessdate=2018-10-30|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> * York College Fine Arts Gallery, "Southeast Queens Biennial: A Locus of Moving Points," NLE Curatorial Lab, NYC, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nolongerempty.org/exhibition/southeast-queens-biennial/|title=NLE Lab: Southeast Queens Biennial|work=nolongerempty|accessdate=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * Brooklyn Museum, "Anyị chọrọ mgbanwe," Nke Catherine Morris haziri, NYC, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/we_wanted_a_revolution|title=Brooklyn Museum|work=www.brooklynmuseum.org|accessdate=2018-02-03|archivedate=2021-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055013/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/we_wanted_a_revolution}}</ref> * FiveMyles Gallery, "No Place Like Utopia," Nke Matt Freedman haziri, NYC, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivemyles.org/past/|title=Past|work=FiveMyles|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-31}}</ref> * City Without Walls, Corridor Gallery, "Close to the Edge," nke Reynolds na Kevin Sampson haziri, Newark, NJ, NYC, 2008 * Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, "Inside/Out", nke Duston Spear haziri, NY, 2008 * Indiana State University, "Ndị inyom na-ese ihe n'oge a," Nke Judy Collischan haziri, Terre Haute, Indiana, 2005 * Light Work, Menschel Gallery, "Ties that Bind," Syracuse University, 2002 * Center for Photography na Woodstock, "A na-akpọ anyị aha," Susan Evans haziri, NY, 2001 * Exit Art, "Choices 99," nke Carrie Mae Weems họọrọ, NYC, 1999<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/10/arts/art-in-review-choice-99.html|title=ART IN REVIEW; 'Choice 99'|author=Johnson|first=Ken|date=1999-12-10|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> * Art Resources Transfer, NYC, 1999 * Giordano Gallery, "The Bead...," Cathy Valenza, Dowling College, Oakdale, NY, 1999 * Lemmerman Gallery, Mahadum Jersey City, "Ihe osise/Ihe oyiyi/Okwu," Mauro Altamura, 1998 * PPOW Gallery, "Rights of Spring," Nke Carrie Mae Weems haziri, NYC, 1998 * 1612 Pine Street, "Summer Camping," Nke Dean Daderko haziri, Philadelphia, PA, 1998 * PS 122 Gallery, "Shake: Ihe ngosi nke Snow Domes," Nke Jane Harris haziri, NYC, 1998 * Dorfman Projects, "Ụdị nke Iceberg," Art Resources Transfer, NYC, 1998 * Betty Rymer Gallery, Art Institute of Chicago, "Sexting Myths: Na-anọchite anya Mmekọahụ na African American Art," Nke Kymberly Pinder haziri, 1998 * Henry Street Settlement, "Stiches," nke Kathleen Spicer haziri, NYC, 1997 * Kingsborough Community College Art Gallery, "Figuring Woman's Lives," Janice Farley, 1997 * Abington Art Center, "New American Portraits," Dean Daderko, Jenkintown, PA, 1996 * The Drawing Center, "Cultural Economics: Akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na Alternative Arts Movement," Nke Julie Ault haziri, NYC, 1996 * Algira Center of Contemporary Art, "With All Deliberate Speed: Revisiting Race and Education," Nke Howard McCalebb na Carl Hazelwood haziri, Newark, NJ, 1996 * Ụlọ ngosi nke Onye isi ala Manhattan Borough, "Site n'anya anyị - Site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị banyere ụmụ nwanyị," Nke Laura Litchfield haziri, 1996 * Anderson Gallery, "X-Sightings," Buffalo, NY, 1996 * New Museum, "Mmadụ/Nature," Benefit Exhibition, NYC, 1995 * 494 Gallery, "Pride and Prejudice," Shari Diamond and Honor LaSSale, NYC, 1995 * Ihe ngosi na Hunter College, "Beyond Circumstance," nke Margeret McInroe haziri, NYC, 1995 * 42nd Street Development Project na Creative Time, NYC, 1994 * Puffin Room, "Identity Crisis," nke Laurie Ourlicht na Kenny Schacter haziri, NYC 1994 * Art in General, "Little Things," nke Holly Block haziri, NYC, 1994 * Momenta, "Ee m bụ - Mba abụghị m," Nke Laura Parness na Eric Heist haziri, NYC 1994 * New Museum, "Bad Girls," nke Marsha Tucket haziri, NYC, 1994<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/finch/new-museum-of-contemporary-art4-12-10.asp|title=The Shock of the New|author=Finch|first=Charlie|work=ArtNet|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> * Artists Space, "Artists Select," nke Lanie Lee họọrọ, NYC, 1994 * Longwood Art Gallery, "Urban Masculinity," Nke Bettie-Sue Hertz na Calvin Reid haziri, Bronx, NY, 1993 * Real Art Ways, Hartford, CT, 1994 * AC Project Room na 303 Gallery, "Welcome Edition," Nke Paul Bloodgood na Alissa Friedman haziri, NYC, 1993 * Artists Space, "Activated Walls," Curated by Carlos Solana, NYC 1993 * Momenta, "The Art of Self Defense and Revenge," Laura Parness na Eric Heist, NYC 1993 * Queens Museum na PaineWeber Gallery, nke Phyllis Billick haziri, NYC, 1992 * 494 Gallery, "Race and Culture," Nke Suzanne Nicholas haziri, NYC 1991 * Maryland Art Place, "Nchịkọta, Ịhazi na Ịtụgharị," Olivia Georgia, Baltimore, MD * Anderson Gallery, Richmond, VA, 1989 * Aljira Center for Contemporary Art, "Art from the African Diaspora: Survival," nke Lorenzo Pace haziri, Newark, NJ, 1988 * Ọrụ dị iche iche, "Coast to Coast," nke [[Faith Ringgold]] na Clarissa Sligh haziri, Houston, TX, 1988 * Intar Gallery, "In Her Own Image," Nke Howardena Pindell haziri, NYC, 1988 * White Columns, "Resistance (Anti-Baudrillard)" Curated by Group Material, NYC, 1987 * Longwood Arts Project, "Toys Art Us," nke Fred Wilson haziri, Bronx, NY, 1986 Xia87 * The Clocktower, "Progressions: A Cultural Legacy," nke Vivian Browne, [[Emma Amos]] na Julia Hotten haziri, NYC 1986 * Longwood Arts Project, "N'ime Tropics," Nke Kellie Jones haziri, Bronx, NY, 1986 * California State College, Stanislaus na Turlock, "Nkwekọrịta nke Akụnụba: Ike na-agbasawanye," Nke Rebecca Ballenger haziri, 1983 * Just Above Midtown Gallery, "A Love Story," Nke Kathleen Gonchorov haziri, NYC, 1983 * School of Visual Arts, "Transmogrify, "Họpụtara site na Caren Rosenblatt, NYC, 1983 * Ụlọ ngosi nke Mahadum [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] State, "All's Fair in Love and War in Feminist Art,"Curated by Lucy Lippard, Columbus OH, 1983 * Mahadum nke South Florida, Tampa, "Henry, Hill, Payne," 1983 * Hamilton College, "The Regentrified Jungle," Nke Joe Lewis haziri, Clinton, NY, 1983 * Franklin Furnace, "Allegory of an Artist's Career," na Sydney Blum, NYC, 1981 * Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Harlem, "En Route," Nke Patricia Monan Bell haziri, NYC, 1981 * A.I.R. Gallery, "The Dialectics of Isolation," Kazuko, Ana Mendietta na Zarina, NYC, 1981 * 626 Gallery, "Private Worlds," Nke Joyce Kozloff haziri, NYC 1981 == Onyinye == * Penny McCall Foundation, Award, NYC, 2001<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=Awards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_2002-01_101_1/page/54|journal=ARTnews|volume=101|issue=1–6|pages=54}}</ref> * Art Matters Foundation, Artist's Fellowship, NYC, 1994 * Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts, Cash Prize, "Ndị na-ese ihe na-ahọrọ ndị na-ese egwu," 1994 * New York State Regional Initiative, "Artists Projects," 1994 * Public Art Fund, Spectra-Color Board Commission, "Messages to the Public," NYC, 1987 * New York State Council on the Arts, Visual Artists-sponsored Project, 1985 * PS1, Studio Recipient, Long Island City, NY, 1983 * Public Art Fund, Mural Commission, Jamaica, NY, 1975 * Ụlọ akwụkwọ Visual Arts, Scholarship, NYC, 1964 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5jf8mfebsudhlfcp73xluuefsjvt9bp 0 18483 697611 93063 2026-08-10T04:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Famadou Konate teaching.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Famoudou Konaté</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Famadou Konaté teaching at a workshop</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |1940<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Guinea]]</div> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Famoudou Konaté''' bụ onye na-akụ ọkpọ Malinké si [[Guinea]]. Famoudou Konaté bụ onye na-eme nke ọma na djembe udu na ndị egwú ya. Otu n'ime ndị isi ole na ole malitere óménàlà ịgbà nke Malinké, a na-akwanyere Famoudou ùgwù n'ụwa niile dị ka otu n'ime onye isi ịgbà djembe nke mbụ n'ụwa. O nyefere ndụ ya n'ịrụ egwu na ichekwa egwu nke ndị ya, na-enyere aka ibuli ndị egwu djembe site na mgbọrọgwụ ọdịnnala ya gaa na ewu ewu n'ụwa niile. A mụrụ Famoudou na afọ 1940 na nso Sangbaralla, obodo nta dị na mpaghara Hamana nke Upper Guinea, etiti Malinké na ebe a mụrụ ezinụlọ dundunba nke rhythms. Onye na-akụ ọkpọ, ọ na-akụ egwu na ememme obodo mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, a chọrọ ya dị ka djembefola gafee mpaghara ahụ. Site na afo 1959 ruo na afọ 1985, Famoudou bụ onye isi djembe soloist maka Les Ballets Africains de la République de Guinée, na-agagharị n'ụwa ma na-eme ihe dị egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Price|first=Tanya Y.|date=2013|title=Rhythms of Culture: Djembe and African Memory in African-American Cultural Traditions|url=https://archive.org/details/black-music-research-journal_fall-2013_33_2/page/227|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=33|issue=2|pages=227–247|doi=10.5406/blacmusiresej.33.2.0227|issn=0276-3605}}</ref> N'oge a, Famoudou n'onwe ya mepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime usoro egwu ndị a na-ahụkarị ugbu a na West African na nnọkọ ndị na eme ihie n'ụwa niile. N'afọ 1986 na afọ 1987, Konaté malitere ọrụ nkuzi onwe ya n'otu oge ahụ ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ maka "Les Ballets Africains" na Conakry. Rále Dominique si Germany, Alain Brammer na Michel Weelen, ha abụọ si France, bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Konaté mbụ kemgbe afọ 1986. Ha niile gara n'obodo a mụrụ Famoudou na Konate, Sangbaralla gburugburu Kouroussa na Upper Guinée wee dekọọ nke mbụ, na teepu, nke ọrụ ya wee weghachite ya na Europe. Na afọ 1987 site n'aka Rainer Dörrer, Johannes Beer gara Conakry. N'afọ 1988, Johannes Beer kpọọrọ Famoudou Konaté gaa Germany wee guzobe "Ensemble Moderne". Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1988, na Berlin, ya na "Famoudou Konaté Ensemble", nke ndị a ma ama na-akụ ọkpọ si Berlin, "Djembe Tubabu" (Silvia Kronewald na Paul Engel) guzobere ma na-achịkwa. N'afọ 2000, a kpọrọ Konaté na United States maka oge mbụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya site na Chicago Djembe Project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chidjembe.com/fkusatimeline.html|title=FKUSA: Famoudou Konate Career Chronology|accessdate=4 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092417/http://chidjembe.com/fkusatimeline.html|archivedate=12 February 2012}}</ref> N'okpuru nduzi nke Lillian Friedberg na Jim Banks, Konaté guzobere onwe ya na North America site na njem mba site n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na afo 2000-2004. Taa, Konaté na-akụzi ma na-eme kwa afọ na Europe, Japan, Israel, North America na West Africa, na-akụnye ọgbọ nke ndị na-abụghị ndị Africa na-akụ ọkpọ nwere ọzụzụ pụrụ iche. N'afọ 1996, ọ natara prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Didactics of African Musical Practice site na Mahadum nke Arts Berlin.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rare German Radio Interviews with Famoudou Konate|journal=Percussive Notes|volume=39|issue=6|date=December 2001|url=http://chidjembe.com/fkusaradio.html|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> O mepụtara CD asatọ, gụnyere mbipụta ya kachasị ọhụrụ, ''Hamana Namun'' . == Ihe nkiri == * Laurent Chevallier (onye nduzi), Famoudou Konaté (onwe ya) (1991). "''[[imdbtitle:0216717|Djembefola]]''". * Laurent Chevallier (onye nduzi), Famoudou Konaté (onwe ya) (1998). "''[[imdbtitle:2321435|Mögöbalu]]''". == Nkọwapụta == * 1982 - Bi na Stuttgart. (Nchịkọta Bootleg). * 1991 - ''Ndị na-eti egwu Der Malinke''. Nchịkọta Museum Berlin: CD 18. * 1997 - Rhythms and Songs from Guinea. Lugert Verlag (Cd ibe na Rhythms and Songs from Guinea. .) * 1998 - Guinea: Egwú na Abụ Malinké. Egwú nke Ụwa, Buda Egwú.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Friedberg|first=Lilian|title=Book Review: Guinea: Malinke Rhythms and Songs. Famoudou Konate. Budamusique, 1998.|journal=African Studies Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|date=Spring 2000|url=http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v4/v4i1reviews.pdf|pages=56&ndash;7}}</ref> * 2001 - ''Hamana Föli Kan''. Buddha Egwú. * 2003 - Guinea: Percussions et Chants Malinké Mpịakọta 2. Egwú nke Ụwa, Buda Egwú. * 2004 - ''Hamana Mandenkönö''. TARIKUmusique * 2008 - ''Hamana Namun''. TARIKUmusique == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bH4CvCeWMw0 Kun Be Hamanah - Na Guiné] com Famoudou Konaté - ihe ngosi banyere Famoudou Konate mepụtara na 2012 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jzzbrv8lo70gpnwuq6g72habf73ewxc 0 18872 697715 129571 2026-08-10T06:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hRecipes]] [[Category:Articles with hProducts]] [[Usòrò:Akpeteshie -Locally brewed alcoholic drink from Ghana.jpg|thumb|Akpeteshie]] '''Akpeteshie''' bụ mmụọ mba nke [[Ghana]], nke a na-emepụta site na ịṅụ [[mmanya nkwụ]] ma ọ bụ okpete. Na Naịjịrịa, a maara ya dị ka Ògógóró (Ogog'), okwu Yoruba, nke a na-ejikarị mmiri nkwụ Raffia, ebe a maara ya dịka homebrew nke mba ahụ.<ref>Simon Heap (2008) '“Those that are Cooking the Gins”: The Business of Ogogoro in Nigeria’, ''Contemporary Drug Problems'', 35(4): 573-610.</ref> Taa, e nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na '''Ogogoro''' nwere ike ịbụ ethanol dị ọcha, mana n'ọdịnala, ọ ga-esi n'osisi nkwụ bịa wee si na isi iyi a. Ọ na-ewu ewu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka niile, ọ na-esikwa n'ọtụtụ aha gụnyere '''apio''', '''ogoglo''', '''ogogoro''' (Ogog'), '''VC10''', Kill Me Quick, Efie Nipa, Kele, Kumepreko, Anferewoase, Apiatiti, Home Boy, Nana Drobo, One Touch na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldstreetbusiness.com/news/top-stories/akpeteshie-the-local-gin-which-has-served-presidents-chiefs-and-commoners/|title='Akpeteshie': the local gin which has served presidents, chiefs and commoners|date=2019-06-18|work=Goldstreet Business|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-07|archivedate=2019-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107183216/https://goldstreetbusiness.com/news/top-stories/akpeteshie-the-local-gin-which-has-served-presidents-chiefs-and-commoners/}}</ref> A makwaara ya dị ka mmiri sapele, kparaga, kai-kai, Sun gbalaja, egwan inu igo nke pụtara Masquerade na Bottle, push-me-push-you, na / ma ọ bụ crim-kena, sonsé ("ị na-eme ya?" n'asụsụ Yoruba). N'asụsụ Igbo a maara ya dị ka ''Akpuru achia'' . Okwu ndị ọzọ nke Naijiria gụnyere: ''Udi Ogagan'', Agbagba Urhobo, yana ''OHMS'' (Our Home Made Stuff), Iced Water, Push Me, I Push You na Craze man in the bottle. A na-akpọ ọnwa na-enwu nke Ghana akpeteshie. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmalite ya == Tupu ọbịbịa nke ndị Europe na-achị ihe bụ Ghana taa, ndị Anlo mepụtara mmụọ obodo a makwaara dị ka "kpótomenui," nke pụtara "ihe zoro ezo na mgbidi akị bekee".<ref name="akyeampong154">{{Cite book|author=Akyeampong|first=Emmanuel Kwaku|title=Between the Sea & the Lagoon: An Eco-social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana : C. 1850 to Recent Times|year=2001|publisher=James Curry Publishers}}</ref> Site na mmeri ndị Britain nke ihe a maara dị ka Gold Coast, a machibidoro ụdị mmanya dị otú ahụ iwu na mbido afọ 1930. Dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ 1996 ya na SS Dotse banyere ndụ ya n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain si kwuo: "Nkwurịta okwu anyị bụ na ihe ọṅụṅụ onye ọcha ahụ wetara bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke anyị. Arụmụka ndị ọcha ahụ bụ na nke anyị siri ike...Tupu ndị ọcha abịa, anyị na-eji akpeteshie. Mana mgbe ha bịara, ha machibidoro ya iwu, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na ha chọrọ ire mmanya ha. Ya mere anyị na-akpọ ya kpótomenui. Mgbe ị nwere onye ọbịa ị maara nke ọma, mgbe ahụ ị nyere iwu ka e kpótomenui. Nke a bụ akpeteshie, mana ọ dịghị mgbe a kpọrọ ya aha. "<ref name="akyeampong154" /> E nyere ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ aha "akpeteshie" na mmachibido iwu ya: okwu ahụ sitere n'asụsụ Ga (''ape'' te shie, omume nke izo ezo) nke a na-asụ na Accra ka ukwuu ma ọ pụtara na ''ha na-ezo'', na-ezo aka n'ụzọ nzuzo nke a manyere ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe ka ha ṅụọ ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peele|first=Stanton|title=Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na a machibidoro ya iwu, mmụọ iwu na-akwadoghị nọgidere na-abụkarị ihe a na-ahụkarị, na akụkọ na ọbụna ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike inweta akpeteshie n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime afọ 1930. Ọchịchọ maka akpeteshie na uru a ga-enweta site na ire ya zuru iji kwalite mgbasa nke ịkọ okpete na mpaghara Anlo nke Ghana.<ref name="akyeampong155">{{Cite book|author=Akyeampong|first=Emmanuel Kwaku|title=Between the Sea & the Lagoon: An Eco-social History of the Anlo of Southeastern Ghana : C. 1850 to Recent Times|year=2001|publisher=James Curry Publishers}}</ref> E debere distillation n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro site na decolonization na nnwere onwe Ghana. E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mbụ na mpaghara Volta, na-eji ohere nke ubi okpete dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="akyeampong155"/> == Nkwadebe == Ogogoro na-esi na mmiri nke osisi nkwụ Raffia. A na-eme oghere n'ime ogwe osisi ahụ ma tinye gourd n'èzí ya maka nchịkọta, nke a na-anakọta otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abụọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe ewepụtasịrị ya, a na-esi mmiri ahụ n'ọkụ iji mepụta anwụrụ ọkụ, nke na-emecha gbakọta ma chịkọta ya maka oriri. Ogogoro abụghị ethanol emepụtara mana a na-esi n'ihe okike wepụta ya wee mepụta ya. == Ịṅụ mmanya == [[Usòrò:Akpeteshie_local_distillation_process.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Akpeteshie_local_distillation_process.jpg/220px-Akpeteshie_local_distillation_process.jpg|thumb|Usoro distillation nke Akpeteshie]] Anyị na-eji [[mmanya nkwụ]] ma ọ bụ mmiri okpete emepụta akpeteshie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peele|first=Stanton|title=Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781583910153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbAE5YG7iPQC&q=Akpeteshie&pg=PA123}}</ref> A na-ebu ụzọ mee ka mmiri ma ọ bụ mmanya a na-atọ ụtọ na nnukwu gbọmgbọm mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke yeast.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Chernoff|first=John M.|title=Exchange is Not Robbery: More Stories of an African Bar Girl|url=https://archive.org/details/exchangeisnotrob00cher|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}</ref> Mgbe nzọụkwụ mbụ a nke ịgbaze gasịrị, a na-ewu ọkụ n'okpuru gbọmgbọm iji mee ka mmiri ahụ sie ma gafee ikuku na-esi na ya apụta site na ọkpọkọ ọla n'ime barrels na-ajụ oyi, ebe ọ na-agbakọta ma na-agbanye n'ime ite ndị a sieved. A na-agbanye mmiri ahụ e siri esi mgbe ahụ distillation.<ref name="gbcghana1">{{Cite web|author=GBC News|title=Expert Warns Against "Akpeteshie' Consumption|url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.310408|accessdate=8 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095102/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.310408|archivedate=13 December 2013}}</ref> Mmụọ a na-emepụta dị n'etiti 40 na 50% mmanya na-aba n'anya site na olu.<ref name="luginaaha2003">{{Cite journal|author=Luginaaha|first=Isaac|title=Consumption and impacts of local brewed alcohol (akpeteshie) in the Upper West Region of Ghana: a public health tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_2003-11_57_9/page/1747|journal=Social Science & Medicine|year=2003|volume=57|issue=9|pages=1747–1760|doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00014-5|pmid=12948582}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na oriri == Akpeteshie anaghị etinye ya na karama ma ọ bụ mechie ya, kama a na-awụnye ya na karama ndị a na-ejighị akara. Enwere ike ịzụta mmụọ ahụ n'ozuzu site na onye na-aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ site na iko na ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ mmanya. Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị akpọsa ya nke ọma, ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ na-ewu ewu. Nke a bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ọnụahịa ya, nke dị ala karịa nke ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị ọzọ a na-etinye na karama ma ọ bụ nke a na-ebubata. Ọnụ ego ya dị ọnụ ala na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ejikọta ya na ndị ogbenye, mana ọbụna ndị nwere ike ịzụta mma ka mma ka a na-ekwu na ha na-aṅụ mmụọ ahụ na nzuzo.<ref name="gbcghana1"/> Ike nke mmanya na-aba n'anya na-emetụta mmetụta ahụ nke ukwuu, na-enye mmetụta yiri nke ọkpọ ọkpọ. Enwere ike ịhụ ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-ekweta na ha natara site na ịfụ ikuku ma ọ bụ ịkụ aka n'obi ha.<ref name="gbcghana1"/> == Ahụike == Ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike akatọwo oke mmanya na-aba n'anya, ọkachasị mmebi ọ nwere ike ịkpata imeju na ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.<ref name="luginaaha2003"/> == Ihe ọ pụtara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na ngwaahịa, n'otu n'otu, ogogoro na-ebu nnukwu ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba n'ime [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ emume okpukpe na nke ọha na eze; ndị ụkọchukwu Burutu (Ijaw) wụsara ya n'ala dị ka onyinye iji kpọtụrụ chi ha, ebe ndị nna nke ndị Naịjịrịa na-alụ ọhụrụ na-eji ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ nke ha na-enye ngọzi ha maka agbamakwụkwọ. Akụkụ akụ na ụba nke ogogoro apụtawo n'otu aka ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịjịrịa na nso nso a. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị Naịjịrịa dara ogbenye na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ n'ụlọ dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ihe oriri, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ere ya na nkuku okporo ámá obodo. A na-ekwere na mpụ nke ogogoro nke mere n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị na-achị achị bụ nke akụ na ụba; ebe nkwupụta ọha na eze maka iwu ahụ weere ahụike ọha na eze na nkwenkwe Ndị Kraịst gbasara mmanya na-aba n'anya, a na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ ndị na-eme ọchịchị na-achọkwa igbochi ọrụ akụ na ụba mpaghara nke nwere ike ịdọrọ ego ma ọ bụ ọrụ site na usoro ọchịchị ndị na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olupayimo|first=Dolapo|date=June 2017|title=The Illicit Production of Ogogoro in Coastal Yorubaland and the Niger Delta|journal=Portuguese Studies Review|volume=2(No. 1 Fall 2017)|pages=195–208}}</ref> == Ihe mere na nsị methanol == Mmadụ iri isii na isii nọ na Steeti mmiri nwụrụ n'ime izu ole na ole nke malitere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015 n'ihi ogogoro methanol.<ref>{{Cite news|title=66 Die Of Ogogoro In Rivers State|url=https://www.legit.ng/458236-66-die-of-ogogoro-in-rivers-state.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Winsor|first=Morgan|title=Nigeria's Mysterious Epidemic Linked To Contaminated Alcohol And Methanol Poisoning, Not Ebola|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/nigerias-mysterious-epidemic-linked-contaminated-alcohol-methanol-poisoning-not-ebola-1890564|work=International Business Times|date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: NAFDAC - Methanol Responsible for 'Ogogoro' Deaths in Rivers|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201506170925.html}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033428/https://www.temple-muse.com/blog/pedros Ogogoro nke Pedro] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] olgr8xogwsmz33rcmf52a6yddfyq5oc 0 18962 697535 628505 2026-08-10T02:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Lemon_Pickle.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lemon_Pickle.jpg/220px-Lemon_Pickle.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi oroma pickle]] [[Usòrò:Preserved_Lemons.jpg#file|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Preserved_Lemons.jpg/220px-Preserved_Lemons.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Oroma ndị echekwara na-akpọnwụ]] [[Usòrò:MoroccanlemonS.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/MoroccanlemonS.jpg/200px-MoroccanlemonS.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Oroma a na-etinye n'ime ya bụ nri dị ụtọ nke [[Morocco]]]] '''Limon echekwara''' ma ọ bụ oroma pickle bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke a na-ahụkarị na nri nke mpaghara India na Morocco.<ref name="Fund1831">{{Cite book|author=Oriental Translation Fund|title=Miscellaneous translations from Oriental languages|url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneoustr01fundgoog|year=1831|publisher=Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund}}</ref> A na-ahụkwa ya na nri ndị England nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ.<ref>''[[The Compleat Housewife]]''</ref> A makwaara ya dị ka "ọhịa oroma " na ''leems''. A na-etinye oroma , mmiri oroma, na nnu; mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.<ref name="herbst">Herbst, Sharon. ''Food Lover's Companion'' (3rd ed), pg 492, Barron's Educational Series Inc.</ref> A na-ekwe ka pickle na-agba ụka na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ maka izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa tupu ejiri ya mee ihe. Enwere ike iji mkpụrụ nke lemon echekwara mee ihe na stews na sauces, mana ọ bụ peel (zest na pith ọnụ) nke kachasị baa uru. Nri ya dịtụ njọ ma na-atọ ụtọ. == Ojiji == Enwere ike ịsa iberibe oroma tupu ejiri ya wepụ nnu ọ bụla dị n'elu, ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dị ọcha iji wepụ nnu ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ dị nro. Enwere ike ịkpụ ha, bepụ ha, ma ọ bụ bepụ ha dị ka ọ dị mkpa maka ọdịdị nke efere ahụ. Enwere ike iji akpụkpọ ahụ mee ihe na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị anụ ahụ. Oroma echekwara bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ, ọ bu nri Moroccan dị ka ''[[Tajine|tagines]]''. Na nri ndị Cambodia, a na-eji ya eme ihe na nri dịka ''[[wiktionary:ស្ងោរមាន់ង៉ាំង៉ូវ|ngam nguv]]'', ofe ọkụkọ nwere lemon echekwara. A na-ejikọkarị ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche na oliv, artichokes, nri mmiri, nwa ehi, ọkụkọ, na osikapa. Enwere ike iji mmiri na mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mee ihe na Bloody Marys na ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị ọzọ ebe a na-eji lemon na nnu eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Gourmet Cookbook: More Than 1000 Recipes|editor=Ruth Reichl|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2006|isbn=978-0-618-80692-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gourmetcookbookm00ruth/page/359 359]–360|url=https://archive.org/details/gourmetcookbookm00ruth}}</ref> Nri ahụ na-ejikọkwa nke ọma na horseradish, dịka na ụdị obodo ndi ocha cocktail sauce. Na nri Ayurvedic, lemon pickle bụ ọgwụgwọ ụlọ maka nsogbu afọ, a na-ekwukwa na uru ya na-abawanye ka ọ na-etolite.<ref name="Johari">{{Cite book|title=Ayurvedic healing cuisine: 200 vegetarian recipes for health, balance, and longevity|author=Harish Johari|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company|year=2000|isbn=978-0-89281-938-6|pages=29–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp3vyt9pTaAC&pg=PA29}}</ref> N'ọgwụ ọdịnala nke East Africa, a na-enye oroma pickle maka uto gabigara ókè nke ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite book|series=FAO Food and Nutrition Paper|title=Traditional food plants: A resource book for promoting the exploitation and consumption of food plants in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid lands of Eastern Africa|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|year=1988|isbn=978-92-5-102557-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdB3GSLMcEC}}</ref> == Mgbanwe dị iche iche == A na-ejikwa mkpụrụ osisi lnkume nzu na gnkpuru osisi oroma nkirisi eme ihe n'ụzọ a. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, pickling bụ usoro dị ọnụ ala ma dị irè iji chekwaa lemon maka iji ya mee ihe ogologo oge mgbe oge ha gasịrị na n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe a na-eto ha. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, akwụkwọ nri ndị India, nke Bekee, American, na (n'ịsụgharị) na-enye ntụziaka maka lemon pickle ma kwuo maka ojiji ya na sauces maka salmon, nwa ehi, wdg; efere ebe taa a ga-eji oroma zest na / ma ọ bụ mmiri ara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The London art of cookery and domestic housekeeper's complete assistant: uniting the principles of elegance, taste, and economy: and adapted to the use of servants, and families of every description|first=John|author=Farley|edition=12|publisher=Printed for Scatcherd and Letterman|year=1811|url=https://archive.org/details/b29351145}}</ref><ref name="Lady1826" /><ref name="Fund1831" /> Nchịkọta nri mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka ndị a, nke sitere na A New Ọdịdị nke ụlọ Cookery:   Nchịkọta nri yiri nke a pụtara na akwụkwọ nri Mary Randolph nke 1824.<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Mary Randolph|first=Mary|author=Randolph|year=1824|edition=1984 facsimile|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|pages=200–201|title=The Virginia House-Wife|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oszKiYe2RyAC&pg=PA200|isbn=9780872494237}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri yiri nke ahụ pụtakwara n'akwụkwọ nri mbụ, dị ka akwụkwọ nri nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ nke onye na-elekọta ụlọ n'England Elizabeth Raffald.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The experienced English housekeeper|author=Elizabeth Raffald|edition=10|publisher=R. Baldwin|year=1786|pages=[https://archive.org/details/experiencedengl00raffgoog/page/n101 80]–81|url=https://archive.org/details/experiencedengl00raffgoog}}</ref> Ụzọ ụfọdụ a na-esi esi nri na-agụnye ịcha ma ọ bụ ịcha lemon, na ichekwa peels (zest) nke a kpọrọ nkụ maka iji ya mee ihe mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Lady1826">{{Cite book|title=A new system of domestic cookery: founded upon principles of economy, and adapted to the use of private families|author=A Lady|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|year=1826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfYpAAAAYAAJ&q=lemon+pickle}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFA_Lady1826">A Lady (1826). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gfYpAAAAYAAJ&q=lemon+pickle ''A new system of domestic cookery: founded upon principles of economy, and adapted to the use of private families'']. [[John Murray (ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ)|John Murray]].</cite></ref> == Uru nri na-edozi ahụ == N'adịghị ka lemon a na-akpụghị akpụ, a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ vitamin n'ime lemon echekwara, yana ọnwụ nke mineral na carbohydrates dị mfe dịka shuga na starch.   == Mgbanwe anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal == Usoro ịgba ụka bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-akpata ọtụtụ mgbanwe na mpụga na n'ime nke lemon. A na-ahụ mgbanwe niile a maara n'èzí na anya mmadụ. Mgbanwe ndị a na-agụnye mkpụmkpụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ yana obere nchara nke akụkụ dị n'ime nke lemon (ma ọ bụrụ na e bepụ ya), n'ihi oxidation. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ọtụtụ nnyocha banyere mmeghachi omume kemịkal na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime lemon n'oge usoro nchekwa nke fermentation, site na iji nyocha dabere na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na site na nyocha, enwere ike ịme nkwubi okwu na ihe akaebe na-akwado. Site na nkọwa dị n'elu, enwere ike ikwubi na shuga na starch n'ime lemon na-agbaji n'oge usoro fermentation. Dabere na uru nri na-edozi ahụ, enwere ike ịkọwa na protein na-agbaji ma ọ bụ hydrolyzed n'oge usoro fermentation n'ihi enweghị macronutrient mgbe fermentation gasịrị. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ihe ịga nke ọma na ọkwa nchekwa n'ihe gbasara ịgba. Ihe ndị mejupụtara n'ime mkpụrụ osisi dị ka pH, ikike buffer na shuga mbụ nwere ike imetụta ịgbaze.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Z.|date=October 2002|title=Effects of Fruit Size on Fresh Cucumber Composition and the Chemical and Physical Consequences of Fermentation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-food-science_2002-10_67_8/page/2934|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=67|issue=8|pages=2934–2939|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08841.x|issn=0022-1147}}</ref> Enwere ike ịgbanwe ihe ndị a niile dabere na nha mkpụrụ osisi ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-ebuwanye ibu, uru na-edozi ahụ mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ga-enwe.<ref name=":0" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ịgba ụka. Ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ụba n'elu mkpụrụ osisi n'oge ịgba, usoro nchekwa na-eme ka ike nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'ime ọgwụ ahụhụ dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Regueiro|first=Jorge|date=2014-11-25|title=A Review on the Fermentation of Foods and the Residues of Pesticides—Biotransformation of Pesticides and Effects on Fermentation and Food Quality|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|pages=839–863|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.677872|pmid=24915365|issn=1040-8398}}</ref> == Ọrụ nke mineral, macronutrients, acid, na antioxidants na fermentation == Otu macronutrient a na-ejikarị agwọ ọrịa bụ [[Ńnú|nnu]], nke na-eme ka osmolarity nke mmiri ahụ dịkwuo elu iji gbochie uto nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke ntule dị obere. Mmetụta a na-emepụta gburugburu ebe siri ike maka nje ndị ahụ ka ha dịrị ndụ ma na-enye ohere uto nke nje ndị na-anabata nnu. N'anya nnu na-enyekwa aka ịgbatị ndụ nchekwa. Mmanụ sitere na oroma bụ ihe na agbakasị ma nwee citric acid nke na-enyere aka belata pH, nke na-egbochi nje ndị nwere ike ịkpata mmebi na ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_09|title=Course:FNH200/Lesson 09 - UBC Wiki|work=wiki.ubc.ca|accessdate=2018-08-09}}</ref> Maka ichekwa oroma, a na-eji antioxidants dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri iji gbochie peroxidation lipid na ọdịda nke ụcha nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=Yi Jinn Lillian|date=2018|title=Fermented Citrus Lemon Reduces Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats|journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=2018|pages=6546808|doi=10.1155/2018/6546808|pmid=29887908|issn=1741-427X}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na lemon nwere citric acid, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ kemgbakasi nke citric site na ịgbaze site na iji microbes nke nwere ike ịgbanwe shuga ka ọ bụrụ . A na-emepụta ya karịsịa site na ịgbaze n'ime mmiri site na iji ''Aspergillus niger'' ma ọ bụ <nowiki><i id="mwfg">Candida</i></nowiki> spp. site na isi mmalite dị iche iche nke carbohydrates, dị ka molasses na mgbasa ozi dabeere na starch.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vandenberghe|first=Luciana P. S.|date=1999|title=Microbial production of citric acid|journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=263–276|doi=10.1590/S1516-89131999000300001|issn=1516-8913}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-eji acid a eme ihe nke ukwuu dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri n'ụwa niile. == Hụkwa == * Chanh muoi * Nchekwa mpkuru osisi – nkwado nke mpkuru osisi , shuga, na mgbé ụfọdụ kemgbakasi * Ndepụta nke nri oroma na mmanya * Mkpụrụ osisi a na-etinye n'ime ya * Lim a na-etinye n'ime ya * Zest (ingredient) –onu ahụ nke mkpụrụ osisi a kpochapuru akpọ hapụ == Ebensidee == {{Commons category|Pickled lemons}} {{Reflist}}<div class="reflist"> <references group="" responsive="1"></references> </div>{{Lemon dishes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Preserved Lemon}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 49g6e6mg59pjwj37hfo3nocuqkbu7lk 0 19594 697672 131946 2026-08-10T05:22:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697672 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na UNESCO họpụtara Biosphere Reserve.<ref name="Scienceinafrica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/july/park.htm|title=Putting the park in the hands of the people|author=Nchami|first=John|date=September 18, 2010|publisher=Science in Africa|accessdate=19 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129174734/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/july/park.htm|archivedate=29 November 2010}}</ref> Ọ dị 180,000 hectare (440,000 acres) n'ogo. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ihu dị obosara na Osimiri Bénoué, nke gbatịrị ihe karịrị 100 kilomita (62 mi), na-emepụta ókè ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Cameroonconsul">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameroonconsul.com/wildlife.html|title=WILDLIFE NATIONAL PARKS|publisher=Consulate of the Republic of Cameroon - Sydney, Australia|accessdate=19 September 2010|archivedate=18 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218051647/http://www.cameroonconsul.com/wildlife.html}}</ref> Okporo ụzọ ọha na eze na-aga Tcholliré gafere akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ahụ. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ bụ okporo ụzọ bụ isi jikọrọ obodo Garoua n'ebe ugwu, na Ngaoundéré n'ebe ndịda.<ref name="BirdLife">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6110&m=0|title=BirdLife IBA Factsheet CM007 - Bénoué National Park|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=19 September 2010}}</ref> Enwere ike ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site n'ebe ugwu site na Ngaoundéré.<ref name="Roughguide">{{Cite book|author=Hudgens|first=Jim|title=The rough guide to West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW0490G1ie8C&dq=B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9+National+Park&pg=PA1241|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-118-0}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1932, e guzobere mpaghara ahụ dị ka Faunal Reserve. E mere ya ka ọ bụrụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba na afọ 1968, ya na afọ 1981, ọ ghọrọ Ebe Nchekwa Biosphere.<ref name="BirdLife" /> == Ọdịdị ala ==   Ogige Ntụrụndụ dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Cameroon na Ngalaba Bénoué. Ọ dị na Bénoué savanna belt, mpaghara ọhịa savannah na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti obodo Garoua dị n'ebe ugwu na Ngaoundéré dị n'etiti ndịda.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n22ER5vZqTkC&dq=B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9+National+Park&pg=PA159|title=Antelopes : global survey and regional action plans|publisher=Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature et de ses ressources. Antelope Specialist Group, [[IUCN]]|accessdate=19 September 2010|isbn=978-2-8317-0016-8|year=1990}}</ref> Osiri bụ isi bụ Osimiri Bénoué, nke gbatịrị ihe karịrị 100 km (62 mi), na-emepụta ókè ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Cameroonconsul" /> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị site na 250 ruo 760 m (820 ruo 2,490 ) n'elu oke osimiri. Nnukwu nkume na-akọwa ugwu ndị dị elu, ebe ala dị larịị na ọhịa na-akọwakọta akụkụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="BirdLife" /> Ogige ịchụ nta asatọ, nke ruru 520,378 (1,285,880 acres), gbara ogige ahụ gburugburu ma e wezụga n'okporo ụzọ.<ref name="Scienceinafrica" /> == Flora na anụmanụ == [[Usòrò:BénouéNP2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9NP2.jpg/220px-B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9NP2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Hippopotamus n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ]] Ebe obibi dị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué bụ ala ahịhịa. Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ụdị ọhịa Sudan dị ka Isoberlinia-nke jupụtara na ọhịa ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti ndịda, na mkpụmkpụ, ghere oghe, ala ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-agwakọta n'ebe ugwu, oké ọhịa Anogeissus kpọrọ nkụ, oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ahịhịrị ahịhọta n'akụkụ Bénoué na isi ya. A na-ahụkwa enyí Africa, hyena nwere ntụpọ, waterbuck, warthog na enwe n'ogige ahụ. Nnukwu ungulates kachasị n'ogige ahụ bụ antelope dịka kob, western hartebeest, giant eland na waterbuck, yana buffalo Afrịka. Nanị ebe dị n'Africa ebe enwere ohere dị mma ile nnukwu eland, antelope kachasị ukwuu n'Africa, dị n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué.<ref name="Roughguide" /> Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka nọ n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ebe a karịa na ogige ntụ Faro.<ref name="Woodroffe">{{Cite book|author=Woodroffe|first=R.|title=The African wild dog: status survey and conservation action plan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfD4Sqz8pD0C&dq=B%C3%A9nou%C3%A9+National+Park&pg=PA20|year=1997|publisher=IUCN/SSC Candid Specialist Group|isbn=978-2-8317-0418-0|pages=20–22}}</ref> A mara Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué maka ebe obibi enyí mmiri ya.<ref name="Cameroonconsul" /> Tinyere enyí mmiri, agụ iyi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'osimiri.<ref name="BirdLife" /> Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe a na-echebe dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa|publisher=IUCN|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|location=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ [[Odúm|ọdụm]] dị mmadụ 200 toro eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Croes, B.M., Funston, P.J., Rasmussen, G., Buij, R., Saleh, A., Tumenta, P.N. and De Iongh, H.H.|year=2011|title=The impact of trophy hunting on lions (''Panthera leo'') and other large carnivores in the Bénoué Complex, northern Cameroon|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-12_144_12/page/3064|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=12|pages=3064–3072|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00975.x|title=Humans displacing lions and stealing their food in Bénoué National Park, North Cameroon|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=47|issue=3|pages=445–447|year=2009|author=Schoe|first=M.}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué bụ Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (# CM007) na nyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-achọpụta ụdị 306. N'oge ọkọchị, ájá ndị a na-ekpughe site na ọkwa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Osimiri Bénoué na-enye ebe obibi maka plover na nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cameroonconsul" /> Ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere Adamawa turtle-dove, crocodile bird, red-throated bee-eater, red-winged grey warbler, stone partridge, na violet turaco.<ref name="Camtours">{{Cite web|url=http://www.camtours.org/index.php?page=pages/birdwatching.php|title=Bird Watching in Cameroon|accessdate=19 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919043607/http://camtours.org/index.php?page=pages%2Fbirdwatching.php|archivedate=19 September 2010}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya == [[Usòrò:Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg/220px-Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ ya]] [[Usòrò:Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Drone_view_Benoue.jpg/220px-Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Benoue]] [[Usòrò:Parc_National_Benoue.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Parc_National_Benoue.jpg/220px-Parc_National_Benoue.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bénoué]] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ime ogige ahụ bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị. E nwere usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị na-eche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị na-echekwa ihe na-emeso, na-arụ ọrụ dịka ndị nkụzi obodo na ndị omebe iwu.<ref name="Scienceinafrica" /> Ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe omume nke kleptoparasitism, izuru anụ site na igbu ọdụm, edere na Bénoué National Park.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8167000/8167681.stm|title=Lions in Cameroon are having their kills stolen from under their noses by hungry villagers|author=Walker|first=M.|date=2009|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=19 September 2010}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Anụ ọhịa nke Cameroon == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Mayakaa, T. B.|year=2002|title=Wildlife Co-Management in the Benoue National Park-Complex, Cameroon: A Bumpy Road to Institutional Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2002-11_30_11/page/2001|journal=World Development|volume=30|issue=11|pages=2001–2016|doi=10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00111-0}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mayakaa, T. B.|year=2004|title=A population dynamics model for the management of Buffon's kob (''Kobus kob kob'') in the Bénoué National Park Complex, Cameroon|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=176|issue=1−2|pages=135–153|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.038}} * {{Cite journal|author=Stark, M. A.|year=1986|title=Relationship between fire and basal scarring on ''Afzelia africana'' in Benoue National Park|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-journal-of-ecology_1986-12_24_4/page/263|journal=Cameroon African Journal of Ecology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=263–271|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00370.x}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6110|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bénoué National Park}} nn4g7hfcozsindobef89aveg8kzf0ns 0 19596 697567 452141 2026-08-10T02:51:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orchids''' bụ osisi ndị sitere n'ezinụlọ '''Orchidaceae''' (/ɔːrkəˈdeɪʃiː/ ma ọ bụ-kə-DAY-shee [citation needed]), otu osisi dịgasị iche iche na nke zuru ebe niile nwere okooko osisi ndị na-adịkarị mma ma na-enwe ísì ụtọ. Na Igunye Asteraceae, ha bụ otu n'ime ezinụlọ abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke osisi na-agbasa okooko. Orchidaceae nwere ihe dị ka ụdị puku iri abụọ na asatọ a nabatara ugbu a, nke e kesara n'ihe dị ka ụdị narị asaa na iri isii na atọ.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{Cite journal|author=Christenhusz, M. J. M.|year=2016|title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=261|pages=201–217|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1|issue=3}}</ref><ref name="WCSP">{{Cite web|url=http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?ORCHIDACEAE|title=WCSP|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2 April 2010|archivedate=28 December 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121228032913/http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?ORCHIDACEAE}}</ref> Mkpebi nke ezinụlọ buru ibu ka na-arụrịta ụka, n'ihi na data a kwadoro banyere ndị otu nnukwu ezinụlọ dị otú ahụ na-aga n'ihu. N'agbanyeghi, ọnụọgụ nke ụdị orchid fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hara nhata na ọnụọgụ azụ ọkpụkpụ, ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụọgụ nnụnụ, na ihe dịka okpukpu anọ nke ọnụọụọgụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ezinụlọ ahụ gụnyere ihe dị ka Present isii ruo pesent iri na otụ nke ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yohan Pillon|year=2007|title=Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation|journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=263–265|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x|pmid=17298532|url=https://hal.ird.fr/ird-03644811}}</ref> Ụdị kachasị ukwuu bụ ''Bulbophyllum'' (2,000 ụdị), Epidendrum (ọ dị ụdị otu puku na narị ise), ''Dendrobium'' (ọ dị ụdị otu puku na narị anọ) na ''Pleurothallis'' (ọ dị ụdị otu puku). Ọ gụnyekwara Vanilla (ụdị osisi ''vanilla''), ụdị ''Orchis'', na ọtụtụ osisi a na-akụkarị dịka ''Phalaenopsis'' na ''Cattleya''. Ọzọkwa, kemgbe iwebata ụdị okpomọkụ n'ime ọrụ ugbo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo emepụtala ihe karịrị otu narị puku ngwakọta na cultivars. == Nkọwaputa == [[Usòrò:Orchid_high_resolution.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orchid_high_resolution.jpg/220px-Orchid_high_resolution.jpg|thumb|Okooko osisi ''Phalaenopsis'']] A na-ekewapụta orchid n'ụzọ dị mfe site na osisi ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ụfọdụ njirimara doro anya ma ọ bụ synapomorphies. N'etiti ndị a bụ: symmetry abụọ nke okooko osisi (zygomorphism), ọtụtụ okooko osisi resupinate, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ka a gbanwere nke ukwuu (labellum), stamen na carpels, na obere mkpụrụ. === Ogwe osisi na mgbọrọgwụ === [[Usòrò:Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG/220px-Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi orchid na-epulite ''Anacamptis coriophora'']] Orchid niile bụ ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide pụọ afọ nke na-enweghị usoro osisi ọ bụla na-adịru mgbe niile. Ha nwere ike itolite dịka usoro abụọ: * Monopodial: Ogwe osisi ahụ na-eto site na '''otu''' bọd, a na-agbakwunye akwụkwọ site na apex kwa afọ, ogwe osisi ahụ wee na-eto ogologo oge. Ogwe osisi orchid nwere uto monopodial nwere ike iru ọtụtụ mita n'ogologo, dịka na ''Vanda'' na ''Vanilla''. * Sympodial: Sympodials orchids nwere ihu (ọganihu kachasị ọhụrụ) na azụ (ọganiho kachasị ochie).<ref>Nash, N., and Frownie, S. (2008). </ref> Osisi ahụ na-emepụta usoro nke mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ, nke na-eto ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, na-ama ifuru ma kwụsị itolite ma dochie ya. Sympodial orchids na-etolite n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, kama n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na-agbaso elu nke nkwado ha. Uto na-aga n'ihu site na mmepe nke ndu ọhụrụ, na akwụkwọ na mgbọrọgwụ nke ha, na-apụta site na ma ọ bụ na-esote nke afọ gara aga, dịka na ''Cattleya''. Ka ndu ọhụrụ na-etolite, rhizome nwere ike ịmalite uto ya ọzọ site na ihe a na-akpọ 'anya', bọd na-eto eto, si otú ahụ na-agbasa. Sympodial orchids nwere ike ịnwe pseudobulbs a na-ahụ anya jikọtara ya na ''rhizome'', nke na-agbada n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ala. [[Usòrò:Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg/220px-Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Neotinea lactea, anakọtara na Sardinia; obere nha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu mkpụrụ ego Euro, na globose tuberoids abụọ nke ụdị ''Neotinea'' gosipụtara.]] Orchid ndị dị n'ala nwere ike ịbụ rhizomatous ma ọ bụ mepụta corms ma ọ bụ tubers. Mmpụta mgbọrọgwụ nke orchid ndị dị n'ala dị mụrụmụrụ ma na-acha ọcha. Ụfọdụ sympodial terrestrial ''orchids'', dị ka Orchis na ''Ophrys'', nwere mgbọrọgwụ abụọ dị n'okpuru ala. A na-eji otu dị ka ebe nchekwa nri maka oge oyi, ma na-enye maka mmepe nke nke ọzọ, nke uto a na-ahụ anya na-etolite. N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekwo ekpo ọkụ mgbe niile, ọtụtụ orchid nke ala anaghị achọ pseudobulbs. Epiphytic orchids, ndị na-etolite na eji nkwado, agbanweela mgbọrọgwụ ikuku nke nwere ike ịdị mita ole na ole mgbe ụfọdụ. N'akụkụ ndị okenye nke mgbọrọgwụ, epidermis spongy gbanwere, nke a na-akpọ velamen, nwere ọrụ nke ịmịkọrọ mmiri. A na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ eme ya ma nwee ọdịdị na-acha ọcha, ọcha ma ọ bụ nchara nchara. N'ime ụfọdụ orchid, velamen na-agụnye spongy na fibrous bodies dị nso na mkpụrụ ndụ na-agafe agafe, nke a na-akpọ tilosomes. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke mgbọrọgwụ nke epidermis, mgbọrọgwụ na-etolite n'akụkụ aka nri na axis nke mgbọrọgwụ iji nye ha ohere inweta nghọta siri ike na nkwado ha. Ihe oriri maka epiphytic orchids na-esikarị na ájá mineral, ihe mkpofu, nsị anụmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-anakọta n'etiti ha n'elu ha. [[Usòrò:Pseudobulbe.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pseudobulbe.jpg/220px-Pseudobulbe.jpg|thumb|Pseudobulb nke Prosthechea fragrans]] Ntọala nke ogwe nke sympodial epiphytes, ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ụfọdụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ogwe ahụ dum, nwere ike ịka njọ iji mepụta pseudobulb nke nwere ihe oriri na mmiri maka oge ọkọchị. Pseudobulb nwere elu ahụ dị mụrụmụrụ nke nwere oghere dị ogologo, ma nwee ọdịdị dị iche iche, na-abụkarị n'ụdị konikalu ma ọ bụ oblong. Ọdịdị ya na-agbanwe agbanwe; na ụfọdụ obere ụdị ''Bulbophyllum'', ọ bụghị karịa milimita abụọ, ebe na orchid kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, ''Grammatophyllum speciosum'' (orchid buru ibu), ọ nwere ike iru mita atọ. Ụfọdụ ụdị ''Dendrobium'' nwere ogologo, pseudobulbs yiri cane nwere akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi, nke gbara gburugburu n'ogologo ya niile; ụfọdụ orchid ndị ọzọ zoro ezo ma ọ bụ obere pseudobulbs, gụnyere kpamkpam n'ime akwụkwọ osisi. Ka ọ na-aka nká, pseudobulb na-ewepụ akwụkwọ ya ma na-ehi ụra. N'oge a, a na-akpọkarị ya backbulb. Backbulbs ka na-ejide ihe nri na-edozi ahụ maka osisi ahụ, mana mgbe ahụ pseudobulb na-enwekarị, na-eji ihe ikpeazụ a gbakọtara na backbulb, nke na-emesị nwụọ, kwa. Pseudobulb na-adịkarị ndụ ihe dị ka afọ ise. A na-ekwukwa na orchid na-enweghị pseudobulbs a na-ahụ anya nwere uto, nke si na osisi sympodial weputa. === Akwụkwọ osisi === Dị ka ọtụtụ monocots enwere, orchid na-enwekarị akwụkwọ dị mfe nwere akwara ndị kwụ ọtọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ Vanilloideae nwere reticulate venation. Akwụkwọ ya nwere ike ịbụ ovate, lanceolate, ma ọ bụ orbiculate, na-agbanwe agbanwe na nha na osisi nke ọ bụla. Njirimara ha na-abụkarị nchọpụta. Ha na-agbanwekarị n'elu ogwe osisi, na-agbakwunyekarị n'ogologo n'etiti ("plicate"), ma enweghị stipules. Akwụkwọ orchid na-enwekarị ahụ siliceous a na-akpọ stegmata na vascular bundle sheaths (adịghị na Orchidoideae) ma bụrụ fibrous. Ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ya kwekọrọ na ebe obibi nke osisi ahụ. Ụdị ndị na-enwekarị ìhè anyanwụ, ma ọ bụ na-etolite na saịtị ndị nwere ike ịcha mgbe ụfọdụ, nwere akwụkwọ osisi dị arọ, nke nwere akpụkpọ anụ na laminae na-ekpuchi cuticle waxy iji chekwaa mmiri ha dị mkpa. Ụdị ndị hụrụ onyinyo n'anya, n'aka nke ọzọ, nwere ogologo, obere akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ orchid bụ perennial, ya bụ, ha na-adị ndụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ebe ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị nwere akwụkwọ osisi plicate dị ka ''Catasetum'', na-awụfu ha kwa afọ ma na-emepụta akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na pseudobulbs ọhụrụ. A na-ewere akwụkwọ osisi orchid ụfọdụ dị ka ihe ịchọ mma. Akwụkwọ osisi nke ''Macodes sanderiana'', orchid nke dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ nke na-eburu nkume ("lithophyte"), na-egosi ọlaọcha na ọla edo na-egbuke egbuke na ndabere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Akwụkwọ osisi cordate nke Psychopsis limminghei bụ ihe na-acha nchara nchara na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ osisi ndụ na akara maroon-puce, nke ihe na-egbuke egbuke na-emepụta. Akpụkpọ ahụ mara mma nke akwụkwọ osisi akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwanyị sitere na okpomọkụ na subtropical [[Asia]] (''Paphiopedilum''), sitere na nkesa na-adịghị mma nke chlorophyll. Ọzọkwa, ''Phalaenopsis schilleriana'' bụ orchid na-acha pinki pinki nke nwere akwụkwọ osisi ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri. A na-eto orchid ọla (''Ludisia discolor'') maka akwụkwọ osisi ya mara mma karịa okooko ya na-acha ọcha. Ụfọdụ orchid, dị ka ''Dendrophylax lindenii'' (orchid ghost), ''Aphyllorchis'' na ''Taeniophyllum'' na-adabere na mgbọrọgwụ ha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka photosynthesis ma ghara inwe akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto, dị ka ụdị heterotrophic niile. Orchids nke ụdị ''Corallorhiza'' (coralroot orchids) enweghị akwụkwọ kpamkpam ma kama na-ekpuchi mgbọrọgwụ ha gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi ndị tozuru etozu ma jiri fungi pụrụ iche mee ihe iji nweta shuga.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jenny King|title=The coralroot orchid|url=http://www.exploresmos.org/nature/orchids-northern-washington-state/|work=Orchids in Northern Washington State|publisher=Silvercrown Mountain Outdoor School|accessdate=10 June 2011|date=2011-06-10|archivedate=21 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021054855/http://www.exploresmos.org/nature/orchids-northern-washington-state/}}</ref> === Okooko osisi === Okooko osisi orchid nwere sepals atọ, petals atọ na ovary nwere nkewa oghere atọ. Mpempe akwụkwọ atọ na abụọ n'ime okooko osisi na-adịkarị ka ibe ha mana otu okooko osisi anaghị agbanwe nke ukwuu, na-emepụta "egbugbere ọnụ" ma ọ bụ labellum. N'ọtụtụ ụdị orchid, ka okooko osisi ahụ na-etolite, ọ na-agbagọ site na dịgrị otu narị na iri asatọ, nke a na-akpọ resupination, nke mere na labellum dị n'okpuru kọlụm ahụ. Labellum na-arụ ọrụ iji dọta ụmụ ahụhụ, na okooko osisi resupinate, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe ọdịda, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụrụ ọnyà.<ref name="Hoffman">{{Cite book|author=Hoffman|first=Noel|title=Orchids of South-West Australia.|date=August 2011|publisher=Noel Hoffman|location=Gooseberry Hill|isbn=9780646562322|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="Brown">{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Andrew|title=Field guide to the orchids of Western Australia : the definitive guide to the native orchids of Western Australia|date=2013|publisher=Simon Nevill Publications|location=Floreat, W.A.|isbn=9780980348149|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name="nzpcn">{{Cite web|title=Structure of orchid flowers|url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/vascular/flowering-plants/monocots/orchids/structure/|publisher=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|accessdate=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="boo">{{Cite web|author=Zimmermann|first=Pedro|title=Anatomy of an Orchid|url=https://sites.millersville.edu/jasheeha/webDesign/websites/OOroot/anatomy.html|publisher=Brasilian Orchid Organisation|accessdate=15 April 2022|archivedate=28 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628061608/https://sites.millersville.edu/jasheeha/webDesign/websites/OOroot/anatomy.html}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Caladenia_alpina_(labelled).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg/220px-Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke ''Caladenia alpina'']] [[Usòrò:Diuris_(labelled).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg/220px-Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg|thumb|Foto a na-akpọ ''Diuris carinata'']] Akụkụ ọmụmụ nke okooko osisi orchid pụrụ iche n'ihi na a na-ejikọta stamens na ụdị iji mepụta otu ihe, kọlụm.<ref name="nzpcn"/><ref name="boo"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/orchid.htm|title=Flowering Plant Families|author=Carr|first=Gerald|date=30 October 2005|work=Vascular Plant Family|publisher=University of Hawaii Botany Department|accessdate=3 August 2022}}</ref> Kama ịhapụ ya n'otu n'otu, ọtụtụ puku mkpụrụ ntụ ọka dị n'otu ma ọ bụ abụọ a na-akpọ pollinia nke a na-etinye na diski na-arapara n'ahụ n'elu kọlụm ahụ. N'okpuru pollinia bụ nke abụọ, nnukwu efere na-arapadọ n'ahụ ya na-akpọ stigma.<ref name="Hoffman" /><ref name="Brown"/><ref name="nzpcn" /><ref name="boo" /> == Ịmụba == === Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka a mịpụta ya ===   Charles Darwin nyochara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke orchid mepụtara iji nweta cross-pollination ma kọwaa ya na Fertilisation of Orchids (n'afọ 1862). Orchid emeela usoro mmịpụta ihe pụrụ iche, ya mere ohere nke mmịpụta na-adịkarị ụkọ, ya mere okooko osisi orchid na-anọkarị na-anabata ogologo oge, na-eme ka okooko osisi ndị na-enweghị mmịpụta mkpụrụ na-adịte aka n'ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ orchid na-ebute pollen n'otu oke. Oge ọ bụla mmịpụta na-aga nke ọma, enwere ike ime ọtụtụ puku àkwá. A na-ahụkarị ndị na-eme ntụ ọka site na ọdịdị na agba nke labellum. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị ''Bulbophyllum'' na-adọta ụmụ ahụhụ mkpụrụ osisi (Bactrocera na ''Zeugodacus'' spp.) naanị site na kemịkal okooko osisi nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ okooko osisi (dịka methyl eugenol, raspberry ketone, ma ọ bụ zingerone) iji mee polinashon.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tan K.H.|year=2000|title=Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, ''Bulbophyllum patens'', and ''Bactrocera'' fruit flies via a floral synomone|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-chemical-ecology_2000-02_26_2/page/533|doi=10.1023/A:1005477926244|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=533–546}}</ref> Okooko osisi nwere ike imepụta ísì mara mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị n'ọtụtụ ụdị, enwere ike ịmepụta mmiri ara ehi na eriri nke labellum ('''8''' na ihe osise dị n'elu), ma ọ bụ na isi nke sepals, ma ọ bụ n'ime septa nke ovary, ọnọdụ kachasị n'etiti Asparagales. [[Usòrò:Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg/220px-Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Phalaenopsis'' pollinia (oroma) ejikọtara ya na mkpịsị ezé na viscidium ya na-arapadọ n'ahụ]] Na orchid nke na-emepụta pollinia, pollination na-eme dị ka ụdị nke usoro ndị a: mgbe onye na-eme ntụ ọka na-abanye n'ime okooko osisi, ọ na-emetụ viscidium aka, nke na-arapara n'ahụ ya ozugbo, n'ozuzu n'isi ma ọ bụ afọ. Mgbe ọ na-ahapụ okooko osisi ahụ, ọ na-adọta pollinium site na anther, ebe ọ na-ejikọta ya na viscidium site na caudicle ma ọ bụ stipe. Mgbe ahụ, caudicle na-agbaji ma na-ebugharị pollinium n'ihu na ala. Mgbe onye na-eme ntụ ọka na-abanye na okooko osisi ọzọ nke otu ụdị ahụ, pollinium ewerewo ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ na ọ ga-arapara na stigma nke okooko osisi nke abụọ, n'okpuru rostellum, na-eme ka ọ na-eme. N'ọrụ ugbo, a na-enweta ntụ ọka orchid aka site n'iwepụ pollinia na obere ngwá ọrụ dị ka ezé ezé site na nne na nna pollen ma nyefee ha na nne na nne mkpụrụ. [[Usòrò:Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg/220px-Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Ophrys apifera'' na-achọ imepụta mkpụrụ n'onwe ya]] Ụfọdụ orchid na-adabere kpamkpam na mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi, ọkachasị na mpaghara oyi ebe ndị na-eme ntụ ọka dị obere. Caudicles nwere ike ịcha ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla na-eme ntụ ọka eletabeghị okooko osisi ahụ, na pollinia na-ada kpọmkwem na stigma. Ma ọ bụghị ya, anther nwere ike ịtụgharị wee banye n'oghere stigma nke okooko osisi (dị ka na ''Holcoglossum'' Marteanum). Orchid na-agbagharị agbagharị ''Paphiopedilum parishii'' na-amụpụta site na ime onwe ya. Nke a na-eme mgbe anther gbanwere site na ihe siri ike gaa na mmiri ma na-emetụta n'elu stigma n'enweghị enyemaka nke onye ọ bụla na-eme ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ nzukọ okooko osisi.<ref name="pmid22649529">{{Cite journal|title=The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e37478|year=2012|pmid=22649529|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037478}}</ref> Labellum nke Cypripedioideae bụ poke bonnet-shaped, ma nwee ọrụ nke ijide ụmụ ahụhụ na-eleta. Nanị ụzọ ọpụpụ na-eduga na anthers nke na-etinye pollen na onye nleta. N'ime ụfọdụ orchid pụrụ iche, dị ka Eurasian genus ''Ophrys'', labellum na-eme ka ọ nwee agba, ọdịdị, na ísì nke na-adọta ụmụ ahụhụ nwoke site na iṅomi nwanyị na-anabata. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ na-anwa iso okooko osisi nwee mmekọahụ. Ọtụtụ orchid neotropical na-eme ka anwu orchid ndị ụmụ nwoke nke na-eleta okooko osisi iji chịkọta kemịkal na-agbanwe agbanwe ha chọrọ iji mepụta ihe na-adọrọ mmasị pheromonal. A hụla na ụmụ nwoke nke ụdị dị ka ''Euglossa imperialis'' ma ọ bụ ''Eulaema meriana'' na-ahapụ ókèala ha oge ụfọdụ iji nweta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, dị ka cineole, iji mepụta pheromone maka ịdọta na ịlụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kimsey Lynn Siri|year=1980|title=The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks|doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80088-1|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=28|issue=4|pages=996–1004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Species-specific attraction to pheromonal analogues in orchid bees|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2006-10_60_6/page/833|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|date=2006-07-19|issn=0340-5443|pages=833–843|volume=60|issue=6|doi=10.1007/s00265-006-0227-8|first=Yvonne|author=Zimmermann}}</ref> Ụdị orchid ọ bụla na-etinye pollinia n'akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche nke ụdị aṅụ dị iche iche, iji mee ka cross-pollination kwesịrị ekwesị. Orchid [[wiktionary:achlorophyllous|achlorophyllous]] saprophytic na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-eto n'okpuru ala na [[Ostraliya|Australia]], ''Rhizanthella slateri'', anaghị ekpughe ya n'ìhè, ọ na-adabere na ndanda na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ala iji mee ka ọ na-eme ntụ ọka. ''Catasetum'', ụdị nke Darwin tụlere n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, na-eji ike mgbawa eme ihe na-eme ka ọ na-agbawa agbawa mgbe ahụhụ metụrụ seta aka, na-akụ onye na-eme ntụ ọka na okooko osisi ahụ. Mgbe mmịpụta, sepals na petals na-apụ n'anya ma na-akpọnwụ, mana ha na-anọkarị na ovary. N'afọ 2011, a chọpụtara na ''Bulbophyllum nocturnum'' na-agbasa n'oge abalị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/worlds-first-night-flowering-orchid-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea.htm/|title=World's first night-flowering orchid discovered|author=Tom Lawrie|publisher=[[Australian Geographic]]|date=23 November 2010|accessdate=26 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130073555/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/worlds-first-night-flowering-orchid-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea.htm|archivedate=30 November 2011}}</ref> === Ịmụ nwa na-enweghị mmekọahụ === Ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka n'ụdị ''Phalaenopsis'', ''Dendrobium'', na ''Vanda'', na-emepụta alaka ma ọ bụ osisi ndị sitere n'otu n'ime nodes n'akụkụ ogwe osisi ahụ, site na nchịkọta nke homonụ na-eto eto n'oge ahụ. A maara osisi ndị a dị ka keiki. [citation needed] === Mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ ya === [[Usòrò:Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png/220px-Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png|thumb|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke capsules orchid na-egosi oghere ndị dị n'ogologo]] Ovary na-etolite n'ime capsule nke nwere oghere atọ ma ọ bụ isii, mgbe ọ na-anọgide na-emechi na nsọtụ abụọ. Mkpụrụ ndị ahụ na-abụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ microscopic na ọtụtụ, n'ụdị ụfọdụ ihe karịrị otu nde kwa capsule. Mgbe ha kara, ha na-efegharị dị ka uzuzu ma ọ bụ spores. Ọtụtụ ụdị orchid enweghị endosperm na mkpụrụ ha ma ga-abanye na mmekọrịta symbiotic na mycorrhizal basidiomyceteous fungi dị iche iche nke na-enye ha ihe oriri dị mkpa iji bulie, yabụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị orchid niile bụ mycoheterotrophic n'oge bulie ma dabere na fungi iji mezue ndụ ha. Naanị ụdị orchid ole na ole nwere mkpụrụ nke nwere ike itolite na-enweghị mycorrhiza, ya bụ, ụdị dị n'ime ụdị <nowiki><i id="mwAVk">Disa</i></nowiki> nwere mkpụrụ hydrochorous.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=David Ian|title=Conservation of select South African Disa Berg. Species (Orchidaceae) through in vitro seed germination|date=2003|publisher=University of Natal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kurzweil|first=H.|title=Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-systematics-and-evolution_1993_185_3-4/page/229|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|date=September 1993|volume=185|issue=3–4|pages=229–247|doi=10.1007/BF00937660}}</ref>   N'iji usoro elekere nke mkpụrụ ndụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta afọ nke alaka ndị isi nke ezinụlọ orchid. Nke a mekwara ka o doo anya na subfamily Vanilloideae bụ alaka na basal dichotomy nke monandrous orchids, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ malitere n'oge mmalite nke ezinụlọ ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ezinụlọ a na-eme n'ụwa niile na mpaghara okpomọkụ na mpaghara okirikiri, site na America na-ekpo ọkụ ruo Asia na-ekwo ọkụ, New Guinea na West Africa, na kọntinent malitere ịkewa ihe dị ka 100 nde afọ gara aga, mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama ga-eme mgbe nkewa a gasịrị (ebe ọ bụ na a na-atụle afọ ''Vanilla'' dị nde afọ 60 ruo 70). === Ọdịdị ===   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ho44oggd5zwpde59wipr8aq904razu1 0 19638 697487 406864 2026-08-10T01:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697487 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Common sunflower |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Sunflower_sky_backdrop.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |Horticultural variety of common sunflower |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Least Concern]] <small>&nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])</small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Helianthus| edit ]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Osisi|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Asterids]] |- |Order: |[[Asterales]] |- |Family: |[[Asteraceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Helianthus]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''H.&nbsp;annuus'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Helianthus annuus''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="538">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221106032714/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-44475 "''Helianthus annuus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="539">''The Global Compositae Checklist (GCC)'' &#x2013; via [[The Plant List]].</span></cite></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div><small>Synonymy</small></div></div> * ''Helianthus aridus'' <small>Rydb.</small> * ''Helianthus erythrocarpus'' <small>Bartl.</small> * ''Helianthus indicus'' <small>L.</small> * ''Helianthus jaegeri'' <small>Heiser</small> * ''Helianthus lenticularis'' <small>Douglas</small> * ''Helianthus macrocarpus'' <small>DC.</small> <small>& A.DC.</small> * ''Helianthus multiflorus'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Helianthus ovatus'' <small>Lehm.</small> * ''Helianthus platycephalus'' <small>Cass.</small> * ''Helianthus tubaeformis'' <small>Nutt.</small> </div> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''Common sunflower''' ('''''Helianthus annuus''''') bụ nnukwu osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke ụdị ''Helianthus'' nke a na-akụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka mmanụ na mkpụrụ ya a na-eri eri. A na-ejikwa ụdị sunflower a dị ka nri nnụnụ ọhịa, dị ka nri anụ ụlọ (dị ka nri ma ọ bụ osisi silage), na ụfọdụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ogige ụlọ. A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Wild ''H''. annuus bụ osisi nwere alaka zuru oke nke nwere ọtụtụ isi okooko osisi. Otú ọ dị, sunflower nke ụlọ na-enwekarị naanị otu nnukwu inflorescence (isi okooko osisi) n'elu ogwe osisi na-enweghị alaka. Aha abụọ nke ''Helianthus annuus'' sitere na Greek Helios 'anyanwụ' na anthos 'flowers', ebe epithet annuus pụtara 'afọ' na Latin. A na-eweta mkpụrụ sunflower na Europe site na Amerịka na senchiri nke iri na isii, ebe, tinyere mmanụ sunflower, ha ghọrọ ihe a na-eji esi nri. == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg/220px-Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nkọwa nke okooko osisi diski]] Osisi ahụ nwere ogwe osisi kwụ ọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-eru mita atọ (10 feet). Sunflower kachasị elu ndekọ ruru 9.17 m (30 in).<ref name="Guiness">{{Cite web|title=Tallest Sunflower|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-sunflower|work=Guinness World Records|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> Akwụkwọ sunflower dị obosara, ezé ha siri ike ma na-agbanwekarị; ndị dị nso na ala bụ ndị kasị ukwuu ma na-adịkarị ka obi.<ref name=":1"/> Osisi ahụ na-agbawa okooko site na Jụn ruo Septemba. Ihe a na-akpọkarị "okooko osisi" nke sunflower bụ n'ezie "isi okooko osisi" (pseudanthium), 7.5 cm (35 in) n'obosara, nke ọtụtụ obere okooko osisi nwere [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] ise ("florets").<ref name=":1" /> A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị dị n'èzí, nke yiri petals, okooko osisi ray. "Petal" ọ bụla nwere ligule nke nwere petals jikọtara ọnụ nke okooko osisi ray asymmetrical. Ha na-enweghị mmekọahụ ma nwee ike ịbụ odo, ọbara ọbara, oroma, ma ọ bụ ụcha ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị a haziri gburugburu n'etiti isi ahụ okooko osisi diski. Ndị a na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi ("mkpụrụ" sunflower). Prairie sunflower (H. petiolaris) yiri ụdịdị nke sunflower nkịtị nke ọhịa; akpịrịkpa dị n'etiti ya nwere ntutu ọcha.<ref name=":1"/> === Genome === Sunflower genome bụ diploid nwere ọnụọgụ chromosome nke ịrị na asaa na atụmatụ ọnụọgụ genome nke 2,871 - 3,189 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Helianthus annuus'' (common sunflower) Genome Project|publisher=NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?term=txid4232|accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref> Ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ezigbo nha ya bụ ihe dị ka ijeri atọ na ọkara (nke buru ibu karịa nke mmadụ).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Genome Holds the Promise of Sustainable Agriculture|work=ScienceDaily|date=2010-01-14|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100112121930.htm}}</ref> === Heliotropism === [[Usòrò:SunflowerSunset2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SunflowerSunset2.jpg/220px-SunflowerSunset2.jpg|thumb|Isi okooko osisi na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ebe anyanwụ na-acha n'ehihie]] Echiche na-ezighi ezi bụ na isi sunflower na-agbaso anyanwụ gafee mbara igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-egosipụta omume a, isi okooko osisi tozuru etozu na-egosi n'otu ụzọ (na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ) n'ụbọchị niile.<ref name="Hangarter">"Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|title=Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523191033/http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|archivedate=2013-05-23}}</ref> Echiche na-ezighi ezi ochie a bụ nke onye England na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ John Gerard, onye na-akụ sunflowers n'ogige ahịhịa ya a ma ama, na-arụ ụka na 1597: "[ụfọdụ] kọrọ na ọ ga-agbanye na Anyanwụ, nke m na-enweghị ike ịhụ, ọ bụ ezie na m gbalịrị ịchọpụta eziokwu nke ya. "<ref name="Gerard1597">{{Cite book|author=Gerard|first=John|title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|publisher=John Norton|location=London|year=1597|pages=612–614|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748|accessdate=2012-08-08}}</ref> Nhazi ejiji nke isi sunflower n'ọhịa nwere ike inye ụfọdụ ndị echiche na-ezighị ezi na okooko osisi na-agbaso anyanwụ. Nhazi a sitere na heliotropism na ọkwa mmepe mbụ, ọkwa okooko osisi na-eto eto, tupu ntozu oke nke isi okooko osisi (anthesis).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/sunflower/|title=Sunflower, Developmental stages (life cycle)|work=GeoChemBio website|accessdate=8 August 2012|archivedate=27 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127144105/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/sunflower/}}</ref> Sunflowers na-etolite etolite na-eche onwe ha n'akụkụ anyanwụ. N'isi ụtụtụ, isi okooko osisi ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ụbọchị niile. Mgbe sunflower ruru ogo zuru oke, ha anaghịzi eso anyanwụ, ma na-ele anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-agbanwe n'abalị iji chee ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-atụ anya ụtụtụ. Mgbanwe heliotropic ha bụ rhythm circadian, nke anyanwụ na-arụkọ ọrụ, nke na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụrụ na anyanwụ apụọ n'ụbọchị igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ n'ịkwaga osisi n'ìhè mgbe niile.<ref name=":0"/> Ha nwere ike ịchịkwa ụda circadian ha na nzaghachi maka ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke isi iyi ìhè na-ewepụta.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụgharị osisi sunflower na ọkwa bud 180°, bud ga-esi n'anyanwụ pụọ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole, dịka resynchronization na anyanwụ na-ewe oge.<ref name="HäderLebert2001">{{Cite book|author=Donat-Peter Häder|title=Photomovement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nevsljDiCYC&pg=PA673|accessdate=15 August 2010|year=2001|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-50706-8|pages=673–}}</ref> Mgbe uto nke okooko osisi kwụsịrị nakwa mgbe okooko osisi ahụ tozuru etozu, heliotropism na-akwụsịkwa, okooko mmiri ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu. Ntụziaka ọwụwa anyanwụ a na-enye ohere okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ụtụtụ na, n'ihi ya, mmụba nke nleta pollinator.<ref name=":0"/> Sunflowers enweghị pulvinus n'okpuru okooko ha. Pulvinus bụ akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ahịhịa akwụkwọ (petiole) nke ụdị osisi ụfọdụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'njikọ'. Ọ na-eme ka akwụkwọ na-agagharị n'ihi mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe na nrụgide turgor, nke na-eme n'enweghị uto. Akwụkwọ osisi na-emechi emechi bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke mmegharị akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe site na pulvinuli. === Nhazi nke okooko osisi === [[Usòrò:SunflowerModel.svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SunflowerModel.svg/220px-SunflowerModel.svg.png|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ihe nlereanya Vogel maka n=1 ... 500]] N'ozuzu, a na-eche floret ọ bụla ihu na nke na-esote site na ihe dịka oghere ọla edo, 137.5°, na-emepụta usoro nke njikọ njikọ, ebe ọnụọgụ nke okirikiri aka ekpe na ọnụọgụ okirikiri ziri ezi bụ ọnụọgụ Fibonacci na-esochi. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, e nwere spirals dị ịrị atọ na anọ n'otu akụkụ na ịrị ise na ise n'akụkụ nke ọzọ; Otú ọ dị, n'isi sunflower buru ibu, enwere ike inwe ịrị asatọ na itoolu n'otu ụzọ nakwa otú narị na iri anọ na anọ n'akụkụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gO2sBp4ipQC&q=large-sunflower+spirals+144+89&pg=RA1-PA217|title=John A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-691-11429-3|year=2003|author=Adam|first=John A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat2.html#demos|title=R. Knott, Interactive demos|publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk|date=2009-02-12|accessdate=2011-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916234127/http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat2.html#demos|archivedate=2009-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html|title=R. Knott, Fibonacci in plants|publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk|date=2010-10-30|accessdate=2011-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907063800/http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html|archivedate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Usoro a na-emepụta nkwakọba mkpụrụ kachasị mma n'ime isi okooko osisi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_VMeAToefwC&q=fibonacci+packing+efficiency&pg=PA154|title=Introduction to landscape design - Google Books|date=2000-08-25|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-471-35291-4|author=Motloch|first=John L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/phyllotaxissyste0000jean|quote=fibonacci packing efficiency.|title=Phyllotaxis|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-521-40482-2|author=Jean|first=Roger V|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html|title=Parastichy pair(13:21) of CYCAS REVOLUTA (male) florets_WebCite|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003194946/http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html|archivedate=October 3, 2009}}</ref> H. Vogel chepụtara ihe nlereanya maka ụkpụrụ nke okooko osisi n'isi nke sunflower na 1979.<ref> {{Cite journal|author=Vogel|first=H|title=A better way to construct the sunflower head|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematical-biosciences_1979-06_44_3-4/page/179|journal=Mathematical Biosciences|issue=3–4|pages=179–189|year=1979|doi=10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4|volume=44}}</ref> A na-egosipụta nke a na polar coordinates : <math>r=c \sqrt{n},</math> : <math>\theta=n \times 137.5^{\circ},</math> ebe θ bụ akụkụ (angle), ''r'' bụ radius ma ọ bụ ịdị anya site n'etiti, na n bụ nọmba ndepụta nke floret na ''c'' bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụ ụdị nke Fermat's spiral. Ogologo 137.5° nwere njikọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla edo (55/144 nke oghere okirikiri, ebe 55 na 144 bụ nọmba Fibonacci) ma na-enye nkwakọba nke florets. A na-eji ihe nlereanya a eme ihe iji mepụta ihe ngosi kọmputa nke sunflowers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prusinkiewicz|first=Przemyslaw|authorlink=Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz|title=The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101 101–107]|url=https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101|isbn=978-0-387-97297-8}}</ref> == Nkesa na ebe obibi == A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Sunflowers na-eto nke ọma n'ala na-eme nri, nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na'ala na'ala dị arọ. Ha na-apụtakarị n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ala ugwu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Spellenberg|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/378/|title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region|publisher=Knopf|year=2001|isbn=978-0-375-40233-3|edition=rev|pages=378–379|origdate=1979}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ihe egwu na ọrịa === Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe egwu ndị sunflowers na-eche ihu taa bụ ''Fusarium'', ọrịa fungus nke a na-ahụkarị n'ala na osisi. Ọ bụ pathogen nke kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ kpatara mmebi na mfu nke ihe ọkụkụ sunflower, ụfọdụ dị ka pasent ịrị asatọ nke ihe ọkpọ mebiri emebi.<ref name="Gontcharov, SV. Antonova 2006">Gontcharov, SV. </ref> Downy mildew bụkwa ọrịa ọzọ nke sunflowers nwere ike ibute. Mmetụta ya na downy mildew dị elu n'ihi ụzọ sunflower si etolite etolite. A na-akụkarị mkpụrụ Sunflower naanị otu sentimita n'ime ala. Mgbe a na-akụ ihe dị otú ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ala mmiri na-adịghị, ọ na-eme ka ohere nke ọrịa dịka downy mildew dịkwuo elu. Ihe egwu ọzọ nke na-eche ihe ọkụkụ sunflower ịhụ bụ broomrape, nje na-awakpo mgbọrọgwụ sunflower ma na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu na ihe ọkụkụ Sunflower, ruo pasent otu nari.<ref>Encheva, J. Christov, M and Shindrova, P. Developing Mutant Sunflower Line (Helianthus Annuus L.) By Combined Used Of Classical Method With Induced Mutagenesis and Embryo Culture Method. </ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == N'ịkụ mkpụrụ ahịa, a -akụ mkpụrụ cm (1½) iche na 2.5 cm (1in) n'omimi. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Common sunflower bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ osisi ndị American Indian na-akụ na North America dị ka akụkụ nke Eastern Agricultural Complex. Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya na mbụ a zụlitere sunflower n'ụlọ n'ihe bụ ugbu a ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ US, ihe dị ka afọ pụkụ ise gara aga, enwere ihe akaebe na a zụchara ya na Mexico n'ihe dị ka 2600 BCE.<ref>Blackman et al. (2011). </ref><ref>Lentz et al. (2008). </ref> A chọtara ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na Tabasco, Mexico, na ebe a na-egwu San Andres. A chọtara ihe atụ ndị mbụ a maara na US nke sunflower zuru oke na Tennessee, ma malite n'ihe dị ka 2300 BCE.<ref>Rieseberg, Loren H., et al. (2004). </ref> Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ dị nnọọ mmalite sitere na ebe mgbaba nkume dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Kentucky.<ref>Henderson & Pollack (2012). </ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala America jiri sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke chi anyanwụ ha, gụnyere ndị Aztec na Otomi nke Mexico na ndị Inca na South America. N'afọ 1510, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na mba Spain zutere sunflower na Amerịka wee buru mkpụrụ ya laghachi Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Putt, E.D.|title=Sunflower Technology and Production|publisher=American Society of Agronomy|year=1997|editor=A.A. Schneiter|series=Agronomy Series|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=1–19|chapter=Early history of sunflower}}</ref> N'ime osisi anọ a maara na a zụlitere ha n'ụlọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America ma ghọọ ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo, sunflower bụ ihe kachasị mkpa ugbu a na akụ na ụba.<ref>Smith (2006). </ref> Nnyocha nke mmekọrịta phylogeographic na usoro ọnụọgụ mmadụ gafee sunflowers egosila na sunflowters a zụlitere n'oge gara aga na-emepụta otu clade site na ndị ọhịa si na Great Plains, nke na-egosi na e nwere otu ihe omume domestication na etiti North America. N'ịgbaso mmalite nke sunflower a na-akụ, ọ nwere ike ịgafe nnukwu nsogbu nke malitere na ~ afọ pụkụ ise gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Brian|date=March 2020|title=Phylogeography and the Evolutionary History of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Wild Diversity and the Dynamics of Domestication|journal=Genes|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=266|doi=10.3390/genes11030266|pmid=32121324}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị na-eme nchọpụta si America weta ụdị ihe ọkụkụ mbụ na Europe.<ref name="Hancock2012">{{Cite book|author=Hancock|first=J.F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHaEWvR1uMC|title=Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species|publisher=CABI Pub.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-85199-874-9|accessdate=2022-04-07}}</ref> A chọtawo mkpụrụ sunflower n'ụlọ na Mexico, nke malitere na 2100 BCE. Ụmụ amaala America na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ọkụkụ site na Mexico ruo Southern Canada.<ref name="Hancock2012" /> E webatara ha na Alaeze Ukwu Russia, ebe ndị na-akọ mkpụrụ mmanụ dị, a na-emepụta okooko osisi ma na-etolite ha n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Alaeze Ukwu Russia weghachiri usoro ịzụlite mmanụ a na North America n'etiti narị afọ nke 20; North America malitere oge azụmahịa ha nke mmepụta na ịzụlite sunflower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Atamian|first=Hagop S.|date=2016-08-05|title=Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits|journal=Science|language=en|volume=353|issue=6299|pages=587–590|doi=10.1126/science.aaf9793|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27493185|url=https://zenodo.org/record/889822}}</ref> Ụdị ọhụrụ nke ''Helianthus spp''. malitere ịghọ ndị a ma ama na mpaghara ọhụrụ. N'ime narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, iji mmanụ sunflower ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na Russia, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị otu Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị abụba sitere na osisi ka a na-ekwe ka ọ dị n'oge Lent, dịka omenala ibu ọnụ si dị.<ref>SUNFLOWERS: The Secret History. (2007). </ref> Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye ahịa aha ya bụ Daniil Bokaryov, onye mepụtara teknụzụ dabara adaba maka nnukwu nchọpụta ya, wee gbasaa ngwa ngwa. Akara agha obodo ahụ gụnyere onyinyo nke sunflower kemgbe ahụ. === Mmepụta === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:14em; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" |Mmepụta mkpụrụ nke sunflower 2020 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;" |Mba ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;" |<small>(Ọtụtụ nde tọn)</small> |- | Russia |13.3 |- | Ukraine |13.1 |- | Argentina |3.2 |- | China |2.4 |- | Romania |2.2 |- | Turkey |2.1 |- | United States |1.4 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''50.2''' |- | colspan="2" |<small>Ebe e si nweta ya</small>: FAOSTAT <small>nke</small> United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Production of sunflower seeds in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|accessdate=13 March 2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke mkpụrụ sunflower bụ nde tọn ịrị ise, nke Russia na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] duziri na pasent ịrị ise na atọ jikọtara ọnụ nke ngụkọta (tebụl). === Iji fatịlaịza eme ihe === Ndị na-eme nchọpụta enyochaala mmetụta nke fatịlaịza nitrogen dị iche iche na uto nke sunflowers. Achọpụtara na ammonium nitrate na-emepụta nitrogen absorption ka mma karịa urea, nke na-arụ ọrụ ka mma na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spinelli|first=D|year=2017|title=Environmental analysis of sunflower production with different forms of mineral nitrogen fertilizers|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/138249/1/2015AA039.pdf|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|volume=22|issue=4|pages=492–501|doi=10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6|pmid=23974447}}</ref> === Mmepụta na Brazil === Na Brazil, a na-eji usoro mmepụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ usoro soybean-sunflower: a na-akụ sunflowers mbụ, mgbe ahụ, ihe ọkụkụ soybean na-esote, na-ebelata oge na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma na-abawanye mmepụta na uru zuru ezu nke sunflower. A na-akụkarị okooko osisi na mpaghara ndịda ma ọ bụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Ugboro ugboro, na mpaghara ndịda, a na-akụ sunflowers na mmalite oge mmiri ozuzo, a pụkwara ịkụ soybeans n'oge ọkọchị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=C.|year=2018|title=Main aspects of sunflower production in Brazil|url=https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2018/01/ocl170047.pdf|journal=Ocl|volume=25|pages=D104|doi=10.1051/ocl/2017056|id={{ProQuest|2036361008}}}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuola na usoro ịkụ mkpụrụ soybean-sunflower nwere ike imeziwanye site na mgbanwe na ojiji fatịlaịza. E gosipụtara usoro dị ugbu a na ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mastuura|first=M. I. S. F.|year=2017|title=Life-cycle assessment of the soybean-sunflower production system in the Brazilian Cerrado|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/138249/1/2015AA039.pdf|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|volume=22|issue=4|pages=492–501|doi=10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6}}</ref> === Hybrids na cultivars === N'ahịa taa, ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụ sunflower nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nyere ma ọ bụ zụlite bụ ngwakọta. A na-emepụta ngwakọta ma ọ bụ ngwakọta sunflowers site na ịgwakọta ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a zụlitere sunflowters na ụdị ọhịa. Site n'ime nke a, a na-enweta ngwakọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ na-eduga na mmepụta nke ụdị ngwakọta ọhụrụ. Ụdị ngwakọta ndị a na-enwekarị ahụike dị elu ma na-ebu ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ, dị ka iguzogide pathogens.<ref name="Gontcharov, SV. Antonova 2006">Gontcharov, SV. </ref> Hybrid, ''Helianthus annuus dwarf2'' enweghị hormone gibberellin ma ọ naghị egosi omume heliotropic. Osisi ndị a gwọrọ site na itinye hormone n'èzí na-egosipụta mweghachi nwa oge nke usoro uto ogologo. Usoro uto a belatara site na pasent ịrị atọ na ise ka otu izuuka ma ọ bụ izuuka abụọ mgbe ọgwụgwọ ikpeazụ gasịrị.<ref name=":0"/> Mgbasa nwoke na-amị mkpụrụ na nwoke na-eme nri nke na-egosipụta ọdịiche nwere obere crossover nke nleta aṅụ. Ihe ngosi mmetụta dị ka ísì ntụ ntụ, dayameta nke isi mkpụrụ, na ịdị elu nwere ike imetụta nleta pollinator nke pollinators na-egosipụta usoro omume na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=Cinthia Susic|date=2016-03-01|title=Honeybee floral constancy and pollination efficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) crops for hybrid seed production|journal=Apidologie|language=en|volume=47|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1007/s13592-015-0384-8|issn=0044-8435}}</ref> A na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ụlọ. N'ịbụ ndị dị mfe itolite ma na-emepụta ihe dị egwu na ala ọ bụla dị mma, nke na-ekpo ọkụ n'anyanwụ zuru oke, ha bụ ihe kachasị amasị ụmụaka. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke cultivars, nke nha na agba dịgasị iche iche, dị ugbu a iji too site na mkpụrụ. Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụdị nke sunflowers (ndị akara enwetala onyinye Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):-<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 2017|title=AGM Plants - Ornamental|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2018|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref>  <gallery widths="180px" heights="120px"> Helianthus annuus prado red.jpg|Praado Red Sunflower3-2012.jpg|Mammoth Russian Helianthus annuus (cultivar) 02.jpg|Teddy Bear </gallery> == Ojiji == A na-ere "mkpụrụ osisi zuru ezu" (mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka nri dị mfe, na-esighị esi ma ọ bụ mgbe a gbasịrị ya n'ọkụ, na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnu na / ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike ịhazi sunflowers ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ a na-akpọ peanut butter, sunflower butter. A na-erekwa ya dị ka nri maka nnụnụ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo na nri na salad. Ụmụ amaala America nwere ọtụtụ ojiji maka sunflowers n'oge gara aga, dị ka na achịcha, mmanụ ọgwụ, ihe na-acha odo odo na ihe na-ete ahụ.<ref>Pelczar, Rita. (1993) The Prodigal Sunflower. </ref> A na-eji mmanụ sunflower, nke a na-ewepụta na mkpụrụ, esi nri, dị ka mmanụ na-ebu ibu na iji mepụta margarine na biodiesel, ebe ọ dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ oliv. Ụdị dị iche iche nke sunflower dị na ihe dị iche iche dị na abụba acid; ụfọdụ ụdị "high-oleic" nwere ọkwa dị elu nke abụba monounsaturated na mmanụ ha karịa ọbụna mmanụ oliv. A na-ejikwa mmanụ ahụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na ncha.<ref name="Audubon">{{Cite book|author=Niering|first=William A.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region|year=1985|origyear=1979|publisher=Knopf|isbn=0-394-50432-1}}</ref> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, n'oge Agha Obodo Russia, ndị mmadụ nọ na Ukraine jiri mmanụ mkpụrụ sunflower mee ihe na oriọna dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya kerosene n'ihi ụkọ. A kọwawo ìhè sitere na oriọna dị otú ahụ dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya" na "ihe na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ".<ref>Neufeld, Dietrich. </ref> A na-eji achịcha fọdụrụ mgbe emechara mkpụrụ maka mmanụ dị ka nri anụ ụlọ.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2016. </ref> A pụkwara inye anụ ụlọ mkpokoro ndị sitere na mkpochapụ nke mkpụrụ tupu ewepụta mmanụ.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. </ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị ndị e mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere isi na-ada ada. Ụdị osisi ndị a anaghị adọrọ mmasị ndị na-elekọta ubi na-akụ okooko osisi dị ka osisi ịchọ mma, mana ha na-amasị ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi na ha na-ebelata mmebi nnụnụ na ọnwụ site na ọrịa ụfọdụ osisi. Sunflowers na-emepụta latex, ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke nnwale iji melite iru eru ha dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ maka ịmepụta rọba hypoallergenic. Dị ka omenala si dị, ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị American Indian kụrụ sunflowers n'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ha dị ka "nwanne nwanyị nke anọ" maka ụmụnne nwanyị atọ a maara nke ọma nke ọka, agwa, na squash. A na-akụkarị ụdị kwa afọ maka ihe onwunwe allelopathic ha. Ndị American Indian jikwa ya mee ihe iji kpuchie ntutu isi.<ref name="Audubon"/> N'etiti ndị Zuni, onye dọkịta na-ata mgbọrọgwụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke kpọrọ nkụ tupu ọ mịnye nsí site na agwọ ma tinye ọgwụ na ọnyá ahụ.<ref>Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye (1980) A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico. </ref> A na-etinye ihe mgbochi a nke mgbọrọgwụ na ọtụtụ ememe iji taa agwọ.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. </ref> Otú ọ dị, maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewere sunflower ọhịa dị ka ahịhịa. Karịsịa na Midwestern US, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhịa (na-adịgide adịgide) n'ubi ọka na soybean ma nwee ike belata ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa mbelata nke mmepụta na mmepụta nke phenolic compounds nke a na-eji belata asọmpi maka ihe oriri na mpaghara na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke sunflower nkịtị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Irons|first=Stephen M.|date=1982|title=Competitive and Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4043628|journal=Weed Science|volume=30|issue=4|pages=372–377|doi=10.1017/S0043174500040789|issn=0043-1745}}</ref> Enwere ike iji Sunflowers mee ihe na phytoremediation iji wepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu n'ala, dị ka ọdu, arsenic na uranium, ma jiri ya mee ihe na rhizofiltration iji gbochie radionuclides na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu mgbu na nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ site na mmiri. E ji ha wepụ caesium-137 na strontium-90 n'ọdọ mmiri dị nso mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl gasịrị, a rụkwara mkpọsa yiri nke ahụ iji meghachi omume na ọdachi nuklia Fukushima Daiichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110624/wl_asia_afp/japandisasteraccidentnuclearsunflowers|title=Sunflowers to clean radioactive soil in Japan|author=AFP|publisher=Yahoo News|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunflowers melt Fukushima's nuclear "snow"|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-disaster-sunflowers-idUSTRE77I0PG20110819|accessdate=22 January 2012|work=Reuters|date=19 August 2011|author=Antoni Slodkowski}}</ref><gallery widths="180px" heights="120px"> Sunflower Seeds Kaldari.jpg|Mkpụrụ e wepụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ (n'aka ekpe) na mkpokoro (n'akụkụ aka nri) SunflowerYield.png|Mmepụta nke sunflower n'ụwa niile Helianthus whorl.jpg|Isi na-egosipụta okooko osisi na-agba gburugburu nke 34 na 55 gburugburu n'èzí Helianthus annuus pollen 1.jpg|Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo </gallery> == Omenala == [[Usòrò:Anthony van Dyck - Self-portrait with a Sunflower.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg/220px-Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg|thumb|Anthony van Dyck na sunflower (ihe dị ka )]] [[Usòrò:Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg/170px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg|thumb|[[Vincent van Gogh]] "Lausanne" Sunflowers (1888)]] N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ekwere na osisi ndị dị nso nke ụdị ahụ ga-echebe ụlọ pụọ na ịba.<ref name="Audubon"/> Ndị Zuni na-eji okooko osisi eme ememe maka ofufe mmadụ.<ref>Stevenson, p.93</ref> Ndị Inca na-efekwa okooko osisi anyanwụ ofufe n'ihi na ha lere ya anya dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka Anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Symbolism & the Meaning of Sunflowers in the Language of Flowers|url=http://livingartsoriginals.com/flower-sunflower.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218225800/http://www.livingartsoriginals.com/flower-sunflower.htm|archivedate=2014-02-18|accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> Sunflower bụ okooko osisi mba nke Ukraine. N'oge mwakpo Russia na Ukraine na 2022, vidiyo a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta gosipụtara otu nwanyị Ukraine na-eche onye agha Russia ihu, na-agwa onye agha Russia ka ọ " were mkpụrụ ndị a tinye ha n'akpa gị ka ọ dịkarịa ala, sunflowers wee too mgbe ị niile dina ebe a".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Ukrainian woman offers seeds to Russian soldiers so 'sunflowers grow when they die' – video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/feb/25/ukrainian-woman-sunflower-seeds-russian-soldiers-video|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Sunflower aghọwo ihe nnọchianya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nguzogide, ịdị n'otu, na olileanya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2022|title=The sunflower, Ukraine's national flower, is becoming a global symbol of solidarity|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/02/ukraine-sunflower-solidarity-russia-war/|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Sunflower bụkwa okooko osisi steeti nke steeti US nke [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], na otu n'ime okooko osisi obodo nke Kitakyūshū, [[Japan]].<ref name=":1"/> Okooko osisi ndị ahụ bụ isiokwu nke usoro [[Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van]] Gogh's <nowiki><i id="mwAds">Sunflowers</i></nowiki> nke ihe osise ndụ nwụrụ anwụ. N'ime ngwụcha senchiri nke irí na itoolu, a na-eji okooko osisi ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Aesthetic Movement. A na-ejikarị sunflower eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke echiche akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Sunflower bụkwa ihe nnọchianya nke Vegan Society. A họọrọ sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Chọọchị Spiritualist maka ọtụtụ ihe, mana karịsịa n'ihi na ọ na-eche ihu n'anyanwụ ka "Spiritualism na-eche n'ìhè nke eziokwu". Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ n'isiokwu ahụ, nke a bụ n'ezie, ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ndị mmụọ nke oge a na-enwekarị nka ma ọ bụ ọla nwere atụmatụ sunflower.<ref>Awtry-Smith, Marilyn J. The Symbol of Spiritualism: The Sunflower. </ref> Sunflower bụ akara dị n'azụ Sunflower Movement, ngagharị iwe nke afọ 2014 na Taiwan. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a nwetara mkpụrụ dị mma n'ọhịa ebe Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 dara n'otu afọ gara aga ma zụlite ya iji kwanyere ndị Dutch ịrị na ise bi na Hilversum nwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/17/mh17-dutch-victims-hilversum-sunflowers|title=Dutch town hard hit by MH17 disaster remembers victims with sunflowers|work=The Guardian|date=17 July 2015|accessdate=30 May 2021}}</ref> Na mbido afọ ahụ, onye isi na-ede akwụkwọ na Fairfax bụ Paul McGeough na onye na-ese foto bụ Kate Geraghty anakọtara 1.5 kilogram nke mkpụrụ sunflower site na ebe ahụ kpuru maka ezinụlọ na ndị enyi nke ndị Australia 38 nwụrụ, bụ ndị bu n'obi inye ha akara olileanya na-emetụ n'ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2015/planting-hope/|title=Planting hope|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2015|accessdate=30 May 2021}}</ref> Na Mee 13, 2021, n'oge asọmpi ejiji mba nke asọmpi ịma mma nke Miss Universe 2020, Miss Dominican Republic Kimberly Jiménez yi uwe "Goddess of Sunflowers" nke e ji ọla edo na odo rhinestones kpuchie nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ezigbo sunflowers a dụkọtara n'elu ákwà ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ha dara ma dina n'azụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu n'oge ọ na-eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dominicanrepubliclive.com/culture/kimberly-jimenez-parades-in-the-typical-sunflower-costume-at-the-miss-universe-pre-message-gala/|title=Kimberly Jiménez parades in the typical sunflower costume at the Miss Universe pre-message gala|date=13 May 2021|accessdate=12 September 2022|archivedate=1 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701111035/https://dominicanrepubliclive.com/culture/kimberly-jimenez-parades-in-the-typical-sunflower-costume-at-the-miss-universe-pre-message-gala/}}</ref> Akụkọ nke oge a na-ekwukarị na n'akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, nymph Clytie gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ sunflower mgbe ọ na-achọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Helios, chi anyanwụ, onye jụrụ ya ma hapụ ya maka onye ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, sunflowers abụghị nke [[Greece|Gris]] ma ọ bụ [[Italy|Ịtali]], kama na North America.<ref>[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024005 Flora of North America: Common sunflower], [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HEAN3 Helianthus annuus L.]</ref> Akụkọ mbụ bụ banyere okooko osisi ọzọ, heliotropium.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ovid|title=[[Metamorphoses]]: Books 1-8|year=1977|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674990463|pages=Book iv, lines 190–283}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta === * Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R. (18 May 2001). "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5520/1370 Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica]". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', '''292'''(5520):1370–1373. * Shosteck, Robert (1974) ''Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes''. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. ISBN: 9780812904536. * {{cite web|last=Wood|first=Marcia. |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun02/rubber0602.htm |title=Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research.|publisher=USDA |date=June 2002 |access-date=2011-01-31}} ==Njikọ mpụga== * [http://www.sunflowernsa.com National Sunflower Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120820112751/http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/soybeans-oil-crops/sunflowerseed.aspx Sunflowerseed]—USDA Economic Research Service. Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports. * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sunflower.html Sunflower cultivation]—New Crop Resource Online Program, Purdue University [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 90cudb532n295yztrjvut07ga7zne5k 0 19654 697875 673862 2026-08-10T09:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697875 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above cultivar" style="background:palegreen;" |Cauliflower |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chou-fleur_02.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Cauliflower, cultivar unknown</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;" |[[Species]] | class="infobox-data binominal" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;" |''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;" |[[Cultivar group]] | class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;" |Botrytis Group |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;" |Origin | class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;" |Northeast Mediterranean |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;" |Cultivar&nbsp;group members | class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;" |Many; see text. |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] [[Usòrò:Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg/150px-Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|234x234px|Osisi Cauliflower na-eto n'ebe a na-azụ ụmụ]] '''Cauliflower''' bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri n'ụdị ''Brassica oleracea'' na ụdị ''Brassica'', nke dị na ezinụlọ Brassicaceae (ma ọ bụ mustard). Ọ bụ osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke na-amụba site na mkpụrụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị isi ka a na-eri anụ na-acha ọcha a na-akpọ "curd" mgbe ụfọdụ (nke yiri cheese curd).<ref name="ume">{{Cite web|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/|title=Growing broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower in Minnesota|publisher=University of Minnesota Extension, Garden – Growing Vegetables|author=Vincent A. Fritz|date=2017|accessdate=26 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227153004/http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/|archivedate=27 February 2017}}</ref> Isi cauliflower nwere okooko osisi na-acha ọcha. Isi Cauliflower yiri nke broccoli, nke dị iche n'inwe okooko osisi dị ka akụkụ a na-eri eri. ''Brassica oleracea'' gụnyekwara broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard greens, na kale, nke a na-akpọ "cole" ihe ọkụkụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha sitere n'ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="umass">{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/cabbage-broccoli-cauliflower-other-brassica-crops|title=Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Other Brassica Crops|publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA|date=14 January 2013|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Pliny the Elder gụnyere cyma n'etiti osisi ndị a kụrụ ''akụ'' ọ kọwara na Natural History: "''Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma''," ("N'ime ụdị cabbage niile, nke kachasị amasị ya bụ ''cyma''").<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pliny (the Elder)|editor=Weise|title=Historiae Naturalis Libri XX|date=1841|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrFXAAAAcAAJ|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Rackham|title=Pliny's Natural History|date=1949|chapterurl=http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XX|accessdate=1 July 2015|chapter=XXXV}}</ref> Nkọwa Pliny nwere ike na-ezo aka n'isi okooko osisi nke ụdị ''Brassica oleracea'' a zụlitere na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crozier|first=Arthur Alger|title=The Cauliflower|date=1891|publisher=Register Publishing Co.|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|url=https://archive.org/details/cauliflower00crozgoog}}</ref> N'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, a na-ejikọta ụdị cauliflower na agwaetiti Saịprọs, na ndị botanist Arab nke senchiri nke irí na abụọ na nke ịrị na atọ a kpọrọ Ibn al-'Awwam na Ibn al-Baitar, na-azọrọ na mmalite ya bụ Saịpris.<ref name="AggieHorticulture">{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|work=Aggie Horticulture|publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System|accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fenwick|first=G. Roger|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|date=1982|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|pmid=6337782}}</ref> Njikọ a gara n'ihu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ebe a na-akpọ cauliflowers mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Cyprus [[wiktionary:colewort|colewort]], ma enwere azụmahịa dị ukwuu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe na mkpụrụ cauliflower sitere na Saịprọs, n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị French Lusignan nke agwaetiti ahụ, ruo na narị afọ nke iri na isii.<ref>Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41</ref> François Pierre La Varenne jiri ''chouxfleurs'' mee ihe na Le cuisinier françois. A kpọbatara ha na France site na Genoa na narị afọ nke iri na isii, a na-egosikwa ha na Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), dị ka ''cauli-fiori'' "dị ka ndị Itali na-akpọ ya, nke ka dị obere na France; ha nwere ọnọdụ dị ùgwù n'ogige ahụ n'ihi ịdị ụtọ ha", mana ha anaghị apụta na nnukwu tebụl ruo n'oge Louis nke iri na anọ. Ndị Britain webatara ya na India n'afọ 1822.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vegetable Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|pages=209}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu ahụ bụ "cauliflower" sitere na Italian ''cavolfiore'', nke pụtara "flowers cabbage".<ref>{{Cite web|title=cauliflower|url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/cauliflower|work=WordReference.com Dictionary of English|accessdate=4 June 2018|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155314/http://www.wordreference.com/definition/cauliflower}}</ref> Mmalite kachasị nke aha ahụ sitere na okwu Latin ''caulis'' (cabbage) na ''flōs'' (flowers).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cauliflower|title=Cauliflower: definition|publisher=[[Reference.com]]|accessdate=22 November 2008|year=2006}}</ref> == Ịkpa ubi == [[Usòrò:Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg/300px-Orange_and_Purple_Cauliflower.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ọla na-acha odo odo nke cauliflower]] Cauliflower siri ike izulite ma e jiri ya tụnyere cabbage, yana nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka isi na-etoghi eto na àgwà curd na-adịghị mma.<ref name="umass"/> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === N'ihi na ihu igwe bụ ihe na-egbochi mmepụta cauliflower, osisi ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ dị n'ehihie 21 - 29°C (70 - 85°F), na ọtụtụ anyanwụ, na ọnọdụ ala mmiri dị elu na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ala ájá.<ref name="ume"/> Oge kachasị eto maka cauliflower bụ izu asaa ruo ịzụ ịrị na abụọ site n'ụbọchị nzọgharị.<ref name="umass"/> N'ebe ugwu, oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na July nwere ike ime ka owuwe ihe ubi tupu oge oyi.<ref name="ume" /> Ogologo oge nke anwụ na-achasi ike n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka isi cauliflower na-acha uhie uhie.<ref name="ume"/> === Ịgha mkpụrụ na ịgha mkpụrụ === Enwere ike ịmepụta cauliflowers a na-etinye n'ime akpa dị ka flats, hotbeds, ma ọ bụ n'ọhịa. N'ime ala nke -adọbaghị, nke na-agbanye mmiri nke ọma ma na-eme nri, a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi n'ọhịa otu sentimita (⁄½ in) ma na-agbatị site na ohere zuru oke nke ihe dị ka osisi ịrị na abụọ kwa sentimita ịrị atọ (½ in).<ref name="ume"/> Okpomọkụ na-eto eto bụ ihe dị ka 18 °C (65°F) mgbe mkpụrụ dị ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na ise ruo ụbọchị ịrị atọ na ise.<ref name="ume" /> Mmetụta nke fatịlaịza na-eto eto na-amalite mgbe akwụkwọ na-apụta, na-ejikarị ihe ngwọta mmalite kwa izu. Ịgha mkpụrụ n'ọhịa na-amalite n'oge opupu ihe ubi ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ruo n'etiti oge okpomọkụ. Ogologo ahịrị bụ ihe dị ka 38 - 46 cm (15 - 18 in). Uto ngwa ngwa nke ahịhịa mgbe a gbasịrị ya nwere ike irite uru site na usoro ndị dị ka izere oyi oge opupu ihe ubi, iji ihe ngwọta mmalite dị elu na phosphorus, ịgba mmiri kwa izu, na itinye fatịlaịza.<ref name="ume"/> === Nsogbu, ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọrịa === Nsogbu kachasị mkpa na-emetụta àgwà cauliflower bụ ogwe oghere, uto isi ma ọ bụ bọtịnụ, ricing, browning na ọkụ ọkụ.<ref name="ume"/> N'etiti nnukwu ahụhụ na-emetụta cauliflower bụ aphids, mgbọrọgwụ, cutworms, ụkpara, na flea beetles.<ref name="umass"/> Osisi ahụ nwere ike ire ure ojii, ụkwụ ojii, mgbọrọgwụ klọb, ntụpọ akwụkwọ ojii, na downy mildew.<ref name="ume" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === Mgbe cauliflower tozuru, isi -apụta dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha, dị mkpirikpi, na 15-20 cm (6-8 in) n'obosara, a ga-emekwa ka ọ jụọ oyi n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name="ume"/> Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku dị jụụ iji wepụ okpomọkụ n'ọhịa n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nchekwa kachasị mma. Nchekwa nwa oge nwere ike site na iji ọnọdụ nchekwa dị jụụ, nke dị elu.<ref name="ume" /> === Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka a mịpụta ya === Ọtụtụ ụdị ụgbala, gụnyere ''Calliphora vomitoria'', bụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke cauliflower.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolf|first=Jan M. Van Der|date=2010|title=Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation|journal=Journal of Phytopathology|language=en|volume=158|issue=11–12|pages=726–732|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01690.x|issn=1439-0434}}</ref> == Nchịkọta na njirimara == E nwere nnukwu ìgwè anọ nke cauliflower.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crisp, P.|title=The use of an evolutionary scheme for cauliflowers in screening of genetic resources|journal=Euphytica|year=1982|volume=31|doi=10.1007/BF00039211|issue=3}}</ref> # Italian: Ụdị a dịgasị iche iche n'ọdịdị, nke na-eme ugboro abụọ na nke na-adị kwa afọ. Ìgwè a gụnyekwara ọcha, Romanesco, ụdị dị iche iche na-acha nchara nchara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, purple, na odo. Ụdị a bụ ụdị nna nna nke ndị ọzọ sitere na ya. # Northern European annuals: A na-eji ya na Europe na North America maka owuwe ihe ubi n'oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, e mepụtara ya na Germany na senchiri nke irí na asatọ ma gụnye ụdị ochie Erfurt na Snowball. # Northwest European biennial: A na-eji ya na Europe maka oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, e mepụtara nke a na France na senchiri nke irí na itoolu ma gụnye ụdị ochie Angers na Roscoff. # Eshia: Cauliflower nke a na-eji eme ihe na China na India, e mepụtara ya na India n'oge senchiri nke irí na itoolu site na ụdị Cornish a gbahapụrụ ugbu a ma gụnye ụdị ochie Early Benaras na Early Patna.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swarup, V.|title=Origin and genetic improvement of Indian cauliflower|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_october-december-1972_26_4/page/381|journal=Economic Botany|year=1972|volume=26|pages=381–393|doi=10.1007/BF02860710|issue=4}}</ref> === Ụdị dị iche iche === E nwere ọtụtụ narị ụdị azụmahịa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na-eji gburugburu ụwa. A na-edebe ndepụta zuru oke nke ihe dị ka ụdị ịrị asatọ nke North America na Mahadum [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] State.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Farnham, M.|url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/cauliflower.html|year=2007|title=Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America:Cauliflower|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> === Agba === ; Ọcha ọcha : Cauliflower ọcha bụ ụcha a na-ahụkarị nke caulifloor, nwere isi ọcha dị iche (nke a na-akpọkwa "curd") nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara gburugburu.<ref name="ume"/> ; Uhie-edo (Orange) : Cauliflower nwere beta-carotene dị ka ihe na-acha oroma, provitamin A compound. Omume uhie-edo a sitere n'okike a hụrụ n'ọhịa cauliflower na Canada.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dickson, M.H.|title=Orange-curd high carotene cauliflower inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165|journal=HortScience|year=1988|volume=23|pages=778–779}}</ref> Cultivars gụnyere 'Cheddar' na 'Orange Bouquet'. ; Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ : A na-akpọ cauliflower na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na B. oleracea Botrytis Group mgbe ụfọdụ broccoflower. Ọ dị n'ụdị curd (isi) nkịtị na fractal spiral curd a na-akpọ Romanesco broccoli. Ha abụọ anọwo na-ere ahịa na US na Europe kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990. Ụdị isi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gụnyere 'Alverda', 'Green Goddess' na 'Vorda'. Ụdị Romanesco gụnyere 'Minaret' na 'Veronica'. ; Anụnụ : Agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na cauliflower a sitere na ọnụnọ nke anthocyanins, ihe na-acha uhie uhie nke mmiri na-agbaze nke a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ osisi ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa ndị sitere na osisi, dị ka red cabbage na red wine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=179842|title=Toward Identification of the Candidate Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea L.'' var. ''botrytis'')|author=Chiu, L.|date=July 16, 2005|publisher=American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere 'Graffiti' na 'Purple Cape'. : Na Great Britain na ndịda [[Italy|Ịtali]], a na-ere broccoli nwere obere okooko osisi dị ka akwụkwọ nri n'okpuru aha "purple cauliflower"; ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ dị ka cauliflour nwere isi purple. <gallery mode="packed"> Usòrò:Cauliflower broccoflower.jpg|Cauliflower na-acha ọcha na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Usòrò:Cauliflower romanesco.JPG|Green Romanesco cauliflower Usòrò:7367-Brassica oleracea var. botrytis.JPG|Oroma cauliflower Usòrò:Purplec.png|Osisi cauliflower na-acha odo odo </gallery> == Mmepụta == {| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" |Mmepụta nke okooko osisi Cauliflower 2020 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:60%;" |Mba ! style="background:#ddf; width:40%;" |<small>Mmepụta (ọtụtụ nde tọn)<br /><br /><br /><br /></small> |- | China |9.5 |- | India |8.8 |- | United States |1.3 |- | Spain |0.7 |- | Mexico |0.7 |- | Italy |0.4 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''25.5''' |- | colspan="2" |<small>Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT nke United Nations<ref name="fao16">{{Cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|title=Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2016|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)|date=2016|accessdate=26 February 2017|archivedate=22 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E}}</ref></small> |} Na 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke cauliflowers (gwakọta maka akụkọ mmepụta na broccoli) bụ nde tọn ịrị abụọ na ise na ọkara, nke [[China]] na [[Ndia|India]] sotere. Ha nwere pasent ịrị asaa na abụọ nke ngụkọta ụwa.<ref name="fao16"/> Ndị na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ, na-enwe 0.4 - 1.3 nde tọn kwa afọ, bụ United States, [[Spain]], Mexico na Italy.<ref name="fao16" /> == Nri ==   Cauliflower ndụ bụ nwere mmiri dị pasent ịrị itoolu na abụọ, carbohydrates dị pasent ise, protein dị pasent abụọ ma nwee abụba na-enweghị isi (tebụl). Otu gram (3½-ounce) nke cauliflower na-enweghị isi na-enye 104 kilojoules (25 kilocalories) nke ike nri, ma nwee ọdịnaya dị elu (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke vitamin C (58% DV) na ọkwa dị mma nke ọtụtụ vitamin B na vitamin K (13 - 15% DV; tebụl). Ihe dị n'ime mineral ndị dị n'ihe oriri dị ala (7% DV ma ọ bụ obere). == Phytochemicals == Cauliflower nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ezinụlọ cabbage nke nọ n'okpuru nyocha mbụ maka ihe onwunwe ha nwere ike, gụnyere isothiocyanates na glucosinolates.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Breeding Science|year=2014|volume=64|issue=1|pages=48–59|doi=10.1270/jsbbs.64.48|title=Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables|pmid=24987290}}</ref> Ịsị ya n'ọkụ na-ebelata ọkwa nke glucosinolates cauliflower, ebe usoro isi nri ndị ọzọ, dị ka steaming, microwaving, na stir friing, enweghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ọkwa glucosinolate.<ref name="Nugrahedi">{{Cite journal|author=Nugrahedi|first=Probo Y.|title=A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|year=2015|issn=1040-8398|pmid=24915330|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076|pages=823–838|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227}}</ref> == Nri == Enwere ike isi cauliflower, sie ya, sie ya ọkụ, sie ya n'ọkụ, sie ya mmiri, sie ya na steam, sie ya mmanụ, ma ọ bụ rie ya na-enweghị isi. Mgbe a na-esi nri, a na-ewepụkarị akwụkwọ ndị dị n'èzí na ogwe osisi ndị dị arọ, na-ahapụ naanị okooko osisi (nke a na-eri eri "curd" ma ọ bụ "isi"). A na-eri akwụkwọ ya ma a na-atụfu ya mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Grout|first=B. W. W.|editor=Bajaj|title=Crops II|date=1988|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-73520-2|pages=211–225|chapter=Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''botrytis'' L.)|series=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73520-2_10}}</ref> Cauliflower bụ obere calorie, na-enweghị gluten ọzọ na osikapa na ntụ ọka. N'agbata afọ 2012 na 2016, mmepụta cauliflower na United States mụbara 63%, ahịa ngwaahịa ndị dabeere na caulifloor mụbara rụọ 71% n'agbata 2017 na 2018. A na-eme osikapa cauliflower site na ịpị okooko osisi caulifloor wee sie ya na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/4845148/cauliflower-rice-menu/|title=Why Cauliflower Is the New 'It' Vegetable|publisher=Time|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=July 14, 2017|author=Gajanan|first=Mahita|archivedate=June 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613165710/https://time.com/4845148/cauliflower-rice-menu/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delish.com/food/a28397861/will-cauliflower-trend-die/|title=Why Is Cauliflower Still Literally Everywhere?|publisher=Delish|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=July 15, 2019|author=Koman|first=Tess}}</ref> A na-eji okooko osisi cauliflower emepụta mkpo pizza caulifloor ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ pizza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/well/cauliflower-vegetables-rice-pasta-carbs-gluten.html|title=The Ascension of Cauliflower|work=New York Times|accessdate=December 12, 2019|date=June 8, 2018|author=O'Connor|first=Anahad}}</ref> Mashed cauliflower bụ ihe ọzọ na-enweghị carbohydrate karịa nduku esuru esu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindybrzostowski/2021/03/19/as-cauliflowers-popularity-holds-breadcrumb-alternative-cauli-crunch-enters-the-scene|title=As Cauliflower's Popularity Holds, Breadcrumb Alternative Cauli Crunch Enters The Scene|author=Brzostowski|first=Cindy|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 19, 2021|accessdate=March 26, 2021}}</ref> == Ọdịdị nke Fractal == Ndị na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ achọpụtala Cauliflower maka akụkụ ya dị iche iche, nke a gbakọrọ na ọ bụ ihe dịka 2.8.<ref>Walker, John. (2005-03-22) [http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/Romanesco/ Fractal Food]. Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.</ref><ref>[http://www.iwriteiam.nl/HaCF.html Description of the Julia sets of the cabbage fractal]. Iwriteiam.nl. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kim, Sang-Hoon|title=Fractal Structure of a White Cauliflower|journal=Journal of the Korean Physical Society|volume=46|issue=2|pages=474–477|url=http://icpr.snu.ac.kr/resource/wop.pdf/J01/2005/046/R02/J012005046R020474.pdf|year=2004}}</ref> Otu n'ime njirimara nke cauliflower bụ na alaka ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ "module", yiri cauliflour dum. Àgwà ọzọ, nke dịkwa na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ, bụ na oghere dị n'etiti "modules," ka ha na-adịwanye anya site n'etiti, bụ 360° nkewa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla edo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/30/AR2010033003408.html|title=Romanesco cauliflower is a striking example of fractals|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * '''''<small> [[:en:Portal:Food|Ebe a na-edebe nri]]</small>''''' {{Clear}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Sharma, S.R.|title=A review of hybrid cauliflower development|journal=Journal of New Seeds|year=2004|volume=6|doi=10.1300/J153v06n02_08|issue=2–3}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160210161136/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase na Brassica oleracea (cauliflower na broccoli)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513105622/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/2004/040412caulif.html Ọganihu nke Orange Cauliflower] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pdr7klaospk7jcfpwd49lvxblhnmdmk 0 20041 697601 97497 2026-08-10T03:47:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} J.N. Zarpas bụ ụlọ ọrụ njem nke Gris nke na-arụ ọrụ na [[Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] n'oge ọchịchị. Ọ bụ John Nicholas Zarpas guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 1929 ma na-achịkwa njem ọha na eze n'ime obodo ukwu ahụ site n'afọ 1933 ruo 1958.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osinulu|first=Damola|date=2008|title=Painters, Blacksmiths and Wordsmiths: Building Molues in Lagos|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-2008_41_3/page/46|journal=African Arts|volume=41|issue=3|pages=46}}</ref> Ọrụ Zarpas malitere dị ka ọrụ bọs n'etiti Lagos Island na Yaba Estate ọhụrụ site na [[Ebute Metta]]. Onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ụzọ ahụ site na ịzụta bọs Dennis. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ahụ na mbụ abaghị uru, Zarpas gbakwunyere ọdụ bọs ndị ọzọ iji mụbaa okporo ụzọ. Mmecha nke Carter Bridge n'afọ 1931 na mmụba nke njem gaa n'ala ahụ mere ka okporo ụzọ na akụnụba Zarpas dị mma. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwụ ụgwọ otu penny maka ọrụ mbụ ya ma ka ọ na-erule 1933 ọ na-enweta uru ma na-agbasawanye na ndị ọrụ mmadụ iri asaa na ise . Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbakwunyere ụgbọala Albion na ụgbọ mmiri ya wee gbakwunye ụzọ Lagos na [[Apapa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/20th-november-1936/46/british-buses-conque-african-swampland|title=BRITISH BUSES CONQUE AFRICAN SWAMPLAND|date=November 20, 1936|work=archive.commercialmotor.com|accessdate=2018-10-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ọrụ bọs mbụ malitere na Naịjirịa, Charlotte Obasa, nwa nwanyị nke R.B. Blaize na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na mbụ mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè Lagos mechiri.<ref name="ayo">{{Cite book|title=Infrastructure development and urban facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000|author=Ayodeji.|first=Olukoju|date=2003|publisher=Institut français de recherche en Afrique, University of Ibadan|isbn=|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|pages=96–105|oclc=654283919}}</ref> Ọrụ Zarpas mepụtara isi nke njem ọha na eze na Lagos. N'afọ 1933, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ bidoro ịrụ ọrụ bọs site na Lagos Island ruo Ebute Metta. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, okporo ụzọ na-abawanye, enweghị ike nke Zarpas inweta ụgbọala ọhụrụ n'ihi agha ahụ mere ka bọs jupụta na-aba ụba karịsịa n'oge oge kachasị elu. Zarpas nwetara ikike nke Lagos Town Council iji mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị njem guzo ọtọ.<ref name="ayo" /> N'afọ 1958, mgbe ebubo nke ịkpa ókè na omume monopolistic gasịrị, ndị Lagos Town Council nwetara Zarpas Services ma hazie ya ọzọ dị ka Lagos Municipal Transport Service nke mesịrị ghọọ Lagos State Transport Corporation (LSTC). Otú ọ dị, ọha na eze weere bọs LSTC dị ka ndị na-adịghị ngwa ngwa bụ ndị a na-eji ugbu a 'mgbagharị' na 'danfo' bọs ndị na-emebighị oge na nkwụsị bọs ọ bụla.<ref name="ayo">{{Cite book|title=Infrastructure development and urban facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000|author=Ayodeji.|first=Olukoju|date=2003|publisher=Institut français de recherche en Afrique, University of Ibadan|isbn=|location=Ibadan, Nigeria|pages=96–105|oclc=654283919}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 4fpyi8rzhg7vlei1z3u1srwbzduq22f 0 20459 697917 99094 2026-08-10T10:43:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Akuapem|family=Niger-Congo|fam1=Atlantic-Congo|fam2=Kwa|fam3=Potou-Tano|fam4=Tano|fam5=Central Tano|fam6=Akan|fam7=Twi|fam8=Akuapem}} [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code]] [[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code]] Akuapem, nke a makwaara dị ka Akuapim, '''Akwapem''' Twi, na Akwapi, bụ otu n'ime ndị isi so n'asụsụ Akan, tinyere Bono na Asante, nke a maara ya dịka Twi, na Fante, nke ya na ya na-aghọta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aka|title=Akan|work=Ethnologue|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante, Fante|author=Schacter|first=Paul|publisher=UC Press|year=1968|location=Los Angeles|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BmZf4bA-8UC|title=A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to the Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects|author=Christaller|first=Johann Gottlieb|date=1875|publisher=Basel evang. missionary society|language=en}}</ref> E nwere ndị na-asụ Akuapem 626,000, ndị na-elekwasị anya na [[Ghana]] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Cote D'Ivoire.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na asụsụ dị ùgwù nke Akan, ebe a họọrọ ya dị ka ihe ndabere nke nsụgharị Akan nke Bible.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/christaller-j/|title=Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb|author=Ofosu-Appiah|first=L. H.|date=1998|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == A na-eche na aha Akuapem sitere na ma ọ bụ Akan tol ("otu puku isiokwu") ma ọ bụ ''akuw-apem'' ("otu puku ụlọ ọrụ").<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gilbert|first=Michelle|date=1997|title='No Condition Is Permanent': Ethnic Construction and the Use of History in Akuapem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_1997_67_4/page/501|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume=67|issue=4|pages=501–533|doi=10.2307/1161106|issn=0001-9720}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ nọ na Gold Coast Basel Mission mepụtara orthography Akuapem na 1842, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme ya malitere na 1853 site na mbipụta nke ụtọ asụsụ abụọ, German ''Elemente'' des Akwapim Dialects der Odshi Sprache na English Grammatical Outline na Vocabulary nke Oji Language na-ezo aka pụrụ iche na Akwapim dialect, nke Hans Nicolai Riis dere, nwa nwanne onye guzobere Gold Coast Basal Mission Andreas Riis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3RkAAAAMAAJ|title=Language guide (Akuapem-Twi version).|author=Committee|first=Akan Language|date=1995|publisher=Bureau of Ghana Languages|isbn=9789964200145|language=en}}</ref> A gaghị agbaso ihe ndị a na bibliography nke Akuapem ederede ruo mgbe a sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi|author=Christaller|first=Johann G.|publisher=Basel|year=1881|pages=XV}}</ref> A họọrọ Akuapem dị ka asụsụ na-anọchite anya ndị Akan n'ihi na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nọ na Basel chere na ọ bụ nkwekọrịta kwesịrị ekwesị. Christaller, onye n'onwe ya mụtara Akyem ma kwenyere na Akuapem bụ nhọrọ kachasị mma, kọwara nsogbu ahụ, na ngwọta ya, na mmeghe nke 1875 ''Grammar'' of the Asante and Fante language kpọrọ Tshi:<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>Ọ [Akuapem] bụ olumba Akan nke Fante nwere mmetụta, na-eduzi n'etiti olumba Akan ndị ọzọ na Fante na ụda, ụdị na okwu; ọ na-ekweta na ọdịiche nke alaka abụọ ahụ ruo n'ókè ha na-adịghị emegide ibe ha, ya mere, ọ kachasị nwee ike ịba ọgaranya site n'akụkụ abụọ.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote> === Bible === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Akuapem dị ka asụsụ edemede malitere site na nhọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndabere nke nsụgharị Akan nke Agba Ọhụrụ, nke e bipụtara na 1870 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1878, na Bible dum, nke e wepụtara na 1871. Ọ bụ Gold Coast Basel Mission dere ha abụọ, ọkachasị site n'aka onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ German Johann Gottlieb Christaller na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Akan David Asante, Theophilus Opoku, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, na Paul Keteku.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Gold Coast and Asante 2nd edition|author=Reindorf|first=Carl Christian|year=1895|location=Accra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Christianity in Ghana|author=Debrunner|first=H. W.|year=1967|location=Accra}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One Ethiopia-Ghana|author=L. H. Ofosu-Appiah|publisher=Reference Publications Inc.|year=1997|location=New York, NY}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mbipụta nke Bible, agụmakwụkwọ Akan agaghị agbasa n'etiti ndị Akan ruo oge ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'etiti Ndị Europe na-achị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe onye ọrụ Britain Sir Garnet Wolseley, onye a maara na Ghana dị ka "Sargrenti" (nrụrụ aka nke "Sir Garnet"), malitere mkpọsa ya na Ghana n'oge Agha Anglo-Ashanti nke Atọ na 1873, o bu n'obi ịgakwuru ọkpụkpọ òkù ya ịlụ agha megide eze Asante Kofi Karikari na Bekee na Asante, naanị iji chọpụta na, na ihe ha maara, "enweghị nnọchiteanya ziri ezi nke Fante ma ọ bụ Asante dị", na-egbu oge izipu òkù ahụ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ izu abụọ; ihe a ọbụlagha abụọ n'agbanyeghị na Akuapem Bible dị maka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC|title=The History of Ghana|author=Gocking|first=Roger|publisher=Greenwood|year=2005|pages=34|isbn=9780313318948}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/agrammarasantea00chrigoog|title=A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect ...|author=Johann Gottlieb Christaller|date=1875|publisher=Printed for the Basel evang. missionary society|others=Harvard University|language=en}}</ref> === Asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu === Christaller's A ''Grammar'' of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi (1875) na A Dictionary of the Asante na Fante language named Tshi (1881), nke edere na-ezo aka na Akuapem, ka bụ ụtọ asụsụ agụmakwụkwọ na ''akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke'' Twi, n'agbanyeghị orthography, okwu, na ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ gbanwere na narị afọ kemgbe e bipụtara ha. [citation needed] == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Languages of Ghana}}Asusu ndi Ghana{{Kwa languages}}Asusu Kwa ahy64gvey4em1266n5mrz9qu041whi5 0 20656 697612 161439 2026-08-10T04:08:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:230201-N-DK722-1004 - NAVEUR-NAVAF Band visits Nigerian National Museum and University of Lagos.jpg|thumb|Folasade Ogunsola]] Folasade Tolulope Ogunsola (amụrụ n'afọ 1958) bụ onye Naijiria prọfesọ nke microbiology ahụike, na onye osote -ahọrọ nke [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking: Unilag Gets First Female VC, Prof. Folasade Ogunsola Named New Head of 60-year-old Institution|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/07/breaking-prof-folasade-ogunsola-named-first-female-vc-of-unllag/|accessdate=2022-10-07|work=ThisDaylive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2022-10-07|title=Folasade Ogunsola emerges UNILAG's first female VC|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/folasade-ogunsola-emerges-as-unilags-first-female-vc/|accessdate=2022-10-07|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na nchịkwa ọrịa, ọkachasị HIV / AIDS. Ogunsola bụ onye isi nke College of Medicine, Mahadum Lagos ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka nwanyị mbụ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ. Ọ bụkwa osote osote onye isi oche (Ọrụ Mmepe) nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'etiti afọ 2017 na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unilagnews.com/2018/07/24/what-i-do-deals-with-internationalization-entrepreneurship-and-strategic-planning-dvc-ds-unilag/|title="What I do deals with internationalization, entrepreneurship and strategic planning…" – DVC DS UNILAG|date=July 17, 2018|work=Unilag Press Team|accessdate=October 8, 2022|archivedate=October 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008105103/http://unilagnews.com/2018/07/24/what-i-do-deals-with-internationalization-entrepreneurship-and-strategic-planning-dvc-ds-unilag/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/education/41315/16-prominent-nigerian-women-excel-science-research/|title=16 Prominent Nigerian Women That Excel In Science And Research|work=Silverbird|accessdate=2022-10-08|archivedate=2019-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707113300/http://silverbirdtv.com/education/41315/16-prominent-nigerian-women-excel-science-research/}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Lagos na 24 Ọgọst 2020, site na ndị omeiwu mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UNILAG's acting VC Folasade Ogunsola breaks 58-year record|url=https://punchng.com/unilags-acting-vc-folashade-ogunsola-breaks-58-year-record/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=Punch Newspapers|date=24 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Ogunsola na Mahadum Ibadan ebe nna ya, Akin Mabogunje na-akụzi ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/10-things-to-know-about-prof-folashade-ogunsola-unilag-acting-vc/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=tribuneonlineng.com|title=10 things to know about Prof Folashade Ogunsola, UNILAG Acting VC|date=24 August 2020}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-eṅomi ndị dọkịta site na iji ụmụ bebi dị ka ndị ọrịa, mgbe ọ na-enye ha nlekọta ahụike. Ọ gara Queen's College, Lagos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/qc-unveils-hall-of-fame-solar-water-project/|title=QC unveils Hall of Fame, solar water project|date=December 15, 2016|author=Tare Youdeowei|publisher=The Vanguard|accessdate=April 7, 2021}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1974 na afọ 1982, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Ife]]. na nzere masta na College of Medicine, [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], wee gaa n'ihu maka nzere doctorate ya na Machịum Wales n'agbata 1992 na 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.luth.org.ng/show/doctor/prof-folasade-t-ogunsola|title=Dr Folasade T. Ogunsola|work=LUTH|accessdate=2022-10-08|archivedate=2019-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701065450/https://www.luth.org.ng/show/doctor/prof-folasade-t-ogunsola}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-never-knew-i-could-be-professor-of-microbiology-my-least-favourite-course-in-school-folasade-ogunsola-dvc-unilag/|title=I never knew I could be professor of microbiology, my least favourite course in school –Folasade Ogunsola, DVC, UNILAG|date=August 18, 2018|work=Punch}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ogunsola bụ onye na-anọchite anya osote onye isi nke Mahadum Lagos maka obere oge na 2020 mgbe Mahadum ahụ banyere na nsogbu n'ihi mwepụ nke osote onyeisiala site na Kansụl Mahadum. Ọ bụkwa osote osote onye isi oche (Ọrụ Mmepe) nke Mahadum ahụ, ọkwá ọ nọrọ na mbụ tupu ọ rịgoro n'ọkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=12 November 2020|title=Unilag: Ogundipe, reinstated VC returns, addresses cheerful crowd|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unilag-ogundipe-reinstated-vc-returns-addresses-cheerful-crowd/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=24 January 2021|work=The Nation News}}</ref> Tupu ọ bụrụ osote osote onye isi ala, ọ bụ onye isi nke College of Medicine, [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]]. Mpaghara nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na nhazi na nchịkwa nke ọrịa nje, ọkachasị HIV. Ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta na AIDS Prevention Initiative na Nigeria (APIN) na Mahadum Lagos. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nchịkwa Ọrịa nke [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital|Ụlọ Ọgwụ]] Mmụta Mahadum Lagos. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke National Association of Colleges of Medicine na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/education/41315/16-prominent-nigerian-women-excel-science-research/|title=16 Prominent Nigerian Women That Excel In Science And Research|author=Awosiyan|first=Kunle|work=Silverbird TV|accessdate=2022-10-08|archivedate=2019-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707113300/http://silverbirdtv.com/education/41315/16-prominent-nigerian-women-excel-science-research/}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, o gosipụtara nchegbu banyere mgbochi na nchịkwa ọrịa na Naịjirịa. Ọ chọpụtara ịdị ọcha na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara oke dị ka omume na-akwalite mgbochi ọgwụ nje. N'inye ngwọta, o kwusiri ike na "a ga-ewu ihe owuwu na mmemme mgbochi na njikwa ọrịa (IPC) gburugburu usoro isi ihe nke gụnyere ntuziaka, ọzụzụ, nlekota, atụmatụ multimodal maka itinye IPC, nlekocha na nyocha n'etiti ndị ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/lack-infection-control-prevention-fuels-antimicrobial-resistance-nigeria-ogunsola-2/|title=Lack of infection control, prevention fuels antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria — OGUNSOLA|author=Olawale|first=Gabriel|date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu n'oge nnọkọ ya na ndị mgbasa ozi, ọ kọwara na ihe ngwọta iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ 58% bụ maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Naijiria ịmalite ịmepụta echiche ndị ga-eme ka ndụ mmadụ dịkwuo mma. O kwukwara na ihe ọmụma n'onwe ya ezughị ezu, mana itinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ka mma ma bulie ndụ ndị ọzọ bụ ihe ndị ntorobịa kwesịrị ichegbu onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/graduates-must-think-box-add-value-dvc/|title=Graduates must think out of box, add value – DVC|work=Vanguard Nigeria|date=15 November 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere Naijiria Otu maka Ọrịa njikwa na 1998 ma bụrụkwa onye otu Global Infection Prevention and control Network<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Short Biography of Folashade Ogunsola|url=https://www.who.int/phi/news/BIOS-FolasadeOgunsola.pdf?ua=1|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=WHO}}</ref>. A họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Lagos na August 24, 2020, site na ndị omeiwu mahadum na-esote nsogbu dị n'etiti onye isi oche, Maazị Wale Babalakin na osote onyeisi oche, [[Oluwatoyin Ogundipe|Prọfesọ]]. [[Oluwatoyin Ogundipe]] Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ ịbụ osote onye isi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Mgbanwe nke usoro PCR Ribotyping maka itinye n'ọrụ dị ka usoro ederede maka ''Clostridium'' difficile, 1996<ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Neill|first=G. L.|date=1996-08-01|title=Modification of a PCR Ribotyping Method for Application as a Routine Typing Scheme for Clostridium difficile|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996496900281|journal=Anaerobe|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=205–209|doi=10.1006/anae.1996.0028|issn=1075-9964}}</ref> * Ọrịa ndị ụdị ''Acinetobacter'' na-ebute na mmeghachi omume ha na ọgwụ nje 14 na Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, 2002<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Iregbu|first=K. C.|date=2002|title=Infections caused by Acinetobacter species and their susceptibility to 14 antibiotics in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajm/article/view/28036|journal=West African Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=226–229|doi=10.4314/wajm.v21i3.28036|pmid=12744574|issn=0189-160X}}</ref> * Àgwà nke ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta ahụike nye ndị na-arịa HIV / AIDS na Lagos State, Nigeria, 2003<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adebajo|first=Sylvia Bolanle|date=2003|title=Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos State, Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3583350|journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health|volume=7|issue=1|pages=103–112|doi=10.2307/3583350|pmid=12816317|issn=1118-4841}}</ref> * Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter Species from Lagos, Nigeria, 2003<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aibinu|first=I. E.|date=2003-05-01|title=Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Enzymes in Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter Species from Lagos, Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-05_41_5/page/2197|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=2197–2200|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.5.2197-2200.2003|issn=0095-1137|pmid=12734278}}</ref> * Ihe ize ndụ maka ime ime ime ectopic na Lagos, Nigeria, 2005<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anorlu|first=Rose I.|date=February 2005|title=Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in Lagos, Nigeria: Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in Lagos|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00684.x|journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=84|issue=2|pages=184–188|doi=10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00684.x|pmid=15683381}}</ref> * Ihe ịma aka maka ahụike mmekọahụ na nnabata ọha na eze nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ na Naịjirịa, 2007<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allman|first=Dan|date=2007-03-01|title=Challenges for the sexual health and social acceptance of men who have sex with men in Nigeria|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050601040480|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=9|issue=2|pages=153–168|doi=10.1080/13691050601040480|issn=1369-1058|pmid=17364723}}</ref> * Ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na-emetụta ya na electrophoresis nke eriri imi nke ''Staphylococcus aureus'' site na ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị elu na Lagos, Nigeria, 2007<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adesida|first=Solayide A.|date=February 2007|title=Associated risk factors and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of nasal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from medical students in a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria|journal=Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=1|pages=63–69|doi=10.1590/S1413-86702007000100016|pmid=17625730|issn=1413-8670}}</ref> * Mmetụta nke cellulose sulfate vaginal gel maka mgbochi nke nje HIV: nsonaazụ nke ule nke atọ na Naịjirịa, 2008<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halpern|first=Vera|date=2008-11-21|title=Effectiveness of Cellulose Sulfate Vaginal Gel for the Prevention of HIV Infection: Results of a Phase III Trial in Nigeria|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e3784|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003784|issn=1932-6203|pmid=19023429}}</ref> * Mmetụta nke ọgwụgwọ antimicrobial na nje bacteria vaginosis na ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị ime, 2009<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oduyebo|first=Oyinlola O|date=2009-07-08|title=The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=3|pages=CD006055|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2|pmid=19588379}}</ref> * Antimicrobial susceptibility na serovars nke Salmonella site na ọkụkọ na ụmụ mmadụ na Ibadan, Nigeria, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kayode|first=F.|date=2010-05-05|title=Antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella from chickens and humans in ibadan, nigeria|journal=Journal of Infection in Developing Countries|url=https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/7015|language=en|issn=1972-2680}}</ref> * Nkọwa nke methicillin-na-anabata na -resistant staphylococci na ọnọdụ ahụike: nyocha ọtụtụ na Naịjirịa, 2012<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shittu|first=Adebayo|date=2012-11-02|title=Characterization of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci in the clinical setting: a multicentre study in Nigeria|url=|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=286|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-12-286|issn=1471-2334|pmid=23121720}}</ref> * Usoro mgbochi na nchịkwa ọrịa Ebola nke obodo, 2015<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marais|first=Frederick|date=2016-06-01|title=A community-engaged infection prevention and control approach to Ebola|url=https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/31/2/440/1750493|journal=Health Promotion International|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=440–449|doi=10.1093/heapro/dav003|pmid=25680362|issn=0957-4824}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HemfnRwAAAAJ&hl=en == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7jp0cpo8uqg3tdg67co9pnv23k6265v 0 20826 697630 595197 2026-08-10T04:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697630 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Menka''' bụ asụsụ Grassfields nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere '''Mamwoh''' na '''Wando Bando'''. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ, ihe dika ọgụ ọnụ mmadụ 5,200 na-asụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OLAC resources in and about the Menka language|url=http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/mea|work=OLAC: Open Language Archives Community|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=20 September 2021|archivedate=20 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212602/http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/mea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Menka|url=http://dhcp-128-171-46-84.its.hawaii.edu/lang/6329|work=Endangered Languages Project|publisher=University of Hawaii|accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * Blench, Roger (2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231415/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Grassfields/Momo/Classification%20of%20Momo%20and%20West%20Momo.pdf Nchịkọta nke Momo na West Momo] {{Grassfields Bantu languages}} [[Òtù:Asụsụ ndị Cameroon]] [[Òtù:Asụsụ ndị Southwest Grassfields]] bngf6htnppv13ri91geiwr33vcl61nd 0 21015 697893 124401 2026-08-10T10:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697893 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Lingala |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Ngala |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |''Lingála'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Angola]] and The Republic of [[South Sudan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Region | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Congo River |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div class="plainlist"> * Native speakers: Estimates range from 15 to 20 million speakers (2020) * [[Second language|L2]] speakers: 25 million speakers (2020) </div>&nbsp;(2020)<ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeeuwis2020"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="789">Meeuwis, Michael (2020). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="790">''A Grammatical Overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="791">München: Lincom. p.&nbsp;15. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="792">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783969390047|<bdi>9783969390047</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref> <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFsenemongaba2017">senemongaba, Auteur (August 20, 2017). </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]? *[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] ** [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] *** [[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]] **** [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone C|Zone C]]) ***** [[Bangi–Ntomba languages|Bangi–Ntomba]] (C.30) ****** Bangi–Moi ******* [[Bangi language|Bangi]] ******** '''Lingala''' </div> |- class="plainlist" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Dialects | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | * [[Bangala language|Bangala]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Writing system]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[African reference alphabet]] ([[Latin script|Latin]]), [[Mandombe script]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Official status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language&nbsp;in</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div class="plainlist"> * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=|alt=|border|20x20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo–Kinshasa]] (''national language'') * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]] (''national language'') </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-1]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ln ln]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-2]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=261 lin]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:lin|lin]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ling1269 ling1269]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>C30B</code><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. </ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>99-AUI-f</code> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[File:LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger_Location.png|220x220px]]<div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of Lingala speakers, showing regions of native speakers (dark green) and other regions of use</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. |} [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]] [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]] [[Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue]] Lingala (Ngala) (Lingala: '''Lingála''') bụ asụsụ Bantu a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], ọkara ugwu nke Republic of the Kongo, n'isi obodo ha, [[Kinshasa]] na Brazzaville, yana n'ókè dị ala na [[Angola]], Central African [[Republic of the Congo|Republic]] na ndịda [[South Sudan]]. Lingala nwere nde mmadụ iri na ise na iri abụọ na-asụ asụsụ nke abụọ na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na-asụrụ asụsụ nke abụọ, maka ngụkọta nke nde mmadụ iri anọ wee rue na ise na ise na na-asọpụta asụsụ. == Akụkọ ihe ndị mere eme == Tupu 1880, Bobangi bụ asụsụ azụmahịa dị mkpa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri Congo, kpọmkwem n'etiti Stanley Pool ([[Kinshasa]]) na njikọ nke osimiri Congo na Ubangi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Harms|first=Robert W.|title=River of wealth, river of sorrow: The central Zaire basin in the era of the slave and ivory trade, 1500-1891|date=1981|publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> Mgbe na mbido afọ 1880, ndị Europe mbụ na ndị agha ha nke West na East Africa malitere ịtọ ntọala steeti maka eze Belgium n'akụkụ osimiri a, ha chọpụtara ojiji na ùgwù nke Bobangi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Samarin|first=William|title=The Black man's burden: African colonial labor on the Congo and Ubangi rivers, 1880-1900|date=1989|publisher=Westview Press}}</ref> Ha gbalịrị ịmụta ya, mana naanị ha na-eche banyere inweta ihe ọmụma na-ezughị oke banyere ya, usoro nke mere ka e nwee ụdị ọhụrụ, nke a gbanwere nke ọma, nke a na-akpọ "asụsụ azụmahịa", "asụsụ nke osimiri", "Bobangi-pidgin" na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meeuwis|first=Michael|title=A Grammatical Overview of Lingala|date=2020|publisher=Lincom}}</ref> N'afọ 1884, ndị Europe na ndị agha ha webatara ụdị Bobangi a gbanwere agbanwe na Bangala Station dị mkpa, ya bụ, iji soro ndị Congo nọ n'ógbè ahụ kwurịta okwu, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ihe ọmụma asụsụ nke abụọ nke Bobangi mbụ, yana ọtụtụ ndị Congo si n'ókè ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị na-achị ala ọzọ na-ebugharị na ọdụ ahụ site n'ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mumbanza|first=mwa Bawele Jérôme|title=Les Bangala et la première décennie du poste de Nouvelle-Anvers (1884-1894)|date=1971|publisher=Université Lovanium|location=Kinshasa}}</ref> N'ihi ya, n'oge na-adịghị anya, a gbanwere aha ''asụsụ'' osimiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Bangala", akara ndị Europe ejirila kemgbe 1876 dị ka aha dị mma, mana nke na-ezighị ezi na nke na-abụghị nke mbụ na mbụ, iji mee ka ndị Congo niile nọ n'ógbè ahụ jikọta ọnụ n'agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mbulamoko|first=Nzenge M.|title=Etat des recherches sur le lingala comme groupe linguistique autonome: Contribution aux études sur l'histoire et l'expansion du lingala|journal=Annales Aequatoria|date=1991|volume=12|pages=377–406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Burssens|first=Herman|title=The so-called "Bangala" and a few problems of art-historical and ethnographical order|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kongo-overzee_1954_20_3/page/221|journal=Kongo-Overzee|date=1954|volume=20|issue=3|pages=221–236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Samarin|first=William J.|title=The Black man's burden: African colonial labor on the Congo and Ubangi rivers, 1880-1900|date=1989|publisher=Westview Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mumbanza|first=mwa Bawele Jérome|title=La dynamique sociale et l'épisode colonial: La formation de la société "Bangala" dans l'entre Zaïre-Ubangi|journal=Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines|date=1995|volume=29|pages=351–374}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 1901-2, ndị ozi ala ọzọ CICM malitere ọrụ iji "sachaa" asụsụ ''Bangala'' iji mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na "ihe na-adịghị ọcha", ihe ndị yiri pidgin ọ nwetara mgbe ọ pụtara na Bobangi na mbido afọ 1880. Meeuwis (2020: 24-25) dere, sị:<blockquote>N'ihe dị ka na n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe 1901, ọtụtụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik na ndị Protestant na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu Congo Free State, n'enweghị ibe ha mana n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, kpebiri na Bangala dị ka ọ mepụtara site na Bobangi bụ asụsụ dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka agụmakwụkwọ na izisa ozi ọma. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha malitere usoro ihe omume nke nnukwu atụmatụ, nke ebumnuche ya bụ iji mee ka Bangala gbasaa site n'elu [...[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Otu n'ime ha bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik Egide De Boeck nke Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (CICM, nke a na-akpọkarị ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Scheutī ma ọ bụ bụ Scheutī), onye rutere na Bangala Station Nouvelle Anvers na 1901. Onye ọzọ bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ Protestant Walter H. Stapleton [...], na nke atọ bụ onye ụka Katọlik Léon Derikx nke ndị nna Premonstratensian [...[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ka ọ na-erule 1915, mgbalị De Boeckz egosila na ọ nwere mmetụta karịa Stapleton, onye aro okike asụsụ ya, dị ka nzukọ ndị ozi ala ọzọ Protestant nke 1911 kwetara, emezubeghị ya n'ezie [...[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'okpuru nchịkwa nke ọrụ De Boeckī, Derikxi kwụsịrị nke ya mgbe ihe na-erughị afọ iri gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meeuwis|first=Michael|title=A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition|date=2020|publisher=Lincom|location=München|isbn=9783969390047|pages=24–25}}</ref></blockquote>Mkpa Lingala dị ka asụsụ obodo etolitela na nha na mkpa nke isi ebe eji ya eme ihe, [[Kinshasa]] na Brazzaville; na ojiji ya dị ka asụsụ nke ndị agha; na ewu ewu nke egwu soukous. == Aha == Na mbụ, a na-akpọ asụsụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ Europe na ndị agha Africa ha mepụtara na Bobangi "asụsụ osimiri" ma ọ bụ "asụsụ azụmahịa" na akara ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Malite na 1884 gaa n'ihu a na-akpọ ya "Bangala", n'ihi iwebata ya na Bangala Station. Mgbe 1901, ndị ozi ala ọzọ ụka Katọlik nke CICM, nke a na-akpọkwa 'Congregation of Scheutists', tụrụ aro ka a gbanwee aha asụsụ ahụ "Lingala", atụmatụ nke were ọtụtụ iri afọ iji nabata ya n'ozuzu ya, ma site n'aka ndị na-achị ala na ndị Congo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meeuwis|first=Michael|title=A Grammatical Overview of Lingala|date=2020|publisher=Lincom|location=München|isbn=9783969390047}}</ref> Aha ''Lingala'' pụtara na mbụ n'akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ nke onye ozi ala ọzọ CICM bụ Égide De Boeck (1901-2).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meeuwis|first=Michael|title=A grammatical overview of Lingala: Revised and extended edition|date=2020|publisher=Lincom|location=München|isbn=978-3-96939-004-7}}</ref> A nabatara mgbanwe aha a na ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Congo (yana na mba ndị ọzọ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ ahụ), mana ọ bụghị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Congo ebe a ka na-akpọ ụdị asụsụ a na-ekwu n'ógbè ahụ ''Bangala''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Edema|first=A.B.|title=Dictionnaire bangala-français-lingala|date=1994|publisher=ACCT|location=Paris}}</ref> == Njirimara na ojiji == Lingala bụ asụsụ creole nke sitere na Bantu nke Central Africa nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'asụsụ Bobangi, asụsụ nke nyere ọtụtụ okwu na ụtọ asụsụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingala-language|title=Lingala language|accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bobangi.wordpress.com|title=Bobangi language|accessdate=10 Oct 2018}}</ref> N'okwu ya bụ isi, Lingala nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe a gbazitere site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka: Swahili, Kikongo varieties, French, Portuguese, na [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]. N'omume, oke ịgbazinye ego dịgasị iche iche na ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke mpaghara dị iche iche (nke a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị na-eto eto), na n'oge mmemme dị iche iche. '''French''' * momí, sitere na 'ma mie' na French ochie nke pụtara 'onye m hụrụ n'anya' ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ọ pụtara nne nne, a na-eji ya na Lingala ''maka'' enyi nwanyị * ''kelási'' maka klas / ụlọ akwụkwọ '''Spanish''' * ''chicle'' maka ịta gum '''Portuguese''' * ''manteka'' maka bọta * ''mésa'' maka tebụl * ''sapátu'' maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ '''[[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]''' * ''míliki'' maka mmiri ara ehi * súpu maka ofe * ''mamiwata'' maka mermaid, n'ụzọ nkịtị mammy/mmiri * ''búku'' maka akwụkwọ<ref>Le grand Dzo : nouveau dictionnaire illustré lingala-français / Adolphe</ref> * ''mótuka'', site na ụgbọala, maka ''ụgbọala''<ref>Lingala – Malóba ma lokóta/Dictionnaire</ref> == Ndịiche == Enwere ike kewaa asụsụ Lingala n'ọtụtụ regiolects na sociolects. Ụdị mpaghara kachasị dị iche iche bụ Lingala nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, Kinshasa Lingala na Brazzaville Lingala. Literary Lingala (lingala littéraire ma ọ bụ ''lingala'' classique na olu French) bụ ụdị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi ''akụkọ'' na redio ma ọ bụ telivishọn nke gọọmentị, na ozi okpukpe na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik ma bụrụ asụsụ a na-akụzi dị ka isiokwu na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ụfọdụ. A na-ejikọta ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọrụ nke Chọọchị Katọlik, ndị ozi ala ọzọ CICM nke Belgium karịsịa. Ọ nwere usoro ụdaume asaa (/a/ /e/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /ɔ/ /u/) na nkwekọrịta ụdaume dị mkpa. O nwekwara ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke aha aha ọdịdị na usoro nkwekọrịta ụtọ asụsụ na isiokwu, ma ọ bụ aha maka nke ọ bụla. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ iwu na n'ụdị edemede ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Lingala na Kinshasa Lingala na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kazadi|first=Ntole|title=Rapport Général|journal=Linguistique et Sciences Humaines|date=1987|volume=27}}</ref> Northwestern (ma ọ bụ Equateur) Lingala bụ ngwaahịa nke (ezughị ezu) internalization site na Congolese nke iwu iwu iwu ndị ozi ala ọzọ CICM bu n'obi mgbe ha na-emepụta Literary Lingala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=De Boeck|first=Louis B.|title=Manuel de lingala tenant compte du langage parlé et du langage littéraire|date=1952|publisher=Schuet|location=Brussels}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Bokamba|first=Eyamba G.|title=Tósolola na Lingála: A multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Lingála as a foreign language|date=2004|publisher=NALRC|location=Madison}}</ref> Ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ bụ mpaghara ebe ndị ozi ala ọzọ CICM kwadoro netwọk nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. Lingala a na-asụ asụ (nke a na-akpọ lingala parlé na French) bụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị Lingalaphones. Ọ nwere usoro prefix aha zuru oke, mana usoro nkwekọrịta na ahịrịokwu aha dị ala karịa nke dị n'ụdị edemede. Banyere phonology, enwere usoro ụdaume ise ma ọ nweghị nkwekọrịta ụdaume. A na-ejikarị Lingala a na-asụ n'ọrụ ndị na-abụghị nke a na-ejighị n'aka, ọtụtụ n'ime abụ Lingala na-eji Lingala a ma na-asụrụ karịa ọdịiche ndị ọzọ. French na-emetụta Lingala nke oge a; French ngwaa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike ịbụ "lingalized" na-agbakwunye prefixes na suffixes nke Lingala: "acomprenaki te" ma ọ bụ "acomprendraki te" (ọ ghọtaghị, na-eji okwu French comprendre) kama Lingala ochie "asímbaki ntína te" (n'ụzọ nkịtị: s / ọ jidere / jidere mgbọrọgwụ / ihe kpatara ya). Mmetụta French ndị a jupụtara na Kinshasa ma na-egosi mmebi nke asụsụ ka agụmakwụkwọ, na French, na-aghọ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya. E nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti "Lingala Katọlik" na "Lingala Protestant" - dịka ọmụmaatụ: nzala/njala (agụụ). == Ọmụmụ na ụdaolu == === Ụdaume === {| class="wikitable" ! !N'ihu !Nlaghachi |- style="text-align: center;" !N'akụkụ |{{IPA|i}} |{{IPA|u}} |- style="text-align: center;" !N'etiti etiti |{{IPA|e}} |{{IPA|o}} |- style="text-align: center;" !Mepee n'etiti |{{IPA|ɛ}} |{{IPA|ɔ}} |- style="text-align: center;" !Emeghe |{{IPA|a}} | |} {| class="wikitable" !IPA !Ihe Nlereanya (IPA) !Ihe Nlereanya (e dere ya) !Ihe ọ pụtara !Ihe edeturu |- | style="font-size: larger;" |i |{{IPA|/lilála/}} |lilla ya |oroma | |- | style="font-size: larger;" |u |{{IPA|/kulutu/}} |kulútu |okenye | |- | style="font-size: larger;" |e |{{IPA|/eloᵑɡi/}} |elongi |ihu | |- | style="font-size: larger;" |o |{{IPA|/mobáli/}} |Mọbaị |nwa nwoke |a na-akpọ ya nke dịtụ elu karịa kadinal {{IPA|o}}, nke a na-aghọta dị ka [oʹ]<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- | style="font-size: larger;" |ɛ |{{IPA|/lɛlɔ́/}} |Z |taa | |- | style="font-size: larger;" |ɔ |{{IPA|/ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/}} |mbɔ́ng |ego | |- | style="font-size: larger;" |a |{{IPA|/áwa/}} |áwa |ebe a | |} ==== Ndaba ụdaume ==== Okwu Lingala na-egosi nkwekọrịta ụdaume ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Mkpụrụ{{IPA|/e/}}demede dị n'etiti /e/ na /{{IPA|/o/}}/ anaghị agwakọta na ụdaume dị n'agbata /{{IPA|/ɛ/}}/ na /{{IPA|/ɔ/}}/ n'okwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ahụ okwu ndɔbɔ 'nkịta azụ' na ndobo 'ọnyà òké', mana ọ bụghị *ndɔbo ma ọ bụ *''ndobɔ''. ==== Mgbanwe ụdaume ==== Lingala a na-asụ na Kinshasa na-egosi mgbanwe ụdaume site na /ɔ/ gaa na /{{IPA|/o/}}/, na-eduga na enweghị ụdaume /{{IPA|/ɔ/}}/ maka /o/. Otu ihe ahụ na-{{IPA|/e/}}me na /{{IPA|/ɛ/}}/ na /e/, na-eduga na /e / naanị. Ya mere na Kinshasa, onye na-asụ asụsụ ga-ekwu mbóte dị ka /''mbóte''/, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otú a na-akpọ /{{IPA|/ᵐbɔ́tɛ/}}/. === Mgbochiume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! colspan="2" |Ọnụ ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! colspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwATQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> !Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar |- !<small>Ụgbọ imi</small> | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |m | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |n | | |ɲ | | |- !<small>Kwụsị</small> | style="border-right: 0;" |p | style="border-left: 0;" |b | style="border-right: 0;" |t | style="border-left: 0;" |d | colspan="2" | | | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" |k | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |g |- !<small>Tupu a mụọ ya</small> |mp |mb |nt ns |nd nz | colspan="2" | | |Okpukpu |Gọsi |- !<small>Ihe na-esiri ike</small> | style="border-right: 0;" |f | style="border-left: 0;" |v | style="border-right: 0;" |s | style="border-left: 0;" |z | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" |ʃ | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |(ʒ) | | colspan="2" | |- !<small>Ihe atụ</small> | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |w | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |l | | |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" !IPA !Ihe Nlereanya (IPA) !Ihe Nlereanya (e dere ya) !Ihe ọ pụtara |- | style="font-size: larger;" |p |{{IPA|/napɛ́si/}} |napɛ́sí |Ana m enye |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ᵐp}} |{{IPA|/ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/}} |mpɛmbeni |nso |- | style="font-size: larger;" |b |{{IPA|/boliᵑɡo/}} |Ịhụnanya |Ịhụnanya |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ᵐb}} |{{IPA|/ᵐbɛlí/}} |mbɛlí |mma |- | style="font-size: larger;" |t |{{IPA|/litéja/}} |litéya |nkuzi |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ⁿt}} |{{IPA|/ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/}} |na-ese onyinyo |chi ọbụbọ |- | style="font-size: larger;" |d |{{IPA|/daidai/}} |daidai |na-arapara n'ahụ |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ⁿd}} |{{IPA|/ⁿdeko/}} |nwanne |nwanne, nwa nwanne, onye ikwu |- | style="font-size: larger;" |k |{{IPA|/mokɔlɔ/}} |mokɔlɔ |ụbọchị |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ᵑk}} |{{IPA|/ᵑkóló/}} |nkóló |onye nwe ya |- | style="font-size: larger;" |ɡ |{{IPA|/ɡalamɛ́lɛ/}} |Ọganihu |ụtọ asụsụ |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ᵑɡ}} |{{IPA|/ᵑɡáí/}} |ngay |m |- | style="font-size: larger;" |m |{{IPA|/mamá/}} |Mama |nne |- | style="font-size: larger;" |n |{{IPA|/bojini/}} |boyini |ịkpọasị |- | style="font-size: larger;" |ɲ |{{IPA|/ɲama/}} |nyama |anụmanụ |- | style="font-size: larger;" |f |{{IPA|/fɔtɔ́/}} |Foto |foto |- | style="font-size: larger;" |v |{{IPA|/veló/}} |veló |ịnyịnya ígwè |- | style="font-size: larger;" |s |{{IPA|/sɔ̂lɔ/}} |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe n' |n'ezie |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ⁿs}} |{{IPA|/ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/}} |Anyanwụ |niile |- | style="font-size: larger;" |z |{{IPA|/zɛ́lɔ/}} |Oké osimiri |ájá |- | style="font-size: larger;" |{{IPA|ⁿz}} <small>(1)</small> |{{IPA|/ⁿzáᵐbe/}} |nzámbe |Chineke |- | style="font-size: larger;" |ʃ |{{IPA|/ʃakú/}} |cakú ma ọ bụ shakú |Nnụnụ na-acha ntụ ntụ nke Africa |- | style="font-size: larger;" |l |{{IPA|/ɔ́lɔ/}} |Ọ bụ n'ala |ọlaedo |- | style="font-size: larger;" |j |{{IPA|/jé/}} |Ya |ya; ya (onye nnọchiaha ihe) |- | style="font-size: larger;" |w |{{IPA|/wápi/}} |Ụgbọ mmiri |ebe |} (1) {{IPA|[ᶮʒ]}} bụ allophonic na [ʒ] dabere na olu. ==== Mgbochiume ndị eji imi wee mee ==== Ihe nkwụsị ndị e ji imi mee na-esote ụda olu na-enweghị olu na-agbaso na-enweghị ụda na-enweghị okwu naanị ya na ụfọdụ ọdịiche nke Lingala. * {{IPA|/ᵐp/}}: {{IPA|[ᵐp]}} or {{IPA|[p]}} *: e.g.: mpɛmbɛ́ni is pronounced {{IPA|[ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni]}} but in some variations {{IPA|[pɛᵐbɛ́ni]}} * {{IPA|/ⁿt/}}: {{IPA|[ⁿt]}} or {{IPA|[t]}} *: e.g.: ntɔ́ngó is pronounced {{IPA|ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡó}} but in some variations {{IPA|[tɔ́ᵑɡó]}} * {{IPA|/ᵑk/}}: {{IPA|[ᵑk]}} or {{IPA|[k]}} *: e.g.: nkanya (''fork'') is pronounced {{IPA|[ᵑkaɲa]}} but in some variations {{IPA|[kaɲa]}} * {{IPA|/ⁿs/}}: {{IPA|[ⁿs]}} or {{IPA|[s]}} (inside a word) *: e.g.: nyɔnsɔ ka esi akpọ ya {{IPA|[ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ]}}{{IPA|[ɲɔ́sɔ]}} Okwu mkpirisi, /mb/, /nd/, /ŋɡ/, /nz/ adịghị agbanwe. === Ụda ụda === Lingala bụ asụsụ ụda olu, ụda bụ ihe dị iche na obere abụọ, dịka: ''mutu'' (mmadụ) na ''mutú'' (isi), ma ọ bụ kokoma (ide) na kokóma (ịbịaru). Enwere ụda abụọ nwere ike, nke nkịtị dị ala na nke abụọ dị elu. E nwere ụda nke atọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-amalite n'elu, na-agbadata n'ala ma na-agwụcha n'elu n'ime otu ụdaume, dịka: ''bôngó'' (ya mere). ==== Ọdịdị ụdaolu ==== Ụdị ụdaolu na-ebu ụdaolu. * koma (komL-a : dee) na-enye ** dị mfe ugbu a L-aL : **: ''nakoma'' naL-komL-aL (M na-ede) ** subjunctive H-aL : **: ''nákoma'' naH-komL-aL (M ga-ede) ** ugbu a: **: ''nakomí'' naL-komL-iH (M na-ede akwụkwọ) * sepela (seLpel-a : enjoy) gbanwere na-enye ** dị mfe ugbu a L-aL : **: ''osepela'' oL-seLpelL-aL (you-SG enjoy) ** subjunctive H-aL : **: ósepéla oH-seLpelH-aH (you-SG ga-enwe obi ụtọ) ** ugbu a L-iH: **: osepelí oL-seLpelL-iH (you-SG anọwo na-anụ ụtọ) == Asụsụ Bekee == [[Usòrò:Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png/220px-Digestive_system_diagram_ln.png|thumb|Akụkụ ahụ na Lingala]] === Usoro klasị aha === Dị ka asụsụ Bantu niile, Lingala nwere usoro klas aha nke a na-ekewa aha dị ka prefixes ha na-ebu na dị ka mgbakwunye nke ihu ha na-akpali na ahịrịokwu. Tebụl dị n'okpuru na-egosi klas aha nke Lingala, nke a haziri dịka usoro nọmba nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nkọwa nke asụsụ Bantu. {| class="wikitable" !Klas !Aha mbido !Ihe Nlereanya !Nsụgharị |- |'''1''' |mo- |mopési |''ohu'' |- |'''2''' |ba- |Bapesi |''Ndị na-ejere ya ozi'' |- |'''3''' |mo- |mokíla |''ọdụ'' |- |'''4''' |ọkara- |mikíla |''ọdụ'' |- |'''5''' |li- |okwu |''okwu'' |- |'''6''' |ma- |okwu |''okwu'' |- |'''7''' |e- |Okoko |''ihe'' |- |'''8''' |bi- |bilokó |''ihe'' |- |'''9''' |m-/n- |ntaba |''ewu'' |- |'''10''' |m-/n- |ntaba |''ewu'' |- |'''9a''' |Ø |Sánzá |''ọnwa'' |- |'''10a''' |Ø |Sánzá |''ọnwa'' |- |'''11''' |lo- |lolemo |''ire'' |- |'''14''' |bo- |Bosoto |''unyi'' |- |'''15''' |ko- |Ọkụ |''ịrụ ọrụ (na-adịghị agwụ agwụ)'' |- |} Klasị nke ọ bụla na-ejikọta ibe ya iji mepụta otu / ọtụtụ abụọ, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ 'ndị nwoke na nwanyị'. E nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị asaa n'ozuzu. Otu klas 1, 3, 5, 7, na 9 na-ewere ụdị ọtụtụ ha site na klas 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, n'otu n'otu. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ a na-ahụ na klas nke 9 na-ewere akara nke 2 (''ba'') n'ọtụtụ: lutu → ''balutu'' 'spoon', mesa → ''bamesa'' 'table', sani → ''basani'' 'plate'. Okwu dị na klas 11 na-ejikarị klas 10 dị n'ọtụtụ. Ọtụtụ okwu sitere na klas 14 (aha ndị na-enweghị atụ) enweghị ọtụtụ. Klasị 9 na 10 nwere prefix imi, nke na-ejikọta na ụdaume na-esonụ. Ya mere, ''p''refix na-egosi ''d''ị ka 'n' na okwu ndị na-amali''t''e na t ma ọ ''b''ụ d, dịka ''ntaba'' 'goat', mana dị ka 'm' na okwu na-amalite site na b ma ọ bụ p (dịka ''mbisi'' 'azụ̀'). Enwekwara klas na-enweghị prefix 9a na 10a, nke sánzá → ''sánzá'' 'moon(s) ma ọ bụ ọnwa(s gosipụtara. A na-edozi mgbagwoju anya ndị nwere ike ịbụ site na ihe gbara ya gburugburu. Ntinye aha klasị anaghị apụta naanị na aha ahụ n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-eje ozi dị ka akara n'ime ahịrịokwu ahụ dum. N'ime ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a, a na-egosipụta prefixes klas. (E nwere ụdị okwu pụrụ iche 'a' nke prefix maka aha klas 1.) * molakisi molai yo abiki (CL1.teacher CL1.tall that CL1:recovered) ''Onye nkuzi ahụ toro ogologo gbakere'' * bato bakúmisa Nkómbó ya Yɔ́ (CL2.ndị mmadụ CL2.na-ekele aha gị) (Ka) ndị mmadụ na-eto aha gị (ahịrịokwu sitere n'Ekpere Onyenwe anyị) Naanị ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, a na-achịkwa nkwekọrịta klasị aha. Klasị 1/2, dị ka n'asụsụ Bantu niile, nwere okwu maka ụmụ mmadụ; n'otu aka ahụ, klas 9/10 nwere ọtụtụ okwu maka ụmụ anụmanụ. Na klas ndị ọzọ, usoro okwu na-adịghị adịkarị ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpuchi ya. === Mgbanwe ngwaa na ọdịdị ya === ==== Mgbatị okwu ngwaa ==== E nwere mofims anọ na-agbanwe ngwaa. A na-agbakwunye ha na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa ụfọdụ n'usoro ndị a: # Ntụgharị (-ol-) #: Dịka ọmụmaatụ: kozinga ''iji kpuchie'' na kozingola ''iji'' mepụta # Ihe na-akpata (-is-) #: dịka iji omụmaatụ : koyéba ịmara na koyébisa ''ịmara'' # Ntinye aka (-el-) #: dịka ọmụmaatụ : kobíka iji gwọọ (onwe), iji chekwaa (onwe) na kobíkela iji gwọọ "onye ọzọ), iji chọpụta (onye ọzọ) # Passive (-am-) #: Dịka ọmụmaatụ : ''igbu'' egbu na kobomama igbu # Reciprocal ma ọ bụ kwụ otu ebe (-an-, mgbe ụfọdụ -en-) #: dịka ọmụmaatụ : kokúta ''ịchọta'' na kokútana ''izute'' ==== Mgbanwe nke ụdaolu ==== Akụkụ ụda nke mbụ na-emetụta akụkụ isiokwu nke ngwaa, akụkụ ụda nke abụọ na-ejikọta na mofim nke semantic ejikọtara na mgbọrọgwụ nke ngwaa. * ugbu a zuru oke (LH-í) * dị mfe ugbu a (LL-a) * ihe a na-ahụkarị (LL-aka) * Enweghị nkọwa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (LH-ákí) * Oge gara aga a na-akọwaghị akọwa (LH-áká) * ọdịnihu (L-ko-L-a) * subjunctive (HL-a) == Usoro edemede == Lingala bụ asụsụ a na-asụ karịa asụsụ e dere ede, ma nwee ọtụtụ usoro edemede dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ad hoc. Dị ka ịgụ na ide na Lingala na-adịkarị ala, orthography ya na-ewu ewu na-agbanwe agbanwe ma dịgasị iche n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. Ụfọdụ orthographies nw''e''re mmetụta siri ike site na nke French; mmetụta gụnyere S, ''ss'', iji transcribe [s] a''bụ''ọ (na Republic of the Congo); ou maka [u] (na Republic nke Congo); i na trema, aï, iji transcript [ay] ''ma ọ bụ'' {{IPA|[áí]}}; e na ụda olu, é, iji transcription [e]; e iji transcribe[ɛ], o ''na'' ụda olu dị nkọ, ó, iji transcri [ɔ] ma ọbụ mgbe ụfọdụ [o] ma ọ na-emegide o transcri [o] na-emegider [o] [o] A na-ahụkwa allophones dị ka ụdị na-agbanwe agbanwe na orthography a ma ama; ''sango'' bụ ''ihe'' ọzọ na nsango (ozi ma ọ bụ ''akụkọ''); nyonso, nyoso, ''nionso'', nioso (onye ọ bụla) bụ ntụgharị niile nke N'Onye. N'afọ 1976, ndị Société Zaïroise des Linguistes (Zairian Linguists Society) nakweere usoro ederede maka Lingala, na-eji e (ɛ) na o (ɔ) mepere emepe dee ụdaume [ɛ] na [ɔ], na iji ụda olu mee ihe mgbe ụf{{IPA|(ɔ)}}dụ iji akara ụda olu, {{IPA|ɛ}} ezie na njedebe nke usoro ntinye na-egbochi ndị edemede Lingala iji ɛ na ɔ na ụda olu mee ka ọ dị mfe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ịdepụta Lingala dịka nkwekọrịta ahụ si dị na keyboard Bekee ma ọ bụ French. Nzukọ nke 1976 belatara orthography ọzọ nke ihe odide mana emeghị ka akara ụda. Enweghị nkwuwa okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebelata site na disambiguation n'ihi ihe gbara ya gburugburu. Ọtọgrafi a ma ama yiri ka ọ bụ nzọụkwụ n'ihu orthography ọ bụla dabeere na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Lingala, akwụkwọ, ọbụnadị nsụgharị nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, forums ịntanetị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ndị dị mkpa, dị ka Lingala nke Google, anaghị eji mkpụrụedemede Lingala bụ ɛ na ɔ. A na-ahụ akara ụda n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. === Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ okwu === [[Usòrò:Covid19-lingala.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Covid19-lingala.png/220px-Covid19-lingala.png|thumb|Ozi COVID-19 na Lingala]] Asụsụ Lingala nwere mkpụrụedemede 35 na digraphs. Digraphs nke ọ bụla nwere usoro a kapịrị ọnụ na ''m''kpụrụ akwụkwọ okwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-atụ anya ka a nye ''mza'' iwu tupu ''mba'', n'ihi na digraph mb na-eso mkpụrụ akwụkwọ okwu m. Mkpụ''r''ụ akwụkwọ okwu r na ''h'' dị ụkọ mana ọ dị n'okwu ndị a gbazitere. Akara na-egosi ụda dị ka ndị a: * enweghị ụdaolu maka ụda ndabara, ụda dị ala * ụdaolu dị elu maka ụda dị elu * circumflex maka ụda na-agbadata * caron maka ụda na-arịgo {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:30px;" | ! style="width:30px;" | !Ụdị dị iche iche !Ihe Nlereanya |- |a |A |Ọ dị gịrịgịrị |nyama, matáta, sâmbóle, libwǎ |- |b |B | |bísó |- |c |C | |ciluba |- |d |D | |{{IPA|madɛ́su}} |- |na |E |bụ ě |komeka, mésa, kobênga |- |{{IPA|ɛ}} |{{IPA|Ɛ}} |{{IPA|ɛ́ ɛ̂ ɛ̌}} |{{IPA|lɛlɔ́, lɛ́ki, tɛ̂}} |- |f |F | |lifúta |- |g |G | |kogánga |- |gb |Gb | |gbagba |- |h |H | |bohlu (bohrium) |- |i |M |na agwaetiti ǐ |Ụra na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-esi na-esi n'ụra na-anọ |- |k |K | |kokoma |- |l |L | |kolála |- |m |M | |Ọdịdị |- |mb |Mb | |kolámba, mbwá, mbɛlí |- |mp |Mp | |limpa |- |n |N | |líno |- |nd |Nd | |nwanne |- |ng |Ng | |A na-ahụkarị ya |- |nk |Nk | |nkámá |- |ns |Ns | |{{IPA|nsɔ́mi}} |- |nt |Nt | |ntaba |- |ny |Nyụ | |nyama |- |nz |Nz | |Ọrịa agụụ |- |o |o |Ó Ó Ó Ó |moto, na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mma |- |{{IPA|ɔ}} |{{IPA|Ɔ}} |{{IPA|ɔ́ ɔ̂ ɔ̌}} |{{IPA|sɔsɔ, yɔ́, sɔ̂lɔ, tɔ̌}} |- |p |P | |{{IPA|pɛnɛpɛnɛ}} |- |r |R | |Malaria |- |s |S | |kopesa |- |t |T | |Nna nna |- |u |U |U |butú, koúma |- |v |V | |kovanda |- |w |W | |Kawa |- |na |Y | |koyéba |- |z |Z | |ịbụ |} === Ihe Nlereanya === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Bekee !Lingala |- |A kwagara m Luanda na Jenụwarị afọ a n'ihi ọrụ ọhụrụ m tinyere akwụkwọ maka afọ gara aga. Obi dị m ụtọ na enwetara m ya ma ugbu a m na-eche echiche iwu ụlọ na Mbanza Kongo n'afọ na-abịa ka ezinụlọ m wee nwee ụlọ. |Mbula oyo na bonguani na sanza ya yambo pona Luanda likolo ya ọrụ ya sika esika na mikomisaki kuna mbula eleki. Nazali na esengo pona ndenge na zui ọrụ oyo sikoyo nazali ko kanisa kotonga ndaku na Mbanza Kongo na mbula ezali ko ya pona ete libota bazala na ndaku. |} <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akindipe|first=Omotola|title=Learn Lingala (Months)|url=https://lingala.mofeko.com/months.html|work=[[Learn Lingala]]}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Lingala-pn.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lingala-pn.jpg/220px-Lingala-pn.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ekpere nke Onyenwe Anyị]] '''Ekpere nke Onyenwe Anyị (nke Ụka Katọlik)''' :: Tatá wa bísó, ozala ma ọ bụ likoló, :: bato bakúmisa Nkómbó ya {{IPA|Yɔ́}}, :: bandima ọchịchị nke Yɔ́, maka elingo {{IPA|Yɔ́}} :: basálá yangó ma ọ bụ nsé, :: Lokóla bakosalaka ma ọ bụ likoló :: Pésa bísó lɛlɔ́ biléi by {{IPA|mokɔlɔ na mokɔlɔ}}, :: Limbisa ama ama ama ama, :: Lokóla bísó tokolimbisaka baníngá. :: Sálisa bísó tondima masɛ́nginyá tê, :: na bíkisa bísó ma ọ bụ mabé. :: Na-achị achị, :: Ọ bụ n'ebube, :: ma ọ bụ bileko ma ọ bụ binso sékô. :: Amen. '''Ekpere nke Onyenwe anyị (nke Protestant e ji mee ihe na mpaghara Ubangi-Mongala)''' :: Nwanyị na-agba ọsọ, :: na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma, :: Ọchịchị n'ụzọ dị mfe, :: Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-eme na nsé :: dị ka na likoló. :: Pésa bísó kwanga ekokí lɛlɔ́́́. :: Límbisa bísó nyongo na bísó, :: pelamoko elimbisi bísó bango nyongo na bango. :: Kamba bísó kati na komekama tê, :: Ọ bụrụ na bíkisa bísó na mabé. :: Ka o wee nwee ike ịchị, :: na nguya, na ebube, :: lobiko na lobiko. :: Amen. === Mandombe === Ihe odide Mandombe bụ abugida, nke a na-ejikarị ede Kikongo, nke a pụkwaara iji mee ihe maka Lingala. A na-eji edemede ahụ eme ihe na chọọchị nke Kimbangu dị ka edemede liturgical. == Edensibia == <references /> === Ebe nweta === * Van Everbroeck, René C.I.C.M. (1985) Lingala Ma lokóta ma lokóta/Dictionnaire. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] B.P. 724 LIMETE (Kinshasa). * Edama, Atibakwa Baboya (1994) ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu'' bangála na-asụ French. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị na Nkà na Ụzụ SÉPIA. * Etsio, Edouard (2003) Ka anyị kwuo okwu lingala / Tobola lingala. Paris: L'Harmattan.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/2-7475-3931-8|2-7475-3931-8]] * Bokamba, Eyamba George na Bokamba, Molingo Virginia. Tósolola Na Lingála: Ka anyị kwuo Lingala (Ka anyị kwuo usoro). National African Language Resource Center (May 30, 2005) * Guthrie, Malcolm & Carrington, John F. (1988) Lingala: ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu: English-Lingala, Lingala-English. London: Baptist Missionary Society. * Meeuwis, Michael (2020) 'Nchịkọta ụtọ asụsụ nke Lingala: Mbipụta e dezigharịrị ma gbasaa'. (Studies in African Linguistics Mpịakọta nke 81). München: LINCOM Europe.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-3-96939-004-7|978-3-96939-004-7]] * Samarin, William J. (1990) 'The origins of Kituba and Lingala', ''Journal of African Languages and Linguistics'', 12, 47-77. * Bwantsa-Kafungu, ''Ana m m'' m m amụta asụsụ Lingala n'onwe m n'ime ọnwa atọ'. Ebe nyocha nkuzi, Centre Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée, Kinshasa 1982. * Khabirov, Valeri. (1998) "Maloba ma nkota Russ-Lingala-Falanse. Russian-Lingala-French akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu". Moscow: Institute of Linguistics-Russian Academy of Sciences (ndị so dee Muhina Л.M., Toporov IN), 384 p. * {{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=John H.|date=Jan–Jun 1909|title=Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=39|pages=97–136|id=weeks1909|doi=10.2307/2843286}} == Njikọ mpụgara ==     * Mụta Lingala n'ịntanetị (Mofeko), Omotola Akindipe, Ulama Masela & Laura Kiala (n'asụsụ Bekee) * [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pascal.grouselle/ Okwu mbụ na Lingala] (n'asụsụ French) * Maloba ya lingála (n'asụsụ French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125802/http://www.kasaflo.net/lingala/lingala.htm Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ abụọ Lingala - French] (n'asụsụ French) * [http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/dico.html Dictionary of Congo-Brazzaville National Languages] * [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/lingala.php Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Lingala-English] Freelang * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Lingala_Swadesh_list Lingala Swadesh ndepụta nke okwu] okwu ndị bụ isi (site na Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Lingala PanAfriL10n peeji na Lingala] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044949/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=14&menu=004 UCLA Asụsụ Profaịlụ : Lingala] * [http://www.google.com/intl/ln/ Google na Lingala] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200224223442/http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/problems.html Mgbanwe: Nsogbu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212120136/http://dicts.info/1/lingala.php Obere Nchịkọta nke Lingala Online] * [http://www.carelinks.net/gospel/lingala.htm Ihe odide French-Lingala-English] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090720125508/http://www.maneno.org/lin/home/ Maneno (African blog platform) na Lingala] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 80c2caov0nzpq8df78qch8eg3qcg36d 0 21188 697513 139204 2026-08-10T01:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sak''' (nke a makwara dị ka Cak, '''Chak''', ma ọ bụ '''Tsak''') bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibetan nke alaka Sal nke a na-asụ na Bangladesh na Myanmar. == Nkesa == Cak na-asụ na Bangladesh site n'ihe dị ka mmadụ puku atọ na Rakhine State, Burma site n' ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,000 dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo. Na Bangladesh, a na-asụ Cak na Baishari, Naikhyongchari, na Dochari (Huziwara 2018). Na Rakhine Steeti, Burma, a na-asụ Sak na Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, na Mrauk U townships (Huziwara 2018). Asụsụ Baishari bụ nke kachasị agbaso omenala (Huziwara 2018).<ref>Huziwara, Keisuke (2018). ''Varieties of Cak dialects''. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17-19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.</ref> Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, n'ime Bangladesh, a na-asụ Chak n'obodo nta iri na anọ dị na: * Ngalaba Chittagong: Baishari, Bandarban, Bishar Chokpra * Ebe ndịda Naikhongchari na Ugwu Blue nke Arakan == Ọmụmụ ụda == === Mgbochiume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Dental/<br /><br />Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive !<small>voiceless</small> |p |t | |k |ʔ |- !<small>aspirated</small> |pʰ |tʰ | |(kʰ) | |- !<small>voiced</small> |b |d | |ɡ | |- !<small>implosive</small> |ɓ |ɗ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Affricate !<small>voiceless</small> | |ts | | | |- !<small>aspirated</small> | |(tsʰ) | | | |- !<small>voiced</small> | |dz | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !<small>voiceless</small> |f |s |ʃ | |h |- !<small>voiced</small> |v | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | |ɾ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n |(ɲ) |ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |(w) |l |j | | |} * Ụda /tsh, kh, w/ na-esikarị na okwu ndị a gbazitere. * /ts, tsh, dz/ na-anụkwa dị ka [tʃ, tʃh, dʒ] n'etiti olumba ndị ọzọ. * [ɲ] na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ka mmezu nke usoro ụdaume /ŋj/. === Ụdaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- align="center" !Close |i |ɨ |ɯ |u |- !Mid |e |(ə) | colspan="2" |o |- align="center" !Open | |a | colspan="2" | |} * [ə] na-apụta naanị na obere mkpụrụedemede ma ọ bụ n'ihi mbelata ụdaume nke /a/.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huziwara|first=Keisuke|title=A sketch of Cak grammar|publisher=Kyoto: The Hakubi Project of Kyoto University|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Huziwara|first=Keisuke|title=チャック語の音声に関する考察 [A phonetic analysis of Cak]|publisher=Kyoto University|year=2002|location=京都大学言語学研究 [Kyoto University Linguistic Research] 21|pages=217–273}}</ref> == Ebe ndị ọzọ aga agụ == * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2717775|title=Semantic Differentiation in Indo-Chinese|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1939_4/page/213|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=4|issue=3/4|pages=213–229|year=1939|author=Benedict|first=Paul K.}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00005528|title=The Proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=56|issue=2|pages=292–334|year=1993|author=Van Driem|first=George}} * Glottolog 2.7 - Sak. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2016 [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sakk1239] * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00101818|title=Kadu and its Relatives|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=2|pages=39–42|year=1921|author=Grierson|first=George}} * Huziwara, Keisuke. 2002. “Chakku-go no onsei ni kansuru koosatu” [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. Kyoto University Linguistic Research [Kyooto Daigaku Gengogaku Kenkyuu] 21:217–73. * Huziwara, Keisuke. 2008. Chakku-go no kizyutu gengogakuteki kenkyuu [A descriptive linguistic study of the Cak language]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University. lix + 942 pp. * {{Cite journal|doi=10.3329/dujl.v1i2.3714|title=Cak numerals|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|issue=2|pages=1–10|year=1970|author=Keisuke|first=Huziwara}} * Huziwara, Keisuke. 2010. “Cak prefixes.” In Dai Zhongming and James A. Matisoff, eds., Zang-Mian-yu yanjiu sishi nian [Forty Years of Sino-Tibetan Studies], pp. 130–45. Harbin: Heilongjiang University Press. * {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/594419|title=The Vocalism of Sino-Tibetan|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=60|issue=3|pages=302–337|year=1940|author=Shafer|first=Robert}} * Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (2003). ''The Sino-Tibetan languages''. * Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M. (1965). Languages of the world: Sino-Tibetan fascicle five. ''Anthropological Linguistics,'' ''7''(6), 1-58. Retrieved February 12, 2016 {{jstor|30022507}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụgara == * [http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/4507 Ihe nlele nke Sak / Chak a na-ekwu okwu site na Ọrụ Ozi ala ọzọ] ac4t89pwqt7rpdilp55e3akq3wzacox 0 21921 697783 126347 2026-08-10T08:11:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 6 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697783 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" |[[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]] | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|border|255x255px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Vexillological symbol|Ojiji]] | class="infobox-data" |[[National flag|Flag]] nke mba, [[State ensign|ọkọlọtọ]] [[Civil ensign|obodo]] na nke steeti[[File:FIAV_111110.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|National flag, civil and state ensign]][[File:FIAV_normal.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya | class="infobox-data" |2:3 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A kuchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |1957 28 Febụwarị 1966 (ịzụlite ọzọ)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nhazi | class="infobox-data" |Triband dị larịị nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọlaedo, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke nwere kpakpando ojii n'etiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebumnuche ya bụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Theodosia Okoh]] |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|158x158px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ụdị ọkọlọtọ nke [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Vexillological symbol|Ojiji]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Civil ensign|Ihe nnọchianya obodo]][[File:FIAV_000100.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|Civil ensign]][[File:FIAV_historical.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|Design used in the past, but now abandoned]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya | class="infobox-data" |2:3 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nhazi | class="infobox-data" |Ubi na-acha ọbara ọbara nke nwere ọkọlọtọ mba, nke e ji oji mee, na canton |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|border|158x158px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ụdị ọkọlọtọ nke [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Vexillological symbol|Ojiji]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Naval ensign|Akara ụgbọ mmiri]][[File:FIAV_000001.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|War ensign]][[File:FIAV_normal.svg|alt=Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag|class=noviewer|23x23px|Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya | class="infobox-data" |2:3 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nhazi | class="infobox-data" |Red St. George's Cross na etiti etiti na-acha ọcha, na ọkọlọtọ mba na canton. |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |} Ọkọlọtọ mba '''[[Ghana]]''' nwere triband dị larịị nke Ọbara Ọbara, Ọla edo, na Akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ. E mere ya iji dochie Akara Anụnu Anụnụ nke Gold Coast. A nabatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ mgbe Dominion of Ghana nweere onwe ya na Machị 6, 1957. Ọ bụ Theodosia Okoh, onye na-ese ihe na Ghana a ma ama, mepụtara ya n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name="Okoh">{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh|work=GhanaWeb|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Theodosia-Salome-Okoh-190|accessdate=2020-08-19}}</ref><ref>[http://africancelebs.com/theodosia-okoh-the-woman-who-designed-the-ghanaian-flag/ "Mrs Theodosia Okoh: The Woman Who Designed The Ghanaian Flag"], African Celebs.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=190 Theodosia Salome Okoh Profile] at GhanaWeb.</ref> A na-efe ọkọlọtọ ahụ ruo n'afọ 1959 ma weghachite ya n'afọ 1966. O nwere agba Pan-African nke Ethiopia nke Red, Gold, na Green, na eriri dị larịị, na kpakpando ojii nwere isi ise n'etiti eriri ọla edo. Flaglọ Ghana bụ ọkọlọtọ [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] nke abụọ na-esote [[Ọkọlọtọ nke Etiopia|ọkọlọtọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Etiopia]] iji gosipụta agba ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na a tụgharịrị agba ndị ahụ. Imewe ọkọlọtọ ahụ metụtara nke ọkọlọtọ Guinea-Bissau (1973). == Imewe == E mere ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana dị ka tricolour na-esote usoro nke ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Agba ndị ahụ na-anọchite anya ọgụ mba ahụ na-alụ maka nnwere onwe na ihe nnọchianya nke akụ ya bara ọgaranya n'ime ọnọdụ ala nke mba ahụ n'etiti mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Flag|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Agba atọ e ji mee ihe bụ ihe a na-agaghị echefu echefu na kpakpando nke igwe nke e mere na agba ojii n'ime etiti, na-ewere etiti etiti nke agba ọla edo. A na-eji agba uhie uhie nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana na-anọchite anya ọbara nke ndị nna nna bụ ndị duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ma kesaa ọbara ha ruo ọnwụ. Mgbalị mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe site na United Kingdom gburu ndị isi Ghana a ma ama n'oge ahụ. Aha nnukwu isii ahụ bụ Edward Akufo Addo, Dr. Ako Adjei, William Ofori Atta, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey, na mgbe e mesịrị Osagyefor Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Nnukwu isii ahụ guzobere United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ nke e guzobere iji nweta nnwere onwe Ghana site na ọchịchị ndị Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2007|journal=Contact Dermatitis|volume=56|issue=3|pages=183|issn=0105-1873|title=Contact Downunder|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.00892.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Austin|first=Dennis|date=July 1961|title=The Working Committee of the United Gold Coast Convention|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-african-history_1961_2_2/page/273|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=2|issue=2|pages=273–297|doi=10.1017/S0021853700002474|issn=0021-8537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United Gold Coast Convention {{!}} political organization, Ghana|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Gold-Coast-Convention|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Red na-anọchite anya ịhụnanya nke nwere ike imetụta ndị nna nna anyị bụ ndị duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe Ghana maka ịhụnanya nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dankwa|first=Serena Owusua|date=2011|title="The One Who First Says I Love You": Same-Sex Love and Female Masculinity in Postcolonial Ghana|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=223–264|issn=2333-7168|doi=10.1353/ghs.2011.0007}}</ref> Agba ọla edo na-ewere akara etiti nke agba atọ na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba ndị a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara Ashanti nke mba Ghana, na-enyere aka iji akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bowell|first=R. J.|date=December 1992|title=Supergene gold mineralogy at Ashanti, Ghana: Implications for the supergene behaviour of gold|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=56|issue=385|pages=545–560|issn=0026-461X|doi=10.1180/minmag.1992.056.385.10}}</ref> Ọlaedo ahụ bụ otu n'ime akụ na ụba Ghana nke a na-ahụkarị na Obuasi na mpaghara Ashanti na Tarkwa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=OSAE|first=Shiloh|date=March 1999|title=Ore Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of the Ashanti Gold Deposit at Obuasi, Ghana|journal=Resource Geology|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1111/j.1751-3928.1999.tb00027.x|issn=1344-1698}}</ref> Ịba ụba nke akụ na ụba ọlaedo nke Ghana dugara na aha mbụ Gold Coast nke e mesịrị gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ Ghana nke ọgụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke inweta nnwere onwe na 1957.<ref name="Russell Warren Howe">{{Cite journal|author=Howe|first=Russell Warren|date=1957|title=Gold Coast into Ghana|journal=The Phylon Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=155–161|doi=10.2307/273187|issn=0885-6826}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Ghana bụ diamond, bauxite, na manganese.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patterson|first=Sam H.|date=1971|title=Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii|journal=Professional Paper|doi=10.3133/pp656|issn=2330-7102}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi anya oké ọhịa bara ọgaranya na akụ na ụba nke Ghana nke na-enye mba ahụ mmanụ, nri, na ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka koko, osisi, sheabutter, na ụdị nri niile maka mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Owens|first=Alastair|title=Historical geographies of wealth: opportunities, institutions and accumulation, c. 1800–1930|journal=Handbook on Wealth and the Super-Rich|year=2016|pages=43–67|doi=10.4337/9781783474042.00010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osei-Bonsu|first=K|date=1998-01-01|title=The establishment and early yield of cocoa intercropped with food crops in Ghana|journal=Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science|volume=31|issue=1|doi=10.4314/gjas.v31i1.1944|issn=0855-0042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knight|first=John G|date=2013-07-09|title=Potential damage of GM crops to the country image of the producing country|journal=GM Crops & Food|volume=4|issue=3|pages=151–157|doi=10.4161/gmcr.26321|pmid=24002524|issn=2164-5698}}</ref> A na-eji agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo taa dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ahịhịa ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta na Ghana. A maara Ghana maka ihe ọkụkụ ego ya nke koko nke Tetteh Quarshie si Fernando Po bu ụzọ weta Ghana. A na-ebupụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ Ghana na mba ndị ọzọ iji gbanwere ego nkịtị nke a na-eji maka mmepe nke okporo ụzọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ụlọ ọrụ maka ọrụ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oduro|first=Razak|date=2014-11-03|title=Beyond poverty reduction: Conditional cash transfers and citizenship in Ghana|journal=International Journal of Social Welfare|volume=24|issue=1|pages=27–36|doi=10.1111/ijsw.12133|issn=1369-6866}}</ref> Kpakpando ojii nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana bụ akara eji na-anọchite anya nnwere onwe nke Afrịka na ịdị n'otu megide ọchịchị.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/flag.php "Flag of Ghana: The Meaning of the Flag"], GhanaWeb.</ref><ref>[http://flexgh.com/theodosia-salome-okoh-ghanas-illustrious-daughter/ "Theodosia Salome Okoh, Ghana's Illustrious Daughter"], ''Flex Newspaper'', 29 January 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zachary|first=G.|date=2004-03-01|title=Black star: Ghana, information technology and development in Africa|journal=First Monday|volume=9|issue=3|doi=10.5210/fm.v9i3.1126|issn=1396-0466}}</ref> A nabatara kpakpando ojii site na ọkọlọtọ nke Black Star Line, usoro mbupu nke [[Marcus Garvey]] debanyere aha ya nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1919 ruo 1922. Ọ bụ ebe ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Ghana nwetara aha njirimara ha, "Black Stars". {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! width="100px" |Atụmatụ ụcha[[Usòrò:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|40x40px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! style="background:#CF0921" width="100px" |Ọbara uhie ! style="background:#FCD20F" width="100px" |odo odo ! style="background:#006B3D" width="100px" |Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ! style="background:#000000" width="100px" |Ọcha ojii |- |CMYK |0-96-84-19 |0-17-94-1 |100-0-43-58 |100-100-100-99 |- |HEX |#CF0921 |#FCD20F |#006B3D |#000000 |- |RGB |207-9-33 |252-210-15 |0-107-61 |0-0-0 |} [[Usòrò:Flag_of_Ghana_(construction_sheet).svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|450x450px|Akara iwu ọkọlọtọ]] == Mgbalịsi ike Ghana gbalili maka nnwere onwe n'ihu ọkọlọtọ mba == Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị a gụrụ n'etiti mpaghara West Africa n'okpuru ọchịchị ọchịchị ọchịchị site na narị afọ nke 15 ruo 19 na Gold Coast. Ya mere, enwere ike ịchọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana na narị afọ nke iri na ise mgbe ndị mba Europe rutere n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shumway|first=Rebecca|date=2018|title=A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=41–62|doi=10.1353/ghs.2018.0003|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Ndị Portuguese na-eme njem n'ụgbọ mmiri ji ụgbọ mmiri gbadaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka na n'ikperé mmiri Gold Coast na 1471, ebe ha wuru onwe ha ụlọ elu na Elmina na 1482. Ndị Europe ndị ọzọ sochiri na 1492 iji tinye onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri si France. Ndị Europe wetara ibu ọlaedo n'ikperé mmiri nke Gold Coast ebe ha na Akwamus na Denkyiras na-azụ ahịa ọlaedo bụ ndị na-achịkwa akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ụsọ mmiri na belt ọhịa na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chalmers|first=AlbertJ.|title=Uncomplicated Æstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa|date=November 1900|journal=The Lancet|volume=156|issue=4027|pages=1262–1264|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1|issn=0140-6736|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1673316}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ọchịchị nke ndị Ashantes nke Kumasi weghaara ahịa ọla edo na ndị Britain, Dutch na Danes bụ ndị isi ahịa Europe na osimiri Tano na Volta.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 1904|journal=African Affairs|volume=4|issue=XIII|pages=1–32|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093856|issn=1468-2621|title=The Gold Coast at the End of the Seventeenth Century Under the Danes and Dutch}}</ref> Ngwaahịa kachasị ọnụ ahịa maka mbupụ n'oge ahụ gbanwere site na ọlaedo gaa n'ohu. A na-ere ndị ohu maka égbè ma e wezụga ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. N'oge ahụ, e nyere ndị Ashantes ikike ịchịkwa ndị Asantehene nọ n'ocheeze ọla edo dị ka omenala nke ndị Ashantes. N'agbata afọ 1804 na 1814, ndị Britain, Dutch na ndị Denmark mechara machibido ahia ohu iwu, nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ nnukwu ihe na-akụ akụ na ụba Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reese|first=Ashanté|date=November 2019|title=Dear Graduate Student…|journal=Anthropology News|volume=60|issue=6|doi=10.1111/an.1303|issn=1541-6151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Voss|first=Karsten|date=2020-07-01|title=Their Most Valuable and Most Vulnerable Asset|journal=Journal of Global Slavery|volume=5|issue=2|pages=204–237|doi=10.1163/2405836x-00502004|issn=2405-8351}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ahụ ghọrọ agha na 1820 na 1824 na 1870, ndị agha Britain meriri ha n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị weghaara mpaghara Kumasi na 1874. Ndị Britain ji nwayọọ nwayọọ pụta na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka isi ike mba Europe. Oge ọchịchị malitere site n'afọ 1902 ruo n'afọ 1957. E kwupụtara Alaeze Ashante na 1902 dị ka onye ọchịchị Britain ma ghọọ onye nchebe nke mpaghara ugwu nke Gold Coast. Gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ na-achị obodo ahụ n'enweghị itinye aka nke ndị Afrịka na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, Gold Coast colony ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'etiti mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahara nke Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1902|journal=The Lancet|volume=159|issue=4111|pages=1710|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)85617-8|issn=0140-6736|title=Sanitary Progress in the Gold Coast Colony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2016-08-24|title=Cyclical Behavior of Fiscal Policy among Sub-Saharan African Countries|doi=10.5089/9781513563541.087|isbn=9781513563541}}</ref> Ọ bụ mgbe Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah laghachiri Gold Coast na 1947 mgbe afọ iri na abụọ nke ọmụmụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na US na Great Britain gasịrị. Nlaghachi na Gold Coast bụ oku maka Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah iduzi United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na ebumnuche iduzi mkpọsa maka ọchịchị onwe onye. UGCC n'oge ahụ enwetala ikike nke ndị Afrịka ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ime ndị omeiwu Britain. Site na nduzi nke Kwame Nkrumah, ọgba aghara zuru ebe niile malitere na Febụwarị 1948. N'ime otu afọ ahụ, ndị isi guzobere UGCC jidere odeakwụkwọ ukwu Dr. Kwame Nkrumah maka ịdọ aka na ntị nke echiche megide atụmatụ ndu Nkrumah. Ihe omume ahụ wetara nkewa nke ndị ndu UGCC na Kwame Nkrumah ka ọ ga-eguzobe ndị otu Convention People's Party (CPP) nke ya na June 1949 maka ebumnuche nke ọchịchị onwe onye maka ndị Afrịka, nke a na-akpọ "Gọọmentị onwe onye ugbu a". Kwame Nkrumah haziri mkpọsa mkpesa na-enweghị ime ihe ike na ọgbaghara na 1950 iji mezuo ebumnuche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF GHANA|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad43|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=www.historyworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rathbone|first=Richard|date=1991|title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Conakry Years: His Life and Letters|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=471|doi=10.2307/219836|issn=0361-7882}}</ref> Mana ọgba aghara dugara na njide nke abụọ nke Kwame Nkrumah.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sayeed|first=Khalid Bin|date=1959|title=The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-1959_14_4/page/324|journal=International Journal|volume=14|issue=4|pages=324|doi=10.2307/40198684|issn=0020-7020}}</ref> Ntuli aka nke mpaghara ahụ wetara nnukwu mmeri na Convention People's Party na-enweghị Kwame Nkrumah, na-eduga na ntọhapụ Kwame Ncrumah n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iji sonye na ọchịchị nke mba ahụ. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ghọrọ praịm minista nke Gold Coast n'afọ 1952. Na ntuli aka nke ntuli aka ihu na ihu nke 1956 nke ndị otu ntuli aka niile, British Togoland vootu isonyere Gold Coast na mkpọsa maka nkwadebe maka nnwere onwe. Ógbè Togo na Gold Coast nwetara nnwere onwe site na ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na 1957 n'okpuru ike kachasị elu nke Kwame Nkrumah. A nabatara aha mba ahụ bụ Ghana.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bradley|first=Kenneth|date=July 1957|title=Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1957-07_33_3/page/383|journal=International Affairs|volume=33|issue=3|pages=383|issn=1468-2346|doi=10.2307/2605549}}</ref> Afọ nnwere onwe nke Gold Coast malitere na 1957 na aha ọhụrụ nke mba Ghana pụtara.<ref name="Russell Warren Howe"/> Onye Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah nke oge ahụ nyere nnwere onwe ma kwupụta ya bụ onye duziri ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Site na Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah dị ka onye isi ala mbụ nke Ghana, Ghana ghọrọ Republic n'ime Commonwealth of Nations na 1 Julaị 1960. == Theodosia Okoh (Onye haziri ọkọlọtọ mba ahụ) == Theodosia Salome Abena Kumea Okoh bụ onye Ghana a ma ama na-ese ihe nke na-asọ mpi ma gosipụta nka ya na mba ụwa. O sonyeere Ghana Hockey Association (GHA) wee rụọ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche. Ọ bụkwa onye nkwado nke Sports Writer's Association of Ghana (SWAG).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Valls-Russell|first=Janice|date=2011-09-01|title="As she had some good, so had she many bad parts": Semiramis' Transgressive Personas|journal=Caliban|issue=29|pages=103–118|doi=10.4000/caliban.746|issn=2425-6250}}</ref><ref name="Okoh"/> == Nnọchianya == [[Usòrò:Blackstar.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blackstar.jpg/150px-Blackstar.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|150x150px|Ọkọlọtọ nke Ghana n'elu osisi.]] Ọkọlọtọ Ghana n'onwe ya na-eguzo kpamkpam dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike nke mba ahụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke inweta nnwere onwe ya mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọgụ na gọọmentị Britain. Ghana dị ka akụkụ nke mba ndị Afrịka na-achị achị lụrụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ya megide ọchịchị ndị Europe. E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ahụ iji gosipụta nnwere onwe ọhụrụ nke Ghana site na ọchịchị ndị Britain mgbe mgbalị nke ndị na-eme nnwere onwe gbasịrị ọtụtụ iri afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Chakkalakal|first=Tess|title=Novel Bondage|date=2011-08-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252036330.001.0001|isbn=978-0-252-03633-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Flag of Ghana|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ghana|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'etiti ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya na eziokwu maka ojiji ya. E mepụtara ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mgbe ha nwetara nnwere onwe na 6 Machị 1957. E bu ụzọ mee ya n'ememe ụbọchị nnwere onwe mbụ dị ka ngosipụta nke nnwere onwe mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ọchịchị ndị Britain gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-14|title=Ghana Flag: 10 Striking Facts About the National Flag|url=https://buzzghana.com/ghana-flag/|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=BuzzGhana}}</ref> Arịrịọ ọha na eze na-ewu ewu maka ncheta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ọgaranya nke Ghana kpaliri mba ahụ ịlaghachi n'iji ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na kpakpando ojii dị n'etiti agba ọla edo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shumway|first=Rebecca|date=2018|title=A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=41–62|doi=10.1353/ghs.2018.0003|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ nke e ji mee ihe n'afọ1957 mgbe nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe Ghana nwere na 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gyimah-Boadi|first=Emmanuel|date=2007|title=Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=107–143|doi=10.1353/ghs.2007.0004|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ nabatara agba Pan African nke e ji mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ Etiopia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gyimah-Boadi|first=Emmanuel|date=2007|title=Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=107–143|doi=10.1353/ghs.2007.0004|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Ala Ghana site na ọdịdị ya bara ọgaranya na akụ ọrụ ugbo na ahịhịa ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Diao|first=Xinshen|date=September 2011|title=Poverty Implications of Agricultural Land Degradation in Ghana: An Economy-wide, Multimarket Model Assessment|journal=African Development Review|volume=23|issue=3|pages=263–275|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8268.2011.00285.x|issn=1017-6772}}</ref> Mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ nri maka iji ya eme ihe na mbupụ ya. Oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-eduga na mmepụta osisi, koko na-edugara na mmepụta nke osisi, kọfị, na chocolate. Ihe onwunwe ndị a n'onwe ha zuru ezu maka anyị iji jikwaa ihe onwunwe nke anyị na iji mee emume ọdịbendị bara ọgaranya nke ụmụ amaala na-eji agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ọkọlọtọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cebrián|first=Dina Ludeña|date=December 2010|title=The Sources and Resources of Our Indigenous Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecumenical-review_2010-12_62_4/page/361|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=62|issue=4|pages=361–370|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2010.00076.x|issn=0013-0796}}</ref> Mgbalịsi ike maka nnwere onwe Ghana malitere site na mbata mbụ nke ndị Europe. E nwere àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ndị Ghana site na ọdịdị ojii nke ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ ha. Ndị Ghana na-akpa nganga maka ọdịdị ojii nke ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ ha ma gbakwunye kpakpando ojii iji gosipụta ịma mma nke akpụkpọ ojii. Ọzọkwa, a na-ezo aka na Black Star Line dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara gọọmentị na-achị ala ndị na-emegide ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ghana na-aba uru nke mbupụ akụ ha bara ọgaranya maka uru ego. Okike nke Union of African States (UAS) na njikọ Ghana na Guinea na 1959 dugara n'ịmepụta ọkọlọtọ nwere kpakpando abụọ dabere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Guinea anabatala ọkọlọtọ. Kpakpando abụọ ahụ gosipụtara njikọ Ghana na Guinea mgbe Guinea nwetara nnwere onwe ya. A gbakwunyere kpakpando nke atọ mgbe [[Mali]] sonyeere Union of African States na Mee 1959. E ji ụma jiri ọkọlọtọ Union mee ihe n'agbata afọ 1958 na 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Venkatesan|first=D.|date=1958|title=37. Correlation between cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic activity|journal=Symposium - International Astronomical Union|volume=6|pages=345–354|issn=0074-1809|doi=10.1017/s0074180900237935}}</ref> Esemokwu na-apụta n'ime afọ abụọ nke njikọ ahụ bilitere n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke mba ga-achị Union of African States. Esemokwu ahụ dugara na ọdịda nke Ghana ma laghachi n'iji akara kpakpando ojii mbụ ya na dochie anya agba ọla edo dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ gaa na agba ọcha na 1962.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1962|title=Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_spring-1962_16_2/page/443|journal=International Organization|volume=16|issue=2|pages=443–444|doi=10.1017/s0020818300011206|issn=0020-8183}}</ref> Arịrịọ ọha na eze na-ewu ewu maka ncheta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ọgaranya nke Ghana kpaliri mba ahụ ịlaghachi n'iji ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọla edo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na kpakpando ojii dị n'etiti agba ọla edo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shumway|first=Rebecca|date=2018|title=A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=41–62|doi=10.1353/ghs.2018.0003|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana mbụ nke e ji mee ihe na 1957 mgbe nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe Ghana nwere na 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gyimah-Boadi|first=Emmanuel|date=2007|title=Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=107–143|doi=10.1353/ghs.2007.0004|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> Ghana bụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ nabatara agba Pan African nke e ji mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ Etiopia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gyimah-Boadi|first=Emmanuel|date=2007|title=Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity|journal=Ghana Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=107–143|doi=10.1353/ghs.2007.0004|issn=2333-7168}}</ref> == Ebumnuche na ojiji nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana == Ebumnuche nke ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana bụ inwe akara nke ọṅụ n'oge nnwere onwe. E nwere ọtụtụ ọkọlọtọ maka iji Ghana. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana akọwapụtara nke ejirila mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche dịka ememme mba na nke mba ụwa, dị ka ememme ụbọchị nnwere onwe, ncheta nke nnukwu ndị isi isii na ndị isi mba Ghana gara aga. A na-ebuli ọkọlọtọ ahụ elu na-efe n'eluigwe iji mee ka ọ dị mma n'oge ndị dị ebube ebe a na-emekarị ka ọ na-efe efe n'etiti ụzọ iji gosipụta ụdị ọdachi nke nwere ike dakwasị mba ahụ. == Akara mba == N'okpuru usoro nke ngalaba 183 nke Ghana's Merchant Shipping Act nke 1963, ọkọlọtọ obodo bụ ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na ọkọlọtọ mba na canton ojii. N'afọ 2003, e wepụtara iwu mbupu ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ, Otú ọ dị, nke a na-enye na "Ọkọlọtọ mba nke Ghana" bụ agba mba kwesịrị ekwesị maka ụgbọ mmiri Ghana. Enweghị aha maka ọkọlọtọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ ọzọ nwere ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1877-08-04|title=The Flag, and Other Flags|journal=Scientific American|volume=4|issue=83supp|pages=1321|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican08041877-1321asupp|issn=0036-8733}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=North Atlantic Fisheries Intelligence Group.|title=Chasing Red Herrings : Flags of Convenience, Secrecy and the Impact on Fisheries Crime Law Enforcement|date=2018|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers|isbn=978-92-893-5160-7|oclc=1081106582}}</ref> Akara ụgbọ mmiri bụ St. George's Cross na-acha ọbara ọbara na ọkọlọtọ ọcha, na ọkọlọlọtọ mba na canton. == Ọkọlọtọ nke ndị agha ụgbọelu na ọkọlọtọ ụgbọelu obodo == <gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="120" style="line-height:130%"> Usòrò:Air Force Ensign of Ghana.svg|Akara nke ndị agha ụgbọelu Ghana{{FIAV|normal}} Usòrò:Civil Air Ensign of Ghana.svg|Flagụ ụgbọelu nke Ghana{{FIAV|normal}} </gallery>Ndị agha ụgbọelu Ghana nwere ọkọlọtọ nke ha nke gụnyere ọkọlọtọ Ghana. Ndị na-anọchite anya ụgbọelu obodo na Ghana bụ ndị na-anọchi anya ụgbọelu mba. Ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọkọlọtọ Ghana na canton. A na-eji ma ọ bụ red, yellow na green roundel (n'ihe banyere ọkọlọtọ ndị agha) ma ọ bụ kpakpando ojii nwere isi ise (n'okwu banyere ọkọlọọkụ obodo). A na-eji ha abụọ eme ihe kemgbe nnwere onwe na 1957, na ntọala nke ndị agha ụgbọelu Ghana na 1959. == Akụkọ mere eme == <gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="120" style="line-height:130%"> Usòrò:Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957).svg|Flag nke [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], onye bu ụzọ Ghana.E ji ya mee ihe ruo 1957. Usòrò:Flag of the Union of African States (1958-1961).svg|Flag mbụ nke Union of African States na [[Guinea]], nke e ji mee ihe n'etiti 1958 na 1961. Usòrò:Flag of the Union of African States (1961-1962).svg|Flag nke abụọ nke Union of African States, nke e ji mee ihe n'etiti 1961 na 1963 (mgbe [[Mali]] sonyere). Usòrò:Flag of Ghana (1964-1966).svg|Flag nke mba Ghana (1964-1966). Usòrò:Presidential Standard of Ghana.svg|Flag nke President nke Ghana kemgbe 1966.Onye isi ala nke Ghana; ihe yiri ọkọlọtọ mba Ghana nke nwere ọla edo. </gallery>A na-efe ọkọlọtọ gọọmentị Ghana, nke a nabatara na 1957, ruo n'afọ 1962. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe mba ahụ guzobere Union of African States, a na-eji ọkọlọtọ nke Union mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ mba Bolivia, mana ya na kpakpando ojii abụọ, na-anọchite anya mba ndị ahụ. Na Mee 1959, a gbakwunyere kpakpando nke atọ. Mgbe ntuli aka iwu nke Jenụwarị 1964 gasịrị, Ghana nakweere ụdị tricolour nke 1957 na-acha ọcha n'ọnọdụ odo, mgbe agba nke mkpebi Kwame Nkrumah na otu iwu kwadoro Convention People's Party, na-eme ka ọ dị ka ọkọlọtọ mba Hungary. E weghachiri ọkọlọtọ mbụ nke 1957 na Febụwarị 1966 mgbe a kwaturu Nkrumah na Febụwaị 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bradley|first=Kenneth|date=1957|title=Ghana. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1957-07_33_3/page/383|journal=International Affairs|volume=33|issue=3|pages=383|doi=10.2307/2605549|issn=1468-2346}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mpụga njikọ == * Ghana at Flags of the World * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313103537/http://flagsforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=673 Ndị agha nke Ghana Colours] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] btdihzxv2ifgxs5dw33l55i12mr4vwn 0 21985 697745 516649 2026-08-10T07:04:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Khoemana|nativename=ǃOrakobab|states=South Africa, Namibia|speakers=6|date=2008|familycolor=Khoisan|fam1=[[Khoe languages|Khoe]]|fam2=Khoekhoe|lc1=kqz|ld1=Korana|lc2=xii|ld2=Xiri|notice=IPA}} [[Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue]] '''Oorobab''' ma ọ bụ '''''Khoemana''''', nkè á makwaara dị kà '''Korana''', mà ọ bụ '''Griqua''', bụ asụsụ Khoe na-anwụ anwụ nkè South Africa. == Áhà == "''Khoemana''" (site na khoe 'onye' + mana 'asụsụ') bụ nkè á maara nkè ọma dị kà Korana /kɒˈrɑːnə/ (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Korana''' / kɒˈrāːnə/) mà ọ bụ '''Griqua''' (nke a makwaara dị ka Gri {{IPA|[xri]}}, Xri, Xiri, Xirikwa).<ref>The ''-kwa'' is also a grammatical suffix. </ref> Áhà 'Korana' na-egosipụta endonym bụ IPA: ma ọ bụ IPA, na-ezo aka n'etiti ndị India.<ref>The ''-na'' is a grammatical suffix</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, á makwaara yá dị kà '''Cape Khoe''' ma ọ bụ Cape Hottentot, ọ bụ ezie ná á na-ewere nkè ikpeazụ dị kà mkparị. Á na-emekarị aha dị iche iche dị kà asụsụ dị iche iche (nke á na-akpọ South Khoekhoe mgbè á na-ejikọta ya), mànà há anaghị adaba ná ọdịiche ọ bụla dị n'asụsụ, '''ndị''' na-ekwu okwu nwere ike iji "Korana" ná "Griqua" n'ụzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Á na-ejikwa áhà abụọ ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ sara mbara, dịka ọmụmaatụ màkà ndị Griqua. E nwere (ma ọ bụ dị) ọtụtụ olumba nkè Khoemana, mana a maghị nkọwa yá.<ref name="killian"/> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Khoemana nwèrè njikọ chiri ányá ná Khoekhoe, usoro ụda ahụ yiri nkè la ahụ. Ndị Khoekhoe affricates na-achọsi ike bụ naanị ndị na-achọ isi [th, kh] na Khoemana. Otú ọ dị, Khoemana nwere á ejective velar affricate, /{{IPA|/kxʼʔ/}}/, nke a na-adịghị ahụ na Khoekhoe, ná usoro kwekọrọ ekwekọ nkè ịpị, /z͡xʼ zʼ z' z'z' iz' z.<ref>An ejective velar "scrape" followed by a glottal stop, a bit different from a typical velar ejective affricate</ref> Beach (1938) kọrọ ná ndị Khoekhoe nke oge ahụ nwere velar lateral ejective affricate, [k͡??], nghọta nkịtị mà ọ bụ allophone nkè /{{IPA|/kxʼ/}}/ n'asụsụ nwere ịpị aka, a pụkwara ịtụ ányá ná nkè á bụ eziokwu màkà Khoemana.<ref>D. Beach, 1938. </ref> Ná mgbakwunye, ìhè dị kà ọkara nkè okwu niile ná Khoemana malitere site na ịpị, ma e jiri yá tụnyere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ná Khoekhoe. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Khoemana ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu !Central ! colspan="2" |Nlaghachi |- !<small>okwu ọnụ</small> !<small>imi</small> !<small>okwu ọnụ</small> !<small>okwu ọnụ</small> !<small>imi</small> |- !N'akụkụ |i |ĩ | |u |ũ |- !N'etiti |e | |ə |o |õ |- !Emeghe |a |ã | | | |} Na Korana, [oe] na [oa] nwere ike ịkpọpụta dị ka [anyị] na [wa]. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu Khoemana na-enweghị pịa ! colspan="2" | !Ọnụ !Ezé ezé !Alveolar !Velar !Ọkụ |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t | |k |ʔ |- !<small>aspirated</small> | |tʰ | |kʰ | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Africate ejective | |tsʼ | |kxʼ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | | |s |x |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | |r | | |} * Enwere ike ịghọkà ụdaume [k] dị ka /c/ tupu [e] ma ọ bụ [i]. * A na-ahụ intervoca [licp] na [b] mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka /. * [s] na-ekwu ná ọ bụ alveolar-postalveolar mgbè ụdaume dị nso [i], [ĩ], ma ọ bụ [e] na-esote yá. * A na-aghọta ụdaume [th] dị ka ụda /ts/ mgbe ụdaume dị nso [i], [ĩ], ma ọ bụ e] sochiri ya. * Á pụrụ ịghọta ụda aspirated [kh] mgbè ụfọdụ dị ka [kx]. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Griqua nwere ike ịkpọpụta [kh] dị ka [kʼ]. * Ụda [tsʼ] anag adịkarị. * [m] ná [n] nwere ike ịpụta ná syllabic dị k [m̩] ná [m̩]. * Á pụkwara ịghọta [r] á na-akpọ [ɾ] n'okwu ụfọdụ. * Ikwu ókwú nwere ike ịdị ike na Khoemana n'okwu nkịtị, yabụ ọ ga-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ókwú ndị á na-ekwukarị ná ókwú ndị na-enweghị olu.<ref name="killian"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Khoemana pịa ! !ezé ezé !alveolar !n'akụkụ !ọnụ ọnụ |- !n'ụzọ dị mfe (velar stop) |{{IPA|ǀ}}(k) |{{IPA|ǃ}}(k) |{{IPA|ǁ}}(k) |{{IPA|ǂ}}(k) |- !imi |{{IPA|ᵑǀ}} |{{IPA|ᵑǃ}} |{{IPA|ᵑǁ}} |{{IPA|ᵑǂ}} |- !glottalized |{{IPA|ǀˀ}} |{{IPA|ǃˀ}} |{{IPA|ǁˀ}} |{{IPA|ǂˀ}} |- !aspirated |{{IPA|ǀʰ}} |{{IPA|ǃʰ}} |{{IPA|ǁʰ}} |{{IPA|ǂʰ}} |- !kwuru okwu |{{IPA|ǀᶢ}} |{{IPA|ǃᶢ}} |{{IPA|ǁᶢ}} |{{IPA|ǂᶢ}} |- !aspirated k |{{IPA|ǀᵏʰ}} |{{IPA|ǃᵏʰ}} |{{IPA|ǁᵏʰ}} |{{IPA|ǂᵏʰ}} |- !Africate na-eche nche |{{IPA|ǀkx}} |{{IPA|ǃkx}} |{{IPA|ǁkx}} |{{IPA|ǂkx}} |- !Africate na-agba ọsọ<br /><br /><br /><br /> |{{IPA|ǀkxʼ}} |{{IPA|ǃkxʼ}} |{{IPA|ǁkxʼ}} |{{IPA|ǂkxʼ}} |- !ihe na-eme ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke |{{IPA|ǀx}} |{{IPA|ǃx}} |{{IPA|ǁx}} |{{IPA|ǂx}} |} E nwere ụda anọ ná Khoemana: {| class="wikitable" |elu- ́ |- |na-arị elu- |- |etiti- ̄ |- |na-ada - ̂ |} == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi ná yá == Akụkọ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Khoemana na-emegiderịta onwé há, mana o doro anya ná ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị. A na-eche na ọ na-adịghịzi ruo mgbe á chọtara ndị ọkà okwu anọ meworo agadi gburugburu Bloemfontein ná Kimberley.<ref>[[Menan Du Plessis|Du Plessis, Menan]] (2011) "Collection of sound files for inclusion in a dictionary of Korana and eventual integration with a corpus of heritage texts"</ref> Akụkọ 2009 nke Don Killian nke Mahadum Helsinki mere atụmatụ na e nwere ìhè na-erughị ndị ọkà okwu 30 n'oge ahụ.<ref name="killian">Killian, D. [https://helda.helsinki.fi//bitstream/handle/10138/229407/Khoemana_and_the_Griqua.pdf ''Khoemana and the Griqua'']</ref> Matthias Brenzinger kọrọ ná 2012 ná otú ónyé nwere ike ikwu ókwú kà dị, mànà ná ọ jụrụ ikwu asụsụ ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241008222947/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/kqz Korana] at Endangered Languages.com</ref> Ọdịiche ahụ nwèrè ike ịbụ n'ihi na asụsụ ahụ nwèrè ọtụtụ olumba ma na-aga site na ọtụtụ áhà, ná ndị ọkà mmụta anaghị ezo aka mgbè niile ná otu ndị mmadụ.<ref name="killian" /> E depụtara Khoemana dị ka "nkè nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" ná UNESCO's Language ''Atlas''.<ref name="unesco">UNESCO [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1442.html Xiri] at ''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''</ref> Mfu nkè asụsụ á nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu ná ìhè nketa ná ọdịbendị nkè ndị na-asụ Khoemana.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa|author=Brenzinger|first=Matthias|year=2007|isbn=9783110170498|location=Berlin, Germany|pages=179–204}}</ref> == Ìhè akaebe == Robust Khoemana (tupu asụsụ na-adịbeghị anya) edere yá ná akwụkwọ ndekọ 1879 nkè Lucy Lloyd, nkè nwere akụkọ ise dị mkpirikpi; e mere ụfọdụ ọrụ ọzọ ná Ponelis (1975).<ref>Ponelis, F. A. (1975). </ref> Kà ọ na-erule afọ 2009, ọrụ EuroBABEL na-achọ ndị ọkà okwu fọdụrụnụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị mmadụ ná asụsụ há malitere ịdọta uche ndị ọkà mmụta ná 1660s, na-adaba ná mbọ ndị Dutch na-agba ná Cape of Good Hope ná esemokwu agha ndị si ná yá pụta.<ref name="killian"/> N'oge ahụ, á na-asụ Khoemana n'ọtụtụ ebe n'akụkụ osimiri nkè South Africa. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nkè nkwụsịtụ n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ná 1930s, ná n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site ná 1948 ruo 1994, asụsụ ahụ fọrọ nke ntà kà ọ pụọ n'anya.<ref name="killian" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụghị naanị ná ndị na-asụ Khoemana dị ụkọ kamakwa ha gbasara, n'ihi ịkwaga n'ike n'oge oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Nke a emeela kà asụsụ ahụ bụrụ ìhè na-adịghị ike.<ref name="erasmus">Erasmus, P. [http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no9/3.9DreamsandVisions.pdf ''Dreams and Visions in Koranna and Griqua Revival in Colonial and Post-Apartheid South Africa'']</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Halford|first=Samuel James|title=The Griquas of Griqualand: A Historical Narrative of the Griqua People, Their Rise, Progress and Decline|date=1949|publisher=Juta|oclc=4379924}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Jenkins|first=Trefor|title=The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_1975-07_43_1/page/71|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=1975|volume=43|issue=1|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330430111|pages=71–78|pmid=1155593}} * {{Cite journal|author=Robertshaw|first=PT|title=The origin of pastoralism in the Cape|journal=South African Historical Journal|date=1978|volume=10|doi=10.1080/02582477808671538|pages=117–133}} * {{Cite book|author=The Rosetta Project|title=The Swadesh List|date=2010|url=https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_xii_swadesh-1/xii.txt}} * {{Cite journal|author=Waldman|first=Linda|title=Klaar Gesnap As Kleurling: The Attempted Making and Remaking of the Griqua People|journal=African Studies|date=2006|volume=65|issue=2|doi=10.1080/00020180601035633|pages=175–200}} * Maingard, L.F. 1962. Akụkọ ọdịnala Korana. Grammar na ederede. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press == Njikọ mpụga == * ǃKorana grammar at Cornell at the Wayback Machine (archive index) * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kkh&limit=-1 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi na Global Lexicostatistical Database] * ELAR archive nke Dictionary of Korana ('Ora) * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_xii_swadesh-1/xii.txt Rosetta Project: Xiri Swadesh Ndepụta] eunk5g14zaobd22huatxq65go0jpnrv 0 22526 697614 125699 2026-08-10T04:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Onye isi oche Nkomesh Mukamambo nke Abụọ (Elizabeth Mulenje) bụ '''onye isi''' nke ndị Soli nke Chongwe District na Lusaka Province. Ọ bụ onye isi n'ógbè ahụ kemgbe afọ 1976. Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ Nkomesh kemgbe narị afọ nke 19 Mukamambo I onye a na-akọ akụkọ ifo dị ka onye nwere ike ime mmụọ nke nyere ya ohere ịgbanwe ọdịdị anụ ahụ ya ma kpuchie ndị ya iji chebe ha pụọ n'aka ndị iro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://41.77.4.164:6510/www.europarl.europa.eu/intcoop/election_observation/missions/2009-2014/zambia_2011.pdf|title=Election observation delegation for the Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Zambia|author=Martin|first=David|date=2 October 2011|work=www.europarl.europa.eu|accessdate=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-07-02|title=Good Morning, Grade One. Language ideologies and multilingualism within primary education in rural Zambia.|language=en|author=Cole|first=Alastair Charles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gndhlovu.blogspot.com/2015/04/what-is-in-name.html|title=issues over matters: What Is In A Name?|author=Ndhlovu|first=Gershom|date=2015-04-11|work=issues over matters|accessdate=2018-03-02}}</ref><ref name="Simbao 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Simbao|first=Ruth|date=31 July 2014|title=Cosmological Efficacy and the Politics of Sacred Place: Soli Rainmaking in Contemporary Zambia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-2014_47_3/page/44|journal=African Arts|volume=47|issue=3|pages=44|doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00163}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọdịnala == Dị ka Chieftainess, Nkomesh na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mmiri ozuzo n'oge emume ọdịnala Chakwela Makumba a na-eme kwa afọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba. N'oge Chákwá Makumbi, nke na-asụgharị n'ụzọ nkịtị ka ọ bụrụ "ịdọrọ igwe ojii", Ọchịchị Makumbi rịọrọ mmụọ ndị nna nna ya ka ha jiri mmiri ozuzo gọzie ndị ya. N'etiti ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge ihe omume ahụ, Chieftainess Nkomesh na-amalite oge ọrụ ugbo site n'ịbụ onye mbụ kụrụ mkpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mafrsaprovince.com/tag/chieftainess-nkomeshya-mukamambo-ii/|title=Chieftainess Nkomeshya Mukamambo II – Missionaries of Africa – SAP Province|work=mafrsaprovince.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2019-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710182914/https://mafrsaprovince.com/tag/chieftainess-nkomeshya-mukamambo-ii/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/traditional-ceremonies|title=Traditional Ceremonies|work=www.mota.gov.zm|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2016-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701075940/http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/traditional-ceremonies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Zambia: The Land and Its People|author=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|publisher=New Africa Press|year=2010|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="Simbao 2014"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://andrewmulenga.blogspot.com/2013/07/|title=Andrew Mulenga's Hole In The Wall|work=andrewmulenga.blogspot.com|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe Chieftainess Nkomesh rịgoro n'ocheeze, ọ malitere ọrụ ndu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka onye otu United National Independence Party (UNIP). N'oge ọ nọ na pati ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu Central Committee na UNIP Women's League. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Minista nke State of Home Affairs site na afọ 1979 ruo na afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=3 April 2014|title=Research note: The historiographical challenges of exploring Second World–Third World alliances in the international women's movement|journal=Global Social Policy|volume=14|issue=2|pages=244–264|doi=10.1177/1468018114527100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Zambia.htm|title=Zambia Ministers|work=www.guide2womenleaders.com|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://iwansuwandy.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/penguasa-wanita-di-dunia_women-in-leader-1970-2000/|title=Penguasa Wanita Di Dunia_Women In leader 1970-2000|date=2011-08-05|work=Iwansuwandy's Blog|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Motherless State: Women's Political Leadership and American Democracy|author=McDonagh|first=Eileen|authorlink=Eileen McDonagh|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1 May 2009|location=Chicago|pages=252}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke House of Chiefs, na-anọchi Chief Madzimawe nke ndị Ngoni nke Chipata District na Eastern Province. Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche kemgbe e guzobere ọkwa ahụ na afọ 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lusakavoice.com/2013/03/20/zanis-copy-nkomeshyas-new-house-of-chiefs-chairperson/|title=Nkomeshya's new House of Chiefs chairperson {{!}} Lusaka Voice|author=Editor|first=Assistant|work=www.lusakavoice.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zambiareports.com/2013/03/20/nkomesha-elected-house-of-chiefs-chairperson/|title=Nkomesha Elected House of Chiefs Chairperson {{!}} Zambia Reports|date=2013-03-20|work=Zambia Reports|accessdate=2018-03-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maravi.blogspot.com/2013/03/chiefs-elect-nkomeshya-leader-of-their.html|title=Chiefs elect Nkomeshya leader of their House {{!}} Maravi|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambialaws.com/Principal-Legislation/chapter-287chiefs-act.html|title=Chiefs Act|date=1 November 1965|work=www.zambialaws.com|accessdate=3 March 2018|archivedate=4 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054752/http://www.zambialaws.com/Principal-Legislation/chapter-287chiefs-act.html}}</ref> == Ebe ọrụ == A jara Chieftainess Nkomesh mma maka ọrụ ya n'ọgụ iji kwụsị alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka n'ógbè ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://derricksinjela.blogspot.dk/2014_07_01_archive.html?view=classic#!/2014/07/new-constitution-key-to-ending-child.html|title=derricksinjela|work=derricksinjela.blogspot.dk|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lungu-hails-chieftainess-nkomeshya-childrens-education/|title=Lungu hails chieftainess Nkomeshya over children’s education – Zambia Daily Mail|work=www.daily-mail.co.zm|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref> == Ebenside == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7od6ztn5zbb67t75u1cyg43nu5kwp3k 0 23116 697684 538299 2026-08-10T05:38:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697684 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya''' bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ụmụaka bukwazia onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ bụ ọkachamara nke ọgwụ maka anụm ihe. == Mbido ndu ya == Olusanya nwere nsogbu ịnụ ihe nke a mụrụ n'etiti oge, mana a chọpụtabeghị Oya a ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ato n’ato. Ọ gụrụ akwukwo maka ọgwụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982. Ọ zụrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health na Donald Winnicott Centre, ha abụọ dị na London. Mgbe ọ mechara ọzụzụ ya na Naịjirịa, ọ chere nhọrọ ihu n'etiti ma ọ bụ soro ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ maọbụ ghọọ onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na mkpebi iwere ụzọ nke ikpeazụ.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite news|title=Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health|work=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=1 October 2019|pages=652–653}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Olusanya malitere Hearing International Nigeria (HING) na ago 1999. O mechara guzobe Nigerian Dyslexia Association wee jikọta ya na HING n'ime Centre for Healthy Start Initiative na 2011. N'agbata afọ 2003 na afọ 2007, ọ laghachiri na Mahadum College London iji rụọ ọrụ na PhD na pediatrics na ọgwụ na-anụ ihe.<ref name="WHO"/> Ph.D. ya, nke e nyere n'afọ 2008, akpọrọ "Ụdị nyocha ụmụaka maka nchọpụta mbụ nke ntị chiri na-adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa".<ref name="PhD">{{Cite web|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko Olubukunola|title=Infant hearing screening models for the early detection of permanent childhood hearing loss in Nigeria|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1445237/|work=UCL|publisher=UCL (University College London)|accessdate=3 May 2020|date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2020, Olusanya ebipụtala ihe karịrị isiokwu puku abii na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name="Orcid">{{Cite web|title=Bolajoko Olusanya (0000-0002-3826-0583)|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-0583|work=Orcid|accessdate=3 May 2020|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ sonyeere Lancet Commission for Global Hearing Loss, atụmatụ World Health Organization (WHO) iji gwọọ ntị chiri n'ụwa niile.<ref name="Bento">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Ricardo Bento is invited to integrate the OMS/Lancet Commission for Hearing Loss|url=http://www.fm.usp.br/en/news/prof-ricardo-bento-is-invited-to-integrate-the-oms-lancet-commission-for-hearing-loss|work=www.fm.usp.br|accessdate=3 May 2020|archivedate=19 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019130809/https://www.fm.usp.br/en/news/prof-ricardo-bento-is-invited-to-integrate-the-oms-lancet-commission-for-hearing-loss}}</ref> Dị ka Olusanya siri kwuo, isi ihe na-akpata ịnụ ihe na Naịjirịa bụ ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, ọgwụ nje na ọnụnọ na-aga n'ihu nke mkpọtụ.<ref name="Today">{{Cite news|title=Expert: Electricity generators, major cause of hearing loss in Nigeria|url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/expert-electricity-generators-major-hearing-loss-nigeria-125310|accessdate=3 May 2020|work=Today|date=22 June 2018}}</ref> Olusanya bụ onye nduzi nke Global Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators (GRDDC), otu ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ụmụaka nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation na Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation kwadoro. N'afọ 2018, o bipụtara nyocha na The ''Lancet'' na-egosi na na Naịjirịa, e nwere ụmụaka nde 2.5 nwere nkwarụ mmepe na 2016, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nde 1.5 na 1990. A na-akọwa nkwarụ mmepe dị ka ọnọdụ ahụike nke na-emetụta ụmụaka ogologo oge, dị ka nsogbu autism spectrum, nsogbu uche na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ọrịa ụbụrụ, ọrịa Down na ịnụ ihe.<ref name="TDL">{{Cite news|title=Study Shows Children with Developmental Disabilities on the Rise in Nigeria|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/06/study-shows-children-with-developmental-disabilities-on-the-rise-in-nigeria/|accessdate=3 May 2020|work=This Day Live|date=6 September 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko|title=Early detection of infant hearing loss: Current experiences of health professionals in a developing country|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-10_95_10/page/1300|journal=Acta Paediatrica|date=October 2006|volume=95|issue=10|pages=1300–1302|doi=10.1080/08035250600603016|pmid=16982506}} * {{Cite journal|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko O.|title=Infants with HIV-infected mothers in a universal newborn hearing screening programme in Lagos, Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2009-08_98_8/page/1288|journal=Acta Paediatrica|date=August 2009|volume=98|issue=8|pages=1288–1293|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01337.x|pmid=19519758}} * {{Cite journal|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko O.|title=Neonatal hearing screening and intervention in resource-limited settings: an overview|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|date=July 2012|volume=97|issue=7|pages=654–659|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2012-301786|pmid=22611062}} * {{Cite journal|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko O.|title=Poor data produce poor models: children with developmental disabilities deserve better – Authors' reply|journal=The Lancet Global Health|date=February 2019|volume=7|issue=2|pages=e189|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30496-0|pmid=30683237}} ==Edensibia== {{DEFAULTSORT:Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bsmgy0diu6w2bojn1kxthkb5sbnjozn 0 23250 697959 200081 2026-08-10T11:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697959 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} E nweela akụkọ ihe mere eme nke '''ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa''', nke hụrụ òkè dị ukwuu n'ahia ohu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/modern-slavery-nigeria-ranks-highest-in-africa/|title=Modern slavery: Nigeria ranks highest in Africa|date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> Ịgba ohu bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ugbu a na mba ụwa na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto5" /> Otú ọ dị, a na-elegharakarị iwu na omenala ọdịbendị dị iche iche dịbu, nke na-ele omume ụfọdụ anya n'ụzọ dị iche.<ref name="auto5" /> Na Na Naijiria, omenala ụfọdụ na omume okpukpe emeela ka "mmekọrịta a na-apụghị izere ezere n'etiti omenala, omenala, na omume okpukpe yana iwu mba n'ọtụtụ steeti [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]]" nke nwere ike ịchịkwa ọtụtụ ndụ na-akpata ịgba ohu nke oge a.<ref>Sarich, J., Olivier, M., & Bales, K. (2016). Forced marriage, slavery, and plural legal systems: An african example. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(2), 450-476,542-544.</ref> Ụdị ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa bụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụaka.<ref name="auto5" /> N'ihi na ịgba ohu nke oge a siri ike ịmata, Ò siri ike ịlụso omume a ọgụ n'agbanyeghị mbọ mba ụwa na nke mba.<ref name="auto5" /> == Akụkọ banyere ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa == Azụmaahịa ohu ọdịnala na Ndịda Nigeria bu ụzọ tupu mbata nke mmetụta Europe, ma gaa n'ihu n'ógbè ogologo oge mgbe e wepụrụ ịgba ohu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Nwaubani|first=Adaobi Tricia|date=2020-07-19|title='My Nigerian great-grandfather sold slaves'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53444752|accessdate=2020-07-19}}</ref> Site na mbata nke ahia ohu gafere Atlantic, ndị na-ere ahịa ohu ọdịnala na [[Igboland|ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa]] ghọrọ ndị na-ewetara ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu na Europe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Nwaubani|first=Adaobi Tricia|date=2020-07-19|title='My Nigerian great-grandfather sold slaves'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53444752|accessdate=2020-07-19}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọchịchị Britain machibidoro ịgba ohu n'ógbè ahụ site n'etiti afọ 1880, ha hapụrụ ya ka ọ gaa n'ihu ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, na-agwụ kpamkpam naanị n'afọ 1940.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Afigbo, A. E. (Adiele Eberechukwu)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256735611|title=The abolition of the slave trade in southeastern Nigeria, 1885-1950|date=2006|publisher=University of Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-58046-668-4|location=Rochester, NY|oclc=256735611}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Northrup|first=David|date=September 2007|title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002020600001165/type/journal_article|journal=African Studies Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=228–229|doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116|issn=0002-0206}}</ref> N'afọ 1961, mba Naịjirịa Mbụ nweere onwe ya kwadoro Nkwekọrịta Ịgba Ohu nke 1926. === Igbo ===   Ndị Igbo na-ejigide [[Osu caste system|usoro]] Osu nke okpukpe [[Odinạnị|Odinani]]. Osu bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị dị ala n'ụzọ ime mmụọ, a na-ekewapụkwa ha na ndị Igbo nkịtị. A na-edebe Osu dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ree ha n'ahịa ohu. Na 2020, ụmụ Osu ka na-eche ịkpa ókè n'etiti ndị Igbo ihu. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa megide ịkpa ókè n'ógbè ahụ ejikọtala onwe ha na Black Lives Matter zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-eji mmeso ụmụ ohu na Naịjirịa na mmeso ndị isi ojiì na United States tụnyere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=June 29, 2020|title=Nigeria's Slave Descendants Hope Race Protests Help End Discrimination|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias-slave-descendants-hope-race-protests-help-end-discrimination|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-07-19|work=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> === Caliphate nke Sokoto === Caliphate nke Sokoto bụ caliphate Sunni Muslim caliphate nwere ike na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke isi obodo ya bụ [[Sokoto]] dị n'ebe ugwu Nigeria Caliphate wetara ọtụtụ iri afọ nke uto akụ na ụba n'ógbè ahụ dum. E jidere ndị ohu na-abụghị ndị Alakụba nde 1-2.5 n'oge Agha Fulani.<ref name="History_of_World_Societies-755">{{Cite book|title=A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NF-mWCNY_boC&q=%22islamic+revival%22+slavery&pg=PA755|publisher=Macmillan|author=McKay|first=John P.|year=2011|isbn=9780312666934}}</ref> Ndị ohu na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo ma enwere ike inye ha nnwere onwe ma ọ bụrụ na ha gbanwee gaa na Islam.<ref name="Lovejoy1978">{{Cite journal|author=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1978_19_3/page/341|journal=The Journal of African History|year=1978|volume=19|issue=3|pages=341–368|doi=10.1017/s0021853700016200}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Sokoto nwere "ọ dịkarịa ala 1 nde na ikekwe ihe ruru nde 2.5 ndị ohu".<ref name="History_of_World_Societies-755" /> === Yoruba === Ịgba ohu dị n'etiti [[Ndi Yoruba|ndị Yorụba]] tupu ndị Britain ewepụ ya n'ụzọ iwu na 1893, n'oge ọchịchị.<ref name="ey">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Yoruba|date=2016|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253021441|author=Falola|first=Toyin}}</ref> Inwe ndị ohu bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọnọdụ na obodo Yorụba. Onye Yorụba nke nwere ndị ohu gosipụtara ihe ịrịba ama nke ịbụ onye bara ọgaranya na onye nwere mmetụta.<ref name="ey" /> A na-ejikarị ndị ohu eme ihe n'oge mmụba ala na agha n'ime na n'etiti agbụrụ.<ref name="ey" /> Ọ bụrụ na otu obodo weghaara nke ọzọ n'agha, ndị e jidere ga-abụ ndị ohu nke ndị jidere ha.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị ohu na-arụkarị ọrụ maka ndị isi dị ike nke obodo Yoruba, a na-enyekwa ha ọrụ ugbo, ịsacha ala, ma ọ bụ ebumnuche onwe ònye ndị ọzọ.<ref name="ey" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ndị álákuba na ndị Europe mere ka ịgba ohu bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị Yoruba.<ref name="ey">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Yoruba|date=2016|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253021441|author=Falola|first=Toyin}}</ref> Ndị Yoruba dị ka ndị agha, ndị eze dị ike, ndị isi, na ndị ahịa bara ọgaranya malitere isonye na ahia ohu n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-aba uru.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị ahịa mba ọzọ nyere ndị mmekọ azụmahịa Yoruba ngwá agha dị ike dịka égbè iji gbanwere ndị ohu.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị Yoruba jiri ngwá agha ndị a merie ndị iro ha ma ree ha n'ahịa ohu.<ref name="ey" /> ==== Ụdị ndị ohu ==== E nwere ụdị ndị ohu atọ n'etiti ndị Yoruba: ndị a dọtara n'agha, na ndị omempụ.<ref name="ey">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Yoruba|date=2016|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253021441|author=Falola|first=Toyin}}</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ 'nyàfà' n'ezo aka ''n'ohu'' ndị otu ezinụlọ ji aka ha nyefee onye ọzọ dị ka ihe nkwado iji kwụọ ụgwọ. Ohu na-arụkarị ọrụ maka nna ha ukwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na akwụghị ụgwọ ahụ. Ndị na-eme ihe onwunwe nwere ịke ịnwe ihe onwunwa ma gaa leta ezinụlọ ha, mana ndị nwe ha nọgidere na-egbòchi nnwere onwe ha. Ndị a dọtara n'agha bụ ụdị ọzọ.<ref name="ey">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Yoruba|date=2016|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253021441|author=Falola|first=Toyin}}</ref> Ndị agha meriri n'agha na-ewetakarị ndị isi na ndị eze dị mkpa, ndị mere ha ohu ma manye ha ịrụ ọrụ n'ugbo ha ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ n'azụmahịa. Mmeso a na-emeso ndị ohu dabere na àgwà nke ndị nwe ha, na ómume nke ndị ohu n'onwe ha. [[Efunsetan Aniwura]], Iyalode nke [[Ibadan]], bụ onye a maara dị ka onye ohu obi ọjọọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị ohu pụtara dị ka ndị isi ezinụlọ ha ma ọ bụ mechaa nweta nnwere ónwe. == Ụdị ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa == === Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ === Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-agụnye na-anwa ịnakọta na ibugharị ndị mmadụ (ma nwoke ma nwanyị) n'ime ma ọ bụ gafee ókèala.<ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ ụdị ịgba ohu na-eto ngwa ngwa.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> A n'amanye ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a manyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ịbanye n'ahịa mmekọahụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmanye.<ref name="auto4" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-eweta mmetụta na-emebi akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa na-abawanye na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime ụlọ na mba ụwa.<ref name="auto7" /> Naijiria aghọwokwa ụzọ njem nke ndị na-ere ahịa na-ebugharị ndị ha na-egbu na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="auto7" /> ==== Ihe kpatara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ==== Enweghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị maka mgbe ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa malitere mana ọ malitere ịrị elu na Naịjarịa na mbido afọ 1990 site na mmụba nke ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na Advanced Fee Fraud (419).<ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> E nweela ọkwa dị iche iche nke ịmara banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ yana ọdịiche dị n'otú agbụrụ dị iche iche Naijiria si anabata omume nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> N'ihi ọdịiche dị n'echiche nke omume a, gọọmentị Naijiria enweela ihe ìsi ike n'ịhazi ihe onwunwe iji kpochapụ egwu na mba ahụ.<ref name="auto7" /> Ọ na-esikwa ike ịchọpụta ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa yana enweghị ọzụzụ banyere otu èsi amata ndị a na ya.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'èzí ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'èzí, ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa mba ụwa, na-agụnye ịzụ ahịa ndị mmadụ gafee "n'ókèala mba, kọntinent na mba ụwa maka ebumnuche nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụaka na ọrụ ụlọ ìji gbanwere ụgwọ ọrụ ego.<ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> N'ofe ókèala mba ụwa kwa afọ, a na-ere ahịa n'etiti mmadụ puku narị asato na Ano nde ebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="auto12">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Naijiria ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ na-emecha na-ere ha na Europe, ọkachasị [[Italy|Ịtali]]. Middle East na North America bụkwa ebe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị a na-ere ahịa site na Naijiria iji mechie "maka ebumnuche nke nkuchi, ọrụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo, na maka ire akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ha".<ref name="auto12">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.</ref> A na-ere ụmụaka ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ site na Naịjirịa na Naịjarịa ma ọ bụ mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.<ref name="auto12" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ mpụ dị ịrịba ama na mba ụwa, nke a na-ahụ dị ka ihe yiri ahịa ohu nke oge a.<ref name="auto12" /> E dekọrọ steeti Edo ka ọ nwere pasent kachasị elu nke ndị a na-ere ahịa na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> Ihe kachasị ewù ewù nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'èzí maka ebumnuche mmegbu bụ na Edo (20.4%), Rivers (8.6%), Cross River (7.1%), Anambra (6.8%), Delta (6.4%), Bayelsa (5.7%), Ebonyi (5.4%), na Imo (3.2%).<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> isi obo gọọmenti etiti (5.7%) na Borno steeti (5.0%).<ref name="auto7" /> ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'ime obodo ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'ime obodo, ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa n'ụlọ bụ ịnakọta na ibugharị ndị mmadụ n'ime ókèala nke mba, ma ọ bụrụ na site n'ime ime obodo gaa n'obodo ukwu ma ọ bụ site n'otu steeti gaa na nke ọzọ, maka ebumnuche nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụaka, ma ọ ọ bụ ọrụ ụlọ.<ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime ụlọ maka ọrụ na-eme na Benue (16.4%), Akwa Ibom (13.2%), Kogi (9.5%), Kano (4.1%), [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]] (4.1%), Borno (3.6%), Edo (3.6), Kaduna (3.6%), Kwara (3.6%) na Niger (3.6%) steeti.<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> === Ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị === A na-ere ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ahịa maka ebumnuche nke mmegbu mmekọahụ.<ref name="auto8">Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.</ref> A na-ere ahịa ha n'èzí.<ref name="auto8" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Naijiria na-ere ahịa mmadụ bụ otu n'ime ndị kachasị elu na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe.<ref name="auto8">Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.</ref> ==== Ihe kpatara ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị ==== Nsogbu ịzụ ahịa a na Naịjirịa sitere na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Okpukpe, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba na North na ọtụtụ ndị Kraịst n'ndịda arụwokwa ọrụ dị mkpa na esemokwu na Naịjirịa niile nke kpatara ịda ogbenye.<ref name="Ngwe, J. E. 2012" /> ==== Juju ==== Juju na-ebikọ na Naijiria tinyere [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] na ndi alakụba.<ref name="auto8">Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.</ref> Juju na-emetụta ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naijiria ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na onye ụkọchukwu nwere njikọ na ụlọ nsọ voodoo nwere ike ịchịkwa nsonaazụ na ndụ ndị mmadụ.<ref name="auto8" /> Enwere oke nchịkwa n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị site na emume juju.<ref name="auto8" /> Ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị omempụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Naịjirịa, ọbụna ndị omempaka na-akwụ ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchụ ụgwọ.<ref name="auto8" /> Ya mere, nke a na-eduga n'ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ siri ike ebe ọ bụ na ndị mafia na-eyi ndị ahụ na ezinụlọ ha egwu ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ emeghị ihe jikọrọ aka.<ref name="auto8" /> Ndị Mafia Naijiria na-ejikwa akwụkwọ njem na njem gaa Europe ma site n'ebe a, ndị madams na-azụta ụmụ agbọghọ maka ọrụ.<ref name="auto2">SIDDHARTH KARA. Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Web.</ref> ==== Ọrụ nke ndị inyom ==== Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ n'achịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="auto3">Quirk, Joel., and Darshan. Vigneswaran. Slavery, Migration and Contemporary Bondage in Africa /[edited by] Joel Quirk and Darshan Vigneswaran. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2013. Print.</ref> Ndị a n'emegbu n'abịa site na 'madams', ndị na-eme dị ka ndị na-ere ahịa nwanyị, ma na-abụkarị ndị bụbu ndị akwụna.<ref name="auto3" /> Ndị madam ndị a nwere ụmụ nwanyị ruo mgbe ha kwụrụ ụgwọ ha.<ref name="auto8">Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.</ref> Ndị Madams na-akwụ ụgwọ maka njem nke nwa agbọghọ ha na-anakọta.<ref name="auto8" /> Ihe na-akpali ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a bụ ohere ọdịnihu nke inweta ego dị ka onye nwe ụlọ, na-akpata usoro mmegbu.<ref name="auto8" /> Nke a bụ omume a ma ama na Naịjirịa taa, ebe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị abịakwutewo nwanyị tupu.<ref name="auto2">SIDDHARTH KARA. Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Web.</ref> ==== Boko Haram ==== Boko Haram na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa site n'ịtọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ ma manye ha ịbụ ndị ohu.<ref>CNN, Stephanie Busari. "UNICEF: Boko Haram has kidnapped more than 1000 children in Nigeria". ''CNN''. Retrieved 2020-11-17.</ref> Boko Haram atọrọla ihe karịrị ụmụaka out puku na Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 2013 dị ka UNICEF si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stephanie Busari|title=UNICEF: Boko Haram has kidnapped more than 1000 children in Nigeria|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/13/africa/boko-haram-children-abduction-intl/index.html|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=CNN|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Otu n'ime ntọrọ ndị isi, nke a maara dị ka ntọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ Chibok, mere na Borno [[Ȯra Borno|Steeti]] ebe Abubakar Shekau wepụtara vidiyo na-ekwu na ọ "ga-ere ụmụ agbọghọ Naijiria 276 ka ha bụrụ ndị ohu".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boko Haram: Spotlight on Human Trafficking – World Policy|url=http://worldpolicy.org/2014/05/22/boko-haram-spotlight-on-human-trafficking/|accessdate=2020-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịgba ohu ụmụaka === Na Na Naịjirịa, e nwere ụdị ịgba ohu ụmụaka abụọ: ọrụ mmanye na iji mmekọahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ azụmahịa.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> O siri ike ịmata ịgba ohu ụmụaka na Naịjirịa n'ihi mgbagwoju anya dị n'etiti ọrụ na ọrụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="auto">Okpalaobi, B. Nkechi. “Children and Modern Day Slavery.” African research review 10.1 (2016): 17–. Web.</ref> ==== Ọrụ mmanye ==== A na-amanye ụmụaka Naijiria ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị ọrụ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, ịgba ohu n'ụlọ, ime kapet, ime ọla, ime uwe, ịnya kamel, n'agha (dị ka ụmụaka ndị agha).<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> A na-amanye ụmụaka Naijiria ka ha banye n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala ebe a na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ dị oke egwu n'ihi ọrụ siri ike achọrọ.<ref name="auto">Okpalaobi, B. Nkechi. “Children and Modern Day Slavery.” African research review 10.1 (2016): 17–. Web.</ref> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Ọ yiri ka enwere njikọ dị elu n'etiti mmetọ mmekọahụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na ịgba akwụna ụmụaka na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> Ụdị ịgba ohu ụmụaka a nwere ike ịgụnye "ịgba akwụna, ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, njem mmekọahụ, mgbaaka mmekọahụ, ịgba egwú ọtọ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ngosi, na iji ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ eme ihe n'ụzọ mmekọahụ.<ref name="auto4" /> == Mgbalị ndị e mere iji lụso ịgba ohu nke oge a ọgụ == Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ siri ike ịlụso ọgụ n'ihi na ọ naghị adị mfe ịmata ya.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, e nweela mgbalị iji lụso ịgba ohu nke oge a ọgụ.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992">"Developing Nations: Conference on Third World Women." Infobase, February 25, 1992. Accessed September 30, 2020.</ref> === Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ụlọ === Gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwenyere na mpụ nke ịzụ ahịa ndị mmadụ na-eweta nnukwu ihe egwu maka mmepe na nkwụsi ike nke Naịjirị, nakwa na ọ na-ewetara nnukwu ihe egwu nye ụkpụrụ ya na akụ na ụba mba.<ref name="auto12">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.</ref> Ya mere, e meela ọtụtụ mgbalị iji lụso nsogbu a ọgụ. E guzobere National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons ([[National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons|NAPTIP]]) iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ 2003.<ref name="auto12" /> Ụlọ ọrụ a na-etinye aka na-ntaramahụhụ nke ndị na-ere mmadụ, nyocha nke ndị uwe ojii, na iweghachi ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ n'ime ọha mmadụ.<ref name="auto12" /> Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke Naịjirịa bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere: Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu megide Mpụ Transnational, Nkwekome megide Ịgbapụ Ndị Mgbasa Ozi site na Ala, Oké Osimiri na Ụgbọ Mmiri, Nkwupụta iji gbochie, gbochie ma nye ntaramahụhụ Ịzụ ahịa na Ndị Mmadụ, na Nkwekọrọ megide Imepụta Iwu na Ịzụ ahịa égbè.<ref name="auto12">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.</ref> === Mgbalị mba ụwa === E nweela mgbalị mba ụwa eji dozie nsogbu nke ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992">"Developing Nations: Conference on Third World Women." Infobase, February 25, 1992. Accessed September 30, 2020.</ref> Na Geneva, Switzerland, ndị eze nwanyị 70 na ndị nwunye nke ndị isi ala, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na mba ụwa, gara nzukọ banyere nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na mba ụwa nke atọ, na-enwe olileanya idozi nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992">"Developing Nations: Conference on Third World Women." Infobase, February 25, 1992. Accessed September 30, 2020.</ref> Ịgba ohu nke oge a nwere ike ime n'ihi ụgwọ ụfọdụ mba Afrịka nwere, gụnyere Naịjirịa. Otu mgbalị iji dozie nke a bụ site n'aka ọchịchị Bush site n'ịkwụsị ụgwọ nke mba 18, gụnyere Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto6">Woods, E. (2007). Slavery persists. (). Washington: Inter-Hemispheric Resource Center Press.</ref> Ndị Jubilee Movement kagbukwara ụgwọ nke mba 50 ma ọ bụ karịa, gụnyere Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto6">Woods, E. (2007). Slavery persists. (). Washington: Inter-Hemispheric Resource Center Press.</ref> kyyxsqg47493pozmeu7g3yry39u5mh9 0 23833 697493 122577 2026-08-10T01:14:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agha ụmụ nwanyị''', ma ọ bụ Aba Women's Protest ([[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]]: ''Ogu Umunwanyi''; [[Asụsụ ibibio|Ibibio]]: ''Ekong Iban''), bụ oge ọgba aghara na Naijirịa na-achị n'ime Nọvemba 1929. Ngagharị iwe ahụ malitere mgbe ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] si na mpaghara Bende, [[Umuahia]] na ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijirịa gara n'obodo Oloko iji mee ngagharị iwe megide ndị isi Warrant, bụ ndị ha boro ebubo na ha na-egbochi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na gọọmentị. Ngagharị iwe ahụ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị si n'agbụrụ isii (Igbo, Ibibio, Andoni, Ogoni, Efik, na Ijaw).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Zukas|first=Lorna Lueker|editor=Ness|title=Women's War of 1929|year=2009|doi=10.1002/9781405198073|isbn=9781405198073|url=http://www.revolutionprotestencyclopedia.com/fragr_image/media/IEO_Womens_War_of_1929|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo nke mpaghara [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na [[Calabar]] haziri ma duzie ya. Omume nke ngagharị iwe ahụ gụnyere 'ịnọdụ ala' site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ihe omume ahụ, a manyere ọtụtụ ndị isi Warrant ka ha gbaa arụkwaghịm ma wakpo ụlọ ikpe iri isii nke ụmụ amaala, ọtụtụ n'ime ha mebiri. Ọ bụ nnukwu nnupụisi mbụ ụmụ nwanyị mere na West Africa. N'afọ 1930, gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ wepụrụ usoro nke ndị isi warrant, ma họpụta ụmụ nwanyị na usoro Ụlọikpe Obodo. Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka wuru mgbanwe ndị a ma hụ ha dị ka mmalite nke ịkpa ókè mba Afrịka.<ref>Judith Van Allen, "Aba Riots or the Igbo Women's War?-Ideology, Stratification and the Invisibility of Women." ''Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies'' 6.1 (1975).</ref><ref>Lorna Lueker Zukas, "Women's War of 1929." in ''The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest'' (2009): 1-2.</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahazi na Naịjirịa == E nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Naijirịa tupu nnupụisi ahụ. N'afọ 1910, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Agbaja hapụrụ ụlọ ha ruo otu ọnwa iji mee ngagharị iwe n'ihi ebubo n'etiti ha na ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke na-egbu ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na nzuzo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Women's War of 1929: Gender and Violence in Colonial Nigeria|author=Matera|first=Marc|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-1137377777|location=Basingstoke, United Kingdom|pages=ix-x, 19–21, 45–46}}</ref> Enweghị ha niile mere ka ndị okenye obodo mee ihe iji dozie nchegbu ha.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1924, ụmụ nwanyị 3000 nọ na [[Calabar]] mere ngagharị iwe maka ọnụ ahịa ahịa nke ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ nyere iwu.<ref name=":2" /> Na Southwestern Nigeria, e nwere [[Lagos Market Women's Association|òtù ụmụ nwanyị]] ndị ọzọ dị ka Lagos Market Women's Association, Nigerian Women's Party, na Abeokuta Women's Union.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Cheryl D|year=1981|title=Grassroots Organizing: Women in Anti-Colonial Activity in Southwestern Nigeria|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~triner/global/Johnson.pdf|journal=African Studies Association|volume=25|pages=138–148}}</ref> Enwekwara "usoro dị mma nke netwọk ahịa ụmụ nwanyị" nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo na Ibibio ji ekwurịta okwu iji hazie ma hazie n'oge nnupụisi ahụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Andrade|first=Susan Z|year=1990|title=Rewriting history, motherhood, and rebellion: Naming an African women's literary tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_spring-1990_21_1/page/96|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=21|issue=1|pages=96–97}}</ref> == Ihe omume na ihe kpatara ya == N'ezie, mpụta nke Agha Ụmụ nwanyị Aba dị ogologo oge na-eme. Ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ na Naijirịa gbanwere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa dị iche iche na obodo ha. A na-ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na ọchịchị nke mpaghara ahụ ma nwee ọrụ dị mkpa n'ahịa.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị rụkọkwara ọrụ ọnụ n'ụlọ, a makwaara ha abụọ na ha nwere ọrụ dị mkpa.<ref name=":2" /> Ụmụ nwanyị nwekwara ihe ùgwù nke isonye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha lụrụ ndị isi. Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ hụrụ omume ndị a dị ka " ngosipụta nke ọgba aghara na ọgba ag aghara", ha nwara ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-enye ikike na ike.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ha lere ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ikom Igbo na-eduzi anya, ha leghaara nke ụmụ ṅwanyị anya, na-eme ka ha ghara inwe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":5">"Sitting on a Man": Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women, Author: Judith van Allen, Source: Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, Special Issue: The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future (1972), pp. 165-181 Stable URL: <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/484197</nowiki></ref> Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ kwenyere na usoro nna ochie na nke nwoke a ga-eguzobe usoro omume ọma n'ebe niile a na-achị.<ref name=":2" /> Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ bịara na-enwekwu afọ ojuju na ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị n'ihi ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu, nrụrụ aka site n'aka ndị isi obodo, na ọrụ mmanye.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe omume nke mesịrị duga n'agha ahụ bụ iwebata ụtụ isi kpọmkwem. N'ọnwa Eprelụ 1927, gọọmentị na-achị Naijirịa mere ihe iji mee ka Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. Onye bi n'ógbè ahụ, W. E. Hunt, bụ onye osote gọvanọ nke Naijirịa nyere iwu ka ọ kọwaara ndị mmadụ ndokwa na ihe ndị dị na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ n'óbe ise dị na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Nke a bụ iji kwadebe ihe ndabere maka iwebata ụtụ isi kpọmkwem nke ga-amalite n'April 1928. E webatara ụtụ isi kpọmkwem na ụmụ nwoke na 1928 n'enweghị nnukwu ihe omume, ekele maka omume ndị a haziri nke ọma n'ime ọnwa iri na abụọ gara aga. Na Septemba 1929, e zigara Captain J. Cook, onye na-enyere onye isi distrikti aka, ka ọ weghara ngalaba Bende nwa oge site n'aka onye isi distrite na-eje ozi, Maazị Weir, ruo mgbe Captain Hill laghachiri na ezumike na Nọvemba. Mgbe ọ weghaara, Cook chọpụtara na akwụkwọ aha mbụ maka ụtụ isi ezughi oke n'ihi na ha etinyeghị nkọwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwunye, ụmụaka, na anụ ụlọ n'ezinụlọ ọ bụla. Ọ malitere ịtụgharị akwụkwọ aha ahụ. Omume a mere ka ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa nwee esemokwu kpọmkwem ma bụrụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe dị mkpa na nchịkwa mpaghara. A mara ọkwa ebumnuche Cook iji degharịa aha ahụ nye ndị isi ole na ole na Oloko Native Court ma malite ịgụta ọnụ n'ihe dị ka Ọktoba 14, 1929. Ụmụ nwanyị nke Oloko chere na ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ mmalite maka ịgbatị ụtụ isi kpọmkwem, nke a manyere ụmụ nwoke n'afọ gara aga. Ụmụ nwanyị enweela ibu arọ maka ịkwado ezinụlọ ha na inyere ụmụ nwoke aka ịkwụ ụtụ isi ha.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=A History of Nigeria|author=Falola|first=Toyin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780511399909|pages=133–135}}</ref> N'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime usoro nna ochie n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, ha jiri ọrụ ha jikọrọ aka mee ka ha ghara inwe afọ ojuju. Na Disemba 2, 1929, ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị iri mere ngagharị iwe na Oloko, Bende, megide ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị, na anụ ụlọ site n'aka onye ọrụ distrikti. Ihe omume a na Oloko ga-agbasa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ n'ime izu anọ sochirinụ na ''Ogu Umunwanyi'' ma ọ bụ Agha Ụmụ nwanyị nke 1929.<ref>Chima J. Korieh, "Gender and Peasant Resistance: Recasting the Myth of the Invisible Women in Colonial Eastern Nigeria, 1925-1945." in The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola, ed. Andrew C. Okolie (Africa World Press, 2003), 623–46, 630.</ref> Site na Nọvemba ruo Disemba, ụmụ nwanyị si [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] ruo [[Calabar]] kwakọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma bibie ụlọ na ihe onwunwe nke Native Court tinyere ihe onwunwa nke ndị otu Native Court.<ref name=":7" /> === Oloko === Agha Ụmụ nwanyị Aba malitere site na esemokwu dị n'etiti nwanyị aha ya bụ '''Nwanyeruwa''' na nwoke, Mark '''Emereuwa''', onye na-enyere aka ịme ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi n'obodo ahụ nke Warrant, Okugo na-achịkwa. Nwanyeruwa bụ onye nna Ngwa, ọ lụrụ di na nwunye n'obodo Oloko. Na Oloko, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ metụtara ụtụ isi, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-echegbu onwe ha banyere onye ga-atụ ụtụ isi ha, ọkachasị n'oge oke ọnụ ahịa na ngwụcha afọ 1920. Ọdịda ego nke 1929 gbochiri ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịzụ ahịa ṅa imepụta ihe n'ihi ya ha chọrọ mmesi obi ike n'aka gọọmentị na-achị ha na a gaghị achọ ka ha kwụọ ụtụ isi. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche nkwụsịtụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha ihu, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ kpebiri na ha agaghị akwụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ nyochaa ihe onwuṅwe ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women, Culture and development: A study of human capabilities|author=Glover|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University|year=1995|pages=449}}</ref> N'ụtụtụ Nọvemba 18, Emereuwa rutere n'ụlọ Nwanyereuwa wee bịakwute ya, ebe di ya Ọjim anwụọla. Ọ gwara nwanyị ahụ di ya nwụrụ ka ọ "gụọ ewu, atụrụ na ndị mmadụ". Ebe ọ bụ na Nwanyereuwa ghọtara nke a pụtara, "Olee ihe ole ị nwere ka anyị wee nwee ike ịkwụ gị ụtụ isi dabere na ha", iwe were ya. Ọ zaghachiri site n'ikwu "Ọ gụrụ nne gị di ya nwụrụ?," nke pụtara "na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị akwụ ụtụ isi n'etiti ndị Igbo ọdịnala". Ha abụọ kwurịtara okwu iwe, Emeruwa jidere Nwanyeruwa n'olu.<ref>''The Testimony of Nwanyoji, March 14, 1930. In'' The Women's War of 1929 ''by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011.''</ref> Nwanyeruwa gara n'ọma ahịa obodo iji soro ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-enwe nzukọ iji kwurịta okwu banyere ịtụ ụtụ isi ụmụ nwanyị kwurịta ihe merenụ. N'ikwere na a ga-atụ ha ụtụ isi, dabere na akụkọ Nwanyeruwa, ụmụ nwanyị Oloko kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ (site na izipu akwụkwọ nkwụ) site na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Bende, yana site na [[Umuahia]] na Ngwa. Ha kpọkọtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị 10,000 na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ọfịs nke Warrant Chief Okugo, na-achọ ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm ma na-akpọ maka ikpe. === Ndị Oloko atọ === A maara ndị isi nke ngagharị iwe na Oloko dị ka Oloko Trio: Ikonnia, Nwannedia na Nwugo. A maara mmadụ atọ ahụ maka nkwenye ha, ọgụgụ ịsi na agụụ mmekọahụ. Mgbe ngagharị iwe ghọrọ ihe siri ike, ọ na-abụkarị ndị atọ a nwere ike imebi ọnọdụ ahụ, na-egbochi ime ihe ike. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e gburu ụmụ nwanyị abụọ mgbe ha na-egbochi okporo ụzọ dị ka ụdị mkpesa, mmadụ atọ ahụ eṅweghị ike ime ka ọnọdụ ahụ dị jụụ n'ebe ahụ, e zigara ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha n'obodo ahụ. === Ihe nketa nke Nwanyeruwa === N'ihi enyemaka ya na Agha Ụmụ nwanyị, Madame [[Nwanyeruwa]] bụ ma ka bụ aha na-apụta mgbe ọ na-ebute akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha ụmụ nwanyị na Naijirịa, a na-ekwukwa na ọ nwere njikọ na akụkọ ihe mere e ji nwee mmeghe nke ịhụ mba n'anya n'Africa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=The feminization of development processes in Africa: Current and future perspectives|author=James, Valentine Udoh|first=and James, Etim|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1999|pages=101}}</ref> Nwanyereuwa keere òkè dị mkpa n'ime ka ngagharị iwe ghara ime ihe ike. Ọ kara afọ ndụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọtụtụ ndị duziri ngagharị iwe ahụ. N'okpuru ndụmọdụ ya, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mere ngagharị iwe n'abụ na ịgba egwu, "nọdụ ala" na Warrant Chiefs ruo mgbe ha nyefere akara ọrụ ha wee gbaa arụkwaghịm. Ka nnupụisi ahụ na-agbasa, ìgwè ndị ọzọ gbasoro usoro a, ṅa eme ka ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ nke udo. Ìgwè ndị ọzọ bịara Nwanyeruwa iji dee nsonaazụ na-akpali akpali nke ngagharị iwe ahụ, nke, dị ka Nwanyeruw hụrụ ha, bụ na, "ụmụ nwanyị agaghị akwụ ụtụ isi ruo mgbe ụwa ga-agwụ [na] Ndị isi agaghị adị ọzọ". Ụmụ nwanyị nke Oloko na ebe ndị ọzọ wetara onyinye ego nye Madam Nwanyeruwa maka inyere ha aka izere ịkwụ ụtụ isi. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị mere ngagharị iwe ma wakpo ndị isi, na-ebibi ụlọ ha ma na-eme ka a hụ nnupụisi ahụ dị ka ime ihe ike.<ref name="James, Valentine Udoh 1999">{{Cite book|title=The feminization of development processes in Africa: Current and future perspectives|author=James, Valentine Udoh|first=and James, Etim|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1999}}</ref> === Madam Mary Okezie === Madam Mary Okezie (1906-1999) bụ nwanyị mbụ sitere n'ezinụlọ Igbo ya iji nweta agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ na-akụzi na Anglican Mission School na Umuocham Aba na 1929 mgbe nnupụisi ụmụ nwanyị malitere. Ọ bụ ezie na o sonyeghị na nnupụisi ahụ, ọ nwere ọmịiko dị ukwuu maka ebumnuche ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị nyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na Aba Commission of Inquiry (e zigara na 1930). Taa, isi ihe maka ịmụ nnupụisi ahụ bụ Akụkọ nke Aba Commission of Inquiry. Mgbe nnupụisi ahụ gasịrị, Madam Okezie pụtara dị ka onye guzobere na onye ndú nke Ngwa Women's Association ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ndụ ya niile iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa. == Ndị ọzọ a ma ama == * Mary nke Ogu Ndem (Mary nke Agha Ụmụ nwanyị) * Ihejilemebi Ibe nke Obodo Umuokirika == Ụzọ e si eme ngagharị iwe / atụmatụ ngagharị iwe == Otu usoro dị mkpa na ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ ihe a maara dị ka "ịnọdụ ala". Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Glover kwuru na ndị ikom na-ahụghị ụmụ nwanyị kpọrọ ihe, na-etinye ohere nke ndị chere na a ga-eweghachi ihe dị mma n'ime obodo ha na-ezere ma nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ: 6 "Nnọdụ ala n'elu nwoke" ma ọ bụ "na-alụso nwoke agha" bụ omenala a na-eji dị ogologo oge dị ka ṅgwá agha ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ha na-eche ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu ṅa obodo ha.<ref name="Glover 1995">{{Cite book|title=Women, culture, and development: A study of human capabilities.|author=Glover|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University|year=1995}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Green (1964), Judith Van Allen (1976), na Monday Effiong Noah (1985) kwuru na ụfọdụ ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị Aba ji mee ihe bụ : ịgba ụlọ nwoke ahụ gburugburu, mkparị nwoke ya, na ibibi ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-akọwa dị ka ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa.: Ụmụ nwanyị ga-ezukọta n'ogige ṅwoke ahụ a na-ekwu maka ya, ma na-abụ abụ ma na-agba egwu ka ha na-akọwa mkpesa ụmụ ṅwanyị megide ya.<ref name="Glover 1995" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-akụkarị ụlọ ya, kwatuo ya, ma ọ bụ jiri apịtị kpuchie ya. Omume ndị dị ka imegbu nwunyé ya ma ọ bụ imebi iwu ahịa ụmụ nwanyị bụ ntaramahụhụ site na "ịnọdụ ala". Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a nọgidere na-eme omume ndị a ruo mgbe ọ chegharịrị ma gbanwee ụzọ ya.: 14648 N'oge March nke Grand-Bassam, a na-ejikwa usoro ịnọdụ ala n'elu nwoke mgbe nwoke jidere enyi ya nwanyị mgbe o tinyere kaadị RDA ya n'ime uwe ime ya.<ref name="Glover 1995" /><ref>M. M. GREEN, op. cit., pp. 196-97; [[Sylvia Leith-Ross]], op. cit., p. 109.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/484197 "Sitting on a Man": Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women], Author: Judith van Allen, Source: Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, Special Issue: The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future (1972), pp. 170</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị wee wakpoo ụlọ ikpe ma mgbe ndị uwe ojii na-eyi egwu malitere ịgba egwú ma yipụ uwe ha: usoro eji eme ihe dị ka ụdị nguzogide dị ike.: 170 A na-ewere ọtọ ụmụ nwanyí n'ọtụtụ obodo Afrịka na Sahelian dị ka ihe a machibidoro iwu nke gosipụtara na ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ga-akwụsị mmebi ahụ.: 204 Mgbe ọ bịara na ndị isi agha, yana ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwú gburugburu ụlọ na ọfịs, ụmụ nwanyị ga na-agbaso ọ bụla ha, na-awakpo ohere ha na ndị ikom na-ele anya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Women Writing Africa: West Africa and the Sahel|author=Sutherland-Addy, Esi|first=and Aminata Diaw|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|year=2005}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A na-enwekarị nsogbu na ndị nwunye nke ndị isi Warrant ma ha onwe ha na-etinye nrụgide na ndị Warrants ka ha gee ntị na ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ. Usoro a nke "ịnọdụ ala na akwụkwọ ikike," ya bụ, ịgbaso ha n'ebe niile na ebe ọ bụla, bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na Naijirịa, ma jiri ya mee ihe nke ọma. Site na nhọrọ nke uwe, iji asụsụ ahụ na nhọrọ nke abụ, dọtara uche na ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na Naijirịa, ọkachasị na ichebe ọdịmma nke ala. Ndị ikom ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo ahụ anaghị abịa ịzọpụta ha ma kwuo na ha wetara iwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime onwe ha.: 170<ref name=":0" />  == Ndị ọrụ nyocha nke Aba == Ọrụ nyocha mbụ mere na mbido Jenụwarị 1930, mana enwetaghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Nnyocha nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ kọmitii Aba, zutere na Machị 1930.<ref name=":2" /> Kọmitii ahụ nwere nnọkọ ihu ọha ruo ụbọchị iri atọ na asatọ n'ebe dị iche iche na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na [[Calabar]] Provinces ma gbaa ndị akaebe 485 ajụjụ ọnụ. N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị akaebe a, ṅaanị ihe dị ka 103 bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ikom obodo na ndị ọrụ nchịkwa Britain bụ ndị a kpọrọ ka ha kọwaa ọrụ ha na nnupụisi ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe mere ha ji ghara ịkwụsị ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.<ref>Nigeria, Report of the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December, 1929 (Lagos: printed by the Government Printer, 1930) http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2014/10/nigeria-report-of-commission-of-inquiry.html</ref> == Nsonaazụ == Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe "ụzọ ọdịnala maka netwọkụ na ikwupụta enweghị nkwenye" n'ime usoro dị ike nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na-ama aka ma na-emebi nchịkwa mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geiger|first=Susan|year=1990|title=Women and African Nationalism|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/363196/pdf|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=2|pages=229|doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0247}}</ref> A na-eme ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ókè nke ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụtụbeghị n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke Africa. Nnupụisi ahụ gbatịrị ihe karịrị puku square kilomita isii nke nwere mpaghara ọ́werri na Calabar niile, ebe ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ bi.<ref>HarryA.GAILEY, Op.cit., p.137;MargeyPERHAM, NativeAdministrationinNigeria, op. cit., pp. 209-12.</ref> Ruo na ngwụcha Disemba 1929, mgbe ndị agha na-achị mba ahụ weghachiri usoro, e bibiri ụlọ ikpe iri, mebiri ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, a wakporo ụlọ ndị ọrụ ụlọ ikpe, ma zuo ụlọ ọrụ ndị Europe na [[Imo River|Osimiri Imo]], [[Abá|Aba]], Mbawsi, na Amata. Ụmụ ṅwanyị wakporo ụlọ mkpọrọ ma tọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ. Mana ṅzaghachi nke ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ bụkwa ihe siri ike. Ka ọ na-erule oge e weghachiri usoro, ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanyị iri ise na ise ka ndị agha na-achị ala ahụ gburu. Ndị agha ikpeazụ hapụrụ Owerri na 27 Disemba 1929, ndị nche ikpeazụ na Abak Division lara azụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1930. Ka ọ na-erule 10 Jenụwarị 1930, a na-ewere nnupụisi ahụ dị ka nke e ji ihe ịga nke ọma kwụsị. N'ime ngwụcha Disemba 1929 na mmalite Jenụwarị 1930, e mere ihe karịrị iri atọ nyocha ntaramahụhụ.<ref>Chima J. Korieh, 'Gender and Peasant Resistance: Recasting the Myth of the Invisible Women in Colonial Eastern Nigeria, 1925-1945', in The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola, ed. Andrew C. Okolie (Africa World Press, 2003), 623–46, 632.</ref> A ṅa-ekwere n'ozuzu ya, dị ka Nina Mba si kwuo, na ihe omume a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na nchịkwa ọhụrụ n'okpuru Gọvanọ Donald Cameron tụlere ụfọdụ aro ụmụ ṅwanyị n"ịtụleghachi usoro nke Native Administration. N'ihi ya, a na-ahụ Agha Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe kewara akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchịkwa ndị Britain na Naịjirịa na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu.<ref>Nina Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley: University of California, 1982) and "Heroines of the Women's War," in Nigerian Women in Historical Perspectives ed. [[Bolanle Awe]] (Ibadan: Sankare/Bookcraft, 1992), 75-88</ref> Agha ụmụ nwanyị nyekwara aka n'ịme ka echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-arị elu, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị ndị isi ohere itinye aka n'omume ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women, Culture and Development: A study of human capabilities|author=Glover|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford University|year=1995|pages=450}}</ref> N'ihi ngagharị iwe ahụ, ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ ka mma nke ukwuu. N'ebe ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị ṅwere ike dochie ndị isi Warrant. A họpụtakwara ụmụ nwanyị ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe ndị obodo. Mgbe agha ụmụ ṅwanyị gasịrị, òtù ụmụ nwanyị siri ike na Ngwaland, ọtụtụ ihe mere n'afọ ndị 1930, 40 na 50 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Agha ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ngagharì iwe ụtụ isi nke 1938, ngagharị iwe mmanụ nke afọ 1940 na Owerri na Calabar Provinces na Tax Revolt na Aba na Onitsha na 1956. N'oge abụọ, a kpọrọ ndị isi distrikti ma nye ndị agha na ndị agha obodo iwu ka ha kwụsị ngagharị iwe ahụ. N'oge ndị a, a gbagburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ nwanyị 50 ma merụọ mmadụ 50 ọzọ ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ n'onwe ha emerụbeghị onye ọ bụla ha na-eme ṅgagharị iwe, ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị agha na-eme mkpesa ndị ahụ. == Ọdịiche aha == Ihe omume ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche, gụnyere (ma ọ bụghị nanị) Aba Women's Riots nke 1929, Aba Women'S War, na The Women's Market Rebellion nke 1929. A na-akpọkarị ya "Aba Women's Riots of 1929" n'ihi na ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a kpọrọ ya aha na ndekọ ndị Britain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eji usoro mkpesa nke bụ ọdịnala na nke a kapịrị ọnụ na obodo ha, dị ka ịnọdụ ala n'elu nwoke ma na-eyi uwe omenala ọdịnala.<ref name=":5" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ikom nọ n'obodo ahụ ghọtara ihe usoro na usoro ndị ahụ pụtara, ndị Britain emeghị n'ihi na ha bụ ndị si n'èzí. N'ihi nke a, ihe omume ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ "omume nzuzu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emebiga ihe ókè," si otú a na-akpọ ihe omume ahụ ọgba aghara.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ịkpọ ihe omume ahụ "Aba Riots" na-eme ka "ihe na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị" ghara ịdị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nakwa na-eme ihe omume ahụ site na oghere nke ọchịchị.<ref name=":4" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a kpọrọ ihe omume ahụ "Ogu Umunwanyi" n'asụsụ Igbo na "Ekong Iban" n'ụdị Ibibio site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị obodo nke na-asụgharị "agha ụmụ nwanyị" Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme eme mere ka a kpọọ ya "Agha ụmụ nwanyị" iji wepụ ihe omume ahụ na oghere nke ọchịchị ma mee ka ọ dabere na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":1" /> == Hụkwa == * Nnupụisi Bussa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} #   Aba Commission of Inquiry. Notes of Evidence Taken by the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December, 1929] ([[Lagos]], 1929), 24-30. 4th Witness, Nwanyeruwa (F.A.). #   Aborisade, Oladimeji, Mundt, Robert J. Politics in Nigeria. Longhorn (2002) [[New York City|New York]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] #   Oriji, John N. (2000). Igbo Women From 1929-1960. West Africa Review: 2, 1. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Afigbo|first=Adiele E.|title=The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929|year=1972|publisher=Humanity Press|isbn=978-0-391-00215-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Leith-Ross|first=Sylvia|title=African Women: A Study of the Ibo of Nigeria|year=1939|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=London}} Reprint, New York: Praeger, 1965. ASIN B000JECCCQ. * {{Cite book|author=Martin|first=Susan M.|title=Palm Oil and Protest: An Economic History of the Ngwa Region, South-Eastern Nigeria, 1800–1980|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-34376-3}} * Onwuteka, V. C. "Aba Riot nke 1929 na mmekọrịta ya na usoro nke 'ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè'." ''Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies'' 7.3 (1965): 273-282. * Ukeje, Charles "Site Aba ruo Ugborodo: njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na okwu ọzọ nke mkpesa ọha na eze n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na mmanụ Delta nke Naịjirịa. " ''Oxford Development Studies'' 32.4 (2004): 605-617. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Ukeje/publication/24085740_From_Aba_to_Ugborodo_Gender_Identity_and_Alternative_Discourse_of_Social_Protest_among_Women_in_the_Oil_Delta_of_Nigeria/links/5b51be8ea6fdcc8dae3015b1/From-Aba-to-Ugborodo-Gender-Identity-and-Alternative-Discourse-of-Social-Protest-among-Women-in-the-Oil-Delta-of-Nigeria.pdf N'ịntanetị] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọgba aghara Aba ma ọ bụ Agha Ụmụ nwanyị Igbo?-Ideology, Stratification na Invisibility nke ụmụ nwanyị. " ''Ọ bụ'' n'oge a na-adịghị anya: A Journal of African Studies 6.1 (1975).<nowiki></ref></nowiki> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọ na-anọdụ ala na: ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị furu efu nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo. " Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 6.2 (1972): 165-181. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220622200216/https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist247/winter%202010/additional%20rdgs/sitting_on_man.pdf N'ịntanetị] == Njikọ mpụga == * Marissa K. Evans, Aba Women's Riots (November-December 1929) na blackpast.org {{Igbo topics}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3501vyhfbcxwschx2zinknwcbpw5gxa 0 24034 697733 116322 2026-08-10T06:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Margarethe Selenka.jpg|thumb]] '''Margarethe Lenore Selenka-Heinemann''' (n'ụbọchị 7 Ọktoba 1860, Hamburg n'ụbọchị 16 Disemba 1922, Munich) bụ onye Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ anụmanụ, anthropologist, feminist na pacifist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trowelblazers.com/margarethe-lenore-selenka/|title=Margarethe Lenore Selenka|work=TrowelBlazers|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> Ọ nyochara enwe ma duzie njem sayensị na Dutch East Indies. A mụrụ Selenka dị ka Margarethe Heinemann, nwa nwanyị na-azụ ahịa. N'afọ 1886, ọ lụrụ onye edemede Ferdinand Neubürger, mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị na ịgba alụkwaghịm afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 1893, ọ lụrụ Emil Selenka ọzọ, prọfesọ na zoology na Mahadum Erlangen, onye di ya nwụrụ nke nwanne ya nwanyị. N'okpuru mmetụta Selenka, ọ malitere ịmụ paleontology, anthropology na zoology wee bụrụ onye enyemaka ya. N'afọ 1892 o sonyere na njem sayensị na Ceylon, [[Japan]], [[China]] na Dutch East Indies nke di ya duziri. Mgbe Emil Selenka dara ezigbo ọrịa n'oge ha nọrọ na Dutch East Indies ma laghachi Germany, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ahụ, na-etinye ọnwa ole na ole na-enyocha ọhịa nke Borneo iji mụọ apụl. Laa azụ na Germany, di na nwunye ahụ dere akụkọ banyere njem ha akpọrọ Sonnige Welten: Ostasiatische Reiseskizzen (Sunny worlds: East Asian travel sketches).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stumpf|first=Carl|title=The Origins of Music|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191633324}}</ref> Ndị Selenka kwagara Munich n'afọ 1895. N'ebe a, Margarethe ga-emesị bụrụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Ludwig Maximilian. Ọ ghọrọ enyi ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Anita Augspurg na [[Lida Gustava Heymann]] ma tinye aka na German feminist-pacifist movement, nke jikọtara ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na omume na mba na-aga agha. Ya na Augspurg, onye bụ nwanyị ọka iwu ọkachamara mbụ nke Germany, Selenka mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'alaeze Germany. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Verband fortschrittlicher Frauenvereine (VfFV), òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Germany nke a na-ewere dị ka ndị siri ike n'oge ahụ. Selenka bụkwa onye na-eme udo, onye kwenyere na a ga-egbochi agha n'ọdịnihu site na mkparịta ụka na ịmepụta iwu mba ụwa. N'afọ 1899, ọ bụ onye isi na-ahazi ngagharị iwe mba ụwa.<ref name="Katzel">{{Cite journal|author=Kätzel|first=Ute|title=A Radical Women's Rights and Peace Activist: Margarethe Lenore Selenka, Initiator of the First Worldwide Women's Peace Demonstration in 1899|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_autumn-2001_13_3/page/46|journal=Journal of Women's History|year=2001|volume=13|issue=3|pages=46–69|doi=10.1353/jowh.2001.0067|pmid=18335621}}</ref> == Ebenside == 6xvw96cuzhsvfm7m5yiuup9q6n6khl4 0 24103 697682 143542 2026-08-10T05:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lillian D. Wald (Amụrụ n'ọnwa March 10, 1867 ruo ọnwa September 1, 1940) bụ onye nọọsụ America, onye ọrụ ebere na onye edemede. A maara ya maka onyinye maka ikike mmadụ ma bụrụ onye guzobere ọrụ nọọsụ obodo America.<ref name="sueb">{{Cite journal|author=Philips|first=Deborah|title=Healthy Heroines: Sue Barton, Lillian Wald, Lavinia Lloyd Dock and the Henry Street Settlement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-studies_1999-04_33_1/page/65|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=33|issue=1|pages=65–82|year=1999|doi=10.1017/S0021875898006070}}</ref> O guzobere Henry Street Settlement na New York City ma bụrụ onye nkwado mbụ maka inwe ndị nọọsụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha. Mgbe o tolitere na Ohio na New York, Wald ghọrọ onye nọọsụ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike n'oge dị mkpirikpi wee malite ịkụzi klas ahụike obodo. Mgbe o guzobesịrị Henry Street Settlement, ọ ghọrọ onye na-agba mbọ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ka nta. Ọ gbara mbọ maka ikike ịtụ vootu ma bụrụ onye na-akwado njikọta agbụrụ. O sonyere na ntọala nke National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wald nwụrụ n'afọ 1940 mgbe ọ dị afọ 73. A mụrụ Wald n'ezinụlọ ndị dọkịta German-Jewish bara ọgaranya na Cincinnati, Ohio.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/23/nyregion/henry-street-settlement-lillian-wald.html "The Mystery of This Dusty Book, Signed by Amelia Earhart and Eleanor Roosevelt: A Recently Discovered Artifact Shows the Power and Influence of Lillian Wald, Who Revolutionized Social Services in New York," The New York Times, Aug. 28, 2019]</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Max D. Wald na Minnie (Schwarz) Wald.: 526 Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ahịa anya; nwanne nna ya, Henry Wald, MD, bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ nke Mahadum Vienna zụrụ nke malitere usoro ahụike nke New York City na Mahadum Columbia na 1880s.<ref name="Bremner">{{Cite book|editor=James|chapter=Wald, Lillian D.|author=Bremner|first=Robert H.|authorlink=|title=[[Notable American Women, 1607–1950]]|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]]|date=1971|isbn=0674627342}}</ref> N'afọ 1878, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Rochester, New York. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Bekee-French nke Miss Cruttenden maka ụmụ agbọghọ. O tinyere akwụkwọ na Vassar College mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, mana ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ chere na ọ dị obere. N'afọ 1889, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nọọsụ nke New York Hospital. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na New York Hospital Training School for Nurses n'afọ 1891, wee gaa ọmụmụ ihe na Women's Medical College. == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} grbarzaba313uy994ldu4x2wivxwrih 10 24484 697447 638932 2026-08-09T18:23:00Z Olugold 12202 697447 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="background-color:#EAFAF1; "border: 0.5em solid #5377D8 ;padding:10px;width:100%;" | |- |colspan = "2" style="vertical-align: top;width:100%"| [[Faịlụ:Notes for Olugold by Leadership Development Working Group Members.jpg|right|500px]] *<span style="font-size:xx-large;">'''{{Font color|#145A32|Olugold}}'''</span> {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Olugold.wav|Gee}} *[[m:User:Olugold|Olugold]] na Meta-Wiki <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na enweghị m ike ime ihe úkwú, enwere m ike ime obere ihe ka ọ bụrụ ihe úkwú." – [[w:Martin Luther King Jr| Martin Luther King Jr]]</blockquote> <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na i koghi akụkọ gị otú ọ dị, o nweghị onye ga kọrọ gi ya." – [[User: Olugold|Goodness Ignatius]]</blockquote> <blockquote>“Mee ka a na-ahụ anya ihe, ọ bụrụ na-obụghi, ikekwe ahụbeghị ya.” – [[Oprah Winfrey]]</blockquote> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ya}}</u> === Goodness Ignatius bụ ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi Women in Digital Business, na onye nka na ọrụ aka na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. Ọ nwere mmasị maka ihe ọmụma ma na-enye aka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ Wikimedia, gụnyere Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikiquote, Wiktionary, na Wikimedia Commons. Site na itinye uche siri ike na itinye aka, ọ na-enye ndị ọzọ ike site na ọzụzụ na nkwado, ebe ọ na-akwalitekwa imepụta ihe site na [[Commons::Category:Nesky Crafts and Decor|nka]] na azụmahịa dijitalụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ozo. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ọrụ ya}}</u> === [[File:Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective 01.jpg|right|250px|Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Loves Africa 2026 in [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]]] Abụ m onye só hiwe na onye nhazi [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub]], otu dị njikere ịkwado ndị ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ na igba mbọ hụ na ha tinyere aka na ọrụ Wikimedia. Esonyela m dị ka [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/users/Olugold#statistics%7C; nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi] oge mmemmé Wiki. Na mgbakwunye, abụ kwa m. Ọ bu Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]], otu na-edebanye mmemme ndị mpaghara Niger Delta nke Nigeria site na foto. Na mgbakwunye , ọ bụkwa/onye otu *Onye njikọ [[m:Volunteer Supporters Network|Volunteer Supporters Network ]] maka Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective *Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]], 2025 *Programs Coordinator, [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2022-2024 *Grant Administrator [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2023-2024 *Onye otu, [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee|U4C Building Committee]] *Onye otu, [[m:Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] *Onye nnochiteanya Movement Charter, maka otu ndị Igbo Wikimedians *Onye otu, 2023 kọmitii atụmatụ ogbako nke [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|otu LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] *Member, [[m:Ombuds commission/History|Ombuds Commission, 2022-2023]] *Onye otu, [[m:Wiki Loves Women/Focus Group/Members|Wiki Loves Women Focus Group]] *Onye otu, [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red|Women in Red]] === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ziterem ozi}}</u> === *[[Special:Emailuser/Olugold|'''Emailu''']] *'''Aha IRC''': <code>Olugold</code> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Mmemme ndị ụfọdụ o duru ma ọ bụ nyere aka na nhazi}}</u> === [[File:WP25Goodness.webm|right|250px|Docuseries: Wikipedia 25 birthday Campaign]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Activities|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Ihe omume ]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Meetups|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Nzukọ]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub - Ihe omume]] *Celtic Knot Conference - Ihe omume ndi ogbe **[[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024: Wikidata + Languages 2.0|Celtic Knot Conference 2024]] **[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Celtic Knot Conference 2022]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Improving Visibility of Authors and Books in Libraries using Wikidata|Wikidata + Books]] *Wiki Loves Folklore **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Loves Folklore 2023]] **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore in the Igbo Community/2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]] *[[m:Transforming Knowledge in the Igbo community by spreading Environmental insights through Translation]] *[[m:Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation|Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation]] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/12/02/wikimedia-outreach-awareness-and-editathon-at-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-in-anambra-state-nigeria/ Wikimedia Outreach, Awareness and Editathon at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Anambra State Nigeria] *Wiki for Human Rights **[[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Wiki For Human Rights Contest 2022|Wiki for Human Rights 2022]] **[[m: WikiForHumanRights 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki for Human Rights 2023]] *Shesaid in the Igbo Community **[[w:ig:Event:Shesaid 2024 in the Igbo community|Shesaid 2024]] **[[m:Shesaid 2023 in the Igbo Community|Shesaid 2023]] **[[m:SheSaid 2022: Igbo Wikimedians User Group|SheSaid 2022]] *[[w:Wikipedia:Wiki Science Competition 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Science Competition - Ihe omume nke mbụ na otu ndị Igbo]] ===<u>{{Color|#145A32|'''Mgbasa ozi oru Wiki o bidoro'''}}</u>=== * [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/fixing_reference_errors_on_wikipedia_/overview Ọ malite ma duzie mkpọsa lekwasịrị anya n'idozi njehie edensibia na Wikipedia Igbo iji melite ịdị mma nke edemede, ntụkwasị obi, na ụkpụrụ nkwenye.] * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Ọ malitere ịtụgharị ihe onwunwe Wikidata, aha, nkọwa, na aha otutu n'asụsụ Igbo iji kwado ohere ka mma na njikọta data ahaziri ahazi n'asụsụ Igbo niile]]. * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Info visibility on Wikipedia|Ọ malitere iji igbe ozi na igbe data nke Wikidata na-arụ ọrụ na Wikipedia Igbo na Wikiquote Igbo iji melite nhazi ọdịnaya.]] * Ọ Kwalitere ma gbaa ndị na-edezi ihe n'ịntanetị ume maka ọrụ Wikimedia site n'ịzụ ndị na-enye aka ka ha jiri ekwentị mkpanaaka maka isonye bara uru, na-aghọta na ọtụtụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Africa nwere obere ohere ịnweta iji laptop ruo ọrụ ha. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ihe nrite}}</u> === [[File:Goodness-collage-knowledge-is-her.gif|right|250px]] * [[foundationsite:wikipedia25/#video-series|Wikipedia na-eme ncheta ọmụmụ afọ 25]] **Wikipedia na Wikimedia Foundation gosipụtara ya maka ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ịnọchite anya Ọmụma Afrịka na oghere dijitalụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, mgbe Wikipedia mere afọ 25 na 15th Jenụarị, 2026. *[[foundationsite:knowledge-is-her|Amamihe bụ mmadụ, amamihe bụ ya, 2025]]. Hu édémédé diff [[diffblog:2025/03/04/knowledge-is-human-knowledge-is-her/|ebe a]] **A maara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe gbasara Wikipedia n'Africa n'oge Ụbọchị Ụmụnwaanyị Mba Nile na Ọnwa Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ụmụnwaanyị nke afọ 2025. *Africa Wiki Women: [[diffblog:2025/01/29/Celebrating-African-Female-Wikimedians:-The-Africa-Wiki-Women-Nominate-Her-Campaign./|The NominateHer Campaign, 2025]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbipụta mbụ nke mkpọsa NominateHer nke e mere iji mee emume ncheta ụmụ nwanyị pụrụ iche site na nhọpụta nke ndị ndezi, ndị nwetara mmetụta ya n'onwe ha. *[[diffblog:2024/01/15/wikimedia-ug-nigeria-is-all-set-to-announce-the-winners-of-the-maiden-edition-of-the-nigeria-wikimedia-community-distinguished-awards/|Community Builder Award]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbiputa mbụ maka ihe-nrite nke na-enye ndị mmadụ tinyere oge na mgbalị n'iwulite otu Wikimedia na Naịjirịa, ịkwalite atụmatụ, ịkwado na ịhazi ọrụ ndị na-akwado uto otu n'afọ 2023. *[https://web.aflia.net/introducing-champions-for-the-4th-african-librarians-week-1lib1ref-campaign/ African Librarian Week 1Lib1Ref Campaign] **A matara ya dịka onye mmeri maka mkpọsa nke anọ nke ndị ọbá akwụkwọ Afrịka nke izu 1Lib1Ref sitere na [[w:African Library and Information Associations and Institutions|African Library and Information Association and Institutions]], 2022 *[[:en:user talk:Olugold#2021 Months of African Cinema Global Contest: Congratulations!| Asompi Afrocine – Ihe nrite asụsụ Igbo nke afọ 2021]] *[[user talk:Olugold#Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka| Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#You help us make elections more inclusive and diverse. Thank you !|Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka Ntuli aka ndị Board of Trustees]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A Barnstar for you!|Ihe nrite mmepe ndu, 2023]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A special Barnstar for work done| Barnstar pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ịruru]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#Thank you for being a light in the life of the Wikimedia youth – from the WikiVibrance Team|Barnstar ndị Ntorobịa]] *[[m:user talk: Olugold#Thank you for being a Movement Charter Ambassador|Barnstar Movement Charter Ambassador]] ==='''<u>{{Font color|#145A32|Edemede/akwụkwọ blọgụ}}</u>'''=== *[https://www.grtech.com/blog/how-libraries-can-use-wikimedia-platforms Otu Ọba Akwụkwọ nwere ike isi jiri Wikimedia mepụta ihe] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/06/improving-the-visibility-of-library-collections-through-wikidata/ Imelite Nhụta nke Mkpokọta Ọba Akwụkwọ site na Wikidata] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/15/celtic-knot-satellite-event-wikidatalanguage-2-0/ Wikidata +Asụsụ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/ Mkparịta ụka Movement Charter ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/12/learn-about-election-volunteers-olugold/ Mụta maka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Ntuli aka - Olugold] <br> {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}} {{Igbe ọrụ ihe gbasara m}} |} i7bh6r5f4xtkajcg3jo8t0ia42s2201 697449 697447 2026-08-09T18:27:55Z Olugold 12202 697449 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="background-color:#EAFAF1; "border: 0.5em solid #5377D8 ;padding:10px;width:100%;" | |- |colspan = "2" style="vertical-align: top;width:100%"| [[Faịlụ:Notes for Olugold by Leadership Development Working Group Members.jpg|right|500px]] *<span style="font-size:xx-large;">'''{{Font color|#145A32|Olugold}}'''</span> {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Olugold.wav|Gee}} *[[m:User:Olugold|Olugold]] na Meta-Wiki <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na enweghị m ike ime ihe úkwú, enwere m ike ime obere ihe ka ọ bụrụ ihe úkwú." – [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]</blockquote> <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na i koghi akụkọ gị otú ọ dị, o nweghị onye ga kọrọ gi ya." – [[User: Olugold|Goodness Ignatius]]</blockquote> <blockquote>“Mee ka a na-ahụ anya ihe, ọ bụrụ na-obụghi, ikekwe ahụbeghị ya.” – [[Oprah Winfrey]]</blockquote> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ya}}</u> === Goodness Ignatius bụ ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi Women in Digital Business, na onye nka na ọrụ aka na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. Ọ nwere mmasị maka ihe ọmụma ma na-enye aka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ Wikimedia, gụnyere Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikiquote, Wiktionary, na Wikimedia Commons. Site na itinye uche siri ike na itinye aka, ọ na-enye ndị ọzọ ike site na ọzụzụ na nkwado, ebe ọ na-akwalitekwa imepụta ihe site na [[Commons::Category:Nesky Crafts and Decor|nka]] na azụmahịa dijitalụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ozo. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ọrụ ya}}</u> === [[File:Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective 01.jpg|right|250px|Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Loves Africa 2026 in [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]]] Abụ m onye só hiwe na onye nhazi [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub]], otu dị njikere ịkwado ndị ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ na igba mbọ hụ na ha tinyere aka na ọrụ Wikimedia. Esonyela m dị ka [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/users/Olugold#statistics%7C; nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi] oge mmemmé Wiki. Na mgbakwunye, abụ kwa m. Ọ bu Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]], otu na-edebanye mmemme ndị mpaghara Niger Delta nke Nigeria site na foto. Na mgbakwunye , ọ bụkwa/onye otu *Onye njikọ [[m:Volunteer Supporters Network|Volunteer Supporters Network ]] maka Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective *Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]], 2025 *Programs Coordinator, [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2022-2024 *Grant Administrator [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2023-2024 *Onye otu, [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee|U4C Building Committee]] *Onye otu, [[m:Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] *Onye nnochiteanya Movement Charter, maka otu ndị Igbo Wikimedians *Onye otu, 2023 kọmitii atụmatụ ogbako nke [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|otu LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] *Member, [[m:Ombuds commission/History|Ombuds Commission, 2022-2023]] *Onye otu, [[m:Wiki Loves Women/Focus Group/Members|Wiki Loves Women Focus Group]] *Onye otu, [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red|Women in Red]] === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ziterem ozi}}</u> === *[[Special:Emailuser/Olugold|'''Emailu''']] *'''Aha IRC''': <code>Olugold</code> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Mmemme ndị ụfọdụ o duru ma ọ bụ nyere aka na nhazi}}</u> === [[File:WP25Goodness.webm|right|250px|Docuseries: Wikipedia 25 birthday Campaign]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Activities|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Ihe omume ]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Meetups|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Nzukọ]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub - Ihe omume]] *Celtic Knot Conference - Ihe omume ndi ogbe **[[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024: Wikidata + Languages 2.0|Celtic Knot Conference 2024]] **[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Celtic Knot Conference 2022]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Improving Visibility of Authors and Books in Libraries using Wikidata|Wikidata + Books]] *Wiki Loves Folklore **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Loves Folklore 2023]] **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore in the Igbo Community/2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]] *[[m:Transforming Knowledge in the Igbo community by spreading Environmental insights through Translation]] *[[m:Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation|Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation]] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/12/02/wikimedia-outreach-awareness-and-editathon-at-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-in-anambra-state-nigeria/ Wikimedia Outreach, Awareness and Editathon at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Anambra State Nigeria] *Wiki for Human Rights **[[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Wiki For Human Rights Contest 2022|Wiki for Human Rights 2022]] **[[m: WikiForHumanRights 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki for Human Rights 2023]] *Shesaid in the Igbo Community **[[w:ig:Event:Shesaid 2024 in the Igbo community|Shesaid 2024]] **[[m:Shesaid 2023 in the Igbo Community|Shesaid 2023]] **[[m:SheSaid 2022: Igbo Wikimedians User Group|SheSaid 2022]] *[[w:Wikipedia:Wiki Science Competition 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Science Competition - Ihe omume nke mbụ na otu ndị Igbo]] ===<u>{{Color|#145A32|'''Mgbasa ozi oru Wiki o bidoro'''}}</u>=== * [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/fixing_reference_errors_on_wikipedia_/overview Ọ malite ma duzie mkpọsa lekwasịrị anya n'idozi njehie edensibia na Wikipedia Igbo iji melite ịdị mma nke edemede, ntụkwasị obi, na ụkpụrụ nkwenye.] * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Ọ malitere ịtụgharị ihe onwunwe Wikidata, aha, nkọwa, na aha otutu n'asụsụ Igbo iji kwado ohere ka mma na njikọta data ahaziri ahazi n'asụsụ Igbo niile]]. * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Info visibility on Wikipedia|Ọ malitere iji igbe ozi na igbe data nke Wikidata na-arụ ọrụ na Wikipedia Igbo na Wikiquote Igbo iji melite nhazi ọdịnaya.]] * Ọ Kwalitere ma gbaa ndị na-edezi ihe n'ịntanetị ume maka ọrụ Wikimedia site n'ịzụ ndị na-enye aka ka ha jiri ekwentị mkpanaaka maka isonye bara uru, na-aghọta na ọtụtụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Africa nwere obere ohere ịnweta iji laptop ruo ọrụ ha. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ihe nrite}}</u> === [[File:Goodness-collage-knowledge-is-her.gif|right|250px]] * [[foundationsite:wikipedia25/#video-series|Wikipedia na-eme ncheta ọmụmụ afọ 25]] **Wikipedia na Wikimedia Foundation gosipụtara ya maka ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ịnọchite anya Ọmụma Afrịka na oghere dijitalụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, mgbe Wikipedia mere afọ 25 na 15th Jenụarị, 2026. *[[foundationsite:knowledge-is-her|Amamihe bụ mmadụ, amamihe bụ ya, 2025]]. Hu édémédé diff [[diffblog:2025/03/04/knowledge-is-human-knowledge-is-her/|ebe a]] **A maara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe gbasara Wikipedia n'Africa n'oge Ụbọchị Ụmụnwaanyị Mba Nile na Ọnwa Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ụmụnwaanyị nke afọ 2025. *Africa Wiki Women: [[diffblog:2025/01/29/Celebrating-African-Female-Wikimedians:-The-Africa-Wiki-Women-Nominate-Her-Campaign./|The NominateHer Campaign, 2025]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbipụta mbụ nke mkpọsa NominateHer nke e mere iji mee emume ncheta ụmụ nwanyị pụrụ iche site na nhọpụta nke ndị ndezi, ndị nwetara mmetụta ya n'onwe ha. *[[diffblog:2024/01/15/wikimedia-ug-nigeria-is-all-set-to-announce-the-winners-of-the-maiden-edition-of-the-nigeria-wikimedia-community-distinguished-awards/|Community Builder Award]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbiputa mbụ maka ihe-nrite nke na-enye ndị mmadụ tinyere oge na mgbalị n'iwulite otu Wikimedia na Naịjirịa, ịkwalite atụmatụ, ịkwado na ịhazi ọrụ ndị na-akwado uto otu n'afọ 2023. *[https://web.aflia.net/introducing-champions-for-the-4th-african-librarians-week-1lib1ref-campaign/ African Librarian Week 1Lib1Ref Campaign] **A matara ya dịka onye mmeri maka mkpọsa nke anọ nke ndị ọbá akwụkwọ Afrịka nke izu 1Lib1Ref sitere na [[w:African Library and Information Associations and Institutions|African Library and Information Association and Institutions]], 2022 *[[:en:user talk:Olugold#2021 Months of African Cinema Global Contest: Congratulations!| Asompi Afrocine – Ihe nrite asụsụ Igbo nke afọ 2021]] *[[user talk:Olugold#Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka| Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#You help us make elections more inclusive and diverse. Thank you !|Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka Ntuli aka ndị Board of Trustees]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A Barnstar for you!|Ihe nrite mmepe ndu, 2023]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A special Barnstar for work done| Barnstar pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ịruru]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#Thank you for being a light in the life of the Wikimedia youth – from the WikiVibrance Team|Barnstar ndị Ntorobịa]] *[[m:user talk: Olugold#Thank you for being a Movement Charter Ambassador|Barnstar Movement Charter Ambassador]] ==='''<u>{{Font color|#145A32|Edemede/akwụkwọ blọgụ}}</u>'''=== *[https://www.grtech.com/blog/how-libraries-can-use-wikimedia-platforms Otu Ọba Akwụkwọ nwere ike isi jiri Wikimedia mepụta ihe] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/06/improving-the-visibility-of-library-collections-through-wikidata/ Imelite Nhụta nke Mkpokọta Ọba Akwụkwọ site na Wikidata] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/15/celtic-knot-satellite-event-wikidatalanguage-2-0/ Wikidata +Asụsụ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/ Mkparịta ụka Movement Charter ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/12/learn-about-election-volunteers-olugold/ Mụta maka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Ntuli aka - Olugold] <br> {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}} {{Igbe ọrụ ihe gbasara m}} |} tq4aupcjee091a4scvtt8p142lpfnow 697450 697449 2026-08-09T18:28:46Z Olugold 12202 697450 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| style="background-color:#EAFAF1; "border: 0.5em solid #5377D8 ;padding:10px;width:100%;" | |- |colspan = "2" style="vertical-align: top;width:100%"| [[Faịlụ:Notes for Olugold by Leadership Development Working Group Members.jpg|right|500px]] *<span style="font-size:xx-large;">'''{{Font color|#145A32|Olugold}}'''</span> {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Olugold.wav|Gee}} *[[m:User:Olugold|Olugold]] na Meta-Wiki <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na enweghị m ike ime ihe úkwú, enwere m ike ime obere ihe ka ọ bụrụ ihe úkwú." – [[w:en:Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]]</blockquote> <blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na i koghi akụkọ gị otú ọ dị, o nweghị onye ga kọrọ gi ya." – [[User: Olugold|Goodness Ignatius]]</blockquote> <blockquote>“Mee ka a na-ahụ anya ihe, ọ bụrụ na-obụghi, ikekwe ahụbeghị ya.” – [[Oprah Winfrey]]</blockquote> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ya}}</u> === Goodness Ignatius bụ ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi Women in Digital Business, na onye nka na ọrụ aka na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. Ọ nwere mmasị maka ihe ọmụma ma na-enye aka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ Wikimedia, gụnyere Wikipedia, Wikidata, Wikiquote, Wiktionary, na Wikimedia Commons. Site na itinye uche siri ike na itinye aka, ọ na-enye ndị ọzọ ike site na ọzụzụ na nkwado, ebe ọ na-akwalitekwa imepụta ihe site na [[Commons::Category:Nesky Crafts and Decor|nka]] na azụmahịa dijitalụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ozo. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32 |Ihe gbasara ọrụ ya}}</u> === [[File:Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective 01.jpg|right|250px|Goodness Ignatius, Wiki Loves Africa 2026 in [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]]] Abụ m onye só hiwe na onye nhazi [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub]], otu dị njikere ịkwado ndị ọkachamara n'ọbá akwụkwọ na igba mbọ hụ na ha tinyere aka na ọrụ Wikimedia. Esonyela m dị ka [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/users/Olugold#statistics%7C; nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi] oge mmemmé Wiki. Na mgbakwunye, abụ kwa m. Ọ bu Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]], otu na-edebanye mmemme ndị mpaghara Niger Delta nke Nigeria site na foto. Na mgbakwunye , ọ bụkwa/onye otu *Onye njikọ [[m:Volunteer Supporters Network|Volunteer Supporters Network ]] maka Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective *Documentation Lead, [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]], 2025 *Programs Coordinator, [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2022-2024 *Grant Administrator [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], 2023-2024 *Onye otu, [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee|U4C Building Committee]] *Onye otu, [[m:Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] *Onye nnochiteanya Movement Charter, maka otu ndị Igbo Wikimedians *Onye otu, 2023 kọmitii atụmatụ ogbako nke [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|otu LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] *Member, [[m:Ombuds commission/History|Ombuds Commission, 2022-2023]] *Onye otu, [[m:Wiki Loves Women/Focus Group/Members|Wiki Loves Women Focus Group]] *Onye otu, [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red|Women in Red]] === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ziterem ozi}}</u> === *[[Special:Emailuser/Olugold|'''Emailu''']] *'''Aha IRC''': <code>Olugold</code> === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Mmemme ndị ụfọdụ o duru ma ọ bụ nyere aka na nhazi}}</u> === [[File:WP25Goodness.webm|right|250px|Docuseries: Wikipedia 25 birthday Campaign]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Activities|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Ihe omume ]] *[[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Meetups|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective - Nzukọ]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities|Ig Wiki Librarians Hub - Ihe omume]] *Celtic Knot Conference - Ihe omume ndi ogbe **[[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024: Wikidata + Languages 2.0|Celtic Knot Conference 2024]] **[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Celtic Knot Conference 2022]] *[[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Improving Visibility of Authors and Books in Libraries using Wikidata|Wikidata + Books]] *Wiki Loves Folklore **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Loves Folklore 2023]] **[[Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore in the Igbo Community/2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]] *[[m:Transforming Knowledge in the Igbo community by spreading Environmental insights through Translation]] *[[m:Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation|Igbo Wikimedians Community Movement Charter Sensitization,Conversation and Translation]] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/12/02/wikimedia-outreach-awareness-and-editathon-at-nnamdi-azikiwe-university-in-anambra-state-nigeria/ Wikimedia Outreach, Awareness and Editathon at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Anambra State Nigeria] *Wiki for Human Rights **[[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Wiki For Human Rights Contest 2022|Wiki for Human Rights 2022]] **[[m: WikiForHumanRights 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki for Human Rights 2023]] *Shesaid in the Igbo Community **[[w:ig:Event:Shesaid 2024 in the Igbo community|Shesaid 2024]] **[[m:Shesaid 2023 in the Igbo Community|Shesaid 2023]] **[[m:SheSaid 2022: Igbo Wikimedians User Group|SheSaid 2022]] *[[w:Wikipedia:Wiki Science Competition 2023 in the Igbo Community|Wiki Science Competition - Ihe omume nke mbụ na otu ndị Igbo]] ===<u>{{Color|#145A32|'''Mgbasa ozi oru Wiki o bidoro'''}}</u>=== * [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/fixing_reference_errors_on_wikipedia_/overview Ọ malite ma duzie mkpọsa lekwasịrị anya n'idozi njehie edensibia na Wikipedia Igbo iji melite ịdị mma nke edemede, ntụkwasị obi, na ụkpụrụ nkwenye.] * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Translate Wikidata properties to Igbo language|Ọ malitere ịtụgharị ihe onwunwe Wikidata, aha, nkọwa, na aha otutu n'asụsụ Igbo iji kwado ohere ka mma na njikọta data ahaziri ahazi n'asụsụ Igbo niile]]. * [[m:Ig Wiki Librarians Hub/Activities/Info visibility on Wikipedia|Ọ malitere iji igbe ozi na igbe data nke Wikidata na-arụ ọrụ na Wikipedia Igbo na Wikiquote Igbo iji melite nhazi ọdịnaya.]] * Ọ Kwalitere ma gbaa ndị na-edezi ihe n'ịntanetị ume maka ọrụ Wikimedia site n'ịzụ ndị na-enye aka ka ha jiri ekwentị mkpanaaka maka isonye bara uru, na-aghọta na ọtụtụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Africa nwere obere ohere ịnweta iji laptop ruo ọrụ ha. === <u>{{Font color|#145A32|Ihe nrite}}</u> === [[File:Goodness-collage-knowledge-is-her.gif|right|250px]] * [[foundationsite:wikipedia25/#video-series|Wikipedia na-eme ncheta ọmụmụ afọ 25]] **Wikipedia na Wikimedia Foundation gosipụtara ya maka ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ịnọchite anya Ọmụma Afrịka na oghere dijitalụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, mgbe Wikipedia mere afọ 25 na 15th Jenụarị, 2026. *[[foundationsite:knowledge-is-her|Amamihe bụ mmadụ, amamihe bụ ya, 2025]]. Hu édémédé diff [[diffblog:2025/03/04/knowledge-is-human-knowledge-is-her/|ebe a]] **A maara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe gbasara Wikipedia n'Africa n'oge Ụbọchị Ụmụnwaanyị Mba Nile na Ọnwa Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ụmụnwaanyị nke afọ 2025. *Africa Wiki Women: [[diffblog:2025/01/29/Celebrating-African-Female-Wikimedians:-The-Africa-Wiki-Women-Nominate-Her-Campaign./|The NominateHer Campaign, 2025]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbipụta mbụ nke mkpọsa NominateHer nke e mere iji mee emume ncheta ụmụ nwanyị pụrụ iche site na nhọpụta nke ndị ndezi, ndị nwetara mmetụta ya n'onwe ha. *[[diffblog:2024/01/15/wikimedia-ug-nigeria-is-all-set-to-announce-the-winners-of-the-maiden-edition-of-the-nigeria-wikimedia-community-distinguished-awards/|Community Builder Award]] **A họpụtara ya n'oge mbiputa mbụ maka ihe-nrite nke na-enye ndị mmadụ tinyere oge na mgbalị n'iwulite otu Wikimedia na Naịjirịa, ịkwalite atụmatụ, ịkwado na ịhazi ọrụ ndị na-akwado uto otu n'afọ 2023. *[https://web.aflia.net/introducing-champions-for-the-4th-african-librarians-week-1lib1ref-campaign/ African Librarian Week 1Lib1Ref Campaign] **A matara ya dịka onye mmeri maka mkpọsa nke anọ nke ndị ọbá akwụkwọ Afrịka nke izu 1Lib1Ref sitere na [[w:African Library and Information Associations and Institutions|African Library and Information Association and Institutions]], 2022 *[[:en:user talk:Olugold#2021 Months of African Cinema Global Contest: Congratulations!| Asompi Afrocine – Ihe nrite asụsụ Igbo nke afọ 2021]] *[[user talk:Olugold#Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka| Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#You help us make elections more inclusive and diverse. Thank you !|Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka Ntuli aka ndị Board of Trustees]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A Barnstar for you!|Ihe nrite mmepe ndu, 2023]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#A special Barnstar for work done| Barnstar pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ịruru]] *[[m:user talk:Olugold#Thank you for being a light in the life of the Wikimedia youth – from the WikiVibrance Team|Barnstar ndị Ntorobịa]] *[[m:user talk: Olugold#Thank you for being a Movement Charter Ambassador|Barnstar Movement Charter Ambassador]] ==='''<u>{{Font color|#145A32|Edemede/akwụkwọ blọgụ}}</u>'''=== *[https://www.grtech.com/blog/how-libraries-can-use-wikimedia-platforms Otu Ọba Akwụkwọ nwere ike isi jiri Wikimedia mepụta ihe] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/06/improving-the-visibility-of-library-collections-through-wikidata/ Imelite Nhụta nke Mkpokọta Ọba Akwụkwọ site na Wikidata] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/15/celtic-knot-satellite-event-wikidatalanguage-2-0/ Wikidata +Asụsụ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/ Mkparịta ụka Movement Charter ] *[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/12/learn-about-election-volunteers-olugold/ Mụta maka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Ntuli aka - Olugold] <br> {{#babel:ig-N|en-5}} {{Igbe ọrụ ihe gbasara m}} |} hskrl755m7ahjr47rytz0l5h36lhj4n 0 24832 697537 151330 2026-08-10T02:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697537 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ Ọhụrụ nke Carbon, echiche mbụ mepụtara n'isiokwu William McDonoughz, nke e bipụtara na mbụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ọdịdị .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=McDonough|first=William|date=2016-11-17|title=Carbon is not the enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-11-17_539_7629/page/349|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=539|issue=7629|pages=349–351|doi=10.1038/539349a|pmid=27853228}}</ref> == Obodo ndị nwere Carbon == McDonough, n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Charlottesville, William McDonough + Partners, jiri Asụsụ ọhụrụ nke carbon mepụta usoro maka ịmepụta Carbon Positive Cities.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Plastrik|first=Pete|date=2017-11-08|title="Carbon Positive" Cities?|url=http://lifeaftercarbon.net/2017/11/carbon-positive-cities/|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=Life After Carbon|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430085813/http://lifeaftercarbon.net/2017/11/carbon-positive-cities/}}</ref> Echiche a nwekwara njikọ chiri anya na Breathing Cities, nke o gosipụtara na Arctic Circle China Forum na Shanghai na Mee 2019 ma lekwasị anya n'ịtọhapụ obere carbon na obere kemịkal na-egbu egbu n'ime ikuku ma kama ọ gbanwere iji jikọta ike na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka geothermal dị ka ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ ikuku na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ịmejuputa usoro carbon dị mma maka obodo bụ otu ụzọ isi lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anzilotti|first=Eillie|date=2018-06-13|title=Climate positive, carbon neutral, carbon negative: What do they mean?|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40583176/climate-positive-carbon-neutral-carbon-negative-what-do-they-mean|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebumnuche bụ ka obodo dị iche iche nabata carbon dị ka akụ na ala, osisi na ụdị ala, ka ha na-ewepụ ya dị ka ibu ọrụ na ikuku. Ebumnuche nke obodo ndị nwere carbon bụ iji belata ibu ọrụ nke carbon ikuku ma na-amụba carbon dị n'ala dị ka akụ; jikọta ma na-eme emume mmepe obodo dị ka usoro okike dị n'otu, na-arụpụta ihe na nke na-eweghachi; mata ojiji bara uru nke carbon maka uru ha dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya; melite mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obodo, mpaghara ya, na mpaghara ya, yana ịkọwa ọrụ ugbo dị ka ihe nhazi nke ụdị [[Okeama|obodo]] na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-14|title=Energy-smart companies, cities and governments sign up to deliver Net Zero Carbon Buildings|url=https://www.theclimategroup.org/news/energy-smart-companies-cities-and-governments-sign-deliver-net-zero-carbon-buildings|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=The Climate Group|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204242/https://www.theclimategroup.org/news/energy-smart-companies-cities-and-governments-sign-deliver-net-zero-carbon-buildings}}</ref> Na COP25 na Madrid, William McDonough na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri Carlos Duarte gosipụtara Akụ na ụba carbon okirikiri na ihe omume na BBVA Ntọala .<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBVA Foundation|url=https://www.fbbva.es/en/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=FBBVA|language=en}}</ref> Economy carbon okirikiri dabeere na echiche McDonoughz sitere na Carbon abụghị Onye iro ma na-ezube ije ozi dị ka usoro maka ịmepụta na ịhazi usoro dị irè maka njikwa carbon.<ref name=":0"/> McDonough jiri Akụ na ụba carbon okirikiri mee ihe iji hazie mkparịta ụka na ogbako G20 na Machị 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-05|title=William McDonough invited to give G20 opening speeches on Circular Carbon Economy|url=https://mcdonough.com/william-mcdonough-invited-to-give-g20-opening-speeches-on-circular-carbon-economy/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=William McDonough|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nnakwere == Ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara Carbon Is Not The Enemy na mbụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka Scientific American na Fast Company etoola ya maka ịmegharị mkparịta ụka gbasara ikuku carbon.<ref>{{Cite journal|title="Positive Cities" Can Improve Earth as Well as People's Lives|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/positive-cities-can-improve-earth-as-well-as-peoples-lives/|accessdate=2020-08-12|journal=Scientific American|year=2017|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0717-44|pmid=28632234|language=en|author=McDonough|first=W.|volume=317|issue=1|pages=44–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Peters|first=Adele|date=2016-11-14|title=William McDonough Wants To Change The Way We Talk About Carbon|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3065621/william-mcdonough-wants-to-change-the-way-we-talk-about-carbon|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ ekwuola na mgbagwoju anya nke mgbalị a iji mepụta okwu ọhụrụ kpatara, Carbon positive bụ okwu ahịa, ma nwee mgbagwoju mgbagwoju ike n'ozuzu zere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anzilotti|first=Eillie|date=2018-06-13|title=Climate positive, carbon neutral, carbon negative: What do they mean?|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40583176/climate-positive-carbon-neutral-carbon-negative-what-do-they-mean|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Kemgbe mbụ a kpọtụrụ Carbon ziri ezi Cities aha, ọtụtụ obodo ejirila nke a dị ka nyocha nke ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kpọrọ Baoding, China obodo nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baoding, China- The world's first "carbon positive" city .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=99&nr=245&menu=1449|accessdate=2020-08-12|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430091316/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=99&nr=245&menu=1449}}</ref> Kansụl Obodo Liverpool kwupụtakwara ebumnuche ha ịbụ obodo mbụ nwere carbon n'ụwa site na iji teknụzụ blockchain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate change strategic framework|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk:443/council/strategies-plans-and-policies/environment-and-planning/climate-change-strategic-framework/|accessdate=2020-08-13|work=Liverpool City Council|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool aims to be world's first climate-positive city with blockchain technology|url=https://archinect.com/news/article/150075080/liverpool-aims-to-be-world-s-first-climate-positive-city-with-blockchain-technology|accessdate=2020-08-13|work=Archinect|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mgbasa ikuku a na-etinye n'ime 8o7u6gy1sp9mhtr7gwpxu2lz3kn5rl3 0 24865 697767 539835 2026-08-10T07:47:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg|thumb|Shepherds Flat Wind Farm bụ 845 megawatt (MW) ugbo ikuku dị na steeti [[Oregon]] nke United States.]] [[Usòrò:02-09-15_First_Solar_Desert_Sunlight_Solar_Farm_(15863210084).jpg|thumb|550 MW Desert Sunlight Solar Farm na California.]] [[Usòrò:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|thumb|Three Gorges Dam na Osimiri Yangtze, China.]] [[Usòrò:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Nesjavellir dị na Þingvellir, Iceland]] [[Usòrò:Abengoa_Solar_(7336087392).jpg|thumb| Ihe owuwu nke Salt Tanks, nke na-enye nchekwa ike okpomọkụ dị mma ka e wee nwee ike inye mmepụta mgbe anyanwụ dara, a pụkwara ịhazi mmepụta iji gboo mkpa.<ref>[http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/3272/innovation-in-concentrating-thermal-solar-power-csp/ Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP)], RenewableEnergyFocus.com website.</ref> A haziri 280 MW Solana Generating Station iji nye awa isii nke nchekwa ike. Nke a na-enye ohere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụta ihe dị ka pasent 38 nke ikike ya n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2013/10/solana_10_facts_you_didnt_know.php|title=Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend|first=Ray|author=Stern|work=Phoenix New Times|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Bp_world_energy_consumption_2016.gif|thumb|N'iji ihe na-eme n'iji ike eme ihe n'ụwa niile tụnyere, uto nke ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na 2015 bụ akara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ<ref>[http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview Statistical Review of World Energy], Workbook (xlsx), London, 2016</ref>]] 100% ike emeghariri ọhụrụ pụtara inweta ike niile site na ihe onwunwe a na-emeghari. Mgbalị iji 100% ike emeghariri ọhụrụ maka ọkụ eletrik, okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi na njem na-akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmetọ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ, yana nchegbu akụ na ụba na nchekwa ike. Ịgbanwe ngụkọta nke ike isi ụwa na-enye na isi mmalite na-agbanwe agbanwe chọrọ mgbanwe nke usoro ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ike nke taa sitere na mmanụ ala ndị adịghị emeghari emeghari Nnyocha banyere isiokwu a bụ ihe ọhụrụ, na nyocha ole na ole e bipụtara tupu afọ 2009, mana enwetala nlebara anya na-arịwanye elu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ gaa na 100% renewable energy gafee ngalaba niile nke ike, okpomọkụ, njem na ụlọ ọrụ bụ ihe ga-ekwe omume ma nwee ike ịga nke ọma na akụ na ụba. A na-ahụ usoro zuru oke dị ka akụkụ dị nke usoro ike 100% eneji emeghariri ma dabere na echiche "na enwere ike ịchọta ngwọta kachasị mma naanị ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-elekwasị anya na njikọ aka n'etiti ngalaba" nke usoro ike dịka ọkụ eletrik, okpompe, njem ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Bogdanov|first=Dmitrii|date=2021-02-01|title=Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination|journal=Applied Energy|language=en|volume=283|pages=116273|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273|issn=0306-2619}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2|title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals|year=2019|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2|isbn=978-3-030-05842-5|editor=Teske}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Cheap, safe 100% renewable energy possible before 2050, says Finnish uni study|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/cheap_safe_100_renewable_energy_possible_before_2050_says_finnish_uni_study/10736252|accessdate=2021-06-18|work=Yle Uutiset|date=12 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Gulagi|first=Ashish|date=2021-07-01|title=Transition pathway towards 100% renewable energy across the sectors of power, heat, transport, and desalination for the Philippines|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=144|pages=110934|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110934|issn=1364-0321}}</ref><ref name="Hansen et al.">{{Cite journal|author=Hansen|first=Kenneth|year=2019|title=Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|volume=175|pages=471–480|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092}}</ref> == Ihe kwere omume == Enweghị otu nkọwa maka usoro ike 100% na-emeghari ohụrụ ka a nabatara n'ofe akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara.<ref name="Hansen et al."/> Nnyocha ndị a e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ gaa na 100% eneji ndị a na-emeghari ohụrụ gafee ngalaba niile nke ike, okpomọkụ, njem na desalination tupu 2050 ga-ekwe omume.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Dabere na nyocha nke akwụkwọ 181 ndị ọgbọ nyochara na 100% renewable energy nke e bipụtara ruo 2018, n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ niile na-eme ka ike teknụzụ na akụ na ụba nke usoro 100% eneji a na-emeghari ohuru pụta ìhè. "<ref name="Hansen et al."/> Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ 97 e bipụtara kemgbe afọ 2004 ma na-elekwasị anya n'àgwàetiti kwubiri na n'ofe ọmụmụ ihe 100% eneji a na-emeghari ohụrụ chọpụtara na ọ bụ "nke nwere ike ime na nke nwere ike ime n'ụzọ akụ na ụba".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meschede|first=Henning|date=2022-06-24|title=A review of 100% renewable energy scenarios on islands|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wene.450|journal=WIREs Energy and Environment|volume=11|issue=6|language=en|doi=10.1002/wene.450|issn=2041-8396}}</ref> Nnyocha 2022 chọpụtara na nkwubi okwu bụ isi nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị n'ọhịa bụ na 100% renewables nwere ike ime n'ụwa niile na ọnụ ala. === Mgbanwe eneji === 100% renewable energy bụ usoro ike ebe a na-enweta ike niile sitere na isi mmalite ike na-emeghariri ohụrụ. Mgbalị iji 100% renewable energy maka ọkụ eletrik, okpomọkụ / ịjụ oyi na njem na-akpali okpomọkụ ụwa, mmetọ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ, yana nchegbu akụ na ụba na nchekwa ike. Ịgbanwe ngụkọta nke ike isi ụwa na-enye na isi mmalite a na-emeghari chọrọ nke usoro ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ike nke taa sitere na mmanụ ala ndị na-adịghị emeghari. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A tụrụ aro iji ike 100% a na-emeghari emeghari mee ihe na akwụkwọ na Science nke onye Danish physicist Bent Sørensen bipụtara na 1975, nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ ndị ọzọ sochiri.<ref name="sorensen-1975"> {{Cite journal|first=Bent|author=Sørensen|title=A plan is outlined according to which solar and wind energy would supply Denmark's needs by the year 2050|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-07-25_189_4199/page/255|date=25 July 1975|journal=Science|volume=189|pages=255–260|doi=10.1126/science.189.4199.255|pmid=17813696|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name="Hohmeyer">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/wene.128|pages=74–97|title=Trends toward 100% renewable electricity supply in Germany and Europe: A paradigm shift in energy policies|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment|volume=4|year=2015|author=Hohmeyer|first=Olav H}}</ref> N'afọ 1976, onye na-enyocha iwu ike Amory Lovins chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ụzọ ike dị nro" iji kọwaa ọdịnihu ọzọ ebe arụmọrụ ike na isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na-anọchi usoro ike dị n'etiti nke dabeere na mmanụ ala na nuklia.<ref name="joshua2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/the-elusive-green-economy/7554/|title=The Elusive Green Economy|author=Green, Joshua|date=July–August 2009|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Timeline_of_selected_key_milestones_of_100%25_renewable_energy_systems_research.gif|thumb|Usoro iheomume nke ihe ndị dị mkpa ahọpụtara nke nyocha usoro ike 100% na-agbanwe agbanwe]] == Ebe ndị nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% eneji a na-emeghari ohụrụ == Ebe ndị na-esonụ na-ezute 90% ma ọ bụ karịa nkezi ọkụ eletrik ha chọrọ kwa afọ na eneji na-emeghari ohụrụ (ndepụta na-ezughị ezu): {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ! style="width:20%;" |Ebe ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:12%;" |Onuogugu ! style="width:39%;" |Ike ! style="width:8%;" |Edensib''a'' |- |{{Flag|Albania}} |2,821,977 (2011) |Electrik mmiri | |- |Aller-Leine Valley, {{Flag|Germany}} |75,000 (2012) |63.5% ikuku, 30% biogaasi, 10.7% mmiri, 3.1% anyanwụ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kommunal-erneuerbar.de/energie-kommunen/energie-kommunen/aller-leine-tal.html|title=Aller-Leine-Tal|work=Kommunal Erneuerbar|date=August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.go100percent.org/cms/index.php?id=99|title=Cort-Brün Voige, Aller Leine Tal|work=Go 100% Renewable Energy|accessdate=2023-04-04|archivedate=2022-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706134353/http://www.go100percent.org/cms/index.php?id=99}}</ref> |- |Aspen, {{Flag|Colorado}}, {{Flag|United States}} |6,658 (2010) |Hydroelectric, wind and solar and geothermal |<ref name="aspentimes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aspentimes.com/news/17972193-113/aspen-is-third-us-city-to-reach-100|title=Aspen is third U.S. city to reach 100% renewable energy|work=The Aspen Times|accessdate=6 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905053306/http://www.aspentimes.com/news/17972193-113/aspen-is-third-us-city-to-reach-100|archivedate=5 September 2015}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bhutan}} |727,145 (2017) |Electik mmiri nke ukwuu; na-ebupụ 70% nke mmepụta ya n'ihi oke ike emepụtara; enweghị ihe na-emeputa ike mmanụ ọkụ. |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-02-25|title=Bhutan: a proactive sustainability and renewable energy leader • BiogasWorld|language=en-US|work=BiogasWorld|url=http://www.biogasworld.com/news/bhutan-a-proactive-sustainability-and-renewable-energy-leader/|accessdate=2018-08-04}}</ref> |- |Burlington, {{Flag|Vermont}}, {{Flag|United States}} |42,417 (2010) |35.3% mmiri, 35.3% osisi, 27.9% ikuku, 1.4% photovoltaic anyanwu |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.burlingtonelectric.com/our-energy-portfolio|title=Our Energy Portfolio|publisher=Burlington Electric Department}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|British Columbia}}, {{Flag|Canada}} |4,700,000 (2017) |97% ekectrik mmiri |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-17|title=Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – British Columbia|url=https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-british-columbia.html|accessdate=2021-06-23|work=Canada Energy Regulator}}</ref> |- |Centralia, {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |17,216 |90.6% mmiri, 7.9% nuclear |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2018-Preliminary-Disclosure-Data-03122019.pdf|title=Washington State Electric Utility Fuel Mix Disclosure Reports For Calendar Year 2018|date=October 2019|work=Washington State Department of Commerce|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref> |- |Chelan Cty., {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |76,533 |100% ike emeghariri ọhụrụ mebere nke 99.98% electrik mmiri na 0.02% ike ikuku. |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Fuel Mix Disclosure|url=https://www.chelanpud.org/my-pud-services/rates-and-policies/fuel-mix-disclosure|accessdate=18 October 2022}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |4,857,000 |99% electric a na-emeghari ohuru. electrik mmiri (90%), geothermal, ikuku na ndi ozo) |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Costa Rica Is 99% Powered By Renewable Energy - MetaEfficient|url=http://www.metaefficient.com/renewable-power/costa-rica-is-99-powered-by-renewable-energy.html|work=MetaEfficient|accessdate=23 November 2015|date=8 April 2008}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |84,000,000 |Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% ike mmiri, mana naanị 9% nwere ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik. |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=Power Africa in Democratic Republic of the Congo {{!}} Power Africa {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/democratic-republic-congo|accessdate=2021-06-23|work=www.usaid.gov|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622212214/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/democratic-republic-congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - Countries & Regions|url=https://www.iea.org/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo|accessdate=2021-06-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Douglas Cty., {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |41,945 |100% mmiri |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |109,224,414 (2018) |Electric mmir Kachasị (>90%). Obere ikuku, anyanwụ, na geothermal. 45% nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike nweta ọkụ eletrik dịka nke 2018, ma enwere ebumnuche ohere 100% edobere na 2017 maka 2025. |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=POWER AFRICA IN ETHIOPIA {{!}} Power Africa {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ethiopia|accessdate=2021-09-20|work=www.usaid.gov|language=en|archivedate=2021-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212808/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ethiopia}}</ref> |- |Georgetown, {{Flag|Texas}}, {{Flag|United States}} |70,000 |100% - 154MW anyanwụ na ikuku dabara na njikọ grid |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://georgetown.org/2018/06/29/georgetowns-energy-100-percent-renewable-with-solar-plant/|title=Georgetown's energy 100 percent renewable with solar plant – City of Georgetown Texas|accessdate=2023-04-04|archivedate=2023-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130201/https://georgetown.org/2018/06/29/georgetowns-energy-100-percent-renewable-with-solar-plant/}}</ref> |- |Greensburg, {{Flag|Kansas}}, {{Flag|United States}} |1400 |100% - ifufe guzozie eguzozie na grid njikọ |<ref name="aspentimes" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2013_09_10_high_renewables_tomorrow_today_greensburg_kansas|title=A High-Renewables Tomorrow, Today: Greensburg, Kansas|author=Guevara-Stone|first=Laurie|work=RMI Outlet|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=6 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906140015/http://blog.rmi.org/blog_2013_09_10_high_renewables_tomorrow_today_greensburg_kansas|archivedate=6 September 2015}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} |329,100 |72% electrik mmiri, 28% geothermal, ikuku, na ike anyanwu, Ihe na-erughị 0.1% mmanụ ọkụ (dizel grid) | |- |Kodiak Island, {{Flag|Alaska}}, {{Flag|United States}} |13,448 |80.9% elecctrik mmir, 19.8% ike ikuku, 0.3% mmanụ dizel jenerato | |- |{{Flag|Lower Austria}}, {{Flag|Austria}} |1,612,000 |63% Electrik mmiri, 26% ikuku, 9% biomass, 2% anyanwụ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/11/lower-austria-claims-100-renewable-electricity/|title=Lower Austria Claims 100% Renewable Electricity - CleanTechnica|work=[[cleantechnica.com]]|date=11 November 2015}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Manitoba}}, {{Flag|Canada}} |1,278,365 |97% electrik mmir, 3% ifufe, <1% mmanụ ala (dizel na mpaghara anọ kwụsịrị), <1% gas. |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Manitoba|url=https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-manitoba.html|accessdate=2021-02-28|work=Canada Energy Regulator}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |5,140,000 |96% electrik mmiri, 2% mmanụ ọkụ, 2% geothermal, ikuku, na ike anyanwu | |- |{{Flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}}, {{Flag|Canada}} |525,604 |95% mmiri electrik |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/nl-eng.html|title=Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Newfoundland and Labrador|date=8 April 2020|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> |- |Palo Alto, {{Flag|California}}, {{Flag|United States}} |66,000 |50% hydro, zuru ike ngwakọta nke anyanwụ, ikuku na biogas |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/palo-alto-switches-to-100-renewable-effective-immediately-21373/|title=Palo Alto switches to 100% renewables – at a cost of $3 a year|date=23 July 2013}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} |7,010,000 |Ngalaba eletrik na Paraguay bụ 100% hydroelectricity, ihe dị ka 90% nke a na-ebupụ, 10% fọdụrụnụ na-ekpuchi ọchịchọ ụlọ. |<ref>{{Cite web|title='IRENA (2015), Renewable Energy Policy Brief: Paraguay; IRENA, Abu Dhabi'.|url=http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Paraguay.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2017|archivedate=16 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916095320/http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Paraguay.pdf}}</ref> |- |Pend Oreille Cty., {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |13,354 |97.1% mmiri |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Quebec}}, {{Flag|Canada}} |8,200,000 |99% ọkụ eletrik a na-emegharị bụ isi ike ejiri na Quebec (41%), mmanụ (38%) sochiri ya na gas (10%). |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/pdf/energy-supplies-and-air-emissions-2013.pdf|title=Hydro-Québec's Electricity Facts: Energy Supplies and Air Emissions|publisher=Hydro-Québec|date=2013|accessdate=30 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031755/http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-development/pdf/energy-supplies-and-air-emissions-2013.pdf|archivedate=6 March 2016}}</ref> |- |Samsø, {{Flag|Denmark}} |3,806 |Net karịrị 100% ike ikuku na biomass, ejikọrọ na ala ala maka nguzozi na ike ndabere |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_kolbert?currentPage=all|title=The Island in the Wind|date=30 June 2008|publisher=Newyorker.com|accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Scotland}} |5,510,000 (2022) |97% nke ọkụ eletrik (2020) emepụtara site na mmeghari ohuru, ikuku kachasi, electrik mmiri na-esote. |<ref name="RenLowCarbon">{{Cite news|title=Renewables met 97% of Scotland's electricity demand in 2020|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-56530424|accessdate=2021-03-26|work=BBC News|date=25 March 2021}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sealand}} |2 |100% ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta site na ikuku na ike anyanwụ. |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2022|title=Did you know Sealand is one of the most environmentally responsible nations on Earth due to a combination of wind turbines and solar panels? The collection of rain provides Sealand's entire supply of fresh water.|url=https://twitter.com/SealandGov/status/1576273307908849664|accessdate=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2015|title=Thank you for your donations|url=https://sealandgov.org/thank-you-for-your-donations/|accessdate=18 October 2022|archivedate=19 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019003726/https://sealandgov.org/thank-you-for-your-donations/}}</ref> |- |[[Seattle]], {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |724,745 |86% electrik mmiri, 7% ikuku, 1% biogaasi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/light/FuelMix/|title=Seattle City Light {{!}} Power Mix|work=seattle.gov|accessdate=31 July 2018|archivedate=13 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913040701/http://www.seattle.gov/light/FuelMix/}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |South Island, {{Flag|New Zealand}} |1,115,000 |98.2%electrik mmiri na 1.6% ikuku. A na-ebupụ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ọgbọ na North Island. |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy in New Zealand 2015|url=http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand|publisher=Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|accessdate=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215114526/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand/|archivedate=15 February 2016}}</ref> |- |Tacoma, {{Flag|Washington}}, {{Flag|United States}} |208,100 |85% mmiri, 6% ikuku |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |8,734,951 (2016) |Mmiri mmiri na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 100 nke ọkụ eletrik Tajikistan. |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/tajikistan|title=Tajikistan {{!}} International Hydropower Association|work=hydropower.org|language=en|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Tasmania}}, {{Flag|Australia}} |515,000 |Mmiri mmiri na-enye pasentị 100 nke ọkụ eletrik Tasmania. (Atụmatụ iwu na-echere maka %200 ike mmeghari ohuru site na 2040, ebe nke fọdụrụ ka a ga-eziga na ala Australia site na eriri ike ụgbọ mmiri) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/tasmania-renewable-energy-sustainable-hydropower/|title=Tasmania is now powered entirely by renewable energy|work=weforum.org|language=en|date=9 December 2020|accessdate=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/morrison-steps-in-to-take-majority-stake-in-marinus-link-project-23287/|title=Morrison steps in to take majority stake in Marinus Link project|work=reneweconomy.com.au|date=15 December 2020|accessdate=11 January 2021}}</ref> |- |Tau, {{Flag|American Samoa}} |873 (2000) |~ 100% ike anyanwụ, yana nkwado batrị |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/22/tesla-runs-island-on-solar-power/|title=Tesla runs an entire island on solar power}}</ref> |- |Tilos, {{Flag|Greece}} |400 (winter), 3,000 (summer) |100% ikuku na ike anyanwụ, yana nkwado batrị |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-renewable-resort-greek-island-to-run-on-wind-solar-power-2018-8|title=A small Greek island will become the first in the Mediterranean to run solely on wind and solar power after its businesses have been hindered by blackouts|first=Iliana|author=Mier|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2023-04-04|archivedate=2023-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405010127/https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-renewable-resort-greek-island-to-run-on-wind-solar-power-2018-8}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Tokelau}}, {{Flag|New Zealand}} |1,411 |93% ike anyanwụ, yana nkwado batrị yana 7% biofuel aki oyibo |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20233754|title=Tokelau islands shift to solar energy|date=7 November 2012}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |3,300,000 (2013) |94.5% ọkụ eletrik emeghari; A na-eji ike ikuku (na biomass na ike anyanwụ) gbatịa ihe nchekwa mmiri ọkụ n'ime oge ọkọchị |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/03/uruguay-makes-dramatic-shift-to-nearly-95-clean-energy|title=Uruguay makes dramatic shift to nearly 95% electricity from clean energy|first=Jonathan|author=Watts|date=3 December 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> |- |Wildpoldsried, {{Flag|Bavaria}}, {{Flag|Germany}} |2,512 (2013) |500% ikuku, anyanwu, mmiri |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://on.ft.com/18o8CH5|title=Germany's renewable energy experiment comes at a cost|work=Financial Times|date=15 September 2013}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Yukon}}, {{Flag|Canada}} |35,874 |94% electric mmiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/yt-eng.html|title=Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Yukon|date=8 April 2020|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> |} === Nchịkọta njikọta grid === N'afọ 2015, Jacobson na Delucchi, tinyere Mary Cameron na Bethany Frew, nyochara site na simulation kọmputa (Loadmatch), n'ụzọ zuru ezu otu usoro ikuku-mmiri-anyanwụ (WWS) nwere ike isi soro ike achọrọ site na nkeji ruo nkeji. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume na United States ruo afọ isii, gụnyere mgbanwe WWS site na ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-science_2015-12-08_112_49/page/15060|first=Mark Z.|author=Jacobson|date=8 December 2015|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=49|pages=15060–15065|doi=10.1073/pnas.1510028112|pmid=26598655}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, otu ndị nchọpụta iri abọ na asaa gara n'ihu imepụta atụmatụ ahụ maka mba 139 na afọ 2018, Jacobson na Delucchi na Mary Cameron na Brian Mathiesen bipụtara nsonaazụ Loadmatch maka mpaghara 20 nke kewara mba 139 n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.005|title=100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the World|journal=Joule|volume=1|pages=108–21|year=2017|author=Jacobson|first=Mark Z}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha a, usoro WWS nwere ike ịgbaso ihe achọrọ na mpaghara niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.009|title=Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100% intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=123|pages=236–48|year=2018|author=Jacobson|first=Mark Z}}</ref> Ihe omume Loadmatch na-enweta ihe dị ka usoro atụmatụ ntinye, kwa ọkara nkeji n'oge afọ 2050 2055, nke * mkpa ike * ikuku na-akpaghị aka na ike anyanwụ nke e buru amụma na 3D ụwa ihu igwe / ihe nlereanya ihu igwe GATOR-GCMOM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/GATOR/GATOR-GCMOMHist.pdf|title=Data|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> * ike mmiri, geothermal, tidal na ike ebili mmiri == Hụkwa == * Carbon bubble * Enweghị ike itinye aka na carbon * Mgbanwe ike * Omume onwe onye na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ nke Mba Nile * A na-atụ aro ike nuklia dị ka ike na-agbanwe agbanwe * [[Timeline of sustainable energy research {{CURRENTDECADE}}–present|Usoro iheomume nke nyocha ike na-adịgide adịgide 2020 ugbu a]] == Edensibịa == {{Refbegin|32em}} * {{Cite book|author=Albert|first=Barbara|year=2017|title=Energy Unlimited: Four Steps to 100% Renewable Energy}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bogdanov|first=Dmitrii|year=2016|title=''North-East Asian Super Grid for 100% renewable energy supply: Optimal mix of energy technologies for electricity, gas and heat supply options''|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=110|pages=176–190|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.019}} * {{Cite journal|author=Breyer|first=Christian|year=2022|title=On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research|journal=[[IEEE Access]]|volume=10|issue=|pages=78176–78218|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402}} * {{Cite journal|author=Breyer|first=Christian|year=2015|title=North-East Asian Super Grid: Renewable energy mix and economics|journal=[[Japanese Journal of Applied Physics]]|volume=54|issue=8S1|doi=10.7567/JJAP.54.08KJ01}} * {{Cite journal|author=Connolly|first=David|year=2016|title=Smart Energy Europe :The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=60|pages=1634–1653|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.025}} * {{Cite journal|author=Connolly|first=David|year=2011|title=The first step towards a 100% renewable energy-system for Ireland|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|volume=88|issue=2|pages=502–507|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.006}} * {{Cite journal|author=Cosic|first=Boris|year=2012|title=A 100% renewable energy system in the year 2050: The case of Macedonia|url=http://repozitorij.fsb.hr/3543/1/A%20100%25%20renewable%20energy%20system%20in%20the%20year%202050_The%20case%20of%20Macedonia.pdf|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=80–87|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.078}} * {{Cite journal|author=Delucchi|first=Mark A.|year=2011|title=''Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_energy-policy_2011-03_39_3/page/1170|journal=[[Energy Policy (journal)|Energy Policy]]|volume=39|issue=3|pages=1170–1190|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045}} * Peter Droege, ''100 Per Cent Renewable. 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[http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_KeyFindings.pdf Renewables 2016 Global Status Report: key findings], Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century. * {{Cite journal|author=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|year=2009|title=Going Completely Renewable: Is It Possible (Let Alone Desirable)?|journal=The Electricity Journal|volume=22|issue=4|pages=95–111|doi=10.1016/j.tej.2009.03.011}} {{Refend}} == Ịgụ ihe ndị ọzọ == [[Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] 8xj1eds4cjv9n7fccmr1b89yha1w9fb 0 24922 697821 195067 2026-08-10T08:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karen Ching-Yee Seto''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala, ime obodo na igbanwe ala, na Frederick C. Hixon Prọfesọ nke Geography na Urbanisation Sayensị na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]]. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na mmepe obodo na nkwado, na imata satellite dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ọ bụ onye isi maka isi na mgbochi obodo na Intergovernmental Panel na Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report nke isii na IPCC Assessement Report nke asaá. Site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2020, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ sayensị Global Environmental Change . Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara ahọpụta na US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering (CASE), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Council on Foreign Relations, na onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) dị na obodo Amerika == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Seto na Hong Kong ma ezinụlọ ya kwaga US mgbe ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Key thinkers on cities|others=Koch, Regan,, Latham, Alan|isbn=9781473907744|location=London|oclc=985695509|date=2017-08-09}}</ref> Ọ gara Pomona Catholic High School na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/profile/seto/|title=Karen C. Seto {{!}} Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|work=environment.yale.edu|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="YN">{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2017/05/15/karen-seto-appointed-hixon-professor-geography-and-urbanization-science|title=Karen Seto appointed the Hixon Professor of Geography and Urbanization Science|date=May 15, 2017|work=news.yale.edu|publisher=Yale News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511234104/https://news.yale.edu/2017/05/15/karen-seto-appointed-hixon-professor-geography-and-urbanization-science|archivedate=May 11, 2019|accessdate=May 11, 2019}}</ref> Ọ gakwara Mahadum Boston maka nzere masta na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, na njikwa akụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nzere doctorate na geography wee sote, ebe ya na Robert C. Kaufmann na Curtis E. Woodcock rụkọrọ ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Nnyocha edemede ya nyochara mgbasawanye ala obodo na mmetụta na ala ugbo nke dị na Pearl River Delta nke dị na obodo [[China]]. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ijikọta data mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ihe oyiyi satellite iji mụọ uto obodo site na iji nyocha usoro oge.<ref name="SetoKaufmann2002">{{Cite book|author=Seto|first=Karen C.|title=Linking People, Place, and Policy|chapter=Monitoring Land Use Change in the Pearl River Delta, China|year=2002|pages=69–90|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0985-1_4|isbn=978-1-4613-5337-9}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == E nyere Seto ihe nrite NASA New Investigator Program na Earth Science n'afọ 2000 na National Science Foundation CAREER Award na 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contributions of Land Remote Sensing for Decisions About Food Security and Human Health: Workshop Report|author=Council|first=National Research|date=2007-01-13|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=9780309102957|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0348986|title=NSF Award Search: Award#0348986 - CAREER: Urban Land-Use Change in Asia|work=www.nsf.gov|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ngalaba na Mahadum Stanford n'afọ 2000, ebe ọ nwere nhọpụta jikọrọ aka na Institute maka International Studies na Woods Institute for the Environment .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wri.org/profile/karen-c-seto|title=Karen C. Seto {{!}} World Resources Institute|work=www.wri.org|accessdate=2019-05-11|date=2017-10-24|archivedate=2020-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023053950/https://www.wri.org/profile/karen-c-seto}}</ref> Seto na-eme nnyocha banyere mgbanwe ala sitere na mmadụ, na-aghọta usoro nke ime obodo ma na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe na ojiji ala. Ọrụ mbụ tụlere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmepe akụ na ụba, ime obodo na iji ala eme ihe na obodo ndị a bụ China na Vietnam.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ duziri Ecosystem Management Tools maka nchịkwa Commission on Ecosystem nke International Union maka Conservation of Nature (IUCN) site na afọ 2002 ruo 2008 ma soro bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Project on Urbanisation na Global Environmental Change site na afọ 2005 ruo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ugec.org/karen-seto/|title=Karen Seto|work=ugec.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11|archivedate=2023-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528025236/https://ugec.org/karen-seto/}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, Seto sonyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Yale nke ngalaba Forestry na Environment Studies A họpụtara Seto ka ọ bụrụ Associate Dean for Research and Director of Doctoral Studies na Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies na 2014 na Frederick C. Hixon Professor of Geography and Urbanisation Science na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/karen-seto-succeeds-david-skelly-as-doctoral-studies-director/|title=Karen Seto Succeeds David Skelly as Associate Dean & Doctoral Studies Director|work=environment.yale.edu|date=6 June 2014|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="YN" /> Ọ bụ onye na-ahazi onye edemede maka akụkọ ihu igwe UN abụọ. Ọ duziri isi nke imebi obodo nke 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6) na 2014 IPCC 5th Assessement Report (AR5), nke nyochara nhọrọ iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-lead-coordinating-author-in-ipcc-chapter-on-urbanization/|title=Seto Leads Focus on Urbanization In the Latest IPCC Climate Report|work=environment.yale.edu|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Mgbe ala ọma jijiji bibiri mpaghara dị na Nepal na 2015, a kpaliri Seto ịchọpụta otú mmepe obodo na-agbanwe agbanwe si emetụta ihe ize ndụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/collaboration-to-examine-value-of-remote-sensing-receives-national-award|title=RFF Awards Yale Collaboration Examining the 'Value' of Remote Sensing in Himalaya|work=environment.yale.edu|date=25 July 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ duziri ọrụ NASA nke na-ele anya na njikọ dị n'etiti uto obodo ukwu, adịghị ike na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/nasa-grant-to-explore-land-use-changes-and-threats-in-vulnerable-himalayan-regions/|title=Himalaya Study Eyes How Urban Shifts Affect Land Uses and Natural Disasters|work=environment.yale.edu|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ mụọla "njikọ zoro ezo" n'etiti ime obodo na usoro nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/untangling-the-hidden-linkages-between-urbanization-and-food-systems/|title=Untangling the Hidden Linkages Between Urbanization and Food Systems|work=environment.yale.edu|date=19 May 2016|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramankutty|first=Navin|date=2016-05-20|title=Hidden linkages between urbanization and food systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-05-20_352_6288/page/943|journal=Science|language=en|volume=352|issue=6288|pages=943–945|doi=10.1126/science.aaf7439|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27199419}}</ref> Seto chọpụtara na uto nke obodo ukwu n'ụwa niile nwere ike iwepụ mpaghara dị mkpa nke ala ugbo, na-ebu amụma na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030 otu mpaghara dị ka [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] nwere ike ịla n'iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/growth-of-megacities-will-consume-swaths-of-cropland-in-africa-and-asia/|title=Growth of Mega-Cities Will Consume Swaths of Cropland in Africa and Asia|work=environment.yale.edu|date=3 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/growth-of-cities-poses-significant-global-environmental-risks/|title=Growth of Cities Poses Significant Global Environmental Risks|work=environment.yale.edu|date=22 August 2011|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/who-uses-nasa-earth-science-data-user-profiles/user-profile-dr-karen-seto?_ga=2.136103601.1824472433.1557615225-1429330215.1557615225|title=User Profile: Dr. Karen Seto {{!}} Earthdata|work=earthdata.nasa.gov|date=9 June 2017|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> O jirila ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi satellite mụọ mmepe obodo, gụnyere site na Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) na Landsat.<ref name=":7" /> Seto dezigharịrị nchịkọta akwụkwọ maka Proceedings nke National Academy nke Sciences onke dị na United States of America (PNAS) na mmepe obodo na nkwado, na-enyocha mmetụta nke nnukwu mmepe obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/pnas-special-feature-on-urbanization-edited-by-karen-seto-yale/|title=Can Science Keep Up with Growth of The World's 'Mega-Urban' Areas?|work=environment.yale.edu|date=25 October 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Turner|first=B. L.|date=2017|title=Sustainability in an urbanizing planet|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=34|pages=8935–8938|doi=10.1073/pnas.1606037114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28784798}}</ref> Na mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''PNAS'', Seto chọpụtara isiokwu atọ, isiokwu bụ ndị e deputara, ha bụ, nkwado nke ime obodo dị ọtụtụ akụkụ, na ngwọta ndị e mere maka otu akụkụ (ahụike ọha na eze, ihe dị ndụ ụdị dị iche iche) nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe mmetụta dị mma, ime obodo nwere ike isi ike na enwere mkpa dị ukwuu ịmepụta usoro dị ukwuu iji nyochaa usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":4" /> Akpọọla Seto maka usoro jikọtara ọnụ maka nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ karịa ọrụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/karen-seto-honored-by-two-major-science-organizations-for-urban-land-systems-research/|title=Major Science Organizations Honor Seto For Work on Urban Land Systems|work=environment.yale.edu|date=12 April 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o gosipụtara na atụmatụ obodo dị mma na iwu njem dị irè nwere ike belata ojiji ike site na 25% n'obodo dị iche iche na gburugburu ụwa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/smart-urbanization-could-save-25-percent-of-energy-use/|title=Smart Urbanization Could Reduce Energy Use in Cities 25 Percent by 2050|work=environment.yale.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-11|archivedate=2019-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234324/http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/smart-urbanization-could-save-25-percent-of-energy-use/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/news/information/information-detail/article/how-cities-would-need-25-percent-less-energy.html|title=How cities would need 25 percent less energy|work=www.mcc-berlin.net|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Nke<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/when-meeting-energy-demands-of-growing-cities-density-will-be-as-critical-as-efficiency-study-finds/|title=In Meeting Future Energy Demands, Density is as Important as Efficiency|work=environment.yale.edu|date=11 January 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na obodo ndị dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe mere ka 86% nke mbelata ike, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ iji kwalite njem dị mkpirikpi.<ref name=":6" /> Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya bú Yale Eli Fenichel, e nyere Seto ihe nrite nke a na-akpọ Resources for the Future Award na 2018 iji tụọ uru nke ngwaahịa data satellite ma mee map nke ime obodo di na Himalaya.<ref name=":3" /> === Akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri === * Obodo A Na-adịghị Ahụ Anya: Ọhụụ Ọhụrụ nke Obodo Planet<ref>{{Cite book|title=City Unseen: New Visions of an Urban Planet|author=Seto|first=Karen C.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0300221695}}</ref> * ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na Urbanisation na Global Environmental Change''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook on urbanization and global environmental change|author=Seto|first=K.C.|year=2015|isbn=9780415732260}}</ref> * 10,000 Shovels: Rapid Urban Growth in China (ihe nkiri) === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ Seto natara gụnyere: * 2009 Aldo Leopold Onye ndu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://envs.uoregon.edu/news/bohannan-aldo-leopold/|title=Bohannan selected as Leopold Leadership Fellow {{!}} Environmental Studies Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2014 Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Faculty Award for Outstanding Teaching and Advising * 2017 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu US National Academy of Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20011555.html|title=Karen Seto|work=nasonline.org|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-elected-to-national-academy-of-sciences/|title=Seto Elected to the Prestigious National Academy of Sciences|work=environment.yale.edu|date=2 May 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2017 American Association of Geographers Human Dimensions of Global Change Research Excellence Award<ref name=":5"/> * 2017 Fellow nke American Association for the Advancement of Science<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/raymond-and-seto-elected-aaas-fellows-/|title=Raymond and Seto Elected AAAS Fellows|work=environment.yale.edu|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2017 Ecological Society of America Sustainability Science Award<ref name=":5" /> * 2018 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/burke-seto-elected-to-connecticut-academy-of-science-and-engineering/|title=Burke, Seto Elected to Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering|work=environment.yale.edu|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2018 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/news/article/three-fes-faculty-make-highly-cited-researchers-list/|title=Three F&ES Faculty Make 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|work=environment.yale.edu|date=4 December 2018|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2019 American Association of Geographers Onyinye pụtara ìhè maka ihe nrite nyocha nke Remote Sensing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/seto-receives-national-honor-for-outstanding-contributions-to-remote-sensing-research/|title=Seto Receives National Honor for Outstanding Contributions to Remote Sensing Research|work=environment.yale.edu|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> * 2019 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five YSE Faculty Members Make 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|date=16 December 2020|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/five-yse-faculty-members-make-highly-cited-researchers-list}}</ref> * 2020 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four YSE Faculty Members Named on the 'Highly Cited Researchers' List|date=6 December 2021|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/four-yse-faculty-members-named-highly-cited-researchers-list}}</ref> * 2021 Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researchers Ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-16|title='Highly Cited Researchers' List Includes Four YSE Faculty Members|url=https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/highly-cited-researchers-list-includes-four-yse-faculty-members|accessdate=2022-12-21|work=Yale School of the Environment|language=en}}</ref> * 2022 A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eight Yale faculty members elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=28 April 2022|url=https://news.yale.edu/2022/04/28/eight-yale-faculty-members-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences}}</ref> * 2022 American Geographical Society, Alexander na Ilse Melamid Medal<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://americangeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Melamid_Medal_Press_Release_2022.pdf |title=The American Geographical Society Awards Alexander and Isle Melamid Medal |accessdate=2023-04-05 |archivedate=2022-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221011351/https://americangeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Melamid_Medal_Press_Release_2022.pdf }}</ref> * 2023 Onye otu ndụ nke Council on Foreign Relations<ref>https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/world-renowned-urbanization-expert-karen-seto-elected-council-foreign-relations</ref> == Edensibịa == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tj5710zal1ezgk00bf48s07mlsa7aeb 0 25200 697577 111205 2026-08-10T03:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697577 wikitext text/x-wiki American Association of State Climatologists (AASC) bụ òtù sayensị ọkachamara màkà ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1976. Ndị isi otu na AASC nwèrè ndị iri anọ na asaa State Climatologists na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe nke Puerto Rico. E nwèrè otu State Climatologist màkà steeti ọ bụla na United States. Ọ bụ steeti na-ahọpụta ónyé ahụ ma National Climatic Data Center nke NOAA, ónyé AASC na-arụkọ ọrụ, nabatara ya. Ndị ọzọ zuru oke nke AASC bụ ndị nduzi nke Regional Climate Centers isii. E nwekwara ndị otu AASC, na-eme ka ngụkọta nke ndị otu ruo ihe dị ka otu narị na iri ise. Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ nke AASC na-arụ ọrụ ihu igwe dị iche iche na nyocha. Ónyé isi ala ugbu a bụ Lesley-Ann L. Dupigny-Giroux.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=UVM's Dupigny-Giroux elected president of National State Climatology Association|url=https://vermontbiz.com/news/2020/june/18/uvms-dupigny-giroux-elected-president-national-state-climatology-association|accessdate=2020-12-08|work=Vermont Business Magazine|language=en}}</ref> AASC na-ebipụtakwa ''Journal of Service Climatology''. Ọ dịkarịa ala atọ n'ime ndị otu zuru oke (John Christy, [[Alabama]], Philip Mote, [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]] na David Robinson, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]]) jere ozi dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ màkà akụkọ nyocha nke anọ: Ndepụta nke International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-annexes.pdf|title=Annex I_FINAL.indd|accessdate=2014-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827033913/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-annexes.pdf|archivedate=2014-08-27}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, ndị otu abụọ bịara n'okpuru nyocha màkà echiche ha "na-enyo enyo" banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/445806b|volume=445|title=Role of state climatologist comes under scrutiny|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-02-22_445_7130/page/806|journal=Nature|year=2007|pages=806|author=Hopkin|first=Michael|issue=7130|pmid=17314943}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.stateclimate.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] in0emyjqw78v2lbjti2nx92ci3ex8ek 0 25203 697817 111209 2026-08-10T08:49:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697817 wikitext text/x-wiki Atmospheric super-rotation bụ steeti ébé ikuku nkè mbara ala na-agbagharị ngwa ngwa karịa mbara ala n'onwe ya. Ikuku nke Venus bụ otu ihe atụ nkè oke oke ntụgharị; ikuku Venusian na-agba mbara ala gbụrụ-gbúrụ naanị n'ime ụbọchị ụwa anọ, ngwa ngwa karịa ụbọchị Venus nke ụbọchị ụwa narị abụọ na iri anọ na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/venus-express/-/54065-4-super-rotation-is-speeding-up|title=ESA Science & Technology - Major Discoveries by Venus Express: 2006-2014|work=sci.esa.int|accessdate=2020-01-21}}</ref> A hụwokwa oke okirikiri ikuku na Titan, ọnwa kachasị ukwuu na Saturn.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Read|first=Peter L.|date=2018|title=Superrotation on Venus, on Titan, and Elsewhere|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=46|issue=1|pages=175–202|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010137}}</ref> Ekwenyere na thermosphere nke ụwa nwéré obere net super-rotation karịa ọsọ ntụgharị elu, ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ nkè nha nke ihe omume ahụ dịgasị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gaposchkin|first=E. M|date=2003-05-01|title=Atmospheric superrotation?|journal=Planetary and Space Science|language=en|volume=51|issue=6|pages=415–425|doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(03)00021-7|issn=0032-0633}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blum|first=P. W.|date=1974-06-01|title=Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=967–978|doi=10.1016/0021-9169(74)90006-3|issn=0021-9169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rishbeth|first=H.|date=January 1971|title=Rotation of the Variation of Upper Atmosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1971-01-29_229_5283/page/333|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=229|issue=5283|pages=333–334|doi=10.1038/229333a0|pmid=16059224|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị na-atụ aro na okpomọkụ ụwa nwèrè ike ịkpata mmụba na super-rotation n'ọdịnihu, gụnyere oke-rotation nke ifufe elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carlson|first=Henrik|date=March 2016|title=Enhanced MJO and transition to superrotation in warm climates|journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems|volume=8|issue=1|pages=304–318|doi=10.1002/2015ms000615|issn=1942-2466}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Caballero|first=Rodrigo|date=October 2018|title=Surface Superrotation|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|language=en|volume=75|issue=10|pages=3671–3689|doi=10.1175/JAS-D-18-0076.1|issn=0022-4928}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} t0hh495l6ksaw8hahzd5th19ccgcisx 0 25222 697857 111228 2026-08-10T09:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697857 wikitext text/x-wiki Climate Capitalism: Capitalism in the Age of Climate Change bụ akwụkwọ afọ 2011 nkè L. Hunter Lovins na Boyd Cohen dèrè. Ọ na-enye akụkọ dị mma na ihe atụ nkè otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-achọ uru si enyere aka ịzọpụta ụwa, ma na-ekwu na "ụzọ kachasị mma iji wughachi akụ na ụba America, ọbọdọ na ahịa ọrụ bụ itinye ego na arụmọrụ ike na ihe onwunwe ike ọhụrụ, ma mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/entertainment/52913894-81/climate-lovins-capitalism-lecture.html.csp|title=Lovins lectures tonight on 'Climate Capitalism' at Westminster|author=|date=15 November 2011|work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ónyé nyocha Gail Whiteman ekwenyeghị na arụmụka ahụ bụ na anyaukwu na ndị ahịa ga-akpali azụmaahịa belata gas ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gail Whiteman|date=12 May 2011|title=Climate economics: Corporate greening falls short|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-05-12_473_7346/page/149|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=473|issue=7346|pages=149–150|doi=10.1038/473149a}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * ''Okike Capitalism: Ịmepụta Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-esote'' * ''Ndị Ahịa Obi Ụtọ'' * ''Ịmepụta Ọkụ Ọzọ'' * Arụmụka mgbanwe ihu igwe * Iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United States * Mgbasa ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} t85z6q5qt9r8sjw3op4yo5gnmwiy96m 0 25268 697461 137495 2026-08-09T19:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} E bipụtara '''akụkọ mgbakwunye''' '''IPCC''' nke afọ 1992 iji nye aka na arụmụka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change n'afọ 1 992 Earth Summit, èke emere na [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Akụkọ ahụ melite ma degharịa ọtụtụ data dị na IPCC First Assessment Report, ma tinye ihe omume mgbanwe ihu igwe ọhụrụ isii, gụnyere mmelite nke ihe omume afọ 1990 . Nkwubi okwu bụ na nyocha kemgbe afọ 1990 "emetụtaghị nghọta anyị banyéré sayensị nke mmetụta okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ kwado ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwado mgbanwe nkè nkwubi okwu ndị dị mkpa nke nyocha sayensị IPCC mbụ". O kwụrụ na simulations na-agafe agafe (nke na-adabere n'oge), nke bụ nke mbụ na FAR, emelitere ugbu a, mana anaghị agụnye mgbanwe aerosol ma ọ bụ ozone. == Hụkwa == * Izere Mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ Nzukọ mba ụwa (2005) * Omume onwe onye na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Omume azụmahịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Iwu ike * Nchekwa ike * Ihe nlereanya ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ * Ụkpụrụ nchebe * Ihe onwunwe ike ụwa na ojiji == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Mgbanwe ihu igwe 1992: The IPCC Supplementary Report; ndị nchịkọta akụkọ: J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callander na S.K. Varney; Cambridge University Press; 1992 * IPCC Publications / Reports: 1992 Supplementary Reports (subpages nwere njikọ na PDFs nke ngalaba): ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003193848/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_supplementary_report_1992_wg1.shtml Akụkọ Mgbakwunye na Nnyocha Sayensị IPCC] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163303/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_supplementary_report_1992_wg2.shtml Akụkọ Mgbakwunye na Nnyocha Mmetụta IPCC] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20231205084111/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_90_92_assessments_far.shtml Nnyocha IPCC 1990 na 1992] == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 5uqbrrth7bccplknige6e272a7thchd 0 25269 697539 515787 2026-08-10T02:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Env_contamination1.if.gif|thumb|Mmiri nwere ike ịbụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-akpata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi]] {{Databox}}Pesticide drift na-ezo aka na mgbasa na-enweghị isi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmetụta ọjọọ nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ, gụnyere mmetọ na-abụghị nke ebumnuche n'ihi mmetọ spray yana nsị sitere na osisi ma ọ bụ ala. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmebi na ahụike mmadụ, mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmebi ihe onwunwe. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịpụ karịa ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịpụta na ọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na-enwekarị ike ịkpafu karịa ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịpụta na ọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fumigants bụ ọgwụ pesticide gas na-aga n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ikuku ma na-efegharị ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na-adị ka ígwé ojii mgbe ha na-akpagharị ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike bụrụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na ndị na-esighị ike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/enforce/cmpliast/pesticide_drift.pdf}}</ref> == Ụdị na ụdị == Site n'itinye (n'ime mpaghara) ịgbasa nnukwu ọgwụ na-egbu egbu dị iche iche, a ga-ebelata mkpagharị ikuku, na agbaala mbọ dị ukwuu iji kọwapụta ma chịkwaa mgbapụ mmiri na-esi na ya pụta hydraulic nozzles.<ref>Hewitt, A.J., Spray drift: impact of requirements to protect the environment, Crop Protection 19 (2000) p 623-627</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ikuku na-agagharị bụkwa usoro dị irè maka ịkwaga droplets nke nha kwesịrị ekwesị na ebumnuche ha n'ebe sara mbara na oke ala (ULV).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262015981.001.0001|title=Pesticide Drift and the Pursuit of Environmental Justice|year=2011|author=Harrison|first=Jill Lindsey|isbn=978-0-262-01598-1}}</ref> Himel (1974) mere ọdịiche dị n'etiti exo-drift (ibufe nke spray site na ebe a na-achọ) na endo-drift, ebe ihe na-arụ ọrụ (AI) na droplets na-adaba n'ebe a na-ezube, mana ọ naghị eru ebe a na'ihe ndị dị ndụ. Endo-drift dị oke mkpa ma nwee ike ịkpata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ka ukwuu (dịka ebe ọgwụ ahụhụ na-emetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala).<ref name="Harrison2006">{{Cite journal|author=Harrison|first=Jill Lindsey|title='Accidents' and invisibilities: Scaled discourse and the naturalization of regulatory neglect in California's pesticide drift conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-geography_2006-06_25_5/page/506|journal=Political Geography|date=June 2006|volume=25|issue=5|pages=506–529|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.003}}</ref> Mkpughe nke ndị na-ekiri ihe na-akọwa ihe omume mgbe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akpachapụghị anya na ọgwụ mgbochi ikuku. Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-agụnye ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè dị iche na mpaghara ọgwụ ahụhụ, ndị mmadụ bi n'ọ́ ndị gbara mpaghara ọgwụ ahụhụ gburugburu, ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na-agafe n'ọhịa ka a na-agwọ ha ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Matthews|first=Graham|title=Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-97602-9}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Pesticides_application_02.jpg|thumb|Iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe]] == Mmiri ọgwụ ahịhịa na-agbaze == Herbicide volatitilisation na-ezo aka na evaporation ma ọ bụ sublimation nke herbicide volatile. Mmetụta nke kemịkal gas na-efu n'ebe a chọrọ itinye ya ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ma metụta osisi ndị ọzọ a na-ebughị na-emetụta na-akpata mmebi ihe ọkụkụ. Herbicides dịgasị iche na ha na-emetụta volatilization. Mgbakwunye ngwa ngwa nke herbicide n'ime ala nwere ike belata ma ọ bụ gbochie volatilization. Ifufe, okpomọkụ, na iru mmiri na-emetụtakwa ọnụego volatilization, na iru ala na-ebelata ya. 2,4-D na dicamba bụ kemịkal a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke a maara na ọ na-emetụta volatilization.<ref name="NYTDOWCorn">{{Cite news|author=Pollack|first=Andrew|title=Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs Into Opposition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/26/business/energy-environment/dow-weed-killer-runs-into-opposition.html|work=The New York Times|date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="MSUHV">{{Cite web|title=Getting the Most from Soil-Applied Herbicides|url=http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/CropWeedSearch/Docs/GettingtheMostfromSoil-AppliedHerbicides.htm|publisher=Montana State University|accessdate=April 25, 2012|first=Fabian|author=Menalled|date=19 April 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221091610/http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/CropWeedSearch/Docs/GettingtheMostfromSoil-AppliedHerbicides.htm|archivedate=21 December 2012}}</ref> A na-aghọtawanye oke mmerụ ahụ nke ihe ọkụkụ nke dicamba drift kpatara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, American Soybean Association na mahadum dị iche iche na-enye ala na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ọsọ ahụ iji chọta ụzọ iji chekwaa ojiji nke dicamba mgbe ọ na-akwụsị mmerụ ahụ.Ngwa nke herbicides emesịa na oge iji chebe ahịhịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-abawanye ohere nke mgbanwe n'ihi na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu na ntinye n'ime ala agaghị ekwe omume.<ref name="commit-answers-Dicamba-drift">{{Cite web|title=ASA Steps up Urgency in Search for Answers on Dicamba Damage|work=[[American Soybean Association]]|date=2017-09-25|url=http://soygrowers.com/news-releases/asa-steps-urgency-search-answers-dicamba-damage/|accessdate=2021-06-13|quote=This issue...}}</ref>.<ref name="NYTDOWCorn" /> == Ụzọ e si belata mbufe == Iji belata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọ ga-adị mkpa inyocha ngwá ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesticide Drift – Pesticide Environmental Stewardship|url=https://pesticidestewardship.org/pesticide-drift/|accessdate=2021-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Tupu itinye akwụkwọ, lelee iji hụ ma ndị na-etinye akwụkwọ, ọkpọkọ, braces, springs, clamps, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ, mebiri emebi, ma ọ bụrụ na egbochi.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Peters|first=Tom|date=July 2017|title=Selecting Spray Nozzles to Reduce Particle Drift|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/selecting-spray-nozzles-to-reduce-particle-drift|id=AE1246}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ngwá ọrụ ahụ mebiri emebi enwere ohere dị elu maka ikuku iji bulie mmiri si na ebe a chọrọ itinye akwụkwọ. Mgbe ị na-eji ihe na-agbanye n'ala, jide n'aka na ị ga-etinye elu nke na-adịghị elu karịa ihe ọkụkụ a chọrọ.<ref name=":02" /> Nozzles ndị dị elu karịa ihe a na-achọ ga-eduga n'ikuku ikuku n'okpuru nozzle ma buru mmiri nke ọgwụ ahụhụ gaa ebe ndị ọzọ a na-atụghị anya ya.<ref name=":02" /> Kpachara anya maka ihu igwe mgbe oge eruola itinye ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ dị n'èzí na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ bụrụ na mmiri dị n'ikuku dị ukwuu, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ikuku na-eku, enwere ohere dị elu maka ịfefe pesticides..   == Nchegbu ọha na eze == Ọ bụ ezie na enwere nchegbu ọha na eze na nyocha banyere mmetọ spray, mmetọ isi iyi (dịka ọgwụ ahụhụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-esote nsị ma ọ bụ sachaa) nwekwara ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spanoghe|first=P.|title=Limitation of point source pesticide pollution: results of bioremediation system|journal=Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences|date=2004|volume=69|issue=4|pages=719–732|pmid=15756863}}</ref> Nchegbu ọha na eze maka nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ anaghị ezute nzaghachi zuru oke. Ndị na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na [[California]], dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-atụle ịkwaga n'ókè nke okwu ahụ gbasara ọgwụ ahụhụ site na ịkọwa ya dị ka mmetọ ikuku iji nweta nlebara anya site na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi steeti.<ref name="Harrison2006"/> Ndị ọrụ ugbo na obodo gbara nnukwu ugbo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịbịakwute ọgwụ nje. Ndagwurugwu San Joaquin dị na California ahụla ọtụtụ ọrịa na-ebute site na ikpughe na ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu site na mkpagharị pesticide. Ndị otu dị ka United Farm Workers Union alụwo ọgụ iji mejuputa iwu ga-ebelata ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo zaa ajụjụ maka mkpagharị ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ngalaba California nke Pesticide Regulation na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 37 na 68% nke ọrịa pesticide n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na United States na-abịa n'ihi nsonaazụ nke pesticide drift. Ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a na-efesa n'ubi nwekwara ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ n'ụdị ndụ ndị na-abụghị nke mmadụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka aṅụ na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. Site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 2006, Environmental Health Perspectives chọpụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku atọ ikpe nke pesticide drift; ihe fọrọ nke ka ọ bụrụ ọkara bụ ndị ọrụ na ubi ndị a na-agwọ ọgwụ ahụhụ na pasenti iri na anọ nke ikpe bụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Soo-Jeong|title=Acute Pesticide Illnesses Associated with Off-Target Pesticide Drift from Agricultural Applications: 11 States, 1998–2006|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=August 2011|volume=119|issue=8|pages=1162–1169|doi=10.1289/ehp.1002843|pmid=21642048}}</ref> === Nchegbu ahụike === Mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agagharị, enwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ daa na akpụkpọ ahụ na anya. Mgbaàmà gụnyere anya na imi na-akpasu iwe, imi na-agba agba, ụkwara, ma ọ bụ rash. Agbanyeghị, ọgwụ ahụhụ dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta usoro ahụ dị iche iche, na-akpata mgbaàmà dị iche iche.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=March 30, 2018|title=Pesticide Drift Exposure and Your Health|url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/docs/pdriftpatient.pdf|accessdate=March 2, 2023|work=Minnesota Poison Control System}}</ref> Mfefe ọgwụ pesticide nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ siri ike na ahụike mmadụ dabere n'ụdị na ụdị ọgwụ nje na-abanye n'ime ahụ. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị ihe na-emerụ ahụ site na obere nsị. Ndị ọzọ nwere ike na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata mmetụta dị njọ site na obere ikpughe. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-echekwa ọgwụ ndị a nke ọma. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje, na mkpughe dị elu nke ukwuu, nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ahụike ogologo oge, gụnyere nsogbu neurodevelopmental n'ime ụmụaka, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na nsogbu ọmụmụ, ọrịa kansa, ọrịa akpa ume, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":3" /> === Iwu === N'afọ 2001, United States Environmental Protection Agency bipụtara nduzi nye "ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, na ndị na-edebanye aha nke ngwaahịa pesticide" (EPA 2001) nke kwuru ihe EPA siri megide mkpagharị pesticide yana tụrụ aro omume ịde aha ngwaahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRN 2001-X Draft: Spray and Dust Drift Label Statements for Pesticide Products|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-2001-x-draft-spray-and-dust-drift-label-statements-pesticide-products|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|date=4 September 2014}}</ref> Iji gbalịa belata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, EPA bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ. EPA nwere nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ iji chọpụta mmetụta nwere ike ime na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi nso ma ọ bụ n'ubi ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ, ndị ọrụ ugwo, isi iyi mmiri, na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What EPA is Doing to Reduce Pesticide Drift|url=https://www.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/what-epa-doing-reduce-pesticide-drift|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|date=1 August 2014}}</ref> USDA na EPA na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nyochaa ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na otu esi emeziwanye ụdị sayensị iji tụọ ikpughe, ihe ize ndụ, na ntụgharị nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref name=":1" /> EPA na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ iji hụ na akara dị mfe ịgụ, nwee usoro ngwa ziri ezi na DRT maka ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Drift Reduction Technology Program|url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/about-drift-reduction-technology-program_.html|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Improving Labels to Reduce Pesticide Drift|url=https://www.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/improving-labels-reduce-pesticide-drift|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|date=1 August 2014}}</ref> === Nnyocha dị ugbu a === A maghị ọtụtụ ihe n'oge gara aga gbasara nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, gụnyere mmetụta ahụike kpọmkwem na ụmụ mmadụ, ụzọ dị irè iji gbochie nsị ọgwụ (ma e wezụga itinye ọrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo), na ma ọ bụrụ na ọha na eze kwesịrị ichegbu onwe ya maka ahụike ha n'ozuzu na-emetụta nsị ọgwụ nje.Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya apụtawo nke mere ka a ghọta ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche gbasara mkpagharị pesticides nke mere ka ọ dịkwuo mfe nghọta, ya mere ọ dị mfe ịchịkwa. Otu nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya atụnyere cytotoxicity na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na nke otu na-achịkwa ma chọpụta na ndị mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka [[Iba|ịba]] ụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ihi pesticides.sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ọ́tụ̀ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Doğanlar|first=Zeynep Banu|title=Nonoccupational Exposure of Agricultural Area Residents to Pesticides: Pesticide Accumulation and Evaluation of Genotoxicity|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|date=November 2018|volume=75|issue=4|pages=530–544|doi=10.1007/s00244-018-0545-7|pmid=30003277}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nchọpụta a na-atụ egwu, nyocha ndị ọzọ agafeela ịchọta ụzọ dị irè iji belata mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enweghị ịdabere na nkwenye nke ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ ịga n'etiti ibelata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ na ịbụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụpụta ihe, nke dugara na nyocha ndị ọzọ gbasara ngwọta ndị ọzọ maka nsị ọgwụ nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moeller|first=Daniel L.|title=Superfund, Pesticide Regulation, and Spray Drift: Rethinking the Federal Pesticide Regulatory Framework to Provide Alternative Remedies for Pesticide Damage|journal=Iowa Law Review|volume=104|issue=3|date=March 2019|pages=1523–1550|id={{ProQuest|2212659406}}|url=https://ilr.law.uiowa.edu/print/volume-104-issue-3/superfund-pesticide-regulation-and-spray-drift-rethinking-the-federal-pesticide-regulatory-framework-to-provide-alternative-remedies-for-pesticide-damage/}}</ref> N'ihi nke a, a na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ịmepụta ọgwụ nje ndị na-agaghị emerụ ụdị ndị ọzọ (ndị na-abụghị nke ezubere iche), ga-ebelata ebe dị anya nke pesticides nwere ike ime njem, ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ kemịkalụ a na-ewe n'ikuku tupu ọ daa n'ubi a chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brain|first=Richard|title=Winds of change, developing a non-target plant bioassay employing field-based pesticide drift exposure: A case study with atrazine|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=August 2019|volume=678|pages=239–252|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.411|pmid=31075591}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nlekota ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agbanye, nyocha ndị ọzọ agafeela n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị mma ịwụsa. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ghọtara na ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị ike ịkwụsị ịwụsa ihe ọkụkụ ruo ogologo oge, ya mere nyocha agafeela n'ịchọpụta nke bụ njikọta kachasị mma nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị njọ iji nyere aka melite oge ịwụsa ma na-echekwa ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị nso.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Desmarteau|first=Dean A|title=Impact of Wind Speed and Direction and Key Meteorological Parameters on Potential Pesticide Drift Mass Loadings from Sequential Aerial Applications|journal=Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management|date=March 2020|volume=16|issue=2|pages=197–210|doi=10.1002/ieam.4221|pmid=31589364}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'otu ụzọ amalitela ime nke a site na iji mmemme kọmputa iji mepụta arụmọrụ nke spray na iru nke spray drift. A na-emepe mmemme ahụ na-enwe olileanya na otu ụbọchị ga-adị maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji nyere aka mee ka mmetụta dị mma nke ịgbasa ihe ọkụkụ ha dịkwuo elu, ka ha na-ebelata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị nso.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hong|first=Se-Woon|title=SAAS, a computer program for estimating pesticide spray efficiency and drift of air-assisted pesticide applications|journal=Computers and Electronics in Agriculture|date=December 2018|volume=155|pages=58–68|doi=10.1016/j.compag.2018.09.031}}</ref> == Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ == * Ntinye ụgbọelu * Mmiri na-agbasa n'ọrụ ugbo * [[Environmental impact of agriculture|Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo]] * Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi * Ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị ọrụ ugbo * Mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi * Iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite journal|title=For Your Information: Spray Drift of Pesticides|date=1999|id=735F99024|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=200002PC.txt}} == Ihe edeturu == * {{Cite book|author=Himel|first=C.M.|year=1974|chapter=Analytical methodology in ULV|title=Pesticide application by ULV methods|series=British Crop Protection Council Monograph No. 11|pages=112–119|oclc=16299124}} * Matthews G.A. (2006) Pesticides: Ahụike, Nchebe na Mpaghara Blackwell, Oxford == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://earthjustice.org/blog/2010-march/npr-pesticide-drift-plaguing-rural-communities Ikpe] nke Ụwa - mmetụta ahụike nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-efe efe n'ime ime obodo * Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA)- "Ịkwalite ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ụwa niile" * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801105210/http://dropdata.org/ International Pesticide Application Research Centre (IPARC)] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nn1x7pzrscxjxgr03ce9vjh65vc3b71 0 25301 697555 686880 2026-08-10T02:37:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697555 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Ndepụta uhie nke ụdị egwu egwu, nke a makwaara dị ka IUCN Ndepụta uhie ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ data uhie, nke e guzobere na 1964, bụ '''ndepụta''' zuru oke n'ụwa nke [[ọnọdụ nchekwa]] zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history|title=Background & History|work=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=19 May 2021}}</ref> Ọ na eji usoro ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ nke ọtụtụ puku ụdị na ụdị. Ụkpụrụ ndị a dị mkpa maka ụdị niile na mpaghara niile nke ụwa. Site na ntọala sayensị ya siri ike, a na-amata IUCN Ndepụta uhie dị ka onye nduzi kachasị mma maka ọnọdụ nke ụdị dị iche iche. Mba ma ọ bụ òtù na emepụta usoro Ndepụta Red nke Ógbè, nke na enyocha ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ na ụdị dị iche iche n'ime otu nchịkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ebumnuche nke IUCN Ndepụta uhie bụ iji mee ka ọha na eze na ndị na eme iwu mara mkpa nke nsogbu nchekwa, yana inyere ndị mba ụwa aka belata mkpochapụ ụdị. Dị ka IUCN si kwuo, ebumnuche ndị Ndepụta uhie kwuru bụ inye ozi dabere na sayensị gbasara ọnọdụ nke ụdị na ụdịdị na ọkwa ụwa, iji dọta uche na ịdị ukwuu na mkpa nke ụdị dị iche iche dị egwu, iji metụta iwu na mkpebi nke mba na nke mba ụwa, yana inye ozi iji duzie omume iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref> Ndị isi na-enyocha ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere BirdLife International, Institute of Zoology (nkewa nyocha nke Zoological Society nke [[London]]), Ebe nchekwa nchekwa ụwa na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n'ime IUCN Kọmishọna Ịlanahụ ụdịdị (SSC). N'ozuzu, nyocha nke òtù na otu ndị a na eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara ụdị dị na Ndepụta uhie. IUCN na ezube ka a nyochaa ụdị nke ụdị ọ bụla ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ afọ ise ọ bụla ma ọ bụrụ na o kwere omume. A na eme nke a n'ụzọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara site na IUCNOtu ndị ọkachamara pụrụ iche nke Survival Commission, nke bụ Ndị ikike ndepụta Uhie na ahụ maka ụdị, otu ụdị ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara mpaghara, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara International Ndụ Bird, klas dum (Aves).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/overview#redlist_authorities|title=Red List Overview|work=IUCN Red List|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|accessdate=20 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630010436/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/overview#redlist_authorities|archivedate=30 June 2014}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị a nyochara maka Ndepụta uhie anọwo na abawanye ka oge na aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lovejoy|first=Thomas E.|authorlink=Thomas Lovejoy|date=8 August 2017|title=Extinction tsunami can be avoided|journal=[[PNAS]]|volume=114|issue=32|pages=8840–8841|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711074114|pmid=28747527}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, [imelite] nke ụdị 105,000 nyochara, a na ewere 28,338 dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, ọkachasị igbubiga azụ ókè, [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]], na mmepe ala. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:IUCN_Red_List_2007.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Pasentị nke ụdị dị n'ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị edepụtara dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị nọ n"ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ike na 2007 IUCN Red List.]] === 1964 Ndepụta uhie nke osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ === 1964 IUCN Ndepụta uhie nke osisi egwu egwu jiri usoro nyocha Ndepụta uhie nke ochie. N'ihi ya, osisi ndị edepụtara enweghị ike ịpụta na Ndepụta uhie dị ugbu a. IUCN na adụ ọdụ na ọ kachasị mma ịlele ma Ndepụta uhie n'ịntanetị na mbipụta Ndepụta uhie nke afọ 1997.<ref name="IUCN-FAQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//info/faq#Why_not_all_species_on_RL_|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=11 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//info/faq#Why_not_all_species_on_RL_|archivedate=27 June 2014}}</ref> === 2006 ntọhapụ === Ndepụta uhie nke afọ 2006, nke e wepụtara na 4 Mee 2006 nyochara ụdị 40,168 n'ozuzu ya, gbakwunyere ụdị 2,160, ụdị dị iche iche, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, na subpopulations. === 2007 ntọhapụ === Na 12 Septemba '''2007''', World Conservation Union (IUCN) wepụtara 2007 IUCN Ndepụta uhie nke ụdị egwu egwu. Na ntọhapụ a, ha emeela ka nkewa ha nke ma gorilla ọdịda anyanwụ (''Gorilla gorilla'') na gorilla Cross River (Gorila gorilla diehli) site na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ruo ndị nọ n"ihe ize ndụ, nke bụ ụdị ikpeazụ tupu ha apụọ n'ọhịa, n'ihi nje Ebola na ịchụ nta, yana ihe ndị ọzọ. Russ Mittermeier, onye isi nke IUCN's Otu Ọkachamara Primate nke dị na [[Switzerland]], kwuru na ụdị 16,306 nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na mkpochapụ, 188 karịa na 2006 (ngụkọta nke ụdị 41,415 na Ndepụta uhie). Ndepụta uhie gụnyere orangutan Sumatran (''Pongo abelii'') na ngalaba Anọ n'ihe egwu dị egwu na orangutan Bornean (''Pongo pygmaeus'') na ngalaba N'ihe egwu. === E wepụtara ya n'afọ 2008 === A tọhapụrụ 2008 Ndepụta uhie na 6 Ọktoba 2008 na IUCN Nchekwa ụwa Congress na Barcelona ma "kwado nsogbu mkpochapụ, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime anọ [anụ mamma] nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịpụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi". Nnyocha ahụ na egosi na ọ dịkarịa ala 1,141 n'ime 5,487 anụ na enye nwa ara n'ụwa ka a maara na ha na-eyi egwu mkpochapụ, a na edekwa 836 dị ka Enweghị data. === 2012 ntọhapụ === A tọhapụrụ Red List nke 2012 na 19 Julaị 2012 na Rio + 20 Nzukọ Ụwa; a gbakwunyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị 2,000, na ụdị 4 na ndepụta ahụ na adịghịzi adị, 2 na ndepụta ahụ achọpụtara ọzọ.<ref name="CNNrio">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/index.html|title=Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit|author=Matthew Knight|date=19 June 2012|work=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="RedList2000">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added|title=IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added|author=Jessica Phelan|work=www.pri.org|date=19 June 2012|accessdate=13 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116221334/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added|archivedate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="IUCN2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/iucn-2012.html#cr|title=IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning|work=wildlifeextra.com|date=19 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042748/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/iucn-2012.html|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref> IUCN nyochara ngụkọta nke ụdị 63,837 nke kpughere na 19,817 nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ. A kọwara 3,947 dị ka "ndị nọ n'oké egwu" na 5,766 dị ka "n'ihe ize mmiri", ebe edepụtara ihe karịrị 10,000 ụdị dị ka "ihe na adịghị ike".<ref name="RedListReport">{{Cite news|url=http://planetsave.com/2012/06/20/the-red-list-of-threatened-species-annual-report-released-video/|title=The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released|author=James Ayre|work=planetsave.com|date=20 June 2012|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref>The list is queryable at: {{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> N'ihe ize ndụ bụ 41% nke ụdị amphibian, 33% nke corals na ewu reef, 30% nke conifers, 25% nke anụ na enye nwa ara, na 13% nke nnụnụ.<ref name="RedListReport" /> IUCN Ndepụta uhie edepụtara ụdị osisi na anụmanụ 132 sitere na [[Ndia|India]] dị ka "Anọ n'ihe egwu dị egwu".<ref name="IndiaRedList">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article3551664.ece?homepage=true|title=Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India|author=K.S. Sudhi|date=21 June 2012|work=thehindu.com|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref> == Ụdị ==   A na ekewa ụdị dị iche iche site na IUCN Ndepụta uhie n'ime ìgwè itoolu, akọwapụtara site na njirimara dị ka ọnụego mbelata, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mpaghara nke nkesa ala, na ogo nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na nkesa nkesa.<ref name="Mace 1424–1442">{{Cite journal|author=Mace|first=Georgina M.|date=December 2008|title=Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=22|issue=6|pages=1424–1442|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x|pmid=18847444}}</ref> A na-ekwusi ike na nkwenye nke itinye ụkpụrụ ọ bụla n'ọrụ na enweghị data dị elu gụnyere ebubo na egwu ndị nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu, "ọ bụrụhaala na enwere ike ịkwado ndị a n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf|title=IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition|publisher=2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|year=2012|accessdate=28 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074755/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf|archivedate=1 March 2019}}</ref>  * Anwụ anwụ(EX) karịa obi abụọ ezi uche dị na ya na ụdị ahụ adịghịzi adị. * A na-ahụkarị ya n'ọhịa (EW) na adị ndụ naanị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọrụ ugbo na / ma ọ bụ n'èzí ebe a mụrụ ya, dịka a na eche mgbe nyocha zuru oke gasịrị. * Ezigbo ihe ize ndụ (CR) n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu. * Ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ (EN) dị elu nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa, na emezu ihe ọ bụla n'ime ụkpụrụ A ruo E maka ndị nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ. * Vulnerable (VU) na emezu otu n'ime 5 Usoro Ndepụta uhie ma si otú a were ya dị ka onye nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mkpochapụ na abụghị nke okike (nke mmadụ kpatara) na enweghị ntinye aka ọzọ nke mmadụ. * Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na eyi egwu (NT) na eru nso n'ihe ize ndụ n'ọdịnihu dị nso. * O yighị ka nchegbu na-adịchaghị mkpa (LC) ọ ga abụ ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ kwụsị n'ọdịnihu dị nso. * Data na adịghị mma (DD) * A naghị enyocha ya (NE) Na IUCN Ndepụta uhie "ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" na agụnye ụdị nke Anọ n'ihe egwu dị egwu, N'ihe egwu na adịghị ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=MACE|first=GEORGINA M.|date=3 December 2008|title=Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=22|issue=6|pages=1424–1442|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x|pmid=18847444|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> === Ụdị 1994 na usoro 2001 === Ndepụta nke okenye nke 1994 nwere naanị otu ụdị "Obere ihe ize ndụ" nke nwere ngalaba atọ: * Nchebe Na-adabere (LR/cd) * Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu (LR/nt) * Nchegbu Kasị Adịchaghị (LR/lc) N'ime usoro 2001, Na nso Egwu na Nchegbu kacha nta ghọrọ ụdị nke ha, ebe ewepụrụ Dabere na nchekwa ma jikọta ọdịnaya ya na Na nso Egwu. === O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwụọla === A na eji mkpado nke "ma eleghị anya na adịghịzi adị" (PE) eme ihe site na Birdlife Mba ụwa, Ndepụta uhie ikike maka nnụnụ maka IUCN Ndepụta uhie.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Butchart|first=S. H. M.|date=5 June 2006|title=Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131321#page/8/mode/1up|journal=[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]]|volume=126A|pages=7–24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html|title=Birds on the IUCN Red List|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153403/http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html|archivedate=14 October 2013|accessdate=26 January 2007}}</ref> BirdLife Mba ụwa atụwo aro ka PE bụrụ mkpado gọọmentị maka ụdị dị egwu, a nabatara nke a ugbu a, yana mkpado "O nwere ike ịpụ n'anya n'ọhịa" maka ụdị nwere ndị na adị ndụ n'agbụ ma o yikarịrị ka ha ga apụ n'anya na ọhịa. == Nsụgharị == [[Usòrò:Sizes_of_Red_List_Categories.png|thumb|625x625px|Ịtụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị dị na ụdị ọ bụla nke IUCN Red List]] E nweela ọtụtụ nsụgharị, site na 1991, gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//static/categories_criteria_3_1#introduction|title=2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//static/categories_criteria_3_1#introduction|archivedate=27 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/publication/historical-red-lists#red_lists|accessdate=9 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/publication/historical-red-lists#red_lists|archivedate=27 June 2014}}</ref> * Nsụgharị 1.0 (1991) * Nsụgharị 2.0 (1992) * Nsụgharị 2.1 (1993) * Nsụgharị 2.2 (1994) * Nsụgharị 2.3 (1994) * Nsụgharị 3.0 (1999) * Nsụgharị 3.1 (2001) Nnyocha IUCN ọhụrụ niile kemgbe afọ 2001 ejirila mbipute 3.1 nke ụdị na njirimara. == Nkatọ == [[Usòrò:Status_iucn2.3.svg|alt=Icons for Red List categories|thumb|1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), eji maka ụdị ndị a na-enyochabeghị kemgbe afọ 2001.]] N'afọ 1997, IUCN Ndepụta uhie nwetara nkatọ n'ihi nzuzo (ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma) gbara isi iyi nke data ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mrosovsky|first=Nicholas|date=October 1997|title=IUCN's credibility critically endangered|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-10-02_389_6650/page/436|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=389|issue=6650|pages=436|doi=10.1038/38873}}</ref> Ebubo ndị a emeela ka IUCN na eme mgbalị iji melite akwụkwọ ya na ogo data ya, yana ịgụnye nyocha ndị ọgbọ nke taxa na Ndepụta uhie.Ndepụta ahụ naemeghe maka mkpesa megide nhazi ya, dabere na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//info/info_sources_quality|title=Information Sources & Quality|work=IUCN Red List|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917154041/http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/info_sources_quality|archivedate=17 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008}}</ref> Na mbipụta Nọvemba 2002 nke Trends in Ecology & Evolution, otu isiokwu tụrụ aro na IUCN Red List na ọrụ ndị yiri ya nwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi site na gọọmentị na otu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka nkwubi okwu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ na-emetụta iji ihe onwunwe okike eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Possingham|first=Hugh P.|authorlink=Hugh Possingham|date=November 2002|title=Limits to the use of threatened species lists|journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]]|volume=17|issue=11|pages=503–507|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9}}</ref> Na mbipụta Nọvemba 2016 nke Ọganihu Sayensị, otu edemede nyocha na-ekwu na enwere nnukwu enweghị nkwekọrịta n'ụzọ IUCN si kewaa ụdị dị iche iche. Ndị na eme nchọpụta na ekwu na usoro nke IUCN nke ịhazi ihe bụ "ihe mgbe ochie, ma hapụ ohere maka imeziwanye", ma na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị mfe ịnweta ma dị mfe ịgụnye data geospatial, dị ka satellite na foto ikuku. Mkpebi ha jụrụ ọ bụghị naanị usoro IUCN kamakwa izi ezi nke ebe ụdị ụfọdụ na-ada na Ndepụta ahụ. Ha kwenyere na ijikọta data ala nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị dị iche iche dị mkpa ka a gbanwee ya na ụdị ihe ize ndụ dị elu.<ref name="Stocks 2016">{{Cite web|author=Stocks|first=Sam|title=New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate|work=Discover Wildlife|date=10 November 2016|url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/news/new-study-claims-that-the-iucn-red-list-is-inaccurate/|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> == See also ==   * CITES * [[Ọnọdụ nchekwa]] * Ndepụta Ndepụta Na-acha Uhie * Ndepụta uhie mpaghara * Ụdị site na IUCN Red List category * Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa == Ihe ndị e kwuru == {{Reflist|2}} == Nkwupụta n'ozuzu na ndị e depụtara ==   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r6mm4ifwnjm8ao3ca9ledclt9ve8doh 0 25381 697936 540761 2026-08-10T11:09:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ọrịa COVID-19 nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi, na mgbanwe na ọrụ mmadụ na-eduga na mgbanwe nwa oge na [[mmetọ ikuku]], ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na ogo mmiri. Ka ọrịa a ghọrọ nsogbu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na mbido 2020, nzaghachi dị iche iche nke mba gụnyere mkpọchi na mgbochi njem kpatara nnukwu ọgba aghara na ọha mmadụ, njem, iji ike eme ihe na ọrụ akụ na ụba, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "anthropause".Dika ebuliri usoro ahụike ọha ka emechara n'ọrịa a, a na-atụle mmetụta ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihe metụtara mmejuputa mgbanwe ume ọhụrụ na [[mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe]]. [[Usòrò:Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png|thumb|Foto sitere na NASA Earth Observatory na-egosi mbelata siri ike na mmetọ na Wuhan, mgbe ị na-atụnyere ọkwa NO2 na mbido 2019 (n'elu) na mbido 2020 (n'okpuru).]] Site na mmalite nke ọrịa a, a hụrụ mmetụta ụfọdụ dị mma na [[Ebe okike|gburugburu ebe obibi]] n'ihi enweghị ọrụ mmadụ. N'afọ 2020, ikuku carbon dioxide ji 6.4% ma ọ bụ ijeri tọn 2.3 daa n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|title=COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much|journal=Nature|volume=589|issue=7842|pages=343|date=January 2021|pmid=33452515|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2020, ikuku NOx ji pasent 30 daa.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=Erratum: Publisher Correction: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0904-z|pmid=32845944}}</ref> Na China, mkpọchi na usoro ndị ọzọ mere ka mbelata 26% na ojiji coal, na mbelata 50% na ikuku nitrogen oxide.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=September 2020|title=Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability|journal=Heliyon|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e04965|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965|pmid=32964165}}</ref> Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ikuku na-agbanye n'oge ọrịa a ka ọtụtụ mba malitere iwepụ ihe mgbochi, na mmetụta kpọmkwem nke amụma ọrịa na-efe efe na-enwe mmetụta ogologo oge na-adịghị mma na [[okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|mgbanwe ihu igwe]].<ref name=":21" /><ref name="effectspaper">{{Cite journal|title=Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19|journal=Nature Climate Change|date=7 August 2020|volume=10|issue=10|pages=913–919|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0|language=en|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> Ọrịa ọjọọ ahụ butkwara n'iyi ọgwụ na-abawanye ụba. Mmepụta na iji ngwa ahụike dịka ngwa nchekwa onwe onye nyere aka na mkpofu rọba.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|title=Current plastics pollution threats due to COVID-19 and its possible mitigation techniques: a waste-to-energy conversion via Pyrolysis|journal=Environmental Systems Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=8|date=2021-01-20|pmid=34777936|doi=10.1186/s40068-020-00217-x}}</ref> Nzaghachi ahụike chọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu karịa nke ihe nkpuchi, gloves, agịga, agịgị, na ọgwụ.<ref name=":9"/> N'afọ 2020, a na-eji ihe dị ka ijeri gloves 65 na ijeri ihe nkpuchi ihu 129 kwa ọnwa, ma tụfuo ya.<ref name=":19" /> Iji PPE eme ihe n'ụzọ ọha na eze emeela ka ihe ịma aka nye njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on plastic and antiviral polymeric textile causing pollution on beaches and coasts of South America|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=763|pages=144365|date=April 2021|pmid=33360513|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144365}}</ref> Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke sitere na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu plastik a sitere na tọn 14 ruo 33.5 nke CO2 kwa tọn nke ihe nkpuchi, òkè kachasị ukwuu sitere na mmepụta na njem.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1140170160|title=Mechanics of materials|year=2021|isbn=978-0-357-37785-7|oclc=1140170160}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == === Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ kemgbe mmalite nke oge mmepụta ihe emeela ka okpomọkụ ụwa dị n'ụwa rịa elu. Mgbanwe ihu igwe emeela ka ice na-agbaze, mmụba nke ihu igwe siri ike, ọnwụ nke ụdị, ọkụ ọhịa ugboro ugboro, na [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Pollution|url=https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/|work=WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION|publisher=WHO|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html|title=Is sea level rising?|work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=6 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218172232/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html|archivedate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/|title=Climate Change|date=28 March 2019|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|accessdate=6 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231070002/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/|archivedate=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=10 Climate Change Impacts That Will Affect Us All|url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/12/27/climate-change-impacts-everyone/|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=State of the Planet|language=en}}</ref> Tupu ọrịa COVID-19, usoro ndị ndị ọrụ ahụike na-atụ anya ka ha tụọ aro maka ọrịa na-efe efe gụnyere iche iche na ịnọpụ iche.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation|date=2017|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/|title=Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty|pages=315–345|edition=3rd|publisher=The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank|isbn=978-1-4648-0527-1|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta [onye?] buru amụma na mbelata nke ọrụ akụ na ụba ga-elekwasị anya na nsogbu ndị okpomọkụ ụwa kpatara; ọ ga-akwụsị ịrị elu okpomọkụ, yana belata [[Mmetọ ikuku|ikuku]] na mmetọ mmiri, ma baara gburugburu ebe obibi uru.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2018|title=Anthropocentrism: More than Just a Misunderstood Problem|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=109–127|doi=10.1007/s10806-018-9711-1|issn=1573-322X}}</ref> A hụla mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọgba aghara ahụike ọha dị iche iche n'oge gara aga, dị ka ọrịa Spanish na ọrịa kịtịkpa, wee hụ ya ọzọ na ọrịa COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Societal Impacts of Pandemics: Comparing COVID-19 With History to Focus Our Response|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=9|pages=630449|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.630449|pmid=33912529}}</ref> === Ntiwapụ nke COVID-19 === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ụwa (WHO) kwupụtara ntiwapụ nke COVID-19 dị ka ọrịa na-efe efe. Ka ọ na-erule 5 Julaị 2020, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara 188 kọrọ na ha nwere COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a "Global Human Confinement Experiment" to investigate biodiversity conservation|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=248|issue=7|pages=108665|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665|pmid=32549587}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, ọrịa COVID-19 na-aga n'ihu egbuola ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-01|title=COVID-19 has killed 5 million people—and the pandemic is far from over|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/covid-19-has-killed-nearly-5-million-peopleand-the-pandemic-is-far-from-over|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=Science|language=en}}</ref> N'ihi oke nke nje ahụ, ọtụtụ mba mere mkpọchi iji chebe ndị mmadụ, belata mgbasa ahụ, ma hụ na ohere dị n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is coronavirus lockdown necessary?|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/why-coronavirus-lockdown-necessary|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=www.gavi.org|language=en}}</ref> Mkpọchi ndị a na-akpaghasị ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ụwa niile, na-ebelata ọkwa na ugboro ole ọrụ na mmepụta mmadụ. Site na mmetụta a na-ahụta, ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta na ndị ọrụ kpọrọ oku maka ụdị dị iche iche na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mgbake COVID-19..<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 recovery can benefit biodiversity|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-05-22_368_6493/page/838|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6493|pages=838–839|date=May 2020|pmid=32439784|doi=10.1126/science.abc1430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Letter: We call on leaders to put climate and biodiversity at the top of the agenda|url=https://www.ft.com/content/09d934ac-6f59-11ea-9bca-bf503995cd6f?src=rss|work=Financial Times|date=27 March 2020|accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ikuku == [[Usòrò:Nitrogen_dioxide_Density_Change_In_China_Due_To_Coronavirus.png|alt=|áká_èkpè|thumb|TROPOMI data na-egosi ọkwa NO2 na China na mbido 2020. Foto sitere na Earth Observatory.]] [[Usòrò:Empty_motorway_due_to_2019–20_coronavirus_pandemic_(A1_motorway,_Slovenia).jpg|thumb|Mbelata nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala emeela ka mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku. Inset bụ okporo ụzọ awara awara A1 efu na Slovenia na 22 Machị 2020]] N'ihi mmetụta nke ọrịa a na njem na ụlọ ọrụ, ụwa n'ozuzu ya nwere mbelata na [[mmetọ ikuku]].<ref name="mdpi">{{Cite journal|date=April 2020|title=NO_x Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China|journal=Atmosphere|volume=11|issue=4|pages=433|doi=10.3390/atmos11040433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2020|title=Coronavirus pandemic leading to huge drop in air pollution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/23/coronavirus-pandemic-leading-to-huge-drop-in-air-pollution|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 May 2020|title=Temporary reduction in daily global {{CO2}} emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=647–653|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x|issn=1758-6798}}</ref> Mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku belatara ma mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ize ndụ COVID-19, mana enwetabeghị ụdị mmetọ ifufe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, bụ ihe ize ndụ zuru oke maka ha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 2020|title=Air pollution linked to far higher Covid-19 death rates, study finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/07/air-pollution-linked-to-far-higher-covid-19-death-rates-study-finds|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref> The Centre maka Research on Energy na Clean Air nke bụ n'Igbo Centa nyocha maka ike na ikuku dị ọcha kọrọ na ụzọ iji nwee mgbasa nke SARS-CoV-2, dị ka mgbochi iche na mmachibido njem, butere mbelata 25% nke ikuku carbon na [[China]].<ref name="DIm4R">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2020|title=Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's {{CO2}} emissions by a quarter|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304082845/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter|archivedate=4 March 2020|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=CarbonBrief}}</ref><ref name="Forbes-McMahon">{{Cite web|title=Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|accessdate=2021-11-03|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa mbụ nke mkpọchi, China mepụtara ihe dị ka nde 200 nke carbon dioxide karịa otu oge ahụ na 2019 n'ihi mbelata nke ụgbọ elu, mmanụ, na ojiji coal.<ref name="Forbes-McMahon" /> N'otu oge a, njem ụgbọ ala jiri pasent 70 daa na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Ways We've Wasted the Potential of Pandemic Recovery — and How You Can Help Turn the Tide|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/pandemic-recovery-inequality-poverty-environment/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Global Citizen|language=en}}</ref> Otu onye sayensị na-ahụ maka usoro ụwa mere atụmatụ na mbelata a nwere ike ịzọpụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndụ 77,000.<ref name="mcmahon">{{Cite web|date=16 March 2020|title=Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317041245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/16/coronavirus-lockdown-may-have-saved-77000-lives-in-china-just-from-pollution-reduction/|archivedate=17 March 2020|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Sarah Ladislaw nke Center for Strategic & International Studies kwuru na ekwesighi ile mbelata nke ikuku sitere na ndakpọ akụ na ụba anya dị ka ihe bara uru, n'ihi na nloghachi China na ọnụego uto gara aga n'etiti agha azụmahịa na nkwụsịtụ nnyefe na ahịa ike ga-eme ka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ya ka njọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/global-impacts-coronavirus-outbreak|title=The Global Impacts of the Coronavirus Outbreak|work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|language=en|accessdate=4 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407202137/https://www.csis.org/analysis/global-impacts-coronavirus-outbreak|archivedate=7 April 2020}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, Nature kọrọ na n'afọ 2020, ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ jiri pasent 6.4 daa.<ref name=":21"/> [[Usòrò:NOx_emission_changes_in_East_China.jpg|thumb|  emission changes in East China<ref name="mdpi">{{Cite journal|date=April 2020|title=NO_x Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China|journal=Atmosphere|volume=11|issue=4|pages=433|doi=10.3390/atmos11040433}}</ref>]] Mgbanwe nke mmetọ ikuku n'oge mkpọchi COVID emetụtakwala ogo mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala ogologo oge na ịdị mma ikuku na mma mmiri dị n'elu nwere njikọ chiri anya; Otú ọ dị, mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe na-emetụta usoro mmiri ka na-edochaghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USDA ERS - Improving Air and Water Quality Can Be Two Sides of the Same Coin|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2006/july/improving-air-and-water-quality-can-be-two-sides-of-the-same-coin/|accessdate=2021-12-11|work=www.ers.usda.gov}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na mmelite n'ihi COVID-19 bụ nke nwa oge, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela mbelata dị ịrịba ama na mmetọ na usoro mmiri dị iche iche.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=How the Coronavirus Pandemic is Affecting Water Demand|url=https://pacinst.org/how-the-coronavirus-pandemic-is-affecting-water-demand/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Pacific Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ịdị mma mmiri == [[Usòrò:COVID-19_wastewater_testing.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum steeti Oregon na-anwale mmiri na-adịghị mma maka nje virus na-akpata COVID-19]] === Mmetụta ikuku na-emetụta ịdị mma mmiri === A hụrụ nnukwu mbelata nke nitrous oxides na ikuku n'ebe dị anya site na ókèala ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke China. Ebe mepere emepe nke [[Nú Yọk|New York]], Paris na [[London]] dekọrọ 40% nitrous oxide n'ime izu abụọ mbụ nke oge opupu ihe ubi 2020 ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ gara aga. N'ọnwa Maachị 2020, Los Angeles (nke a ma ama maka okporo ụzọ na anwụrụ ọkụ) hụrụ mmụba 20% na ikuku dị mma n'ihi nnọpụiche.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|title=The silver lining to coronavirus lockdowns: Air quality is improving|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/04/09/air-quality-improving-coronavirus/|accessdate=2021-11-05}}</ref> Na San Francisco Bay Area, okporo ụzọ gbadatara 45%, na-eduga na nnukwu ọdịiche na ikuku carbon dioxide ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ ndị gara aga.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2020|volume=98|issue=37|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|title=COVID-19 lockdowns had strange effects on air pollution across the globe|url=https://cen.acs.org/environment/atmospheric-chemistry/COVID-19-lockdowns-had-strange-effects-on-air-pollution-across-the-globe/98/i37|accessdate=2021-11-05}}</ref> == Mmiri a chọrọ == Ọrịa na-efe efe a metụtara ọchichọ mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ịdị ọcha nke ọma bụ otu n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị e ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ọgụ. Iji ncha na mmiri saa aka ugboro ugboro maka sekọnd 20, na-egbu nje n'elu, na-ehicha akpa nri ka ha na-abanye n'ụlọ, mere ka mmiri dịkwuo mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-03|title=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption behaviour|journal=Water Supply|volume=21|issue=ws2021160|pages=4058–4067|doi=10.2166/ws.2021.160|issn=1606-9749}}</ref> === Ebe obibi === Ọchịchọ mmiri rịrị elu n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ihi mkpọchi amachiri nke mere ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji mmiri n'ụlọ na Portsmouth, England ji pasent 15 rịa elu, ebe ojiji na-abụghị ebe obibi jiri pasent 17 belata. Mmụba nke ojiji mmiri n'ụlọ mere ka ụgwọ mmiri dị elu, na-eme ka nrụgide ego ka njọ nye ndị na-emetụta site na mkpọchi ụlọ nke ọrịa a nyere iwu.<ref name=":52"/> == Anụ Ọhịa == [[Usòrò:The_effects_of_COVID-19_litter_on_animal_life_-_10.1163_-_15707563-bja10052_-_Fig._2.jpg|thumb|Otu glove dọkịta e gburu egbu jidere n'elu osisi ahụ ruo ọnwụ]] Ọnụ ahịa azụ na ọchịchọ maka azụ belatara n'ihi ọrịa na-efe efe na mbido 2020, ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ gburugburu ụwa na-anọkarị n'enweghị ọrụ.<ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite news|date=8 April 2020|title=With Boats Stuck in Harbor Because of COVID-19, Will Fish Bounce Back?|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fish-stop-covid-19-180974623/|accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Commercial fishing industry in free fall as restaurants close, consumers hunker down and vessels tie up|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/08/commercial-fishing-coronavirus/|accessdate=25 April 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany bụ Rainer Froese kwuru na biomass azụ ga-abawanye n'ihi mbelata dị egwu n'ịkụ azụ, ma chee na na mmiri Europe, ụfọdụ azụ, dị ka herring, nwere ike okpukpu abụọ nke biomass ha.<ref name="smithsonian" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel 2020, ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbake mmiri ka na-abụkarị akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With Fishing Fleets Tied Up, Marine Life Has a Chance to Recover|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-17/with-fishing-fleets-tied-up-marine-life-has-a-chance-to-recover|accessdate=25 April 2020|publisher=Bloomberg Green|date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'ụlọ n'ihi mkpọchi na mmachi njem, ahụrụla ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ka ha na-agagharị n'obodo. A hụrụ nduru n'oké osimiri ka ha na-atụkwasị akwa n'akụkụ osimiri ndị ha na-ezere na mbụ (dị ka ụsọ oké osimiri nke Bengal), n'ihi nnyonye anya dị ala nke mmadụ na mmetọ ọkụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/04/25/while-you-stay-home-animals-roam-free-in-our-towns-and-cities|title=While you stay home, animals roam free in our towns and cities|date=25 April 2020|work=living}}</ref> Na United States, ụgbọ ala na-egbu egbu na anụmanụ ndị dị ka mgbada, elk, moose, bear, ọdụm ugwu jiri 58% daa n'oge Machị na Eprel 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 26, 2020|title=Roadkill rates fall dramatically as lockdown keeps drivers at home|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/06/decline-road-kill-pandemic-lockdown-traffic/|work=[[National Geographic]]|accessdate=July 5, 2020}}</ref>Na Glacier National Park ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu na omume anụ ọhịa n'ihi mbelata dị ukwuu n'ihu ụmụ mmadụ (n'ụzọ dị irè, ogige ntụrụndụ na-enweghị isi n'ime ogige ntorobịa).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.wsu.edu/press-release/2023/01/19/low-impact-human-recreation-changes-wildlife-behavior/|title=Low-impact human recreation changes wildlife behavior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Partial COVID-19 closure of a national park reveals negative influence of low-impact recreation on wildlife spatiotemporal ecology|first=Alissa K.|author=Anderson|date=13 January 2023|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|pages=687|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-27670-9|pmid=36639399}}</ref> == Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na iweghachi oké ọhịa == N'ihi mbelata nke ohere ọrụ n'oge ọrịa a, a goro ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ọrụ iji nyere aka na-egbutu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị n'ebe okpomọkụ. Dabere na ọkwa igbukpọ osisi sitere na Global Land Analysis & Discovery (GLAD)), a chọpụtara ngụkọta nke 9583 km2 nke ala ndị e gburu egbu n'ofe okpomọkụ ụwa n'ime ọnwa mbụ mgbe e guzobere nchebe COVID-19, nke bụ ihe dịka ugboro abụọ nke a hụrụ n'afọ gara aga, na 2019 (4732 km2).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation|volume=18|issue=4|pages=243–246|date=2020-10-01|pmid=33020748|doi=10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006}}</ref> Mgbagwoju anya sitere na ọrịa a nyere ihe mkpuchi maka ọrụ mgbukpọ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị na Brazil, nke dị na afọ itoolu.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe osise Satellite gosipụtara mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa Amazon na-arị elu karịa 50% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa ntọala.<ref name="Amazon1">{{Cite news|date=6 May 2020|title=Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/deforestation-amazon-rainforest-accelerates-amid-covid-19-pandemic/story?id=70526188}}</ref><ref name="Amazon2">{{Cite news|title=Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/deforestation-amazon-has-soared-under-cover-coronavirus-n1204451|work=NBC News|date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, enweghị ọrụ nke ọrịa COVID-19 kpatara mere ka ọ dịrị ndị ọrụ mfe iwebata ndị ọrụ maka mkpọsa 10 ijeri osisi Tsunami nke Pakistan iji kụọ ijeri osisi 10 nke a na-eme atụmatụ na osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ na-efu kwa afọ n'ime afọ 5.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2015|title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902|accessdate=26 May 2020|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=As a 'green stimulus' Pakistan sets virus-idled to work planting trees|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-trees-fea/as-a-green-stimulus-pakistan-sets-virus-idled-to-work-planting-trees-idUSKCN22A369|accessdate=30 May 2020|work=Reuters|date=28 April 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Hires Thousands of Newly-Unemployed Laborers for Ambitious 10 Billion Tree-Planting Initiative|url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/pakistan-hires-laborers-for-planting-10-billion-tree/|work=Good News Network|language=en|date=30 April 2020|accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi na ọrịa a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị ghara ịrụ ọrụ, ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'oge 2020 na 2021. Na Columbia, ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị na ọkụ ọhịa bụ ihe abụọ kachasị na-enye aka na mbibi nke oké ọhịa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Poaching, deforestation reportedly on the rise since COVID-19 lockdowns|url=https://www.conservation.org/blog/poaching-deforestation-reportedly-on-the-rise-since-covid-19-lockdowns|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=www.conservation.org|archivedate=2021-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118164113/https://www.conservation.org/blog/poaching-deforestation-reportedly-on-the-rise-since-covid-19-lockdowns}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Change_in_global_daily_fossil_CO₂_emissions,_%25_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Mgbanwe na ikuku CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa ụbọchị, % n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.]] [[Usòrò:Global_daily_CO2_emissions_for_sectors.webp|thumb|300x300px|Mgbasa CO2 kwa ụbọchị site na ngalaba isii na 2019 na ọkara mbụ nke 2020]] [[Usòrò:Daily_CO2_emissions_for_countries.webp|thumb|335x335px|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ikuku CO2 kwa ụbọchị n'ụwa niile na mba iri na otu]] Mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke mkpọchi COVID-19 kpatara dị ka ịnakwere iwu ọrụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, na ihe omume ndị mebere emepe nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide karịa mbelata mkpirikpi nke iji njem eme ihe.<ref name="C3vSo">{{Cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-remote-flexible-work-from-home/|title=Commentary: Coronavirus may finally force businesses to adopt workplaces of the future|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Foevb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/business/coronavirus-businesses.html|title=1,000 Workers, Go Home: Companies Act to Ward Off Coronavirus|date=26 February 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="nationalgeographic1">{{Cite news|date=3 April 2020|title=Carbon emissions are falling sharply due to coronavirus. But not for long.|language=en|work=Science|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/coronavirus-causing-carbon-emissions-to-fall-but-not-for-long/|accessdate=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=How scientific conferences will survive the coronavirus shock|journal=Nature|volume=582|issue=7811|pages=166–167|date=June 2020|pmid=32488188|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01521-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tao|first=Yanqiu|title=Trend towards virtual and hybrid conferences may be an effective climate change mitigation strategy|journal=Nature Communications|date=16 December 2021|volume=12|issue=1|pages=7324|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-27251-2|pmid=34916499|language=en|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> N'ime nnyocha e bipụtara na Septemba 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme atụmatụ na mgbanwe omume ndị a na-eme n'oge a kpọchiri nwere ike ibelata 15% nke ikuku CO₂ ụgbọ njem na-adịgide adịgide..<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19: Clinching the Climate Opportunity|journal=One Earth|volume=3|issue=4|pages=400–404|date=October 2020|pmid=34173539|doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.003}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ihu igwe === N'ime nnyocha e bipụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere atụmatụ na ikuku NOx zuru ụwa ọnụ jiri ihe ruru pasent iri atọ belata n'ọnwarị ma jiri pasent iri abụọ belata ikuku SO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-eme ka mmetụta na-emebi ihe ma kwubie na mmetụta nke nzaghachi maka ọrịa na-efe efe na okpomọkụ ụwa ga-abụ ihe a na-eleghara anya, na atụmatụ na-eme atụmatụ na-ajụ oyi nke ihe dị ka 0.01 ± 0.005 °C site na 2030 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị mkpa ma mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè n'ihi mgbake akụ na ụba nke 0.3 okpomọkụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịkpali akụ na ụba okpomọkụ.<ref name="PhysPaper">{{Cite news|title=Lockdown emissions fall will have 'no effect' on climate|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-lockdown-emissions-fall-effect-climate.html|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="effectspaper"/> Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-egosi na mgbanwe usoro n'otú ụmụ mmadụ si enwe ike na inye onwe ya nri ka achọrọ maka mmetụta dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ..<ref name="PhysPaper" /> == Ahịa na mmepụta nri == === Mmepụta nri === Ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe anọwo na-anabata teknụzụ dijitalụ dị ka ụzọ isi ree ihe ha na-emepụta n'onwe ha, ọrụ ugbo na-akwado obodo na usoro nnyefe na-ere ere na-arị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2020|title=Innovation spurred by COVID-19 crisis highlights 'potential of small-scale farmers'|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/innovation-spurred-by-covid-19-crisis-highlights-potential-of-small-scale-farmers/}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a eritela uru n'obere ụlọ ahịa ihe nri n'ịntanetị bụ ndị na-erekarị nri organic na mpaghara mpaghara ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ahọrọ ịnata nnyefe kama iji ụgbọ ala gaa ụlọ ahịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 February 2020|title=Delivery disaster: the hidden environmental cost of your online shopping|language=en|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/shortcuts/2020/feb/17/hidden-costs-of-online-delivery-environment|accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> Ịzụ ahịa nri n'ịntanetị amụbaala nke ukwuu n'oge ọrịa a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus will change the grocery industry forever|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/19/business/grocery-shopping-online-coronavirus/index.html|accessdate=26 May 2020|work=CNN|date=19 March 2020}}</ref> == Ihe mkpofu == [[Usòrò:2020-12-30_17-08-37_-_Fontainebleau_-_Masque_chirurgical.jpg|thumb|A gbahapụrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ na nsọtụ ọhịa nke Fontainebleau (ebe echedoro), na Disemba 2020.]] Nnukwu mmụba nke ihe mkpofu plastik n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 ghọrọ nnukwu nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka plastik a na-eji eme ihe n'otu oge mere ka nsogbu mmetọ plastik dị oke njọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime plastik ọhụrụ a hụrụ n'oké osimiri sitere n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ngwugwu mbupu, na site na ihe nchebe onwe onye (PPE). N'ime ọnwa 18 mbụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe, a kwakọbara ihe ruru nde tọn nde asatọ. Akụkụ dị ịrịba ama sitere na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, 72% nke ihe mkpofu a sitere na [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ihe mkpofu a na-emetụta oke osimiri (na anụ ọhịa), ma na-agbakọta n'ụsọ osimiri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsara oké osimiri.<ref name="Peng">{{Cite journal|title=Plastic waste release caused by COVID-19 and its fate in the global ocean|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=47|date=November 2021|pages=e2111530118|pmid=34751160|doi=10.1073/pnas.2111530118}}</ref> == Ntinye ego na usoro akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Firms_that_plan_to_cut_investment_as_a_result_of_the_COVID-19_crisis.png|thumb|430x430px|Nnyocha Nnyocha Ego nke European Investment Bank 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate investment in Europe was having a renaissance– then COVID-19 hit|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/corporate-investment-in-europe-was-having-a-renaissance-then-covid19-hit|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/investment-report-2020|title=EIB Investment Report 2020/2021: Building a smart and green Europe in the COVID-19 era|date=2021-01-21|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-4811-8|language=EN}}</ref> ]] Ụfọdụ achọpụtala na enwere ike ịhazi ngwugwu mkpali akwadoro iji mee ka mgbanwe ume ọhụrụ dị ngwa na ịkwalite ume ike..<ref name="nationalgeographic1"/> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nke World Resources Institute akọwaala ọtụtụ ihe kpatara itinye ego na njem ọha na eze yana ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije n'oge na mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Safer, More Sustainable Transport in a Post-COVID-19 World|url=https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/04/coronavirus-public-transport-stimulus-packages|accessdate=30 May 2020|language=en|date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Ojiji nke njem ọha na eze n'obodo ukwu n'ụwa niile ejirila 50-90%, na nnukwu mfu nke ego maka ndị ọrụ. Ntinye ego dịka n'omume ịdị ọcha dị elu na njem ọha na eze na usoro dị anya nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike idozi nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze banyere ojiji nke njem ọha na ibe ya.<ref name="iea-report">{{Cite web|title=Transport – Sustainable Recovery – Analysis - IEA|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sustainable-recovery/transport#abstract|work=IEA|accessdate=21 June 2020}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ International Energy Agency na-ekwu na nkwado sitere n'aka gọọmentị n'ihi ọrịa a nwere ike ịkwalite uto ngwa ngwa na teknụzụ batrị na hydrogen, belata ịdabere na mmanụ ala ma gosipụta adịghị ike nke mmanụ ala na nsogbu nchekwa na nkesa.<ref name="reuters1">{{Cite web|title=World has 'historic' opportunity for green tech boost, says global watchdog|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-energy-idINKCN22A2MY|work=Reuters|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en|date=28 April 2020|archivedate=10 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610165231/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-energy-idINKCN22A2MY}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{Cite web|title=Green hydrogen's time has come, say advocates eying post-pandemic world|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronarivus-hydrogen-analysis-idUSKBN22K0MJ|work=Reuters|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en|date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="reuters3">{{Cite web|title=Why The Coronavirus Pandemic Is Creating A Surge In Renewable Energy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherfarmbrough/2020/05/05/why-the-coronavirus-pandemic-is-creating-a-surge-in-renewable-energy/|work=Forbes|accessdate=1 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Nkà na ụbụrụ na nghọta ihe ize ndụ == [[Usòrò:Climate_change_and_COVID-19._The_crisis_has_changed_people’s_views_on_the_challenges_facing_their_countries.svg|thumb|424x424px|Ọrịa a agbanweela echiche ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ịma aka ndị mba ha na-eche ihu, dịka achọtara na nyocha ihu igwe nke European Investment Bank 2020 - 2021.<ref>{{Cite book|author=European Investment Bank|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-climate-survey-2020-2021|title=The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world: calls for a green recovery|date=2021-05-31|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5021-0|language=EN}}</ref>]] Ọgba aghara na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrịa COVID-19 mere ka ọdịnihu ọdachi dị ka ọ dị ntakịrị na ime ihe iji gbochie ya dị mkpa na ezi uche. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwekwara mmetụta dị iche site n'itinye uche na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eme n'oge ọrịa a karịa nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Guardian view on Brazil and the Amazon: don't look away {{!}} Editorial|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/05/the-guardian-view-on-brazil-and-the-amazon-dont-look-away|accessdate=9 June 2020|work=The Guardian|date=5 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Mmetụta na nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi na amụma == === Nkọwa ihu igwe === European Centre maka Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) kwupụtara na mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu n'ihi ọrịa a nwere ike imetụta izi ezi nke amụma ihu igwe, na-ekwu maka iji ụgbọelu azụmahịa Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) dị ka onyinye dị mkpa maka izi ezi amụma ihu igwe. ECMWF buru amụma na mkpuchi AMDAR ga-ebelata site na 65% ma ọ bụ karịa n'ihi ọdịda nke azumahia ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ ndị ji ugbo elu eje njem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts|title=Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts|author=Press release|work=European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|date=24 March 2020|accessdate=26 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005351/https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts|archivedate=26 March 2020}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụgbọelu]] * [[Mweghachi ahịhịa ndụ|Mweghachi griin]] * [[Mmetụta nke oria ojoo COVID-19|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19]] * [[Mmetụta ọrịa ọrịa COVID-19 na ụgbọ njem ọha|Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na njem ọha na eze]] * [[Mgbochi ọrịa na-efe efe|Mgbochi ọrịa na-efe efe #Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba]] * [[Akara nka nka|Technosignature#Nnyocha Atmospheric]] * ''The Year Earth Changed'' == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == Edemede a na-etinye ederede sitere na ọrụ ọdịnaya efu. Enyere ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (nkwupụta ikike/ikike). Text taken from ''Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics''​, United Nations Environment Programme. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://eodashboard.org/ COVID-19] Earth Observation Dashboard site na NASA, ESA, na JAXA * [https://race.esa.int/ Mgbalị ngwa ngwa na COVID-19 na Earth Observation Dashboard] site na ESA na EC * [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/4140 Mmetụta a hụrụ na nke nwere ike inwe nke ọrịa COVID-19 na gburugburu ebe obibi] * [https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/six-nature-facts-related-coronaviruses United Nations: Ihe Isii Okike metụtara Coronaviruses] * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 WHO air quality index / akụkọ nke mmetọ ikuku na 2020] [[Òtù:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lgk6xs696xms4zs3dnio2c8urmd6q87 0 25442 697868 111477 2026-08-10T09:51:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697868 wikitext text/x-wiki Radius dị irè nke igwe ojii (ma ọ bụ radius dị irè ma ọ bụ '''radios''' dị irè mgbè ọ dị n'ihe gbárá ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ) bụ ihe dị arọ nke nkesa nke igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/cloud_effective_radius.shtml|title=Cloud Effective Radius|work=Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center|accessdate=3 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155507/http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/cloud_effective_radius.shtml|archivedate=24 July 2009}}</ref> James E. Hansen na Larry Travis kọwara okwu ahụ n'afọ 1974 dị ka oke nkè oge nké atọ na nke abụọ nke nkesa nha droplet iji nyere aka na ntụgharị nke data a na-ahụ anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hansen., J.E. and L.D. Travis|title=Light scattering in planetary atmospheres|url=https://archive.org/details/space-science-review_1974-10_16_4/page/527|journal=[[Space Science Reviews]]|volume=16|issue=4|year=1974|doi=10.1007/BF00168069|pages=527–610}}</ref> N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọ bụ mpaghara radius nke igwe ojii. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwèrè ike ịkọwa nke a dị ka : .<math>r_e = \dfrac{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^3 \cdot n(r)\,dr}{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^2 \cdot n(r)\,dr}</math> Radius nke ụwa nwèrè uru dị iche iche màkà mmiri na ice: nke mbụ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 14 μm, ébé màkà ice ọ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 25 μm. Nnyocha na-egosikwa na radius nke ígwé ojii dị irè buru ibu n'elu oké osimiri karịa n'elu ala site na Pasent iri na ise ruo pasentị iri abụọ N'ụzọ dị iche, ọdịiche dị na oke ice n'elu ala na oké osimiri dị obere (naanị 5%).<ref name="2013stubenrauch"> {{Cite journal|author=Stubenrauch|first=C. J.|title=Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and Database initiated by GEWEX Radiation Panel|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|date=2013|volume=94|issue=7|pages=1031–1049|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00117.1|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091218/document}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime * Nhazi nke oke mmiri ozuzo == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} opgskl94yjckoqx4z1p3js7fgmt0ao2 0 25443 697860 111478 2026-08-10T09:38:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697860 wikitext text/x-wiki Radius dị irè nke igwe ojii (ma ọ bụ radius dị irè ma ọ bụ '''radios''' dị irè mgbè ọ dị n'ihe gbárá ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ) bụ ihe dị arọ nke nkesa nke igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/cloud_effective_radius.shtml|title=Cloud Effective Radius|work=Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center|accessdate=3 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155507/http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/cloud_effective_radius.shtml|archivedate=24 July 2009}}</ref> James E. Hansen na Larry Travis kọwara okwu ahụ n'afọ 1974 dị ka oke nkè oge nké atọ na nke abụọ nke nkesa nha droplet iji nyere aka na ntụgharị nke data a na-ahụ anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hansen., J.E. and L.D. Travis|title=Light scattering in planetary atmospheres|url=https://archive.org/details/space-science-review_1974-10_16_4/page/527|journal=[[Space Science Reviews]]|volume=16|issue=4|year=1974|doi=10.1007/BF00168069|pages=527–610}}</ref> N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọ bụ mpaghara radius nke igwe ojii. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwèrè ike ịkọwa nke a dị ka : .<math>r_e = \dfrac{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^3 \cdot n(r)\,dr}{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^2 \cdot n(r)\,dr}</math> Radius nke ụwa nwèrè uru dị iche iche màkà mmiri na ice: nke mbụ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 14 μm, ébé màkà ice ọ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 25 μm. Nnyocha na-egosikwa na radius nke ígwé ojii dị irè buru ibu n'elu oké osimiri karịa n'elu ala site na Pasent iri na ise ruo pasentị iri abụọ N'ụzọ dị iche, ọdịiche dị na oke ice n'elu ala na oké osimiri dị obere (naanị 5%).<ref name="2013stubenrauch"> {{Cite journal|author=Stubenrauch|first=C. J.|title=Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and Database initiated by GEWEX Radiation Panel|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|date=2013|volume=94|issue=7|pages=1031–1049|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00117.1|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091218/document}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime * Nhazi nke oke mmiri ozuzo == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} opgskl94yjckoqx4z1p3js7fgmt0ao2 0 25537 697668 123736 2026-08-10T05:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697668 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HadGEM1''' (mbido màkà ''Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model'', version 1) bụ ihe nlereanya ihu igwe jikọtara ọnụ nkè e mepụtara na Met Office Tian Hadley Centre n'afọ 2006 ma jiri ya mee ihe na IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change. Ọ na-anọchite ányá ọganihu sayensị dị ịrịba ama na ónyé bu ya ụzọ, HadCM3. HadGEM1 na-enyekwa ihe ndabere màkà mmepe nké ụdị, ọkachasị na-agụnye mkpebi ka mmá na nhazi zuru oke nke usoro ụwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090224225538/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_55.pdf Evaluation of the atmospheric performance of HadGAM/GEM1]</ref> Ụdị nké ugbu a bụ [[HadGEM3]]. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Banks|first=H. T.|year=2006|title=Mechanisms of ocean heat uptake in a coupled climate model and the implications for tracer based predictions of ocean heat uptake|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=7|pages=L07608|doi=10.1029/2005GL025352}} * {{Cite journal|author=Johns|first=T. C.|year=2006|title=The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-climate_2006-04-01_19_7/page/1327|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1327–1353|doi=10.1175/JCLI3712.1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=G. M.|year=2006|title=The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, HadGEM1. Part I: Model description and global climatology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-climate_2006-04-01_19_7/page/1274|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1274–1301|doi=10.1175/JCLI3636.1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181029190912/http://www.ipcc-data.org/ar4/model-UKMO-HADGEM1-change.html IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007): Model UKMO-HADGEM1, mgbanwe ngalaba] q7cmpkqj8c72mb1qsmunk19n34cprrh 0 25558 697522 191024 2026-08-10T01:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697522 wikitext text/x-wiki Blackwater bụ ụdị mmetọ a na-emepụta na nkwadebe coal.<ref name="def">{{Cite journal|title=Modelling and Control of Blackwater Treatment in Coal Preparation|url=https://archive.org/details/separation-science-and-technology_1981_16_10/page/1633|journal=Separation Science and Technology|volume=16|issue=10|pages=1633–1666|doi=10.1080/01496398108058319|year=1981|author=Fitz Patrick|first=J. A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Control of blackwater in coal preparation plant recycle and discharge. Open file report Oct 79 – Sep 82 (final)|date=1983-04-29|author=Rey|first=P. A.}}</ref> N'ime ime ka ọ dị ọcha, a na-egbutu coal n'ụlọ ọrụ na-akwadebe coal wee kewaa ya ma buru ya dị ka slurry coal, Site na slurry, a na'iwepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị agba ọkụ ma nwee ike ịhazi coal. MMgbe mgbake nke coal ahụ site na slurry a, mmiri fọdụrụnụ bụ oji, nwere ezigbo ahụ nke coal. Enweghị ike ịhazi mmiri ojii a n'ebe a na-edozi mmiri.?<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> == Ọdachi Ndị Ọdachi == Mgbochi maka nchekwa nke mmiri ojii na ihe mkpofu coal ndị ọzọ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enwe nsogbu na-enwekarị nnukwu nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi.i. N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1972, a tọhapụrụ ihe mgbochi mmiri atọ na-ejide ngwakọta nke coal slurry na Logan County, West Virginia n'usoro: US gallons Otu narị nde na iri atọ (490,000 m3) nke mmiri na-egbu egbu na Buffalo Creek Flood. Dị ka a tụlere n'akwụkwọ The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man, n'ime mmadụ 5,000, mmadụ 125 nwụrụ, 1,121 merụrụ ahụ, na ihe karịrị Puku anọ enweghị ebe obibi. Idei mmiri ahụ kpatara mmebi nde dollar iri ise. N'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe nke ileghara anya, ụlọ ọrụ Pittston Coal Company, nke nwere mmiri ahụ, kpọrọ ihe omume ahụ "Omume Chineke".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Justice Case Study: Buffalo Creek Disaster|url=http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/buffalo.html#Problem|accessdate=October 10, 2006}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, ndagwurugwu dị mita 900 (270 ) n'ịdị elu, mita puku abuo (610 m) n"ogologo jupụtara na Lyburn, West Virginia dara ma gbadaa n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ mkpịsị ụkwụ nke jupụtara, na-emepụta nnukwu ebili mmiri na sediment nke bibiri ọtụtụ ụgbọala na ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Massey Valley Fill Disaster, Lyburn, WV|url=http://www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/006/index.html|date=2002-07-19|accessdate=April 3, 2005}}</ref> === Ọdachi ndị ọzọ na-eme mkparị === * Iju Mmiri nke Buffalo Creek * Ọdachi Aberfan * Mmiri na-awụfu na Martin County * [[Kingston]] Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill * Ọdọ Mmiri Little Blue Run == Nkà na ụzụ ọdịnihu == Ihe ngwọta kachasị maka nsogbu mmiri ojii bụ ịhazi coal na-enweghị iji mmiri. Nkà na ụzụ nkewa mmiri dị otú ahụ na-emepe emepe. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ihe edeturu == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130722155255/http://auroralights.org/map_project/theme.php?theme=prenter&article=15 Ahụike Ọha & Coal Slurry > Coal Slumry ::: Njem Up Coal River] * [http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html Mmetọ coal na ikuku Union of Concerned Scientists] * Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Akụkọ nke Black Water Task Force. Rep. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchebe Ọha, 2005. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 27 Jenụwarị 2013. * Hales, Simon, J. Gohlke, A. Pruess-Ustun, D. Campbell-Lendrum, na A. Woodward. "Mitigation nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata nwere ike ime na mmetụta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetọ ikuku site na Coal Fired Power Station". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6.58 (2009): 582014. Mbipụta. * King, A. J., Tonkin, Z., na Lieshcke, J. (2012). Mmetụta dị mkpirikpi nke ihe omume mmiri ojii na-adịte aka na anụmanụ mmiri na Osimiri Murray, [[Ostraliya|Australia]]: nchebara echiche maka ihe omume n'ọdịnihu. Nnyocha Mmiri na Mmiri Dị Mmiri 63, 576 Xi 586. * Orem, Williams. Research Geochemist, USGS. Coal Slurry: Geochemistry na Mmetụta na Ahụike Mmadụ na Ọnọdụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi. * Ryan, Barry, Ross Leeder, John T. Price, na John F. Gransden. "Mmetụta nke nkwadebe coal na ogo nke coal na coke dị ọcha". [https://web.archive.org/web/20130820080441/http://empr.gov.bc.ca/ Nabata na US Petabox]. British Columbia Geological Survey, n.d. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 27 Jenụwarị 2013. * "Ojiji nke Coal." Òtù World Coal. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Web. 28 Jenụwarị 2013. hv6ynem8mow6nucb1zyj2w4he9bwthl 0 25578 697735 171228 2026-08-10T06:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Global_CO2_emissions_and_probabilistic_temperature_outcomes_of_Paris.png|thumb|500x500px|Mgbasa CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsonaazụ okpomọkụ nke iwu dị iche iche]] '''Ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe''' ma ọ bụ '''ọnọdụ mmekọrịta''' mmadụ na ibe ya bụ atụmatụ nké ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) n'ọdịnihu nke ndị nyocha ji nyochaa nsogbu ọdịnihu na mgbanwe ihu ígwé.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Developing and Applying Scenarios. In: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [J.J. McCarthy ''et al.'' Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=Carter, T.R.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2010-01-10|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepụta ihe nkiri na ụzọ iji nyochaa ụzọ ọ bụla na-adịte aka ma nyochaa ịdị irè nke ibelata ma nyéré anyị aka ịghọta ihe ọdịnihu nwéré ike ijide nke a ga-eme ka anyị chee ọdịnihu nke usoro gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi mmadụ.<ref name="ipccar6wg3ch3">{{Cite web|title=IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch3|url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf|accessdate=2023-04-20|archivedate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204095545/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ipccar6wg3ch3" /> Ịmepụta ihe omume chọrọ atụmatụ nke ọkwa ndị mmadụ n'ọdịnihu, ọrụ akụ na ụba, usoro ọchịchị, ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na usoro mgbanwe teknụzụ. Enwèrè ike iji ihe nlereanya akụ na ụba na ike (dị ka ụdị World3 ma ọ bụ POLES) nyochaa ma chọpụta mmetụta nkè ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala dị otú ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwèrè ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị íchè íchè nke mba ụwa, mpaghara na mba. A na-eme ihe omume ndị a iji nyere ndị nwèrè mmasị áká ịghọta ụdị mkpebi ga-enwe mmetụta bara uru na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe. Ọtụtụ mba na-eme atụmatụ mgbanwe ma ọ bụ Onyinye Mba ga-enye ọrụ nyocha ihe omume iji ghọtakwuo mkpebi ha nwèrè. [[Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 13|Ihe mgbaru ọsọ]] mba ụwa màkà ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na usoro mba ụwa dị ka Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Paris Agreement na Sustainable Development Goal 13 ("Were ihe ngwa ngwa iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya ọgụ") dabere na nyocha nkè ihe omume ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a tọhapụrụ Akụkọ Pụrụ Iche na Global Warming nke 1.5 °C n'afọ 2018 iji gosipụta ụdị mmepe nke ikuku, Onyinye Mba, na mmetụta nkè mgbanwe ihu ígwé karịa ónyé bu ya ụzọ IPCC Fifth Assessment Report bipụtara n'afọ 2014 tupu nkwekọrịta Paris. == Ihe omume nke mgbasa ozi == === Ọnọdụ ọdịnihu zuru ụwa ọnụ === Enwèrè ike íchè echiche banyéré ihe omume ndị a dị ka akụkọ banyéré ọdịnihu nwéré ike ime. Ha na-enye ohere nkọwa nke ihe ndị siri ike ịkọwa, dị ka ọchịchị, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụlọ ọrụ. Morita et al. nyochara akwụkwọ gbásárá ọdịnihu ụwa.<ref name="morita">{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz ''et al''. Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=Morita, T.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2010-01-10|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}</ref> Ha chọtara ọtụtụ ihe dị íchè íchè n'etiti ihe omume, site na ụdị dị íchè íchè nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na ọdịda nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na gbụrụ-gbúrụ eb ébée obibi. N'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ, a chọtara mmekọrịta ndị a: * Rising '''GHGs''': A na-ejikọta nke a na ọnọdụ ndị nwéré akụ na ụba na-eto eto, nke na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nke ka ukwuu na ntinye aka gọọmentị dị ala na ọkwa dị elu nke asọmpi. Ịha nhata ego na-ebelata n'ime mba, mànà enweghị usoro doro anyá na ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ịha nhata mba ụwa. * '''GHGs na-ada''': N'ime ọtụtụ n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a, GDP rịrị elu. Ihe omume ndị ọzọ gosipụtara ọrụ akụ na ụba na-ejedebe na ọkwa na-adịgide adịgide. Ihe omume ndị na-adaba na ikuku nwèrè ọkwa dị elu nke gọọmentị na akụ na ụba. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe omume gosipụtara mmụba nke ikpe ziri ezi na ịha nhata n'ime na n'etiti mba. === Ihe ndị dị na ya === A na-eji ihe omume ndabere eme ihe dị ka ihe atụ màkà iji ya tụnyere ihe omume ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe omume mgbochi.<ref name="glossary">{{Cite web|date=2007c|title=Annex. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz ''et al''. Eds.]|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.|author=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm|accessdate=2009-05-20|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032403/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm}}</ref> N'ịtụle akwụkwọ akụkọ, Fisher et al., achọpụtara ''na'' atụmatụ CO2 na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe. Na United States, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ewepụta ihe dị ka ijeri tọn carbon dioxide (CO) 2.4 kwà afọ, ma ọ bụ ihe dịka pasent irí ano nkè ngụkọta ikuku nkè mba ahụ. EPA emeela ihe mbụ dị mkpa site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ nké ga-ebelata mmetọ carbon site na ụgbọala na gwongworo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara site n'afo 2025 na site na ịtụ aro ụkpụrụ iji belata mmetor carbon site na ụlọ ọrụ ike ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using the Clean Air Act to Sharply Reduce Carbon Pollution from Existing Power Plants|url=http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/|publisher=Natural Resources Defense Counsel|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta nke ọnụọgụ ikuku == E mepụtara ọtụtụ atụmatụ nkè gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Ihe omume "SRES" bụ ihe omume "baseline" Nké ikuku (ya bụ, ha na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbalị a na-eme n'ọdịnihu iji belata ikuku), a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na akwụkwọ sayensị (lee Special Report on Emissions Scenarios màkà nkọwa).<ref> {{Citation|pages=etal}} </ref> Greenhouse gas #Projections chịkọtara atụmatụ ''n'afọ'' 2030, dịka Rogner et al nyochara. A na-egosi ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ébé a. Ihe dị n'etiti nkè mbipụta nkè International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook ''2011'' na-atụ aro mmụba na-aga n'ihu na ikuku CO2 metụtara ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ikuku ruru 36.4 Gt n'afọ 2035. Nké a bụ mmụba pasenti iri abụọ na ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri apụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa afọ 2010.<ref name="weo 2011 emission projections" /> === UNEP 2011 akụkọ nchịkọta === The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, afọ 2011): 7 lere anya n'otú ikuku ikuku ụwa nwèrè ike isi melite ruo n'afọ 2020 dabere na mkpebi iwu dị iche iche.<ref name="Bridging the Emissions Gap" /> Iji mepụta akụkọ ha, UNEP (2011): 8 kpọkọtara ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara irí ise na isé sitere na ìgwè sayensị iri abụo na asatọ gafee mba iri na ise. Atụmatụ, na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbalị ọhụrụ iji belata ikuku ma ọ bụ dabere na "azụmahịa-dị ka ọ na-adịkarị", tụrụ aro ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2020 nke irí ise na isii gigatonnes CO2-equivalent (GtCO2-eq), na ọnụọgụ nke 55-59 GtCO2-e: 12 N'ịnakwere ntọala dị íchè ébé nkwa ndị a na Copenhagen Accord zutere n'ụdị ha kachasị elu, ikuku zuru ụwa niile a na-atụ anya n'afọ 2020 ka ga-eru iri ise gigatonnesCO2.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Climate Change Public Expenditure and Institutional Review Sourcebook (CCPEIR)|author=Fozzard|first=Adrian|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=2014|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law|author=Alam|first=Shawkat|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415687171|location=London|pages=373}}</ref> Na-aga n'ihu na omume dị ugbu a, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụdị ọchịchọ dị ala, a na-atụ anya mmụba nke okpomọkụ Celsius atọ na njedebe nke narị afọ, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-eweta nnukwu gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=EU Management of Global Emergencies: Legal Framework for Combating Threats and Crises|author=Govaere|first=Inge|publisher=BRILL Nijhoff|year=2014|isbn=9789004268326|location=Leiden|pages=313}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okpomọkụ ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na evapotranspiration na-esi na ya apụta nwéré ike iduga na égbè eluigwe ka ukwuu na ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu site na idei mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Climate Change in Developing Countries: Results from the Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance Programme|author=van Drunen|first=M.A.|publisher=CAB International|year=2006|isbn=9781845930776|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=52}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mba (mgbanwe) == Ntụle ihu ígwé nkè mba (mgbanwe) (nkè a na-akpọkwa "ihe omume ihu ígwé nke obodo" ma ọ bụ "nnyocha ihu igwe nke afọ") bụ atụmatụ ihu ígwé pụrụ íchè nke mpaghara, nke mba dị íchè iche na-emepụta. Ihe na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti atụmatụ ihu igwe nke mba na atụmatụ ihu igwe ndị ọzọ bụ na gọọmentị ''mba'' ahụ bịanyere áká na ha, si otú a bụrụ ihe ndabere dị mkpa màkà atụmatụ mgbanwe. A na-emepụta atụmatụ ihu igwe n'ime ọtụtụ afọ site na ọrụ ihu igwe nke mba ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. === Ebumnuche === Atụmatụ ihu ígwé nke mba na-egosi mgbanwe ndị kwere omume na ihu igwe mba n'ọdịnihu. Site n'iji ọtụtụ ihe omume ikuku, atụmatụ ndị a na-eme ka mmetụta dị íchè íchè nkè mgbalị ndị na-ebelata ụwa dị íchè íchè nwèrè na mgbanwe, gụnyere okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, na awa anwụ na-achasi ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe na-atụ aro iji ọtụtụ ihe omume ikuku iji hụ na mkpebi siri ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe dị íchè íchè. Atụmatụ ihu ígwé nke mba bụ ihe ndabere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke obodo na atụmatụ ihu ígwé, nke a na-agwa [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] ma jiri ya mee ihe na nyocha IPCC. === Nhazi === Iji nyochaa ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ihu ígwé na iji mee ka obi sie ya ike na atụmatụ ahụ, a na-emepụta atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu ígwé nke mba site na ọtụtụ ụdị mgbasa ozi (GCMs). Ụdị ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị otú ahụ nwèrè ike iwere ụdị nke perturbed physics ensembles (PPE), multi-model ensembles, ma ọ bụ mmalite ọnọdụ ensembles.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Parker|first=Wendy S.|date=2012|title=Whose Probabilities? Predicting Climate Change with Ensembles of Models|journal=Philosophy of Science|language=en|volume=77|issue=5|pages=985–997|doi=10.1086/656815|issn=0031-8248}}</ref> Dị ka mkpebi mpaghara nke GCMs ndị dị n'okpuru na-adịkarị njọ, a na-emekarị atụmatụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na iji [[Regional climate models|ụdị ihu igwe mpaghara]] (RCMs), ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ. Atụmatụ ụfọdụ na-agụnye data sitere na mpaghara ndị búrú ibu karịa ókèala mba, dịka ọmụmaatụ iji nyochaa mpaghara mmiri nké osimiri ndị na-agafe ókèala. Mba ụfọdụ emeela atụmatụ ndị ọzọ màkà obere mpaghara nchịkwa, dịka. [[U.S. state|Steeti]] dị na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na Länder dị na [[Jémanị|Germany]]. === Ihe Nlereanya === Ihe karịrị mba iri atọ akọwo atụmatụ / ihe omume ihu ígwé nke mba na National Communications na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ọtụtụ gọọmentị Europe enyekwara ego màkà ọnụ ụzọ ozi mba gbásárá mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Füssel|first=Hans-Martin|year=2014|authorlink=|title=How Is Uncertainty Addressed in the Knowledge Base for National Adaptation Planning?. In Adapting to an Uncertain Climate|location=pp. 41-66|publisher=Springer, Cham|isbn=978-3-319-04875-8|url=}}</ref> * [[Ostraliya|Australia]]: CCIA<ref>[https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-projections/ Climate Change in Australia]</ref> * [[California]]: Cal-Adapt<ref>[https://cal-adapt.org California climate change scenarios and climate impact research ]</ref> * [[Netherlands]]: KNMI'14<ref>[http://www.climatescenarios.nl KNMI'14 Pictures of the future - Climate scenarios]</ref> * [[Switzerland]]: CH2011 / CH2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ch2011.ch/en/index.html|title=Swiss Climate Change Scenarios CH2011 B|work=ch2011.ch|accessdate=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ch2018.ch/en/home-2/ |title=CH2018 - New Climate Scenarios for Switzerland |accessdate=2023-04-20 |archivedate=2018-06-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628005142/http://www.ch2018.ch/en/home-2/ }}</ref> * [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]]: UKCP09 / UKCP18<ref>[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125 UKCP18 Project announcement]</ref><ref>[https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/collaboration/ukcp UKCP18 Demonstration Projects (Met Office)]</ref> === Ngwa === A na-eji atụmatụ ihu ígwé e nke mba eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ébé iji buo amụma mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba akụ na ụba, ya na iji mee ka ọmụmụ na mkpebi mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe màrà. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ gụnyere: * Ike<ref>[http://ecem.climate.copernicus.eu/ European Climatic Energy Mixes (ECEM)]</ref> * [[Mmiri]]<ref>[http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/water.html California's Climate Adaptation Strategy for Water]</ref> * Ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/sector-policies/agriculture |title=Climate-ADAPT EU sector policies - Agriculture |accessdate=2023-04-20 |archivedate=2022-08-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160921/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/sector-policies/agriculture }}</ref><ref>[https://boris.unibe.ch/68007/1/CH2014-Impacts_79.pdf Switzerland: Climate change impacts on tree species, forest properties, and ecosystem services]</ref> * Ịkụ azụ * Ecosystems na Biodiversity: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oké osimiri, mmetụta nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ígwé n"ụmụ anụmanụ, mmetụta nke ịgbanwe ihu ígwé na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi<ref>[https://www.baltex-research.eu/BACC/material/IBS_No35_BACC.pdf BACC – The Baltex Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea basin]</ref> * Ahụike: mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Health|ahụike]] mmadụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hpa.org.uk/hecc2012|title=Health effects of climate change in the UK 2012|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2013-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104121758/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hecc2012}}</ref> * Njem<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-adaptation-programme-transport UK's Climate change national adaptation programme: transport]</ref> * Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.deltacommissaris.nl/binaries/delta-commissioner/documents/publications/2017/09/19/dp2018-en-printversie/DP2018+EN+printversie.pdf|title=The Netherland's Delta Programme 2018 - Continuing the work on a sustainable and safe delta|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2018-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105061915/https://english.deltacommissaris.nl/binaries/delta-commissioner/documents/publications/2017/09/19/dp2018-en-printversie/DP2018+EN+printversie.pdf}}</ref> * Njem * Inshọransị<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissre.com/eca/|title=SwissRe: The Economics of Climate Adaptation|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2018-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106003300/http://www.swissre.com/eca/}}</ref> * Ihe owuwu<ref>[https://www.theiet.org/policy/collaboration/etf/infrastructure.cfm Infrastructure, Engineering and Climate Change Adaptation – ensuring services in an uncertain future]</ref> * Obodo ukwu na [[Okeama|obodo ukwu]]<ref>[http://www4.unfccc.int/nap/Documents%20NAP/National%20Climate%20Resilience%20and%20Adaptation%20Strategy.pdf Australia's National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy]</ref> * Ihe ize ndụ nke ọdachi<ref>[https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/45001 UNISDR -Coherence and mutual reinforcement between the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and international agreements for development and climate action]</ref> * Mbufe ụmụ mmadụ (n'ọtụtụ mba na ihe metụtara njikwa ókèala mba, iwu mbufe na mgbanwe ihu igwe)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Future of the human climate niche|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2020/04/29/1910114117.DCSupplemental/pnas.1910114117.sapp.pdf|accessdate=25 June 2020|archivedate=14 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514064826/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2020/04/29/1910114117.DCSupplemental/pnas.1910114117.sapp.pdf}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị na-ebelata == [[Usòrò:Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg|thumb|Ihe omume nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụrụ na mba niile emezu nkwa nkwekọrịta Paris ha dị ugbu a, nkezi okpomọkụ site na 2100 ga-agafe ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke nkwekọrịta París iji nọgide na-ekpo ọkụ "nke dị n'okpuru 2 °C".]] Ọnọdụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu ébé a na-ebelata okpomọkụ ụwa site na omume a kpachapụrụ ányá, dị ka mgbanwe zuru oke na isi mmalite ike ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmanụ ala. Ndị a bụ omume ndị na-ebelata ikuku ikuku nke méré na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-akwụsi ike na ọkwa ndị na-egbochi mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'iji ihe omume ndị a, nyocha nke mmetụta nke ọnụahịa carbon dị íchè íchè na akụ na ụba na-eme ka ọ dị n'ime usoro nke ọkwa dị íchè íchè nke ọchịchọ ụwa.<ref>Commonwealth of Australia, “Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios: Modeling report provided to the Climate Change Authority in support of its Caps and Targets Review,” 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2018 from <nowiki>https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/a28424ae-cce9-48c9-aad2-56b3db0920a5/files/climate-change-mitigation-scenarios.pdf</nowiki></ref> === Gas ndị ọzọ na-eme ka okpomọkụ === A na-agbakọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihe gbásárá carbon dioxide. Meinshausen et al emeela ọtụtụ ihe omume mgbochi gas.<ref name="multigas">{{Cite journal|author=Meinshausen|first=M.|doi=10.1007/s10584-005-9013-2|title=Multi-gas Emissions Pathways to Meet Climate Targets|journal=Climatic Change|volume=75|issue=1–2|year=2006|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/319658/files/10584_2005_Article_9013.pdf}}</ref> ==== Dị ka ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ==== N'akwụkwọ afọ 2000, Hansen kwùrù na ịrị elu 0.75 °C [nnyocha na-emezughị] na nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa n'ime afọ otu narị gara-aga bụ nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-abụghị carbon dioxide, ébé ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke CO2 ejirila ịjụ oyi n'ihi aerosols, na-egosi na usoro nke dabeere na mbụ na ibelata ikuku nke gas na carbon ojii, na-elekwasị ányà na CO2 naanị n'oge dị ogologo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global warming in the twenty-first century: An alternative scenario|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2000-08-29_97_18/page/9875|first=James|author=Hansen|date=29 August 2000|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=97|issue=18|pages=9875–9880|doi=10.1073/pnas.170278997|pmid=10944197}}</ref> Veerabhadran Ramanathan na Jessica Seddon Wallack kwukwara nke a ọnwa Septemba/Ọktoba nafo 2009 Foreign Affairs.<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65238/jessica-seddon-wallack-and-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-other-climate-changers Why Black Carbon and Ozone Also Matter]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Degrees 4 na Beyond International Climate Conference * Bio-energy na carbon capture na nchekwa (BECCS) * Ihichapụ carbon dioxide (CDR) * Carbon na-adịghị mma mmanụ * Injinia ihu igwe (geoengineering) * Azụmaahịa ikuku * Nkọwa ike * Ihe ịma aka nke ụwa na-amaghị nwoke * [[Drawdown|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe]] * CMIP * Ihe Omume Copernicus * Nkwupụta ọnụ * Nnyocha mmetụta * Nnyocha ejighị n'aka * Atụmatụ ihe nkiri == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01502-2}}). * {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70598-1}}). [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iszg45x6a3zsinjy4dvtv5yqvhzjxn6 0 25720 697547 206788 2026-08-10T02:26:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ụdị '''a na-enyochaghị''' (NE) bụ nke e [[Ọnọdụ nchekwa|kewara]] n'okpuru IUCN Ndepụta uhie nke ụdị ndị na eyi egwu dịka International Union for Conservation of Nature enyochabeghị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/introduction|title=About the IUCN Red List.|accessdate=2016-02-19|archivedate=2014-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921031542/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/introduction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why It Matters and How It Works|date=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=9781604692600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAtPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> Ụdị nchedo a bụ otu n'ime ụdị nyocha egwu IUCN itoolu maka ụdị iji gosipụta ihe ize ndụ ha nke mkpochapụ ụwa. Ụdị ndị a sitere na 'extinct' (EX) n'otu nsọtụ nke spectrum, na 'ihe na adịchaghị echegbu onwe' (LC) na nke ọzọ. Ụdị 'enweghị data' na 'enweghị nyocha' (NE) adịghị na ụdịdị dị iche iche, n'ihi na ha na egosi ụdị ndị a na enyochabeghị nke ọma iji nye otu ụdị.<ref name="IUCNcategories">{{Cite book|url=http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Categories_and_Criteria_en_web%2Bcover%2Bbckcover.pdf|title=IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1.|year=2012|isbn=978-2-8317-1435-6|edition=2nd|location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK|accessdate=2018-07-24}}</ref> Ụdị nke 'a na enyochaghị' anaghị egosi na ụdị anaghị anọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ, kama ọ bụ naanị na a mụọbeghị ụdị ahụ maka ihe ize ndụ ọ bụla a ga akọwa ma bipụta ya. IUCN na adụ ọdụ na ụdị ndị a na ahazi dị ka 'ndị a na enyochaghị' "... ekwesighi imeso ha dịka a ga asị na ha anaghị eyi egwu. O nwere ike ịbụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ... inye ha otu nlebara anya dị ka taxa ndị a na eyi egwu, ọ dịkarịa ala ruo mgbe enwere ike nyochaa ọnọdụ ha. " - 7 : 76<ref name="IUCNcategories" /> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 2012. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-2-8317-1435-6|<bdi>978-2-8317-1435-6</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181224044503/http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Categories_and_Criteria_en_web%2Bcover%2Bbckcover.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-24</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="IUCNguidelines">{{Cite web|title=Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13|url=http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGuidelines.pdf|publisher=IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee|accessdate=24 July 2018|date=2017|archivedate=23 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423191058/http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGuidelines.pdf}}</ref>  Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 2015, IUCN enyochaala ma kenye ọnọdụ nchekwa ihe karịrị ụdị 76,000 n'ụwa niile. Site na ndị a, ọ kewara ihe dị ka ụdị 24,000 dị ka ndị na eyi egwu n'ụwa niile n'otu ọkwa nchekwa ma ọ bụ ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị atụmatụ dịgasị iche iche banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị dị n'ụwa (site na nde 3 ruo nde 30), nke a pụtara na ụdị IUCN 'a na enyochaghị' (NE) bụ nke kachasị n'ime ụdị ihe ize ndụ itoolu niile.<ref name="WCR">{{Cite web|title=Wildlife Conservation Resource|url=https://www.marwell.org.uk/media/other/wildlife_conservation_resource_2016_final_25082016120629.pdf|work=Marwell Zoo|accessdate=23 July 2018|archivedate=24 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154624/https://www.marwell.org.uk/media/other/wildlife_conservation_resource_2016_final_25082016120629.pdf}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọzọ a na eji eme ihe == A na-etinye usoro nyocha na nkewa nke IUCN zuru ụwa ọnụ na mba na mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara dị ka ihe ndabere maka ịtụle egwu nchedo na maka ịmepụta ndepụta Data uhie maka mpaghara ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=MILLER|first=REBECCA M.|date=June 2007|title=National Threatened Species Listing Based on IUCN Criteria and Regional Guidelines: Current Status and Future Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2007-06_21_3/page/684|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=684–696|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00656.x|pmid=17531047|issn=0888-8892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://redlist.sanbi.org/redcat.php|title=Threatened Species Programme {{!}} SANBI Red List of South African Plants|work=redlist.sanbi.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-24|archivedate=2017-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124405/http://redlist.sanbi.org/redcat.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nt.gov.au/environment/animals/classification-of-wildlife|title=Classification of wildlife|author=Government|first=Northern Territory|date=2017-07-24|work=nt.gov.au|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-24|archivedate=2018-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154224/https://nt.gov.au/environment/animals/classification-of-wildlife}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora|url=http://www.cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka.|accessdate=24 July 2018|date=2012|archivedate=13 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202136/http://cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hilton-Taylor|first=C.|date=1997|title=Red Data List of southern African plants. 2. Corrections and additions|url=https://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/viewFile/681/625|journal=Bothalia|volume=27|issue=2|pages=205|doi=10.4102/abc.v27i2.681|accessdate=2018-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=W.|first=Duckworth, J.|date=2012-08-23|title=Why South-east Asia should be the world's priority for averting imminent species extinctions, and a call to join a developing cross-institutional programme to tackle this urgent issue|url=https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1327|journal=S.A.P.I.EN.S.|volume=5|issue=2|issn=1993-3800|accessdate=2018-07-24}}</ref> A maliteghachila itinye ụkpụrụ nyocha dị ka ụzọ isi kewaa ihe egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, na gburugburu ebe dị ndụ ọ bụla na-adaba n'ụdị IUCN 'a naghị atụle' tupu mmalite nke usoro nyocha.<ref name="Ecosystems">{{Cite web|author=Rodrıguez|first=Jon Paul|title=A practical guide to the application of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria|url=https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/rodriguez-etal-2015-a-practical-guide-iucn-rle_erratum.pdf|publisher=Royal Society|accessdate=24 July 2018|date=2015|archivedate=24 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154107/https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/rodriguez-etal-2015-a-practical-guide-iucn-rle_erratum.pdf}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Enweghị ihe ọmụma]] * Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} mwqrjn3nq0edxbjo3jjvhgcwdzewp1y 0 25754 697744 160898 2026-08-10T07:04:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697744 wikitext text/x-wiki A secondary organic '''aerosol''' ('''SOA''') bụ molekụl a na-emepụta site na oxidation n'ime ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke nne na nna organic molecule.<ref name="jpca">{{Cite journal|title=Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Low-NOx Photooxidation of Dodecane: Evolution of Multigeneration Gas-Phase Chemistry and Aerosol Composition|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A|date=2012-06-21|issn=1089-5639|pages=6211–6230|volume=116|issue=24|doi=10.1021/jp211531h|pmid=22424261|first=Lindsay D.|author=Yee|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/30169/2/jp211531h_si_001.pdf}}</ref> N'adịghị ka aerosols ndị bụ isi, nkè a na-ewepụta kpọmkwem site na biosphere, a na-emepụta aerosols nké abụọ site na homogeneous nucleation site na oxidation nkè gas-phase organic compounds, ma ọ bụ site na condensation na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dịbu adị. Ụdị gas-phase ndị a na-eme ka nrụgide ikuku dị elu, nke pụtara na ha na-agbanwe agbanwe ma kwụsie ike na gas-phases. Mgbè oxidation, mmụba polarity, ma si otú a belata volatility, nke molecules na-ebute mbelata nke nrụgide ikuku. Mgbè oxidation zuru oke, nrụgide ikuku dị ala nke na gas-phase compound nkewa n'ime solid-phase, na-emepụta ihe nké abụọ (nke abụọ nke aerosol organic). SOAs na-anọchite ányá ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke aerosols dị na troposphere.<ref name="jpca" /> Echiche na-ezighi ezi bụ na aerosol na-ezo aka na akụkụ siri ike nké oghere ahụ, ébé n'eziokwu, site na nkọwa, ọ bụ njikọta nke gas- na solid-phases nke mejupụtara aerosol. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aar4925|pmid=29449479|title=The changing face of urban air pollution|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6377|pages=744–745|year=2018|author=Lewis|first=Alastair C.|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127939/1/Science6377_Lewis.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0524|pmid=29449485|title=Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-02-16_359_6377/page/760|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6377|pages=760–764|year=2018|author=McDonald|first=Brian C.}} 5fdnm15v957zj7tpuzom5sb8cow6tzq 0 25760 697829 368608 2026-08-10T08:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tornado skips and hops across the central Minnesota.jpg|thumb|Ifufe ajọ ifufe]] A skipping tornado bụ usoro tornado (ma ọ bụ usoro tornados) nke nwéré ụzọ mmebi na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/a_tornado/atornado.html|title=What is a tornado?|author=Charles A. Doswell III|date=1 October 2001|accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> E nwèrè ọtụtụ ihe nwéré ike ibute ihe omume a:<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roger Edwards|url=http://www.spc.ncep.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#skipping1|title=Skipping tornado|year=2014|work=The Online Tornado FAQ|publisher=[[Storm Prediction Center]]|accessdate=2014-03-22|archivedate=2006-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929185156/http://www.spc.ncep.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#skipping1}}</ref> # Oké ifufe ahụ na-ebili n'elu n'ezie (nke nwéré ike ime ka ụzọ abụọ mebiri emebi kewaa ajọ ifufe)<ref name="wiat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/a_tornado/atornado_fn.html#fn7|title=What is a tornado? (footnotes)|author=Charles A. Doswell III|date=1 October 2001|accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> # Oké ifufe na-agafe n'elu akụkụ ala ébé enweghị ihe owuwu ma ọ bụ ahịhịa (ya bụ ihe ngosi mmebi) nwèrè ike igosi mmebi<ref name="wiat" /> # Oké ifufe ahụ na-ebelata nwa oge ka ifufe wee nọrọ n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ mmebi nke ihe owuwu ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-emetụta.<ref name="wiat" /> N'akụkọ ihe méré eme, ịwụli elu na-ezo aka na nkwụsịtụ n'ụzọ mmebi nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka otu ụzọ dị ogologo. Site na nchọpụta nke cyclic tornadogenesis na ụfọdụ supercell égbè eluigwe, a mụtara na tornadoes na-esote na-emepụta na mesocyclones ọhụrụ na usoro nke tornadoes a na-akpọ ezinụlọ tornado. Karịsịa mgbè ajọ ifufe na-amalite, enwèrè ike inwe obere oghere na mmebi n'ihi na mgbasa ahụ na-akwụsịtụ n'elu ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ike iji kpatara mmebi ọbụlagodi na nné na nnà mesocyclone (na ikekwe mgbasa tornadic n'elu) na-aga n'ihu na nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mànà ọ bụghị mgbè niile, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu ajọ ifufe. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ọ bụ naanị ajọ ifufe na-esite na mesocyclones ọhụrụ (ya bụ, usoro tornadogenesis ọhụrụ na igwe ojii mgbidi ọhụrụ) ka a na-agụ dị ka ajọ ifufe dị iche. Tupu a mata na tornadoes nwèrè ike ịbụ multivortex, ihe omume nke subvortices mekwara mgbagwoju anya ma n'ogé tornado na màkà nyocha ụzọ mmebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Doswell|first=Charles A., III|authorlink=Charles A. Doswell III|title=On Some Issues of United States Tornado Climatology|url=https://archive.org/details/monthly-weather-review_1988-02_116_2/page/495|journal=Mon. Wea. Rev.|volume=116|issue=2|pages=495–501|year=1988|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0495:OSIOUS>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Ụdị ụfọdụ nke tornadoes, ọzọ karịsịa na usoro nke mmepụta tupu ha emebie ikuku ha, nwèrè ike ịbụ tornadoes multivortex na subvortices gbasasịrị na ikuku na-emebi n'ime oghere dị n'ime nnukwu mgbasa, nke nwéré ike inye ọdịdị nke ịwụli elu. == Hụkwa == * Igwe ojii nke olulu mmiri * Ike na mmebi nke ajọ ifufe * Satellite tornado == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/mccarthy/tor30yrs.pdf Ọnọdụ tornado n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga (PDF)] inghedleabv24qsls423hz5154zl6os 0 25773 697960 111870 2026-08-10T11:49:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nke bụ '''ndepụta nke ụdị Sphenisciformes site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa'''. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ atụmatụ, ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba ha emeela ha. Sphenisciformes (site na Latin maka "ụdị ụdọ") bụ usoro taxonomic nke penguins nọ na ya. Ndụ Bird mba ụwa enyochawo ụdị iri na asatọ. 16 (89% nke ngụkọta ụdị) emeela atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ha: ndị na efu efu bụ eze na obere penguins, nke a nyochara abụọ ahụ dị ka ndị na adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha. A na eji ụzọ dịgasị iche iche maka ịgụta penguins, na Eprel 2012 hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ ha site na mbara igwe, mgbe ejiri ihe oyiyi sitere na Ikonos, QuickBird-2, na WorldView-2 satellites gụọ ndị eze Antarctican.<ref name="NatGeo Emperors">{{Cite news|first=Christine|author=Dell'Amore|title=Emperor Penguins Counted From Space—A First|date=13 April 2012|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120413-emperor-penguins-survey-antarctica-animals-space-science/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref> Nke a bụ usoro yiri nke UNHCR ji gụọ ụmụ mmadụ na [[Somalia]].<ref name="somalia">{{Cite news|first=Mohammed|author=Yusuf|title=UNHCR Tries to Count Somalia|date=29 June 2012|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/unhcr-tris-count-somalias-displaced/1212910.html|work=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=2012-11-21}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha ndị na eme n'oké osimiri na eji eriri na-adịghị mma iji tụọ njupụta; a na agbakwunye nke a n'ebe anụmanụ ahụ dị.<ref name="Australia Antarctic">{{Cite journal|title=Black and white or shades of grey? Detectability of Adélie penguins during shipboard surveys in the Antarctic pack-ice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-ecology_2009-02_46_1/page/136|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|year=2009|first=C.|author=Southwell|volume=46|pages=136–143|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01584.x}}</ref> A na agụ Galapagos kwa afọ kemgbe 1961 site na Galápagos Ọrụ Ntụrụndụ Mba. Site n'ala na oké osimiri, ha na eme ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke na mpaghara iri na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkebi na anọ. Nnyocha nke nnụnụ 721 nke afọ 2012 gosipụtara na ọkwa anọgidewo na adị otu n'ime afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ịgbanwe atụmatụ zuru ezu ugbu a.<ref name="Galapagos park">{{Cite news|title=Annual Galapagos Penguin and Cormorant Census|publisher=Proceso de Relaciones Públicas – Parque Nacional Galápagos – Ecuador|url=http://www.galapagos.org/newsroom/gnp-news-annual-galapagos-penguin-and-cormorant-census/|work=GNP News|accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref> Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara otu esi achọpụta atụmatụ ndị a, lee isiokwu Wikipedia banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị dị gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ndị a na enweghị ike itinye na ndepụta nke ọdịdị a gụnyere Waitaha penguin, nke ikpeazụ a kwenyere na ọ nwụrụ n'etiti 1300 na 1500 AD (n'oge na adịghị anya mgbe Polynesian rutere New Zealand), na Chatham penguin, bụ nke a maara naanị site na subfossils mana enwere ike idebe ya n'agbata oge ụfọdụ n'etiti 1867 na 1872.<ref name="ODT1120">{{Cite news|first=Rebecca|author=Fox|title=Ancient species of penguin found in DNA of bones|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/32502/ancient-species-penguin-found-dna-bones|work=Otago Daily Times|date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref> Adélies na emperors na-akpa akwụ́ na Antarctica ma na eri nri na ice gbajiri agbaji; mmetụta okpomọkụ ụwa na nke ikpeazụ nwere ike imetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, na chinstraps na gentoo, nke abụọ na eri na mmiri mepere emepe, anọwo na abanye n'ime Adélie na ndị eze ukwu na ebute ice. Gentoo ahụla mmụba nke 7500% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kemgbe 1974, na chinstraps 2700%.<ref name="NatGeo pop shift">{{Cite news|first=Ker|author=Than|title=3/4 of Big Antarctic Penguin Colonies to Disappear?|date=1 Dec 2008|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/12/081201-penguins-warming.html|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref> == Ụdị dị iche iche site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="15%" |Common name ! width="15%" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] ! data-sort-type="number" width="15%" |Population ! width="5%" |[[Ọnọdụ nchekwa|Status]] ! width="5%" |Trend ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" width="15%" |Image |- |'''Galapagos penguin''' |''Spheniscus mendiculus'' |'''1800''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Spheniscus mendiculus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus mendiculus IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Galápagos_penguin_(Spheniscus_mendiculus)_male.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Humboldt penguin''' |''Spheniscus humboldti'' |'''3300 – 12 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Spheniscus humboldti IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus humboldti IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Fiordland penguin''' |''Eudyptes pachyrhynchus'' |'''5000 – 6000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count.<ref name="Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Fiordland_Penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Yellow-eyed penguin''' |''Megadyptes antipodes'' |'''5930 – 6970''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> |Estimate is dated (1988/89).<ref name="Megadyptes antipodes IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Yellow-eyed_Penguin_3.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''African penguin''' |''Spheniscus demersus'' |'''75 000 – 80 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> |5000 breeding pairs in Namibia & 21 000 in South Africa.<ref name="Spheniscus demersus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:African_Penguin_at_Boulders_Beach.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Snares penguin''' |''Eudyptes robustus'' |'''93 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes robustus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Eudyptes robustus IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Diving_Snares_Penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Erect-crested penguin''' |''Eudyptes sclateri'' |'''195 000 – 210 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> |Population breeds in two locations: the Bounty Islands (26 000 pairs), & the Antipodes Islands (41 000 pairs).<ref name="Eudyptes sclateri IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Antipodes_Penguin.JPG|175x175px]] |- |'''Northern rockhopper penguin''' |''Eudyptes moseleyi'' |'''530 000''' | align="center" style="background:#FAEB86" |[[Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|EN]]<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (265 thousand pairs); population has declined 57% in the past 37 years.<ref name="Eudyptes moseleyi IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Eudyptes_moseleyi_-Zoologischer_Garten_Berlin,_Germany-8a.jpg|263x263px]] |- |'''Emperor penguin''' |''Aptenodytes forsteri'' |'''595 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |NT<ref name="Aptenodytes forsteri IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Aptenodytes forsteri IUCN" /> | |[[Usòrò:Emperor_penguins.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Gentoo penguin''' |''Pygoscelis papua'' |'''774 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (387 thousand pairs).<ref name="Pygoscelis papua IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Falkland_Islands_Penguins_69.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Royal penguin''' |''Eudyptes schlegeli'' |'''1 700 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |NT<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{Steady}}<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (850 000 pairs on Macquarie & over 1000 pairs on Bishop and Clerk). Estimate is from the 1980s, but population is stable.<ref name="Eudyptes schlegeli IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:RoyalPenguins5.JPG|175x175px]] |- |'''Southern rockhopper penguin''' |''Eudyptes chrysocome'' |'''2 460 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (1.23 million pairs); population has declined 34% in the past 37 years.<ref name="Eudyptes chrysocome IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Falkland_Islands_Penguins_88.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Magellanic penguin''' |''Spheniscus magellanicus'' |'''2 600 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |NT<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (1.3 million pairs).<ref name="Spheniscus magellanicus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Magellanic_penguin.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Adélie penguin''' |''Pygoscelis adeliae'' |'''4 740 000''' | align="center" style="background:#CEF2E0" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{increase}}<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (2.37 million pairs).<ref name="Pygoscelis adeliae IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Antarctic_adelie_penguins_(js)_21.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Chinstrap penguin''' |''Pygoscelis antarcticus'' |'''8 000 000''' | align="center" style="background:#B0E0E6" |[[Ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha|LC]]<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{increase}}<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> |Minimum estimate.<ref name="Pygoscelis antarcticus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Pygoscelis_antarcticus_head.jpg|175x175px]] |- |'''Macaroni penguin''' |''Eudyptes chrysolophus'' |'''18 000 000''' | align="center" style="background:#b0f4b0" |VU<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> | align="center" |{{decrease}}<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> |Only mature individuals were included in the count (9 million pairs); main population centres at Île des Pingouins, Heard and McDonald (1 million pairs each), Kerguelen (1.8 million pairs), & South Georgia (2.5 million pairs).<ref name="Eudyptes chrysolophus IUCN" /> |[[Usòrò:Eudyptes_chrysolophus_-Antarctic-54.jpg|175x175px]] |- |} == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nke nnụnụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ * Ndepụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> 7gfzbk7rl2h3046hs03aa96m99lly2k 0 25778 697687 111876 2026-08-10T05:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697687 wikitext text/x-wiki Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ('''RAMS''') bụ '''usoro''' mmemme kọmputa nke na-eṅomi ikuku màkà nyocha ihu ígwé na ihu ígwé na màkà amụma ihu igwe (NWP). Ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere nyocha data na ngwugwu ngosi.<ref name="descrip">{{Cite web|url=http://rams.atmos.colostate.edu/rams-description.html|title=A Description of RAMS|work=rams.atmos.colostate.edu|accessdate=2018-03-20}}</ref> E mepụtara RAMS n'ime ébé afọ 1980s na Mahadum Colorado State (CSU), nke William R. Cotton na Roger A. Pielke duziri, màkà nhazi ihu igwe mesoscale. Ọ bụ Robert L. Walko na Craig J. Tremback na-eme mmepe na-esote n'okpuru nlekọta nke Cotton na Pielke. Ọ bụ ihe nlereanya zuru oke na-abụghị hydrostatic. Edere yà na Fortran na koodu C ụfọdụ ma ọ na-agba ọsọ kachasị mmá n'okpuru sistemụ arụmọrụ Unix.<ref name="Pielke">{{Cite journal|author=Pielke|first=Roger A.|authorlink=Roger A. Pielke|title=A comprehensive meteorological modeling system—RAMS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_meteorology-and-atmospheric-physics_1992_49_1-4/page/69|journal=Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.|volume=49|issue=1–4|pages=69–91|date=1992|doi=10.1007/BF01025401}}</ref> E wepụtara mbipụta nke isií n'afọ 2009. RAMS bụ ihe ndabere màkà usoro na-eṅomi ikuku Martian nkè a na-akpọ MRAMS.<ref name="MRAMS">{{Cite journal|author=Rafkin|first=Scott C. R.|title=The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS): Model description and selected simulations|journal=Icarus|volume=151|issue=2|pages=228–56|date=2001|doi=10.1006/icar.2001.6605}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịda n'ala == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vandenheever.atmos.colostate.edu/vdhpage/rams.php Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mahadum Colorado State] * ATMET (Atmospheric, Meteorological, and Environmental Technologies) saịtị ** [http://www.atmet.com/html/docs/documentation.shtml Ihe ndekọ RAMS] onfgze2c69vomijwklgjh4segsqa4b6 0 25811 697529 696880 2026-08-10T02:02:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Otu ụzọ e si amata ikuku ikuku griin haus (GHG) bụ iji tụọ ihe agbakwunyere nke ngwaahịa a na-eri (a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka “ ihe nwuru anwu ”,“ carbon embodied carbon ihe ndi ozo ”, ma ọ bụ “carbon embodied”).  Nke a dị iche na ajụjụ nke ruo n'ókè atumatu nke otu obodo iji belata ikuku ikuku na-emetụta ikuku ikuku na mba ndị ọzọ ("spillover effect" na "carbon leakage" nke amụma mbelata ikuku).  UNFCCC na-eji ihe na-ekupụta ikuku dị ka mmepụta si dị, karịa oriri.  N'ihi nke a, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mbupu, karịa mba mbubata, a na-ekwu na ikuku agbakwunyere na ngwa ahịa ebubata.  Ajụjụ maka ma a ga-atụle ihe ọkụkụ na mmepụta kama oriri bụ akụkụ nke nha nha nha, ya bụ, onye na-ahụ maka ikuku. Ndị otu iri atọ na asaa edepụtara na Ndepụta B na Kyoto Protocol ekwekọrịtala na iwu na-ejikọta nkwekọrịta mbelata ikuku. N'okpuru ndekọ [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] nke ikuku, nkwa ha na-ebelata ikuku anaghị agụnye ikuku nke sitere na mbubata ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4542104.stm|work=BBC News|date=December 19, 2005|title=Trade can 'export' CO₂ emissions|author=Black, R.|accessdate=2010-04-05}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi, Wang na Watson (2007) jụrụ ajụjụ ahụ, "onye nwe ikuku carbon nke China?".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/content/who-owns-chinas-carbon-emissions|author=Wang, T. and J. Watson|title=Who Owns China's Carbon Emissions? Tyndall Centre Briefing Note No. 23|date=October 2007|publisher=[[Tyndall Centre]] website|accessdate=2010-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202043318/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/content/who-owns-chinas-carbon-emissions|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> N'ọmụmụ ihe ha, ha tụrụ aro na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ikuku CO2 nke China nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmepụta ngwaahịa ya maka mbupụ, ọkachasị na US kamakwa na Europe. Dabere na nke a, ha tụrụ aro na mkparịta ụka mba ụwa dabere na ikuku na-abanye n'ime mba (ya bụ, ikuku na-atụle site na mmepụta) nwere ike ịbụ "[na-efu] isi ihe ahụ". Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-akwado na, n'afọ 2004, pasent iri abụọ na atọ nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ etinyela na ngwongwo ndị a na-ere ahịa na mba ụwa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha si China na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe, dị ka Russia na South Africa, gaa US, Europe na Japan. A na-etinye steeti ndị a n'ime otu iri, yana Middle East, nke mejupụtara 71% nke ọdịiche zuru oke na ikuku mpaghara. N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ọdịiche dị na mbubata na mbupụ nke ikuku na-apụta ìhè karịsịa, na ikuku na-ebubata na-eme ka 20-50% nke ikuku na'efu. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ikuku a na-ebufe n'etiti steeti ndị a dị na ahia nke igwe, ngwá electronic, kemịkal, rọba na plastik.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Consumption-based Accounting of {{CO2}} Emissions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-03-23_107_12/page/5687|author=Davis, S.K. and K. Caldeira|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=March 2010|volume=107|issue=12|pages=5687–92|doi=10.1073/pnas.0906974107|pmid=20212122}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Carbon Trust na 2011 kpughere na ihe dịka 25% nke CO2 niile sitere na ọrụ mmadụ 'na-aga' (ya bụ, a na-ebubata ma ọ bụ na-ebupụ) site n'otu mba gaa na nke ọzọ. A chọpụtara na carbon na-agafe bụ ihe dịka 50% nke ikuku na-emetụta azụmahịa na ngwaahịa dịka ígwè, simenti, na kemịkal, na 50% na ngwaahịa ndị a na-emecha / rụcha dịka ụgbọala, uwe ma ọ bụ igwe na ngwá ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/advice/international-carbon-flows|title=International Carbon Flows|publisher=Carbon Trust|date=May 2011|accessdate=12 November 2012|archivedate=1 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094102/https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/advice/international-carbon-flows/}}</ref> == Carbon dị n'ime ụlọ == A na-eme atụmatụ na carbon nke ụlọ na-agụnye 11% nke ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ na 75% nke ikuku nke ụlọ n'oge ndụ ya niile.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Berg|first=Nate|date=2021-02-04|title=Energy efficiency is no longer enough. This is the next big challenge for green building|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90601015/energy-efficiency-is-no-longer-enough-this-is-the-next-big-challenge-for-green-building|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> World Green Building Council setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ụlọ ọhụrụ niile ka ha nwee ọ dịkarịa ala 40% carbon na-erughị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rubidge|first=Lloyd|date=2020-10-28|title=Embodied Carbon: An Architect's View|url=https://positive-impact.africa/embodied-carbon-an-architects-view/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=+IMPACT Magazine|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Nnyocha ndụ maka carbon a na-etinye n'ime ya na-agbakọ carbon eji eme ihe n'oge ọ bụla nke ndụ ụlọ: iwu, iji ya na mmezi, na ịkwatu ma ọ bụ ịkpụkọta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Westwood|first=Tom|date=2021-08-06|title=Why Embodied Energy is the Elephant in the Room|url=https://www.bristolhousingfestival.org.uk/blog/embodied-carbon|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Bristol Housing Festival|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165535/https://www.bristolhousingfestival.org.uk/blog/embodied-carbon}}</ref> Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ bụ ihe dị mkpa mgbe ị na-ekwu maka carbon a na-etinye n'ime ụlọ. A maara onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Carl Elefante maka ịmepụta ahịrịokwu ahụ, "Ụlọ kachasị ahịhịa ndụ bụ ụlọ e wurula. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embodied Carbon in Buildings conference speakers|url=https://www.architects.org/embodied-carbon-in-buildings-conference/embodied-carbon-in-buildings-conference-speakers?token=BNFByUeXeuJHhwoyKtg6cwboc08GDdKb|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Boston Society for Architecture|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812154107/https://www.architects.org/embodied-carbon-in-buildings-conference/embodied-carbon-in-buildings-conference-speakers?token=BNFByUeXeuJHhwoyKtg6cwboc08GDdKb}}</ref> Ihe kpatara na ụlọ ndị dị ugbu a na-adịkarị mma karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ bụ na ọnụọgụ nke ikuku carbon nke na-eme n'oge owuwu nke ụlọ ọhụrụ buru ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikuku na-arụ ọrụ kwa afọ nke ụlọ ahụ, ọkachasị ka ọrụ na-aghọwanye ike na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-agafe na mmepụta ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Architecture 2030|title=New Buildings: Embodied Carbon|url=https://architecture2030.org/new-buildings-embodied/|accessdate=2021-08-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> E wezụga iji ya eme ihe ọzọ, e nwere ebe abụọ dị mkpa iji belata carbon a na-etinye n'ime ụlọ. Nke mbụ bụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe owuwu ('ihe owuwu') ebe nke abụọ bụ dochie anya ihe ndị ọzọ dị ala. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ebe mbelata nke carbon a na-etinye n'ime ha bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-ekwu maka ha abụọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-achọta ihe kachasị mkpa maka mbelata nke ihe owuwu na nhazi nhazi, ebe ihe ndị dị ka mbelata beam ma ọ bụ slab span (na mmụba metụtara ya na njupụta kọlụm) nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nchekwa carbon.<ref>{{Cite web|authorlink=Buro Happold|title=Embodied Carbon Sensitivity Study|url=https://www.istructe.org/IStructE/media/Public/Resources/case-study-embodied-carbon-routes-to-reduction-20200406.pdf}}</ref> Iji nyere aka dochie ihe (nke nwere obere carbon), ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka ígwè re-bar, glulam, na ihe a na-akpụ akpụ na-enyekarị nkwupụta ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi (EPD) nke na-egosi mmetụta carbon yana mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ngwaahịa ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-15|title=Embodied Energy and Carbon|url=https://www.ice.org.uk/knowledge-and-resources/briefing-sheet/embodied-energy-and-carbon|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)|language=en}}</ref> Mbelata ojiji nke ihe ndị nwere carbon siri ike nwere ike ịpụta ịhọrọ ụdị carbon dị ala nke ngwaahịa iko na ígwè, na ngwaahịa ndị arụpụtara site na iji isi mmalite ike dị ala. Enwere ike ibelata carbon dị n'ime ụlọ site na iji ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Portland cement dị ka Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, recycled aggregates na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Carbon-neutral, [[Carbon dị mma|carbon positive]], na carbon-storing materials gụnyere ihe ndị sitere na ndụ dị ka osisi, bamboo, hemp fiber na hempcrete, ajị anụ, dense-pack cellulose insulation, na cork.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Varriale|first=Fabrizio|date=2021-05-27|title=The other side of the coin: Understanding embodied carbon|url=https://www.rics.org/en-hk/wbef/megatrends/natural-environment/the-other-side-of-the-coin-understanding-embodiehttps://www.rics.org/en-hk/wbef/megatrends/natural-environment/the-other-side-of-the-coin-understanding-embodied-carbon/d-carbon/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=RICS World Built Environment Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Knopps|first=Abigail|title=Carbon-Positive Materials: No Longer Far-Fetched, Increasingly Available – My amast|url=https://amast.com/elementor-32898/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=AMAST|date=14 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pak|first=Anthony|date=2020-11-01|title=Embodied Carbon: Key Considerations for Key Materials|url=https://www.canadianarchitect.com/embodied-carbon-key-considerations-for-key-materials/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Canadian Architect|language=en-US}}</ref> Nnyocha nke 2021 lekwasịrị anya na "ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ nke carbon (dịka, ntọala simenti na ala slab, elu ụlọ na mgbidi, na nhazi ihe owuwu) na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị mfe" mere atụmatụ na "ebelata sizable (~ 60%) na carbon a na-etinye n'ime afọ abụọ ruo atọ site n'iweta ihe ndị dị ala carbon dị mfe iji mee ihe n'ụzọ sara mbara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kriegh|first=Julie|date=2021-02-17|title=Carbon-Storing Materials: Summary Report|url=https://carbonleadershipforum.org/carbon-storing-materials/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Carbon Leadership Forum|language=en-US}}</ref> == Iwu na iwu carbon a na-etinye n'ime ya == [[Usòrò:Different_views_on_a_ban_for_products_that_emit_more_greenhouse_gases._More_specifically,_concerning_consumption,_which_two_actions_should_be_prioritised_to_combat_climate_change%3F.svg|thumb|Echiche dị iche iche banyere mmachibido iwu maka ngwaahịa ndị na-ewepụta gas na EU, China na US n'etiti ndị zaghachiri na 202021 European Investment Bank Climate Survey]] Iwu, ụkpụrụ, na ụkpụrụ dịgasị iche iche dị n'ụwa niile gbasara carbon a na-etinye n'ime ya, dị ka American Institute of Architects si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[American Institute of Architects]]|date=2020-01-15|title=Policies for Embodied Carbon: An International Snapshot|url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/policies-for-embodied-carbon-an-international-snapshot_o|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=[[Architect Magazine]]}}</ref> Steeti asatọ webatara iwu ịzụta ihe metụtara carbon na 2021: [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]], [[Kónétíkùt|Connecticut]], [[Nú Yọk|New York]], na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Meghan|date=2021-07-10|title=States Act to Reduce Embodied Carbon in Public Procurement|url=https://carbonleadershipforum.org/states-act-to-reduce-embodied-carbon/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Carbon Leadership Forum|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812154105/https://carbonleadershipforum.org/states-act-to-reduce-embodied-carbon/}}</ref> Na Colorado, HB21-1303: Global Warming Potential for Public Project Materials (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka 意Buy Clean Colorado) ka a bịanyere aka n'iwu na July 6, 2021. Iwu ahụ na-eji nkwupụta ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi (EPDs) iji nyere aka mee ka ojiji nke ihe ndị dị ala-carbon.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[Rocky Mountain Institute]]|date=2021-07-22|title=Colorado Passes Embodied Carbon Legislation — The Most Important Climate Solution You've Never Heard of|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2021/07/22/colorado-passes-embodied-carbon-legislation-the-most-important-climate-solution-youve-never-heard-of/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=[[CleanTechnica]]|language=en-US}}</ref> "Na Europe, a kpaara ikuku carbon na [[Netherlands]] kemgbe 2018, a na-eme atụmatụ na nke a ga-eme na [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[France]] na [[Finland]] n'etiti 2023 na 2027."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arnold|first=Will|date=2021-07-23|title=We need a Part Z to regulate embodied carbon|url=https://www.building.co.uk/comment/we-need-a-part-z-to-regulate-embodied-carbon/5112954.article|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Building|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mgbasa ozi na-apụta na azụmaahịa mba ụwa * Ike dị n'ime == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe onwunwe: Carbon a na-etinye n'ime ụlọ, Boston Society for Architecture * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230426011434/https://www.aia.org/articles/70446-ten-steps-to-reducing-embodied-carbon Nzọụkwụ Iri Na-aga N'ihu Na-ebelata Carbon Embodied], The American Institute of Architects * [https://carbon-positive.org/sessions/ Carbon Positive Reset! 1.5° C 2020 Teach-In] * [https://materialspalette.org/ Carbon Smart Materials Palette] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tpgviwvu6hlugkclqik7lrgiq3k5ckl 0 25894 697872 539735 2026-08-10T09:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ejikọtara iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ya na otu "pristine" gburugburu  si bụrụ na ọrụ ya dabere na ikike ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ izizi nke odidi gburugburu tupu etinyere mgbanwe mmadụ. A na-ewulite iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ n'echiche na mbelata nke ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe. Ka a na-agbanwewanye gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro mbụ ya, ka ahụ na-adịchaghị ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ọ na-ejide maka obodo n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụrụ na usoro ndị a ga-agbanwe ka oge na-aga, na-enweghị mmetụta mmadụ, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi ga-adịgide. Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-adabere kpamkpam na usoro ndị na-eme n'ime ya n'ihi na ndị na-ekpebi ihe ndụ nwere ike ibi n’otu mpaghara na mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ngwa nke echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu ekwuwo banyere gburugburu mmiri, mana enwere mbọ iji tinye echiche ahụ na gburugburu ụwa.'''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Andreasen|first=James|title=Considerations for the development of a terrestrial index of ecological integrity|journal=Ecological Indicators|date=2001|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00007-3}}</ref> Determining the pristine condition of the ecosystem is in theory scientifically derived, but deciding which of the many possible states or conditions of an ecosystem is the appropriate or desirable goal is a political or policy decision and is typically the focus of policy and political disagreements.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Landis|first=Wayne G.|date=2009|title=The Exxon Valdez oil spill revisited and the dangers of normative science|journal=Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management|volume=3|issue=3|pages=439–431|doi=10.1002/ieam.5630030312|pmid=17695114}}</ref> [[Ecosystem health]] is a related concept but differs from biological integrity in that the "desired condition" of the ecosystem or environment is explicitly based on the values or priorities of society.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wicklum|first=D.|date=1995|title=Ecosystem health and integrity?|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=73|issue=7|pages=997–1000|doi=10.1139/b95-108}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu pụtara n'afọ 1972 mmezigharị na US Federal Water Pollution Control Act, nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Mmiri dị ọcha . Ndị United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ejirila okwu ahụ dị ka ụzọ iji tụọ ụkpụrụ nke [[mmiri]] kwesịrị isi na-edobe, ma okwu ndị ahụ kpalitere arụmụka ọtụtụ afọ banyere ihe ọ pụtara na ọ bụghị nanị ihe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ pụtara, kamakwa otú o si dị. enwere ike tụọ . EPA kwadoro ọgbakọ mbụ gbasara okwu ahụ na Maachị 1975. Nzukọ a, nke a na-akpọ "Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Mmiri", nyere nkọwa nke mbụ anabatara maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu. <ref name="EPA integrity" /> N'afọ 1981, EPA kpọkọtara ndị ọkachamara site na US Fish and Wildlife Service, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọrụ nke ya iji mee ka nkọwa ahụ dịkwuo mma ma chọpụta isi ihe na-egosi iji tụọ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọgbakọ ahụ achọpụtala nkọwa, kamakwa ụzọ a ga-esi nyochaa obodo, wee guzobe na a ga-eji ọtụtụ saịtị chọpụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. == Nkọwa == Taa, nkọwa a nabatara bụ "ikike ịkwado na ịnọgide na-enwe obodo dị mma, jikọtara ọnụ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ụdị dị iche iche, ụdị dị iche, na nhazi ọrụ nke yiri nke [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] okike nke mpaghara ahụ. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karr|first=James R.|title=Ecological perspective on water quality goals|date=January 1991|journal=Environmental Management|volume=5|pages=55–68|doi=10.1007/BF01866609}}</ref> A gbanwere nkọwa a site na akwụkwọ David Frey nyere na nzukọ "Integrity of Water" nke afọ 1975. Ihe nkọwa a pụtara bụ na usoro ndụ nwere ihe dịgasị iche iche dị na ha dị, na mmadụ nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-enye aka na sistemụ na-arụ ọrụ nakwa na a ghaghị ịhụ usoro niile na gburugburu ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke evolushọn.<ref name="EPA integrity">{{Cite book|editor=Ballentine|title=The Integrity of Water. Proceedings of a Symposium, March 10–12, 1975.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLppk8gOofcC|date=1975|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|id=EPA 832-R-75-103}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBallentineGuarraia1975">Ballentine, R. Kent; Guarraia, Leonard J., eds. (1975). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HLppk8gOofcC ''The Integrity of Water. Proceedings of a Symposium, March 10–12, 1975'']. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 832-R-75-103.</cite></ref> Okwu a na-ezo aka na gburugburu mmiri n'ihi na okwu a sitere na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, mana enwere ike itinye echiche ndị ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. == Ụzọ nyocha == Iji chọpụta ma nyochaa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke usoro, James Karr chepụtara ndepụta nke iguzosi ike'ezi ihe (IBI) na 1981.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karr|first=James R.|year=1981|title=Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities|url=https://archive.org/details/fisheries_november-december-1981_6_6/page/21|journal=Fisheries|volume=6|issue=6|pages=21–27|doi=10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2|issn=1548-8446}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karr|first=James R.|title=Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_1991-02_1_1/page/66|date=1991-02-01|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=1|issue=1|pages=66–84|doi=10.2307/1941848|pmid=27755684}}</ref> N'ime ndeksi a, a na-atụta nguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ndụ (ọrụ ya tupu mmetụta mmadụ) na ọrụ dị ugbu a nke gburugburu ebe obibi megide ibe ya iji nyochaa ole ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi echekwara. IBI na-enyocha gburugburu ebe obibi site n'iji biosurvey na atụnyere ụbara ụdị, taxa na-egosi, ngwakọ, na ụdị mkpasu iwe. A na-eji IBI eme ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi iji nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri ọ bụ ezie na echiche a na-adabara maka ịlele iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndu na gburugburu ebe obibi okike ọ bụla. == Hụkwa ==    == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == nrt8291p3snkqz8eqrtsne75kc29lb7 0 25895 697664 112007 2026-08-10T05:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697664 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndị na-ahụ maka '''nlekota''' ihe ndị dị ndụ ('''BMWP''') bụ usoro maka ịlele ogo mmiri site na iji ezinụlọ nke macroinvertebrates dị ka ihe ngosi ihe ndị dị adị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawkes|first=H.A|title=Origin and development of the biological monitoring working party score system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_1998-03_32_3/page/964|journal=Water Research|doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00275-3|volume=32|issue=3|pages=964–968|year=1998}}</ref> Usoro a dabere na ụkpụrụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche na-enweghị azụ n'ime mmiri nwere nnagide dị iche iche maka mmetọ. N'ihe banyere BMWP, nke a dabere na mmetụta / nnagide na mmetọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (ya bụ, enrichment nke ihe oriri nke nwere ike imetụta nnweta nke oxygen a gbazere agbaze). Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na ọkwa nke mmetụta / nnagide ga-adịgasị iche maka ụdị mmetọ dị iche iche. N'ihe banyere ọkwa mmetọ BMWP / Organic, ọnụnọ nke mayflies ma ọ bụ stoneflies dịka ọmụmaatụ na-egosi ụzọ mmiri kachasị ọcha ma na-enye ya akara nnagide nke 10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nethan-valley.co.uk/insectgroups.doc|title=|work=www.nethan-valley.co.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212185438/http://www.nethan-valley.co.uk/insectgroups.doc|archivedate=December 12, 2005}}</ref> Anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ kachasị ala bụ ikpuru (''Oligochaeta'') nke na-enweta 1. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke macroinvertebrates dị iche iche bụkwa ihe dị mkpa, n'ihi na a na-eche na mmiri dị mma ka mma nwere obere mmetọ nke ga-ewepu ụdị "na-emetụ n'ahụ" - na-akpata ụdị dị iche iche dị elu. A na-eji ihe nnwale, ebe a na-etinye ụgbụ n'okpuru mmiri site na ihe nnwale ma jiri ụkwụ na-eme ka ala osimiri na-agbagwoju anya maka oge a nyere (ụkpụrụ bụ nkeji 3), rụọ ọrụ. A na-echekwa ma chekwaa macroinvertebrates ọ bụla e jidere na net na ihe ngwọta mmanya, ma mata ya na ọkwa ezinụlọ, nke a nwekwara ike iji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee. Akara BMWP nhata nhata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnabata nke ezinụlọ macroinvertebrate niile dị na nlele. A na-atụle akara BMWP dị elu ka ọ na-egosipụta ogo mmiri ka mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-agbakọkwa nkezi Score Per Taxon (ASPT) akara. ASPT ha nhata nkezi nke nnabata nke ezinụlọ macroinvertebrate niile achọtara, yana sitere na 0 ruo 10. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti indices abụọ a bụ na ASPT adabereghị na ụbara ezinụlọ. Ozugbo a gbakọọ BMWP na ASPT, a na-eji Lincoln Quality Index (LQI) chọpụta ogo mmiri dị na mpaghara Anglian Water Authority. Indices ndị ọzọ enwere ike iji chọpụta ogo mmiri bụ Chandler Score, Trent Biotic Index na Protocols Bioassessment Rapid Bioassessment..<ref>Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. [http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=20004OQK.txt "Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition."] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1999. Document No. 841-B-99-002.</ref> == Tebụl akara == {| class="wikitable" |+BMWP Score table !Group !Families !Score |- |Mayflies, Stoneflies, Caddisflies, [[True Bugs]] (Hemiptera), or [[Sedgeflies]] |Siphlonuridae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, Potamanthidae, Ephemeridae, Taeniopterygidae, Leuctridae, Capniidae, Perlodidae, Perlidae, Chloroperlidae, [[Aphelocheridae]], Phryganeidae, Molannidae, Beraeidae, Odontoceridae, Leptoceridae, Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae |10 |- |Crayfish, Dragonflies, Damselflies |Astacidae, Lestidae, [[Agriidae]], Gomphidae, Cordulegasteridae, Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Libellulidae |8 |- |Mayflies, Stoneflies, Caddisflies or Sedge flies |Caenidae, Nemouridae, Rhyacophilidae, Polycentropodidae, Limnephilidae |7 |- |Snails, Caddisflies or Sedge flies, Mussels, Gammarids, Dragonflies |Neritidae, Viviparidae, Ancylidae, Hydroptilidae, Unionidae, Corophiidae, Gammaridae, Platycnemididae, Coenagrionidae |6 |- |Bugs, Beetles, Caddisflies or Sedgeflies, Craneflies/Black flies, Flatworms |Mesoveliidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Pleidae, Corixidae, Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae, Clambidae, [[Helodidae]], Dryopidae, Elmidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Hydropsychidae, Tipulidae, Simuliidae, Planariidae, [[Dendrocoelida]] |5 |- |Mayflies, Alderflies, Leeches Water mites |Baetidae, Sialidae, Piscicolidae |4 |- |Snails, Cockles, Leeches, Hog louse |Valvatidae, Hydrobiidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Sphaeriidae, Glossiphoniidae, Hirudidae, Erpobdellidae, Asellidae |3 |- |Midges |Chironomidae |2 |- |Worms |Oligochaeta (whole class) |1 |- |} == Hụkwa == * [[Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ]] * [[Nnyocha Biosurvey]] * Nlekọta Biomonitoring == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} cv40vlp7f0ggi0r1eqov9wiy7m5bwf5 0 25902 697551 112016 2026-08-10T02:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Charles Franklyn Plomer''' CBE (ụbọchị irí n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 1903 ruo ụbọchị irí s a abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1973) bụ onye [[South Africa]] na onye Britain na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na-ede uri na onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ. O dekwara usoro librettos maka Benjamin Britten. O dere ụfọdụ n'ime uri ya n'okpuru aha '''Robert Pagan'''. == Mbido ndụ: South Africa == A mụrụ Plomer na Pietersburg, na Transvaal Colony (ugbu a Polokwane na Limpopo Province nke South Africa) na 10 Disemba 1903, nye Charles Campbell Plomer (d. 1955) na Edythe, ada onye ọrụ ugbo, Edward Waite-Brown. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị Bekee; nna ya bụ onye ọrụ obodo colonial, onye na-amụbu ịzụ ahịa ajị anụ, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'etiti England na South Africa ọtụtụ oge n'oge ntorobịa Plomer, na Plomer gụrụ akwụkwọ na UK, ruo mgbe nna ya hapụrụ ọrụ obodo wee weghara ịzụ ahịa. ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na mpaghara Zululand, mechara bụrụ onye na-ewe ndị ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na Natal, nke nwa ya nwoke lere anya dị ka onye sitere n'ọkwa. n'afọ 1781. Plomer kwuru na akụkọ ndụ ya banyere ezinụlọ ya, sị: "Ọ bụghị na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama, kama ọ bụ akara bourgeois nke akụ na ụba na-agbago na ala na nke na-adịkarịghị anọ ogologo oge n'otu ebe." Nna nke nna nna nna ya site n'alụmdi na nwunye, ma ndị ikom abụọ a na-akpọ William Downing Bruce, bipụtara usoro ọmụmụ Plomer na 1847, na-ekwu na "omenala ha na-enweta site n'aka onye otu Saxon dị mma, onye dịrị ndụ n'oge Eze Alfred"; Plomer lere anya n'eleghị anya na nkwupụta a, na-akpọ ya "fiddlesticks", na-adabere n'ihe ọ bụla karịa eziokwu ahụ bụ na "Nwa Bruce ... lụrụ nwanne mama m Louisa, ma eleghị anya ọ chọrọ ime ka a mara na njikọ a dị iche iche dị ka ọ dị. na-enye nnukwu ego - n'ihi na Louisa bụ ihe nketa. " N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị mmasị na "aha naanị na ụbọchị", ọ họọrọ ihe odide dị ka "Christopher Plomer, a canon of Windsor ... na-ekpuchighị ya ma tinye aka n'ime Ụlọ Elu na 1535 maka ịkatọ, yana ọ nwere ike, omume nke nna ya ukwu, Henry. VIII." Ọ dịkarịa ébé ótù ó si mmalite (Alexander) na-ekwu na Plomer abụghị onye [[Nwoke idina nwoke|nwoke na -edina nwoke]] n'oge ndụ ya; ọ na-ezo aka n'isiokwu ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Southworth na-ekwu, ọ biri n'ihu ọha dị kà nwoke idina nwanyị na Japan, ma gosipụta mmekọrịta nwoke idina nwaanyị n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, gụnyere ''Sado'', The Case is Altered, na The Invaders. == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, ọnwụ == Ka ógè na-aga, ya na onye na-ésè ihe Alan Aldridge rụkọtara ọrụ n'akwụkwọ nke amaokwu ụmụaka, The Butterfly Ball na the Grasshopperz Feast . Plomer kọwara onwé ya dị ka "Anglo-African-Asian" n'otu édémédé 1967 nke aha ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 40 mgbè ọ laghachiri England. The England na Wales National Probate Calendar dere na n'oge ọnwụ ya, adreesị ya bụ 43, Adastra Avenue na Hassocks, West Sussex (Cuckfield Vol 5H, Page 547, 3rd Quarter nke 1973); isi iyi ọzọ na-enye Lewes, ébé ụlọ ọgwụ dị nsó, dị ka ebe ọnwụ. Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Septemba n'afọ 1973 mgbè ọ dị afọ 69 n'aka onye mmekọ/nwunye ya nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ, Charles Erdmann. Ụbọchị nke Encyclopaedia Britannica na London Gazette nyere ezighi ezi. == Nkwado, ihe nketa == N'afọ 1951, a họpụtara Plomer kà ọ bụrụ onyè otu Royal Society nke Literature. Mahadum Durham nyere ya ihe nrite nsọpụrụ D.Litt. n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1966, ọ bụ ónyé isi óche nke ndị ọka ikpe màkà onyinye Cholmondeley. O ritere ihe nrite ọla edo nke Queen màkà uri n'afọ 1963. A gwara ya n'ihu ọha màkà onye na-ede uri Laureateship na 1967 nakwa 1972. E nyere ya [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] n'afọ 1968. N'afọ 1958, a họpụtara ya dịka ónyé isi óche nke Poetry Society. Ihe osise nke Plomer nọ ọdụ n'oche, ná mmanụ, nke Edward Wolfe sere ya ná 1929, na ọtụtụ foto nke Plomers, nke Howard Coster ná ndị ọzọ nwèrè National Portrait Gallery ná London. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} #<ref name=gov.za>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/minister-arts-and-culture-paul-mashatile-pays-tribute-late-prof-mbulelo-mzamane|title=Minister Paul Mashatile pays tribute to late Prof. Mbulelo Mzamane |publisher=Gov.za |date=2014-02-17 |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> #<ref name=first>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume =2|date= 1976|issue=2|pages =238–239|title =Notes and correspondence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1976-04_2_2/page/238|quote= Published online: 24 Feb 2007|doi =10.1080/03057077608707957}}</ref> #<ref name=LG46242>{{cite journal|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46242/page/3636/data.pdf|journal=London Gazette|title=[List of deaths]|date=19 March 1974|page=3636|quote=[Name] Plomer, William Charles Franklyn. [Address] 43 Adastra Avenue, Hassocks, Hassocks, Sussex. [Description] Author and poet. [DOD] <s>26th</s> September 1973.}}</ref> #<ref name="Cheney">{{Cite web |title=William Plomer |website=Modernist Archives Publishing Project |last=Cheney |first=Matthew |access-date=3 November 2019 |url= http://www.modernistarchives.com/person/william-plomer }}</ref> #<ref name=durham>{{cite web|website=[[Durham University]]|url=http://discover.durham.ac.uk/permalink/f/kgn2hg/44DUR_EAD_DSCollection.114|title=Details: Collection Level Description: Plomer Collection|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> #<ref name=TimesObit>{{cite news The Times|title=Obituary|date= 22 September 1973|page=16}}</ref> #<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Charles-Franklyn-Plomer|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=William Plomer: South African writer|date=6 December 2019|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Portraits of William Plomer at the National Portrait Gallery, London * [https://n2t.durham.ac.uk/ark:/32150/s16t053g01r Nchịkọta] Plomer na Mahadum Durham * "[http://themargins.net/bib/B/BJ/00bjintro.html William Plomer na Japan]" na Japonisme, Orientalism, Modernism: A ''Critical Bibliography of Japan'' in English-Language Verse (themargins.net) * William Plomer at Library of Congress, with 87 library catalogue records [[Òtù:Ọnwụ afọ 1973]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t8o96oio9eh99hv36w02pye2lo6uozy 0 26132 697937 199974 2026-08-10T11:10:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ogwu mmiri Andekaleka bụ ihe mgbochi ike ndọda na osimiri Vohitra dịdebere Andekaleka n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Madagascar. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke dam ahụ bụ mmepụta ike eletrik na ọ na-atụgharị mmiri site na Vohitra n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ka ọ bụrụ ọwara ntụgharị isi ebe ọ rutere ebe a na-atụgharị ike n'okpuru ala. Mgbe mmiri gbachara ndị na-emepụta turbine, ọ na-aga n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Convert tupu ọ abanyeghachi na Osimiri Vohitra. Mbelata nke elu n'etiti dam na ọdụ ọkụ na-enye isi hydraulic {{Convert|235|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andekaleka Hydroelectric Project|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/10/18/000178830_98101902305894/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=18 May 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Humphries|first=R. W.|title=Underground design at Andekaleka Hydroelectric Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-geotechnical-journal_1985-02_22_1/page/25|journal=Canadian Geotechnical Journal|volume=22|pages=25–31|doi=10.1139/t85-004|year=1985}}</ref> Ụlọ akụ mba ụwa kwadoro ihe mgbochi mmiri na ọdụ ọkụ na ọnụ ahịa US $ 142.1 nde. E wuru ya n'etiti afọ 1978 na 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andekaleka Hydroelectric Project Completion Report|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1991/12/27/000009265_3960924192636/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=27 December 1991}}</ref> Ọdụdọ ọkụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwe igwe ọkụ ọkụ anọ. Abụọ mbụ rụrụ ọrụ n'afọ 1982 na nke atọ na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inventaire du parc hydroélectrique existant - Juin 2013|url=http://www.ore.mg/Plan%20Indicatif/RIA.xls|publisher=ORE|accessdate=18 March 2014|language=French|date=June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318044143/http://www.ore.mg/Plan%20Indicatif/RIA.xls|archivedate=2014-03-18}}</ref> Igwe na enye ọkụ otu na abụọ nnabata Vevey na Jeumont turbines mgbe nke atọ bụ nke HEC mere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harbin Electric|url=http://www.harbin-electric.com/en-company2.asp|accessdate=2023-05-05|archivedate=2018-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005451/http://www.harbin-electric.com/en-company2.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small HydroResource Mapping in Madagascar INCEPTION REPORT|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/939231483089671357/pdf/111457-ESM-P145350-PUBLIC-Madagascar-Inception-Report.pdf|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=August 2014}}</ref> Ha niile na-eji ụgbọ mmiri mmeghachi omume Francis <ref>{{Cite web|title=How Francis Turbines Work (Hydropower) in 3D|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skQNf5_61Ps}}</ref> nke na-adịkarị site na 10 ruo 700MW <ref>{{Cite web|title=Francis Turbine Virtual Tour - SolidWorks 3D CAD|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VRE8cMd6Tg}}</ref> na isi mmiri na-arụ ọrụ site na 10 ruo 600 mita. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Francis Water Head Requirement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JD4VkzHk6rk}}</ref> == Ọkụ == Na 02 Jenụwarị 2022 ọkụ gbara n'ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ya. Nke a kpatara ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii na Antananarivo na gburugburu ya. Ngalaba ike ga-arụkwa ọrụ ọzọ n'ihe dị ka etiti June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/2022/06/07/electricite-de-la-jirama-production-de-24-mw-supplementaires-attendue-cette-semaine/ |title=midi-madagasikara.mg Electricité de la Jirama |accessdate=2023-05-05 |archivedate=2022-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807190444/https://midi-madagasikara.mg/2022/06/07/electricite-de-la-jirama-production-de-24-mw-supplementaires-attendue-cette-semaine/ }}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}  2kvwdbfcog4s7n160dibqv3rxo8qnyt 0 26137 697573 112392 2026-08-10T02:59:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Earth’s_Energy_Budget_Incoming_Solar_Radiation_NASA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụwa na-enweta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka 340 watts kwa square mita nke radieshon anyanwụ na-abata.]] Radiative forcing (ma ọ bụ ihu igwe forcing) bụ mgbanwe na [[:en:Energy_flux|ike]] na ikuku nke sitere na ihe [[:en:Nature|okike]] ma ọ bụ ihe sitere n'aka mmadụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka a tụrụ ya site na watts / meter2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget: Feature Articles|first=Lindsey|author=Rebecca|date=14 January 2009|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=3 April 2018|archivedate=10 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410141354/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/climdyn2013/IPCC/IPCC_WGI12-RadiativeForcing.pdf|title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Radiative Forcing in the AR5|author=Drew|first=Shindell|authorlink=|year=2013|work=envsci.rutgers.edu|publisher=[[Rutgers University]]|accessdate=15 September 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083735/http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/climdyn2013/IPCC/IPCC_WGI12-RadiativeForcing.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ echiche sayensị eji eme ihe iji chọpụta ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị na akpali mgbanwe na nguzozi ike nke ụwa.: 1[[4 System feedbacks na mgbanwe dị n'ime bụ echiche ndị metụtara ya, na agụnye ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụtakwa ntụziaka na oke nke enweghị nkwekọ.<ref name="nrcrf">{{Cite book|title=Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties|author=National Research Council|publisher=The National Academic Press|year=2005|doi=10.17226/11175|isbn=978-0-309-09506-8}}</ref> Mmanye radiative dị mma pụtara na ụwa na enweta ike na abata site na ìhè anyanwụ karịa ka ọ na agbasa na mbara igwe. Mmụba a nke ike ga akpata okpomọkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma pụtara na ụwa na efunahụ ike karịa ka ọ na enweta site na Anyanwụ, nke na emepụta oyi. A planet na radiative equilibrium na nne ya kpakpando na ndị ọzọ nke mbara igwe nwere ike ịkọwa saịtị nanet efu radiative mmanye na saịtị na okpomọkụ nke [[:en:Planetary_equilibrium_temperature|planetary equilibrium]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamental planetary science: physics, chemistry, and habitability|author=Lissauer|first=Jack Jonathan|isbn=9780521853309|location=New York City|oclc=808009225|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> A na enyocha nrụgide radiative n'ụwa n'ụzọ doro anya na [[:en:Tropopause|tropopause]] na n'elu [[:en:Stratosphere|stratosphere.]] A na atụle ya na nkeji nke [[:en:Watts|watts]] kwa square [[:en:Metre|mita]], ma na ejikarị ya chịkọta dị ka nkezi n'elu mpaghara ụwa. Radiative forcing dịgasị iche na [[:en:Solar_irradiance|insolation]] nke anyanwụ, [[:en:Albedo|albedo elu]], na ikuku nke radiatively active gases nke a maara dị ka [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|greenhouse gases]] na [[:en:Aerosol|aerosols.]]   == Ntụziaka radiation ==   [[Usòrò:CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png|thumb|Gas ikuku na-amịkọrọ naanị ụfọdụ wavelengths nke ike mana ha na-apụta ìhè nye ndị ọzọ. Usoro ịmịkọrọ mmiri (ọnụ ọgụgụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ) na carbon dioxide (ọnụ ọgụgụ pinki) na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ wavelengths. Carbon dioxide abụghị gas na-ekpo ọkụ dị ike dị ka mmiri na-ekpuchi ikuku, mana ọ na-amịkọrọ ike na wavelengths (12-15 micrometers) nke mmiri na-adịghị eme, na-emechi "windo" nke okpomọkụ sitere n'elu ga-esi na ya gbalaga na mbara igwe. (Ihe osise NASA, Robert Rohde)<ref name="NASA climate forcings">{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php|title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming|date=14 January 2009|accessdate=20 April 2014|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php}}</ref>]] A na enweta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ike niile na emetụta ihu igwe nke ụwa dị ka ike na enwu gbaa site na Anyanwụ. Mbara ala na ikuku ya na-amịkọrọ ma na egosipụta ụfọdụ ike, ebe a na ebughachi ike ogologo oge na mbara igwe. Nkwekọ dị n'etiti ike a na amị na nke radiated na ekpebi nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa. N'ihi na ikuku na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ike ogologo oge, mbara ala ahụ na ekpo ọkụ karịa ka ọ ga adị na enweghị ikuku: lee mmetụta okpomọkụ. A na agbanwe nguzozi radiation site na ihe ndị dị ka ike nke [[:en:Solar_energy|ike anyanwụ]], reflectivity nke igwe ojii ma ọ bụ gas, absorption site na [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|gas]] dị iche iche ma ọ bụ elu na okpomọkụ sitere na ihe dị iche iche. Mgbanwe ọ bụla dị otú ahụ bụ radiative forcing, nke ya na nzaghachi ya, na agbanwe nguzozi. Nke a na eme mgbe niile ka ìhè anyanwụ na akụ n'elu, igwe ojii na aerosols na emepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gas ikuku na agbanwe agbanwe na oge na agbanwere ala. == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|alt=Warming contributions of various GHGs, agents, factors [name the year that the contributions pertain to] [*correct reference given under the 'Talk' tab*]. Plus, the figure is inaccurate; at least wrt. to methane.|thumb|300x300px|Radiative forcings, IPCC 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sixth Assessment Report — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/|accessdate=2022-08-17}}</ref>]] A na-akọwa radiative forcing dị ka:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf|title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report|work=ipcc.ch|accessdate=3 April 2018|archivedate=5 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305011744/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf}}</ref><blockquote> "Mmanye radiative bụ ihe atụ nke mmetụta otu ihe nwere n'ịgbanwe nguzozi nke ike na-abata na nke na-apụ apụ na usoro ikuku nke ụwa ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke mkpa ihe ahụ dị ka usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ime akụkọ a, ọnụọgụ radiative forcing bụ maka mgbanwe ndị metụtara ọnọdụ preindustrial akọwapụtara na 1750 ma gosipụta ya na Watts [sic] kwa square mita (W / m2). </blockquote>N'okwu dị mfe, radiative forcing bụ "...ọnụego mgbanwe ike kwa mpaghara ụwa dịka a tụrụ ya n'elu ikuku. "<ref name="Rockstrom09">{{Cite journal|author=Rockström|first=Johan|title=A safe operating space for humanity|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=23 September 2009|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=472–475|doi=10.1038/461472a|pmid=19779433}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara [[:en:Climate_change|mgbanwe ihu igwe]], a na ejedebe okwu ahụ bụ "ịmanye" na mgbanwe na nguzozi radiation nke usoro elu troposphere nke ihe ndị dị n'èzí na etinye, na enweghị mgbanwe na ike stratospheric, enweghị ihe ndabere na tropospheric na arụ ọrụ (ya bụ, enweghị mmetụta nke abụọ kpatara n'ihi mgbanwe na mmegharị tropospherical ma ọ bụ [[:en:Thermodynamic_state|ọnọdụ thermodynamic]]), na enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na akpali na ọnụọgụ na nkesa nke mmiri ikuku (m, mmiri, mmiri, na ụdị siri ike). == Atụmatụ ndị bụ isi == Enwere ike ịtụle nrụgide radiative maka ịdabere na ihe dị iche iche na-abụghị usoro ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/|title=The Study of Earth as an Integrated System|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2021-05-20|archivedate=2016-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102022200/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/}}</ref> Ewezuga ebe ọ dị mkpa ma kwuo, atụmatụ ndị bụ isi na-esote anaghị agụnye nzaghachi na-apụtaghị ìhè (nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọjọọ) nke na-emekwa site na nzaghachi usoro ụwa. A na-egosipụta ike (ΔF) dị ka mgbanwe n'elu mbara ala ahụ na oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Atụmatụ nwere ike ịdị ịrịba ama n'ihe gbasara ịmanye ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka oge na-agafe ọtụtụ iri afọ ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref name="nrcrf">{{Cite book|title=Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties|author=National Research Council|publisher=The National Academic Press|year=2005|doi=10.17226/11175|isbn=978-0-309-09506-8}}</ref> === Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe nke irradiance anyanwụ ===   Ike nke irradiance anyanwụ gụnyere wavelengths niile bụ Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) na nkezi bụ anyanwụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụ ihe dịka 1361 W m−2 n'ebe dị anya nke radius orbital nke ụwa kwa afọ nke otu unit astronomical na dịka a tụrụ ya n'elu ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2010GL045777|title=A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|author=Gregg Kopp|volume=38|issue=1|date=2011-01-14|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2010GL045777|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Earth TSI dịgasị iche na ọrụ anyanwụ na mbara ala orbital dynamics. Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na satellite gụnyere ERB, ACRIM 1-3, VIRGO, na TIM anọgidewo na-atụ TSI na-emeziwanye izi ezi na izi ezi kemgbe 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/|title=Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment|publisher=University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physcis|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519020104/https://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/tsis-1-mission-overview|title=TSIS-1 Mission Overview|date=28 November 2017|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2021-05-20|archivedate=2021-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718123934/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/tsis-1-mission-overview/}}</ref><ref name="kopp">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/full_html/2014/01/swsc130036/swsc130036.html|title=Solar variability, solar forcing, and coupling mechanisms in the terrestrial atmosphere|author=Gregg Kopp|journal=Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate|date=2014-04-24|doi=10.1051/swsc/2014012|volume=4|pages=1–9|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> N'ịtụle ụwa dị ka okirikiri, mpaghara mpaghara dị n'etiti nke a na-ekpughe na Anyanwụ () bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mpaghara mbara ala ().<math display="inline">\pi r^2</math><math display="inline">4\pi r^2</math> N'ụwa niile na kwa afọ, ọnụọgụ nke radiance anyanwụ kwa square mita nke elu ikuku nke ụwa () ya mere hà ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke TSI, ma nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ uru na-adịgide adịgide nke .<math display="inline">I_0</math><math display="inline">I_0=340~~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}</math> ==== Okirikiri kwa afọ ====   Ụwa na-agbaso usoro elliptical gburugburu Anyanwụ nke mere na TSI natara n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-agbanwe n'etiti ihe dị ka 1321 W m-2 (na aphelion na mbido Julaị) na 1412 W m-2 (2 na perihelion na mmalite Jenụwarị), ma ọ bụ ya mere site na ihe dị ka ±3.4% n'oge afọ ọ bụla.<ref name="apperi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/earth-reaches-perihelion-closer-to-the-sun-than-any-other-day/ar-BB1cpVCF|title=Earth reaches perihelion, closer to the sun than any other day|date=2021-01-02|author=Sophie Lewis|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524165821/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/earth-reaches-perihelion-closer-to-the-sun-than-any-other-day/ar-BB1cpVCF}}</ref> Mgbanwe a na irradiance nwere obere mmetụta na usoro ihu igwe oge ụwa na mpaghara ihu igwe ya, nke sitere na ịgbagharị kwa afọ na ntụziaka ntụgharị ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/cle/seasons|title=The Seasons, the Equinox, and the Solstices|publisher=National Weather Service|accessdate=2021-05-20|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524165823/https://www.weather.gov/cle/seasons}}</ref> Ụdị okirikiri na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na-enye aka na nrụgide efu (site na nkọwa) n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọtụtụ iri afọ. ==== Ọrụ nke Sunspot ==== [[Usòrò:Sunspot_Numbers.png|alt=Line graph showing historical sunspot number count, Maunder and Dalton minima, and the Modern Maximum|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|400 afọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sunspot, gụnyere Maunder Minimum]] Nkezi kwa afọ TSI dịgasị iche n'etiti ihe dị ka 1360 W m−2 na 1362 W m− 2 (±0.05%) n'ime usoro ọrụ nke afọ 11 nke anyanwụ.<ref name="lean">{{Cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00159-004-0024-1|title=Solar radiative output and its variability: evidence and mechanisms|author=Claus Fröhlich & Judith Lean|journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review|date=2004-12-01|volume=12|issue=4|pages=273–320|doi=10.1007/s00159-004-0024-1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> E dekọrọ ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ebe anyanwụ kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1600 ma gosipụta ihe akaebe nke oscillations dị ogologo (Gleissberg cycle, Devries / Seuss cycle, wdg) nke na-agbanwe usoro afọ 11 (Schwabe cycle). N'agbanyeghị omume dị mgbagwoju anya dị otú ahụ, oke nke usoro afọ 11 abụwo ọdịiche kachasị pụta ìhè n'ime ihe ndekọ nyocha ogologo oge a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=David H. Hathaway|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Flrsp-2015-4.pdf|title=The Solar Cycle|journal=Living Reviews in Solar Physics|date=2015-09-21|volume=12|issue=12|issn=1614-4961|doi=10.1007/lrsp-2015-4|pmid=27194958|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Mgbanwe TSI metụtara sunspots na-enye obere ma ọ bụghị efu na-amanye n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe iri.<ref name="kopp">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/full_html/2014/01/swsc130036/swsc130036.html|title=Solar variability, solar forcing, and coupling mechanisms in the terrestrial atmosphere|author=Gregg Kopp|journal=Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate|date=2014-04-24|doi=10.1051/swsc/2014012|volume=4|pages=1–9|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike inwe mmetụta na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oge Little Ice Age, yana mgbanwe ndị na-agbanwe n'otu oge na ọrụ mgbawa ugwu na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating sun–climate relationships since the Little Ice Age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364682698001138|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|date=1999-01-01|volume=61|issue=1–2|pages=25–36|doi=10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00113-8|issn=1364-6826|author=Lean|first=Judith|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, nkezi TSI emeela ka ọ dị ala karịa yana ọdịda na ọrụ sunspot.<ref name="jones">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JD017013|title=What influence will future solar activity changes over the 21st century have on projected global near-surface temperature changes?|author=Gareth S. Jones, Mike Lockwood, Peter A. Stott|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=2012-03-16|volume=117|issue=D5|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2011JD017013|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> ==== Mgbanwe nke Milankovitch ==== Mmetụta ihu igwe nke mgbanwe nke ìhè anyanwụ kpatara emeela n'oge Milankovitch cycles, nke na-agafe oge nke ihe dị ka afọ 40,000 ruo 100,000. Okirikiri Milankovitch nwere okirikiri ogologo oge na eccentricity orbital nke ụwa (ma ọ bụ ellipticity), okirikiri na obliquity orbital ya (ma ọ bụrụ axial tilt), na precession nke ntụziaka ntụgharị ya.<ref name="buis">{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/|title=Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate|publisher=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory|author=Alan Buis|date=2020-02-27|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030105553/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/}}</ref> N'etiti ndị a, okirikiri 100,000 afọ na eccentricity na eme ka TSI gbanwee site na ±0.2%.<ref name="loutre">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X04001086|title=Does mean annual insolation have the potential to change the climate?|author=Marie-France Loutre, Didier Paillard, Françoise Vimeux, Elsa Cortijo|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|issue=1–4|volume=221|date=2004-04-30|pages=1–14|doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00108-6|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, eccentricity nke ụwa na eru nso na ya kacha nta elliptic (nke kachasị gburugburu) na eme ka nkezi TSI kwa afọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata.<ref name="buis" /> Nchịkọta na egosikwa na usoro okirikiri ụwa ga anọgide na akwụsi ike gụnyere ọdịiche ndị a ma ọ dịkarịa ala nde afọ 10 sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/338237a0/|title=A numerical experiment on the chaotic behaviour of the Solar System|author=J. Laskar|journal=Nature|date=1989-03-16|volume=338|issue=6212|pages=237–238|doi=10.1038/338237a0|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> ==== Anyanwụ na-aka nká ==== Anyanwụ ejirila ihe dị ka ọkara hydrogen fuel ya kemgbe ọ malitere ihe dị ka ijeri afọ 4.5 gara aga.<ref name="sunage">{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth/#otp_formation|title=NASA Solar System Exploration - Our Sun|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515174830/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth/#otp_formation}}</ref> TSI ga anọgide na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na abawanye n'oge usoro ịka nká na ọnụego nke ihe dị ka 1% kwa 100 nde afọ. Mgbanwe dị otú ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya n'ime nha ma ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na oge mmadụ. ==== Nchịkọta nke TSI ==== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right style=" |+TSI ịmanye (ọ bụ mgbanwe afọ iri) ! !Δτ !ΔF (W m−2) |- !Okirikiri kwa afọ | align="center" |±0.034<ref name="apperi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/earth-reaches-perihelion-closer-to-the-sun-than-any-other-day/ar-BB1cpVCF|title=Earth reaches perihelion, closer to the sun than any other day|date=2021-01-02|author=Sophie Lewis|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524165821/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/earth-reaches-perihelion-closer-to-the-sun-than-any-other-day/ar-BB1cpVCF}}</ref> | align="center" |0 (net) |- !Ọrụ nke Sunspot | align="center" |±5×10−4<ref name="lean">{{Cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00159-004-0024-1|title=Solar radiative output and its variability: evidence and mechanisms|author=Claus Fröhlich & Judith Lean|journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review|date=2004-12-01|volume=12|issue=4|pages=273–320|doi=10.1007/s00159-004-0024-1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> | align="center" |±0.1<ref name="jones">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JD017013|title=What influence will future solar activity changes over the 21st century have on projected global near-surface temperature changes?|author=Gareth S. Jones, Mike Lockwood, Peter A. Stott|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=2012-03-16|volume=117|issue=D5|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2011JD017013|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2953/there-is-no-impending-mini-ice-age/|title=There Is No Impending 'Mini Ice Age'|publisher=NASA Global Climate Change|date=2020-02-13|accessdate=2021-05-28|archivedate=2021-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528020538/https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2953/there-is-no-impending-mini-ice-age/}}</ref> |- !Mgbanwe Orbital | align="center" |−4×10−7 <ref name="loutre">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X04001086|title=Does mean annual insolation have the potential to change the climate?|author=Marie-France Loutre, Didier Paillard, Françoise Vimeux, Elsa Cortijo|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|issue=1–4|volume=221|date=2004-04-30|pages=1–14|doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00108-6|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> | align="center" |−1×10−4 |- !Anyanwụ na-aka nká | align="center" | +1×10−9<ref name="sunage">{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth/#otp_formation|title=NASA Solar System Exploration - Our Sun|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515174830/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth/#otp_formation}}</ref> | align="center" | +2×10−7 |} A chịkọtara ọdịiche kachasị elu (Δτ) na ìhè anyanwụ nke ụwa n'ime afọ iri gara aga na tebụl na esote. Mgbanwe ọ bụla a tụlere na mbụ na enye aka n'ịmanye: : ,<math>\Delta F = ~I_0 \times (1-R) \times \Delta \tau ~~ = ~ 238 \times \Delta \tau ~~(\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}) \, </math> ebe R=0.30 bụ reflectivity nke ụwa. A na atụ anya na radiative na ihu igwe na esite na mgbanwe na insolation nke Anyanwụ ga anọgide na adị obere, n'agbanyeghị ụfọdụ physics nke anyanwụ a na achọpụtabeghị.<ref name="jones">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JD017013|title=What influence will future solar activity changes over the 21st century have on projected global near-surface temperature changes?|author=Gareth S. Jones, Mike Lockwood, Peter A. Stott|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=2012-03-16|volume=117|issue=D5|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2011JD017013|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2910/what-is-the-suns-role-in-climate-change/|title=What Is the Sun's Role in Climate Change?|publisher=NASA|date=2019-09-06|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2021-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526005417/https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2910/what-is-the-suns-role-in-climate-change/}}</ref> === Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe na albedo === Akụkụ nke radieshon anyanwụ na eme na egosipụta site na igwe ojii na aerosols, oké osimiri na ọdịdị ala, snow na ice, ahịhịa, na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ mere. A maara akụkụ ahụ a na egosipụta dị ka Earth's bond albedo (R), a na enyocha ya n'elu ikuku, ma nwee nkezi kwa afọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ihe dị ka 0.30 (30%). Akụkụ zuru oke nke ike anyanwụ nke ụwa na amị bụ (1-R) ma ọ bụ 0.70 (70%).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/21/jcli-d-17-0848.1.xml|title=The Impacts of Atmospheric and Surface Parameters on Long-Term Variations in the Planetary Albedo|author=Bida Jian, Jiming Li, Guoyin Wang, Yongli He, Ying Han, Min Zhang, and Jianping Huang|journal=Journal of Climate|date=2018-11-01|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0848.1|volume=31|issue=21|pages=8705–8718|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Akụkụ ikuku na enye ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke albedo ụwa, naanị igwe ojii na akpata ọkara. Ọrụ doro anya nke igwe ojii na mmiri na esi ísì ụtọ na ejikọta ya na ọnụnọ nke mmiri mmiri na ekpuchi mkpo ụwa. Usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepụta igwe ojii na mgbasa bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu na njikọ na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri, yana iyi jet na-enyere ha aka na njem ngwa ngwa. Ọzọkwa, a hụla albedos nke mpaghara ugwu na ndịda nke ụwa ka ha hà nhata (n'ime 0.2%). Nke a bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala na 85% nke ndị mmadụ na ekesa n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="stephens">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449|title=The albedo of Earth|author=Graeme L. Stephens, Denis O'Brien, Peter J. Webster, Peter Pilewski, Seiji Kato, Jui-lin Li|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|doi=10.1002/2014RG000449|date=2015-01-25|pages=141–163|volume=53|issue=1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na satellite gụnyere MODIS, VIIRs, na CERES anọgidewo na enyocha albedo ụwa kemgbe 1998.<ref name="nalb">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84499/measuring-earths-albedo|title=Measuring Earth's Albedo|date=21 October 2014|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163414/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84499/measuring-earths-albedo}}</ref> A na ejikwa ihe oyiyi Landsat dị kemgbe 1972 mee ihe na ọmụmụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/landsat-science-teams-crystal-schaaf-discusses-albedo-its-importance-and-how-it-can?qt-news_science_products=1#qt-news_science_products|title=Landsat Science Team's Crystal Schaaf Discusses Albedo, Its Importance, and How It Can Affect Climate|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=2021-01-12|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524171333/https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/landsat-science-teams-crystal-schaaf-discusses-albedo-its-importance-and-how-it-can?qt-news_science_products=1#qt-news_science_products}}</ref> Nlezianya nke nyocha emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma nsonaazụ ya agbakọtawo n'afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, na eme ka nyocha obi ike nke mmetụta iri na adịgide adịgide nke albedo mbara ala.<ref name="stephens">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449|title=The albedo of Earth|author=Graeme L. Stephens, Denis O'Brien, Peter J. Webster, Peter Pilewski, Seiji Kato, Jui-lin Li|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|doi=10.1002/2014RG000449|date=2015-01-25|pages=141–163|volume=53|issue=1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, ndekọ data dị ugbu a ka dị mkpụmkpụ iji kwado amụma ogologo oge ma ọ bụ iji dozie ajụjụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya. ==== Okirikiri kwa afọ ==== Enwere ike ịghọta ọdịiche oge na albedo mbara ala dị ka usoro usoro usoro nke na eme n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nzaghachi maka ntụgharị kwa afọ nke ntụziaka ntụgharị ụwa. Tinyere nzaghachi ikuku, ihe kachasị pụta ìhè na ndị bi n'elu bụ mgbanwe na ahịhịa, snow, na oke osimiri. A hụla mgbanwe n'ime afọ nke ihe dị ka ±0.02 (± 7%) gburugburu albedo nke ụwa n'ime otu afọ, na maxima na eme ugboro abụọ n'afọ n'akụkụ oge ọ bụla nke anyanwụ.<ref name="stephens">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449|title=The albedo of Earth|author=Graeme L. Stephens, Denis O'Brien, Peter J. Webster, Peter Pilewski, Seiji Kato, Jui-lin Li|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|doi=10.1002/2014RG000449|date=2015-01-25|pages=141–163|volume=53|issue=1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Usoro a na emegharị ugboro ugboro na enye aka na eme ka a ghara ịmanye ya n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọtụtụ iri afọ. ==== Mgbanwe n'etiti afọ ==== [[Usòrò:CERES_Global_albedo_anomaly.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Nlele zuru ụwa ọnụ albedo anomaly site na CERES (2000-2011).]] Albedos mpaghara na agbanwe site n'afọ ruo n'afọ n'ihi mgbanwe sitere na usoro okike, omume mmadụ, na usoro nzaghachi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume ụmụ mmadụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na emekarị ka ụwa na egbukepụ egbukepụ mgbe ha na ewebata nchekwa mmiri na ịgba mmiri n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nwere ike belata ya. N'otu aka ahụ na atụle nzaghachi, ọnwụ ice na mpaghara arctic na ebelata albedo ka ịgbasa ọzara na latitudes dị ala ruo n'etiti na abawanye ya. N'ime afọ 2000-2012, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na eme n'ụwa albedo a na ahụ anya n'ime 0.1% standard deviation nke ụkpụrụ ndị CERES tụrụ.<ref name="stephens">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449|title=The albedo of Earth|author=Graeme L. Stephens, Denis O'Brien, Peter J. Webster, Peter Pilewski, Seiji Kato, Jui-lin Li|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|doi=10.1002/2014RG000449|date=2015-01-25|pages=141–163|volume=53|issue=1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Tinyere nhata nke hemispherical, ụfọdụ ndị na eme nchọpụta na akọwa obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti afọ dị ka ihe akaebe na albedo mbara ala nwere ike ugbu a site na omume nke usoro dị mgbagwoju anya. Ka o sina dị, ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na atụkwa aro na ihe ndị na adịghị eme ugboro ugboro dị ka nnukwu mgbawa ugwu nwere ike imebi albedo mbara ala ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robock|first=Alan|title=Volcanic eruptions and climate|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|date=2000-05-01|volume=38|issue=2|pages=191–219|doi=10.1029/1998RG000054}}</ref> ==== Nchịkọta nke Albedo ==== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right style=" |+Ịmanye albedo (ọ bụ mgbanwe afọ iri) ! !Δα !ΔF (W m−2) |- !Okirikiri kwa afọ | align="center" |± 0.07<ref name="stephens">{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449|title=The albedo of Earth|author=Graeme L. Stephens, Denis O'Brien, Peter J. Webster, Peter Pilewski, Seiji Kato, Jui-lin Li|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|doi=10.1002/2014RG000449|date=2015-01-25|pages=141–163|volume=53|issue=1|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> | align="center" |0 (net) |- !Mgbanwe n'etiti afọ | align="center" |± 0.001<ref name="stephens" /> | align="center" |Akụkụ 0.1 |} A na achịkọta ọdịiche dị iche iche (Δα) na albedo ụwa n'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu na tebụl na esote. Dị ka TSI, radiative forcing n'ihi mgbanwe nke albedo mbara ala (Δα) bụ: : .<math>\Delta F = ~-I_0 \times R \times \Delta \alpha ~~ = ~-102 \times \Delta \alpha ~~(\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}) \, </math> Nnyocha Satellite na egosi na nzaghachi dị iche iche nke usoro ụwa emeela ka albedo mbara ala kwụsie ike n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndị sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ kpatara na nso nso a.<ref name="nalb">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84499/measuring-earths-albedo|title=Measuring Earth's Albedo|date=21 October 2014|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506163414/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84499/measuring-earths-albedo}}</ref> N'oge dị ogologo, ọ bụ ihe a na ejighị n'aka ma nrụgide net nke sitere na mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ ga anọgide na adị obere. === Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe na gas ikuku === [[Usòrò:ModtranRadiativeForcingDoubleCO2.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Radiative forcing maka okpukpu abụọ nke CO2, dị ka a gbakọrọ site na koodu nnyefe radiative Modtran. Ahịrị uhie bụ usoro Planck.]] Maka gas na ekpo ọkụ nke ọma, enwere ike iji koodu nnyefe radiative nke na enyocha akara ọ bụla maka ọnọdụ ikuku iji gbakọọ ΔF na amanye dị ka ọrụ nke mgbanwe na ntinye ya. Enwere ike ime ka ngụkọta ndị a dị mfe n'ime usoro algebra nke kpọmkwem na gas ahụ. ==== Carbon dioxide ==== Nkọwa nke mbụ dị mfe maka carbon dioxide (CO2) bụ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Myhre|first=G.|year=1998|title=New estimates of radiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=25|issue=14|pages=2715–8|doi=10.1029/98GL01908}}</ref> : ,<math>\Delta F = 5.35 \times \ln {(C_0+\Delta C) \over C_0} ~~(\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}) \, </math> ebe C0 bụ ntinye aka na akụkụ kwa nde (ppm) site na olu na ''ΔC'' bụ mgbanwe ntinye aka na ppm. Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ụfọdụ (dịka mmetụta ihu igwe), a na ewere C0 dị ka itinye uche tupu mgbanwe anthropogenic dị ukwuu ma nwee uru nke 278 ppm dị ka atụmatụ maka afọ 1750. {| class="wikitable" style="float:right style=" |+{{CO2}} forcing (est. 10-yr changes) ! !C₀ !ΔC !ΔF (W m⁻²) |- !1979-1989 | align="center" |336.8 | align="center" | +16.0 | align="center" | +0.248 |- !1989-1999 | align="center" |352.8 | align="center" | +15.0 | align="center" | +0.222 |- !1999-2009 | align="center" |367.8 | align="center" | +18.7 | align="center" | +0.266 |- !2009-2019 | align="center" |386.5 | align="center" | +23.6 | align="center" | +0.316 |} Ibu nke ikuku nke gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ amụbaala ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ gara aga (malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1950). Maka CO2, mmụba 50% (C / C0 = 1.5) nke e mere ka ọ dị n'afọ 2020 kemgbe 1750 kwekọrọ na nchịkọta.<math display="inline">\Delta F=+2.17~~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}</math><ref name="noaa aggi">{{Include-USGov|agency=NOAA|url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html|title=THE NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI)|publisher=NOAA/ESRL|author=Butler, James H. and Montzka, Steven J.|date=2022|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche na ọ nweghị mgbanwe na ụzọ uto ikuku, okpukpu abụọ (C / C0 = 2) n'ime iri afọ ole na ole sochirinụ ga adaba na nchịkọta.<math display="inline">\Delta F=+3.71~~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}</math> Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti CO2 na radiative forcing bụ logarithmic na nkenke ruo ihe dị ka okpukpu asatọ nke uru dị ugbu a. N'ihi ya, mmụba na aga n'ihu na enwe mmetụta na eme ka okpomọkụ dị obere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Yi|title=Why logarithmic?|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.|date=28 November 2014|volume=119|issue=24|pages=13,683–89|doi=10.1002/2014JD022466|url=http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=137225|accessdate=21 November 2021}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, usoro mbụ nke approximation bụ ihe na ezighị ezi na nkenke dị elu ma ọ nweghị saturation na absorption nke radiation infrared site na CO2.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhong|first=Wenyi|title=The greenhouse effect and carbon dioxide|journal=Weather|date=27 March 2013|volume=68|issue=4|pages=100–5|doi=10.1002/wea.2072|issn=1477-8696}}</ref> ==== Gas ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe ==== Usoro dị iche iche na-emetụta gas ndị ọzọ dị ka methane na N2O (square-root dependency) ma ọ bụ CFCs (linear), yana coefficients nke enwere ike ịchọta dịka ọmụmaatụ na akụkọ IPCC. Nnyocha afọ 2016 na atụ aro mmezigharị dị ịrịba ama na usoro methane IPCC.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Etminan|first=M.|date=2016-12-27|title=Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=43|issue=24|pages=12,614–12,623|doi=10.1002/2016gl071930|issn=0094-8276}}</ref> A na etinye ike site na gas ndị kachasị emetụta na ikuku nke ụwa na ngalaba na-akọwa usoro uto na adịbeghị anya, na ndepụta IPCC nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ. ==== Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ ==== Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ bụ gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ nke ụwa ugbu a na akpata ihe dịka ọkara nke gas ikuku niile. Nchịkọta ikuku ya na adabere kpamkpam na nkezi okpomọkụ nke mbara ala, ma nwee ike ịbawanye site na 7% na ogo ọ bụla (°C) nke ịrị elu okpomọkụ (lee kwa: mmekọrịta Clausiusī Clapeyron).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/|title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect|publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs|date=2010-10-01|author=Gavin Schmidt|accessdate=2021-05-24|archivedate=2021-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/}}</ref> N'ihi ya, n'ime ogologo oge, mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na akpa àgwà dị ka nzaghachi usoro nke na eme ka radiative na emewanye site na uto nke carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/its-water-vapor-not-the-co2.html|title=It's Water Vapor, Not the CO2|publisher=American Chemical Society|accessdate=2021-05-20|archivedate=2021-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511111642/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/its-water-vapor-not-the-co2.html}}</ref> == Ọganihu na nso nso a ==   Mmanye radiative nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ bara uru iji tụnyere mmetụta na arịwanye elu nke ikuku dị iche iche na ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ na akpata n'oge. Tebụl na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru ebe a (nke ndị na eme nchọpụta na NOAA sitere na ụdị mbufe radiative ikuku) na egosi mgbanwe kemgbe afọ 1979 na nrụgide radiative nke gas na ekpo ọkụ nke na adịte aka na nke ọma nke na abawanye na ikuku ụwa kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="noaa aggi">{{Include-USGov|agency=NOAA|url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html|title=THE NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI)|publisher=NOAA/ESRL|author=Butler, James H. and Montzka, Steven J.|date=2022|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Tebụl ahụ gụnyere onyinye na amanye site na carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O); chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 12 na 11; [nchọpụta na emezughị] na gas iri na ise ndị ọzọ. Ihe ọmụma ndị a anaghị agụnye nnukwu onyinye na amanye site na gas ma ọ bụ aerosols na adịghị agwakọta nke ọma na nke na adịghị mma; gụnyere ihe ndị ahụ na apụtaghị ìhè site na mbibi nke methane na ụfọdụ halogens. Ha anaghịkwa akọwa mgbanwe na ala ma ọ bụ ọrụ anyanwụ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:0.8em; width:650px" |+Global radiative forcing (relative to 1750, in <math>~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}</math>), <nowiki><span about="#mwt317" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:false}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;CO2&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:CO2&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAcU" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO</span></nowiki><nowiki><sub about="#mwt317" data-ve-ignore="true" id="mwAcY" style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></nowiki>-equivalent mixing ratio, and the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) since 1979 !Year !{{CO2}} !{{chem|CH|4}} !{{chem|N|2|O}} !CFCs !HCFCs !HFCs !Total !{{CO2}}-eq<br /><br />[[Parts-per notation|ppm]] !AGGI<br /><br />1990 = 1 !AGGI<br /><br />% change |- |1979 |1.027 |0.406 |0.104 |0.154 |0.008 |0.001 |1.700 |382 |0.785 | |- |1980 |1.060 |0.413 |0.104 |0.163 |0.009 |0.001 |1.749 |386 |0.808 |2.3 |- |1981 |1.079 |0.420 |0.107 |0.172 |0.009 |0.001 |1.788 |388 |0.825 |1.8 |- |1982 |1.091 |0.426 |0.111 |0.180 |0.010 |0.001 |1.819 |391 |0.840 |1.5 |- |1983 |1.117 |0.429 |0.113 |0.190 |0.011 |0.001 |1.861 |394 |0.859 |1.9 |- |1984 |1.141 |0.432 |0.116 |0.198 |0.012 |0.002 |1.901 |397 |0.878 |1.9 |- |1985 |1.164 |0.437 |0.118 |0.208 |0.013 |0.002 |1.941 |400 |0.896 |1.8 |- |1986 |1.185 |0.442 |0.121 |0.219 |0.014 |0.002 |1.983 |403 |0.916 |1.9 |- |1987 |1.212 |0.447 |0.120 |0.230 |0.015 |0.002 |2.026 |406 |0.936 |2.0 |- |1988 |1.250 |0.451 |0.122 |0.244 |0.016 |0.002 |2.085 |411 |0.963 |2.7 |- |1989 |1.274 |0.455 |0.126 |0.254 |0.017 |0.002 |2.130 |414 |0.984 |2.1 |- |1990 |1.294 |0.459 |0.129 |0.263 |0.018 |0.003 |2.166 |417 |1.000 |1.6 |- |1991 |1.314 |0.463 |0.131 |0.270 |0.020 |0.003 |2.201 |419 |1.016 |1.6 |- |1992 |1.325 |0.467 |0.133 |0.276 |0.021 |0.003 |2.226 |421 |1.028 |1.2 |- |1993 |1.336 |0.467 |0.134 |0.279 |0.022 |0.004 |2.241 |423 |1.035 |0.7 |- |1994 |1.358 |0.470 |0.136 |0.280 |0.024 |0.004 |2.271 |425 |1.049 |1.4 |- |1995 |1.385 |0.472 |0.136 |0.281 |0.025 |0.004 |2.305 |428 |1.064 |1.6 |- |1996 |1.412 |0.473 |0.139 |0.282 |0.027 |0.005 |2.338 |430 |1.079 |1.5 |- |1997 |1.428 |0.474 |0.142 |0.282 |0.028 |0.006 |2.360 |432 |1.090 |1.0 |- |1998 |1.467 |0.478 |0.144 |0.282 |0.029 |0.006 |2.407 |436 |1.111 |2.2 |- |1999 |1.497 |0.481 |0.147 |0.281 |0.031 |0.007 |2.445 |439 |1.129 |1.8 |- |2000 |1.515 |0.481 |0.151 |0.281 |0.032 |0.008 |2.468 |441 |1.140 |1.1 |- |2001 |1.538 |0.480 |0.153 |0.280 |0.034 |0.009 |2.494 |443 |1.152 |1.2 |- |2002 |1.567 |0.481 |0.155 |0.279 |0.035 |0.010 |2.527 |446 |1.167 |1.5 |- |2003 |1.603 |0.483 |0.157 |0.278 |0.037 |0.011 |2.569 |449 |1.186 |1.9 |- |2004 |1.630 |0.483 |0.159 |0.276 |0.038 |0.012 |2.598 |452 |1.200 |1.3 |- |2005 |1.657 |0.482 |0.162 |0.275 |0.039 |0.014 |2.629 |454 |1.214 |1.4 |- |2006 |1.688 |0.482 |0.165 |0.274 |0.041 |0.015 |2.664 |457 |1.230 |1.6 |- |2007 |1.713 |0.484 |0.167 |0.272 |0.043 |0.017 |2.695 |460 |1.244 |1.4 |- |2008 |1.743 |0.486 |0.170 |0.270 |0.045 |0.018 |2.731 |463 |1.261 |1.7 |- |2009 |1.763 |0.489 |0.172 |0.268 |0.046 |0.020 |2.758 |465 |1.273 |1.2 |- |2010 |1.794 |0.491 |0.174 |0.266 |0.048 |0.021 |2.795 |469 |1.290 |1.7 |- |2011 |1.820 |0.492 |0.178 |0.264 |0.050 |0.023 |2.827 |472 |1.305 |1.5 |- |2012 |1.848 |0.494 |0.181 |0.263 |0.051 |0.025 |2.860 |475 |1.321 |1.5 |- |2013 |1.884 |0.496 |0.183 |0.261 |0.052 |0.026 |2.903 |478 |1.341 |2.0 |- |2014 |1.911 |0.499 |0.187 |0.259 |0.053 |0.028 |2.938 |481 |1.357 |1.6 |- |2015 |1.942 |0.504 |0.190 |0.257 |0.054 |0.030 |2.978 |485 |1.375 |1.8 |- |2016 |1.988 |0.507 |0.193 |0.256 |0.055 |0.032 |3.031 |490 |1.400 |2.5 |- |2017 |2.016 |0.509 |0.195 |0.254 |0.056 |0.035 |3.065 |493 |1.415 |1.6 |- |2018 |2.047 |0.512 |0.199 |0.253 |0.057 |0.037 |3.104 |497 |1.433 |1.8 |- |2019 |2.079 |0.516 |0.202 |0.250 |0.057 |0.039 |3.144 |500 |1.452 |1.8 |- |2020 |2.111 |0.520 |0.206 |0.248 |0.057 |0.041 |3.183 |504 |1.470 |1.8 |- |2021 |2.140 |0.526 |0.210 |0.246 |0.058 |0.044 |3.222 |508 |1.488 |1.8 |} Data ndị a na-egosi na  na-achịkwa mkpokọta mmanye, yana methane na chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) ghọrọ ndị na enye obere aka na mkpokọta mmanye ka oge na aga. Ise gas nke griin haus bụ ihe dị ka 96% nke mmanye ọkụ ọkụ kpọmkwem site na 1750 na abawanye 4% nke fọdụrụ site na 15 obere halogenated gas. Enwere ike ịhụ na ngụkọta nrụgide maka afọ 2016, 3.027 W m−2, tinyere uru a na anabata nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe λ, 0.8 K /(W m−2), na ebute mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa nke 2.4 K, nke dị ukwuu karịa mmụba a hụrụ, ihe dị ka 1.2 K. Akụkụ nke ọdịiche a bụ n'ihi lag na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na enweta ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na nrụgide.<ref>{{Cite web|first=J.E.|author=Hansen|url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/|title=GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: Analysis Graphs and Plots|publisher=Goddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=2018-01-25|archivedate=2018-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118174622/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/}}</ref> Ihe fọdụrụ na ọdịiche ahụ bụ n'ihi nrụgide aerosol na adịghị mma (iji tụnyere mmetụta ihu igwe nke particulates), mmetụta ihu igwe dị ala karịa uru a nabatara, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ njikọta ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwartz|first=Stephen E.|authorlink=Stephen E. Schwartz|year=2010|title=Why hasn't Earth warmed as much as expected?|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=23|issue=10|pages=2453–64|doi=10.1175/2009JCLI3461.1|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc930353/m2/1/high_res_d/978306.pdf|accessdate=24 September 2019}}</ref> Tebụl ahụ gụnyekwara "Annual Greenhouse Gas Index" (AGGI), nke akọwapụtara dị ka oke nke ngụkọta radiative forcing kpọmkwem n'ihi gas na ekpo ọkụ ogologo oge maka afọ ọ bụla nke zuru oke zuru ụwa ọnụ dị na nke dị na 1990. A họọrọ 1990 n'ihi na ọ bụ afọ isi maka Kyoto Protocol.<ref name="noaa aggi">{{Include-USGov|agency=NOAA|url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html|title=THE NOAA ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS INDEX (AGGI)|publisher=NOAA/ESRL|author=Butler, James H. and Montzka, Steven J.|date=2022|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Ndepụta a bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe ndị na eme kwa afọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na emetụta mmepụta carbon dioxide na nnweta, isi iyi methane na nitrous oxide na sinks, mbelata nke ikuku nke kemịkal na emebi ozone metụtara Montreal Protocol. na mmụba na ndị na anọchi ha (hydrogenated CFCs (HCFCs) na hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba a metụtara CO2. Maka afọ 2013, AGGI bụ 1.34 (na anọchite anya mmụba na ngụkọta radiative forcing nke 34% kemgbe 1990). Mmụba nke CO2 na amanye naanị kemgbe 1990 bụ ihe dị ka 46%. Mbelata nke CFCs mere ka mmụba nke net radiative forcing belata nke ukwuu. Tebụl ọzọ a kwadebere maka iji ya mee ihe na ụdị ihu igwe intercomparisons nke emere n'okpuru nkwado nke IPCC ma gụnyere ihe niile, ọ bụghị naanị nke gas na ekpo ọkụ. == Nleba anya n'onwe ya == Njikọ radieshon zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụwa na agbanwe ka mbara ala na agbagharị ma na agba anyanwụ gburugburu, yana ka nsogbu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ebilite ma na apụ n'ime usoro ụwa, oké osimiri na ikuku (dịka. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget|first=Lindsey|author=Rebecca|date=14 January 2009|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=15 April 2021|archivedate=21 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php}}</ref> N'ihi ya, 'instantaneous radiative forcing' (IRF) nke mbara ala ahụ dịkwa ike ma na agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti ọnọdụ nke okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi. Njikọ nke usoro oge na nke dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-ebute ọdịiche okike ndị a ga-alaghachi n'oge na-adịru afọ ole na ole iji mepụta nkezi IRF. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ na ekpuchi ihe ndị na eme n'oge dị ogologo (afọ iri) n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, ma si otú a mee ka ileba anya n'ihe ndị dị otú a bụrụ ihe ịma aka.<ref name="kramer">{{Cite journal|author=Kramer, R.J., H. He, B.J. Soden, L. Oreopoulos, G. Myhre, P.M. Forster, and C.J. Smith|date=2021-03-25|title=Observational Evidence of Increasing Global Radiative Forcing|url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091585|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=48|issue=7|pages=e91585|doi=10.1029/2020GL091585|accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref> [[Usòrò:NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ngalaba Sayensị Ụwa nke NASA Na-arụ Ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=NASA's Earth Observing System homepage|publisher=NASA EOS Project Science Office|accessdate=2021-04-16|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318000130/https://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/}}</ref>]] NASA's Clouds na Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) na enyocha nguzozi radiation nke ụwa kemgbe afọ 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra Satellite. Part I: Methodology|url=https://archive.org/details/atmopsheric-oceanic-technology_2005-04_22_4/page/338|author=Loeb, N.G., S. Kato, K. Loukachine, and N. Manalo-Smith|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume=22|issue=4|date=2005-04-01|pages=338–351|doi=10.1175/JTECH1712.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toward a Consistent Definition between Satellite and Model Clear-Sky Radiative Fluxes|author=Loeb, N.G., F.G. Rose, S. Kato, D.A. Rutan, W. Su, H. Wang, D.R. Doelling, W.L. Smith, and A. Gettelman|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=33|issue=1|date=2020-01-01|pages=61–75|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0381.1}}</ref> Nnyocha ọ bụla nke ụwa na enye atụmatụ nke ngụkọta (eluigwe niile) nke radiation ozugbo. Ihe ndekọ data a na ejide ma mgbanwe okike na mmetụta mmadụ na IRF; gụnyere mgbanwe na gas na ekpo ọkụ, aerosols, ala, wdg. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gụnyekwara nzaghachi radiative na adịghị mma na radiative imbalances; na eme karịsịa site na usoro nri nke ụwa na okpomọkụ, albedo elu, ikuku mmiri ikuku na igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/96/2/bams-d-13-00167.1.xml|title=Adjustments in the Forcing-Feedback Framework for Understanding Climate Change|author=Sherwood, S.C., S. Bony, O. Boucher, C. Bretherton, P.M. Forster, J.M. Gregory, and B. Stevens|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=96|issue=2|date=2015-02-01|pages=217–228|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00167.1|accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/76/11/1520-0477_1995_076_2125_mtpero_2_0_co_2.xml|title=Mission to Planet Earth: Role of Clouds and Radiation in Climate|author=Wielicki, B.A., R.D. Cess, M.D. King, D.A. Randall, and E.F. Harrison|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=76|issue=11|date=1995-11-01|pages=2125–2154|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<2125:MTPERO>2.0.CO;2|accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref> Ndị na eme nchọpụta ejirila ihe ndị sitere na CERES, AIRS, CloudSat na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ dabeere na satellite n'ime NASA's Sistemụ Na ahụ Maka Ụwa. iji chọpụta onyinye site na mgbanwe okike na usoro usoro. Iwepụ onyinye ndị a n'ime ndekọ data ọtụtụ afọ na enye ohere ịhụ ihe na eme n'elu ikuku (TOA) IRF. A na emekwa nyocha data ahụ n'ụzọ na arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na adabere na ọtụtụ usoro na nsonaazụ modeling. N'ihi ya, a hụrụ na radiative forcing arịgoola site na +0.53 W m−2 (±0.11 W m−2) site n'afọ 2003 ruo 2018. Ihe dị ka pasent 20 nke mmụba ahụ jikọtara ya na mbelata nke ibu arọ ikuku, na ọtụtụ n'ime pasent 80 fọdụrụnụ bụ maka ibu arọ na arịwanye elu nke gas na ekpo ọkụ.<ref name="kramer">{{Cite journal|author=Kramer, R.J., H. He, B.J. Soden, L. Oreopoulos, G. Myhre, P.M. Forster, and C.J. Smith|date=2021-03-25|title=Observational Evidence of Increasing Global Radiative Forcing|url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091585|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=48|issue=7|pages=e91585|doi=10.1029/2020GL091585|accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.umbc.edu/umbcs-ryan-kramer-confirms-human-caused-climate-change-with-direct-evidence-for-first-time/|title=UMBC's Ryan Kramer confirms human-caused climate change with direct evidence for first time|publisher=University of Maryland, Baltimore County|date=12 April 2021|author=Sarah Hansen|accessdate=17 April 2021|archivedate=17 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044742/https://news.umbc.edu/umbcs-ryan-kramer-confirms-human-caused-climate-change-with-direct-evidence-for-first-time/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html|title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance|work=phys.org|date=26 March 2021|accessdate=17 April 2021|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html}}</ref> A hụla ihe na-arịwanye elu na radiative imbalance n'ihi mmụba CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ngwaọrụ ndị dị n'ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chịkọtara nha dị otú ahụ iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe doro anya na ebe abụọ Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) na Oklahoma na Alaska.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/|title=ARM Capabilities - Atmospheric Observatories|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Science|accessdate=2021-04-25|archivedate=2021-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425162041/https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/}}</ref> Nnyocha ọ bụla a chọpụtara na okpomọkụ radiative (infrared) nke ndị bi n'elu nwere jiri +0.2 W m−2 (±0.07 W m−2) rịa elu n'ime afọ iri na-agwụ na 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14240|title=Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010|author=Feldman, D.R., W.D. Collins, P.J. Gero, M.S. Torn, E.J. Mlawer, and T.R. Shippert|journal=Nature|volume=519|date=2015-02-25|issue=7543|pages=339–343|doi=10.1038/nature14240|pmid=25731165|accessdate=2021-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface|title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface|publisher=Carbon Brief|date=2015-02-25|author=Robert McSweeney|accessdate=2021-04-25|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ilekwasị anya na radiation longwave na gas na-amanye (CO2) naanị, nsonaazụ a dị obere karịa TOA na-amanye n'ihi mgbochi ya site na ikuku ikuku. [[Usòrò:Temp-sunspot-co2.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|CO2, okpomọkụ, na ọrụ sunspot kemgbe 1850.]] Enwere ike iji radiative forcing mee ihe iji tụọ mgbanwe na esote na steady-state (nke a na egosikarị "equilibrium") okpomọkụ elu (ΔTs) nke sitere na ịmanye ahụ site na usoro ahụ: : <math>\Delta T_s =~ \lambda~\Delta F</math> ebe a na egosikarị λ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na ejikarị nkeji K /(W / m2), na ΔF bụ radiative forcing na W / m2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/222.htm|title=IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630133202/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2F222.htm|archivedate=30 June 2009}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke λ, 0.8 K/(W/m²), na enye mmụba na okpomọkụ ụwa nke ihe dị ka 1.6 K n'elu okpomọkụ 1750 n'ihi mmụba nke CO2 n'oge ahụ (278 ruo 405 ppm, maka ịmanye 2.0 W / m2), ma na ebu amụma na okpompe ọzọ nke 1.4 K karịa okpomọkụ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụrụ na ngwakọta CO2 na ikuku ga aghọ okpukpu abụọ nke uru ya tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe; ngụkọta abụọ a anaghị echere na ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.html|title=Atmosphere Changes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510053004/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.html|archivedate=10 May 2009}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, radiative forcing na egosipụta ikike amụma kachasị mma maka ụdị nrụgide ụfọdụ dị ka gas na ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=https://constrain-eu.org/|title=ZERO IN ON the remaining carbon budget and decadal warming rates. The CONSTRAIN Project Annual Report 2019|author=Nauels|first=A.|date=2019-12-02|language=en|doi=10.5518/100/20|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref> Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka mmetụta ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ dị ka soot. Usoro ọhụrụ a na akpọ "ike [[Effective radiative forcing|radiative forcing]]" ma ọ bụ ERF na ewepụ mmetụta nke mgbanwe ngwa ngwa n'ime ikuku nke na enweghị njikọ na mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ dị ogologo oge.<ref name=":0" /> ERF pụtara na enwere ike itinye ihe dị iche iche na akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọhịa egwuregwu iji mee ka e jiri ya tụnyere mmetụta ha na echiche na agbanwe agbanwe banyere otu okpomọkụ ụwa si emeghachi omume na ụdị nrụgide mmadụ dị iche iche.<ref name=":0" /> == Metrics ndị metụtara ya == Enwere ike ịmepụta metrik ndị ọzọ maka otu ebumnuche ahụ dị ka radiative forcing. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Shine et al. na ekwu "... nnwale ndị na adịbeghị anya ''na''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shine|first=Keith P.|title=An alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=23 October 2003|volume=30|issue=20|pages=2047|doi=10.1029/2003GL018141|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b9d43b9c544b50207490035ce43f63b1b9a5830b|accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref> egosi na maka mgbanwe na ịmịkọrọ aerosols na ozone, ikike ịkọ ọdịnihu nke radiative forcing dị njọ ... anyị na atụ aro ihe ọzọ, 'adjusted troposphere and stratosphere forcing'. Anyị na egosi ngụkọta GCM na egosi na ọ bụ ihe amụma a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ GCM a karịa radiative forcing. Ọ bụ onye na achọ ịgbakwunye radiative forcing dị ka metric maka iji tụnyere usoro dị iche iche...". N'okwu a, GCM na anọchite anya "ihe nlereanya mgbasa ụwa", na okwu "predictive" anaghị ezo aka na ikike GCMs ịkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na ezo aka na ikike nke ngwá ọrụ ọzọ nke ndị edemede chepụtara iji nyere aka kọwaa nzaghachi usoro. Ya mere, echiche nke radiative forcing anọwo na-agbanwe site na aro mbụ, nke a na akpọ ugbu a instantaneous radiative forzing (IRF), gaa na aro ndị ọzọ na achọ ịmekọrịta nke ọma radiative imbalance na okpomọkụ ụwa (okpomọkụ ụwa). N'echiche a, nrụgide radiative a gbanwere agbanwe, na usoro mgbakọ ya dị iche iche, na eme atụmatụ enweghị nkwekọ ozugbo a gbanwere okpomọkụ stratosphere iji nweta nguzozi radiative na stratosphere (n'echiche nke ọnụego okpomọkụ radiative efu). Usoro ọhụrụ a anaghị atụle mgbanwe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ''nzaghachi'' ọ bụla nke enwere ike ịmepụta na troposphere (na mgbakwunye na ''mgbanwe'' okpomọkụ stratospheric), maka ebumnuche ahụ, e webatara nkọwa ọzọ, nke a na akpọ ''radiative forcing dị irè''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sherwood|first=Steven C.|date=2015-02-01|title=Adjustments in the Forcing-Feedback Framework for Understanding Climate Change|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=en|volume=96|issue=2|pages=217–228|doi=10.1175/bams-d-13-00167.1|issn=0003-0007|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38337/1/sherwood15forcefeed.pdf|accessdate=2019-12-16}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ERF bụ aro nke nyocha nke CMIP6 radiative forcing ọ bụ ezie na a ka na etinye usoro a gbanwere na stratospherically n'ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ebe a na ewere mgbanwe na nzaghachi na troposphere dị ka ihe na adịghị mkpa, dị ka na gas na ozone.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Forster|first=Piers M.|date=2016-10-27|title=Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=121|issue=20|pages=12,460–12,475|doi=10.1002/2016jd025320|issn=2169-897X|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111875/17/Forster_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf|accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stevenson|first=D. S.|date=2013-03-15|title=Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=en|volume=13|issue=6|pages=3063–3085|doi=10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013|issn=1680-7316|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/63025/1/Atmos._Chem._Phys._2013_Stevenson.pdf|accessdate=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Checa-Garcia|first=Ramiro|date=2018-04-06|title=Historical Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone Radiative Forcing Using the CMIP6 Database|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=45|issue=7|pages=3264–3273|doi=10.1002/2017gl076770|issn=0094-8276|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75867/8/Checa-Garcia_et_al-2018-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf|accessdate=2019-12-16}}</ref> Usoro a na akpọ radiative kernel approach na enye ohere ịtụle nzaghachi ihu igwe n'ime ngụkọta offline dabere na approximation linear<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Soden|first=Brian J.|date=2008-07-01|title=Quantifying Climate Feedbacks Using Radiative Kernels|journal=Journal of Climate|language=en|volume=21|issue=14|pages=3504–3520|doi=10.1175/2007jcli2110.1|issn=0894-8755}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Mmetụta ihu igwe * [[Okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ|Okpomọkụ sitere n'aka mmadụ]] * Ụkpụrụ ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọala apụta * Ikike okpomọkụ ụwa == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * IPCC glossary E debere Wayback Machine * CO2: Thermostat nke na-achịkwa okpomọkụ ụwa site na NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, October, 2010, Forcing vs. Nkwupụta * Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report (2007), Isi nke 2, "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and Radiative Forcing," peeji nke 133z134 (PDF, 8.6 MB, 106 peeji nke.Ọ dị iche iche * U.S. EPA (2009), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090510053004/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.html Mgbanwe ihu igwe na sayensị]. Nkọwa nke isiokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe gụnyere radiative forcing. * United States National Research Council (2005), Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Mgbasawanye Echiche na Idozi Ihe Ndị A Na-ejighị n'aka, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate * Obere ugwu mgbawa na-agbakwunye na ihu igwe dị jụụ; ''Akụkụ'' ikuku na-enyere aka ịkọwa ihe mere okpomọkụ ji rịa elu n'okpuru afọ iri gara aga August 13, 2011; Vol.180 #4 (p. 5) Science News * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page6.php NASA: Mmefu ego nke ikuku] * [http://climateblab.github.io/energy-balance/ Njikọ ike: ihe nlereanya ihu igwe kachasị mfe] * [http://climateblab.github.io/dangerous-threshold/ Chọpụta atụmatụ ihu igwe nke Mann site na Scientific American] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d746taovviqx4r3b08lsyfr9bgk87s7 0 26140 697889 194262 2026-08-10T10:16:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Global Forest Watch''' (GFW) bụ ngwa weebụ na-emeghe iji nyochaa ọhịa ụwa n'oge dị nso. GFW bụ atụmatụ nke World Resources Institute (WRI), ya na ndị mmekọ gụnyere [[Google]], USAID, Mahadum Maryland (UMD), Esri, Vizzuality na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ndị anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, ọha na eze na nkeonwe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Global Forest Watch malitere n'afọ 1997 dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe netwọk nlekota oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke World Resources Institute na ndị mmekọ kpọrọ. Ejiri data sitere na Center for Global Development ewepụtara site na ihe mmetụta MODIS nke NASA, wee tinye ọkwa ndị ọzọ sitere na Google/UMD, Imazon, Terra-i na NASA, malitegharịa atụmatụ a n'afọ 2013.Imazon, Terra-i, na NASA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cgdev.org/blog/protecting-forests-global-forest-watch-20-%E2%80%93-david-wheeler-and-nigel-sizer|title=Protecting Forests with Global Forest Watch 2.0 – David Wheeler and Nigel Sizer|author=MacDonald|first=Lawrence|date=18 March 2013|work=CGD Podcast|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.epi.yale.edu/the-metric/global-forest-watch-measuring-deforestation-real-time|title=Global Forest Watch: Measuring deforestation in real-time|author=Stahl|first=Susanne|date=22 January 2014|work=The Metric|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Yale University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alerts of forest disturbance from MODIS imagery|author=Hammer|first=Dan|date=2014|journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation|doi=10.1016/j.jag.2014.04.011|volume=33|pages=1–9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-11-15_342_6160/page/850|author=Hansen|first=Matthew|date=2013|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.1244693|pmid=24233722|volume=342|issue=6160|pages=850–853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/usaid-supports-launch-new-forest-watch-tool|title=Satellite Data for the People: USAID Supports Launch of New Forest Watch Tool|date=21 February 2014|work=Impact Blog|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ nke abụọ nke GFW na Febụwarị 2014, ma na-aga n'ihu na-agbakwunye ozi na ọtụtụ oge na mkpebi ohere iji soro mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26287137|title=New online tool tracks tree loss in 'near real time'|author=McGrath|first=Matt|date=21 February 2014|work=BBC News|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/02/21/global_forest_watch_made_by_google_and_the_world_resources_institute_shows.html|title=This Mapping Service Lets Us Watch Forests Shrink|author=Newman|first=Lily|date=21 February 2014|work=Slate|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> E mechara wepụta GFW Commodities na GFW Fires sub-pages.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2015/webprogram/Paper15422.html|title=Global Forest Watch-Fires: Improving Remote Sensing Through Community Engagement|author=Hansen|first=Lexine|date=15 February 2015|journal=AAAS 2015 Annual Meeting|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fires.globalforestwatch.org/|title=Global Forest Watch Fires|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=World Resources Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://commodities.globalforestwatch.org|title=Global Forest Watch Commodities|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=World Resources Institute}}</ref> == Ihe eji eme ihe == Ejirila ikpo okwu GFW n'ọtụtụ ngwa ama ama. A na-eji data mgbanwe ọhịa tụọ ọnụego igbukpọsị osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ yana ịchọpụta na nyochaa ọrụ mkpochapụ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke kachasị na Indonesia..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3040829/world-changing-ideas/inside-the-satellite-detective-agencies-catch-the-companies-destroying-|title=Inside The Satellite Detective Agencies That Catch The Companies Destroying The Planet—From Space|author=Schwartz|first=Ariel|date=16 March 2015|work=Co.Exist|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/forest-loss-has-halved-in-the-past-30-years-latest-global-update-shows-46932|title=Forest loss has halved in the past 30 years, latest global update shows|author=Keenan|first=Rod|date=7 September 2015|work=The Conversation|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4001e/y4001E07.htm|title=Evaluation of FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment from the user perspective|author=Matthews|first=Emily|work=FAO Corporate Document Repository|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2015/04/09/canada-russia-top-deforestation-list|title=Canada and Russia beat tropical countries to top global deforestation list|author=Freedman|first=Andrew|date=9 April 2015|work=Mashable|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> A na-eji data NASA Active Fires, nke egosiri n'ime GFW Fires, iji chọpụta ọkụ na-akwadoghị nke kpatara nsogbu ụfụfụ nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na 2015 (lee nsogbu ụfị). Ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche na-eji ikpo okwu GFW iji soro usoro nnyefe ha, na-ekwu na ha na-emezu nkwa "enweghị mgbukpọ ọhịa".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/how-outer-space-becoming-next-internet-n396761|title=How Outer Space is Becoming the Next Internet|author=Levy|first=Ari|date=23 July 2015|work=NBC News|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2014/09/03/unilever-wri-partner-to-end-tropical-deforestation/|title=Unilever, WRI Partner to End Tropical Deforestation|date=3 April 2015|work=Environmental Leader|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/global-forest-watch-tracks-where-trees-fall-google-aids-development-environmental-monitoring-tool|title=Global Forest Watch Tracks Where Trees Fall; Google Aids Development Of Environmental Monitoring Tool|author=Palmer|first=Roxanne|date=21 February 2014|work=International Business Times|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> == Nchịkọta data == Enwere usoro nhazi data ise dị ugbu a na saịtị GFW, nke emelitere n'ụdị dị iche iche yana dị na mkpebi dị iche iche. === Ihe ọmụma banyere Mgbanwe Ọhịa === * Ịdọ aka ná ntị Amazon SAD nke Brazil * Ịdọ aka ná ntị QUICC n'ihe dị nso n'ụwa * Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ FORMA ịdọ aka ná ntị * Mkpụrụ osisi na-ekpuchi * Ịdọ aka ná ntị Terra-i na Latin America * Mfu osisi * Ọkụ Na-arụsi Ọrụ Ike nke NASA * Mgbanwe Ọhịa Guatemala 2001-2010 * Mgbanwe ala USA 2001 ruo 2011 === Ihe ọmụma banyere Ọhịa === * Ebe a na-etinye carbon n'oké ọhịa (2000) * Oké ọhịa mbụ nke Indonesia (2000) * Ala peat nke Indonesia (2002) * Ala Indonesia (2006) * Oké ọhịa mangrove * Osisi mkpuchi (2000) * Ọhịa Na-adịghị Mgbasa Mgbasa (2000) * Ịdọ aka ná ntị Amazon SAD nke Brazil * Ubi ala USA (2011) * Mgbasa Ala Ụwa * Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Cameroon * Ọhịa Guatemala * Osisi Romania === Ihe ọmụma banyere iji ọhịa eme ihe === * Ikike ịkwa osisi (mba ndị a họọrọ) * Ikike eriri osisi (mba ndị a họọrọ) * Ikike igwu ala (mba ndị a họọrọ) * [[Nmanu nri|Mmanụ nkwụ]] ikike (mba ndị a họọrọ) * Eucalyptus concessions (mba ndị a họọrọ) * Nnukwu ihe mgbochi mmiri * Aha ọhịa (mba ndị a họọrọ) === Ihe Nchebe === * Ebe Nchekwa Agụ * Okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'elu ala * Ịkwụsị ọrụ n'oké ọhịa n'Indonesia * Ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche * Njikọ maka Ebe Mgbukpọ Zero * Ebe ndị a na-echebe * Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa * Ụkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ Indonesia === Ihe ndekọ ndị mmadụ === * Ikike ihe onwunwe (mba ndị a họọrọ) * Ala ụmụ amaala (mba ndị a họọrọ) * [[Population density|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya]] (2000) == Nsogbu Haze == GFW nyere data na nyocha ama ama maka ịkọ akụkọ banyere nsogbu haze nke ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nke afọ 2015, gụnyere ikpughe na ihe dịka pasenti iri atọ na ise nke ọkụ na Indonesia mere na nkwekọrịta ọrụ ugbo..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/09/25/5-things-to-know-about-the-haze-shrouding-southeast-asia/|title=5 Things to Know About the Haze in Southeast Asia|author=Schonhardt|first=Sara|date=25 September 2015|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28197-indonesia-forced-to-act-as-wildfire-haze-chokes-south-east-asia/|title=Indonesia forced to act as wildfire haze chokes South-East Asia|author=Slezak|first=Michael|date=18 September 2015|work=New Scientist|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/know-indonesias-devastating-fires/|title=What you should know about Indonesia's devastating fires|author=Sessa-Hawkins|first=Margaret|date=6 November 2015|work=PBS Newshour|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Akụkọ a jikọtara ọkụ ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/haze-crisis-are-other-firms-escaping-shame-blame|title=Haze crisis: Are other firms escaping shame, blame?|author=Tan|first=Audrey|date=4 November 2015|work=The Straits Times|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Computerworld Editors' Choice Award (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2977562/data-analytics/world-resources-institute.html|title=2015 DATA+ EDITORS' CHOICE AWARDS: World Resources Institute|author=Collett|first=Stacy|date=2 September 2015|work=Computerworld|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> * Ihe ịma aka ihu igwe nke United Nations Big Data (2014)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unglobalpulse.org/big-data-climate-challenge-winners-announced|title=Big Data Climate Challenge Winners Announced|author=Cornish|first=Sara|date=2 September 2014|work=United Nations Global Pulse|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> * Boreal Award, GFW [[Kánada|Canada]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://borealcouncil.ca/boreal-awards-2010/|title=Boreal Awards 2010|accessdate=11 November 2010|publisher=Boreal Leadership Council|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040713/http://borealcouncil.ca/boreal-awards-2010/}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> lxtiq2jckarnhn6ml5rqrvu987uqige 0 26269 697827 200619 2026-08-10T08:58:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg|thumb| Mmanụ si na mmanụ Montara na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Timor, Septemba 2009]] Mwụfu mmanụ bụ ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, na bụ ụdị mmetọ. A na-enyekarị okwu ahụ maka mwụfu mmanụ mmiri, ebe a na-ahapụ mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mana mwụfu nwere ike ime na ala. Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntọhapụ nke mmanụ cru site na tankị, ikpo okwu dị n'akụkụ mmiri, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na olulu mmiri, yana kwafusị ngwaahịa mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha (dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel) na ihe ndị ha na-emepụta, mmanụ ọkụ dị arọ nke nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. mmanụ ọkụ bonka, ma ọ bụ mwụfu nke ihe mkpofu mmanu ma ọ bụ mmanụ efu. Mmanụ wụfuru banye n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ya insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuations na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri. Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Mwụfu nwere ike were izu, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochaa. Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịkpatara ọha mmadụ ọdachi; akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọha mmadụ. N'ihi ya, ihe mberede mwụfu mmanụ ebutela mgbasa ozi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eme ka ọtụtụ ndị gbakọta n'ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara nzaghachi gọọmentị maka mwụfu mmanụ na ihe omume nwere ike igbochi ha ime. == Mmetụta mmadụ == Mwụfu mmanụ na-anọchi anya mmetụta na-adịghị mma ozugbo na ahụike mmadụ, gụnyere nsogbu iku ume na ịmụ nwa yana imeju, na mmebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Mwụfu mmanụ na-eme ka mmanụ n'ọdịnihu na-adalata na-emetụtakwa ndụ ụmụ mmadụ kwa ụbọchị dịka mmechi nke osimiri, ogige ntụrụndụ, ịkụ azụ na ihe egwu ọkụ. Ọkụ mmanụ Kuwaiti mere mmetọ ikuku nke kpatara nsogbu iku ume. Mgbawa nke Deepwater Horizon gburu ndị ọrụ mmanụ iri na otu. Ọkụ ahụ sitere na ndakpọ Lac-Mégantic gburu mmadụ 47 wee bibie ọkara etiti obodo ahụ. Mmanụ wụfuru nwekwara ike imerụ mmiri ọñụñụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, n’afọ 2013, mmanụ abụọ dị iche iche wụfuru ebutere mmiri maka 300,000 na Miri, Malaysia; Ndị mmadụ 80,000 nọ na Coca, Ecuador. N'afọ 2000, mmanụ wụsara na Clark County, Kentucky merụọ isi iyi. [[Usòrò:Ballsh,_Mallakastër,_Albania_2019_17_–_Crude_Oil.jpg|thumb|Ballsh, Mallakaster, Albania 2019 17 - Mmanụ ala]] Mmetọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba na njem nlegharị anya na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta akụrụngwa mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon metụtara njem nlegharị anya n'ụsọ osimiri na ịkụ azụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri Gulf, na achọrọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka ha kwụọ ndị ihe metụtara akụ na ụba ụgwọ. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|thumb|Ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nke mmanụ kpuchiri n'ihi mmanụ a wụpụrụ na San Francisco Bay na 2007]] [[Usòrò:Oiled_Bird_-_Black_Sea_Oil_Spill_111207.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ e ji mmanụ kpuchie site na mmanụ nke Oké Osimiri Ojii]] === Anụmanụ === Ihe iyi egwu dị n'ahụ nnụnụ, azụ, azụ azụ na crustaceans sitere na mmanụ a wụfuru bụ nke amaara na England na 1920s, ọkachasị site na nlebanya emere na Yorkshire. A nyochakwara isiokwu a na akwụkwọ sayensị nke National Academy of Sciences na US mepụtara na 1974 nke tụlere mmetụta na azụ, crustaceans na molluscs. A kpaara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ naanị 100 ma kọwaa ya dị ka akwụkwọ ndebiri, ọ bụghị nke a ga-ehota ya. N'ozuzu, mmanụ a wụfuru nwere ike imetụta anụmanụ na osisi n'ụzọ abụọ: kpọmkwem site na mmanụ na site na nzaghachi ma ọ bụ usoro nhicha. Enweghị mmekọrịta doro anya n'etiti ọnụọgụ mmanụ dị na gburugburu mmiri na mmetụta nwere ike ime na ụdị dị iche iche. Ntufu dị nta n'oge na-ezighi ezi / oge na-ezighi ezi yana na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ karịa mwụfu buru ibu n'oge ọzọ n'afọ na mpaghara ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna otu gburugburu. Mmanụ penetrates n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nke nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ha insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuations na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri. Anụmanụ ndị na-adabere n'isi ịchọta ụmụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nne ha enweghị ike ime ya n'ihi ísì siri ike nke mmanụ ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka a jụ nwa ọhụrụ ma gbahapụ ya, na-ahapụ ụmụ ọhụrụ ka agụụ na-agụ ma mesịa nwụọ. Mmanụ nwere ike ime ka nnụnụ nwee ike ife efe, mee ka ọ ghara iri nri ma ọ bụ ịgbanarị ndị na-eri anụ. Ka ha na-amụ nwa, nnụnụ nwere ike itinye mmanụ ahụ kpuchiri ábụ́bà ha, na-akpasu tract digestive iwe, na-agbanwe ọrụ imeju, na-emebikwa akụrụ. N'iji ike iri nri ha na-ebelata, nke a nwere ike ịkpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na enweghị oke nke metabolic. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmanụ ala na-enwekwa mgbanwe na nguzozi homonụ ha, gụnyere mgbanwe na protein luteinizing ha. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị na-emetụta mmanụ na-anwụ anwụ site na nsogbu na-enweghị enyemaka mmadụ. Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-atụ aro na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke nnụnụ ndị na-ejupụta mmanụ na-adị ndụ, ọbụna mgbe a kpochapụrụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ nlanarị nwekwara ike karịa pasent iri itoolu, dịka ọ dị n'ihe gbasara mmanụ MV Treasure. Mwụfu mmanụ na mkpofu mmanụ na-emetụta nnụnụ mmiri kemgbe opekata mpe afọ 1920 wee ghọta na ọ bụ nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ na 1930. A na-emetụta anụmanụ mmiri ndị nwere ajịja siri ike nke wụfuru mmanụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. Mmanụ na-ekpuchi ajị anụ nke otters na akàrà, na-ebelata mmetụta mkpuchi ya, na-eduga na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ ahụ na hypothermia. Mmanụ nwekwara ike kpuo ìsì anụmanụ, mee ka ọ ghara ịzọpụta ya. Ntinye mmanụ na-akpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ma mebie usoro mgbari nri. Enwere ike igbu anụmanụ nsi, ma nwee ike ịnwụ site na mmanụ na-abanye na ngụgụ ma ọ bụ imeju. === Ikuku === Na mgbakwunye, mwụfu mmanụ nwekwara ike imerụ ịdị mma ikuku. Kemịkalụ dị na mmanụ crude bụkarị hydrocarbons nwere kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon poly-aromatic na ikuku oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike iwebata mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma mgbe a na-etinye ya n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye, kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ime ka ndị oxidants dị na mbara igwe na-emepụta ihe dị mma mgbe ha gachara n'ime ikuku. Ihe ndị a nwere ike banye na ngụgụ ma buru kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Mmanụ elu na-ere ọkụ nwekwara ike bụrụ isi iyi maka mmetọ dị ka ihe soot. N'oge usoro nhicha na mgbake, ọ ga-ebutekwa ikuku ikuku dị ka nitric oxides na ozone sitere na ụgbọ mmiri. N'ikpeazụ, ịfụ ụfụfụ nwekwara ike bụrụ ụzọ ọgbọ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe n'oge mwụfu mmanụ. N'oge mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon, a chọtara ihe gbasara ịdị mma ikuku na Oke Osimiri Gulf, nke bụ mbelata nke mmanụ DWH. Nleba anya ogo ikuku gosiri na ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ ahụike dabere na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri. === Ecosystems, ebe obibi === Ọtụtụ mmanụ sitere na mwụfu mmanụ na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mere mwụfu sitere na ọrụ n'oké osimiri dị iche na ọrụ na tundra ma ọ bụ ala mmiri. A na-ewere ala mmiri dị ka otu n'ime ebe obibi kacha nwee mmetụta maka ntufu mmanụ na nke kacha sie ike ihicha. == Ebe e si nweta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ na-eme == Enwere ike ịkpata mwụfu mmanụ site na njehie mmadụ, ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ya, ọdịda teknụzụ ma ọ bụ wepụta ụma. A na-eme atụmatụ na 30-50% nke mwụfu mmanụ niile na-ebute ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na njehie mmadụ, na ihe dịka 20-40% nke mwụfu mmanụ na-adabere na ọdịda akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ arụghị ọrụ. A na-amatakwa ihe na-ebute mwụfu mmanụ n'etiti ụma ewepụtara, dị ka mwepu arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ omume agha na mwepụta na mberede. Mwụfu mmanụ na mberede bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n'ime mmanụ kachasị ukwuu e dekọrọ, Gulf War Oil Spill (oké osimiri) na Kuwaiti Oil Fire (ala dabeere) bụ ndị a kpachapụrụ anya agha. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke isi mmalite na ihe kpatara mwụfu mmanụ na-achọpụta ebe adịghị ike na akụrụngwa njem mmanụ ma gbakọọ ohere nke mwụfu mmanụ na-eme. Nke a nwere ike iduzi mbọ mgbochi na iwu iwu === Mmiri na-esi n'okike apụta === Ihe dị ka pasent 40 ruo 50 nke mmanụ niile a na-ewepụta n'oké osimiri na-esi na mgbawa sitere n'okike sitere na nkume ndị dị n'oké osimiri. Nke a dabara ihe ruru tọn 600,000 kwa afọ n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na seeps sitere n'okike bụ otu ebe kachasị ukwuu na-esi wụfu mmanụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka obere nsogbu n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi anabatala ụdị mwepụta ahụ mgbe niile. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ebe mmanụ a na-ahụ anya, nje bacteria dị n'oké osimiri amalitela ịgbari mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ. === Ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ === Ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi mmanụ awụfu ma ọ bụ site na mwepụta mmanụ arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara ihe mberede ụgbọ mmanụ. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, a na-eche na mwepu arụ ọrụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri ga-abụ pasent 21 nke mwepụta mmanụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri. Ha na-eme n'ihi ọdịda nke agbasoghị iwu ma ọ bụ mwepu nke mmanụ n'efu na mmiri nke nwere ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ n'ụzọ aka ike. A na-ahazi mwepu arụ ọrụ dị otú ahụ site na mgbakọ MARPOL. Ntọhapụ arụ ọrụ na-adịkarị, mana ntakịrị na mmanụ a wụfuru kwa ntọhapụ, ọ bụghịkwa nlebara anya n'ihe gbasara mwụfu mmanụ. Enweela mbelata nke mwepu mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ, yana mbelata ọzọ nke ihe dịka 50% kemgbe 1990s. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2007, mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ na mberede ruru ihe dịka 8-13% nke mmanụ niile wụsara n'oké osimiri. Isi ihe kpatara mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ bụ nkukota (pasent 29, 22%), ime ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi (14%) na imikpu (12%) na ndị ọzọ. A na-ahụta mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ dị ka nnukwu ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ a na-awụfu n'otu ihe mberede yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na isi ụzọ okporo ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri dị nso na nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ihe dị ka pasentị 90 nke njem mmanụ n'ụwa bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ, ọnụ ahịa mmanụ sitere n'oké osimiri na-abawanye nke ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, enweela mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-awụfu n'ụgbọ mmanụ na nke mmanụ a na-ewepụta kwa ụgbọ mmiri. N'afọ 1992, e degharịrị MARPOL wee mee ka ọ bụrụ iwu na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri (5,000 dwt na ndị ọzọ) ga-etinye akwa akwa abụọ. A na-ewere nke a dị ka isi ihe kpatara mbelata mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ, yana ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka GPS, nkewa nke ụgbọ mmiri na ụzọ mmiri n'ime warara dị warara. === Ebe mmanụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri === [[Usòrò:Figure_1_Use_of_Chemical_Dispersants_during_a_Subsurface_Oil_Spill_(51787831851).jpg|thumb|Enwere ike itinye kemịkal dispersants site na ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọelu, na ụgbọ ala n'okpuru mmiri na nzaghachi maka mmanụ na-awụfu n'ụsọ oké osimiri]] Mwụfu ihe mberede sitere na ikpo okwu mmanụ n'oge a na-akpata ihe dị ka pasentị atọ nke mwụfu mmanụ n'oké osimiri. Mwụfu mmanụ a ma ama nke dị n'ikpere mmiri na-abụkarị n'ihi mkpọpu. Ha nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ruo mgbe a gwuru olulu mmiri enyemaka, na-akpata nnukwu mmanụ na-agbapụta. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke mwụfu mmanụ dị otú ahụ bụ Deepwater Horizon na Ixtoc I. Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na ụzụ maka igwu mmiri n'ime mmiri dị omimi emeela nke ọma n'ime afọ 30-40 gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-akwaga na ebe ndị na-egwupụta ihe na ebe ndị siri ike karị. Mmepe a na-edoghị anya na-ebute enweghị usoro doro anya gbasara ugboro nke ikpo okwu mmanụ dị n'ụsọ mmiri. === Paịpụ === N'ihe dị ka afọ 2010, n'ozuzu, enweela mmụba dị ukwuu nke mwụfu mmanụ ọkụ n'ime iri afọ anọ gara aga. Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ a na-akpọ pipeline na Niger Delta. Enwere ike ịkpata mwụfu mmanụ site na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, nrụrụ ọkpọkọ, ntụpọ arụrụ arụ, imebi ihe, ma ọ bụ mwakpo, dị ka ọ dị na pipeline Caño Limón-Coveñas na Colombia. A na-eme atụmatụ na pipeline dị ka isi mmalite nke mwụfu mmanụ na-atụnye ụtụ 1% nke mmetọ mmanụ na oke osimiri. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ nke a na-akọchaghị, na ọtụtụ ọkpọkọ mmanụ na-apụta n'elu ala ebe naanị akụkụ dị nta nke mmanụ ahụ ruru n'oké osimiri. === Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya === Ụgbọ mmiri ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịwụsa mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri n'ihi njehie arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ na adịghị njikere. Ọnụ ego ndị ahụ dị obere, na ụdị mmanụ awụfu na-esi ike ịchọta n'ihi enweghị akụkọ. Mmanụ nwere ike iru oke osimiri dịka mmanụ na mmanụ ọkụ sitere na isi ala. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmanụ na-asọpụta na mmiri na-esi na mmiri na-akpata 11% nke mmetọ mmanụ na-ebute oke osimiri. Mmetọ dị otú ahụ nwekwara ike ịbụ mmanụ n'okporo ụzọ si n'ụgbọ ala ala, bụ nke a na-agbanye n'oké osimiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo. Mwụfu mmanụ dị n'ala dị iche iche na mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri na-agbapụta na mmanụ dị n'ala adịghị agbasa ngwa ngwa dị ka mmiri, na mmetụta ya na-anọgide na mpaghara. == Ihichapụ na mgbake == [[Usòrò:C-130_support_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Otu ụgbọelu U.S. Air Force Reserve na-awụsa Corexit dispersant n'elu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon na Gulf of Mexico.]] [[Usòrò:Exxon_Valdez_Cleanup.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mgbalị nhicha mgbe mmanụ <nowiki><i id="mwARA">Exxon Valdez</i></nowiki> wụsịrị.]] [[Usòrò:Harbour_Buster_high-speed_oil_containment_system.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Otu ndị US Navy na-emeghachi omume na mmanụ na-awụfu na-eji "Harbour Buster high-speed oil containment system".]] Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Nhicha anụ ahụ nke mwụfu mmanụ dịkwa oke ọnụ. Ruo n'afọ 1960, ụzọ kacha mma maka mgbazigharị bụ itinye ahịhịa na ntufu na iji aka na-ebupụta ahịhịa ndị ahụ etinyere mmanụ. Ndozi kemịkalụ bụ ụkpụrụ dị ka mmalite narị afọ nke 21, na-eji ogige ndị nwere ike ịchịkọta ma mee ka mmanụ sie ike maka mgbake anụ ahụ, fesa mmanụ n'ime mmiri, ma ọ bụ mee ka mmanụ ahụ gbaa ọkụ. Ọdịnihu nke teknụzụ mkpocha mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ iji microorganisms dị ka Fusobacteriota (nke bụbu Fusobacteria), ụdị na-egosipụta ikike nke mkpocha mmanụ n'ọdịnihu n'ihi ikike ha nwere ịchịkọta na iweda slicks mmanụ n'elu oke osimiri. Enwere ụdị nje bacteria na-eri mmanụ atọ. Nje bacteria na-ebelata sulfate (SRB) na nje bacteria na-emepụta acid bụ anaerobic, ebe nje bacteria na-eme ka aerobic (GAB) bụ aerobic. Nje bacteria ndị a na-eme n'onwe ha ga-eme ihe iji wepụ mmanụ site na gburugburu ebe obibi, na biomass ha ga-anọchi anya ndị ọzọ nọ n'usoro nri. Kemịkalụ sitere na mmanụ nke na-agbaze n'ime mmiri, ya mere nje bacteria na-enweta, bụ nke dị na mmiri jikọtara ọnụ nke mmanụ. Ụzọ maka ihicha gụnyere: * Bioremediation: iji microorganisms ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ na-agbaji ma ọ bụ wepụ mmanụ; dị ka nje bacteria Alcanivorax ma ọ bụ Methylocella silvestris. * Bioremediation Accelerator: molecule binder nke na-ebupụ hydrocarbons na mmiri wee banye gels, mgbe ejikọtara ya na nri, na-agba ume bioremediation eke. Oleophilic, kemịkalụ hydrophobic, enweghị nje bacteria, nke na-ejikọta kemịkalụ na nke anụ ahụ na hydrocarbons soluble na nke na-adịghị ike. Onye na-eme ngwa ngwa na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-azụ anụ na mmiri na n'elu, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri dị ka phenol na BTEX n'elu mmiri, na-eme ka gel-dị ka agglomerations. Enwere ike ịchọta ọkwa nke hydrocarbons na mmiri emepụtara na ogidi mmiri a na-achịkwa. Site n'iji ngwa ngwa bioremediation fesa ncha, a na-ewepụ ncha n'ime nkeji nkeji. Ma etinyere ya n'elu ala ma ọ bụ n'elu mmiri, emulsion na-edozi ahụ na-emepụta oge ntoju nke obodo, ụmụ amaala, nke dịbu adị, na-eri hydrocarbon. Nje bacteria ndị ahụ kpọmkwem na-akụda hydrocarbons n'ime mmiri na carbon dioxide, na nyocha EPA na-egosi 98% nke alkanes biodegraded na ụbọchị 28; na aromatics ịbụ biodegraded ugboro 200 ngwa ngwa karịa okike ha na-ejikwa hydrofiboom mgbe ụfọdụ iji hichaa mmanụ ahụ site n'iwepụ ya n'ọtụtụ mmanụ ma gbaa ya ọkụ. * Ọkụ a na-achịkwa nwere ike ibelata oke mmanụ dị na mmiri nke ọma, ma ọ bụrụ na emee ya nke ọma. Mana enwere ike ime ya na obere ikuku, ma nwee ike ibute mmetọ ikuku. [[Usòrò:Close-up_of_Lake_Maracaibo,_Venezuela.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ na-agbada n'Ọdọ Mmiri Maracaibo]] [[Usòrò:PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ehicha ihe si na mmanụ Prestige pụta]] * Enwere ike iji ndị na-ekesa ihe na-ekpochapụ slicks mmanụ. Onye na-ekesa bụ ma ọ bụ polymer na-adịghị na elu ma ọ bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'elu agbakwunyere na nkwusioru, na-abụkarị colloid, iji meziwanye nkewa nke irighiri ihe na iji gbochie nkwụsị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị. Ha nwere ike gbasasịa nnukwu ụdị mmanụ ngwa ngwa site na oke osimiri site na ibufe ya na kọlụm mmiri. Ha ga-eme ka slick mmanụ gbajie wee mepụta miceles na-agbaze mmiri nke na-agbaze ngwa ngwa. A na-agbasa mmanụ ahụ nke ọma n'ime oke mmiri buru ibu karịa n'elu ebe esitere mmanụ ahụ. Ha nwekwara ike igbu oge nhazi nke emulsions mmanụ na-adịgide adịgide. Agbanyeghị, nnwale ụlọ nyocha gosiri na ndị na-ekesa na-abawanye ogo hydrocarbon na-egbu egbu na azụ site na ihe ruru 100 ma nwee ike igbu akwa azụ. Mmụba mmanụ achụsasịrị na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị omimi ma nwee ike imerụ coral n'ụzọ na-egbu egbu. Nnyocha na-egosi na ụfọdụ ndị na-agbasasị na-egbu coral. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2012 chọpụtara na ndị na-ekesa Corexit amụbawo nsí nke mmanụ ihe ruru ugboro 52. Na 2019, U.S. National Academies weputara mkpesa na-enyocha uru na ọghọm dị n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nzaghachi na ngwaọrụ. * Lelee ma chere: n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, attenuation nke mmanụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe kacha kwesị ekwesị, n'ihi ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke ụzọ edozi edozi nke ọma, karịsịa n'ebe ndị nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ala mmiri. * Dredging: n'ihi na mmanụ agbasasị na nchacha na mmanụ ndị ọzọ denserer karịa mmiri. * Skimming: Na-achọ mmiri dị jụụ mgbe niile n'oge usoro. * Na-edozi: Ndị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike bụ nke obere, na-ese n'elu mmiri, pellets ice kpọrọ nkụ, na polymers hydrophobic nke na-adaba ma na-amịkọrọ. Ha na-ehichapụ ihe ndị na-awụfu mmanụ site n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nke mmanụ a wụfuru site na mmiri mmiri gaa na ihe siri ike, nke siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka rọba nke na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ndị na-eme ihe ike na-adịghị edozi na mmiri, ya mere mwepụ nke mmanụ siri ike dị mfe ma mmanụ agaghị apụta. Achọpụtara ihe ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu na mmiri na anụ ọhịa ma gosi na ha na-egbochi vapors ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-ejikọta ya na hydrocarbons dị ka benzene, xylene na naphtha. A na-achịkwa oge mmeghachi omume maka ịkwado mmanụ site na mpaghara elu ma ọ bụ nha nke polymer ma ọ bụ pellets akọrọ yana viscosity na ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa mmanụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa siri ike na-ekwu na mmanụ siri ike nwere ike gbazee ma jiri ya mee ya ma ọ bụrụ na akpọchie ya na ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, megharịa ya dị ka mgbakwunye na ngwaahịa asphalt ma ọ bụ rọba, ma ọ bụ gbaa ọkụ dị ka mmanụ ntụ dị ala. A na-eji ihe siri ike akpọrọ C.I.Agent (nke CI Agent Solutions nke Louisville, Kentucky rụpụtara) na BP na-eji ya n'ụdị granular, yana Marine na Sheen Booms na Dauphin Island na Fort Morgan, Alabama, iji nyere aka na mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon hichapụ. * Vacuum na centrifuge: mmanụ nwere ike ịmịnye ya na mmiri ahụ, mgbe ahụ, a pụrụ iji centrifuge kewaa mmanụ na mmiri - ikwe ka tanker jupụta na mmanụ dị ọcha dị nso. Ọtụtụ mgbe, mmiri na-alaghachi n'oké osimiri, na-eme ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo mma, ma na-ekwe ka obere mmanụ mmanụ laghachi azụ. Okwu a egbochila iji centrifuges n'ihi iwu United States na-amachi oke mmanụ dị na mmiri eweghachiri n'oké osimiri. * Oke osimiri: mmanụ ekpokọtara ọnụ nke fọdụrụ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike iburu ya site na igwe. [[Usòrò:Valdez_Trash_Pile.jpg|thumb|Igbe mmanụ na-esi na mmanụ <nowiki><i id="mwAZs">Exxon Valdez</i></nowiki> na-awụfu]] Ngwá ọrụ eji eme ihe gụnyere:<ref name="oil spill">{{Cite web|title=Emergency Response: Responding to Oil Spills|work=Office of Response and Restoration|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=2007-06-20|url=http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/training-and-education/education-students-and-teachers/how-do-spills-happen.html}}</ref> * Booms: nnukwu ihe mgbochi na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbakọta mmanụ na-ebuli mmanụ na mmiri * Skimmers: kpoo mmanụ * Sorbents: nnukwu ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ mmanụ na-etinye mmanụ ma na-agbanye obere ụmụ irighiri mmiri * Chemical na biological agents: na-enyere aka igbari mmanụ * Vacuums: wepụ mmanụ n'akụkụ osimiri na elu mmiri * Shọvel na akụrụngwa okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ: a na-ejikarị ehicha mmanụ n'akụkụ osimiri === Mgbochi === * Njide nke abụọ – ụzọ iji gbochie mwepụta mmanụ ma ọ bụ hydrocarbons na gburugburu. * Mmemme Mgbochi na Mgbochi Mwụfu mmanụ (SPCC) nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States. * Ugboro abụọ - wuo oghere abụọ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, nke na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ na ịdị njọ nke mwụfu ma ọ bụrụ na nkukota ma ọ bụ n'ala. A nwekwara ike wughachi ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị otu akpa ka ha nwee okpukpu abụọ. * Ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ebu nnukwu ibu. Usoro nzaghachi mbupu kwesịrị ịgụnye ihe ndị dị ka; * Ndepụta nke uwe nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, akụrụngwa nchekwa, na ihe nchacha a chọrọ maka mkpochapụ (gloves, respirators, wdg) na nkọwa nke iji ha eme ihe nke ọma; * Mpaghara na usoro ọpụpụ kwesịrị ekwesị; * Ịnweta akụrụngwa na-egbochi ọkụ; * Ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ihe mkpofu; na * Usoro enyemaka mbụ enwere ike ịchọrọ. === Nnyocha === * Ngbanwe nke mmanụ aṅụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Macropis fulvipes, usoro maka iweta mmanụ ifuru edugala na mmepe biomimetic nke usoro mgbake mmanụ ọzọ. Aṅụ mmanụ nwere ihe oleophilic n'ime ntutu ha dị ka protrusions nke na-anakọta ma na-echekwa mmanụ. E tinyela usoro a na akwa akwa nke a ga-eji wepụ mmanụ na mmiri mmiri. == Ihe osise nke Environmental Sensitivity Index(ESI) == Environmental Sensitivity Indexes (ESI) bụ ngwa eji mepụta Maps Sensitivity Environmental (ESM). ESM bụ ngwa nhazi atụmatụ eji achọpụta ebe ndị nwere mmetụta na akụrụngwa tupu ihe omume mwụfu mmanụ iji wepụta ihe ndị ga-ebute ụzọ maka nchekwa na hazie atụmatụ nhicha. Ọ bụ ka ọ dị ugbu a ngwá ọrụ eserese a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ịkpa nkata mpaghara. ESI nwere ihe atọ: Sistemụ ogo ụdị oke osimiri, ngalaba akụrụngwa ndu, na otu akụrụngwa eji mmadụ eme ihe. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmepe === ESI bụ ngwa maapụ uche nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ebu ụzọ tinye ya na 1979 maka nzaghachi mmanụ wụfuru na nso [[Texas]] na Ọwara [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. Ruo n'oge a, a na-akwado maapụ ESI nanị ụbọchị ole na ole tupu mmadụ erute ebe mmanụ wụfuru. ESM bụbu atlases, maapụ nwere ọtụtụ puku ibe nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị ya na mwụfu n'oké osimiri. N'ime iri afọ 3 gara aga, a gbanweela ngwaahịa a ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ ịntanetị dị iche iche. Ntughari a na-enye ohere ntughari uche ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-emegharị emegharị na na 1995 site na US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) rụrụ ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ na-enye ESI ohere ịgbatị maapụ gaa n'ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, na ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Maapụ ESI abụrụla ihe dị mkpa na  ịchịkọta, nhazi, na imepụta data nke enwetatụbeghị mbụ n'ụdị dijitalụ. Karịsịa na United States, ngwá ọrụ ahụ enweela ọganihu dị egwu n'ịzụlite atụmatụ nchebe tidal bay, na-anakọta ozi oge na n'ozuzu na nhazi nke mpaghara ndị nwere mmetụta. Yana Geographic Information System Mapping (GIS), ESI na-ejikọta usoro ha iji rụtụ aka na mpaghara akụrụngwa atọ dị iche iche nke ọma. === Ojiji na itinye ya === ESI na-egosi nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụsi ike n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdachi ndị metụtara ụgbọ mmiri, yana nhazi nke mmekọrịta nzaghachi nrụgide n'etiti ihe niile n'oké osimiri. Emebere ya maka ime mkpebi metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, ESM nwere ike mata ebe ndị nwere mmetụta na ebe obibi, azịza nchacha, usoro nzaghachi yana atụmatụ nleba anya maka mwụfu mmanụ. Maapụ ahụ na-enye ndị ọkachamara sitere n'akụkụ dị iche iche aka ịbịakọta ọnụ ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọrụ nzaghachi ngwa ngwa. Usoro ime atlas ESI gụnyere teknụzụ GIS. Usoro ndị a gụnyere, nke mbụ ịzọpụta mpaghara a ga-eme maapụ, na nke abụọ, nzukọ nke ndị ọkachamara mpaghara na mpaghara gbasara mpaghara na akụrụngwa ya. Na-esochi, ọ dị mkpa ka achọpụta ụdị mmiri niile, usoro ndu na akụrụngwa eji eme ihe na ebe ha nọ. Ozugbo achịkọtara ozi a niile, ọ ga-aghọ digitized. N'ụdị dijitalụ ya, a na-edobe nhazi ọkwa, na-emepụta tebụl na ndị ọkachamara mpaghara na-edozi ngwaahịa ahụ tupu ewepụta ya. Ihe ESI na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a bụ n'ime atụmatụ ọnọdụ mberede. Mgbe agbakọchara ma mepụta maapụ ahụ, a na-ewepụta ma gosipụta ebe ndị kacha nwee mmetụta. Ebe ndị a na-aga n'ihu usoro nyocha nke a na-enweta usoro nchebe na nyocha ihe onwunwe. A na-atụgharịghachi nyocha a dị omimi n'ime ESM iji zụlite izi ezi ha na ikwe ka echekwara ozi akọ n'ime ha. A na-eji maapụ emechara eme ihe maka nkuzi na ọzụzụ maka ịrụ ọrụ dị ọcha. Ọzụzụ na-enyekarị aka imelite maapụ yana tweak ụfọdụ ntụpọ ndị nwere ike ime na usoro ndị gara aga. === Ụdị ESI === ==== Ụdị osimiri ==== A na-ekewa ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site n'ọkwa dabere n'otú ebe a ga-esi dị mfe ihicha, ogologo oge mmanụ ahụ ga-adị, yana mmetụta nke oke osimiri ahụ siri dị. Usoro ogo na-arụ ọrụ n'ogo 10 ebe ọkwa dị elu, ka ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ikpere mmiri dị. Usoro nzuzo na-arụkarị ọrụ na agba, ebe a na-eji agba na-ekpo ọkụ maka ụdị na-enwewanye mmetụta na agba oyi na-eji maka oke osimiri siri ike. Maka akụkụ mmiri ọ bụla a na-ebugharị, enwere ihe na-akọwapụta mmetụta ya na mmanụ. Ụdị nkewa n'ụsọ osimiri na-enye ọtụtụ ntọala gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere estuarine, lacustrine, na gburugburu osimiri. Mpempe mmanụ na-ese n'elu mmiri na-etinye ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ karịsịa mgbe ha mechara bata n'ikpere mmiri, na-ekpuchi mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na mmanụ. Ụdị dị iche iche dị n'etiti ụdị mmiri dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche na nzaghachi ha na mmanu, na-emetụta ụdị nchacha nke a ga-achọ iji mebie ụsọ mmiri ahụ nke ọma. N'ihi ya, ọkwa ESI dị n'ikpere mmiri na-enyere kọmitii aka ịchọpụta usoro nhicha nke akwadoro ma ọ bụ mebie gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eburukwa n'uche mkpughe ahụ dị n'ikpere mmiri na-efegharị ike na ebili mmiri, ụdị mkpụrụ osisi, na mkpọda nke oke osimiri ahụ - na mgbakwunye na mmepụta nke usoro ndu na nghọta. Mangroves na ala mmiri na-enwekarị ọkwa ESI dị elu n'ihi mmetụta nwere ike ịdịte aka yana mmebi nke ma mmetọ mmanụ na omume nhicha. Impermeable na kpughere na-ebupụta na elu ife omume na-họọrọ ala n'ihi na-egosipụta ebili mmiri na-edebe mmanụ si bịa n'ikperé mmiri, na ọsọ nke eke usoro ga-ewepụ mmanụ. ==== Akụrụngwa ndu ==== N'ime akụrụngwa ndị dị ndụ, maapụ ESI chekwara mpaghara yana ndị nwere mkpa bio dị iche iche. A na-amatakarị ihe ndị a site na ngwa UNEP-WCMC Integrated Biodiversity Assessment. E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi na otú ahụkwa ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ dị mkpa ka a tụlee mgbe a na-ele anya n'ebe ndị emetụtara bilitere mmanụ. A na-akpọ ebe obibi nke osisi na anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mwụfu mmanụ dị ka "ihe" ma kewara ya site na otu ọrụ. Nhazi nke ọzọ na-ekewa ihe ọ bụla n'ime ụdị dị iche iche nwere akụkọ ndụ na omume yiri nke ahụ na adịghị ike ha na mwụfu mmanụ. Enwere otu mmewere asatọ: nnụnụ, anụ ufe, amphibians, azụ, invertebrates, ebe obibi na osisi, ala mmiri, na anụ mamma na mmiri na anụ anụ terrestrial. A na-ekewakwa otu ndị na-eme ihe n'ime obere otu dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ekewa ìgwè 'marine mammals' na dolphins, manatees, pinnipeds (akara, ọdụm oké osimiri & walruses), pola bear, otters na whales. Ihe dị mkpa mgbe ogo na ịhọrọ ụdị bụ adịghị ike ha na mmanụ na-agbapụta onwe ha. Ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-agụnye mmeghachi omume ha na ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ kamakwa adịghị ike ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu ụyọkọ anụmanụ, ma oge ndụ pụrụ iche na-eme n'ikpere mmiri, na ma ụdị ọ bụla dị ugbu a na-eyi egwu, dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ụkọ. Ụzọ e si emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ site na akara ndị na-anọchi anya ụdị, na polygon na ahịrị iji wepụta oke pụrụ iche nke ụdị. Akara ndị ahụ nwekwara ike ịmata ndị kacha emerụ ahụ nke ụdị ndụ ụdị ndụ, dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, akwụkwụ, ịhịa aka n'ahụ ma ọ bụ usoro mbugharị. Nke a na-enye ohere maka atụmatụ nzaghachi ziri ezi n'ime oge ndị ahụ enyere. Enwekwara nkewa maka ebe obibi sub-tidal nke dịkwa oke mkpa maka ihe dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ osimiri gụnyere kelp, coral reefs na akwa oke osimiri nke anaghị adịkarị n'ụdị ESI dị n'ikpere mmiri. ==== Ihe onwunwe ndị mmadụ ji eme ihe ==== A na-akpọkwa akụrụngwa eji mmadụ eme ihe dị ka atụmatụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba, nke na-esepụta ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nwere ike ime ka mmetọ mmanụ nwee mmetụta ozugbo. Akụ mmadụ eji eme ihe nke edobere n'ime ESI ga-enwe mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mwụfu mmanụ. A na-ekewa akụrụngwa ndị a ụzọ anọ dị mkpa: mkpa ihe ochie ma ọ bụ ebe akụ omenala, ebe ntụrụndụ dị elu ma ọ bụ ebe ị ga-esi n'ikpere mmiri, ebe nlekọta nchebe dị mkpa, na mmalite ihe onwunwe. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere ọdụ ụgbọ elu, saịtị mmiri mmiri, saịtị osimiri ndị ama ama, ụgbọ mmiri, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ihe nchekwa eke ma ọ bụ ebe nsọ mmiri. Mgbe a na-esepụta maapụ, akụrụngwa eji mmadụ mkpa nchekwa ga-abụrịrị onye na-eme amụma mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara. Akụrụngwa ndị a na-adịkarị mfe maka mgbanwe oge n'ihi ex. ịkụ azụ na njem nlegharị anya. Maka otu nke a enwekwara akara akara dịnụ iji gosipụta mkpa ha dị na ESM. == Ịtụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị == Site n'ịhụ oke nke ihe nkiri mmanụ na ọdịdị ya n'elu mmiri, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ awụfuru. Ọ bụrụ na a na-amakwa ebe elu nke ntufu ahụ, enwere ike ịgbakọ mkpokọta mmanụ ahụ. {| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;" ! ! colspan="3" |Ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri ! colspan="2" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ gbasaa |- !Ọdịdị !sentimita !mm !nm !gal/sq mi !L/ha |- |A naghị ahụ ya anya | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000015 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000380 | style="text-align:center;" |38 | style="text-align:center;" |25 | style="text-align:center;" |0.370 |- |Ọ na-egbuke egbuke | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000030 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000760 | style="text-align:center;" |76 | style="text-align:center;" |50 | style="text-align:center;" |0.730 |- |Ihe ngosi mbụ nke ụcha | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000060 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0001500 | style="text-align:center;" |150 | style="text-align:center;" |100 | style="text-align:center;" |1,500 |- |Akara na-egbuke egbuke | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000120 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0003000 | style="text-align:center;" |300 | style="text-align:center;" |200 | style="text-align:center;" |2,900 |- |Agba na-amalite ịdị arọ | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000400 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0010000 | style="text-align:center;" |Otu puku | style="text-align:center;" |666 | style="text-align:center;" |9,700 |- |Agba na-agba ọchịchịrị karịa | style="text-align:center;" |0.0000800 | style="text-align:center;" |0.0020000 | style="text-align:center;" |2000 | style="text-align:center;" |1332 | style="text-align:center;" |19,500 |} Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị na-eji usoro ihe atụ nke mwụfu mmanụ nyere aka n'ime atụmatụ na ime mkpebi ihe mberede. Ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa maka nkà nke amụma ihe atụ nke mgbapụta mmanụ bụ nkọwa zuru oke nke ikuku na mpaghara dị ugbu a. Enwere mmemme ịsachapụ mmanụ n'ụwa niile (WOSM). Isochi oke nke mwụfu mmanụ nwekwara ike ịgụnye ịchọpụta na hydrocarbons anakọtara n'oge mwụfu na-aga n'ihu na-esite na mwụfu na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye kemịkalụ nyocha ọkaibe lekwasịrị anya na mkpịsị aka ibipụta isi mmanụ dabere na ngwakọta mgbagwoju anya nke ihe dị ugbu a. N'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ndị a ga-abụ hydrocarbons dị iche iche, n'etiti ndị kasị baa uru bụ polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Na mgbakwunye, ma oxygen na nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, dị ka nne na nna na alkyl homologues nke carbazole, quinoline, na pyridine, dị na ọtụtụ mmanụ crude. N'ihi nke a, ogige ndị a nwere ikike dị ukwuu iji gbakwunye ụlọ nke hydrocarbons dị ugbu a na-achọ imeziwanye isi mmalite nke mwụfu mmanụ ala. Enwere ike iji nyocha dị otú ahụ soro ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmebi nke mwụfu crude. == Mmanụ kachasị awuputa nke ukwuu == Mmanụ crude na mmanụ a nụchara anụcha sitere n'ihe mberede ụgbọ mmiri mebiri emebi emebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị ike na Alaska, Ọwara Mexico, Galapagos Islands, [[France]], Sundarbans, Ogoniland, na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmanụ awụfuru n'oge ihe mberede sitere na narị tọn ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ narị puku tọn (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz), mana olu bụ njedebe nke mmebi ma ọ bụ mmetụta. Ntufu ntakiri egosilarị na ha na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmanụ mmanụ Exxon Valdez n'ihi ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke saịtị ma ọ bụ ihe isi ike nke nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi mberede. Mwụfu mmanụ na Niger Delta so na ihe kacha njọ n'ụwa. N'agbata afọ 1970 na 2000, ihe mkpofu karịrị 7,000. N'agbata afọ 1956 na afọ 2006, ihe ruru nde tọn 1.5 mmanụ ka wụfuru na Niger Delta. Mwụfu mmanụ n'oké osimiri na-emebikarị nke ukwuu karịa nke dị n'elu ala, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike gbasaa ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita na mmiri n'ime obere mmanụ mmanụ dị mkpa nke nwere ike iji obere mkpuchi mmanụ kpuchie osimiri. Ndị a nwere ike igbu nnụnụ mmiri, mammals, shellfish na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ha na-eyi. Mmanụ awụfu n'ala na-adị ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịgbanye mmiri mgbochi mmiri ngwa ngwa gburugburu ebe a na-awụfu mmiri tupu ọtụtụ n'ime mmanụ ahụ agbapụ, anụ ọhịa nwekwara ike ịzere mmanụ ahụ ngwa ngwa. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" |+'''Mmanụ kacha agbapụta''' !Mmiri na-agbapụta / Tanker !Ebe !Ụbọchị !Ọtụtụ puku tọn mmanụ ala)<br /><br /><br /><br /> !Barrel(ọtụtụ puku)<br /><br /><br /><br /> !US Gallonsman( ọtụtụ puku)<br /><br /><br /><br /> !Ihe odide |- |Ọkụ Mmanụ Kuwait |Kuwait |January 16, 1991 – November 6, 1991 |136,000 |1,000,000 |42,000,000 |<ref>[[United States Department of Defense]] ''Environmental Exposure Report: Oil Well Fires'' (updated August 2, 2000)</ref> |- |Ọdọ Mmiri Kuwait [lower-alpha 3] |Kuwait |January 1991 – November 1991 |3,409–6,818 |25,000–50,000 |1,050,000–2,100,000 |<ref>[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] News, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150718095123/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0321kuwaitfire.html ''1991 Kuwait Oil Fires''], 21 March 2003.</ref> |- |Lakeview Gusher |Kern County, California, USA |March 14, 1910 – September 1911 |1,200 |9,000 |378,000 |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/13/local/la-me-then-20100613|title=California's legendary oil spill|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2010-06-13|accessdate=2010-07-14|first=Steve|author=Harvey}}</ref> |- |Mmanụ a wụfuru n'agha Gulf [lower-alpha 4] |Kuwait, Iraq, na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia |January 19, 1991 – January 28, 1991 |818–1,091 |6,000–8,000 |252,000–336,000 |<ref name="unep.org" /><ref>[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], [http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20014FNJ.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1991%20Thru%201994&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=3&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=pubnumber%5E%22906R92902%22&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=pubnumber&IntQFieldOp=1&ExtQFieldOp=1&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C91THRU94%5CTXT%5C00000017%5C20014FNJ.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=10&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1 ''Report To Congress United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance From January 27 – July 31 1991'']</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwAus">Mmiri miri emi</i></nowiki> |United States, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico |April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010 |560–585 |4,100–4,900 |189,000–231,000 |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Campbell Robertson /Clifford Krauss|title=Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html?_r=1&hp|date=2 August 2010|accessdate=2 August 2010|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=CNN|title=Oil disaster by the numbers|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2010/gulf.coast.oil.spill/interactive/numbers.interactive/index.html|work=CNN|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=1 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Consumer Energy Report|title=Internal Documents: BP Estimates Oil Spill Rate up to 100,000 Barrels Per Day|url=http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2010/06/20/internal-document-bp-estimates-spill-rate-up-to-100000-bpd/|work=Consumer Energy Report|date=20 June 2010|accessdate=20 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=11220248|title=Big Oil Plans Rapid Response to Future Spills|publisher=Abcnews.go.com|accessdate=2012-08-27}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwAwU">Ixtoc nke Mbụ</i></nowiki> |Mexico, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico |June 3, 1979 – March 23, 1980 |454–480 |3,329–3,520 |139,818–147,840 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6250|title=IXTOC I|accessdate=2008-11-03|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503224425/http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6250|archivedate=2012-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1981-03-19_290_5803/page/235|volume=290|issue=5803|doi=10.1038/290235a0|journal=Nature|pages=235–238|date=March 1981|author=Fiest|first=David L.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1981-03-19_290_5803/page/235|journal=Nature|volume=290|issue=5803|doi=10.1038/290235a0|pages=235–238|year=1981|author=Patton|first=John S.}}</ref> |- |Atlantic Empress / Aegean Captain |[[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]] |July 19, 1979 |287 |2,105 |88,396 |<ref name="itopf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.itopf.com/stats.html|title=Major Oil Spills|accessdate=2008-11-02|publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928103949/http://www.itopf.com/stats.html|archivedate=September 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="cedre atlantic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/atlantic/atlantic.htm|title=Atlantic Empress|accessdate=2008-11-10|publisher=Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019035945/http://www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/atlantic/atlantic.htm|archivedate=October 19, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/1479/gcgid/193/lang/English/Tanker-Incidents.wshtml|title=Tanker Incidents|accessdate=2009-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623220136/http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/1479/gcgid/193/lang/English/Tanker-Incidents.wshtml|archivedate=June 23, 2009}}</ref> |- |[[Mmanụ a na-awụfu na Mingbulak|Ndagwurugwu Fergana]] |Uzbekistan |March 2, 1992 |285 |2,090 |87,780 |<ref name="marinergroup">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinergroup.com/oil-spill-history.htm|title=Oil Spill History|accessdate=2008-11-02|publisher=The Mariner Group|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805083333/http://www.marinergroup.com/oil-spill-history.htm|archivedate=2012-08-05}}</ref> |- |[[Ebe mmanụ Nowruz|Ogige Ntọala Nowruz]] |Iran, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia |February 4, 1983 |260 |1,900 |80,000 |<ref name="A0001451">{{Cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001451.html|title=Oil Spills and Disasters|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref> |- |''ABT Oge Ọchịchị'' |[[Angola]], 700 n (1,300 km; 810 mi) n'ụsọ oké osimiri |May 28, 1991 |260 |1,907 |80,080 |<ref name="itopf" /> |- |''Castle nke Bellver'' |South Africa, Saldanha Bay |August 6, 1983 |252 |1,848 |77,616 |<ref name="itopf" /> |- |''Amoco Cadiz'' |France, Brittany |March 16, 1978 |223 |1,635 |68,684 |<ref name="itopf" /><ref name="marinergroup" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6241|title=Amoco Cadiz|accessdate=2008-11-16|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027093928/http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6241/|archivedate=2008-10-27}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwA40">Ike Taylor</i></nowiki> |United States, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico |September 23, 2004 – Present |210–490 |1,500–3,500 |63,000–147,000 |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-14-year-long-oil-spill-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-verges-on-becoming-one-of-the-worst-in-us-history/2018/10/20/f9a66fd0-9045-11e8-bcd5-9d911c784c38_story.html|title=A 14-year-long oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico verges on becoming one of the worst in U.S. history|accessdate=2018-10-22|work=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwA54">Odyssey</i></nowiki> |n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Nova Scotia, [[Kánada|Canada]] |November 10, 1988 |132 |968 |40,704 |<ref name="itopf2">{{Cite web|author=Information Services|title=Data & Statistics: Accidental Marine oil Spillages Since 1970|url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html|publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)|date=7 May 2010|accessdate=18 May 2010|archivedate=12 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512033448/http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwA7A">Torrey Canyon</i></nowiki> |England, Cornwall |March 18, 1967 |119 |872 |36,635 |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-39223308|title=Black tide: When the British bombed an oil spill|author=Bell|first=Bethan|date=2017-03-17|accessdate=2020-01-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> * [[Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills]] * [[Environmental issues with petroleum]] * [[Environmental issues with shipping]] * [[LNG spill]] * [[Storm oil]] * [[Low-temperature thermal desorption]] * [[National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan]] * [[Ohmsett]] (Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank) * [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]] (in the US) * [[Oil well]] * [[Penguin sweater]] * [[Project Deep Spill]], the first intentional deepwater oil and gas spill * ''[[Pseudomonas putida]]'' (used for degrading oil) * [[S-200 (fertilizer)]] * [[ShoreZone]] * [[Spill containment]] * [[Tarball (oil)|Tarball]] </div> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} g31llj2g43n83wtua7ces9usttphvhc 0 26281 697792 631653 2026-08-10T08:25:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-eji ihe nlele rosette maka ịnakọta ihe nlele mmiri na mmiri miri emi, dị ka Great Lakes ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, maka nnwale mmiri.]]   Ọdịdị mmiri na-ezo aka na kemịkal, anụ ahụ, na njirimara nke [[mmiri]] dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ojiji ya.<ref name="water quality">{{Cite web|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=D. L.|author=Johnson|title=Meanings of Environmental Terms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environmental-quality_may-june-1997_26_3/page/n12|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|pages=581–589|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x|year=1997}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe site n'ịrụtụ aka n'ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke enwere ike nyochaa nnabata, nke a na-enwetakarị site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ejikarị enyocha na nyochaa ịdị mma mmiri na-egosi ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nke kọntaktị mmadụ, oke mmetọ mmiri na ọnọdụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ogo mmiri na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ntinye mmiri na mgbe mgbe na-ekpebi nhọrọ ọkọnọ. == Ụdị == A na-ekpebi paramita maka ịdị mma mmiri site na ebumnuche ebumnuche. Arụ ọrụ na mpaghara nke mmiri dị mma na-elekwasị anya na mmiri a na-agwọ maka ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe / iji ụlọ, ma ọ bụ mweghachi (nke gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ozuzu maka ahụike nke ndụ mmadụ / mmiri).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=Other Uses and Types of Water|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/index.html|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> === Ihe oriri mmadụ === [[Usòrò:Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg|thumb|Mmetọ mpaghara na nke mba nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ site na ụdị kemịkal na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe]] Ihe na-emerụ emerụ nke nwere ike ịdị na mmiri a na-adịghị edozi ya gụnyere microorganisms dị ka nje, protozoa na nje bacteria; mmetọ inorganic dị ka [[Ńnú|nnu]] na ọla; organic kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ sitere na usoro mmepụta ihe na iji mmanụ mmanụ; ọgwụ pesticides na herbicides; na ihe mmetọ redioaktivu. Ogo mmiri na-adabere n'ihe gbasara mbara ala na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ojiji mmadụ dị ka nsị nsị, mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, iji mmiri dị ka ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè (nke nwere ike belata ọkwa mmiri).{{Tinye edensibịa}} United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na-egbochi ọnụọgụgụ nke ụfọdụ mmetọ na mmiri pọmpụ nke usoro mmiri ọha na eze US nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is water quality? Eight key characteristics|url=https://waterrangers.ca/what-is-water-quality/|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=Water Rangers|language=en-US}}</ref> Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Dị Nchebe na-enye EPA ikike ịnye ụdị ụkpụrụ abụọ: * ''ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi'' na-achịkwa ihe ndị nwere ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ;<ref name="EPA DW reqts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|title=Drinking Water Regulations|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2022-09-20|work=Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems|publisher=EPA}}</ref> * ''ụkpụrụ nke abụọ'' na-enye àgwà mara mma, ndị na-emetụta ụtọ, ísì, ma ọ bụ ọdịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2022-02-17|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Iwu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti nke U.S. a kpọrọ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) na-esetịpụ ihe mgbochi maka mmetọ na mmiri a na-etinye na karama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm046894.htm|title=FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2018-09-22|work=Food Facts for Consumers|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> Mmiri ọṅụṅụ, gụnyere mmiri a na-etinye na karama, nwere ike ịtụ anya na ọ ga-enwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala obere mmetọ ụfọdụ. Ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ndị a anaghị egosi na mmiri ahụ na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike. N'ebe ndị mepere emepe na gburugburu ụwa, a na-eji nkà na ụzụ na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha na usoro mmiri ime obodo iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na mmiri iyi (mmiri elu ma ọ bụ mmiri ala) tupu ekesa ya n'ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-enweta ya. Mmiri a na-esi na iyi, ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ aquifer na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ga-abụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka n'ihe gbasara ike.. Ibu nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-emetọ emetọ na-emetụta ndị na-anọchite anya na ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Katner|first=A. L.|editor=Brinkmann|date=2018|chapter=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|pages=79–97|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71388-5}}</ref> Obodo ndị na-enweghị ọrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ndị a dị ọcha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ndị mmiri na mmetọ dịka ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, [[afọ ọsịsa]], afọ ọnyụju, [[Iba|ịba]] ọcha n'anya (hepatitis A), typhoid, na polio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|date=2022-03-21|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Obodo ndị a na-anọkarị n'ebe ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe a na-awụpụ mmiri nsị mmadụ n'ime ọwa mmiri dị nso ma ọ bụ mmiri nsị n'elu n'enweghị ọgwụgwọ zuru ezu, ma ọ bụ jiri ya na ịgba mmiri. === Ojiji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ === Ion ndị a gbazere agbaze nwere ike imetụta ịdị mma nke mmiri maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ na nke ụlọ. Ihe a maara nke ọma n'ime ndị a bụ ma eleghị anya ọnụnọ nke calcium (Ca2 +) na magnesium (Mg2 +) nke na-egbochi ọrụ nhicha nke ncha, ma nwee ike ịmepụta sulfate siri ike na carbonate dị nro na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ boilers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Babbitt|first=Harold E.|title=Water Supply Engineering|date=1949|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}}</ref> Enwere ike ime ka mmiri siri ike dị nro iji wepụ ion ndị a. Usoro ime ka ọ dị nro na-anọchi anya sodium cations.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Linsley|first=Ray K|title=Water-Resources Engineering|date=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-037959-9|pages=454–456}}</ref> Maka ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, mmiri siri ike nwere ike ịka mma karịa mmiri dị nro n'ihi na nsogbu ahụike ejikọtara ya na ụkọ calcium na sodium karịrị akarị.<ref>WHO (2004). [https://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrconsensusrep.pdf "Consensus of the Meeting: Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of long-term consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-waters."] ''Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (draft).'' From 11–13 November 2003 meeting in Rome, Italy at the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health.</ref> Mkpa maka calcium na magnesium ndị ọzọ na mmiri na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ekwu maka ya n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-ejikarị ego ha tụrụ aro site na nri.  === Ịdị mma mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi === [[File:Water cleanliness sign, Dublin.jpg|thumb|Ihe nlereanya na Sandymount, Ireland, na-akọwa ịdị mma mmiri, na-enye ọkwa nke faecal coliform E. coli na Enterococcus faecalis.]] [[File:View of urban runoff discharging to coastal waters.jpg|thumb|Mgbọ mmiri nke ime obodo na-asọba na mmiri dị n'ụsọ osimiri]] Ọdịdị mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-akpọkwa ọdịdị mmiri gburugburu, metụtara '''mmiri dị''' ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, na oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/supplemental-module-human-health-ambient-water-quality-criteria|title=Supplemental Module: Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria|date=2022-06-28|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ mmiri dị mma maka mmiri dị n'elu dịgasị iche iche n'ihi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ojiji mmadụ bu n'obi. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke microorganisms ụfọdụ nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike maka ebumnuche na-abụghị ịṅụ mmiri dị ka ịgba mmiri, igwu mmiri, ịkụ azụ, rafting, ụgbọ mmiri, na iji ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adlish|first=John I.|date=2020-10-31|title=Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 keV Energy Electron Beam|journal=Instruments|volume=4|issue=4|pages=32|doi=10.3390/instruments4040032}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndị a nwekwara ike imetụta anụ ọhịa, nke na-eji mmiri maka ịṅụ ma ọ bụ dị ka ebe obibi. Dị ka EPA si kwuo, iwu mmiri dị mma n'ozuzu ya na-akọwapụta nchedo nke ịkụ azụ na iji ntụrụndụ eme ihe ma chọọ, dị ka ọ dịkarịa ala, ijigide ụkpụrụ dị mma ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-10/documents/handbook-chapter3.pdf|title=Water Quality Standards Handbook Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria|publisher=EPA|year=2017|id=EPA 823-B-17-001}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ, ọnọdụ mmiri dị mma a chọrọ gụnyere oke ikuku oxygen, obere chlorophyll-a, na mmiri dị elu.<ref name="Tango">{{Cite journal|author=Tango|first=Peter J.|title=Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-water-resources-association_2013-10_49_5/page/n30|journal=JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association|volume=49|issue=5|date=2013-09-04|issn=1093-474X|doi=10.1111/jawr.12108|pages=1007–1024}}</ref> Enwere ọchịchọ ụfọdụ n'etiti ọha na eze iji weghachite mmiri n'ọnọdụ dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/restoration/Watershed_Restoration/|title=Watershed Restoration Program|publisher=US Forest Service|accessdate=2022-10-05}}</ref> Ọtụtụ iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na nhọpụta nke otu ojiji nke otu mmiri. Na mba ụfọdụ aha ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụrụhaala na ụdị mmetọ ahụ adịghị emerụ ihe eji eme ihe. Nyere mgbanwe n'ọdịdị ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmepe ala, ime obodo, ikpochapụ n'ime ọhịa) n'ime mmiri mmiri nke ọtụtụ mmiri dị ọcha, ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ ndị dị ọcha ga-abụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'okwu ndị a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya n'inweta ebumnobi maka idobe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma nwee ike itinye uche na nchekwa nke ọnụọgụgụ nke ụdị dị ize ndụ na ichekwa ahụike mmadụ. == Nnyocha na nha == === Nchịkọta ihe atụ === [[Usòrò:WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg|thumb|A na-etinye ụlọ nyocha na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya n'akụkụ East Branch Milwaukee River, New Fane, Wisconsin. A na-ebuli mkpuchi nke 24-bottle autosampler (etiti) elu, na-egosi karama sample n'ime. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe nlele na-anakọta ihe nlele n'oge, ma ọ bụ kwekọọ na ọ ga-agafe n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Onye na-edekọ data (ọfịs na-acha ọcha) na-edekọta okpomọkụ, njikwa pụrụ iche, na ọkwa oxygen a gbazere agbaze.]] A na-egosipụta mgbagwoju anya nke àgwà mmiri dị ka isiokwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị nha nke ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri. A na-eme ụfọdụ nleba anya nke mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi na saịtị, n'ihi na mmiri dị na nha nha na gburugburu ya. Ntụle a na-emekarị na saịtị yana na kọntaktị kpọmkwem na isi iyi mmiri a na-ajụ gụnyere okpomọkụ, pH, oxygen gbazere, conductivity, oxygen mbelata ikike (ORP), turbidity, nakwa omimi nke Secchi diski. Enwere ike ime nlele mmiri maka nyocha anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dabere na izi ezi achọrọ yana njirimara nke mmetọ ahụ. Ụzọ nlere anya na-agụnye dịka ọmụmaatụ nlere anya dị mfe, nlere anya dị iche iche, nhazi usoro na grid sampling, sampling cluster adaptive, grab samples, ọkara na-aga n'ihu na nleba anya na-aga n'ihu, nlele na-agafe agafe, nlele anya, nhụta anya, na nlekota biomonitoring. Ojiji nke samplers na-agafe agafe na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa na mkpa akụrụngwa na ebe nlele. A na-egbochi ọtụtụ ihe omume mmetọ n'oge, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo. N'ihi nke a, ihe nlele "na-ejide" na-ezughị ezu maka ịkọwa ọkwa mmetọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achịkọta ụdị data a na-ejikarị ngwaọrụ na-amịpụta mmiri na-agbakwunye mmiri n'oge ma ọ bụ oge mgbapụta.<section end="sampling" /> A na-emekarị ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ụlọ nyocha nke chọrọ ka a chịkọta mmiri, chekwaa, buru ya, ma nyochaa ya n'ebe ọzọ. ==== Nsogbu ==== Usoro nnwale mmiri na-ewebata nsogbu abụọ dị mkpa: * Nsogbu mbụ bụ ókè ihe nlele ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe nnọchianya nke isi iyi nke mmasị. Isi mmalite mmiri na-adịgasị iche na oge yana ọnọdụ. Ntụle mmasị nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'oge ma ọ bụ site n'ehihie ruo abalị ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụfọdụ ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke osisi na anụmanụ dị n'ime mmiri. Ntụle mmasị nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na ebe dị anya site na oke mmiri nwere oke ikuku na n'okpuru ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ala. Onye sampler ga-ekpebi ma otu oge na ọnọdụ na-egbo mkpa nke nyocha, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na iji mmiri nke mmasị nwere ike na-eju afọ site na nkezi ụkpụrụ nke sampler n'ime oge na ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na oké egwu maxima na minima chọrọ onye ọ bụla nha n'ofe. nke oge, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe omume. Usoro nchịkọta ihe atụ ga-emesi ịdị arọ ziri ezi nke oge nlele nke onye ọ bụla na ebe nkezi kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ebe ụkpụrụ kacha ma ọ bụ nke kacha nta dị, a ga-etinyerịrị usoro ngụkọ ọnụ n'ụdị dị iche iche iji chọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke sample. nyochaa ihe gbasara puru omume nke gafere ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ dị oke mkpa. * Nsogbu nke abụọ na-eme ka a na-ewepụ ihe nlele ahụ site na mmiri mmiri wee malite ịmepụta nhazi kemịkalụ na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya - ihe nlele. A ghaghị iji ihe ndị nwere obere mmeghachi omume na ihe ndị a ga-atụnyere ihe nlele; tupu ihicha ihe nlele dị mkpa. Ihe nlele mmiri nwere ike igbari akụkụ nke ihe nlele na ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ na akpa ahụ, kemịkalụ gbazere n'ime mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime akpa sample wee nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a na-awụsa mmiri ahụ maka nyocha. Mmekọrịta kemịkalụ nwere ike ime na nfuli ọ bụla, ọkpọkọ, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ etiti eji ebufe ihe nlele mmiri n'ime akpa nlele. A ga-ejide mmiri nke anakọtara site na omimi dị n'okpuru ala na mbelata nrụgide nke ikuku; ya mere gas gbazere n'ime mmiri ga-anakọta n'elu akpa ahụ. Igwe ikuku dị n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike gbazee n'ime nlele mmiri. Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na nlele mmiri gbanwere okpomọkụ. Ihe siri ike kewara ekewa nke ọma bụ nke ọgba aghara mmiri kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịbanye na ala nke akpa ihe nlele ahụ, ma ọ bụ usoro siri ike nwere ike ịmalite site na uto ndu ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo. Microorganisms dị n'ime ihe nlele mmiri nwere ike gbanwee n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke oxygen, carbon dioxide, na ogige organic. Ịgbanwe mkpokọta carbon dioxide nwere ike gbanwee pH ma gbanwee solubility nke kemịkalụ mmasị. Nsogbu ndị a na-enwe nchegbu pụrụ iche n'oge nha kemịkalụ echere na ọ dị mkpa na mkpokọta dị ala<ref name="Goldman" /> [[Usòrò:Watersampling.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta mmiri a chịkọtara n'aka (nchịkọta) maka nyocha]] Nchekwa nlele nwere ike dozie nsogbu nke abụọ. Usoro a na-emekarị bụ idobe ihe nlele oyi iji mee ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmeghachi omume kemịkal na mgbanwe nke oge belata, na nyochaa ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo enwere ike; ma nke a na-ebelata mgbanwe ndị ahụ kama igbochi ha. Usoro bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmetụta nke arịa ihe nlele n'oge igbu oge n'etiti nchịkọta na nyocha gụnyere nkwadebe maka ihe nlele abụọ na-emepụta tupu ihe omume nlele. Otu akpa akpa jupụtara na mmiri amaara site na nyocha gara aga na enweghị ọnụọgụ kemịkalụ mmasị a na-achọpụta. A na-emeghe ihe nlele a, nke a na-akpọ "oghere", maka ikpughe na ikuku mgbe a na-anakọta ihe atụ nke mmasị, wee megharịa ya ma buga ya n'ụlọ nyocha na ihe nlele maka nyocha iji chọpụta ma nchịkọta ma ọ bụ njide nlele ewebata ego ọ bụla nwere ike ịlele. kemịkalụ mmasị. A na-anakọta ihe atụ artificial nke abụọ site na nlele nke mmasị, ma emesịa "spiked" na ọnụọgụ ọzọ nke kemịkalụ mmasị n'oge nchịkọta. A na-ebu oghere (nchịkwa na-adịghị mma) na spiked sample (nchịkwa dị mma) na nlele nke mmasị ma nyochaa ya site n'otu ụzọ ahụ n'otu oge iji chọpụta mgbanwe ọ bụla na-egosi uru ma ọ bụ mfu n'oge oge gafere n'etiti nchịkọta na nyocha..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data|url=https://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html|date=2009-08-28|publisher=USGS, Quality Systems Branch|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075541/https://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html}}</ref> === Nnyocha na nzaghachi maka ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na ọnọdụ mberede ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_(4717896816).jpg|thumb|Mmiri nnwale na Gulf of Mexico mgbe mmanụ Deepwater Horizon wụpụrụ]] Mgbe ihe omume ndị dị ka ala ọma jijiji na tsunami gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na-emeghachi omume ozugbo ka ọrụ enyemaka na'ihu iji gbalịa iweghachi akụrụngwa dị mkpa ma nye ihe ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa maka ndụ na mgbake na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/waterquality.html|title=Tsunamis: Water Quality|author=Natural Disasters and Severe Weather|publisher=CDC|date=2014-08-13}}</ref> Egwu nke ọrịa na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ bi nso, mgbe mgbe n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, na enweghị ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Furusawa|first=Takuro|date=2008-01-01|title=Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmh/36/2/36_2007-63/_article|journal=Tropical Medicine and Health|volume=36|issue=2|pages=65–74|doi=10.2149/tmh.2007-63}}</ref> Mgbe ọdachi sitere n'okike gasịrị, dịka nyocha mmiri dị mma, enwere echiche zuru oke banyere ụzọ kachasị mma ị ga-eme ma nwee ike iji ụzọ dịgasị iche iche. Isi ihe dị mkpa nke mmiri dị mma nke ọ dị mkpa ka a dozie na mberede bụ ihe na-egosi nje bacteria nke mmetọ nsị, chlorine fọdụrụ n'efu, pH, turbidity na ikekwe conductivity / total dissolved solids. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ e si emebi ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hanaor|first=Dorian A. H.|title=Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO₂ Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications|journal=Advanced Engineering Materials|year=2014|volume=16|issue=2|pages=248–254|doi=10.1002/adem.201300259}}</ref> Mgbe nnukwu ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha gasịrị, ogologo oge nwere ike ịgafe tupu mmiri ahụ alaghachi na ọkwa tupu ọdachi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe tsunami nke Indian Ocean nke afọ 2004 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ International Water Management Institute (IWMI) nke dị na Colombo nyochara mmetụta nke mmiri nnu wee kwubie na olulu mmiri ahụ laghachiri na mmiri ọṅụṅụ tupu tsunami otu afọ na ọkara mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị. IWMI mepụtara usoro maka ihicha olulu mmiri nnu na-emetọ; ndị a mechara bụrụ ndị World Health Organization kwadoro dịka akụkụ nke usoro ntuziaka mberede ya. === Nnyocha kemịkal === [[Usòrò:GCMS_open.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gas<nowiki><br id="mwASc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> chromatograph-mass spectrometer na-atụle ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ]] Ụzọ kachasị mfe nke nyocha kemịkal bụ ndị na-atụle kemịkalụ n'enweghị ọdịdị ha. Nnyocha elemental maka oxygen, dịka ihe atụ, ga-egosi oke nke 890 g / L (gram kwa lita) nke mmiri sample n'ihi na oxygen (O) nwere 89% nke mmiri mmiri (H2O). Usoro ahọpụtara iji tụọ oxygen a gbazere agbaze kwesịrị ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti diatomic oxygen na oxygen jikọtara ya na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ịdị mfe nke nyocha nke elemental emeela ka e nwee nnukwu data sample na njirimara mmiri maka ihe ndị a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọla dị arọ. Nnyocha mmiri maka ọla dị arọ ga-atụle ụmụ irighiri ala kwụsịtụrụ na mmiri. Akụkụ ala ndị a a kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịnwe oke ọla. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ anaghị agbaze na mmiri, ndị mmadụ nwere ike iri ha. Ịtinye acid na ihe nnwale mmiri iji gbochie mfu nke ọla ndị a gbazere agbaze n'elu akpa nnwale ahụ nwere ike ịgbaze ọla ndị ọzọ site na ụmụ irighiri ala. Filtration nke ụmụ irighiri ala site na mmiri sample tupu agbakwunye acid, Otú ọ dị, nwere ike ịkpata mfu nke ọla ndị a gbazere agbaze na nzacha.<ref>State of California Environmental Protection Agency ''Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances'' (1994) pp.&nbsp;23–24</ref> Mgbagwoju anya nke ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị yiri ya bụ ihe ịma aka karịa. [[Usòrò:PSA_2.jpg|thumb|A na-eji atomic fluorescence spectroscopy atụle mercury na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ]] Ime ihe ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ. N'ihi na nyocha nke mmiri nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ, a na-eme mmemme nlekota na-aga n'ihu ma na-ewepụta nsonaazụ site na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị. Otú ọ dị, e nwere mmemme ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ihe onwunwe dị maka nyocha ụfọdụ.<ref>An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program: {{Cite web|url=https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/water/streams/monitoring.html|title=Monitoring Our Waters|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=Watershed Restoration|publisher=Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection|accessdate=2018-11-11|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075541/https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/water/streams/monitoring.html}}.</ref> Ngwá ọrụ ndị ọha na eze nwere gụnyere ihe nyocha n'ebe ahụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka [[Aquarium|tankị azụ]] ụlọ, na usoro nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. === Biosensors === Biosensors nwere ikike maka "nnukwu mmetụta, nhọrọ, ntụkwasị obi, ịdị mfe, ọnụ ala na nzaghachi oge".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ejeian|first=Fatemeh|title=Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review|journal=Biosensors & Bioelectronics|date=30 October 2018|volume=118|pages=66–79|doi=10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019|pmid=30056302|issn=1873-4235}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị bionanotechnologists kọrọ mmepe nke ROSALIND 2.0, nke nwere ike ịchọpụta ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmetọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DNA computer could tell you if your drinking water is contaminated|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2308396-dna-computer-could-tell-you-if-your-drinking-water-is-contaminated/|accessdate=16 March 2022|work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jung|first=Jaeyoung K.|title=Programming cell-free biosensors with DNA strand displacement circuits|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=17 February 2022|volume=18|issue=4|pages=385–393|doi=10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9|pmid=35177837|issn=1552-4469}}</ref> === Nlekọta oge === Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enwekarị nnwale ma nyochaa ogo mmiri na ụlọ nyocha, kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 enwere mmasị ọha na eze na ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke usoro obodo nyere. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri emepụtala usoro iji chịkọta data oge gbasara ogo mmiri. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, e depụtara ihe mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na usoro nlekota anya maka ịlele pH mmiri, turbidity, oxygen a gbazere agbaze na akụkụ ndị ọzọ. E mepụtara ụfọdụ usoro mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ maka nlekota ogo mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri mmiri, mmiri mmiri na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Quality Monitoring|url=https://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/projects/continuous-water-monitoring-stations/|date=2018-08-06|publisher=Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075545/https://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/projects/continuous-water-monitoring-stations/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eyes on the Bay|url=http://eyesonthebay.dnr.maryland.gov|publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=2018-12-05}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-eji mita conductivity eletrik atụ ihe niile a gbazere agbaze]] Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ndị a na-atụkarị site na ụdị ọnọdụ: * Alkalinity * Agba nke mmiri * pH * Nri na ísì (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), wdg.) * Mmanụ na nnu a gbazere agbaze (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) * Microorganisms dị ka fecal coliform bacteria (''Escherichia coli''), Cryptosporidium, na Giardia lamblia; ''lee'' nyocha mmiri nke nje bacteria * Mmanụ ndị a gbazere agbaze na metalloids (ọla, mercury, arsenic, wdg.) * Organics a gbazere agbaze: ihe a gbazere ahịhịa agbaze (CDOM), carbon a gbazere (DOC) * Ihe omuma * Mkpụrụ ígwè ndị dị arọ * Ọgwụ * Ụdị homonụ === Ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi === ==== Ihe ngosi anụ ahụ ==== * Water [[temperature]] * Specific conductance or [[electrical conductance]] (EC) or conductivity * [[Total suspended solids]] (TSS) * [[Secchi depth|Transparency]] or [[turbidity]] * [[Water clarity]] * [[Total dissolved solids]] (TDS) * [[Odour]] of water * [[Color of water]] (such as [[Forel-Ule scale]] or [[Pt/Co scale]]) * [[Taste]] of water ==== Ihe ngosi kemịkal ==== * [[Alkalinity]] * [[Biochemical oxygen demand]] (BOD) * [[Chemical oxygen demand]] (COD) * [[Dissolved oxygen]] (DO) * [[Hard water|Total hardness]] (TH) * [[Heavy metals]] * [[Nitrate]] * [[Orthophosphate]]s * [[pH]] * [[Pesticide]]s * [[Residual sodium carbonate index]] (RSC) * [[Sodium adsorption ratio]] (SAR) * [[Surfactant]]s ==== Ihe ngosi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==== * [[Ephemeroptera]] * [[Plecoptera]] * [[Mollusca]] * [[Trichoptera]] * ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E. coli) * [[Coliform bacteria]] * ''[[Pimephales promelas]]'' (fathead minnow) * ''[[Americamysis bahia]]'' (Mysid shrimp) * [[Sea urchin]] E mepụtara usoro nlekota nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọtụtụ ebe, otu ezinụlọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mmiri dị ọcha bụ ọnụnọ na ọtụtụ ndị otu ụmụ ahụhụ Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera na Trichoptera (EPT) (nke macroinvertebrates benthic nke aha ha bụ, n'otu n'otu, mayfly, stonefly na caddisfly). Ndepụta EPT ga-adịgasị iche site na mpaghara gaa na mpaghara, mana n'ozuzu, n'ime mpaghara, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke taxa sitere na iwu ndị a ka ukwuu, ka mma mmiri. Òtù dị na United States, dị ka EPA. na-enye nduzi maka ịmepụta usoro nlekota na ịchọpụta ndị otu nke ndị a na usoro ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A chọrọ ọtụtụ ndị na-ewepụta mmiri na-adịghị mma na US (dịka, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ụlọ ọrụ refineries, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, ụlọ ọgwụ mkpofu nke obodo) iji mee nnwale '''nsị''' zuru oke (WET).<ref name="WET-methods">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/whole-effluent-toxicity-methods|title=Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2020-08-01|work=Clean Water Act Analytical Methods|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Ndị nwere mmasị n'ilekọta ogo mmiri ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ jikwaa nyocha nyocha nyocha nwere ike iji ihe ngosi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ iji nweta ọgụgụ zuru oke nke ogo mmiri. Otu ihe atụ bụ mmemme nlekota mmiri nke [[Áyowạ|IOWA]]TER nke Iowa, nke gụnyere igodo ihe ngosi EPT.<ref>IOWATER (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). Iowa City, IA (2005). [http://www.iowater.net/Publications/BMIKey2Edvmay05.pdf "Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key."]</ref> A na-eji Bivalve molluscs eme ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dị ka bioindicators iji nyochaa ahụike nke gburugburu mmiri na mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu mmiri. Ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ nhazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ahụike, omume ma ọ bụ ọkwa mmetọ na ihe ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nwere ike igosi ọnọdụ mmetọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha bara uru karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ sessile ka ha wee na-anọchite anya gburugburu ebe a na-anwale ma ọ bụ tinye ha. Otu ọrụ a na-ahụkarị bụ U.S. Mussel Watch Programme, mana taa a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx|title=Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment: Mussel Watch Contaminant Monitoring|publisher=Ccma.nos.noaa.gov|date=2014-01-14|accessdate=2015-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012135/http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx|archivedate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Usoro Southern African Scoring System (SASS) bụ usoro nlekota mmiri nke dabeere na ọnụnọ nke benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). A nụchara ngwá ọrụ SASS nke na-enyocha ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ma ugbu a ọ dị na mbipute nke ise (SASS5) nke a gbanwere kpọmkwem dịka ụkpụrụ mba ụwa si dị, ya bụ usoro ISO / IEC 17025.<ref>Dickens CWS and Graham PM. 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328153218/https://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/methods/dickens%20and%20graham.pdf The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers] "African Journal of Aquatic Science", 27:1–10.</ref> Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na South Africa na-eji usoro SASS5 eme ihe dị ka usoro ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha Ahụike Osimiri, nke na-enye National River Health Programme na National Rivers Database. == Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe == Ọdachị ihu igwe na ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta ịdịmma mmiri n'ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na ihu igwe mpaghara na ọnọdụ ya. Ihe ịma jijiji metụtara ihu igwe gụnyere ụkọ mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo na oke okpomọkụ. Ha nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa mmiri site na mbuze n'okpuru oke mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri, mfu nke isi mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na mbelata ogo mmiri. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị ala site na usoro dị iche iche: * Oke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ibelata ogo mmiri dị n'osimiri na mmiri dị n'ime ala ngwa ngwa. O nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịdị mma mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ọ bụrụgodị na mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịdị nwayọọ. Oke mmiri ozuzo na-emetụtakwa mmiri dị n'ime ala n'ime mmiri miri emi, nke na-adịghị emebi emebi mana mmetụta ndị a adịchaghị akpọpụta. Mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpata mmụba nke mmetọ fecal nke isi mmiri. * Iju mmiri mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị nwere ike iduga ịgwakọta mmiri idei mmiri na mmiri mkpofu. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe nwere ike rute ozu mmiri site n'ịba ụba nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu. * Ogo mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịka njọ n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo: mmetọ dị n'osimiri ndị na-enye mmiri dị n'ime ala na-adịwanye njọ, na ka oke mmiri dị n'ime ala na-agbada, osimiri nwere ike ghara inwe njikọ na mmiri dị n'ime ala. * Na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri, ọtụtụ mmiri nnu nwere ike ịgbakọta n'ime mmiri mmiri dị ọhụrụ n'ihi oke oke osimiri na oke oke mmiri ozuzo. * Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri, oke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na osimiri nwere ike ime ka eutrophication dịkwuo njọ ma si otú ahụ na-eme ka ifuru algal na-emerụ ahụ ugboro ugboro. * Mgbaze Permafrost na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke mmetọ. * Mmụba nke mmiri gbazere site na glaciers nwere ike hapụ mmetọ. Ka glaciers na-ebelata ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-apụ n'anya, mmetụta dị mma nke mmiri mmiri n'oge a na-enwe n'ịdị mma mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri site na nsị na-apụ n'anya. == Ụkpụrụ na akụkọ == N'ịtọ ụkpụrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-eme mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na teknụzụ / sayensị dabere na otu esi eji mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=What Are Water Quality Standards?|url=https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards|date=2022-04-14|work=Standards for Water Body Health|publisher=EPA}}</ref> N'ihe banyere mmiri sitere n'okike, ụlọ ọrụ na-emekwa atụmatụ ezi uche dị na ya maka ọnọdụ dị ọcha. Mmiri sitere n'okike ga-adịgasị iche na nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara, ebe ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, sediments, na ụdị nkume, topography, hydrology, na ihu igwe na-emetụta mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniels|first=Mike|date=2009|title=What is Water Quality?|url=https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf|work=University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture|accessdate=2 December 2020|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185338/https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri na mmiri na-arụ ọrụ ịkọwa akụkụ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emetụta ogo mmiri nke mpaghara, nke na-enyere aka ịchọpụta isi mmalite na ọdịnihu nke mmetọ. Ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-eme iwu na-arụ ọrụ ịkọwa iwu na ebumnuche na a na-edebe mmiri n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị maka ojiji a chọpụtara. Echiche ọzọ zuru oke banyere ịdị mma mmiri bụ nke ihe dị mfe nke na-agwa ma mmiri emetọla ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. N'ezie, ogo mmiri bụ isiokwu dị mgbagwoju anya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na mmiri bụ ihe dị mgbagha nke jikọtara ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, geology, na ọrụ anthropogenic nke mpaghara. Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na azụmahịa (dịka imepụta ihe, igwu ala, iwu ihe, njem) bụ isi na-akpata mmetọ mmiri dịka nsị si n'ógbè ọrụ ugbo, nsị obodo na nsị nke a na-edozi na nke a na'agwọghị. [citation needed] === Mba ụwa === * Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) bipụtara ntuziaka emelitere maka ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ (GDWQ) na 2017. * International Organization for Standardization (ISO) bipụtara [mgbe?] ụkpụrụ nke ịdị mma mmiri na ngalaba nke ICS 13.060, site na nnwale mmiri, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mmiri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nsị, na nyocha nke mmiri maka kemịkal, anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="13wq">{{Cite web|author=International Organization for Standardization (ISO)|title=13.060: Water quality|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=13&ICS2=060|accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> ICS 91.140.60 na-ekpuchi ụkpụrụ nke usoro mmiri.<ref name="91wss">{{Cite web|author=ISO|title=91.140.60: Water supply systems|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=91&ICS2=140&ICS3=60&&published=on|accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> === Nkọwa mba maka mmiri gburugburu na mmiri ọṅụṅụ === ==== Njikọ Europe ==== A na-edepụta iwu mmiri nke European Union na ntụziaka atọ: * Ntuziaka maka Nlekọta Mmiri Waste Urban (91/271/EEC) nke 21 Mee 1991 gbasara mpụga nke obodo na ụfọdụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. * Ntuziaka Mmiri Ọṅụ (98/83/EC) nke 3 Nọvemba 1998 gbasara ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ; * Ntuziaka Water Framework (2000/60/EC) nke 23 Ọktoba 2000 gbasara njikwa mmiri. ==== India ==== * Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Standards for Drinking Water. ==== Saụt Afrịka ==== A na-achịkọta ntuziaka mmiri dị mma maka South Africa dịka ụdị ndị ọrụ nwere ike (dịka ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe) na Ntuziaka Mmiri dị mma nke 1996.<ref>Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102555/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/index.html "Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996."]</ref> Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị n'okpuru South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification.<ref>Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678 .</ref> ==== United Kingdom ==== Na England na Wales, a na-edepụta ọkwa dị mma maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ na "Mkpesa Mmiri (Machine Quality) Iwu 2000."<ref>National Archives, London, UK. [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/3184/contents/made "The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."] 2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08.</ref> ==== United States ==== Na United States, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-akọwa ụkpụrụ mmiri dị mma maka mmiri dị iche iche, nke a na-eduzi site na iji mmiri eme ihe (dịka, ebe obibi azụ, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, iji ntụrụndụ). Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha (CWA) na-achọ ka ikike ọ bụla na-achị (mba, ókèala, na ndị agbụrụ kpuchiri) nyefee usoro akụkọ abụọ na-eme kwa afọ banyere ogo mmiri na mpaghara ha. A maara akụkọ ndị a dị ka akụkọ 303(d) na 305(b), aha ha bụ maka ndokwa CWA ha, ma nyefee ha, ma kwado ha, site na, EPA. Akụkọ ndị a na-emechi site na ikike na-achịkwa, nke na-abụkarị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti. EPA na-atụ aro ka steeti ọ bụla nye otu "Integrated Report" nke gụnyere ndepụta ya nke mmiri na-adịghị mma na ọnọdụ nke mmiri niile dị na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/overview-listing-impaired-waters-under-cwa-section-303d|work=Impaired Waters and TMDLs|date=2022-08-31|publisher=EPA}}</ref> ''National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress'' bụ akụkọ n'ozuzu banyere ogo mmiri, na-enye ozi zuru oke banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kilomita nke iyi na osimiri na ọnọdụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress|title=National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2021-12-07|work=Water Data and Tools|publisher=EPA}}</ref> CWA na-achọ ka steeti nabata ụkpụrụ maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a họpụtara na ha na-enye mmiri ha. Ọ bụrụ na ihe akaebe na-atụ aro ma ọ bụ na-edepụta na iyi, osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri emezughị ụkpụrụ mmiri maka otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ojiji ya, a na-etinye ya na ndepụta nke mmiri na-adịghị mma. Ozugbo steeti etinyela mmiri na ndepụta a, ọ ga-emepụta atụmatụ njikwa nke na-eguzobe Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) maka mmetọ ahụ bụ nke na-emebi ojiji nke mmiri. TMDLs ndị a na-eguzobe mbelata dị mkpa iji kwado ọrụ ndị a họpụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu.<ref>More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's [https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/hows-my-waterway "How's My Waterway"] website.</ref> Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nke metụtara usoro mmiri ọha na eze, bụ nke EPA na-enye n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụ Dị Mma.<ref name="EPA DW reqts"/> == Hụkwa ==    == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == ; Òtù mba ụwa * [http://www.gemstat.org Global Freshwater Quality Database (GEMStat)] usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations ; Europe * [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/news.html Iwu mmiri na European Union] ; Saụt Afrịka * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075540/http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/ Usoro Nlekọta Ọnọdụ Osimiri] - Republic of South Africa ; United States * [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_quality.html U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] na-aṅụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na nyocha * [https://www.nal.usda.gov/waic/water-quality U.S. Department of Agriculture] Ozi gbasara ịdị mma mmiri na ọrụ ugbo * [https://www.epa.gov/waterdata U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] na-ahụ maka data na ngwá ọrụ mmiri * [http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa U.S. Geological Survey] ̆ National Water Quality Assessment Program * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110701071055/http://acwi.gov/monitoring/ U.S. National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC)] - Njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti * [http://www.awra.org/ American Water Resources Association] E debere ya na Wayback Machine Professional association ; Òtù ndị ọzọ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180226025311/http://www.ewater.com.au/ eWater Cooperative Research Centre] (eWater Ltd) nke Gọọmentị Australia kwadoro atụmatụ na-akwado ngwaọrụ nkwado mkpebi nchịkwa mmiri [[Òtù:Mmírí]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ou7je80j9e81es4pjsyf8cv1zmtwv44 0 26285 697855 589062 2026-08-10T09:33:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Agent Orange, herbicide, a na-awụsa n'ala ugbo n'oge Agha Vietnam]] Ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke agha na-elekwasị anya na imelite agha ọhụrụ na mmetụta ya na-abawanye na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eji usoro ụwa arụrụ arụ eme ihe maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme edere. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị e si alụ agha ọgbara ọhụrụ na-akpata mbibi ka ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọganihu a na-alụ site na ngwá agha kemịkal gaa na ngwá agha nuklia emewo ka nrụgide dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe atụ akọwapụtara nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke agha gụnyere Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Agha Vietnam, Agha Obodo Rwandan, Agha Kosovo na Agha Ọwara. == Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Vietnam === [[Usòrò:'Ranch_Hand'_run.jpg|thumb|Defoliant spray run, akụkụ nke Operation Ranch Hand, n'oge Agha Vietnam site na ụgbọ elu UC-123B Provider]] Agha Vietnam nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ihe ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ nke ejiri mebie ahịhịa ndị dị mkpa n'agha. Ndị iro nwetara uru dị n'ịnọgide na-adịghị ahụ anya site na ịgwakọta ndị nkịtị ma ọ bụ na-ekpuchi ahịhịa ahịhịa na ndị agha na-emegide nke lekwasịrị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name="king">{{Cite news|author=King|first=Jessie|title=Vietnamese wildlife still paying a high price for chemical warfare|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/vietnamese-wildlife-still-paying-a-high-price-for-chemical-warfare-5329662.html|accessdate=4 March 2015|work=The Independent|date=8 July 2006}}</ref> Ndị na-emepụta kemịkal nyere US ohere n'oge agha. Otú ọ dị, ahịhịa ahụ enweghị ike ịmaliteghachi ma hapụ apịtị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke ka dị ọtụtụ afọ mgbe a gbasịrị ya.<ref name="dw">{{Cite journal|author=DeWeerdt|first=Sarah|title=War and the Environment|journal=World Wide Watch|date=January 2008|volume=21|issue=1}}</ref> Ọ bụghị naanị na ahịhịa ka ihe nke a metụtara kamakwa anụ ọhịa: "nnyocha dị n'etiti afọ 1980 site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Vietnam dere naanị ụdị nnụnụ ịrị abụọ na anọ na ụdị anụmanụ ise na-enye nwa ara dị n'oké ọhịa na ebe ndị a gbanwere, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị nnụisi otu narị na iri anọ na ise na ụdị anụ ọhịa pụkụ atọ na ịrị ise na ịse na-enye ụmụ ara n'oké osimiri. "<ref name="dw" /> A na-achọpụta mmetụta a na-ejighị n'aka nke ọgwụ na-egbụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndị a ugbu a site n'ile anya na usoro nkesa ụdị gbanwere site na mmebi ebe obibi na mfu na usoro ala mmiri, nke na-amị mmiri si n'ala.<ref name="king" /> === Afrịka === N'Africa niile, agha abụwo isi ihe na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa belata n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba na ebe ndị ọzọ echedoro.<ref name="DaskinPringle">{{Cite journal|author=Daskin|first=Joshua H.|title=Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa's protected areas|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2018-01-18_553_7688/page/328|journal=Nature|volume=553|issue=7688|pages=328–332|year=2018|pmid=29320475|doi=10.1038/nature25194}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke atụmatụ mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere na Akagera National Park nke Rwanda na Gorongosa National Park nke Mozambique, egosiwo na a pụrụ imezigharị anụ ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma ọbụna mgbe esemokwu ndị mebiri emebi gasịrị.<ref name="Pringle">{{Cite journal|author=Pringle|first=Robert M.|title=Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-06-01_546_7656/page/91|journal=Nature|volume=546|issue=7656|pages=91–99|year=2017|pmid=28569807|doi=10.1038/nature22902}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara kwusiri ike na idozi nsogbu ọha na eze, nke akụ̀ na ụba, na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị oké mkpa iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref name="sk">{{Cite journal|author=Kanyamibwa|first=Samuel|year=1998|title=Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=7|issue=11|pages=1399–1406|doi=10.1023/a:1008880113990}}</ref><ref name="DaskinPringle" /><ref name="Pringle" /> ==== Rwanda ==== Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda dugara n'igbu ihe dịka ndị Tutsi pụkụ narị asatọ na ndị Hutu dị nro. Agha ahụ mere ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde ndị Hutu abụọ gbapụ na [[Rwanda]] n'ime izu ole na ole gaa n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na [[Tanzania]] na ugbu a [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name="dw"/> Nnukwu nchụpụ a nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-etinye nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ekpochasị oke ọhịa iji nye osisi maka iwu ụlọ na ịmepụta ọkụ isi nri: "Ndị a tara ahụhụ site na ọnọdụ ọjọọ ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na-eyi ihe egwu na-emetụta akụ ndị sitere n'okike..<ref name="dw" /><ref name="sk"/> Nsonaazụ sitere na ọgụ ahụ gụnyekwara mmebi nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba na ebe nchekwa. Nnukwu nsogbu ọzọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Rwanda gbanwere ndị ọrụ na isi obodo gaa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ, si otú ahụ mee ka ọ sie ike ichebe anụ ọhịa..<ref name="sk" /> === Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ === [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] ([[WWF-India|WWII]]) kpalitere mmụba dị ukwuu na mmepụta, mee ka mmepụta na mbugharị nke ngwa ahịa agha, ma wepụta ọtụtụ nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ, bụ nke a ka na-ahụ taa. Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nọ na-ebibi ọtụtụ mmadụ, anụmanụ, na ihe onwunwe. Mmetụta nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mgbe agha gasịrị, ma gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ọha mmadụ, ka na-ahụ anya ọtụtụ iri afọ ka esemokwu ahụ kwụsịrị. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, e ji nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ mepụta ụgbọ elu, bụ́ ndị e ji eduzi mwakpo ikuku. N'oge agha ahụ, a na-eji ụgbọ elu ebuga ihe onwunwe ma n'ebe ndị agha dị iche iche na-atụba bọmbụ na ndị iro, nnọpụiche, na ndị enyi. Ihe omume ndị a mebiri ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evenden|first=Matthew|date=2011|title=Aluminum, commodity chain, and the environmental history of the second world war|journal=Environmental History|volume=16|pages=69–93|doi=10.1093/envhis/emq145}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ dị ka anụ ọhịa, gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwekwa mmetọ mkpọtụ nke ụgbọ elu ndị agha na-emepụta. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ụgbọ elu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka vector maka mbugharị nke exotics nke e ji ebute ahịhịa na ụdị ndị a kụrụ n'àgwàetiti dị n'oké osimiri site n'ụzọ ụgbọ elu na-ebute ụgbọ elu nke e ji mee ihe dị ka ebe a na-agbanye mmanụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'oge a na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoddart|date=1968|title=Catastrophic human interference with coral atoll ecosystems|journal=Geography|pages=25–40}}</ref> Tupu agha ahụ, ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche bi n'àgwàetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ gburugburu [[Europe]]. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, agha ụgbọelu nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0"/> N'ọnwa [[Ọgọstụ]] n'afọ 1945, mgbe ha lụchara Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ anọ, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States of America]] tụbara bọmbụ atọm n'elu obodo Hiroshima na [[Japan]]. Ihe dị ka mmadụ pụkụ ịrị asaa nwụrụ n'ime sekọnd itoolu mbụ ka ogbunigwe nke Hiroshima gasịrị, nke yiri ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ nke sitere na mwakpo ikuku Operation Meetinghouse na-agbawa obi na Tokyo. Ụbọchị atọ mgbe ogbunigwe nke Hiroshima gasịrị, United States tụbara bọmbụ atọm nke abụọ n'obodo Nagasaki nke mmepụta ihe, gbuo mmadụ pụkụ ịrị atọ na ịse ozugbo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sjenvironmentaljustice.org/atomic-bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sj-environmental-justice/|title=Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – SJ Environmental Justice – sj environmental justice|first=Environmental|author=Justice|accessdate=2021-11-05|archivedate=2021-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105014525/https://sjenvironmentaljustice.org/atomic-bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sj-environmental-justice/}}</ref> Ngwá agha nuklia wepụtara ọkwa ọdachi nke ike na radiation particles. Ozugbo a gbagburu bọmbụ ahụ, okpomọkụ ruru ihe dị ka 3980 °C / 7200 °F. Na okpomọkụ dị elu, e bibiri osisi na anụmanụ niile yana akụrụngwa na ndụ mmadụ na mpaghara mmetụta.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0"/> Akụkụ radiation nke a tọhapụrụ kpatara mmetọ ala na mmiri zuru ebe niile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/environmental-effects-atomic-bomb-8203814.html|title=Environmental Effects of the Atomic Bomb|author=Lemon}}</ref> Mgbawa mbụ ahụ mere ka okpomọkụ dị n'elu ya dịkwuo elu ma mepụta ifufe na-ebibi osisi na ụlọ n'ụzọ ha.<ref name=":2" /> Oké ọhịa Europe nwere mmetụta dị egwu nke sitere na ọgụ n'oge agha ahụ. N'azụ ebe a na-alụ ọgụ, e wepụrụ osisi site na osisi ndị a gbuturu iji kpochapụ ụzọ maka ịlụ ọgụ. Oké ọhịa ndị e mebiri emebi n'ebe agha ahụ chere mmegbu ihu.<ref name=":3"/> A malitere iji kemịkal dị oke egwu n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.<ref name=":3"/> Mmetụta na-adịte aka nke kemịkal na-esite na nnọgidesi ike ha na usoro nkwụsịtụ na-adịghị mma nke mba ndị nwere ngwá agha echekwara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Lawrence|first=Michael|date=2015|title=The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment|journal=Environmental Reviews|volume=23|issue=4|pages=443–460|doi=10.1139/er-2015-0039}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ (WW I), ndị [[Germany]] na-emepụta kemịkal mepụtara gas chlorine na gas mustard. Mmepe nke gas ndị a dugara n'ọtụtụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ala na-enwekwa nsí ma n'ime ma n'akụkụ ọgbọ agha.<ref name=":3" /> Ka e mesịrị na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị na-emepụta kemịkal mepụtara ọbụna bọmbụ kemịkal na-emerụ ahụ, nke a na-etinye n'ime barrels ma tinye ya n'oké osimiri.<ref name=":0"/> Ikpochapụ kemịkal n'oké osimiri na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nke ihe ndị dabeere na ígwè na-ere ma na-agbapụta kemịkal dị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'oké mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> Site na mkpofu kemịkal n'oké osimiri, enwere ike ịgbasa mmetọ ahụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri na nke ala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Tucker|first=Richard|date=2012|chapter=War and the Environment|title=A Companion to Global Environmental History|pages=319–339|doi=10.1002/9781118279519.ch18|isbn=9781118279519}}</ref> E mebiri usoro okike mmiri n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ọ bụghị naanị site na mmetọ kemịkal, kamakwa site na mkpọmkpọ ebe sitere na ụgbọ mmiri, nke na-agbapụta mmanụ n'ime mmiri. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmetọ mmanụ n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'ihi ụgbọ mmiri nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ karịrị nde tọn iri na ise.<ref name=":0"/> Mmanụ na-awụfu siri ike ihichapụ ma were ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochaa. Ruo taa, a ka nwere ike ịchọta mmanụ n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic site na ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri nke mere n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ojiji nke kemịkal n'oge agha nyere aka mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal ma nyekwa aka igosi gọọmentị uru nke nyocha sayensị. Mmepe nke nyocha kemịkal n'oge agha ahụ dugakwara na mmepe nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ugbo mgbe agha gasịrị.<ref name=":3"/> Mmepụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ bụ ihe gbanwere maka ọtụtụ afọ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ dị oke egwu, nke mere ka a hụ ha na Agha Nzuzo ma hụ ha taa. Mmetụta nke esemokwu, mmetọ kemịkal, na agha ụgbọelu niile na-enye aka na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi na anụmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name=":0"/> Na 1946, na Mpaghara U.S. nke Germany, ndị agha United States dụrụ gọọmenti ọdụ ka ha kwadebe ụlọ na ọrụ maka ndị a tụrụ bọmbụ n’obodo ha. Azịza ya bụ usoro ihe omume ubi pụrụ iche nke ga-enye ndị mmadụ ala ọhụrụ ka ha biri. A na-enyocha ọhịa maka ezigbo ala nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Nke a pụtara na a ga-egbutu ọhịa ahụ iji mee ala maka ugbo na ebe obibi. A ga-eji usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ihe n'ọhịa nke Germany maka ihe onwunwe na njikwa n'ọdịnihu. ike agha nke Germany. N'ime mmemme a, a na-emepụta ihe dị ka osisi fest mita 23,500,000 n'ime ọhịa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.YearPotsdam.p0073&id=History.YearPotsdam&isize=M|title=History: A year of Potsdam, the German economy since the surrender: How 17,000,000 Germans are fed|work=digicoll.library.wisc.edu|accessdate=2020-01-24}}</ref> Aluminum bụ otu n'ime nnukwu akụ na ụba nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ metụtara. Bauxite, ore aluminum na mineral cryolite dị mkpa, yana ịchọ nnukwu ike eletrik.<ref>Wills, M. (August 18, 2020) [https://daily.jstor.org/the-environmental-costs-of-war/ "The Environmental Costs of War,"] ''JSTOR Daily,''</ref> === Agha Gulf na Agha Iraq ===     N'oge Agha Ọwara nke 1991, ọkụ mmanụ Kuwaiti sitere na amụma ụwa na-emebi emebi nke ndị agha Iraq na-agbaga na Kuwait. Mwụfu mmanụ nke Agha Gulf, nke a na-ewere dị ka mwụfu mmanụ kacha njọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, kpatara mgbe ndị agha Iraq meghere valvụ na ọdụ mmanụ mmanụ nke Sea Island wee tụfuo mmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ime Ọwara Peshia. A na-awụsakwa mmanụ n’etiti ọzara. Obere oge tupu Agha Iraq nke afọ 2003, Iraq gbakwara ebe mmanụ dị iche iche ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/21/sprj.irq.oil.wells/index.html|title=CNN.com - UK: Iraq torches seven oil wells - Mar. 21, 2003|work=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2003-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404015608/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/21/sprj.irq.oil.wells/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx|title=Kuwait Oil Company|work=kockw.com|accessdate=11 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003256/http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx|archivedate=19 May 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị agha America mere mkpesa banyere ọrịa Gulf War, nke akara ngosi gụnyere nsogbu sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ntụpọ ọmụmụ na ụmụ ha. Ma ọ̀ bụ n’ihi oge e ji eje ozi nke ọma n’oge agha ma ọ bụ n’ihi ihe ndị ọzọ, ka na-arụrịta ụka. === Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ === * 1938 Yellow River flood, nke gọọmentị Nationalist na Central [[China]] mepụtara n'oge mmalite nke Agha nke Abụọ nke China na Japan na mgbalị ịkwụsị ọganihu ngwa ngwa nke ndị agha Japan. A na-akpọ ya "omume kachasị ukwuu nke agha gburugburu ebe obibi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme". * Beaufort's Dyke, nke a na-eji eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-atụfu bọmbụ * Mmanụ ala a wụfuru n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Jiyeh, nke ndị agha ụgbọelu Israel tụrụ bọmbụ n'oge esemokwu [[Israel]]-[[Lebanon]] na 2006. * Ebe Nchebe A na-ejibu ya eme ihe, mmemme ndị agha US nke na-ahụ maka iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi * Atụmatụ K5, mgbalị nke gọọmentị nke People's Republic of Kampuchea iji mechie ụzọ ndị agha nnupụisi Khmer Rouge na-abanye na Cambodia n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1989, na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. * Ntinye aka nke [[Saudi Arabia]] na Yemen, ntinye aka n'agha obodo na Middle East, mebiri njikọ nchekwa mmiri-ike-nri na mba na-enweghị ihe onwunwe. Agha na esemokwu ahụ dugara na mmetọ nke mmiri na ala ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/winning-the-humanitarian-war-in-yemen/|title=Winning the humanitarian war in Yemen|work=Atlantic Council|date=16 October 2019|accessdate=16 October 2019}}</ref> == Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi == Ihe onwunwe bụ isi ihe na-akpata esemokwu n'etiti mba: "mgbe njedebe nke Agha Nzuzo karịsịa, ọtụtụ atụwo aro na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ga-eme ka ụkọ dịkwuo njọ ma ghọọ isi ihe ọzọ na-akwalite esemokwu agha. "<ref name="gled">{{Cite book|author=Gledistch|first=Nils|title=Conflict and the Environment|year=1997|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers}}</ref> Ịdị ndụ nke mba na-adabere na ihe onwunwe sitere na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="gled" /> Ihe onwunwe ndị na-akpata agha gụnyere ókèala, ihe ndị a na-emepụta, isi iyi ike, mmiri, na nri.<ref name="gled" /> Iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke ihe onwunwe, mba ejirila agha kemịkal na nuklia iji chebe ma ọ bụ wepụta ihe onwunwa, na n'oge esemokwu.<ref name="gled" /><ref name="rob" /> A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe agha ugboro ugboro: e ji ihe dị ka tọn 125,000 nke ihe kemịkal mee ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na ihe dị ka ton 96,000 n'oge esemokwu Vietnam.<ref name="rob" /> A na-eji gas akwara, nke a makwaara dị ka organophosphorous anticholinesterases, mee ihe na-egbu egbu megide ụmụ mmadụ ma bibie ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke anụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ na ndị na-enweghị azụ.<ref name="rob">{{Cite book|author=Robinson|first=J.P|title=The Effects of Weapons on Ecosystems|year=1979|publisher=Pergamon Press}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ga-echebe ahịhịa na-emetọ emetọ, ọ ga-abụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye ndị na-eri ahịhịhịa.<ref name="rob" /> Nsonaazụ nke ihe ọhụrụ na agha kemịkal dugara n'ọtụtụ kemịkal dị iche iche maka agha na ojiji n'ụlọ, mana ọ rụpụtakwara mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi a na-atụghị anya ya. Ọganihu nke agha na mmetụta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi gara n'ihu site na imepụta ngwá agha na-ebibi ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na taa, ngwá agha nke nnukwu mbibi na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi na iji ngwá agha nke oke mbibi n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] mepụtara nnukwu mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'elu nnukwu ọnwụ na ndụ mmadụ, ihe onwunwe okike na-abụkarị ndị mbụ na-ata ahụhụ: a na-ekpochapụ ọhịa na anụ ọhịa.<ref name="gled"/> Agha nuklia na-emetụta ma mmetụta kpọmkwem na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mbibi anụ ahụ n'ihi mgbawa ahụ ma ọ bụ site na mmebi nke biospheric n'ihi radiation ionizing ma ọ bụ radiotoxicity na-emetụta usoro okike n'ime radius mgbawa ahụ.<ref name="rob"/> Ọzọkwa, nsogbu ikuku ma ọ bụ nke geospheric nke ngwá agha kpatara nwere ike iduga na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihu igwe.<ref name="rob" /> === Ngwá agha ndị na-agbawaghị agbawa === Mgbasa agha chọrọ ọtụtụ ngwá agha na-agbawa agbawa, akụkụ nke ga-agaghị agbawa nke ọma ma hapụ ngwá agha na'agbawaghị agbawa. Nke a na-emepụta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal maka ndị nkịtị bi n'ógbè ndị bụbu mpaghara agha, n'ihi ohere nke mgbawa mgbe esemokwu ahụ gasịrị, yana nsị nke kemịstrị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>Joel Hayward, ''[[Airpower and the environment]]: The Ecological Implications of Modern Air Warfare''. Air University Press, 2013.</ref> === Onye Ọrụ Orange === Agent Orange bụ otu n'ime herbicides na defoliants nke ndị agha Britain ji mee ihe n'oge Malayan Emergency na ndị agha US na mmemme agha herbicidal ya, Operation Ranch Hand, n'oge Agha Vietnam. A na-eme atụmatụ 21,136,000 gal. (80 000 m3) nke Agent Orange na-awụfu South Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.va.gov/Agentorange/|title=Agent Orange|publisher=United States Department of Veterans|date=January 9, 2008|accessdate=2008-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703211712/http://www1.va.gov/agentorange/|archivedate=July 3, 2012}}</ref> Dị ka gọọmentị Vietnam si kwuo, nde mmadụ 4.8 Vietnamese na Agent Orange, na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ 400,000, na ụmụaka 500,000 amụrụ na nkwarụrụ ọmụmụ. Red Cross nke Vietnam na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru otu nde mmadụ nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụ nwee nsogbu ahụike n'ihi Agent Orange.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/10/world/asia/vietnam-us-agent-orange/|title=U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam|first=Jessica|author=King|date=2012-08-10|accessdate=2012-08-11|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Gọọmentị United States akpọwo ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a ndị a na-apụghị ịdabere na ha. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Commonwealth na-arụ ọrụ na / ma ọ bụ jiri Agent Orange n'ime na ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe esemokwu Malaya nke 1948 na 1960 tara ahụhụ site na nnukwu ikpughe dioxin. Agent Orange mekwara ka ala na-agbada n'ebe dị na Malaya. A na-eme atụmatụ na 10,000 ndị nkịtị na ndị nnupụisi na Malaya tara ahụhụ site na mmetụta nke defoliants, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na ọ ga-abụ ihe karịrị 10,000 ebe ọ bụ na ejiri Agent Orange mee ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Malay Emergency na n'adịghị ka US, gọọmentị Britain gbanwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ma debe ọrụ ya na nzuzo n'ihi egwu nke mmeghachi omume ọjọọ sitere n'aka mba ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia|pages=23|publisher=Phoenix Press|year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dioxins and Health|pages=145–160|author=Arnold Schecter, Thomas A. Gasiewicz|date=July 4, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Reference Handbook|pages=178–180|author=Albert J. Mauroni|date=July 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests|author=Bruce Cumings|year=1998|publisher=[[Earthscan]]}}</ref> === Ule nke ngwá agha nuklia === A na-anwale ngwá agha nuklia n'ebe dị iche iche gụnyere Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands Pacific Proving Grounds, [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]] na US, Mururoa Atoll, Maralinga na [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na Novaya Zemlya na Soviet Union, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-efe n'okpuru ifufe bụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo ndị na-ahụ mmetọ radiation na / ma ọ bụ nuklia site na ikuku na / maọ bụ n'okpuru ala nnwale ngwá agha nuklia, na ihe mberede nuklia. === Strontium-90 === Gọọmentị [[United States]] nyochara mmetụta Strontium-90 na-esote agha, isotope radioactive nke a na-ahụ na nsonaazụ nuklia. Atomic Energy Commission chọpụtara na ozu-Sr-90, nke yiri calcium, nwere ike ịba n'ọkpụkpụ ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa kansa.<ref name="Lutts">{{Cite journal|author=Lutts|first=Ralph|title=Chemical Fallout: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Radioactive Fallout, and the Environmental Movement|journal=Environmental Review|year=1985|volume=9|issue=3|pages=210–225|doi=10.2307/3984231|pmid=11616075}}</ref> Sr-90 chọtara ụzọ ya n'ime ụmụ mmadụ site na usoro nri gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka nsị n'ime ala, osisi na-eburu ya, na-elekwasị anya na anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa, ma mesịa bụrụ nke ụmụ mmadụ riri.<ref name="Kulp">{{Cite journal|author=Kulp|first=J. Laurence|title=Strontium-90 in Man|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|year=1957}}</ref> === Mgbọ uranium e gwuru egbu === Ojiji nke uranium na-agwụ agwụ na mgbọ bụ arụmụka n'ihi ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara mmetụta ahụike nwere ike ịdị ogologo oge.<ref name="MillerMcClain">{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=AC|title=A review of depleted uranium biological effects: in vitro and in vivo studies.|journal=Reviews on Environmental Health|volume=22|issue=1|pages=75–89|year=2007|pmid=17508699|doi=10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.1.75}}</ref> Ọrụ dị mma nke akụrụ, ụbụrụ, imeju, obi, na ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta site na ikpughe uranium, n'ihi na na mgbakwunye na ịbụ nke na-adịghị ike, uranium bụ ọla na-egbu egbu.<ref name="Craft04">{{Cite journal|author=Craft|first=Elena|title=Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects|journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B|volume=7|issue=4|pages=297–317|year=2004|pmid=15205046|doi=10.1080/10937400490452714}}</ref> Ọ na-anọgide na-enwe radiation na-adịghị ike n'ihi ogologo ọkara ndụ ya. Aerosol mepụtara n'oge mmetụta na ọkụ nke mgbọ uranium na-agwụ agwụ nwere ike imerụ ebe sara mbara gburugburu ebe mmetụta ma ọ bụ ndị nkịtị na ndị ọrụ agha nwere ike iku ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mitsakou|first=C.|title=Modeling of the dispersion of depleted uranium aerosol|journal=Health Physics|volume=84|issue=4|pages=538–44|year=2003|pmid=12705453|doi=10.1097/00004032-200304000-00014}}</ref> N'ime izu atọ nke esemokwu na Iraq n'afọ 2003, e mere atụmatụ na a na-eji ihe karịrị tọn 1000 nke mgbọ uranium eme ihe n'obodo ukwu.<ref name="gaurdian2003">Paul Brown, [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/25/internationaleducationnews.armstrade Gulf troops face tests for cancer] ''guardian.co.uk'' 25 April 2003, Retrieved February 3, 2009</ref> Ngalaba Nchebe nke US na-azọrọ na ọ dịghị ụdị ọrịa kansa mmadụ ọ bụla a hụrụ n'ihi ikpughe ma ọ bụ uranium sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ nke e mebiri emebi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fhp.osd.mil/du/healthEffects.jsp|title=Toxicological profile for uranium|author=U.S. Office of the Secretary of Defense|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123082540/http://fhp.osd.mil/du/healthEffects.jsp|archivedate=2007-11-23}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, nyocha US DoD site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ a zụlitere na ụmụ oke ụlọ nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-atụ aro ohere nke leukemogenic, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọmụmụ, na mmetụta akwara site na ikpughe na-adịghị ala ala.<ref name="MillerMcClain"/> Na mgbakwunye, UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service na mbido afọ 2004 kwuru na ebubo na-adịghị mma ọmụmụ site na onye agha agha Gulf nke February 1991 na nsị uranium.<ref>Williams, M. (February 9, 2004) [http://vitw.org/archives/405 "First Award for Depleted Uranium Poisoning Claim,"] ''The Herald Online,'' (Edinburgh: Herald Newspapers, Ltd.)</ref> Campaign Against Depleted Uranium (Spring, 2004) Ọzọkwa, nyocha ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2005 kwubiri, sị: "N'ozuzu, ihe akaebe ọrịa na-eme n'ahụ mmadụ kwekọrọ na ohere dị ukwuu nke nkwarụ ọmụmụ na ụmụ nke ndị na-ahụ DU".<ref>[http://www.cadu.org.uk/news/17.htm#icbuw "MoD Forced to Pay Pension for DU Contamination,"] ''CADU News 17''</ref><ref name="Hindin">{{Cite journal|author=Hindin|first=Rita|title=Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective|journal=Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source|volume=4|pages=17|year=2005|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-4-17|pmid=16124873}}</ref> Dị ka nnyocha Alaani et al. mere n'afọ 2011 si kwuo, ikpughe uranium na-adịghị mma bụ isi ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụ ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe kpatara nkwarụ ọmụmụ na mmụba nke ọrịa kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Samira|author=Alaani|title=Uranium and other contaminants in the hair from the parents of children with congenital anomalies in Fallujah, Iraq|journal=Conflict and Health|year=2011|volume=5|doi=10.1186/1752-1505-5-15|pmid=21888647}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 2012 nke Al-Hadithi et al. si kwuo, nyocha na ihe akaebe nyocha dị ugbu a anaghị egosi "mmụba doro anya na nkwarụ ọmụmụ" ma ọ bụ "ihe ngosi doro anya nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere uranium depleted". Isiokwu ahụ gara n'ihu kwuo na "enweghi ihe akaebe doro anya na nkwarụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ibilite site na mmeghachi omume nne na nna na DU n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Al-Hadithi|first=Tariq S.|date=2012|title=Birth defects in Iraq and the plausibility of environmental exposure: A review|journal=Conflict and Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=245–250|doi=10.1186/1752-1505-6-3|pmid=22839108}}</ref> === Ojiji a na-eji mmanụ ala eme ihe === Site na ọkwa dị elu nke igwe nke ndị agha, a na-eji nnukwu mmanụ ala eme ihe. Mmanụ ala bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na okpomọkụ ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe, nsogbu ndị na-arịwanye elu. Inweta mmanụ bụkwa ihe na-akpali agha. Ngalaba Nchebe nke United States (DoD) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nwere ojiji kachasị elu nke mmanụ ala n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.energybulletin.net/node/13199|title=The US military oil consumption|author=Karbuz|first=Sohbet|date=2006-02-25|publisher=Energy Bulletin|accessdate=2009-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510050724/http://energybulletin.net/node/13199|archivedate=2009-05-10}}</ref> Dị ka 2005 ''CIA World Factbook'' si kwuo, mgbe e jiri ya tụnyere oriri nke mba ọ bụla, DoD ga-anọ n'ọnọdụ nke 34 n'ụwa na nkezi mmanụ kwa ụbọchị, na-abịa n'azụ Iraq ma na-ebute Sweden.<ref>Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, The Brookings Institution, Department of Defense Energy Strategy, August 2007, {{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2009-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726045834/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf|archivedate=2010-07-26}}</ref> === Ịkpọ ihe mkpofu ọkụ === Na ụlọ ọrụ US n'oge agha nke narị afọ nke 21 na Iraq na Afghanistan, a gbara ihe mkpofu mmadụ ọkụ n'ime oghere mepere emepe tinyere mgbọ, plastik, ngwá electronic, ágbá, na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. A na-enyo anwụrụ ọkụ na-akpata ọrịa kansa enyo na ọ merụrụ ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ahụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Valentine|first=Catherine|date=21 June 2021|title=Surviving combat only to die at home: Retired Staff Sgt. Wesley Black is picking out his coffin at 35 years old|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/21/politics/homefront-iraq-afghanistan-burn-pits/index.html|accessdate=21 June 2021|work=CNN}}</ref> === Idei mmiri n'Ebumnuche === Enwere ike iji idei mmiri mee ihe dị ka iwu ala ọkụ site na iji mmiri mee ka ala ghara ịrụ ọrụ. A pụkwara iji ya gbochie mmegharị nke ndị agha iro. N'oge Agha nke Abụọ nke China na Japan, a gbagburu dike ndị dị na Osimiri Yellow na Yangtze iji kwụsị ọganihu nke ndị agha Japan. N'oge Siege of Leiden na 1573, a gbajiri dike iji kwụsị ọganihu nke ndị agha Spain. N'oge Operation Chastise n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị Royal Air Force tụrụ bọmbụ n'ọdọ mmiri Eder na Sorpe na Germany, na-eme ka nnukwu mpaghara jupụta ma na-akwụsị mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị Germany ji mee ihe na agha ahụ. == Militarism na gburugburu ebe obibi == A na-ejikọta nchekwa mmadụ na ọrụ agha na nchekwa.<ref name=":4"/> Ndị ọkà mmụta na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka International Peace Bureau na-arịwanye elu maka usoro zuru oke maka nchekwa, ọkachasị gụnyere nkwenye na njikọ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Jorgenson|first=Andrew K.|date=2016-05-01|title=The temporal stability and developmental differences in the environmental impacts of militarism: the treadmill of destruction and consumption-based carbon emissions|journal=Sustainability Science|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=505–514|doi=10.1007/s11625-015-0309-5|issn=1862-4065}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Ọrụ agha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/25/us-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html|title=The US Department of Defense Is One of the World's Biggest Polluters|date=2014-07-17|work=Newsweek|accessdate=2018-05-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Bradford|first=John Hamilton|date=2017-08-11|title=The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960–2014|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=298–325|doi=10.5195/jwsr.2017.688|issn=1076-156X}}</ref> Ọ bụghị naanị na agha nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọrụ ndị agha na-emepụta nnukwu gas na-ekpo ọkụ (nke na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ), mmetọ, ma na-akpata mmebi nke ihe onwunwe, n'etiti mmetụta ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> === Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na mmetọ === Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala njikọ dị mma n'etiti mmefu agha na mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ, na mmetụta nke mmefu agha n'ime ikuku carbon na-apụta ìhè maka mba ndị dị na Global North (ya bụ: mba OECD mepere emepe).<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":5"/> N'ihi ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ndị agha US bụ ndị na-azụ mmanụ ala n'ụwa.<ref name=":7">Schwartz, M. et al. (2012) Department of Defense Energy Initiatives: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, [Online] Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20210529125338/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọrụ ndị agha na-agụnye nnukwu ikuku nke mmetọ.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/25/us-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html|title=The US Department of Defense Is One of the World's Biggest Polluters|author=Nazaryan|date=2014-07-17|work=Newsweek|accessdate=2018-05-26|language=en}}</ref> Onye nduzi Pentagon nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa na ahụike ọrụ, Maureen Sullivan, ekwuola na ha na-arụ ọrụ na ihe dịka ebe 39,000 emetọ.<ref name=":8" /> N'ezie, a na-ewerekwa ndị agha US dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mmetọ kachasị n'ụwa.<ref name=":8" /> N'ozuzu, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal ise kachasị elu na US na-emepụta naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke nsí ndị Pentagon mepụtara.<ref name=":4" /> Na Canada, Ngalaba Nchebe Mba kwetara na ọ bụ onye kachasị eji ike eme ihe na Gọọmentị Canada, yana onye na-eji ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ.<ref>Department of National Defence Canada (2017). Defence Energy and Environment Strategy. Retrieved from the Government of Canada Website: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/dnd-mdn/documents/reports/2017/20171004-dees-en.pdf</ref> Mmetọ agha bụ ihe na-eme n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":4">International Peace Bureau. (2002). The Military’s Impact on The Environment: A Neglected Aspect Of The Sustainable Development Debate A Briefing Paper For States And Non-Governmental Organisations, Retrieved from: http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/briefing-paper.pdf</ref> Ndị agha si gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) nke a machibidoro iwu na 1987 Montreal Protocol maka imebi ozone layer.<ref name=":4" /> Na mgbakwunye, ihe mberede ụgbọ mmiri n'oge Agha Nzuzo adaala na opekata mpe 50 nuklia warheads na 11 nuklia reactors n'ime oké osimiri, ha ka nọ n'ala oké osimiri.<ref name=":4" /> === Iji ala na ihe onwunwe eme ihe === Mkpa ndị agha na-eji ala eme ihe (dị ka maka ntọala, ọzụzụ, nchekwa wdg) na-ewepụkarị ndị mmadụ n'ala na ụlọ ha.<ref name=":4"/> Ọrụ agha na-eji solvents, fuels na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike ịba nsị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-anọ ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":4" /> Ọzọkwa, ụgbọ ala ndị agha dị arọ nwere ike imebi ala na akụrụngwa.<ref name=":4" /> Mmetọ mkpọtụ nke ndị agha na-akpata nwekwara ike belata ogo ndụ maka obodo ndị dị nso yana ikike ha ịzụlite ma ọ bụ ịchụ nta anụmanụ iji kwado onwe ha.<ref name=":4" /> Ndị na-akwado ya na-ewelite nchegbu banyere [[ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] na / ma ọ bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ bụ obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè nke na-enweghị ebe obibi na/ma ọ bụ na-emetụta.<ref name=":9">Lorincz, T. (2014). Demilitarization for Deep Decarbonization: Reducing Militarism and Military Expenditures to Invest in the UN Green Climate Fund and to Create Low-Carbon Economies and Resilient Communities. Retrieved from The International Peace Bureau Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120739/http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Green_Booklet_working_paper_17.09.2014.pdf</ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị agha na-ejikwa ihe onwunwe dị ukwuu.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":9"/> Ngwá agha na ngwá agha mejupụtara ngalaba azụmaahịa mba ụwa nke abụọ.<ref name=":4" /> International Peace Bureau na-ekwu na ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke helikọpta n'ụwa bụ maka iji agha, na ihe dịka pasent iri abụọ na ise nke mmanụ jet bụ ụgbọ ala ndị agha.<ref name=":4" /> Ụgbọala ndị a na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma, carbon-nnukwu, na ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ ala na-egbu egbu karịa nke ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":9" /> === Nzaghachi ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe === Ego ndị agha, ugbu a, dị elu karịa mgbe ọ bụla, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mmetụta maka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":9"/> Ha na-akwado maka enweghị agha, na-ekwu maka nnukwu ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-akwado ntụgharị nke ego ndị ahụ na omume ihu igwe.<ref name=":9" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụwa na-emefu ihe dị ka 2.2% nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ na ego agha dịka ụlọ akụ ụwa si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|work=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-05-26}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dịka otu pasent nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ ruo 2030 iji gbanwee nsogbu ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-will-it-cost-to-mitigate-climate-change|title=How much will it cost to mitigate climate change?|work=Our World in Data|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2017-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612202524/https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-will-it-cost-to-mitigate-climate-change}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị mgbochi na izere nhicha dị oke ọnụ.<ref name=":9" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmefu maka ihicha ebe ndị agha na-emetọ bụ ọ dịkarịa ala ijeri $ 500.<ref name=":4"/> N'ikpeazụ, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ezo aka na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka oke ịda ogbenye ma na-akwado ka e wepụ ego ndị ọzọ site na mmefu agha gaa na ihe ndị a.<ref name=":9" /> Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka ịhapụ agha na udo gụnyere International Peace Bureau, Canadian Voice of Women for Peace, The Rideau Institute, Ceasefire.ca, Project Ploughshares, na Codepink. Lee ndepụta nke òtù ndị na-emegide agha maka ìgwè ndị ọzọ. === Mmetụta dị mma ndị agha nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi === E nwere ihe atụ sitere n'ụwa niile nke ndị agha na-enyere aka na njikwa ala na nchekwa.<ref name=":10">D’Souza, E. (1994). The potential of the military in environmental protection: India. Unasylva – FAO. 46. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e12.htm#The%20potential%20of%20the%20military%20in%20environmental%20protection:%20India</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Bhuj, [[Ndia|India]], ndị agha nọ n'ebe ahụ nyere aka mee ka mpaghara ahụ dịghachi mma; na Pakistan, ndị agha sonyere na tsunami nke osisi Billion, na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị nkịtị iji mee ka ala dị mma na KPK na Punjab.; na [[Venezuela]], ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ National Guard iji chebe ihe onwunwe okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/pakistan-s-billion-tree-tsunami-is-astonishing/|title=Pakistan has planted over a billion trees}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, nkwado ndị agha maka teknụzụ na-adịghị emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ike na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike ịnwe ike ịmepụta nkwado ọha na eze maka teknụpụ ndị a.<ref>Light. S. (2014)b Interview by Knowledge@Wharton The Surprising Role the Military Plays in Environmental Protection [Print Interview]. Retrieved from: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/military-environmental-protection/</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ teknụzụ agha dị ka GPS na drones na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi aka, ndị na-echekwa ihe, ndị na'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-ahụ maka iweghachi ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe dị iche iche aka ịme nyocha ka mma, nlekota, na idozi.<ref>Lawrence, M. et al. 2015. The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment. ''Environ. Rev. 23: 443–460'' dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0039</ref> == Agha na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi == Site n'echiche iwu, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge agha na ọrụ agha na-ekwu maka ya site na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa. A na-ahụkwa isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na mpaghara iwu dịka iwu mba ụwa n'ozuzu, iwu agha, iwu ikike mmadụ na iwu mpaghara nke mba ọ bụla metụtara. Ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta United Nations, gụnyere Fourth Geneva Convention, 1972 World Heritage Convention na 1977 Environmental Modification Convention nwere ndokwa iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke agha. Nkwekọrịta Mgbanwe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke na-amachibido ndị agha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na-emegide usoro mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta zuru oke, ogologo oge ma ọ bụ siri ike. Nkwekọrịta ahụ machibidoro agha ihu igwe, nke bụ iji usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe maka ebumnuche nke imebi ma ọ bụ mbibi. Nkwekọrịta a dị irè ma kwado ya (a nabatara ya dị ka ihe na-agbaso iwu) site n'aka ndị isi agha. == Hụkwa == * Agha nje * Agha kemịkal * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Agha Obodo Siria * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mwakpo Russia nke 2022 na Ukraine * Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi * Agha nuklia * Oge oyi nuklia * Ala gbara ọkụ * Agha a na-ejighị n'aka * Nsí nke olulu mmiri * Mpụ agha == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Austin, J.E.|title=The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780521780209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJKFkSkgTyIC}} * {{Cite book|author=Brauer, Jurgen|title=War and Nature: The Environmental Consequences of War in a Globalized World|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2009|isbn=9780759112063|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=du7s13DfKC8C}} * {{Cite book|author=El- Baz, Farouk|title=The Gulf War and the Environment|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|isbn=9782881246494|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cmmgwUJH98C}} * {{Cite book|author=Hayward|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Hayward|title=Airpower and the Environment: The Ecological Implications of Modern Air Warfare|year=2013|publisher=Air University Press|isbn=978-1-58566-223-4}} * {{Cite book|author=McNeill, J.R.|chapter=The Global Environmental Footprint of the U.S. Military: 1789-2003|editor=Closman, Charles E.|title=War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age|publisher=Texas A&M Press|year=2009|isbn=9781603441698|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjs0teljUjQC&pg=PA10}} * {{Cite book|editor=McNeill, J.R.|title=Environmental Histories of the Cold War|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521762441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs-SHscWdYgC}} * {{Cite book|editor=Price, Andrew R.G.|title=The 1991 Gulf War: Environmental Assessments of IUCN and Collaborators|publisher=IUCN|year=1994|isbn=9782831702056|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_okDDKq5NCwC}} * {{Cite book|editor=Ṣādiq, Muḥammad|title=The Gulf War Aftermath: An Environmental Tragedy|publisher=Springer|year=1993|isbn=9780792322788|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-dp1DKdkUMC}} * {{Cite book|author=Westing, Arthur H. (ed)|chapter=Constraints on military disruption of the biosphere: an overview|title=Cultural Norms, War and the Environment|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=9780198291251|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js-oxRiRoQkC&pg=PA1}} * {{Cite book|editor=William Burr|title="Clean" Nukes and the Ecology of Nuclear War|publisher=The National Security Archive|year=2017|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2017-08-30/clean-nukes-ecology-nuclear-war}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jiymftjo9qlzrq965dsejc2g1df4to2 0 26293 697578 422642 2026-08-10T03:12:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 8 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697578 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}} '''Mmetụta ngwupụta na gburugburu ebe obibi''' nwere ike ime na mpaghara, mpaghara, na n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ site na omume ngwuputa ihe kpọmkwem na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè. Mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịkpata mbuze, nsị, mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ mmetọ nke ala, mmiri ala, na mmiri dị n'elu site na kemịkalụ na-esi na usoro Ngwuputa. Usoro ndị a na-emetụtakwa ikuku sitere na ikuku carbon nke na-emetụta ogo ahụike mmadụ na ụdị dị iche iche..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laura J.|first=Sonter|date=December 5, 2018|title=Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=285|issue=1892|pages=20181926|doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1926|pmid=30518573}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụzọ ngwuputa ihe (ngwuputa lithium, ngwuputa phosphate, ngwuputa coal, ngwuputa ugwu, na ngwuputa aja) nwere ike inwe mmetụta di egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahu ike nke ọha na eze nke na a choro ka ulo oru ngwuputa na mba ufodu soro usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na nhazighari iji jide n'aka na ebe a na-egwuputa ihe.  mpaghara laghachiri na ọnọdụ izizi ya. == Mbize == Mgbukpọ nke ugwu ndị a na-ahụ anya, ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na nsị nke mmiri, iyi na osimiri nwere ike imetụta mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ihe atụ kachasị mma bụ nnukwu Ok Tedi Mine na Papua New [[Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Calvin W.|date=2014-05-24|title=The erosive growth of hillside gullies|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3593|journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms|volume=39|issue=15|pages=1989–2001|doi=10.1002/esp.3593|issn=0197-9337}}</ref> Mgbari ala nwere ike belata mmiri maka uto osisi, na-akpata mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moreno-de las Heras|first=M.|date=March 2009|title=Development of soil physical structure and biological functionality in mining spoils affected by soil erosion in a Mediterranean-Continental environment|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016706108003601|journal=Geoderma|language=en|volume=149|issue=3–4|pages=249–256|doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.003}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, enweghị njikwa ala na ikpughe kemịkal site na igwu ala na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wantzen|first=Karl|date=2013-09-30|title=Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems|journal=Agriculture|volume=3|issue=4|pages=660–683|doi=10.3390/agriculture3040660|issn=2077-0472}}</ref> N'ebe ndị dị n'ọzara, igwu ala nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe obibi, na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo ọ nwere ike ịkpaghasị ma ọ bụ bibie ebe ịta nri na-amị mkpụrụ na ala ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Ling|date=2015-05-01|title=Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816215000211|journal=CATENA|language=en|volume=128|pages=44–53|doi=10.1016/j.catena.2015.01.016|issn=0341-8162}}</ref> == Olulu mmiri == [[Usòrò:2008-05-23_Haus_Ecke_Kamp_und_Johowstrasse.JPG|thumb|188x188px|Ụlọ dị na Gladbeck, Germany, nke nwere oghere ndị sitere na mbuze nke ike ndọda n'ihi igwu ala]] A na-enwekarị olulu mmiri na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala site na ọdịda nke elu ụlọ a na-egwu ihe n'ime ala site na nchọpụta nke ihe onwunwe, oke ibu ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Kalendra B.|date=1997|title=Sinkhole subsidence due to mining|journal=Geotechnical & Geological Engineering|volume=15|issue=4|pages=327–341|doi=10.1007/BF00880712}}</ref> Ibu ibu dị n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe nwere ike ịmalite oghere n'ime ala ma ọ bụ nkume, nke nwere ike ijupụta na ájá na ala site na eriri ndị dị n'elu. Oghere ndị a dị n'oke ibu nwere ike imecha banye n'ime, na-eme oghere n'elu. Ọdịda mberede nke ụwa na-emepụta nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi n'elu na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị, nke a nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke ukwuu nye ndụ na ihe onwunwe..<ref name="Singh-1997">{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Kalendra B.|title=Sinkhole subsidence due to mining|journal=Geotechnical and Geological Engineering|date=December 1997|volume=15|issue=4|pages=327–341|doi=10.1007/BF00880712}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata olulu mmiri dị n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe site n'ichepụta akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka nkwado ngwuputa ihe na mgbidi ka mma iji mepụta ihe mgbochi n'akụkụ ebe nwere ike ịnweta mmiri mmiri. Enwere ike ime ndochi azụ na ịchafụ iji mee ka ọrụ ndị dị n'okpuru ala gbahapụrụ kwụsie ike == Mmetọ mmiri == Ịgwụpụta ihe n'ala nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na gburugburu mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na ejighị nlezianya mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, oke kemịkal dị elu, dị ka arsenic, sulphuric acid, na mercury nwere ike ịgbasa n'ebe dị mkpa nke mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/3|title=January 2009|work=ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615124707/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/3}}</ref> Mmiri buru ibu nke a na-eji na-eme ka mmiri na-agbapụta m, oyi m, mmịpụta mmiri na usoro ngwuputa ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ohere nke kemịkalụ ndị a metọọ ala na mmiri dị elu. Ka ngwuputa ihe na-emepụta mmiri mkpofu dị ukwuu, ụzọ mkpofu na-ejedebeghị n'ihi mmetọ dị n'ime mmiri mkpofu. Mgbọ mmiri nke nwere kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ahịhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ntupu nke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị elu ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ọhịa bụ nhọrọ kacha njọ. Ya mere, a na-ahụta mkpofu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri dị ka nhọrọ ka mma (ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ihe mkpofu ahụ ruo omimi dị ukwuu).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/6|title=January 2009|work=ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701153625/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/gold/larmer-text/6}}</ref> Nchekwa ala na itinye ihe ndị a na-egwupụta n'ime ala mgbe e mebisịrị ya ka mma, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị oké ọhịa a ga-ewepụ maka ichekwa ihe mkpofu. Mmetọ nke mmiri na-esite na mgbapụta nke kemịkal nwekwara mmetụta na ahụike nke ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/mining-and-water-quality?qt-science_center_objects=0#|title=Mining and Water Quality|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> N'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma, ndị ọkà mmụta mmiri na ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala na-eji nlezianya tụọ mmiri iji kpachara anya iji wepụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri ọ bụla nke ọrụ ogbunigwe nwere ike ịkpata. A na-amanye mbelata mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi n'omume ngwuputa nke Amerika site na iwu gọọmentị etiti na steeti, site na mmachibido ndị na-arụ ọrụ irute ụkpụrụ maka nchebe nke elu na mmiri ala site na mmetọ..<ref>The principal federal laws are: </ref> A na-eme nke a nke ọma site na iji usoro mwepụ na-enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla dị ka bioleaching.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Asante|first=Ramseyer|date=March 29, 2017|title=Environmental Impact of Mining|journal=Global Congress on Process Safety}}</ref> == Mmetọ ikuku == Ihe mmetọ ikuku na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na uto osisi, bụ isi site na itinye aka na nchịkọta akụ. Ozugbo akwụkwọ na-akpachi anya na ikuku, ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku, dị ka O3 na NOx, na-emetụta ọrụ metabolic nke akwụkwọ ahụ ma na-egbochi net carbon fixation site na osisi osisi. Ihe mmetọ ikuku nke a na-etinye na mbụ n'ala, dị ka ọla dị arọ, na-ebute ụzọ na-emetụta ọrụ mgbọrọgwụ ma na-egbochi ihe ọkụkụ nke ala nke osisi ahụ. Mbelata ndị a na njide akụrụngwa (mmepụta nke carbohydrate site na photosynthesis, nri nri ịnweta na iwepụta mmiri sitere na ala) ga-emetụta uto osisi site na mgbanwe nke ikenye akụrụngwa n'ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Mgbe nrụgide mmetọ ikuku na-ejikọta na nrụgide ndị ọzọ, dịka. nrụgide mmiri, ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ga-adabere na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nke usoro n'ime osisi. N'ọkwa gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetọ ikuku nwere ike gbanwee nguzozi asọmpi n'etiti ụdị dị ugbu a ma nwee ike ibute mgbanwe na nhazi nke obodo osisi. Na agroecosystem, mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịpụta na mbelata akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Development|first=Office of Research &|title=PLANT RESPONSE TO AIR POLLUTION|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=50437#:~:text=Air%20pollutants%20have%20a%20negative,fixation%20by%20the%20plant%20canopy.|accessdate=2022-03-31|work=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> === Mmiri acid na-asọpụta na nkume === Ngwuputa ihe nke dị n'okpuru ala na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru mmiri mmiri, n'ihi ya, a ghaghị ịwụpụ mmiri mgbe niile na ogbunigwe ahụ iji gbochie idei mmiri. Mgbe a gbahapụrụ ogbunigwe, ịgbapụta mmiri a na-akwụsị, mmiri na-ejukwa ebe a na-egwupụta ihe. Iwebata mmiri a bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri acid. [[Usòrò:Lagoa_vermelha_na_Mina_do_Losal_05.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri na-esi n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala na [[Portugal]]]] Ngwunye mmiri acid na-apụta n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihu igwe nke nkume mana ọ na-akawanye njọ site na nnukwu ọgba aghara ụwa njirimara nke Ngwuputa ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ewu ụlọ, na-emekarị n'ime nkume ndị nwere ụbara mineral sulfide. Ebe a kpasuru ụwa iwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu, nkewa nkewa, na okporo ụzọ njem) nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri mmiri acid. N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmiri mmiri nke na-esi n'ọkọba coal, ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi coal, ebe a na-asa akwa na ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu acidic, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka acid mine drainage (AMD). Otu ụdị mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na usoro nwere ike ime site na mkpasu iwe nke ala acid sulfate guzobere n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ estuarine mgbe oke oke mmiri nke ikpeazụ gasịrị, ma bụrụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi yiri ya. Nkà na ụzụ ise a na-eji nyochaa ma chịkwaa mmiri na-agafe n'ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe bụ usoro ntụgharị, ọdọ mmiri mgbochi, usoro mgbapụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, usoro mmiri na-agbanye n'okpuru, na ihe mgbochi n'okpuru. N'ihe banyere AMD, a na-agbanye mmiri na-emetọ emetọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ nke na-egbochi mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/ndemers/Miningconference/mcindex.htm|title=Mining conference 2008|work=itech.fgcu.edu|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2017-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217164556/http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/ndemers/Miningconference/mcindex.htm}}</ref> Nnyocha nke afọ 2006 nke nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi chọpụtara na "ebu amụma mmiri dị mma nke e mere mgbe ọ tụlere mmetụta nke mbelata ahụ na-eleda mmetụta dị n'okpuru ala, nsị, na mmiri dị n'elu ala".<ref>Maest et al. 2006. [http://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference%20Proceedings/2006/1122-Maest-CO.pdf Predicted Versus Actual Water Quality at Hardrock Mine Sites: Effect of Inherent Geochemical and Hydrologic Characteristics].</ref> === Ígwè ndị dị arọ === Ọla dị arọ bụ ihe na-apụta n'okike nwere oke atọm dị elu yana njupụta dịkarịa ala ugboro ise karịa nke mmiri. Ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ha dị iche iche, ụlọ, ọrụ ugbo, ọgwụ na teknụzụ emeela ka ha kesaa n'obosara na gburugburu ebe obibi; na-ewelite nchegbu maka mmetụta ha nwere na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-egosiputa ọla dị arọ nke na-emekarị n'ụdị nke na-adịghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka osisi. A na-egosipụtakarị ha n'ụdị a na-apụghị ịsacha, dị ka n'ụdị ịnweta, ma ọ bụ n'ụdị dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-adịghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka ibu ihe ọkụkụ. Ọla dị arọ na-emekarị nwere ikike mgbasa ozi dị egwu n'ime ala, yabụ na ọ naghị enweta ngwa ngwa maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Njide ike dị n'etiti ọla dị arọ na ala na-emekarị dị oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ahụ na ebe a na-enweta anthropogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayangbenro|first=Ayansina|date=2017-01-19|title=A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=14|issue=1|pages=94|doi=10.3390/ijerph14010094|pmid=28106848|issn=1660-4601}}</ref> Mgbasa na ibufe ọla na ọla ndị dị arọ site na ịgba ọsọ na mmiri ala bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwuputa ihe, dị ka Britannia Mine, bụbu ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa dị nso na Vancouver, British Columbia. Tar Creek, mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta akụ gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na Picher, Oklahoma nke bụzi saịtị Superfund na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enwekwa mmerụ ahụ dị arọ. Mmiri dị n'ime ogbunigwe ahụ nwere ọla ndị gbazere agbaze dị ka lead na cadmium gbabara n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala, na-emetọ ya..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.state.ok.us/PROGRAM/envhlth/sites/ottawa.html|title=Ottawa County, Oklahoma Hazardous Waste Sites<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2009-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220055930/http://www.health.state.ok.us/PROGRAM/envhlth/sites/ottawa.html|archivedate=2008-02-20}}</ref> Ịchekwa tailings na uzuzu ogologo oge nwere ike ibute nsogbu ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ifufe nwere ike ịfesa ha ngwa ngwa, dị ka e mere na Skouriotissa, ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa gbahapụrụ na Saịprọs. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na ịba ụba ọrụ Ngwuputa nwere ike ịbawanye ọdịnaya nke ọla dị arọ na sedimenti iyi..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Xiang|date=2010-09-01|title=Environmental impact of mining activities on the surface water quality in Tibet: Gyama valley|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=408|issue=19|pages=4177–4184|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.015|issn=1879-1026|pmid=20542540}}</ref> == Mmetụta na ụdị dị iche iche == [[Usòrò:Tabubil-world_wind.png|thumb|Osimiri Ok Tedi na-emetọ site na nsị sitere na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị nso.]] Mgbakwunye nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe bụ nnukwu mgbanwe ebe obibi, na obere nsogbu na-eme n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu karịa ebe a na'ebe a na-erigbu ya, ihe mkpofu na-eguzogide ihe mkpofu nke ebe obibi dịka ọmụmaatụ. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ọjọọ ogologo oge mgbe njedebe nke ọrụ ogbunigwe gasịrị.<ref name="art1">{{Cite journal|author=Jung|first=Myung Chae|title=Heavy metals contamination of soils and plants in the vicinity of a lead-zinc mine, Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-geochemistry_january-march-1996_11_1-2/page/53|journal=Applied Geochemistry|date=1996|volume=11|issue=1–2|pages=53–59|doi=10.1016/0883-2927(95)00075-5}}</ref> Mbibi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe dị egwu nke saịtị mbụ na mwepụta nke ihe ndị sitere n'aka mmadụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sonter|first=Laura J.|date=December 2020|title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity|url=|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4174|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5|issn=2041-1723|pmid=32873789}}</ref> Mbibi nke ebe obibi bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, mana nsị kpọmkwem nke ihe ndị a na-ewepụta na ala kpatara, na nsị na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nri na mmiri, nwekwara ike imetụta ụmụ anụmanụ, ahịhịa na microorganisms. Mgbanwe ebe obibi dị ka pH na mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-enye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu nsogbu. Ụdị ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-emetụta karịsịa, ebe ọ bụ na ha chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi pụrụ iche. Mbibi ma ọ bụ obere mgbanwe nke ebe obibi ha tinyere ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ. Ebe obibi nwere ike imebi mgbe enweghi ngwaahịa zuru oke nke ala yana ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị kemịkal, dị ka nnukwu nkume sitere na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na-atụfu na ala gbara ya gburugburu n'enweghị nchegbu maka mmetụta na ebe obibi okike.<ref name="art3">{{Cite journal|author=Diehl|first=E|title=Ground-dwelling ant fauna of sites with high levels of copper|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|date=2004|volume=61|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842004000100005|pmid=15195362}}</ref> A maara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla dị arọ na-ebelata na anya site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, na mmetụta na ụdị dị iche iche na-agbaso otu usoro ahụ.<ref name="art1"/> Mmetụta nwere ike ịdịgasị iche iche dabere na njem na bioavailability nke mmetọ ahụ: mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị ga-anọgide na-adịghị na gburugburu ebe obibi ebe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere nnukwu njem ga-agagharị n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime oghere ọzọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eburu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị nke ọla n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịgbanwe bioavailability ha, yana nsị ha maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri.<ref name="art13">{{Cite journal|author=Tarras-Wahlberga|first=N.H.|title=Environmental impacts and metal exposure of aquatic ecosystems in rivers contaminated by small scale gold mining: the Puyango River basin, southern Ecuador|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|date=2001|volume=278|issue=1–3|pages=239–261|doi=10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00655-6|pmid=11669272}}</ref> Biomagnification na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ebe obibi mmetọ: mmetụta nke igwu ala na ụdị dị iche iche, na-eche na ọkwa dị elu ezughi oke iji gbuo ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya, kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu karịa ụdị dị n'elu usoro nri n'ihi ihe omume a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cervantes-Ramírez|first=Laura T.|date=2018-05-18|title=Heavy metal biomagnification and genotoxic damage in two trophic levels exposed to mine tailings: a network theory approach|journal=[[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural]]|volume=91|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7|issn=0717-6317}}</ref> Mmetụta ọjọọ nke igwu ala na ụdị dị iche iche na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịdị nke mmetọ ahụ, ọkwa nke itinye uche nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi n'onwe ya. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eguzogide nsogbu ndị mmadụ na-akpata, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ ga-apụ kpamkpam na mpaghara ahụ emetụtara. Oge naanị ya yiri ka ọ naghị ekwe ka ebe obibi ahụ gbakee kpamkpam site na mmetọ ahụ.<ref name="art11">{{Cite journal|author=Pyatt|first=F. B.|title=An Imperial Legacy? An Exploration of the Environmental Impact of Ancient Metal Mining and Smelting in Southern Jordan|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=2000|volume=27|issue=9|pages=771–778|doi=10.1006/jasc.1999.0580}}</ref> Omume mgbazi na-ewe oge, na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ agaghị eme ka e nwetaghachi ọdịiche dị iche iche dị tupu ọrụ igwu ala.<ref name="art7"/> == Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri == Ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala nwere ike imetụta ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri site n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Otu ụzọ nwere ike ịbụ nsị kpọmkwem; ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka nke a na-eme mgbe mmetọ na-agagharị na sediment ma ọ bụ bioavailable na mmiri.<ref name="art2"/><ref name="art8">{{Cite journal|author=Niyogi|first=Dev K.|title=Effects of Stress from Mine Drainage on Diversity, Biomass, and Function of Primary Producers in Mountain Streams|journal=Ecosystems|volume=6|date=2002|issue=5|pages=554–567|doi=10.1007/s10021-002-0182-9}}</ref><ref name="art2" /> Mmiri na-adọba n'ime ala nwere ike ịgbanwe pH mmiri, na-eme ka o sie ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmetụta kpọmkwem na ihe ndị dị ndụ site na mmetụta nke mgbanwe pH kpatara.<ref name="art14">{{Cite journal|author=Ek|first=A. S.|title=Heavy metal pollution and lake acidity changes caused by one thousand years of copper mining at Falun, central Sweden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleolimnology_2001-06_26_1/page/n94|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|date=2001|volume=26|issue=1|pages=89–107|doi=10.1023/A:1011112020621}}</ref> A ka nwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ma gosipụta na ọ bụ mgbanwe pH kpatara ya.<ref name="art8" /> Contaminants nwekwara ike imetụta ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri site na mmetụta anụ ahụ: iyi ndị nwere oke nke sediment na-egbochi ìhè, si otú a na-ebelata biomass algae.<ref name="art8" /><ref name="art15">{{Cite journal|author=RYAN|first=PADDY A.|title=Environmental effects of sediment on New Zealand streams: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/new-zealand-journal-of-marine-and-freshwater-research_1991_25_2/page/207|journal=New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research|date=1991|volume=25|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1080/00288330.1991.9516472}}</ref> Ntinye metal oxide nwere ike igbochi biomass site na ikpuchi algae ma ọ bụ ihe ha, si otú ahụ gbochie colonization.<ref name="art8" /> [[Usòrò:Osisko_lake.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri Osisko e metọrọ emetọ na Rouyn-Noranda]] Ihe ndị na-emetụta obodo dị iche iche na ebe ndị acid na-egwupụta mmiri dịgasị iche n'oge na n'oge: okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo, pH, salinisation na ọnụọgụ ọla niile na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ogologo oge, ma nwee ike imetụta obodo dị iche. Mgbanwe na pH ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta solubility metal, yana site na ya ọnụọgụ bioavailable nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọzọkwa, mmetọ na-aga n'ihu n'oge: afọ iri itoolu mgbe mmechi nke ebe a na-egwupụta pyrite gasịrị, pH mmiri ka dị ala ma ọnụ ọgụgụ microorganisms mejupụtara isi nje acidophil.<ref name="art6">{{Cite journal|author=Kimura|first=Sakurako|title=Biodiversity and geochemistry of an extremely acidic, low-temperature subterranean environment sustained by chemolithotrophy|journal=Environmental Microbiology|date=2011|volume=13|issue=8|pages=2092–2104|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02434.x|pmid=21382147}}</ref> Otu nnukwu nnyocha nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri bụ mmetọ nke mere na Minamata Bay.<ref name="BABY-2010">{{Cite journal|author=BABY|first=Joseph|date=2010|title=Toxic effect of heavy metals on aquatic environment|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308299883|journal=International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences}}</ref> Methylmercury ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta kemịkal wepụtara n'ime mmiri na-adịghị mma ma chọpụta ọrịa a na-akpọ ọrịa Minamata na Kumamoto, [[Japan]].<ref name="BABY-2010" /> Nke a mere ka mercury na-egbu egbu na azụ na shellfishes ma ọ na-emetọ ụdị ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma ọtụtụ mmadụ nwụrụ site na ya ma ọ na'emetụta onye ọ bụla riri azụ ndị ahụ emetọ.<ref name="BABY-2010" /> === Microorganisms === Obodo algae dị obere na mmiri acid nwere zinc dị elu, na nrụgide mmiri na-ebelata mmepụta ha.<ref name="art8"/> Obodo Diatoms na-agbanwe nke ukwuu site na mgbanwe kemịkal ọ bụla, nchịkọta pH phytoplankton, na oke metal na-ebelata ọtụtụ ụdị planktonic.<ref name="art5">{{Cite journal|author=Salonen|first=Veli-Pekka Salonen|title=History of mine drainage impact on Lake Orija¨ rvi algal communities, SW Finland|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|date=2006|volume=35|issue=2|pages=289–303|doi=10.1007/s10933-005-0483-z}}</ref><ref name="art16">{{Cite journal|author=Michelutti|first=Neal|title=Diatom Assessment of Past Environmental Changes in Lakes Located Near the Noril'sk (Siberia) Smelters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_2001-01_125_1-4/page/231|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|date=2001|volume=125|issue=1|pages=231–241|doi=10.1023/A:1005274007405}}</ref><ref name="art5" /> Ụfọdụ ụdị diatom nwere ike itolite na sediments dị elu.<ref name="art5" /> N'ime ihe ndị dị nso n'elu, cysts na-ata ahụhụ site na corrosion na mkpuchi dị arọ.<ref name="art5" /> N'ọnọdụ mmetọ dị ukwuu, ngụkọta algae biomass dị ala, na obodo diatom planktonic efuola.<ref name="art5" /> N'otu aka ahụ na phytoplankton, a na-agbanwe obodo zooplankton nke ukwuu n'ọnọdụ ebe mmetụta nke igwu ala siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leppänen|first=Jaakko Johannes|date=2018-09-01|title=An overview of Cladoceran studies conducted in mine water impacted lakes|journal=International Aquatic Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=207–221|doi=10.1007/s40071-018-0204-7|issn=2008-6970}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na phytoplankton na zooplankton na-anọgide na-akwụsi ike. === Macro-organisms === A na-agbanwe ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ihe ndị bi na mmiri na gburugburu ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, na-akpata obere okpomọkụ na obodo ha na-achịkwa ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref name="art9">{{Cite journal|author=Gerhardt|first=A.|title=Macroinvertebrate response to acid mine drainage: community metrics and on-line behavioural toxicity bioassay|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution_2004-07_130_2/page/263|journal=Environmental Pollution|date=2004|volume=130|issue=2|pages=263–274|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2003.11.016|pmid=15158039}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụdị dị iche iche nke macroinvertebrates nwere ike ịnọgide na-adị elu, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ụdị dị iche dị nro dochie anya ndị na-anabata.<ref name="art10" /> Mgbe a na-ebelata ọdịiche dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nweghị mmetụta nke mmetọ iyi na ụba ma ọ bụ biomass, na-atụ aro na ụdị na-anabata ihe na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ nke ụdị dị nro na ebe ndị mmetọ. mbelata pH na mgbakwunye na oke metal nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na omume macroinvertebrates, na-egosi na nsị kpọmkwem abụghị naanị nsogbu.<ref name="art10">{{Cite journal|author=MALMQVIST|first=BJOÈ RN|title=Influence of drainage from old mine deposits on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in central Swedish streams|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_1999-07_33_10/page/2415|journal=Water Research|date=1999|volume=33|issue=10|pages=2415–2423|doi=10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00462-x}}</ref> Azụ nwekwara ike imetụta pH, ọdịiche okpomọkụ, na oke kemịkal.<ref name="art17">{{Cite journal|author=Wong|first=H.K.T|title=Dispersion and toxicity of metals from abandoned gold mine tailings at Goldenville, Nova Scotia, Canada|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=1999|volume=228|issue=1|pages=35–47|doi=10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00021-2}}</ref> == Ihe ndị bị n'elụ ala == === Ahịhịa === Enwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ala na mmiri dị na ya nke ukwuu na ebe ndị nwere nsogbu, na-eduga na mgbanwe obodo osisi na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="art7"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị ahụ nwere obere nnagide maka ọla n'ime ala, mana mmetụta dị iche n'etiti ụdị. Ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche na mkpuchi zuru oke anaghị emetụta oke mmetọ karịa forbs na shrubs.<ref name="art7" /> Enwere ike ịchọta ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu n'ihi ọrụ igwu ala n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site na isi iyi.<ref name="art4">{{Cite journal|author=del Pilar Ortega-Larrocea|first=Marıa|title=Plant and fungal biodiversity from metal mine wastes under remediation at Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico|journal=Environmental Pollution|date=2010|volume=158|issue=5|pages=1922–1931|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.034|pmid=19910092}}</ref> Osisi ndị e guzobere enweghị ike ịpụ na nsogbu, ha ga-emesị nwụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọla ma ọ bụ metalloids dị arọ emetọ ebe obibi ha n'ụzọ dị elu maka ahụike ha. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-eguzogide ma ga-adịgide na ọkwa ndị a, na ụfọdụ ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ala nwere ike ịnagide mkpokọta ndị a n'ime ala, ga-akwaga n'ala ndị gbara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ihe iji nọrọ na niche gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a nwekwara ike ịhapụ ala ka ọ ghara imebi ala, nke ga-eme ka osisi biri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=what is the most likely consequence of open pit mining on plant life? - Lisbdnet.com|url=https://lisbdnet.com/what-is-the-most-likely-consequence-of-open-pit-mining-on-plant-life-2/|accessdate=2022-04-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220221114/https://lisbdnet.com/what-is-the-most-likely-consequence-of-open-pit-mining-on-plant-life-2/}}</ref> Enwere ike imetụta osisi site na nsị kpọmkwem, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị n'ala arsenic na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke bryophyte.<ref name="art2"/> Ahịhịa nwekwara ike imerụ site na ọla ndị ọzọ dịka nickel na ọla kọpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0376892900004240/type/journal_article|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=0376-8929}}</ref> Acidification nke ala site na mbelata pH site na mmetọ kemịkal nwekwara ike iduga na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụdị.<ref name="art2" /> Ihe ndị na-emetọ mmadụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụ mebie microorganisms, si otú a gbanwee nnweta ihe oriri, na-akpata mfu nke ahịhịa n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="art2" /> Mgbọrọgwụ osisi ụfọdụ na-esi n'ala dị omimi pụọ iji zere mpaghara emetọ, ya mere enweghị nkedo n'ime ala dị omimi, na-akpata ike iwepụ mgbọrọgwụ site n'ikuku mgbe ịdị elu ha na ịdị arọ ha na-abawanye.<ref name="art4"/> N'ozuzu, a na-ebelata nyocha mgbọrọgwụ n'ebe ndị emetọla ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-emetọghị.<ref name="art7">{{Cite journal|author=Mummey|first=Daniel L.|title=Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_soil-biology-biochemistry_2002-11_34_11/page/1717|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|date=2002|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1717–1725|doi=10.1016/s0038-0717(02)00158-x}}</ref> Ụdị osisi dị iche iche ga-anọgide na-adị ala na ebe obibi ndị a weghachiri karịa na mpaghara ndị a na-emetụbeghị.<ref name="art7" /> Dabere na ụdị igwu ala a na-eme, enwere ike iwepụ ahịhịa niile n'ógbè ahụ tupu ịmalite igwu ala n'ezie.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Yi|date=2014-08-24|title=Effect of coal mining on vegetation disturbance and associated carbon loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3584-z|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|volume=73|issue=5|pages=2329–2342|doi=10.1007/s12665-014-3584-z|issn=1866-6280}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe. Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike itolite n'ebe ndị na-adịghị emetọ, mana ihe ọkụkụ na-adịkarị ala karịa ka ọ gaara abụ n'ọnọdụ uto mgbe niile. Osisi na-enwekarị ọla dị arọ n'ime akụkụ ha dị elu, nke nwere ike iduga mmadụ na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orji|first=O. U.|date=2021-08-01|title=Assessment of Levels and Health Risks of Trace Metals in Soils and Food Crops Cultivated on Farmlands Near Enyigba Mining Sites, Ebonyi State, Nigeria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X22068429|journal=Journal of Food Protection|language=en|volume=84|issue=8|pages=1288–1294|doi=10.4315/JFP-20-295|pmid=33465238|issn=0362-028X}}</ref> Nri a na-eri ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-emetọ emetọ mgbe niile nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike nke na-esite na mkpuchi ígwè ogologo oge.<ref name="art1"/> Cigarettes e ji ụtaba na-eto n'ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ndị mmadụ, ebe ụtaba na'enwekarị cadmium na zinc na akwụkwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barabasz|first=A.|date=2010-05-19|title=Metal accumulation in tobacco expressing Arabidopsis halleri metal hyperaccumulation gene depends on external supply|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq129|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=11|pages=3057–3067|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq129|pmid=20484319|issn=0022-0957}}</ref> === Anụmanụ === [[Usòrò:Malartik_mine_-_Osisko.JPG|thumb|Ebe a na-egwupụta mmanụ ala na Osisko]] Mbibi ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isi okwu nke ọrụ igwu ala. A na-ebibi nnukwu ebe obibi okike n'oge a na-arụ ma na-erigbu ya, na-amanye ụmụ anụmanụ ịhapụ ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cristescu|first=Bogdan|date=2016|title=Large Omnivore Movements in Response to Surface Mining and Mine Reclamation|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=19177|doi=10.1038/srep19177|pmid=26750094}}</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịnwe nsí ozugbo site na ngwaahịa ndị dị n'ime ala na ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. Bioaccumulation na osisi ma ọ bụ obere ihe ndị ha na-eri nwekwara ike ibute nsị: ịnyịnya, ewu na atụrụ na-ekpughe n'ebe ụfọdụ na oke nsị nke ọla kọpa na ọnya n'ime ahịhịa.<ref name="art11"/> E nwere ụdị ndanda ole na ole n'ime ala nwere oke ọla kọpa, n'akụkụ ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa.<ref name="art3"/> Ọ bụrụ na a chọta ụmụ ahụhụ ole na ole, ohere dị elu na ihe ndị ọzọ bi na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu site na ọkwa ọla kọpa dị elu. Ndanda nwere ezi mkpebi ma ọ bụrụ na ebe a na-ahụkarị ka ha na-ebi kpọmkwem n'ime ala ma si otú a na-emetụta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. === Microorganisms === Microorganisms na-emetụta mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu, dị ka pH gbanwere, mgbanwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oke kemịkal n'ihi ogo ha.<ref name="art2">{{Cite journal|author=Steinhauser|first=Georg|title=Metalloid Contaminated Microhabitats and their Biodiversity at a Former Antimony Mining Site in Schlaining, Austria|journal=Open Environmental Sciences|date=2009|volume=3|pages=26–41|doi=10.2174/1876325100903010026}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụnọ nke arsenic na antimony n'ime ala emeela ka mbelata nke nje bacteria n'ime ụwa.<ref name="art2" /> Dị ka mmetụta mmiri, obere mgbanwe na pH ala nwere ike ịkpali remobilisation nke mmetọ, na mgbakwunye na mmetụta kpọmkwem na ihe ndị na-emetụta pH.<ref name="art12">{{Cite journal|author=Rösner|first=T.|title=The environmental impact gold mine tailings footprints in the Johannesburg region, South Africa|journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment|date=2000|volume=59|issue=2|pages=137–148|doi=10.1007/s100640000037}}</ref> Microorganisms nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ha niile, yabụ enwere ohere ka ukwuu nke ịdị ndụ nke ụdị ahụ n'ihi nguzogide ma ọ bụ nnagide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkita nke ụfọdụ mpaghara nwere, ọ bụrụhaala na mgbanwe adịghị oke njọ.<ref name="art62">{{Cite journal|author=Hoostal|first=MJ|title=Local adaptation of microbial communities to heavy metal stress in polluted sediments of Lake Erie|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|date=2008|volume=65|issue=1|pages=156–168|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00522.x|pmid=18559016}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, ịdị ndụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a ga-apụta nnukwu mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-akpata mbelata ikike maka mgbanwe na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ. Ala na-emepebeghị emepe n'ebe ndị nwere oke metal nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrụ dị ala microfauna na microflora, na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala ma ọ bụ ọrụ dị ala.<ref name="art2"/> Afọ iri abụọ mgbe ọgba aghara gasịrị, ọbụlagodi na mpaghara mmezigharị, biomass microbial ka na-ebelata nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe obibi na-enweghị nsogbu.<ref name="art7"/> Fungi mycorrhiza nke Arbuscular na-emetụta ọnụnọ nke kemịkal, ala na-emetụtakwa mgbe ụfọdụ nke na ha enweghịzi ike ijikọ na osisi mgbọrọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ fungi nwere ikike nchịkọta mmetọ na ikike nhicha ala site na ịgbanwe biodisponibility nke mmetọ, nke a nwere ike ichebe osisi site na mmebi nke kemịkal nwere ike ịkpata.<ref name="art4"/><ref name="art4" /> Ọnụnọ ha n'ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nwere ike igbochi mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi mmetọ nke ihe mkpofu, ma ọ bụ nye ohere maka bioremediation, iwepụ kemịkal ndị a na-achọghị site na ala emetọ.<ref name="art4" /> N'ụzọ dị iche, ụfọdụ microbes nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi: nke nwere ike iduga na SO4 dị elu na mmiri ma nwee ike ịbawanye mmepụta microbial nke hydrogen sulfide, nsí maka ọtụtụ osisi na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.<ref name="art4" /> == Ihe mkpofu == === Tailings === Usoro igwu ala na-emepụta ihe mkpofu karịrị akarị a maara dị ka tailings. Ihe ndị a hapụrụ mgbe e mesịrị bụ nsonaazụ nkewa nke akụkụ bara uru site na akụkụ na-enweghị akụ na ụba nke ore. Nnukwu ihe mkpofu ndị a bụ ngwakọta mmiri, ájá, ụrọ, na bitumen fọdụrụnụ. A na-echekwa nsị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị e ji ndagwurugwu ndị dị ugbu a mee ma ọ bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi na usoro mmiri.<ref name="CA oil sands">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/explore-topics/tailings-ponds|title=Tailings Ponds|work=Canada's Oil Sands|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2019-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113080442/https://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/explore-topics/tailings-ponds}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-agba ọsọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-abụ akụkụ nke ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ruo afọ 300. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nkwụnye ego, ma ọ bụ maka nchekwa na iji mmiri mee ihe.<ref name="CA oil sands" /> Tailings nwere nnukwu ikike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịhapụ ọla na-egbu egbu site na mmiri acid ma ọ bụ site na imebi anụ ọhịa mmiri; ha abụọ chọrọ nlekota na ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri na-agafe na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franks|first=DM|date=2011|title=Sustainable Development Principles for the Disposal of Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes|journal=Resources Policy|volume=36|issue=2|pages=114–122|doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.12.001}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ nke ọdọ mmiri tailings bụ ọdịda mmiri. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị a na-enweta n'ógbè (ala, ihe mkpofu siri ike, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị akarị site na ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na ihe ndị a ga-egweri egweri) emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị a na mgbidi ndị a na ya iji kwado ọtụtụ ihe ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rico|first=M|date=2008|title=Floods from tailings dam failures|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.110|pmid=18096316|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=154|issue=1–3|pages=79–87}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ maka ụkpụrụ imepụta nke ọdọ mmiri tailings bụ ihe na-etinye gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ maka idei mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri taillings. === Spoil tip === Spoil tip bụ ikpo ihe mkpokọta nke e wepụrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal ma ọ bụ ore. Ihe mkpofu ndị a nwere ala na nkume nkịtị, nke nwere ike imerụ ya na ihe mkpofu kemịkal. Ihe mkpofu dị nnọọ iche na tailings, ebe ọ bụ na a na-edozi ihe nke na-anọgide mgbe ewepụla ihe ndị bara uru na ore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/spoil+tip|title=Spoil tip}}</ref> Spoil tip nwere ike ime n'ụzọ a na-ahụkarị dịka, isi ihe ndị na-emebu ihe na-adịkarị ala ma na-agbanye n'akụkụ nke ụyọkọ. Dị ka ihe nkwata na-ejikarị ihe carbonaceous nke na-ere ọkụ nke ukwuu, ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ntụ ọkụ nwere ike ịgba ya ọkụ na mberede.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0166-1116(08)70744-1|chapter=7 Colliery Spoil Heap Combustion|title=The Reclamation of Former Coal Mines and Steelworks|pages=213–232|series=Studies in Environmental Science|year=1993|isbn=9780444817037}}</ref> Spoil tip nwere ike ịnwụrụ ọkụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ na-ere ọkụ n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ n'ime ihe mkpofu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. == Ọrụ igwu ala == Ọrụ igwu ala, gụnyere nchọpụta, nchọpụta, iwu, ịrụ ọrụ, mmezi, mgbasawanye, ịhapụ, ịkwụsị ọrụ na ịmegharị ihe ndị a na-egwupụta n'ime ala nwere ike imetụta usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma, na ụzọ kpọmkwem na nke na nke na'apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haddaway|first=Neal R.|date=2019-02-21|title=Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on social–ecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol|journal=Environmental Evidence|volume=8|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.1186/s13750-019-0152-8|issn=2047-2382}}</ref> == Mmetụta nke mmetọ ala na ụmụ mmadụ == Ndị mmadụ na-emetụtakwa site na igwu ala. E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị nwere ike ịpụta site na mmetọ ndị a na-ewepụta n'ime ikuku na mmiri n'oge usoro igwu ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ọrụ ịgbaze, a na-ewepụta nnukwu ikuku na-emetọ ikuku, dị ka ihe na-akwụsị akwụsị, SOx, arsenic particles na cadmium. A na-ejikarị ọla eme ihe n'ime ikuku dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ọrụ nke ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-eche ihu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ na ụba na-arịa ọrịa iku ume na akpụkpọ ahụ dị iche iche dị ka asbestosis, silicosis, ma ọ bụ ọrịa akpa ume ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Donoghue|first=A. M.|date=2004-08-01|title=Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh072|journal=Occupational Medicine|volume=54|issue=5|pages=283–289|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqh072|pmid=15289583|issn=0962-7480}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, otu n'ime nnukwu akụkụ nke igwu ala nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ bụ mmetọ ndị na-ejedebe na mmiri, nke na-akpata àgwà mmiri dị njọ.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010">{{Cite journal|author=Schwarzenbach|first=René P.|date=2010-11-21|title=Global Water Pollution and Human Health|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=109–136|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125342|issn=1543-5938}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ụwa nwere ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eji emepụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu nwere kemịkal dị iche iche nke a na-etinye n'ime mmiri dị ọcha.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010" /> Nchegbu nke kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri nwere ike ibute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịba n'ime mmiri na azụ.<ref name="Schwarzenbach-2010" /> E mere nnyocha na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala na China, ebe a na na-eguzogide ihe na Dabaoshan na ebe a anaghị arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma mmetụta nke otu ọla nwere ike isi gbakọta na mmiri na ala bụ nnukwu nchegbu maka obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="Zhuang-2009">{{Cite journal|author=Zhuang|first=Ping|date=2009-02-15|title=Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708011121|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=407|issue=5|pages=1551–1561|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.061|pmid=19068266|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> N'ihi enweghị nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpofu, a na-eme atụmatụ na 56% nke ọnụọgụ ọnwụ n'ime mpaghara ndị gbara ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe, a chọpụtakwala na ọtụtụ ndị nwere ọrịa kansa esophageal na ọrịa imeju.<ref name="Zhuang-2009" /> O mere ka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ruo taa ka nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ahụike mmadụ site na ihe ọkụkụ ma o doro anya na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee ihe ndị ọzọ na-ehicha gburugburu ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Mmetụta na-adịte aka nke metụtara mmetọ ikuku bụ ọtụtụ gụnyere ụkwara ume ọkụ na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa akpa ume, na ọnwụ obi. Dị ka nnyocha ndị otu [[Sweden]] si kwuo, ọ dị ka a na-akpata ọrịa shuga mgbe mmetọ ikuku ogologo oge gasịrị. Ọzọkwa, mmetọ ikuku yiri ka ọ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na-adịghị mma na ndụ mmadụ, dị ka nsogbu iku ume, obi, uche, na nsogbu perinatal, na-eduga na ọnwụ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala n'oge okenye. Nkwurịta banyere mmetọ na-emetụta ndị bi na nnukwu obodo ukwu, ebe ọpụpụ n'okporo ámá na-enye aka kachasị na mmebi nke ikwurịta àgwà. E nwekwara egwu nke ọghọm igwe, ebe mgbasa nke anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike igbu ndị bi na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ekpebi mgbasa nke nsí site n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, nke kachasị mma na ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manisalidis|first=Ioannis|date=2020-02-20|title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=8|pages=14|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014|issn=2296-2565|pmid=32154200}}</ref> == Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa == Site na igwu ala na-emeghe oghere, a ga-ewepụ ihe karịrị akarị, nke nwere ike ikpuchi n'oké ọhịa, tupu igwu ala amalite. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi igwu ala nwere ike ịdị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ngụkọta nke ọ nwere ike iduga na mkpochapụ ụdị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ọkwa dị elu nke mpaghara mpaghara. Ndụ nke igwu coal bụ otu n'ime usoro kachasị njọ nke na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi oke nsí, na ọla dị arọ nke a na-ewepụta n'ala na mmiri.<ref name="doi.org">Prasad, Siva, T Byragi Reddy, and Ramesh Vadde. 2015. “Environmental Aspects and Impacts Its Mitigation Measures of Corporate Coal Mining” 11: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.002.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta nke igwupụta coal na-ewe ogologo oge iji metụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọkụ nke coal na ọkụ nke nwere ike ịgba ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ nwere ike ịhapụ ntụ na-efe efe ma mụbaa gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, a na-egwupụta ihe nke nwere ike ibibi ala, oké ọhịa, na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa ndị dị nso na saịtị ndị ahụ.<ref name="doi.org" /> A na-ewepụ osisi, osisi na ala dị n'elu n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ma nke a nwere ike iduga na mbibi nke ala ugbo. Ọzọkwa, mgbe mmiri na-ezo, a na-asa ntụ na ihe ndị ọzọ n'iyi nke nwere ike imerụ azụ. Mmetụta ndị a ka nwere ike ime mgbe emechara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe nke na-emetụta ọnụnọ nke ala na mweghachi nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na-ewe ogologo oge karịa ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ihi na ọdịdị ala ahụ na-emebi.<ref name="doi.org" /> Igwu ala iwu kwadoro, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi karịa igwu ala iwu na-akwadoghị, na-enye aka na pasent ụfọdụ dị ukwuu na mgbukpọ ọhịa nke mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref> {{Cite journal|author=González-González|first=Andrés|date=May 2021|title=Growing mining contribution to Colombian deforestation|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=6|pages=064046|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abfcf8}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sonter|first=Laura|date=October 2017|title=Mining drives extensive deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon|journal=Nature Communications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1013|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00557-w|pmid=29044104}} </ref> == Mmetụta metụtara ụdị ụfọdụ nke igwu ala == === Ebe a na-egwupụta coal === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ coal abụghị naanị na ọ na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku, njikwa mmiri na ojiji ala kamakwa ọ na-akpata mmetụta ahụike siri ike site na ọkụ nke coal. [[Mmetọ ikuku]] na-abawanye n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsí dịka mercury, ọta, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal|author=Bian|first=Zhengfu|date=2010-03-01|title=Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutions|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674526409601873|journal=Mining Science and Technology (China)|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=215–223|doi=10.1016/S1674-5264(09)60187-3|issn=1674-5264}}</ref> Nke a na-akpata nsogbu ahụike metụtara nsogbu iku ume ma na-emetụta anụ ọhịa gburugburu ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu chọrọ ikuku dị ọcha iji dịrị ndụ. Ọdịnihu nke mmetọ ikuku ka na-edochaghị anya dịka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi agbalịwo igbochi ụfọdụ ikuku ma enweghị usoro nchịkwa maka ụlọ ọrụ niile na-emepụta coal.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Mmetọ mmiri bụ ihe ọzọ na-emebi n'oge usoro a nke igwu coal, a na-ebukarị ntụ sitere na coal na mmiri ozuzo nke na-asọba n'ebe mmiri buru ibu. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru afọ 10 iji mee ka ebe mmiri dị ọcha nke nwere ihe mkpofu coal na ikike imebi mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike ime ka nzacha sie ike. === Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'oké osimiri === Mmanụ ala dị omimi maka manganese nodules na ihe ndị ọzọ emeela ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mmiri na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nwee nchegbu banyere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi dị omimi. Ihe ọmụma banyere mmetụta ndị nwere ike inwe bụ nke a kpaara ókè n'ihi obere nnyocha na ndụ miri emi nke oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-12|title=David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/12/david-attenborough-calls-for-ban-on-devastating-deep-sea-mining|accessdate=2021-09-11|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halfar|first=Jochen|date=2007-05-18|title=Danger of Deep-Sea Mining|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1138289|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5827|language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.1138289|pmid=17510349}}</ref> === Mmanụ ala lithium === [[Usòrò:Lithium_Mining_at_Salar_del_Hombre_Muerto,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ ala lithium na Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina]] Lithium anaghị apụta dị ka ígwè n'ụzọ okike ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu, mana a na-ahụ ya na obere ego na nkume, ala, na mmiri.<ref name="Kaunda-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Kaunda|first=Rennie B.|date=2020-07-02|title=Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596|journal=Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law|volume=38|issue=3|pages=237–244|doi=10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596|issn=0264-6811}}</ref> Enwere ike ikpughe ihe a na-ewepụta lithium n'ụdị nkume na ikuku, mmiri, na ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sun|first=Ying|date=2021-02-01|title=Recent advances in magnesium/lithium separation and lithium extraction technologies from salt lake brine|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586620322814|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=256|pages=117807|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807|issn=1383-5866}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-achọ batrị n'ụwa niile maka ịnwe lithium n'ihe gbasara mmepụta, kemịkal na-egbu egbu nke lithium na-emepụta nwere ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ, ala, na ụdị mmiri.<ref name="Kaunda-2020" /> Mmepụta lithium ji 25% mụbaa n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2007 maka iji batrị, a na-ahụkwa isi iyi lithium na ọdọ mmiri saline.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Talens Peiró|first=Laura|date=2013-07-11|title=Lithium: Sources, Production, Uses, and Recovery Outlook|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jom_2013-08_65_8/page/986|journal=JOM|volume=65|issue=8|pages=986–996|doi=10.1007/s11837-013-0666-4|issn=1047-4838}}</ref> A na-achọpụta Lithium ma wepụta ya na mineral 150, ụrọ, ọtụtụ brines, na mmiri oké osimiri, ọ bụ ezie na iwepụta lithium site na ụdị nkume dị okpukpu abụọ karịa nke lithium wepụtara na brines, nkezi saline dị ukwuu karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi lithium siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flexer|first=Victoria|date=October 2018|title=Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=639|pages=1188–1204|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223|pmid=29929287|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> === Mmanụ ala phosphate === [[Usòrò:Karst_following_phosphate_mining_on_Nauru.jpg|thumb|Karst limestone na Nauru Island nke na-emetụta site na igwupụta phosphate]] A na-egwupụta nkume ndị nwere phosphate iji mepụta phosphorus, ihe dị mkpa eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Yang-2014">{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yu-You|date=2014-11-01|title=Environmental impacts caused by phosphate mining and ecological restoration: a case history in Kunming, China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1212-6|journal=Natural Hazards|language=en|volume=74|issue=2|pages=755–770|doi=10.1007/s11069-014-1212-6|issn=1573-0840}}</ref> Usoro nke iwepụta na-agụnye iwepụ ahịhịa dị n'elu, si otú a kpughee nkume phosphorus na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ala, na-emebi mpaghara ala na phosphorum a kpughere, na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref name="Yang-2014" /> Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ewepụta site na igwupụta ore phosphate bụ ihe mkpofu, na nsị, na-akpata ikpughe mmadụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma site na nsị emetọ site na iku ume na ihe ndị dị na-egbu egbu na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ bụ (Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu na Pb).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khelifi|first=Faten|date=February 2021|title=Bioaccessibility of potentially toxic metals in soil, sediments and tailings from a north Africa phosphate-mining area: Insight into human health risk assessment|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111634|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=279|pages=111634|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111634|pmid=33213991|issn=0301-4797}}</ref> === Ngwupụta mmanụ shale === Mmanụ shale bụ nkume sedimentary nwere kerogen nke enwere ike ịmepụta hydrocarbons. Mmanụ ala na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọ nwere ike imebi ala na gburugburu ebe obibi. Okpomọkụ na ọkụ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe na ihe mkpofu nke gụnyere carbon dioxide na gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emegide mmepụta na ojiji nke mmanụ shale n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nnukwu gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'etiti mmetọ ikuku, mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe karịsịa n'ihi na mmanụ shales na-emeso oxygen na hydrocarbons.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jiang|first=Zaixing|date=2016-12-01|title=Basic characteristics and evaluation of shale oil reservoirs|journal=Petroleum Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=149–163|doi=10.1016/S2096-2495(17)30039-X|issn=2096-2495}}</ref> Enwere mgbanwe na ala na ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ihi igwupụta mmanụ na mmepụta site na iji ngwaahịa kemịkal.<ref name="Toomik, Arvi 1998">Toomik, Arvi, and Valdo Liblik. 1998. “Oil Shale Mining and Processing Impact on Landscapes in North-East Estonia” 41: 285–92.</ref> Mgbanwe ala n'ime mpaghara nke igwu ala n'okpuru ala bụ nsogbu nke na-adịte aka n'ihi na ọ na-akpata ebe ndị na-adịghị akwụsi ike. Igwu ala n'okpuru ala na-akpata nhazi ọhụrụ nke nwere ike dabara adaba maka uto osisi ụfọdụ, mana enwere ike ịchọ nrụzigharị.<ref name="Toomik, Arvi 1998" /> === Ngwupụta nke elu ugwu === Ngwupụta élú úgwú (Mountain top removal mining - MTR) na-eme mgbe a na-egbutu osisi, na igwe na bọmbụ na-ewepụkwa coal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marberry|first=M. Katie|date=2020-10-01|title=The role of mountaintop removal mining in the opioid crisis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2020.1821539|journal=Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions|volume=20|issue=4|pages=302–310|doi=10.1080/1533256X.2020.1821539|issn=1533-256X}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ala ahụ nwere ike ịnwe idei mmiri na-eme ka mmetọ site na kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holzman David C.|date=2011-11-01|title=Mountaintop Removal Mining: Digging Into Community Health Concerns|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119|issue=11|pages=a476–a483|doi=10.1289/ehp.119-a476|pmid=22171378}}</ref> Mpaghara dị oke egwu nke iwepụ ugwu na-eme ka mmiri mmiri na-emebi n'akụkụ mmiri na ala ma si otú a wepụ igwu ala na-emetụta nzaghachi mmiri na mmiri ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nippgen|first=Fabian|date=August 2017|title=Creating a More Perennial Problem? Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Enhances and Sustains Saline Baseflows of Appalachian Watersheds|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=51|issue=15|pages=8324–8334|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02288|pmid=28704046|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Igwu ala ájá === Igwupụta ájá na igwupụta gravel na-emepụta nnukwu oghere na oghere n'elu ụwa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, igwu ala nwere ike ịgbasa nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-emetụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, isi iyi, olulu mmiri dị n"okpuru ala, na tebụl mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maliva|first=Robert G.|date=December 2010|title=Simulations of Impacts of Sand and Rock Mining on Florida Coastal Plain Water Resources|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10230-010-0119-z|journal=Mine Water and the Environment|language=en|volume=29|issue=4|pages=294–300|doi=10.1007/s10230-010-0119-z|issn=1025-9112}}</ref> Nnukwu egwu nke ọrụ igwu ala ájá gụnyere mmebi ala ọwa, mmepụta osimiri na mbuze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barman|first=Bandita|date=2019-09-01|title=Impact of sand mining on alluvial channel flow characteristics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857419301727|journal=Ecological Engineering|language=en|volume=135|pages=36–44|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.013|issn=0925-8574}}</ref> Mmanụ ala ájá emeela ka mmụba nke mmiri na-adịghị mma n'ọtụtụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Hongze, ọdọ mmiri nke anọ kachasị ukwuu dị na China.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zou|first=Wei|date=December 2019|title=Catastrophic effects of sand mining on macroinvertebrates in a large shallow lake with implications for management|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133706|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=695|pages=133706|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133706|pmid=31419677|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> == Mbelata == Iji hụ na emechaala, ma ọ bụ iweghachi ala ala maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọdịnihu, ọtụtụ gọọmentị na ndị na-achịkwa gburugburu ụwa chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-etinye ụgwọ a ga-ejide na nchekwa ruo mgbe egosiri na mmepụta nke ala a weghachiri, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na usoro nhicha dị oke ọnụ karịa nha nke bond ahụ, enwere ike ịhapụ ụgwọ ahụ. Kemgbe afọ 1978, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala weghachitere ihe karịrị nde acres abụọ (8,000km²) nke ala na United States naanị. Ala a e weghachiri emeela ka ahịhịa na anụ ọhịa dị ọhụrụ n'ala ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'oge gara aga ma nwedịrị ike iji ya mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ. == Ebe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ == * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala Tui na New Zealand * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Stockton na New Zealand * Northland Pyrite Mine na Temagami, Ontario, Canada * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Sherman na Temagami, Ontario, Canada * Ok Tedi Mine na Western Province, Papua New Guinea * Olulu Mmiri Berkeley * Wheal Jane Mines == Hụkwa == * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwu ala miri emi n'oké osimiri * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwu ala * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwupụta ọlaedo * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke igwupụta zinc * Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi * Appalachian Voices, otu ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ na United States * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala * Ihe ndị sitere n'okike == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Mmetọ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i203ynag0abi0fuis0cmsmawojyffb3 0 26314 697866 196955 2026-08-10T09:50:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 11 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Cloud_formation_from_refinery_in_Curacao.jpg|thumb|Igwe ojii acid nwere ike itolite na mpụga SO2 sitere na refineries, dịka a hụrụ ebe a na Curaçao.]] '''Mmiri ozuzo acid''' bụ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ụdị mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla ọzọ nke na adịghị ahụkebe, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke hydrogen ion (pH dị ala). Ọtụtụ mmiri, gụnyere mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nwere pH na anọpụ iche nke dị n'etiti 6.5 na 8.5, mana mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ọkwa pH dị ala karịa nke a ma na agbanwe site na 4 Xia5 na nkezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2015-09-03|title=Drinking Water Regulations and Contaminants|url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-regulations-and-contaminants|accessdate=2021-10-19|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2021-10-19|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Ka mmiri ozuzo acid na adịkwu acid, otú pH ya na adịkwa ala.<ref name=":5" /> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike inwe mmetụta na emerụ ahụ na osisi, anụmanụ mmiri, na akụrụngwa. Mmiri ozuzo acid na esite na ikuku sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide, nke na emeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri dị na ikuku iji mepụta acid. E gosipụtara na mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'oké ọhịa, mmiri dị ọcha, ala, ụmụ ahụhụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị ndụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-03-16|title=Effects of Acid Rain|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> N'ime usoro okike, mmiri ozuzo acid na adịgide adịgide na ebelata mkpo osisi, na ahapụ osisi ndị na emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ / oyi na nje. Mmiri ozuzo acid nwekwara ike imebi ihe ndị dị n'ala site n'iwepụ ya ihe oriri dịka calcium na magnesium nke na arụ ọrụ na uto osisi na idebe ala dị mma. N'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa mmadụ, mmiri ozuzo acid na akpatakwa ágbá, corrosion nke ihe owuwu ígwè dị ka àkwà mmiri, na ihu igwe nke ụlọ nkume na ihe oyiyi yana inwe mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magaino|first=S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Corrosion rate of copper rotating-disk-electrode in simulated acid rain|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468696002253|journal=Electrochimica Acta|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=377–382|doi=10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00225-3|issn=0013-4686|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Markewitz|first=Daniel|date=1998|title=Three Decades of Observed Soil Acidification in the Calhoun Experimental Forest: Has Acid Rain Made a Difference?|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|language=en|volume=62|issue=5|pages=1428–1439|doi=10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050040x|issn=1435-0661}}</ref> Gọọmentị ụfọdụ, gụnyere ndị dị na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na North America, emeela mgbalị kemgbe afọ 1970 iji belata ntọhapụ nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide n'ime ikuku site na iwu mmetọ ikuku. Mgbalị ndị a enweela nsonaazụ dị mma n'ihi nyochIa zuru oke banyere mmiri ozuzo acid malitere na 1960s na ozi a kpọsara banyere mmetụta ọjọọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=P. Rafferty|first=John|title=What Happened to Acid Rain?|url=https://www.britannica.com/story/what-happened-to-acid-rain|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref> Isi iyi nke sulfur na nitrogen compounds nke na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid bụ nke mmadụ na akpali, mana nitrogen oxides nwekwara ike mepụta n'ụzọ okike site na égbè eluigwe na sulfur dioxide na emepụta site na mgbawa ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sisterson|first=D. L.|date=1990-01-01|title=An evaluation of lightning and corona discharge on thunderstorm air and precipitation chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-atmospheric-chemistry_1990-01_10_1/page/83|journal=Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1007/BF01980039|issn=1573-0662}}</ref> == Nkọwa == "Acid rain" bụ okwu a ma ama na ezo aka na ntinye nke ngwakọta site na mmiri (mmiri ozuzo, snow, mmiri ozuzo, alụlụ, mmiri igwe ojii, na igirigi) na akọrọ (acidifying particles and gas) acidic components. Mmiri a mịrị amị, ozugbo ewepụrụ carbon dioxide, nwere pH na anọpụ iche nke 7.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2021-09-13|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri nwere pH na erughị 7 bụ acidic, na ndị nwere pH karịrị 7 bụ alkaline. "Oké" ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo na adịghị emetọ emetọ nwere pH acidic, mana ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 5.7, n'ihi na carbon dioxide na mmiri dị na ikuku na emegharị ọnụ iji mepụta carbonic acid, acid na adịghị ike dịka mmeghachi omume ndị a: :   Carbonic acid nwere ike ịghọ ion na mmiri na emepụta obere carbonate na hydronium ion: :   Mmiri ozuzo na emetọghị emetọ nwekwara ike ịnwe kemịkal ndị ọzọ na emetụta pH ya (ọkwa acidity). Ihe atụ a na ahụkarị bụ nitric acid nke eletrik na emepụta na ikuku dịka àmụ̀mà.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/JD092iD11p13299|author=Likens, Gene E.|title=Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia|year=1987|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=92|issue=D11|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231444|accessdate=August 25, 2020}}</ref> Ntinye acid dị ka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi (nke a tụlere mgbe e mesịrị n'isiokwu ahụ) ga agụnye acid ndị ọzọ karịa H2CO3. A kọọrọ na pH na agụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ozuzo na mmiri igwe ojii nke dị n'okpuru 2.4 n'ebe ndị mepere emepe. Isi ihe na akpata mmetọ SO2 na NOx nke na akpatara mmiri ozuzo acid bụ ịgba mmanụ ala ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na ike ụgbọ ala ọkụ, iji nụchaa mmanụ, na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-09|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|accessdate=2023-05-07|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A malitere ịmụ mmiri ozuzo acid na Europe, n'afọ ndị 1960, na United States na Canada, n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ. === Na Europe === Mmetụta na emebi emebi nke ikuku obodo na emetọ, nke acid na limestone na marble ka John Evelyn chọpụtara na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, onye kwuru maka ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke marbles Arundel.<ref>E. S. de Beer, ed. ''[[The Diary of John Evelyn]]'', III, 1955 (September 19, 1667) p. 495.</ref> Kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ikuku nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides n'ime ikuku amụbaala. N'afọ 1852, [[Robert Angus Smith]] bụ onye mbụ gosipụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo acid na mmetọ ikuku na Manchester, England. Smith chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "mmiri ozuzo acid" n'afọ 1872. Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere ileba anya ma na amụ ihe omume ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1972|title=Acid rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_1972-03_14_2/page/n33|journal=Environment|volume=14|issue=2|pages=33–40|doi=10.1080/00139157.1972.9933001}}</ref> Na mbụ, isi ihe na elekwasị anya na nyocha a dị na mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger bụ onye mbụ kwetara na njem dị anya nke mmetọ na agafe ókèala site na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] gaa Norway bụ nsogbu nke Brynjulf Ottar nyochara n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brøgger|first=Waldemar Christofer|date=1881|title=Note on a contaminated snowfall under the heading Mindre meddelelser (Short communications)|journal=Naturen|volume=5|pages=47}}</ref> Ọrụ Ottar nwere mmetụta siri ike site n'aka onye sayensị ala Sweden Svante Odén, onye dọtara uche zuru oke na nsogbu mmiri ozuzo acid nke Europe na akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ma dee akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ịrịba ama na isiokwu ahụ na 1968.<ref name="ottar1976">{{Cite journal|author=Ottar|first=Brynjulf|title=Organization of long-range transport of air pollution monitoring in Europe|journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, May 12–15, 1975, Columbus, Ohio|date=1976|volume=6|issue=2–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDLYzk8YsHAC|doi=10.1007/BF00182866}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Odén|first=Svante|year=1968|title=The Acidification of Air and Precipitation and its Consequences for the Natural Environment|journal=Ecology Committee, Bul. 1.|url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6102744|accessdate=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Satake|title=Acid Rain 2000 Proceedings from the 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition: Looking Back to the Past and Thinking of the Future, Tsukuba, Japan, 10–16 December 2000|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=Springer|location=Netherlands|isbn=9789400708105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0PzCAAAQBAJ|accessdate=5 December 2021|quote="Extensive scientific attention to acid deposition arguably began in 1968 when Svante Odén published his landmark paper on acidification (Oden, 1968)."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hannigan|first=John A.|title=Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415112543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzHHvE07OqkC|accessdate=5 December 2021|quote=Of more immediate impact was the work of Svante Odén, a Swedish soil scientist. Odén, now widely regarded as the 'father of acid rain studies' (Park, 1987:6) not only found that the acidity levels of precipitation were increasing in Scandinavia but he was the first to definitively link source and receptor areas.}}</ref>   [[Usòrò:Bixi_stele_(wrapped),_Harvard_University,_Cambridge,_MA_-_IMG_4607.JPG|thumb|Kemgbe afọ 1998, Mahadum Harvard na ekpuchi ụfọdụ ihe oyiyi ọla nchara na marble na ogige ya, dị ka "ihe nchara ndị China" a, nke nwere mkpuchi mmiri na egbochi mmiri n'oge oyi ọ bụla, iji chebe ha pụọ na corrosion nke mmiri ozuzo acid na snow acid kpatara]] Akụkọ mbụ banyere mmiri ozuzo acid na United States sitere na ihe akaebe kemịkal a chịkọtara na Hubbard Brook Valley; mmata ọha na eze banyere mmiri ozu acid na US mụbara na 1970s mgbe ''The New York Times'' kọrọ banyere nchọpụta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|doi=10.1126/science.184.4142.1176|title=Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1974-06-14_184_4142/page/1176|year=1974|journal=Science|volume=184|issue=4142|pages=1176–9|pmid=17756304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/2005JG000157|title=Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem|year=2006|author=Keller|first=C. K.|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=111|issue=G3|pages=G03011}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere Gene Likens chọpụtara na mmiri ozuzo nke e debere na White Mountains nke New Hampshire bụ acidic. A tụrụ pH nke sample ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 4.03 na Hubbard Brook.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens|first=Gene E.|title=Acid Rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_1972-03_14_2/page/n33|journal=[[Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development]]|volume=14|issue=2|pages=33–40|doi=10.1080/00139157.1972.9933001|year=1972}}</ref> Nnyocha Hubbard Brook Ecosystem gara n'ihu na usoro nyocha nke nyochara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri ozuzo acid. Mmiri ozuzo acid nke jikọtara ya na mmiri iyi na Hubbard Brook bụ alumina sitere n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Noye M.|date=September 1, 1981|title='Acid rain', dissolved aluminium and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/geochimica-et-cosmochimica-acta_1981-09_45_9/page/1421|journal=[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]]|volume=45|issue=9|pages=1421–1437|doi=10.1016/0016-7037(81)90276-3}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke nyocha a gosipụtara na mmeghachi omume kemịkal n'etiti mmiri ozuzo acid na aluminum na eduga n'ịbawanye ọnụego ihu igwe nke ala. E mere nnyocha nnwale iji nyochaa mmetụta nke mmụba acidity na iyi na ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi. N'afọ 1980, otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbanwere acidity nke Norris Brook, New Hampshire, wee hụ mgbanwe na omume nke ụdị. E nwere mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche, mmụba nke ndị na achị obodo, na mbelata nke mgbagwoju anya nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Ronald J.|date=August 1, 1980|title=Experimental Acidification of a Stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecology_1980-08_61_4/page/976|journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]|language=en|volume=61|issue=4|pages=976–989|doi=10.2307/1936765|issn=1939-9170}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, US Congress weputara [[Acid Deposition Act|iwu]] Acid Deposition Act.<ref name="Lackey">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/ACID-RAIN-SCIENCE-POLICY-LACKEY-BLAIR-JOURNAL-REPRINT-1997.pdf|author=Lackey, R.T.|year=1997|title=Science, policy, and acid rain: lessons learned|journal=Renewable Resources Journal|volume=15|issue=1|pages=9–13|accessdate=December 15, 2011}}</ref> Iwu a guzobere mmemme nyocha na nyocha afọ iri na asatọ n'okpuru nduzi nke National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP gbasaa netwọk nke ebe nlekota iji chọpụta otú mmiri ozuzo si dị acid n'ezie, na achọ ịchọpụta ihe na eme ogologo oge, ma guzobe netwọk maka nkwụsị akọrọ. N'iji atụmatụ nnwale dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ, NAPAP gosipụtara mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na mpaghara site na nyocha na nyocha iji chọpụta ma kọwaa mmetụta nke mmiri mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu ebe obibi. NAPAP nyochakwa mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe ncheta, na ihe owuwu. Ọ kwadokwara nyocha dị ukwuu na usoro ikuku na mmemme nchịkwa nwere ike. Site na mbido, ndị na akwado iwu site n'akụkụ niile gbalịrị imetụta ọrụ NAPAP iji kwado mgbalị ha na akwado atụmatụ iwu, ma ọ bụ iji mebie nke ndị iro ha.<ref name="Lackey"/> Maka ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke Gọọmentị US, mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke NAPAP bụ ihe mmụta a mụtara na usoro nyocha na njikwa nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nye nnukwu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị njikwa mmemme, na ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(98)00006-9|title=Acid rain: Science and policy making|year=1998|author=Winstanley|first=Derek|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=1}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, National Academy of Sciences na enyocha nyocha banyere nsogbu ndị na ese okwu gbasara mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/08/science/acid-rain-issue-creates-stress-between-administration-and-science-academy.html|title=ACID RAIN ISSUE CREATES STRESS BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND SCIENCE ACADEMY|author=Times|first=Robert Reinhold, Special To The New York|date=June 8, 1982|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan jụrụ nsogbu nke mmiri ozuzo acid ruo mgbe ọ gara Canada ma kwado na ókèala Canada tara ahụhụ site na mmetọ na agagharị site na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na US Midwest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Environment.htm|title=Ronald Reagan on Environment|work=www.ontheissues.org|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 25, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125074037/http://www.ontheissues.org/Celeb/Ronald_Reagan_Environment.htm}}</ref> Reagan kwanyeere nkwekọrịta ahụ nye Praịm Minista Canada Pierre Trudeau maka itinye iwu mgbochi mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67366/index.htm|title=HYSTERIA ABOUT ACID RAIN Even Ronald Reagan now casts it as the villain. He is overriding a lot of scientific evidence. - April 14, 1986|work=archive.fortune.com|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164525/http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67366/index.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Reagan nyere William Nierenberg ọrụ ịrụ ọrụ na National Science Board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41900|title=Ronald Reagan: Nomination of William A. Nierenberg To Be a Member of the National Science Board|work=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225425/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41900}}</ref> Nierenberg họọrọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere Gene Likens ka ha rụọ ọrụ na panel iji dee akụkọ banyere mmiri ozuzo acid. N'afọ 1983, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị wepụtara akụkọ, nke kwubiri na mmiri ozuzo acid bụ ezigbo nsogbu na a ga achọ ihe ngwọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20013U0E.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981+Thru+1985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D:%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C81thru85%5CTxt%5C00000012%5C20013U0E.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL|title=Report of the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel|date=July 1984|work=Document Display {{!}} NEPIS {{!}} US EPA|language=en|accessdate=November 16, 2016|archivedate=November 16, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116163849/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20013U0E.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981+Thru+1985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C81thru85%5CTxt%5C00000012%5C20013U0E.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8%2Fr75g8%2Fx150y150g16%2Fi425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL}}</ref> White House Office of Science and Technology Policy nyochara akụkọ ahụ ma zipụ aro Fred Singer banyere akụkọ ahụ, nke mere ka obi abụọ dịrị na ihe kpatara mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://grist.org/article/from-tobacco-to-climate-change-merchants-of-doubt-undermined-the-science/full/|title=From tobacco to climate change, 'merchants of doubt' undermined the science|date=April 17, 2010|work=Grist|language=en-US|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ kpughere ịjụ ọnọdụ Singer ma nyefee akụkọ ahụ na Nierenberg n'ọnwa Eprel. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1983, ụlọ omebe iwu vootu megide iwu nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịchịkwa ikuku sulfur. E nwere arụmụka banyere ma Nierenberg egbughị oge ịhapụ akụkọ ahụ. Nierenberg n'onwe ya gọnahụrụ ihe ahụ kwuru banyere mgbochi ya nke akụkọ ahụ ma kwuo na e gbochiri akụkọ ahụ mgbe ụlọ ahụ tụchara vootu n'ihi na ọ dịbeghị njikere ibipụta ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/18/us/legislators-sat-white-house-suppressed-acid-rain-report.html|title=LEGISLATORS SAT WHITE HOUSE SUPPRESSED ACID RAIN REPORT|author=Franklin|first=Ben A.|date=August 18, 1984|work=The New York Times|accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref> NoN'afọ 1991, US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) nyere nyocha mbụ ya nke mmiri ozuzo acid na United States.<ref>The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program : 1990 integrated assessment report. Washington, D.C. : National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Office of the Director, [1991]</ref> Ọ kọrọ na 5% nke ọdọ mmiri New England bụ acidic, ebe sulfates bụ nsogbu kachasị. Ha kwuru na 2% nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweghịzi ike ịkwado Brook Trout, na 6% nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ adịghị mma maka ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị minnow. Akụkọ ndị sochirinụ nye Congress edekọla mgbanwe kemịkal na ala na mmiri dị ọcha, nitrogen saturation, mbelata nke ihe oriri na ala, acidic episodic, ụfụfụ mpaghara, na mmebi nke ihe ncheta ''akụkọ'' ihe mere eme. Ka ọ dịgodị, na 1990, US Congress weputara usoro mmezigharị na Clean Air Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-subchapter-acid-deposition-control|title=Clean Air Act Title IV - Subchapter A: Acid Deposition Control &#124; Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution &#124; US EPA|publisher=Epa.gov|date=June 3, 2015|accessdate=March 20, 2018|archivedate=December 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020829/https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-subchapter-acid-deposition-control}}</ref> Isi nke anọ nke mmezigharị ndị a guzobere usoro okpu na azụmaahịa e mere iji chịkwaa ikuku nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides. Isiokwu nke anọ kpọrọ maka mbelata zuru ezu nke ihe dị ka nde tọn 10 nke SO2 sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mbelata 50%.<ref name=":0" /> E mejupụtara ya n'ụzọ abụọ. Nzọụkwụ m malitere na 1995, ma belata ikuku sulfur dioxide site na 110 n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike ruo ngụkọta nke nde tọn 8.7 nke sulfur dioxide. Otu ụlọ ọrụ ike na New England (Merrimack) nọ na Phase I. A gbakwunyere ụlọ ọrụ anọ ndị ọzọ (Newington, Mount Tom, Brayton Point, na Salem Harbor) n'okpuru ndokwa ndị ọzọ nke mmeme ahụ. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ malitere na 2000, ma na emetụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na mba ahụ. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, nyocha gara n'ihu. Na Machị 10, 2005, EPA wepụtara Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). Iwu a na enye steeti ngwọta maka nsogbu nke mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ eletrik nke na esi n'otu steeti gaa na nke ọzọ. CAIR ga ejedebe ikuku SO2 na NOx n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States. emejupụtara ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu [mgbe?, CAIR ga ebelata ikuku SO2 na steeti 28 dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na District of Columbia site n'ihe karịrị 70% na ikuku NOx site n'elu 60% site na ọkwa 2003.<ref name="US Environmental Protection Agency">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/NE/eco/acidrain/history.html|title=US EPA: A Brief History of Acid Rain|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|date=2002|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925214841/http://www.epa.gov/NE/eco/acidrain/history.html|archivedate=September 25, 2010}}</ref> N'ozuzu, usoro ihe omume ahụ na usoro azụmahịa enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzube ebumnuche ya. Kemgbe afọ 1990, ikuku SO2 adaala na 40%, na dị ka Pacific Research Institute si kwuo, mmiri ozuzo acid adaala na 65% kemgbe 1976. A na eji usoro iwu eme ihe na European Union, nke hụrụ mbelata nke ihe karịrị 70% na ikuku SO2 n'otu oge ahụ. N'afọ 2007, ngụkọta nke SO2 bụ nde tọn 8.9, na enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge nke mmemme ahụ tupu oge iwu nke afọ 2010. N'afọ 2007, EPA mere atụmatụ na ka ọ na erule afọ 2010, ngụkọta ego nke ịgbaso usoro ihe omume maka azụmaahịa na ndị na azụ ahịa ga abụ ijeri $ 1 ruo ijeri $ 2 kwa afọ, naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe e buru n'amụma na mbụ. Forbes na ekwu, sị: "N'afọ 2010, mgbe George W. Bush na achị Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO2 emissions adaala na nde tọn 5.1".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerdes|first=Justin|title=Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain: 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change|url=http://onforb.es/yfatTf|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchọta okwu sayensị ụmụ amaala site na Jenụwarị 1989 na mkpọsa nke Audubon Society iji tụọ mmiri ozuzo acid. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Muki Haklay kwuru na akụkọ iwu maka Wilson Center nke akpọrọ 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' na mbụ R. Kerson jiri okwu 'citizen science' mee ihe na magazin MIT Technology Review site na Jenụwarị 1989.<ref name="1stUse">{{Cite web|author=Muki Haklay|date=2015|title=Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018170921/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf|archivedate=October 18, 2016|accessdate=June 3, 2016|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu site na akụkọ Wilson Center: "Ụdị ọhụrụ nke itinye aka na sayensị nwetara aha "sayensị nwa amaala". Ihe atụ mbụ e dekọrọ nke iji okwu ahụ eme ihe sitere na 1989, na akọwa otú ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 225 gafee US si anakọta ihe nnwale mmiri ozuzo iji nyere Audubon Society aka na mkpọsa na eme ka mmiri ozuzo mara. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụ chịkọtara ihe nlele, nyochaa acidity, wee kọọrọ nzukọ ahụ. E jiri ozi ahụ mee ihe iji gosipụta oke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="1stUse" /><ref name="Kerson" /> Onye Canada Harold Harvey so na ndị mbụ nyochara ọdọ mmiri "nwụrụ anwụ". N'afọ 1971, ya na R.J. Beamish bipụtara akụkọ, "Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain Lakes", na edekọ mmebi nke azụ na ọdọ mmiri 60 na Killarney Park na Ontario, nke ha na amụ n'usoro kemgbe 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Albin|first=Tom|editor=Schmandt|title=Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute Between Canada and the United States|date=1985|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822308706|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U22AxXheqpAC|accessdate=5 December 2021|chapter=5: Environmental and Economic Interests in Canada and the United States}}</ref> N'afọ 1970 na 80, mmiri ozuzo acid bụ isi isiokwu nke nyocha na Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) na Northwestern Ontario, Canada.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=IISD Experimental Lakes Area: The world's living freshwater laboratory|url=http://www.biolabmag.com/iisd-experimental-lakes-area-living-freshwater-laboratory/|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=BioLab Business Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=July 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707002517/http://www.biolabmag.com/iisd-experimental-lakes-area-living-freshwater-laboratory/}}</ref> Ndị na eme nchọpụta gbakwunyere sulfuric acid na ọdọ mmiri dum na nnwale gburugburu ebe obibi a na achịkwa iji gosipụta mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid. N'ihi na ọnọdụ ya dịpụrụ adịpụ nyere ohere maka nnwale gburugburu ebe obibi dum, nyocha na ELA gosipụtara na mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ malitere na ntinye dị ala karịa ndị a hụrụ na nnwale ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Luoma|first=Jon R.|date=1988-09-13|title=Bold Experiment in Lakes Tracks the Relentless Toll of Acid Rain|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/13/science/bold-experiment-in-lakes-tracks-the-relentless-toll-of-acid-rain.html|accessdate=2020-07-06}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara eriri nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ dara tupu mgbe mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta na egbu egbu na azụ n'ihi na acidity dugara na ọdịda n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri (dịka mysids).<ref name=":3" /> Ka a na ebelata ntinye acid nke nnwale, ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ na usoro okike ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwetaghachiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na enweghị azụ alaghachighị kpamkpam na ọnọdụ ntọala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=A Canadian Scientist Explains How Acid Rain is Still Making its Mark|url=https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/research-highlights/acid-rain-totally-last-century-right-not-exactly-canadian-scientist-explains-acid-rain-still-making-mark/|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=IISD Experimental Lakes Area|archivedate=July 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706171557/https://www.iisd.org/ela/blog/research-highlights/acid-rain-totally-last-century-right-not-exactly-canadian-scientist-explains-acid-rain-still-making-mark/}}</ref> Nnyocha a gosipụtara na acidization nwere njikọ na mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ nakwa na enwere ike ịgbanwe mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku sulfuric acid belata, ma metụta iwu na Canada na United States.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1985, mpaghara asaa nke Canada (ma e wezụga British Columbia, Alberta, na Saskatchewan) na gọọmentị etiti bịanyere aka na Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=2004-06-03|title=Acid rain history|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/acid-rain-causes-effects/history.html|accessdate=2020-07-06|work=aem|archivedate=July 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073349/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/acid-rain-causes-effects/history.html}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị ahụ kwetara na ha ga ebelata ngụkọta nke sulfur dioxide ha ruo nde tọn 2.3 ka ọ na erule afọ 1994. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Canada US Air Quality na 1991.<ref name=":4" /> N'afọ 1998, ndị Minista niile nke Federal, Provincial, na mpaghara nke Energy na Environment bịanyere aka na The Canada Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post 2000, nke e mere iji chebe ọdọ mmiri ndị na emetụ n'ahụ karịa ndị nke iwu ndị gara aga chebere.<ref name=":4" /> == Mpụta nke kemịkal na eduga na acidization == Gas kachasị mkpa nke na eduga na acidization bụ sulfur dioxide. Mgbasa nke nitrogen oxides nke a na eme ka ọ bụrụ nitric acid dị mkpa na arịwanye elu n'ihi njikwa siri ike na ikuku nke sulfur compounds. 70 Tg(S) kwa afọ n'ụdị SO₂ na abịa site na ọkụ ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ, 2.8 Tg(s) site na ọkụ ọhịa, na 7化8 Tg ((S) kwa ngwaga site na ugwu mgbawa. === Ihe ndị sitere n'okike === {{Bar chart|title=Mean acidifying emissions (air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein<ref name="Nemecek 987–992">{{Cite journal|last1=Nemecek|first1=T.|last2=Poore|first2=J.|date=2018-06-01|title=Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-06-01_360_6392/page/987|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6392|pages=987–992|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0216|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29853680|bibcode=2018Sci...360..987P|doi-access=free}}</ref>|float=right|label_type=Food Types|data_type=Acidifying Emissions (g SO₂eq per 100g protein)|bar_width=20|width_units=em|data_max=300.6|label1=[[Beef]]|data1=343.6|label2=[[Cheese]]|data2=165.5|label3=[[Pork]]|data3=142.7|label4=[[Lamb and mutton|Lamb and Mutton]]|data4=139.0|label5=[[Aquaculture|Farmed Crustaceans]]|data5=133.1|label6=[[Poultry]]|data6=102.4|label7=[[Aquaculture|Farmed Fish]]|data7=65.9|label8=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data8=53.7|label9=[[Faboideae|Groundnuts]]|data9=22.6|label10=[[Peas]]|data10=8.5|label11=[[Tofu]]|data11=6.7|label12=|data12=|label13=|data13=}}Ihe ndị bụ isi sitere n'okike nke na enye aka na gas na emepụta acid na ikuku bụ ikuku sitere na ugwu mgbawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Floor|first=G. H.|date=2011-10-23|title=Selenium mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: An example from Mt Etna volcano, Sicily|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000925411100324X|journal=Chemical Geology|language=en|volume=289|issue=3|pages=235–244|doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.004|issn=0009-2541|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, fumaroles sitere na crater Laguna Caliente nke Poás Volcano na emepụta mmiri ozuzo acid na alụlụ dị elu, na acidity dị elu dị ka pH nke 2, na ewepụ mpaghara ahịhịa ọ bụla ma na akpasu anya na akpa ume nke ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị nso iwe ugboro ugboro. A na emepụta gas na emepụta acid site na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na eme n'ala, na ala mmiri, na n'oké osimiri. Isi ihe na akpata ihe ndị dị ndụ nke sulfur compounds bụ dimethyl sulfide. Nitric acid na mmiri ozuzo bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke nitrogen kwụ ọtọ maka ndụ osisi, a na emepụta ya site na ọrụ eletrik na ikuku dịka àmụ̀mà.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/63065-acid-rain.html|title=Acid Rain: Causes, Effects and Solutions|work=[[Live Science]]|date=July 14, 2018|accessdate=August 23, 2019|archivedate=August 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823203539/https://www.livescience.com/63065-acid-rain.html}}</ref> A chọpụtala ebe acid dị na ice ice ọtụtụ puku afọ n'akụkụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụwa.<ref name="Likens, G. E. 1979">{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1979|title=Acid rain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1979-10_241_4/page/43|journal=Scientific American|volume=241|issue=4|pages=43–51|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1079-43}}</ref> === Ọrụ mmadụ === [[Usòrò:Gavin_Power_Plant.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Gavin Power Plant na agba coal na Cheshire, Ohio]] Isi ihe na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid bụ sulfur na nitrogen compounds sitere na isi mmalite mmadụ, dị ka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ụgbọala. Mmiri ozuzo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ nnukwu nsogbu na China na Russia na mpaghara ndị ikuku si na ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=17835740|year=1987|author=Galloway|first=JN|title=Acid rain: China, United States, and a remote area|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-06-19_236_4808/page/1559|volume=236|issue=4808|pages=1559–62|doi=10.1126/science.236.4808.1559|journal=Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Chandru|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers20%5Cpaper1944.html|title=CHINA: Industrialization pollutes its country side with Acid Rain|publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org|date=September 9, 2006|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620200735/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers20/paper1944.html|archivedate=June 20, 2010}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị a niile na ere coal nwere sulfur iji mepụta okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik. Nsogbu nke mmiri ozuzo acid abụghị naanị na ọ na abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na uto ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kamakwa ọ na agbasawanye. Ojiji nke anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu iji belata mmetọ mpaghara enyela aka na mgbasa nke mmiri ozuzo acid site na ịhapụ gas n'ime ikuku ikuk Tou mpaghara; mgbasa site na nchịkọta ndị a dị elu na eme ka a na ebugharị mmetọ gaa n'ihu, na akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ebe obibi.<ref name="Likens, G. E. 1979"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Likens, G. E.|year=1984|title=Acid rain: the smokestack is the "smoking gun"|journal=Garden|volume=8|issue=4|pages=12–18}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, nkwụsị na eme n'ebe dị anya site na ikuku, na mpaghara ugwu na enwetakarị nkwụsị kachasị ukwuu (n'ihi mmiri ozuzo dị elu). Ihe atụ nke mmetụta a bụ pH dị ala nke mmiri ozuzo nke na ada na Scandinavia. Ọkụ nke mmanụ na emepụta sulfur dioxide na nitric oxides. A na agbanwe ha ka ha bụrụ sulfuric acid na nitric acid. === Ọdịdị nke gas === N'oge gas, a na eme ka sulfur dioxide oxide site na mmeghachi omume na hydroxyl radical site na mmegharị intermolecular: : SO2 + OH· → HOSO2· nke a na esote: : HOSO2· + O2 → HO2· + SO3 N'ebe mmiri dị, a na a agbanwe sulfur trioxide (SO3) ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ sulfuric acid: : SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq) Nitrogen dioxide na OH na emeghachi omume iji mepụta nitric acid: [[Usòrò:Air_Pollution-Causes&Effects.svg|thumb|Nke a na egosi usoro nke mmetọ ikuku na abanye na ikuku na mpaghara ndị ga emetụta.]] : NO2 + OH· → HNO3 === Chemistry na mmiri igwe ojii === Mgbe igwe ojii dị, ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke SO2 dị ngwa karịa ka enwere ike ịkọwa site na kemịkal gas naanị. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri. ; Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide na agbaze na mmiri wee, dị ka carbon dioxide, hydrolyses n'usoro mmeghachi omume nguzozi: : SO2 (g) + H2O O O O2·H2O : SO2·H2O H⁺ + HSO3− : HSO3− H⁺ + SO32− ; Ọsụsọ E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmeghachi omume mmiri nke na eme ka sulfur oxidize site na S(IV) gaa na S(VI), na eduga n'ịmepụta sulfuric acid. Mmetụta oxidation kachasị mkpa bụ ozone, hydrogen peroxide na oxygen (mmetụta oxygen na akpali site na iron na manganese na mmiri igwe ojii). == Mmetụta acid == === Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ === Mmiri na-etinye acid na eme mgbe ụdị mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla (mmiri ozuzo, snow, na ihe ndị ọzọ) na ewepụ acid na ikuku ma na ebute ya n'elu ụwa. Nke a nwere ike ịpụta site na ntinye nke acid mepụtara na mmiri ozuzo (lee mmiri mmiri na mmiri ozu n'elu) ma ọ bụ site na mmiri oyu na ewepụ acid ma ọ bụ na igwe ojii ma ọ bụ n'okpuru igwe ojii. Mmiri wepụ ma gas na aerosols dị mkpa maka mmiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|title=What is Acid Rain?|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-02-09|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-14|archivedate=May 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523211319/https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain}}</ref> === Nkwụsị mmiri === Ntinye acid na emekwa site na nkwụsị akọrọ na enweghị mmiri ozuzo. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ihe ruru 20 ruo 60% nke ngụkọta acid.<ref name="archive glossary">{{Cite web|url=http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/glossary.php|title=UK National Air Quality Archive: Air Pollution Glossary|publisher=Airquality.co.uk|date=April 1, 2002|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054802/http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/glossary.php|archivedate=April 17, 2009}}</ref> Nke a na eme mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe na gas na arapara n'ala, osisi ma ọ bụ n'elu ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1"/> == Mmetụta ọjọọ == E gosipụtara na mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'oké ọhịa, mmiri na ala, na egbu ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị ndụ mmiri yana imebi ụlọ ma na emetụta ahụike mmadụ. === Mmiri dị n'elu na anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri === [[Usòrò:Waterspecies.gif|thumb|Ọ bụghị azụ niile, shellfish, ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ ha na eri nwere ike ịnagide otu acid ahụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, frogs nwere ike ịnakwere mmiri nke acidic (ya bụ, nwere pH dị ala) karịa trout.]] Ma pH dị ala ma aluminum dị elu na mmiri dị n'elu nke na eme n'ihi mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. Na pH dị ala karịa 5 ọtụtụ àkwá azụ agaghị apụta ma pH dị ala nwere ike igbu azụ toro eto. Ka ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na aghọwanye acidic biodiversity na ebelata. Mmiri ozuzo acid ewepụla ndụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị azụ ụfọdụ, gụnyere trout iyi na ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ, iyi, na iyi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe dị egwu, dị ka Ugwu Adirondack nke United States.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web|title=Effects of Acid Rain - Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals|url=http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514121649/http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html|archivedate=14 May 2009|work=US EPA}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ókè mmiri ozuzo acid na enye aka kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na apụtaghị ìhè site na mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri na acidity nke osimiri (ya bụ, dabere na njirimara nke mmiri gbara ya gburugburu) dịgasị iche. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na ekwu, sị: "N'ime ọdọ mmiri na iyi ndị a nyochara, mmiri ozuzo acid kpatara acidity na 75% nke ọdọ mmiri acid na ihe dị ka 50% nke iyi acid".<ref name="EPA" /> Ọdọ mmiri ndị nkume ala silicate kwadoro nwere acid karịa ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime limestone ma ọ bụ nkume ala ndị ọzọ nwere carbonate (ya bụ marble) n'ihi mmetụta na egbochi site na mineral carbonate, ọbụlagodi na otu mmiri ozuzo acid. [citation needed]<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment.|author=Kesler|first=Stephen|publisher=Cambridge University|year=2015|isbn=9781107074910}}</ref> === Ala === Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi ihe ọmụmụ ala na kemịkalụ nke ukwuu. Ụfọdụ microbes enweghị ike ịnagide mgbanwe na pH dị ala ma gbuo ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rodhe|first=Henning|date=2002-10-01|title=The Global Distribution of Acidifying Wet Deposition|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/es020057g|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=36|issue=20|pages=4382–4388|doi=10.1021/es020057g|pmid=12387412|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> Enzymes nke microbes ndị a na agbanwe (gbanwee n'ọdịdị ka ha wee ghara ịrụ ọrụ) site na acid. Hydronium ion nke mmiri ozuzo acid na akpalikwa nsí, dị ka aluminum, ma na ewepụ ihe oriri na mineral dị mkpa dị ka magnesium. : 2 H+ (aq) ⁺ Mg²⁺ (ụrọ) 2 H+ "ụrọ) + Mg 2+ (aq Enwere ike ịgbanwe kemịkalụ ala n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama mgbe cations, dị ka calcium na magnesium, na agbapụta site na mmiri ozuzo acid, si otú a na emetụta ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka sugar maple (Acer saccharum).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.272.5259.244|url=http://www.esf.edu/efb/mitchell/Class%20Readings/Sci.272.244.246.pdf|title=Long-Term Effects of Acid Rain: Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem|year=1996|author=Likens|first=G. E.|journal=Science|volume=272|issue=5259|accessdate=February 9, 2013}}</ref> '''<big>Mmetụta acid n'ala</big>''' [[Usòrò:Effect_of_nitrogen_fertilizer_on_soil_acidity.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ihe na-edozi ahụ na ala nwere oke acidity nke ala.]] Mmetụta nke mmiri acid na acidic nke ala na osisi nwere ike ịbụ obere ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa. Ọtụtụ obere ikpe nke na adịghị akpata ọnwụ nke ndụ osisi nwere ike ịkọwa na osisi ndị na adịchaghị enwe nsogbu na ọnọdụ acid na / ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo acid na adighi ike. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi na obere ọnọdụ, osisi ahụ ga emesị nwụọ n'ihi mmiri acid na ebelata pH nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Larssen|first=T.|date=2000-10-01|title=Acid rain and acidification in China: the importance of base cation deposition|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749199002791|journal=Environmental Pollution|language=en|volume=110|issue=1|pages=89–102|doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00279-1|pmid=15092859|issn=0269-7491|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Mmiri acid na abanye n'ime osisi ahụ ma mee ka mineral ndị dị mkpa nke osisi gbazee ma buru ha; nke na eme ka osisi ahụ nwụọ n'ihi enweghị mineral maka nri na edozi ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa, nke dị oke njọ, otu usoro mmebi ahụ na eme dị ka ọ dị na obere ikpe, nke bụ iwepụ mineral ndị dị mkpa.<ref name=":8"/> N'otu aka ahụ, mmiri ozuzo acid nke na ada n'ala na n'elu akwụkwọ osisi na akpata ịcha nke cuticle akwụkwọ waxy, nke na emecha mee ka mmiri na apụ ngwa ngwa site na osisi gaa na ikuku dị n'èzí ma mesịa kpatara ọnwụ nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evans|first=Lance S.|date=1977|title=Leaf Surface and Histological Perturbations of Leaves of Phaseolus Vulgaris and Helianthus Annuus After Exposure to Simulated Acid Rain|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=64|issue=7|pages=903–913|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb11934.x|issn=1537-2197}}</ref> Iji hụ ma ọ bụrụ na osisi na emetụta acid nke ala, mmadụ nwere ike ileba anya nke ọma na akwụkwọ osisi ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ ya na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na ele anya dị mma, pH ala dị mma ma dị mma maka ndụ osisi. Mana ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ osisi ahụ nwere odo odo n'etiti akwara dị na akwụkwọ ha, nke ahụ pụtara na osisi ahụ na ata ahụhụ site na acidization ma ghara ịdị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Yan-Jun|date=2014-04-30|title=Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389414000892|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|language=en|volume=271|pages=131–140|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.002|pmid=24637445|issn=0304-3894|accessdate=April 22, 2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, osisi na ata ahụhụ site na acidisation nke ala enweghị ike photosynthesize; usoro acid mmiri na akpata nke ịcha osisi ahụ nwere ike ibibi organelles chloroplast.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sun|first=Jingwen|date=2016-09-01|title=Effects and mechanism of acid rain on plant chloroplast ATP synthase|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-016-7016-3.pdf|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|volume=23|issue=18|pages=18296–18306|doi=10.1007/s11356-016-7016-3|issn=1614-7499|pmid=27278067}}</ref> Enweghị ike photosynthesize, osisi enweghị ike ịmepụta ihe oriri maka ndụ nke ya ma ọ bụ oxygen maka ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke na emetụta ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ụwa ma mechaa kwụsị ebumnuche nke ịdị adị nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoyanova|first=D.|date=1997-12-01|title=Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Primary Leaves of Phaseolus Vulgaris|url=https://bp.ueb.cas.cz/pdfs/bpl/1997/04/36.pdf|journal=Biologia Plantarum|language=en|volume=40|issue=4|pages=589–595|doi=10.1023/A:1001761421851|issn=1573-8264}}</ref>   === Oké ọhịa na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:Acid_rain_woods1.JPG|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ahịhịa. Oké ọhịa dị na Black Triangle na Europe.]] Mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike inwe njikọ na mmiri ozuzo acid, dị ka mmetụta acid na ala (lee n'elu) ma ọ bụ oke nke gas na ebute mmiri ozuzo. Oké ọhịa ndị dị elu na abụkarị ndị na adịghị ike n'ihi na igwe ojii na alụlụ gbara ha gburugburu nke na adịkarị acid karịa mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Dale W.|date=1982|title=The effects of acid rain on forest nutrient status|url=https://archive.org/details/water-resources-research_1982-06_18_3/page/449|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=449–461|doi=10.1029/WR018i003p00449|issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwekwara ike imebi osisi ndị ọzọ, mana mmetụta na ihe ọkụkụ na ebelata site na itinye lime na fatịlaịza iji dochie ihe oriri furu efu. N'ebe a na akọ ugbo, a pụkwara itinye limestone iji mee ka ikike ala ahụ dịkwuo elu iji mee ka pH kwụsie ike, mana usoro a enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe n'ihe gbasara ala ọzara. Mgbe calcium na agbapụta site na agịga nke red spruce, osisi ndị a na aghọ ndị na anaghị anabata oyi ma gosipụta mmerụ ahụ n'oge oyi na ọbụna ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lazarus, Brynne E.|year=2006|title=Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury|journal=Can. J. For. Res.|volume=36|pages=142–152|url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/1412/1/IND43839159.pdf|doi=10.1139/x05-236}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130403191322/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-148267431.html highbeam copy]</ref> === Mmiri acid nke oké osimiri ===     Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere mmetụta na adịghị emerụ ahụ n'oké osimiri n'ụwa niile, mana ọ na emepụta mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmiri na adịghị omimi nke mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{Cite web|title=Acid Rain Has A Disproportionate Impact On Coastal Waters|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070907175147.htm|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=ScienceDaily|language=en|archivedate=June 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626013407/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070907175147.htm}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ime ka pH nke oké osimiri daa, nke a maara dị ka acidisation nke oké osimiri, na eme ka o sie ike maka ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri iji mepụta ọkpụkpụ ha dị mkpa iji dịrị ndụ. Ụdị anụmanụ ndị a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ejikọta ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nri nke oké osimiri, na enweghịkwa na ha bụ isi iyi maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ n'oké osimiri iji rie nri, ihe ndị ọzọ na adị ndụ n'ime mmiri ga anwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/olpa/acid_coasts_7sept07.html|title=Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near-Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe|work=www.windows2universe.org|accessdate=February 27, 2017|archivedate=February 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080549/http://www.windows2universe.org/headline_universe/olpa/acid_coasts_7sept07.html}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ limestone nke Coral na emetụta pH na ebelata, n'ihi na calcium carbonate, akụkụ bụ isi nke ọkpụkpụ limedone, na agbaze na acidic (low pH) ngwọta. Na mgbakwunye na acidization, ntinye nitrogen karịrị akarị site na ikuku na akwalite uto nke phytoplankton na osisi ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri, nke, n'aka nke ya, nwere ike ịkpata okooko algal na emerụ ahụ ugboro ugboro na eutrophication (ịmepụta "ebe nwụrụ anwụ" oxygen deleted) n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oké osimiri.<ref name="sciencedaily.com"/> === Mmetụta ahụike mmadụ === Mmiri ozuzo acid anaghị emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Acid dị na mmiri ozuzo dị oke ala iji nwee mmetụta ọjọọ kpọmkwem. Akụkụ ndị na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid (sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides) nwere mmetụta ọjọọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke obere ihe dị n'ime ikuku na enye aka na nsogbu obi na akpa ume, gụnyere ụkwara ume ọkụ na ụkwara ume. === Mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmetụta mmiri ozuzo acid na ihe oyiyi]] [[Usòrò:Skulptur_aus_Sandstein,_Dresden_2012-09-06-0555.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo acid na ihu igwe]] Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi ụlọ, ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe oyiyi, ọkachasị ndị e ji nkume mee, dị ka limestone na marble, nke nwere nnukwu calcium carbonate. Acids na mmiri ozuzo na emeghachi omume na calcium compounds na nkume iji mepụta gypsum, nke na apụ mgbe ahụ. : CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ̊ CaSO4 (s)+ CO2 (g) + H 2O (l) A na ahụkarị mmetụta nke a na nkume ili ochie, ebe mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ime ka ihe odide ahụ bụrụ ihe a na apụghị ịgụta ọnụ. Mmiri ozuzo acid na emekwa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ corrosion nke ọla, ọkachasị ígwè, ígwè, ọla kọpa na ọla nchara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reisener|first=A.|year=1995|title=ICP on effects on materials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_1995-12_85_4/page/2701|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=85|issue=4|pages=2701–2706|doi=10.1007/BF01186242}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/WP-89-104.pdf|title=Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution-induced material degradation|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175635/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/WP-89-104.pdf|archivedate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> == Ebe ndị ahụ metụtara == Ebe mmiri ozuzo acid metụtara nke ukwuu gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe site na [[Poland]] gaa n'ebe ugwu Scandinavia, ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke atọ nke United States, na ndịda ọwụwa Ọwụwa Aụda [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/acid_rain_in_europe|title=Acid Rain in Europe|author=Ed. Hatier|year=1993|accessdate=January 31, 2010|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] GRID Arendal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041734/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/acid_rain_in_europe|archivedate=August 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/progress/ARP_4/NOx-Emission-Trends-for-All-Acid-Rain-Program-Units.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.epa.gov/airmarkt/progress/ARP_4.html&usg=__qYQtwO9Hldtam9UIQp48Gy58lmU=&h=355&w=788&sz=18&start=5&um=1&tbnid=4GNKn98e78ebJM:&tbnh=64&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dacid%2Brain%2B.gov%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1|title=Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights|author=US Environmental Protection Agency|year=2008|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> Ebe ndị ọzọ metụtara gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China na Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greeneducationfoundation.org/green-building-program-sub/learn-about-green-building/1222-acid-rain.html|title=Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation {{!}} GEF {{!}} Sustainability Education|work=www.greeneducationfoundation.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=November 2, 2017|archivedate=October 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021232505/http://greeneducationfoundation.org/green-building-program-sub/learn-about-green-building/1222-acid-rain.html}}</ref> == Ụzọ mgbochi == === Ihe ngwọta teknụzụ === Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na eji flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wepụ gas sulfur in sulfur site na gas ha. Maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik a na eji coal eme ihe, FGD ga ewepụ 95% ma ọ bụ karịa nke SO2 na gas anwụrụ ọkụ. Ihe atụ nke FGD bụ mmiri scrubber nke a na ejikarị eme ihe. Mmiri na agbanye mmiri bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi ụlọ elu na emeghachi omume nke nwere fan nke na ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ na ekpo ọkụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ n'ime ụlọ elu ahụ. A na agbanye lime ma ọ bụ limestone n'ụdị slurry n'ime ụlọ elu ahụ iji gwakọta ya na gas ndị dị n'elu ma jikọta ya na sulfur dioxide dị. Calcium carbonate nke limestone na emepụta pH neutral calcium sulfate nke a na ewepụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ site na scrubber. Nke ahụ bụ, onye na agbanye mmiri na agbanwe mmetọ sulfur n'ime sulfates nke ụlọ ọrụ. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na ere sulfates na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal dị ka gypsum mgbe ịdị ọcha nke calcium sulfate dị elu. Na ndị ọzọ, a na etinye ha n'ebe a na ekpofu ahịhịa. Mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ịdịru ọtụtụ ọgbọ, dịka mmetụta nke mgbanwe pH nwere ike ịkpali ịga n'ihu na agbapụta kemịkal ndị a na achọghị n'ime isi iyi mmiri dị ọcha, na egbu ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị azụ na adịghị ike ma gbochie mbọ iji weghachite ndụ ala. Ọkụ a na etinye n'elu mmiri na ebelata oke sulfur nke mmepụta ike na ewepụta. Nchịkwa ikuku na esi n'ụgbọala na ebelata ikuku nke nitrogen oxides site na ụgbọala. === Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile === [[Usòrò:Acid_Rain_box_-_23_(49753937638).jpg|thumb|Omume gọọmentị iji lụso mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid ọgụ]] Mba ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ekwekọrịtala nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka njem dị anya nke mmetọ ikuku ruo oge ụfọdụ ugbu a. Malite na 1979, mba Europe gbakọtara iji kwado ụkpụrụ ndị a tụlere n'oge UNECE Convention. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịlụso Mmetụta ikuku Transboundary Long Range ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Convention and its achievements {{!}} UNECE|url=https://unece.org/convention-and-its-achievements|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=unece.org}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta Helsinki nke [[1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions|1985]] na Mbelata nke Mgbasa Sulfur n'okpuru Nkwekọ na Mmetụta ikuku Transboundary Long Range mere ka nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ ahụ dịkwuo elu. Nsonaazụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ emeela nke ọma, dịka ihe akaebe nke ihe dị ka pasent 40 nke ihe dị na North America gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-25|title=The Most Successful Air Pollution Treaty You've Never Heard Of|url=https://www.wri.org/insights/most-successful-air-pollution-treaty-youve-never-heard|language=en}}</ref> Ịdị irè nke Nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ịlụso mmiri ozuzo acid ọgụ akpaliwo omume ndị ọzọ nke nkwenye mba ụwa iji gbochie mmụba nke ihe particulate. Canada na US bịanyere aka na [[Nkwekọrịta Air Quality nke United States na Canada|nkwekọrịta]] Air Quality na 1991. Ọtụtụ mba Europe na Canada bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ọrụ nke Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention nọgidere na ehi ụra mgbe 1999, mgbe mba 27 gbakọtara iji belata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Agreements on Acid Rain|url=http://www.enviropedia.org.uk/Acid_Rain/International_Agreements.php|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=www.enviropedia.org.uk|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022013359/http://www.enviropedia.org.uk/Acid_Rain/International_Agreements.php}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, e mere ka mmekọrịta mba ọzọ iji gbochie mmiri ozuzo acid na Eshia na nke mbụ ya. Ndị nnọchi anya mba iri si mba dị iche iche gbakọtara iji kwurịta ụzọ isi gbochie mmiri ozuzo acid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-10-26|title=Talks start to form network to monitor Asia's acid rain|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/10/26/national/talks-start-to-form-network-to-monitor-asias-acid-rain/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=The Japan Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223094807/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/10/26/national/talks-start-to-form-network-to-monitor-asias-acid-rain/}}</ref> N'ịgbaso mkparịta ụka ndị a, e guzobere Acid Deposition Monitoring Network na East Asia (EANET) na 2001 dị ka atụmatụ gọọmentị etiti iji nye ndị na eme mkpebi ntinye sayensị na ịkwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa na ntinye acid na East Asia.<ref>Totsuka, T., Sase, H., Shimizu, H. (2005). Major activities of acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia (EANET) and related studies. In: Omasa, K., Nouchi, I., De Kok, L.J. (eds) Plant Responses to Air Pollution and Global Change. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-31014-2_28</ref> Na 2023, mba ndị so na EANET gụnyere Cambodia, China, Indonesia, [[Japan]], Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand na Vietnam.<ref>"EANET National Focal Points" https://www.eanet.asia/about/national-focal-points/ retrieved February, 16 2023.</ref> === Azụmaahịa ikuku ===   N'ime atụmatụ nchịkwa a, a na enye ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla na emetọ ihe ugbu a ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịzụta n'ahịa mepere emepe ikike ikuku maka nkeji ọ bụla nke mmetọ a họpụtara ọ na ewepụta. Ndị na arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịwụnye ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa mmetọ, ma ree akụkụ nke ikike ha na adịghịzi mkpa maka ọrụ nke ha, si otú a na eweghachi ụfọdụ ego ha na etinye na ngwá ọrụ dị otú ahụ. Ebumnuche bụ inye ndị ọrụ ego iji wụnye njikwa mmetọ. E guzobere ahịa ahịa ahịa mbu na United States site na itinye iwu Clean Air Act Amendments nke 1990. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke Acid Rain Program nke Iwu ahụ guzobere bụ iji nweta uru dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze site na mbelata nke ikuku sulfur dioxide (SO2) na nitrogen oxides (NOx), isi ihe na akpata mmiri ozuzo acid. Iji mezuo ebumnuche a na ọnụ ala kachasị ala maka ọha mmadụ, mmemme ahụ na eji usoro nchịkwa na nke ahịa iji chịkwaa mmetọ ikuku. == Hụkwa == * Mmiri na ezo n'ala * Sayensị ụmụ amaala otu n'ime 'iji mbụ' nke okwu ahụ mee ihe bụ na mkpọsa mmiri ozuzo acid na 1989. * Gene Likens * Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke isiokwu gburugburu ebe obibi * Mmiri acid nke oké osimiri * Uzuzu mmiri ozuzo (''mmiri ozuzo alkaline'') * Nlaghachi azụ na mmebi ala {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/AQRS/reports/napapreport05.pdf National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report] – a 98-page report to Congress (2005) * [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/environ/acid.html Acid rain for schools] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080815095700/http://www.hubbardbrookfoundation.org/education_outreach/ Acid rain for schools – Hubbard Brook] * United States Environmental Protection Agency – [http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/acidrain/index.html New England Acid Rain Program] (superficial) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421175435/http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html Acid Rain] (more depth than ref. above) * U.S. Geological Survey – [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html What is acid rain?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003546/http://www.adirondackcouncil.org/acrapub.pdf Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy] – a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region (1998) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725161913/http://chemconnections.org/modules/acidrain/ What Happens to Acid Rain?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112093305/http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/acid-rain.html Acid Rain and how it affects fish and other aquatic organisms] * [https://www.eanet.asia/resource/fourth-report-for-policy-makers-towards-clean-air-for-sustainable-future-in-east-asia-through-collaborative-activities/ Fourth Report for Policy Makers (RPM4): Towards Clean Air for Sustainable Future in East Asia through Collaborative Activities]- a report for policy-makers, Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia, EANET, (2019). [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5sia3we1w5dlu529u9r1i5pgnkn7pnk 0 26321 697498 692287 2026-08-10T01:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Heavy_mist.jpg|alt=photograph of heavy mist|thumb|Anwụrụ ọkụ na alụlụ bụ aerosols]] Aerosol bụ nkwụsị nke ezigbo ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na ikuku ma ọ bụ gas ọzọ. [1] '''Aerosols''' nwere ike ịbụ ihe okike ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ. Ihe atụ nke aerosols sitere n'okike bụ alụlụ ma ọ bụ alụlụ, uzuzu, ihe ndị na esi n'oké ọhịa apụta, na anwụrụ ọkụ. Ihe atụ nke aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ gụnyere ihe na emetọ ikuku, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na nsị na mmiri eletrik, anwụrụ mmiri, ihe na esi ísì ụtọ sitere na atomizers, anwụrụ, uzuzu, anwụrụ si na kettle, ọgwụ ahụhụ a na awụfu, na ọgwụgwọ ahụike maka ọrịa iku ume. [1] Mgbe mmadụ na ekuru ihe dị n'ime pensụl ma ọ bụ e cigarette, ha na ekuru anthropogenic aerosol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-e-cigarettes|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Spray_can.jpg|thumb|Spray nwere ike]] Mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike dị na aerosol nwere diameters na erughị 1 μm (ihe ndị buru ibu nwere nnukwu ọsọ na eme ka ngwakọta ahụ bụrụ nkwụsị, mana ọdịiche ahụ abụghị nke doro anya). Na mkparịta ụka n'ozuzu, ''aerosol'' na ezo aka na usoro nkesa nke na ebute ngwaahịa ndị ahịa site na ite. Ọrịa nwere ike ịgbasa site na obere mmiri na ume, mgbe ụfọdụ a na akpọ bioaerosols.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunziker|first=Patrick|date=2021-10-01|title=Minimising exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/10/e047772|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=11|issue=10|pages=e047772|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047772|pmid=34642190|issn=2044-6055}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3INDgAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Diseases+can+also+spread+by+means+of+small+droplets+in+the+breath+called+aerosols&pg=PA129|title=Surgical Technology – E-Book: Principles and Practice|author=Fuller|first=Joanna Kotcher|date=2017-01-31|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-43056-2|language=en}}</ref> == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Fly_Ash_FHWA_dot_gov.jpg|alt=Fly ash particles shown at 2,000 times magnification|thumb|Photomicrograph e ji Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) mee: Akụkụ ntụ na efe efe na 2,000 × magnification. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na aerosol a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri.]] A na akọwa Aerosol dị ka usoro nkwụsị nke ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri na gas. Aerosol na agụnye ma ụmụ irighiri ihe na gas na akwụsi ike, nke na abụkarị ikuku. [1] Ndị na ahụ maka ihu igwe na akpọkarị ha ihe ụmụ irighari PM2.5 ma ọ bụ PM10, dabere na nha ha.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|date=2 November 2010}}</ref> Frederick G. Donnan nwere ike ịbụ onye mbụ jiri okwu ''aerosol'' mee ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ iji kọwaa ngwọta aero, igwe ojii nke ụmụ irighiri microscopic na ikuku. Okwu a mepụtara n'ụzọ yiri nke okwu hydrosol, usoro colloid nwere mmiri dị ka ihe na agbasa agbasa. [1] Aerosols mbụ nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na etinye kpọmkwem na gas; ''aerosols'' nke abụọ na emepụta site na ntụgharị gas na particle. [2] Ndị isi aerosol gụnyere sulfates, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, na nnu oké osimiri, ha na agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|date=2 November 2010}}</ref> Ụdị aerosol dị iche iche, nke a na ekewa dabere na ọdịdị anụ ahụ na otu esi emepụta ha, gụnyere uzuzu, anwụrụ ọkụ, anwụrụ na anwụrụ ọkụ. [1] E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na atụle nke aerosol concentration. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Environmental health|ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] anaghị eji oke (''M''), akọwapụtara dị ka ''oke'' nke ihe particulate kwa unit, na nkeji dịka μg / m3. A ''n''a ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ (N), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe kwa unit, na nkeji dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ kwa m3 ma ọ bụ ''ọnụ ọgụgụ'' kwa cm3. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na njirimara ụmụ irighari, na radius ma ọ bụ dayameta nke aerosol bụ isi ihe eji emepụta aerosols. Aerosols dịgasị iche na mgbasa ha. A monodisperse aerosol, nke a na emepụta na ụlọ nyocha, nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'otu nha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ aerosols, dị ka usoro ''polydisperse'' colloidal, na egosipụta ụdị nha dịgasị iche iche. [1] Mmiri mmiri na abụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri, mana ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na eji ''otu dayameta'' iji gosipụta njirimara nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ụmụ irighiri ihe siri ike, ụfọdụ na adịghị mma. Otu day''_a''meta bụ dayameta nke ihe dị gburugburu nke nwere otu uru nke ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe dị ka ihe na adịghị mma. [1] A na akọwa dayameta olu (de) dị ka dayameta dị gburugburu nke otu olu dị ka nke nke ihe na enweghị atụ. [2] A na ejikarị dayameta aerodynamic, da. == Nhazi nke nha == Otu nkesa aerosol a na ahụkarị, site n'elu ruo n'ala, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ vs. nkesa dayameta, mpaghara elu vs. nkwụsị diamita, na olu vs. nkwenye dayameta. A na egosi aha ọnọdụ ndị a na ahụkarị n'elu. A na eme ka nkesa ọ bụla dị mma ka ngụkọta mpaghara ahụ bụrụ 1000.]] Maka a monodisperse aerosol, otu ọnụọgụ nke diametrical na akọwa nha nke diametral. Otú ọ dị, nkesa dị mgbagwoju anya na akọwa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na polydisperse aerosol. Nkewa a na akọwa ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke a haziri dịka nha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jillavenkatesa|first=A|title=Particle Size Characterization|journal=NIST Special Publication|volume=960-1|date=2001}}</ref> Otu ụzọ isi kọwaa nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na eji ndepụta nke nha nke ụmụ ọ bụla dị na sample. Otú ọ dị, usoro a na egosi na ọ na agwụ ike ịchọpụta na aerosols nwere ọtụtụ nde ụmụ irighiri ihe na ihe na adịghị mma iji. Ụzọ ọzọ na ekewa nha n'ime oge ma chọta ọnụ ọgụgụ (ma ọ bụ oke) nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na oge ọ bụla. Enwere ike igosi data ndị a na histogram na mpaghara nke ogwe ọ bụla na anọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na bin ahụ, nke a na emekarị site na ịkewa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke irighiri na bin site na obosara nke oge ahụ ka mpaghara nke oghere ọ bụla kwekọọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe dị na nha nke ọ na anọchi anya. [1] Ọ bụrụ na obosịrị nke bins na abụ efu, ọrụ ugboro bụ: [2] : <math> \mathrm{d}f = f(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math> ebe : bụ dayameta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math> d_p </math> : bụ akụkụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere dayameta n'etiti na +<math> \,\mathrm{d}f </math><math>d_p</math><math>d_p</math><math>\mathrm{d}d_p</math> : bụ ọrụ ugboro<math>f(d_p)</math> Ya mere, mpaghara dị n'okpuru usoro ug''b''oro ugboro n'etiti nha abụọ a na b na anọchite anya ngụkọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na nha ahụ: [1] : <math> f_{ab}=\int_a^b f(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math> A pụkwara ịhazi ya ''n''<nowiki/>'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta N: [1] : <math> dN = N(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math> N'iburu n'uche na aero''s''ol particles dị gburugburu, a na enye mpaghara elu aerosol kwa unit volume (S) site na oge nke abụọ: [1] : <math> S= \pi/2 \int_0^\infty N(d_p)d_p^2 \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math> Oge nke atọ na enye ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ (''V'') nke ụmụ irighiri ihe: [1] : <math> V= \pi/6 \int_0^\infty N(d_p)d_p^3 \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math> Enwere ike ịkọwa nkesa nke nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe. Nkesa nkịtị anaghị akọwa nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosols n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi skewness metụtara ogologo ọdụ nke ụmụ irigbiri ihe buru ibu. Ọzọkwa maka ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka ọtụtụ nha aerosol na eme, obosara nke nkesa ahụ na egosi nha ụmụ irighiri ihe na adịghị mma, nke na abụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Otú ọ dị, nkesa nkịtị nwere ike dabara adaba maka ụfọdụ aerosols, dị ka aerosols nnwale, ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ na spores. Nchịkọta log normal nke a họọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe na enye ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ dị ka: [1] : <math> \mathrm{d}f = \frac{1}{d_p \sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{-\frac{(ln(d_p) - \bar{d_p})^2}{2 \sigma^2} }\mathrm{d}d_p</math> ebe: : bụ ntụgharị ọkọlọtọ nke nkesa nha na<math> \sigma</math> : bụ arithmetic mean diameter.<math> \bar{d_p}</math> Nkwekọrịta log normal enweghị ụkpụrụ na adịghị mma, nwere ike ikpuchi ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ, ma dabara n'ọtụtụ nkesa nha a hụrụ nke ọma. Nkesa ndị ọzọ a na eji eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji gosipụta nha ụmụ irighiri ihe gụnyere: nkesa Rosin Rammler, nke a na etinye na ntụ ntụ na sprays; nkesa Nukiyama Tianasawa, maka nkesa nke oke oke oke; nkesa ọrụ ike, nke a etinye mgbe ụfọdụ na aerosols ikuku; nkesa exponential, nke a kwadoro na ihe ntụ; na maka mmiri igwe ojii, nkesa Khrgianzar Mazin. == Physics == === Ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe dị na mmiri === Maka ọnụọgụ dị ala nke ọnụọgụ Reynolds (<1), eziokwu maka ọtụtụ mmegharị aerosol, iwu Stokes na akọwa ike nke nguzogide na ihe siri ike dị gburugburu na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, iwu Stokes dị irè naanị mgbe ọsọ nke gas n'elu ihe ahụ bụ efu. Maka obere ụmụ irighiri ihe (< 1 μm) nke na egosipụta aerosols, Otú ọ dị, echiche a adaghị. Iji kọwaa ọdịda a, mmadụ nwere ike iwebata ihe mgbazi Cunningham, mgbe niile karịa 1. Gụnyere ihe a, mmadụ na achọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na eguzogide ihe na ọsọ ya: [1] : <math>F_D = \frac {3 \pi \eta V d}{C_c}</math> ebe : bụ ike na eguzogide ihe dị gburugburu<math>F_D</math> : bụ viscosity nke gas<math>\eta</math> : bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V</math> : bụ ihe mgbazi Cunningham.<math>C_c</math> Nke a na enye anyị ohere ịgbakọ ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe na agafe ike ndọda na ikuku. N'ileghara mmetụta na ese n'elu mmiri anya, anyị na ahụ: [1] : <math>V_{TS} = \frac{\rho_p d^2 g C_c}{18 \eta}</math> ebe : bụ ọsọ ọsọ nke njedebe nke ihe ahụ.<math>V_{TS}</math> Enwere ike inweta ọsọ ọsọ maka ụdị ike ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na iwu Stokes na ejide, mgbe ahụ, iguzogide mmegharị ahụ na adabere na ọsọ. Ihe na adịgide adịgide nke nha ''b''ụ mmegharị igwe (B) nke ihe: [1] : <math>B = \frac{V}{F_D} = \frac {C_c}{3 \pi \eta d}</math> Akụkụ na agagharị na ọsọ ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya ''na'' eru nso ọsọ ọsọ ya na oge e folding nke ya na oge ezumike: [1] : <math>V(t) = V_{f}-(V_{f}-V_{0})e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}}</math> ebe: : bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe n'oge t<math>V(t)</math> : bụ ọsọ ikpeazụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V_f</math> : bụ ọsọ mbụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V_0</math> Iji kọwaa mmetụta nke ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na abụghị spherical, a na etinye ihe mgbazi a maara dị ka ''ihe'' ọdịdị dị ike na iwu Stokes. A na akọwa ya dị ka oke nke ike na eguzogide nke ihe na adịghị mma na nke ihe na'ime ihe na agba gburugburu nke nwere otu olu na ọsọ: [1] : <math>\chi = \frac{F_D}{3 \pi \eta V d_e}</math> ebe: : bụ ihe na eme ka ọ dị ike<math>\chi</math> === Obosara ikuku === A na akọwa dayameta aerodynamic nke ihe na adịghị mma dị ka dayameta nke ihe na'akụkụ gburugburu nke nwere njupụta nke 1000 kg / m3 na otu ọsọ ahụ dị ka ihe na enweghị isi. N'ileghara mgbazi mgbapụ anya, ụmụ irighiri ihe ahụ na ada na ọsọ ọsọ nke kwekọrọ na square nke dayameta ikuku, da: [1] : <math>V_{TS} = \frac{\rho_0 d_a^2 g}{18 \eta}</math> ebe : = njupụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe (1000 kg/m3).<math>\ \rho_0</math> Usoro a na enye dayameta ikuku: [1] : <math>d_a=d_e\left(\frac{\rho_p}{\rho_0 \chi}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} </math> Otu onye nwere ike itinye dayameta aerodynamic na mmetọ particulate ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị a na eku ume iji buo amụma ebe dị n'ime usoro iku ume dị otú ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta ọgwụ na e ejikarị dayameta aerodynamic, ọ bụghị dayameta geometric, iji gosipụta ụmụ irighiri na ọgwụ ndị a na-eku ume. [citation needed] === Ọganihu === Nkwurịta okwu gara aga lekwasịrị anya na otu aerosol particles. N'ụzọ dị iche, ''aerosol dynamics'' na akọwa evolushọn nke ọnụ ọgụgụ aerosol zuru oke. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ga agbanwe ka oge na aga n'ihi ọtụtụ usoro. Usoro mpụga nke na ebugharị ụmụ irighiri ihe n'èzí mpụga gas a na amụ gụnyere mgbasa, nkwụsị nke ike ndọda, na ụgwọ eletrik na ike ndị ọzọ dị n'èstre nke na akpata mbata nke ụmụ irighari. Usoro nke abụọ nke usoro dị n'ime otu gas gụnyere mmepụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe (nucleation), evaporation, chemical reaction, na coagulation. [1] Usoro dị iche iche a na akpọ ''Aerosol General Dynamic Equation'' (GDE) na akọwa evolushọn nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosol n'ihi usoro ndị a. : <math>\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}} = -\nabla \cdot n_i \mathbf{q} +\nabla \cdot D_p\nabla_i n_i+ \left(\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}}\right)_\mathrm{growth} + \left(\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}}\right)_\mathrm{coag} -\nabla \cdot \mathbf{q}_F n_i</math> Mgbanwe n'oge = njem convective + mgbasa Brownian + mmekọrịta gas-particle + coagulation + mbata site na ike mpụga Ebe: : bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nke nha ụdị<math>n_i</math><math>i</math> : bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>\mathbf{q}</math> : bụ Stokes Einstein diffusivity<math>D_p</math> : bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe jikọtara ya na ike mpụga<math>\mathbf{q}_F</math> ==== Mkpịsị ọbara ==== [[Usòrò:Aerosol_1.png|thumb]] Ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na droplets na aerosol na emetụta ibe ha, ha nwere ike ịnata coalescence ma ọ bụ aggregation. Usoro a na eduga na mgbanwe na nkesa aerosol, na ọnọdụ na abawanye na dayameta ka ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ebelata. [1] N'oge ụfọdụ, ụmụ irighari nwere ike ịdọwa n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ irighri; Otú ọ dị, usoro a na emekarị na ụmụ irighir ihe buru ibu maka ịtụle dị ka aerosols. ==== Ọchịchị dị ike ==== Ọnụ ọgụgụ Knudsen nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na akọwa usoro atọ dị iche iche na achịkwa omume nke aerosol: : <math>K_n=\frac{2\lambda}{d}</math> ebe bụ ụzọ efu I nke gas na akwụsi ike ma bụrụ dayameta nke ihe ahụ.<math>\lambda</math><math>d</math><ref name="Baron&Willeke">{{Cite book|author=Baron|first=P. A.|date=2001|chapter=Gas and Particle Motion|title=Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications}}</ref> Maka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ime ''ọchịchị'' mkpụrụ ndụ n'efu, Kn >> 1; ụmụ irighari obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ nnwere onwe nke gas na akwụsi ike.<ref name="DeCarlo2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/027868290903907|author=DeCarlo|first=P.F.|date=2004|title=Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1185–1205}}</ref> N'ọchịchị a, ụmụ irighiri ihe na emekọrịta ihe na gas na akwụsi ike site na usoro "ballistic" na emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ gas. N 'ihi nke a, ha na akpa àgwà yiri nke gas molecules, na agbaso usoro ma na agbasa ngwa ngwa site na mmegharị Brownian. Njikọ nke oke na agafe n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ bụ: : <math> I = \frac{\pi a^2}{k_b} \left( \frac{P_\infty}{T_\infty} - \frac{P_A}{T_A} \right) \cdot C_A \alpha </math> ebe a bụ r''a''dius nke ụmụ irighiri , P∞ na PA bụ nrụgide dị anya si''t''e na droplet na n'elu droplet n'otu n'otu, kb bụ Boltzmann na adịgide adịgide, T bụ okpomọkụ, CA pụtara ọsọ okpomọkụ na ''α'' bụ coefficient nke ọnụ ọgụgụ. [citation needed] Nweta nke usoro a na ewere nrụgide na adịkarị na coefficient diffusion na adịgidere. Akụkụ dị n'ọchịchị na aga n'ihu mgbe Kn << 1.<ref name="DeCarlo2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/027868290903907|author=DeCarlo|first=P.F.|date=2004|title=Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1185–1205}}</ref> N'ọchịchị a, ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ buru ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ na enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke gas na akwụsi ike, nke pụtara na gas na arụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri na aga n'ihu na aga gburugburu ụmụ irighari ahụ.<ref name="DeCarlo2004" /> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ọchịchị a bụ: : <math> I_{cont} \sim \frac{4 \pi a M_A D_{AB}}{RT} \left( P_{A \infty} - P_{AS}\right)</math> e''b''e a bụ ''r_a''dius nke ihe ''A'', M''A'' bụ oke nke ihe A na eme, DAB bụ coefficien''t'' mgbasa ozi n'etiti A na B, R bụ ezigbo gas na adịgide adịgide, T bụ okpomọkụ (na nkeji zuru oke dị ka kelvin), na PA∞ na PAS bụ nrụgide na enweghị njedebe na n'elu. [citation needed] ''Ọchịchị mgbanwe'' ahụ nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe niile dị n'etiti usoro nnwere onwe na usoro na aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ Kn ≈ 1. Ike nke ihe na ahụ bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ gas n'otu n'otu na mmekọrịta macroscopic. Usoro nke ọkara nke na akọwa oke na aga bụ: : <math> I = I_{cont} \cdot \frac{1 + K_n}{1 + 1.71 K_n + 1.33 {K_n}^2}</math> ebe Icont bụ oke na aga n'ihu na ọchịchị na aga nke ọma. [citation needed] A na akpọ usoro a usoro Fuchs Sutugin interpolation. Usoro ndị a anaghị atụle mmetụta nke okpomọkụ. ==== Nkewa ==== [[Usòrò:Cond_n_evap.svg|alt=graph showing the process of condensation and evaporation on a molecular level|thumb|Mmiri na esi ísì ụtọ]] Echiche nkewa nke aerosol na achịkwa condensation na evaporation site na elu aerosol, n'otu n'otu. Njikọ nke oke na eme ka ọnọdụ nke nkesa nke aerosol mụbaa; n'aka nke ọzọ, evaporation na eme gore ọnọdụ ahụ belata. Nucleation bụ usoro nke ịmepụta aerosol mass site na condensation nke gas precursor, ọkachasị ikuku. Net condensation nke ikuku na achọ supersaturation, nrụgide dị ukwuu karịa nrụgide ikuku ya. Nke a nwere ike ime n'ihi atọ: [citation needed] # Ibelata okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ na ebelata nrụgide ikuku. # Mgbanwe kemịkal nwere ike ịbawanye nrụgide nke gas ma ọ bụ belata nrụgide ikuku ya. # Mgbakwunye nke ikuku na agbakwunye na usoro ahụ nwere ike belata nrụgide ikuku dị ka iwu Raoult si dị. E nwere ụdị usoro nucleation abụọ. Gases na ejikarị n'elu ihe ndị dị na aerosol, nke a maara dị ka heterogeneous nucleation. Usoro a na eme ka dayameta dị n'ụdị nkesa nke nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na adịgide adịgide. [1] Site na oke oke oke na enweghị elu kwesịrị ekwesị, ụmụ irighari nwere ike ịtachi na enweghị elu dịbu adịgide, nke a maara dị ka homogeneous '''nucleation'''. Nke a na ebute mgbakwunye nke obere, ụmụ irighiri ihe na eto ngwa ngwa na nkesa nha ụmụ irighari. Mmiri na ekpuchi ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosols, na eme ka ha rụọ ọrụ, na emekarị n'ihe gbasara ịmepụta mmiri igwe ojii (dị ka igwe ojii sitere na aerosol site na osisi dị n'oké ọhịa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spracklen|first=Dominick V|date=2008-12-28|title=Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2008.0201|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=366|issue=1885|pages=4613–4626|doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0201|pmid=18826917|issn=1364-503X}}</ref> N'ịgbaso usoro Kelvin (dabere na nkwonkwo nke mmiri mmiri), obere ụmụ irighiri ihe chọrọ iru mmiri dị elu iji nọgide na enwe nguzozi karịa ụmụ irighari buru ibu. Usoro na esonụ na enye oke iru mmiri na nguzozi: : <math> RH = \frac{p_s}{p_0} \times 100\% = S \times 100\%</math> ebe nrụgide ikuku ''s''aturation n'elu ihe dị na nguzozi (n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya), p0 bụ nrụgide ikuku saturatation (elu elu nke otu mmiri ahụ) na S bụ oke saturation.<math>p_s</math> Njikọ Kelvin maka nrụgide ikuku saturation n'elu elu gbagọrọ agbagọ bụ: : <math> \ln{p_s \over p_0} = \frac{2 \sigma M}{RT \rho \cdot r_p} </math> ebe ''r''p drople''t'' radius, ''σ'' elu elu tension nke droplet, ''ρ'' density nke ''m''miri, M molar mass, T okpomọkụ, na R molar gas constant. ==== Ngwọta maka usoro nhazi ihe n'ozuzu ==== Enweghị ngwọta n'ozuzu maka usoro nhazi nke ihe (GDE); [1] usoro a na ejikarị eme ihe iji dozie usoro nhazi nke usoro gụnyere: [2] * Ụzọ oge<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0009-2509(64)85047-8|title=Some problems in particle technology|journal=Chemical Engineering Science|volume=19|issue=8|pages=555–574|year=1964|author=Hulburt|first=H.M.}}</ref> * Usoro modal / nkewa, na<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0021-9797(90)90445-T|title=A discrete-sectional model for particulate production by gas-phase chemical reaction and aerosol coagulation in the free-molecular regime|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-colloid-and-interface-science_1990-10-01_139_1/page/63|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|volume=139|issue=1|pages=63–86|year=1990|author=Landgrebe|first=James D.}}</ref> * Usoro quadrature nke oge / usoro mgbasawanye nke oge Taylor, na<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02786829708965471|title=Description of Aerosol Dynamics by the Quadrature Method of Moments|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=27|issue=2|pages=255–265|year=1997|author=McGraw|first=Robert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.07.009|title=Solution of population balance equations using the direct quadrature method of moments|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-aerosol-science_2005-01_36_1/page/43|journal=[[Journal of Aerosol Science]]|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43–73|year=2005|author=Marchisio|first=Daniele L.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02786820802232972|title=A New Moment Method for Solving the Coagulation Equation for Particles in Brownian Motion|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=42|issue=9|pages=705–713|year=2008|author=Yu|first=Mingzhou}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.03.001|title=Taylor-expansion moment method for agglomerate coagulation due to Brownian motion in the entire size regime|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=40|issue=6|pages=549–562|year=2009|author=Yu|first=Mingzhou}}</ref> * Usoro Monte Carlo.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.14356/kona.2005007|title=Modelling of Particulate Processes|journal=KONA Powder and Particle Journal|volume=23|pages=18–35|year=2005|author=Kraft|first=Murkus}}</ref> == Ọgbọ na ngwa == Ndị mmadụ na emepụta aerosols maka ebumnuche dị iche iche, gụnyere: * dị ka aerosols nnwale maka ịhazi ngwá ọrụ, ime nchọpụta, na ịnwale ihe nnwale na nzacha ikuku; [1] * iji nye deodorants, paint, na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na azụ ahịa na sprays; [1] * maka mgbasa na ọrụ ugbo * maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa iku ume; [1] na * na usoro injection mmanụ na teknụzụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ maka ịmepụta aerosols bụ: [1] * Mmiri aerosol * Atomizer nozzle ma ọ bụ nebulizer * Electrospray * Cigarette eletrọniki * Onye na emepụta ikuku na eme mkpọtụ (VOAG) == Nkwụsi ike nke aerosol particles mepụtara == Nkwụsi ike nke agglomerates nanoparticle dị oke mkpa maka ịtụle nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ikuku sitere na nano powders ma ọ bụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. N'ebe ọrụ nanotechnology, ndị ọrụ nwere ike ikpughe site na iku ume na ihe ndị nwere ike igbu egbu n'oge njikwa na nhazi nke nanomaterials. Nanoparticles n'ime ikuku na emekarị agglomerates n'ihi ike na adọrọ mmasị n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'ime, dị ka ike van der Waals ma ọ bụ ike electrostatic ma ọ bụrụ na a na akwụ ụgwọ ihe ndị ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na ahụkarị ụmụ irighiri aerosol dị ka agglomerates karịa ụmụ irighari ọ bụla. Maka ikpughe na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ikuku nanoparticles, ọ dị mkpa ịmara banyere nkesa nha nke aerosols. Mgbe ụmụ mmadụ na ekuru ya, a na etinye ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere dayameta dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche nke usoro iku ume dị n'etiti na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ. E gosipụtara na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na nanoscale na abanye n'ihe mgbochi ikuku ọbara n'ime akpa ume ma na agafe n'ime akụkụ nke abụọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ, dị ka ụbụrụ, obi na imeju. Ya mere, ihe ọmụma banyere nkwụsi ike nke nanoparticle agglomerates dị mkpa maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke aerosol particles, nke na enyere aka nyochaa ihe ize ndụ ha nwere ike inwe n'ahụ mmadụ. E guzobere usoro nnwale dị iche iche iji nwalee nkwụsi ike nke ụmụ irighiri ikuku na ikike ha nwere ịpụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Usoro zuru oke a kọrọ n'oge na adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịnọgide na enwe usoro aerosolization siri ike ma mepụta aerosols nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma na nha dị mma site na nano powders.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Yaobo|author=Ding|title=A system to assess the stability of airborne nanoparticle agglomerates under aerodynamic shear|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=88|year=2015|issue=|pages=98–108|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.06.001}}</ref> Enwere ike ịmụ ikike deagglomeration nke ihe dị iche iche na efe efe site na iji oghere dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=B.|author=Stahlmecke|year=2009|title=Investigation of airborne nanopowder agglomerate stability in an orifice under various differential pressure conditions|journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research|volume=11|issue=7|pages=1625–1635|doi=10.1007/s11051-009-9731-x}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, e mepụtara ngwaọrụ na agbawa mmetụta iji nyochaa ike njikọ n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=S.|author=Froeschke|year=2003|title=Impact fragmentation of nanoparticle agglomerates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aerosol-science_2003-03_34_3/page/275|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=34|issue=3|pages=275–287|doi=10.1016/S0021-8502(02)00185-4}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ usoro nyocha nke deagglomeration site na mmepe nke ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro dị ugbu a. Enwere ike ịhazi ohere nke deagglomeration nke aerosol particles na ntọala ọrụ maka nanomaterials dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ na usoro ntụaka dị. Maka ebumnuche a, enwere ike ịmalite ntụnyere nke nyocha site na nhazi dị iche iche iji nyochaa mmetụta nke njirimara usoro na njirimara nke aerosols nke nanomaterials mepụtara. == Nchọpụta == Aerosol nwere ike ịlele n'ebe ma ọ bụ site na usoro mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ. === N'ọnọdụ ndị a hụrụ === Ụfọdụ usoro nyocha dị n'ebe ahụ gụnyere: * Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) * Differential mobility analyzer (DMA) * Electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) * Aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) * Aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) * [[Wide range particle spectrometer]] (WPS) * [[Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor|Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit]] Impactor(MOUDI) * Condensation particle counter (CPC) * [[Epiphaniometer]] * [[Electrical low pressure impactor|Mmetụta eletrik dị ala]] (ELPI) * Aerosol particle mass-analyser (APM) * Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyser (CPMA) === Ụzọ mmetụta dị anya === Ụzọ mmetụta dị anya gụnyere: * === Nlere anya ahọpụtara nha === Ihe nwere ike itinye n'ime imi, ọnụ, pharynx na larynx (mpaghara isi ikuku), miri n'ime traktị iku ume (site na trachea ruo na bronchioles ọnụ), ma ọ bụ na mpaghara alveolar.[48] Ebe a na etinye ihe ndị aerosol dị n'ime usoro iku ume na ekpebisi ike mmetụta ahụike nke ikpughe ikuku ikuku dị otú ahụ.[48] Ihe omume a mere ka ndị mmadụ chepụta aerosol samplers nke na ahọrọ akụkụ nke ikuku aerosol na erute akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụkụ iku ume.[49] Ọmụmaatụ nke akụkụ ndị a nke oke nha nke ikuku ikuku, dị mkpa na ahụike ọrụ, gụnyere ụmụ irighiri ihe na ekuku ume, thoracic, na iku ume. Iberibe nke nwere ike ịbanye n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke usoro iku ume na adabere na ntinye nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'akụkụ elu nke ikuku.[50]. The inhalable ụmụ irighiri irighiri, kọwara dị ka nkezi nke irighiri ihe mbụ na ikuku nwere ike ịbanye imi ma ọ bụ ọnụ, dabere na mpụga ifufe ọsọ na direction na na urughuru size nkesa site aerodynamic dayameta.[51] Iberibe thoracic bụ oke nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na ikuku ambient nke nwere ike iru n'akụkụ thorax ma ọ bụ obi.[52]. Ihe dị nta nke na ekuku ume bụ oke nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na ikuku nwere ike iru mpaghara alveolar.[53] Iji tụọ akụkụ dị nta nke ikuku iku ume, a na eji ihe nzacha nke mbụ na eji ihe nzacha mee ihe. Onye na anakọta ihe na ewepu ihe dị ka ụzọ ikuku na ewepụ ihe dị n'ikuku ikuku. Ihe nzacha nlele na anakọta ụmụ irighiri ihe maka nha. A na ejikarị nkewa cyclonic eme ihe maka onye na anakọta ihe, mana usoro ndị ọzọ gụnyere mmetụta mmetụta, elutriators kwụ ọtọ, na nnukwu ihe nzacha akpụkpọ anụ.[54]. Ụkpụrụ abụọ ọzọ na ahọrọ nha, nke a na ejikarị eme ihe na nlekota ikuku, bụ PM10 na PM2.5. ISO na akọwa PM₁₀ dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na agafe n'ọnụ ụzọ na ahọrọ nha na 50% arụmọrụ cut off na 10 ''μm aerodynamic'' dayameta na PM2.5 dị ka ụmụ nke na agafere n'ọnụ mmiri na ahọpụta nha na 50% efficiency cut off. PM10 kwekọrọ na "nkwekọrịta obi" dịka akọwapụtara na ISO 7708:1995, Nkebi nke 6; PM2.5 kwekọrọ na ""nkwekọta iku ume dị elu" dịka akọwara na ISO 7 708:1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diamondenv.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/particulate-pollution-pm10-and-pm2-5/|title=Particulate pollution – PM10 and PM2.5|work=Recognition, Evaluation, Control. News and views from Diamond Environmental Limited|accessdate=23 September 2012|date=2010-12-10}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Na ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States dochiri ụkpụrụ ochie maka ihe particulate dabere na Total Suspended Particulate na ụkpụrụ ọzọ dabere na PM10 na 1987 wee webata ụkpụrụ maka PM2.5 (nke a makwaara dị ka ihe particulate dị mma) na 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pm10.html|title=Particulate Matter (PM-10)|accessdate=23 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140447/http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pm10.html|archivedate=1 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/basicinfo.htm|title=Basic Information|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref> == Atmospheric == [[Usòrò:Aerosol-India.jpg|alt=Satellite photo showing aerosol pollution visible from space|thumb|Mmetọ aerosol n'ebe ugwu [[Ndia|India]] na Bangladesh]] [[Usòrò:Portrait of Global Aerosols.jpeg|thumb|Nyochaa nnukwu igwe ojii nke ikuku ikuku gburugburu ụwa (acha ndụ ndụ: anwụrụ ọkụ, acha anụnụ anụnụ: nnu, odo: uzuzu, ọcha: sọlfọ)]]   Ọtụtụ ụdị ikuku ikuku nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihu igwe nke ụwa: mgbawa ugwu, uzuzu ọzara, nnu mmiri, nke sitere na isi mmalite biogenic na nke mmadụ mere. Aerosol volcanic na emepụta na stratosphere mgbe mgbawa dị ka mmiri nke sulfuric acid nke nwere ike ịdịru ruo afọ abụọ, ma gosipụta ìhè anyanwụ, na ebelata okpomọkụ. Uzuzu ọzara, mineral particles na afụli elu, na amịkọrọ okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe kpatara igbochi mmepụta igwe ojii. Aerosols sulfate nke mmadụ mere, karịsịa site na mmanụ na coal na-ere ọkụ, na emetụta omume igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Aerosols.html|title=Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?|publisher=NASA Langley Research Center|date=22 Apr 2008|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na hydrometeors niile, siri ike na mmiri, nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka aerosols, a na emekarị ọdịiche n'etiti ụdị mgbasa dị otú ahụ (ya bụ, ígwé ijiojii) nwere mmiri na kristal, na aerosol particles. Ikuku nke ụwa nwere aerosols nke ụdị dị iche iche na njupụta, gụnyere ọnụọgụ nke: * ihe ndị na adịghị ndụ n'okike: ezigbo uzuzu, nnu mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri * ihe ndị sitere n'okike: anwụrụ ọkụ, ntụ ọka, spores, ma ọ bụ nje bacteria * ihe ndị mmadụ na emepụta na ọkụ dịka: anwụrụ ọkụ, ntụ ma ọ bụ ájá Aerosols nwere ike ịchọta na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo n'ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ: * Uzuzu * Anwụrụ ọkụ sịga * Anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ite aerosol spray * Ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ n'ime anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala Ọnụnọ nke aerosols na ikuku ụwa nwere ike imetụta ihu igwe ya, yana ahụike mmadụ. * Mgbawa ugwu na ewepụta nnukwu sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulfide na hydrochloric acid n'ime ikuku. Gas ndị a na anọchite anya aerosols ma mesịa laghachi n'ụwa dị ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], na enwe ọtụtụ [[Mmiri ozuzo acid|mmetụta ọjọọ]] na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0" /> * Aerosols na emekọrịta ihe na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa n'ụzọ abụọ, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na apụtaghị ìhè. :: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetụta ''kpọmkwem'' bụ na aerosols na agbasa ma na amịkọrọ radieshon anyanwụ na abata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmets.org/resource/aerosols-and-climate|title=Aerosols and Climate|author=Highwood|first=Ellie|date=2018-09-05|work=Royal Meteorological Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-07}}</ref> Nke a ga eduga na oyi nke elu (radiation nke anyanwụ na agbasa azụ na mbara igwe) mana ọ nwekwara ike inye aka na okpomọkụ nke elu (nke sitere na ịmịkọrọ ike anyanwụ na abata).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/|title=Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013|work=www.ipcc.ch|accessdate=2018-02-07}}</ref> Nke a ga abụ ihe ọzọ na mmetụta okpomọkụ ma si otú a nye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="kommalapati">{{Cite book|author=Kommalapati|first=Raghava R.|title=Atmospheric aerosols: Characterization, chemistry, modeling, and climate|date=2009|publisher=American Chemical Society|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780841224827|pages=1–10|doi=10.1021/bk-2009-1005.ch001}}</ref> :: Mmetụta ndị ''na apụtaghị ìhè'' na ezo aka na aerosol na egbochi ihe ndị na emetụta radiation. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike ịgbanwe nha nke igwe ojii na ikuku dị ala, si otú ahụ gbanwee ụzọ igwe ojii si egosipụta ma na amịkọrọ ìhè ma si otú ahụ na agbanwe mmefu ego ike nke ụwa.<ref name="nasa"> {{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Bob|title=Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Aerosols.html|work=NASA|publisher=NASA|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref> : E nwere ihe akaebe na atụ aro na aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ na egbochi mmetụta nke gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ebe ụfọdụ, nke bụ ihe mere Northern Hemisphere ji gosipụta okpomọkụ dị nwayọ karịa Southern Hemisphere, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ pụtara na Northern Hemispher ga amịkọrọ okpomọkụ mgbe e mesịrị site na mmiri oké osimiri na eweta mmiri dị ọkụ site na South.<ref>Anthropogenic Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases, and the Uptake, Transport, and Storage of Excess Heat in the Climate System {{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/2019GL082015|title=Anthropogenic Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases, and the Uptake, Transport, and Storage of Excess Heat in the Climate System|year=2019|author=Irving|first=D. B.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=46|issue=9|pages=4894–4903}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ụwa niile, oyi aerosol na ebelata okpomọkụ na akpata na ekpo ọkụ n'enweghị iwepụ ya kpamkpam.<ref>GIEC AR6 WG1 - Figure SPM.2 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/ </ref> * Mgbe aerosols na amịkọrọ mmetọ, ọ na eme ka ọ dịrị mmetọ mfe itinye n'elu ụwa nakwa n'ime mmiri.<ref name="kommalapati">{{Cite book|author=Kommalapati|first=Raghava R.|title=Atmospheric aerosols: Characterization, chemistry, modeling, and climate|date=2009|publisher=American Chemical Society|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780841224827|pages=1–10|doi=10.1021/bk-2009-1005.ch001}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike imebi ma gburugburu ebe obibi ma ahụike mmadụ. * Aerosols dị na 20 μm na egosi oge ogologo oge na adịgide adịgide n'ime ụlọ ikuku n'ihi omume ha "onye na agba ụgbọ elu", na adaba na ikuku na aga nwayọọ nwayọọ); dịka aerosol a na adọrọ adsorbed n'imi mmadụ, ebe mbụ na ebute ọrịa na COVID-19, ụdị aerosols nwere ike inye aka na ọrịa a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunziker|first=Patrick|date=2020-12-16|title=Minimizing exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy|pages=2020.12.08.20233056|url=http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056|language=en|doi=10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kesavanathan|first=Jana|year=1998|title=Human Nasal Passage Particle Deposition: The Effect of Particle Size, Flow Rate, and Anatomical Factors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829808965537|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=457–463|doi=10.1080/02786829808965537|issn=0278-6826}}</ref> * Akụkụ Aerosol nwere ịdị arọ dị irè nke dị obere karịa 10 μm nwere ike ịbanye na bronchi, ebe ndị nwere ịdị arịa dị irè nke na adị obere karịa 2.5 μm nwere ohere ịbanye ruo na mpaghara mgbanwe gas na akpa ume, nke nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="volcanic_emissions"> {{Cite web|author=Grainger|first=Don|title=Volcanic Emissions|url=http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/eodg/research_ve.html|work=Earth Observation Data Group, Department of Physics, University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref> == Aerosol spray disenser == {{excerpt|Aerosol spray dispenser}} == Hụkwa == * Aerogel * Nnụnụ na-efe efe * Mgbasa ozi aerosol * Bioaerosol * Ntinye (Aerosol physics) * Mgbasawanye ụwa * Nebulizer * Monoterpene * Akwara ndị ahụ * Mmiri na-agbanye mmiri == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e kwuru === <references responsive="1"></references>   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1sf7yo40cf3owz8f4rwx6h6byex04h5 0 26324 697701 450748 2026-08-10T05:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmetọ mmiri n'ihi ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi na mpaghara Wairarapa nke New Zealand (nke e sere na 2003)]]   Mmetọ ọrụ ugbo na-ezo aka na biotic na abiotic site na [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] nke na-akpata mmetọ ma ọ bụ '''mmebi''' nke gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi, na / ma ọ bụ na-akpatara mmadụ ahụ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba ha. Mmetọ ahụ nwere ike isi n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite, site na mmetọ mmiri isi iyi (site n'otu ebe a na-ewepụta) ruo na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbasa, ihe ndị na-akpata ala, nke a makwaara dị ka mmetọ isi iyi na mmetorụ ikuku. Ozugbo ha nọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetọ ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na gburugburu ebe dị gburugburu, ya bụ, igbu anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ mmetọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na mmetụta ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri dị ka mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ nke mmiri ọrụ ugbo kpatara na-elekwasị anya na nnukwu mmiri. Omume nchịkwa, ma ọ bụ amaghị ha, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọnụọgụ na mmetụta nke mmetọ ndị a. Usoro nchịkwa sitere na nchịkwa anụmanụ na ụlọ ruo na mgbasa nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza na ọrụ ugbo zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Omume nchịkwa ọjọọ gụnyere ọrụ nri anụmanụ na-adịghị mma, ịtabiga nri ókè, ịkọ ugbo, fatịlaịza, na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, gabigara ókè, ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị njọ. Mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ịdị mma mmiri nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, ala mmiri, estuaries, na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ihe mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo gụnyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, ihe na-edozi ahụ, pathogens, pesticides, ọla, na [[Ńnú|nnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-20|title=Agricultural Nonpoint Source Fact Sheet|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture_facts.cfm|accessdate=22 April 2015|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|publisher=EPA|archivedate=2015-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203903/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/agriculture_facts.cfm}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetọ ndị na-abanye na gburugburu ebe obibi. Bacteria na pathogens na nsị nwere ike ịbanye n'iyi na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụrụ na ịta nri, ịchekwa nsị n'ime ọdọ mmiri na itinye nsị n"ọhịa anaghị elekọta nke ọma.<ref name=":2">"Investigating the Environmental Effects of Agriculture Practices on Natural Resources". ''USGS.'' January 2007, pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3001/pdf/508FS2007_3001.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2018.</ref> Mmetọ ikuku nke ọrụ ugbo kpatara site na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na idozi nchegbu ndị a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land.<ref>{{Cite book|author=IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf|title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems|publisher=In press|year=2019|editor=Shukla|ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->|authorlink=IPCC|series=4}} https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/.</ref> Mbelata mmetọ ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke usoro nri na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stefanovic|first=Lilliana|title=Food System Outcomes: An Overview and the Contribution to Food Systems Transformation|journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems|date=2020|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2020.546167/full|issn=2571-581X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leip|first=Adrian|title=The role of nitrogen in achieving sustainable food systems for healthy diets|journal=Global Food Security|date=1 March 2021|volume=28|pages=100408|doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100408|language=en|issn=2211-9124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Allievi|first=Francesca|title=Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Through Sustainable Food Systems|date=2019|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-23969-5|pages=3–23|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-23969-5_1|language=en|chapter=Understanding the Global Food System}}</ref> == Ebe ndị na-emepụta nje == === Ọgwụ ahụhụ === [[Usòrò:Cropduster_spraying_pesticides.jpg|alt=Cropduster spraying pesticides.|thumb|Ntinye ọgwụ ahụhụ n'elu.]] A na-etinye ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa n'ala ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa ahụhụ ndị na-emebi mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Mmetọ ala nwere ike ime mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ [[Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ|na-adịgide]] ma na-agbakọta n'ala, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro microbial, mee ka osisi na-enweta kemịkal, ma bụrụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ruo n'ókè ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicides na-adịgide na-adabere na kemịkal pụrụ iche nke compound, nke na-emetụta usoro sorption na-akpata akara na njem na gburugburu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|title=Environmental Databases: Ecotoxicity Database|work=Pesticides: Science and Policy|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|date=2006-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704074226/http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/efed_databasesdescription.htm|archivedate=2014-07-04}}</ref> Pesticides nwekwara ike [[Iba|ịba]] n'ime anụmanụ ndị na-eri ahụhụ na-emetọ na ihe ndị dị n'ala. Na mgbakwunye, ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike imerụ ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru, dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka, na ndị iro nke ụmụ ahụhụ (ya bụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ma ọ bụ na-egbu nje) karịa ka ha na-emerụ ụmụ ahụhụ n'onwe ha. ==== Mgbapụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ==== Mgbukpọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-eme mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmiri na-agwakọta ma na-agafe n'ime ala, na-emetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke leaching na-ejikọta ya na ụfọdụ ala na njirimara ọgwụ ahụhụ na ogo mmiri ozuzo na ịgba mmiri. O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agbaze na mmiri, mgbe ala na-enwekarị ájá n'ọdịdị; ọ bụrụ na ịsa mmiri gabigara ókè na-eme ozugbo etinyechara ọgwụ ahụhụ; ma ọ bụrụhaala adsorption nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na ala dị ala. Ọ bụghị naanị na nsị nwere ike isi n'ọhịa ndị a gwọrọ, kamakwa site na ebe a na-agwakọta ọgwụ ahụhụ, ebe a na'ịsa ákwà na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe, ma ọ bụ ebe a na na-ekpofu ihe.<ref name="agf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/c_2.htm|title=Environmental Fate of Pesticides|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|work=Pesticide Wise|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225091304/http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/c_2.htm|archivedate=2015-12-25}}</ref> === Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri === A na-eji fatịlaịza eme ihe iji nye ihe ọkụkụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, dị ka Nitrogen, Phosphorus, na Potassium, nke na-akwalite uto osisi ma na-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha bara uru maka uto osisi, ha nwekwara ike imebi usoro nri na-edozi ahụ na mineral biogeochemical ma na-etinye ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Naịtrojin ==== Nitrogen fatịlaịza na-enye osisi nwere ụdị nke nitrogen bụ ndị dị ndụ maka iweta ihe ọkụkụ; ya bụ NO3- (nitrate) na NH4+ (ammonium). Nke a na-abawanye mkpụrụ ihe ọkụkụ na arụpụta ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ nwekwara ike imetụta mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu, metọọ ikuku, na imebi ahụike ala. Ọ bụghị ihe oriri niile a na-etinye site na fatịlaịza ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eburu ya, ma nke fọdụrụ na-agbakọta n'ime ala ma ọ bụ na-efunahụ ya dị ka mmiri na-asọpụta. Fatịlaịza nitrate nwere ike ịla n'iyi na profaịlụ ala site na mmiri na-agbapụta n'ihi oke solubility ya yana dịka ebubo n'etiti molecule na ụrọ na-adịghị mma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza nwere nitrogen jikọtara ya na nnukwu mmiri-slubility nke nitrate na-eduga n'ịba ụba n'ime mmiri dị n'elu yana ịbanye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala, si otú ahụ na-ebute mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala. Ọkwa nitrate karịrị 10 mg/L (10 ppm) n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ibute "ọrịa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" (enwetara methemoglobinemia) na ụmụ ọhụrụ na ikekwe ọrịa thyroid na ụdị ọrịa cancer dị iche iche. Nitrogen fixation, nke na-ekpuchi ikuku nitrogen (N2) na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, na denitrification, nke na-agbanwe ogige nitrogen dị na N2 na N2O, bụ abụọ n'ime usoro metabolic kachasị mkpa na-etinye aka na okirikiri nitrogen n'ihi na ha bụ ihe ntinye kachasị ukwuu na mmepụta nitrogen na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha na-ekwe ka nitrogen na-asọba n'etiti ikuku, nke dị ihe dịka 78% nitrogen) na biosphere. Usoro ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na okirikiri nitrogen bụ nitrification na ammonification nke na-ekpuchi ammonium na nitrate ma ọ bụ nitrite na ihe organic na amonia n'otu n'otu. N'ihi na usoro ndị a na-eme ka mkpokọta nitrogen kwụsie ike n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nnukwu ntinye nke nitrogen site na mmiri mmiri nke ugbo nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu. Ihe na-esikarị na nke a pụta na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ eutrophication nke n'aka nke ya na-emepụta ọnọdụ hypoxic na anoxic - ha abụọ na-egbu egbu na/ma ọ bụ na-emebi ọtụtụ ụdị. Nitrogen fatịlaịza nwekwara ike hapụ gas NH3 n'ime ikuku nke enwere ike ịtụgharị ghọọ ogige NOx. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ogige NOx dị na mbara igwe nwere ike ime ka acidification nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri na-ebute nsogbu iku ume dị iche iche na ụmụ mmadụ. Fatịlaịza nwekwara ike hapụ N2O nke bụ ikuku griin haus ma nwee ike ikwado mbibi ozone (O3) na stratosphere.Ala ndị na-enweta fatịlaịza nitrogen nwekwara ike imebi. Mmụba nke ihe ọkụkụ dị na nitrogen ga-abawanye mmepụta ụgbụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, n'ikpeazụkwa, ọrụ microbial nke ala ga-abawanye n'ihi nnukwu ntinye nitrogen sitere na fatịlaịza na ogige carbon site na biomass mebiri emebi. N'ihi mmụba nke ire ere n'ime ala, ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ga-agwụcha nke na-eme ka ahụike ala dị ala..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chaoqun|date=2017-03-02|title=Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance|url=https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/9/181/2017/|journal=Earth System Science Data|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=181–192|doi=10.5194/essd-9-181-2017|issn=1866-3508}}</ref> ===== Mbelata ===== [[Usòrò:Changes_in_global_N_budget_in_croplands_with_the_best_adoption_of_the_11_selected_measures.webp|thumb|Mgbanwe na mmefu ego N zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ala a na-akọ ugbo na nkwenye kachasị mma nke usoro 11 ahọpụtara<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8">{{Cite journal|author=Gu|first=Baojing|title=Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands|journal=Nature|date=January 2023|volume=613|issue=7942|pages=77–84|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8|pmid=36600068|language=en|issn=1476-4687}} </ref> ]] Nnyocha chọpụtara "ihe dị mkpa iri na otu" nke nwere ike belata mmetọ na sitere na ubi. Ihe ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na-agụnye iji fatịlaịza na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (EEFs), mmezigharị ala, ntụgharị akwụkwọ nri na itinye n'ọrụ mpaghara mgbochi. Dị ka meta-measure, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-atụ aro "usoro iwu ọhụrụ dị ka usoro ego nitrogen (NCS) nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ iji họrọ, kpalie ma, ebe ọ dị mkpa, kwado nkwado nke usoro ndị a".<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8">{{Cite journal|author=Gu|first=Baojing|title=Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands|journal=Nature|date=January 2023|volume=613|issue=7942|pages=77–84|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8|pmid=36600068|language=en|issn=1476-4687}} </ref> Otu ihe ọzọ ọzọ maka fatịlaịza nitrogen bụ Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEF). E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị EEFs mana ha na-adaba n'ime ụdị abụọ, ngwa ngwa na-ewepụta fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ nitrification inhibitor fatịlaịtị. A na-ekpuchi fatịlaịza na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa na polymer nke na-egbu oge ma na-eme ka ntọhapụ nke Nitrogen dị n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo. Ndị na-egbochi nitrification bụ fatịlaịza ndị a na-ekpuchi na sulfur compound nke na-egbu egbu, nke a na-enyere aka belata ntọhapụ nke Nitrogen. EEFs na-enye obere na nke na-aga n'ihu nke nitrogen n'ime ala ma nwee ike belata nitrogen leaching na volatilization nke NOx compounds, agbanyeghị akwụkwọ sayensị na-egosi ma ịdị irè na enweghị ike iji belata mmetọ nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akiyama|first=Hiroko|title=Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: meta-analysis|journal=Global Change Biology|date=2010|volume=16|issue=6|pages=1837–1846|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02031.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=T.|title=Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizer: Potential Impacts on Crop Yield and Groundwater in Tall Fescue Fields of the Southern Willamette Groundwater Management Area, Oregon, USA|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347986&Lab=CPHEA&subject=Water%20Research&showCriteria=0&searchAll=water%20and%20(drinking%20water%20or%20small%20systems)&sortBy=revisionDate|work=EPA.gov|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> ==== Phosphorus ==== Ụdị fatịlaịza phosphorus a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo bụ phosphate (PO43-), a na-etinyekwa ya na ngwakọta ndị na-etinye PO43- ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ihe ndị dị ka nsị na compost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extension.umn.edu/phosphorus-and-potassium/understanding-phosphorus-fertilizers|title=Understanding phosphorus fertilizers|work=extension.umn.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-09}}</ref> Phosphorus bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa na ihe niile dị ndụ n'ihi ọrụ ọ na-arụ na mkpụrụ ndụ na ọrụ metabolic dị ka mmepụta nucleic acid na nnyefe ike metabolic. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ ugbo, chọrọ naanị obere phosphorus n'ihi na ha agbanweela na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere obere ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart|first=Murray|date=2004-11-01|title=Phosphorus Runoff from Agricultural Land and Direct Fertilizer Effects|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51369130|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1954–72|doi=10.2134/jeq2004.1954|pmid=15537918}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ala nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị phosphorus ka ọ bụrụ ụdị osisi dị ka phosphate. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza inorganic eme ihe na-agafe nzọụkwụ a n'ihi na a na-etinye ya dị ka phosphate ma ọ bụ ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ dịnụ. A na-etinye phosphorus ọ bụla nke osisi na-adịghị ewere na ala nke na-enyere ya aka ịnọgide n'ebe. N'ihi nke a, ọ na-abanye na mmiri dị n'elu mgbe ala nke ọ na-ejikọta na ya na-agbaze n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-abanye na mmiri dị n'elu dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-etinye dị ka fatịlaịza, mana n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọbụna obere ego nwere ike imebi okirikiri phosphorus biogeochemical nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment|title=Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment (Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program)|work=Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program (Penn State Extension)|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-09|archivedate=2019-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607070822/https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-agriculture-and-the-environment/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na nitrogen na-arụ ọrụ na algae na-emerụ ahụ na cyanobacteria na-eme ka eutrophication, a na-ewere phosphorus karịrị akarị dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na phosphorum na-abụkarị ihe na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị na mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-phosphorus|title=Indicators: Phosphorus|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2013-11-27|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-19}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mbelata ikuku oxygen na mmiri dị n'elu, okooko osisi algae na cyanobacteria nwere ike ịmepụta cyanotoxins nke na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na anụmanụ yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-dead-zones-and-harmful-algal-blooms|title=The Effects: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2013-03-12|work=US EPA|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cadmium na fatịlaịza nwere phosphorus dịgasị iche iche ma nwee ike ịbụ nsogbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fatịlaịza mono-ammonium phosphate nwere ike ịnwe cadmium dị ala dị ka 0.14 mg / kg ma ọ bụ dị elu dị ka 50.9 mg / kg. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nkume phosphate eji emepụta ha nwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru 188 mg / kg cadmium (ihe atụ bụ nkwụnye ego na Nauru na agwaetiti Krismas). Iji fatịlaịza cadmium dị elu eme ihe na-aga n'ihu nwere ike imerụ ala na osisi. European Commission atụlewo oke nke cadmium nke fatịlaịza phosphate. Ndị na-emepụta fatịlaịza nwere phosphorus ugbu a na-ahọrọ nkume phosphate dabere na ọdịnaya cadmium.<ref name="Microchemical Journal 2012 pp. 17–21">{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Cd contents in several phosphate rocks used for the production of fertilizer|journal=Microchemical Journal|volume=104|date=2012-09-01|issn=0026-265X|doi=10.1016/j.microc.2012.03.020|pages=17–21|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X12000665|accessdate=2022-01-23|author=Mar|first=Swe Swe}}</ref> Nkume phosphate nwere ọkwa dị elu nke fluoride. N'ihi ya, ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe na fatịlaịza phosphate emeela ka mmiri dị n'ala dịkwuo ukwuu. Achọpụtala na mmetọ nri sitere na fatịlaịza adịghị echegbu onwe ya ka osisi na-enweta obere fluoride site n'ala; nchegbu ka ukwuu bụ ohere nke nsị fluoride na anụ ụlọ na-eri ala emetọ. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ nchegbu bụ mmetụta nke fluoride na microorganisms nke ala.<ref name="Water Research 2009 pp. 3177–3186">{{Cite journal|title=Toxicity of fluoride to microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment systems|journal=Water Research|volume=43|issue=13|date=2009-07-01|issn=0043-1354|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032|pages=3177–3186|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409002802|accessdate=2022-01-23|author=Ochoa-Herrera|first=Valeria|pmid=19457531}}</ref> ===Ihe ndị na-emepụta radiation=== Ihe radiation nke fatịlaịza dịgasị iche iche ma dabere ma na oke ha na nne na nna mineral na usoro mmepụta fatịlaịtị. Uranium-238 nwere ike ịdị site na 7 ruo 100 pCi / g na nkume phosphate na site na 1 ruo 67 pCi /g na fatịlaịza phosphate. Ebe a na-eji ọnụego dị elu kwa afọ nke fatịlaịza phosphorus, nke a nwere ike ịkpata uranium-238 n'ime ala na mmiri mmiri mmiri nke dị ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ka ọ dị. Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke mmụba ndị a na ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na mmetọ radionuclide nke nri dị obere ( na-erughị 0.05 mSv / y). ==== Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị sitere n'okike ==== Nri na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-eri n'ụdị nri. Omume nke iweghachi ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ n'ala ugbo na-enye ohere iji megharịa ihe oriri ala. Ihe ịma aka bụ na nsị na biosolids nwere ọ bụghị naanị ihe na-edozi ahụ dịka carbon, nitrogen, na phosphorus, kamakwa ha nwere ike ịnwe mmetọ, gụnyere ọgwụ na ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye (PPCPs). E nwere ọtụtụ PPCPs nke ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri, nke ọ bụla nwere kemịkal pụrụ iche na gburugburu ala na mmiri. N'ihi nke a, ọ bụghị ha niile ka a nyochara maka mmetụta ha na ala, mmiri, na ikuku. Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enyochawo nsị nsị site na ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri na US iji nyochaa ọkwa nke PPCPs dị iche iche dị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/sewage-sludge-surveys|title=Sewage Sludge Surveys|publisher=EPA|work=Biosolids|date=2016-08-17}}</ref> === Igwe === Ihe ndị dị mkpa na-etinye ọla dị arọ (dịka ọkpụkpụ, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo bụ fatịlaịza, ihe mkpofu dị ka nsị, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Nri na-adịghị n'ahụ na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị mkpa maka ọla dị arọ ịbanye n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Srivastava|first=Vaibhav|date=2017|title=Agroecological Responses of Heavy Metal Pollution with Special Emphasis on Soil Health and Plant Performances|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=en|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2017.00064|issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Usoro ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ, dị ka ịgba mmiri, nwere ike iduga n'ịchịkọta selenium (Se) nke na-eme n'ụzọ okike n'ime ala, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọdọ mmiri na-agbadata mmiri nwere [[selenium]] nke na-egbu anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ, na ụmụ mmadụ. A maara usoro a dị ka "Kesterson Effect," nke a na-akpọ aha ya site na Kesterson Reservoir na San Joaquin Valley ([[California]], USA), nke a kpọsara na ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Presser|first=Theresa S.|date=1994-05-01|title=The Kesterson effect|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=437–454|doi=10.1007/BF02393872|issn=1432-1009|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232546}}</ref> Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike iburu ọla dị arọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha rie osisi ndị metụtara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alves|first=Leticia|date=2016-07-18|title=Heavy metals in agricultural soils: From plants to our daily life|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305627542|journal=Científica|volume=44|issue=3|pages=346|doi=10.15361/1984-5529.2016v44n3p346-361}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọla dị mkpa maka uto osisi, agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike osisi. Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ ígwè, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime fatịlaịza n'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke zinc (nke dị mkpa maka uto osisi), nwekwara ike ịgụnye ọla ndị na-egbu egbu: ọt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, na nickel. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu kachasị na ụdị fatịlaịza a bụ mercury, ọta, na arsenic. Enwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị a nwere ike imerụ ahụ n'oge mmepụta fatịlaịza; Otú ọ dị, nke a na-eme ka ọnụahịa fatịlaịtị dịkwuo elu. A na-enweta fatịlaịza dị ọcha n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma eleghị anya a maara nke ọma dị ka fatịlaịtị na-agbaze mmiri nke nwere ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza dị ka ndị a eme ihe n'ụlọ, dị ka Miracle-Gro. A na-eji fatịlaịza ndị a na-agbaze mmiri nke ukwuu na azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ osisi ma dị na ngwugwu buru ibu na ọnụ ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọsa. Enwekwara ụfọdụ fatịlaịza dị ọnụ ala nke a na-eme na ndị dị ọcha, na-egbochi mmepụta. === Nchịkwa ala === ==== Mgbari nke ala na sedimentation ==== [[Usòrò:Soil_erosion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1135515.jpg|alt=Soil erosion|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbari ala: ala asawo site n'ọhịa a kụrụ akụ site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá a wee banye n'ime mmiri gafere.]] Ọrụ ugbo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mbuze ala na ikpo ala site na njikwa siri ike ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ala na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmebi ala ugbo na-eduga na mbelata a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na ọmụmụ ihe na ihe dị ka nde hekta 6 nke ala na-eme nri kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dudal|first=R.|year=1981|chapter=An evaluation of conservation needs|pages=3–12|title=Soil Conservation, Problems and Prospects|editor=Morgan|location=Chichester, U.K.|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke sediments (ya bụ sedimentation) na mmiri na-asọ asọ na-emetụta ogo mmiri n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Sedimentation nwere ike belata ikike njem nke ọwara, iyi, osimiri, na ọwa ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ pụkwara igbochi oke ìhè na-abanye na mmiri, nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Nsogbu a na-enweta site na sedimentation nwere ike igbochi omume iri nri nke azụ, na-emetụta ọnụọgụ mmadụ. Sedimentation na-emetụtakwa njem na nchịkọta nke mmetọ, gụnyere phosphorus na ọgwụ ahụhụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Abrantes Pereira Gonçalves pp. 77–88">{{Cite journal|author=Abrantes|first=Nelson|title=Occurrence of Pesticides in Water, Sediments, and Fish Tissues in a Lake Surrounded by Agricultural Lands: Concerning Risks to Humans and Ecological Receptors|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|volume=212|issue=1–4|date=2010-01-30|issn=0049-6979|doi=10.1007/s11270-010-0323-2|pages=77–88}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa na ikuku nitrous oxide ==== Usoro biogeochemical nke ala sitere n'okike na-eme ka ikuku dị iche iche na-ekpo ọkụ, gụnyere nitrous oxide. Omume nchịkwa ọrụ ugbo nwere ike imetụta ọkwa ikuku. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosila na ọkwa ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ikuku nitrous oxide.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x|title=Nitrous Oxide Emission in Three Years as Affected by Tillage, Corn-Soybean-Alfalfa Rotations, and Nitrogen Fertilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environmental-quality_may-june-1998_27_3/page/698|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=27|issue=3|pages=698–703|year=1998|author=MacKenzie|first=A. F}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma iji belata === Site n'echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, fatịlaịza, mmepụta nke ukwuu na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo akpatala, ma na-akpata mbibi dị ukwuu n'ụwa niile na gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike ala,<ref name="10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.003"/><ref name="10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=M. Tahat |first1=Monther |last2=M. Alananbeh |first2=Kholoud |last3=A. Othman |first3=Yahia |last4=I. Leskovar |first4=Daniel |title=Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture |journal=Sustainability |date=January 2020 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=4859 |doi=10.3390/su12124859 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> ụdị dịgasị iche iche, mmiri ala na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. na mgbe ụfọdụ ahụike ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọmụmụ.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Water pollution by agriculture|journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci|volume=363|issue=1491|date=12 February 2008|doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176|pmid=17666391|pmc=2610176|pages=659–66|author=Brian Moss}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-3/6.asp|title=Social, Cultural, Institutional and Economic Aspects of Eutrophication|publisher=[[UNEP]]|access-date=14 October 2018|accessdate=12 May 2023|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730060358/http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-3/6.asp}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards|journal=Interdiscip Toxicol.|volume=2|issue=1|date=March 2009|doi=10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7|pmid=21217838|pmc=2984095|pages=1–12|author=Aktar |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/news/pesticides-spark-broad-biodiversity-loss-1.13214|title=Pesticides spark broad biodiversity loss|journal=Nature|date=17 June 2013|author=Sharon Oosthoek|doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13214|s2cid=130350392|access-date=14 October 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Seufert">{{cite journal | last1=Seufert | first1=Verena | last2=Ramankutty | first2=Navin | title=Many shades of gray — The context-dependent performance of organic agriculture | journal=Science Advances | volume=3 | issue=3 | year=2017 | issn=2375-2548 | pmid=28345054 | pmc=5362009 | doi=10.1126/sciadv.1602638 | page=e1602638| bibcode=2017SciA....3E2638S }}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo na-egbu egbu na-ebelata ụfọdụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo nke oge ochie, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbelata nwere ike isi ike ịkọwapụta ma dị iche dabere na ụzọ ọrụ ugbo. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ibelata mkpofu nri na mgbanwe nri nwere ike inye uru ka ukwuu.ref name=Seufert/> Nnyocha e mere na 2020 na Mahadum nka na ụzụ nke Munich chọpụtara na ikuku griin haus nke nri sitere n'osisi a na-akọ dị ala karịa nri sitere n'osisi a na-akọ. Ọnụ ego gas griin haus na-eri anụ ndị a na-emepụta bụ otu ihe na anụ anaghị emepụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organic meats found to have approximately the same greenhouse impact as regular meats|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-meats-approximately-greenhouse-impact-regular.html|access-date=31 December 2020|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, otu akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ngbanwe site na usoro omenala gaa n'usoro ihe omume nwere ike ịba uru maka ịrụ ọrụ ogologo oge na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma eleghị anya na-emewanye ala ka oge na-aga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pieper|first1=Maximilian|last2=Michalke|first2=Amelie|last3=Gaugler|first3=Tobias|date=15 December 2020|title=Calculation of external climate costs for food highlights inadequate pricing of animal products|url= |journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=6117|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6|pmid=33323933|pmc=7738510|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.6117P|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ == === Ikuku Green sitere na nsị === Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) buru amụma na 18% nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ na-abịa ahụike pụtaghị ìhè site na anụ ụlọ ụwa. Akụkọ a tụkwara aro na ikuku sitere na anụ ụlọ karịrị nke nie na anụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a n'ịmepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ekwu na atụmatụ ahụ bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. Ọ bụ ezie na FAO jiri nyocha nke ndụ nke ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ (ya bụ, akụkụ niile gụnyere ikuku sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto maka nri, njem gaa na igbu anụ, wdg), ha etinyeghị otu nyocha ahụ maka ngalaba njem.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(09)03001-6|chapter=Clearing the Air: Livestock's Contribution to Climate Change|pages=1–40|title=Advances in Agronomy|year=2009|author=Pitesky|first=Maurice E|isbn=978-0-12-374819-5}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na atụmatụ FAO dị ala nke ukwuu, na-ekwu ete ụlọ ọrụ anụ ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike ibute ihe ruru 51% nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku karịa 18%.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Environmental Effects of the Livestock Industry: The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Students in Israel|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|date=April 16, 2019|volume=16|issue=8|author=Dopelt|first=Keren|doi=10.3390/ijerph16081359|pmid=31014019}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị na atụmatụ sitere na ojiji FAO na-eji data ochie. N'agbanyeghi, ọ bụrụ na akụkọ FAO nke 18% ziri ezi, nke ahụ ka na-eme ka anụ ụlọ bụrụ nke abụọ kachasị emetọ gas. Ihe nlereanya PNAS gosipụtara na ọbụlagodi na ewepụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ kpamkpam na ọrụ ugbo na nri US, ikuku GHG nke US ga-ebelata naanị 2.6% (ma ọ bụ 28% nke ikuku GHHG nke ọrụ ugbo). Nke a bụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị iji fatịlaịza dochie nsị anụmanụ na iji dochie ihe ndị ọzọ anụmanụ na-emepụta, yana n'ihi na anụ ụlọ na-eji nri ndị mmadụ na-apụghị ịgụta na ihe ndị na-emepụta eriri. Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ ga-ata ahụhụ site na ụkọ dị ukwuu na ihe oriri ndị dị mkpa ọ bụ ezie na ha ga-enweta ike karịrị akarị, nke nwere ike iduga oke ibu.<ref name="pnas">{{Cite journal|title=Nutritional and greenhouse gas impacts of removing animals from US agriculture|date=Nov 13, 2017|volume=114|issue=48|pages=E10301–E10308|doi=10.1073/pnas.1707322114|pmid=29133422|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|author=White|first=Robin R.}}</ref> === Ọgwụ na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ === Biopesticides bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ sitere na ihe okike (anụmanụ, osisi, microorganisms, mineral ụfọdụ). Dị ka ihe ọzọ na ọgwụ ahụhụ ọdịnala, ọgwụ biopesticides nwere ike belata mmetọ ọrụ ugbo n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ha dị nchebe iji chịkwaa, na-emetụtakarị anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ ma ọ bụ anụ ndị nwere azụ, ma nwee obere oge fọdụrụ.<ref name="Pedigoand" /> Nchegbu ụfọdụ dị na biopesticides nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị na-enweghị isi, Otú ọ dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10123-003-0144-x|pmid=12955583|title=Development, registration and commercialization of microbial pesticides for plant protection|journal=International Microbiology|volume=6|issue=4|pages=245–52|year=2003|author=Montesinos|first=Emilio|url=http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/IM/article/view/9432}}</ref> Na United States, ndị na-egbu egbu na-achịkwa site na EPA. N'ihi na ọgwụ biopesticides adịghị emerụ ahụ ma nwee mmetụta dị nta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anaghị achọ ọtụtụ data iji debanye aha ha. A na-ekwe ka ọtụtụ biopesticides n'okpuru National Organic Program, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States, ụkpụrụ maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. === Ụdị ndị e webatara === ==== Ụdị ndị na-awakpo ==== [[Usòrò:Yellow_star_thistle.jpg|alt=Yellow Star Thistle.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Centaurea solstitialis'', ahịhịa na-awakpo nke ukwuu, nwere ike ịbụ na e webatara ya na North America na mkpụrụ nri na-emetọ emetọ. Omume ọrụ ugbo dị ka ịkọ ugbo na ịkpa anụ ụlọ nyere aka na mgbasa ngwa ngwa. Ọ na-egbu egbu na ịnyịnya, na-egbochi osisi ala ka ha ghara itolite (na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche na-emebi usoro okike), ọ bụkwa ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ maka mbata nke ụmụ anụmanụ.]] Mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile emeela ka ebugharị nje, ahịhịa, na ọrịa na mberede gaa n'ebe ọhụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ha guzobe, ha na-aghọ ụdị na-awakpo nke nwere ike imetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ala ma na-eyi mmepụta ugbo egwu.<ref name="Mooney">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.091093398|pmid=11344292|title=The evolutionary impact of invasive species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-05-08_98_10/page/5446|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=10|pages=5446–51|year=2001|author=Mooney|first=H. A}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, njem nke aṅụ a zụlitere na Europe ma zigara ya na United States na / ma ọ bụ [[Kánada|Canada]] maka iji ya dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka azụmahịa emeela ka ewebata nje Old World na New World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/135295/0|title=Bombus franklini (Franklin's Bumble Bee)|publisher=Iucnredlist.org|date=2008-01-01|accessdate=2013-07-24}}</ref> Nkwupụta a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na mbelata aṅụ na-adịbeghị anya na North America. Ụdị ndị a na-ewebata n'ọrụ ugbo nwekwara ike ịgwakọta na ụdị ala nke na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche<ref name="Mooney" /> nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma na-eyi mmepụta ugbo egwu.<ref name="Gullan" /> Mgbagwoju anya nke ebe obibi (ecology) metụtara ọrụ ugbo n'onwe ha nwekwara ike ime ka ọ dịrị ndị a webatara mfe. Ngwá ọrụ na-emetọ emetọ, anụ ụlọ na nri, na ihe ọkụkụ na-emetọrọ emetọ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ahịhịa nwekwara ike ibute mgbasa nke ahịhịhịa. Quarantines (lee biosecurity ) bụ otu ụzọ nke a ga-achịkwa mgbochi nke mgbasa nke ụdị ndị na-awakpo na ọkwa iwu. Quarantine bụ ngwá ọrụ iwu nke na-egbochi ngagharị nke ihe na-arịa ọrịa site na mpaghara ebe ụdị na-awakpo dị na mpaghara ebe ọ na-adịghị. Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa nwere iwu mba ụwa gbasara iche iche nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa n'okpuru nkwekọrịta maka itinye n'ọrụ usoro ahụike na ọgwụ. Mba ọ bụla na-enwekarị iwu nke ha. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo / Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Ọrụ Nnyocha Ahụike nke United States (USDA / APHIS) na-ahụ maka iche iche n'ime ụlọ (n'ime United States) na mba ọzọ (ihe si n'èzí United States). Ndị na-enyocha ndị a na-eme ka ndị na-ahụ maka iche iche na ókèala steeti na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. ==== Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==== Iji ihe ndị na-egbochi nje na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma ọ bụ iji ndị na-eri anụ, parasitoids, parasites, na pathogens chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ nke ugbo, nwere ike ibelata mmetọ ugbo nke jikọtara ya na usoro nchịkwa ahụhụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka iji pesticide. Otú ọ dị, a kparịtara ụka banyere uru iwebata ndị na-abụghị ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ozugbo ewepụtara ya, iwebata onye na-ahụ maka biocontrol nwere ike ọ gaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Okwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbasa site na ebe obibi ọrụ ugbo gaa na gburugburu eke, na mgbanwe ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ imeghari iji were ụdị ụmụ amaala. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ịkọ ihe ga-esi na mmekọrịta dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mgbagwoju anya na mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime tupu ahapụ ya nwere ike isi ike. Otu ihe atụ nke usoro ihe nchịkwa bio nke butere mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi mere na North America, bụ ebe e webatara parasitoid nke urukurubụba iji chịkwaa nla gypsy na nla browntail. Parasitoid a nwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-elekọta urukurubụba, ma yikarịrị ka ọ kpatara mbelata na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị nla silk..<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.060402.102800|pmid=12208812|title=Nontarget effects—the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=48|pages=365–96|year=2003|author=Louda|first=S.M|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=biosciecology}}</ref> Nnyocha mba ụwa maka ndị nwere ike ịchịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enyere aka site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka European Biological Control Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture / Agricultural Research Service (USDA / ARS), Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, na International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Plants and Animals. Iji gbochie mmetọ ọrụ ugbo, a chọrọ iche iche na nyocha sara mbara banyere ịdị irè nke ihe ahụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi tupu ewebata ya. Ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro ya, a na-eme mgbalị iji chekwaa ma gbasaa onye na-achịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na ntọala ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ekwesị. A na-eme nyocha na-aga n'ihu na ịdị irè ha. === Ihe dị ndụ emeghariri emeghari (Genetically modified organisms (GMO)) === [[Usòrò:Bt_plants.png|alt=Top: Lesser cornstalk borer larvae extensively damaged the leaves of this unprotected peanut plant. (Image Number K8664-2)-Photo by Herb Pilcher. Bottom: After only a few bites of peanut leaves of this genetically engineered plant (containing the genes of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria), this lesser cornstalk borer larva crawled off the leaf and died. (Image Number K8664-1)-Photo by Herb Pilcher.|áká_èkpè|thumb|(N'elu) Non transgenic peanut leaves na-egosi nnukwu mmebi site na European corn borer larvae. (N'okpuru) A na-echebe akwụkwọ ahụekere nke a gbanwere iji mepụta nsí Bt pụọ na mmebi ahịhịa.]] ==== Mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Otú ọ dị, ihe ọkụkụ GMO nwere ike ịkpata mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụdị osisi ala site na ngwakọta. Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahịhịa nke osisi ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala. Na mgbakwunye, osisi transgenic n'onwe ya nwere ike ịghọ ahịhịa ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ahụ eme ka ahụike ya dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Enwekwara nchegbu na ihe ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-elekwasị anya, dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka na ndị iro okike, nwere ike ịnwe nsí site na iri ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta Bt na mberede. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke na-anwale mmetụta nke ntụ ọka ọka Bt na-eme ka ahịhịa ndị dị nso na-eme nri nke urukurubụba eze chọpụtara na egwu a na-eyi ndị eze ahụ dị ala. Ojiji nke ihe ọkụkụ GMO nke e mepụtara maka iguzogide herbicide nwekwara ike ịbawanye oke mmetọ ugbo metụtara iji herbicide eme ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke ojiji nke herbicide na ubi ọka na-eguzogide herbicide n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ United States na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri ara ehi dị maka ụmụ ahụhụ monarch butterfly. Nchịkwa nke ntọhapụ nke ihe ndị a gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịgasị iche dabere na ụdị ndị dị ndụ na mba metụtara. ==== GMO dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke ibelata mmetọ ==== Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike inwe nchegbu banyere ojiji nke ngwaahịa GM, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ngwọta maka ụfọdụ nsogbu mmetọ ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ dị ugbu a. Otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata mmetọ, ọkachasị vitamin na mineral drift n'ime ala, na-abịa site na enweghị arụmọrụ na-agbari nri n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Site n'imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke mgbari nri, ọ ga-ekwe omume ibelata ọnụahịa nke mmepụta anụmanụ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu ihe atụ na-aga nke ọma nke teknụzụ a na ngwa ya nwere ike itinye ya bụ Enviropig. Enviropig bụ ezì Yorkshire gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-egosipụta phytase na asọ ya. Mkpụrụ, dị ka ọka na ọka wit, nwere phosphorus nke a na-ejikọta n'ụdị a na-adịghị agbari nke a maara dị ka phytic acid. A na-agbakwunye Phosphorus, ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka ezì, na nri ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na enweghi ike ịkpụbi ya n'ụzọ nri ezì. N'ihi ya, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ phosphorus niile a na-ahụ n'ime ọka na-efu n'ime nsị, ma nwee ike inye aka na ọkwa dị elu n'ime ala. Phytase bụ enzyme nke nwere ike imebi phytic acid na-adịghị agbari agbari, na-eme ka ezì nwee ya. Ikike nke Enviropig ịgbari phosphorus site na ọka na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu nke phosphorum ahụ (mbelata pasent ịrị abụọ wee ruo pasent ịrị isii), ma na-ewepu mkpa ọ dị ịgbakwunye ihe na-edozi ahụ na nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/90788|pmid=11479566|year=2001|author=Golovan|first=Serguei P|title=Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2001-08_19_8/page/741|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=19|issue=8|pages=741–5}}</ref> === Nlekọta anụmanụ === ==== Nchịkwa nsị ==== Otu n'ime isi ihe na-enye aka na ikuku, ala na mmetọ mmiri bụ nsị anụmanụ. Dị ka akụkọ USDA nke afọ 2005 si kwuo, a na-emepụta ihe karịrị tọn 335 nke ihe mkpofu "ihe kpọrọ nkụ" (ihe mkpofu mgbe ewepụrụ mmiri) kwa afọ n'ugbo dị na United States.<ref>USDA Agricultural Research Service. "FY-2005 Annual Report Manure and Byproduct Utilization", 31 May 2006</ref> Ọrụ inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri na-emepụta ihe dị ka okpukpu 100 karịa nsị karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị mmadụ a na-edozi na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nsị nke US kwa afọ. Mmetọ sitere na fatịlaịza ugbo siri ike ịchọta, nyochaa ma chịkwaa. A na-achọta oke nitrate na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma nwee ike iru 50 mg / lita (ókè EU Directive). N'ọwara na osimiri, [[Nri mmetọ|mmetọ]] nri sitere na fatịlaịza na-akpata eutrophication. Nke a ka njọ n'oge oyi, mgbe ịsụ ugbo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ wepụtara ọtụtụ nitrates; mmiri ozuzo n'oge ọkọchị na-adị arọ na-abawanye na mmiri na-agbapụta, ma enwere obere ihe ọkụkụ. EPA na-atụ aro na otu ugbo mmiri ara ehi nwere ehi 2,500 na-emepụta ihe mkpofu dị ka obodo nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 411,000. US National Research Council achọpụtala ísì dị ka nsogbu kachasị mkpa nke anụmanụ na mpaghara mpaghara. Usoro anụmanụ dị iche iche anabatala ọtụtụ usoro nchịkwa ihe mkpofu iji dozie nnukwu ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta kwa afọ. Uru nke ọgwụgwọ nsị bụ mbelata nke nsị nke chọrọ ibugharị ma tinye ya na ihe ọkụkụ, yana mbelata mkpakọ ala. A na-ebelata ihe oriri, nke pụtara na a chọrọ obere ala a na-akọ ihe ubi maka ịba nsị. Ọgwụ nsị nwekwara ike belata ihe ize ndụ nke ahụike mmadụ na ihe ize ndụ nchekwa site n'ibelata ọnụọgụ nke pathogens dị na nsị. Nri anụmanụ na-enweghị ntụpọ ma ọ bụ slurry bụ otu narị okpukpu karịa nsị ụlọ, ma nwee ike iburu nje eriri afọ, ''Cryptosporidium'', nke siri ike ịchọpụta mana enwere ike ịnyefe ụmụ mmadụ. Mmanya Silage (site na ahịhịa mmiri na-agba ụka) siri ike karịa slurry, na pH dị ala na oke mkpa oxygen. Site na pH dị ala, mmanya silage nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emebi ihe nke ukwuu; ọ nwere ike ịwakpo ihe ndị aka mere, na-eme ka ihe nchekwa mebie, ma na-eduga na nsị mberede. Enwere ike imeziwanye uru ndị a niile site na iji usoro nchịkwa nsị ziri ezi na ugbo ziri ezi dabere na onwunwe ndị dịnụ. ==== Ọgwụ nsị ==== ===== Ime kọmpost ===== Ime kọmpost bụ usoro nchịkwa nsị siri ike nke na-adabere na nsị siri eme site na pensụl ngwugwu, ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike site na ihe na-ekewa nsị mmiri. E nwere ụzọ abụọ e si eme composting, na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. A na-agbanye nsị site n'oge ruo n'oge n'oge na-arụ ọrụ composting, ebe ọ bụ na composting na-agaghị agafe agafe ọ bụghị. Achọpụtala na composting na-agafe agafe nwere obere ikuku gas na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihi ire ure na-ezughị ezu na ọnụego mgbasa gas dị ala. [citation needed] ===== Nkewa nke ihe siri ike na mmiri ===== Enwere ike ike ikewapụta nsị n'ime akụkụ siri ike na mmiri maka njikwa dị mfe. Enwere ike iji mmiri (4-8% ihe kpọrọ nkụ) mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe na usoro mgbapụta maka ịgbasa n'elu ihe ọkụkụ na akụkụ siri ike (15-30% ihe kpọrọ akọrọ) nwere ike iji dị ka ihe ndina, gbasaa na ọkụkụ, composted ma ọ bụ mbupụ. ===== Mgbari nri na ọdọ mmiri ===== [[Usòrò:Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri anaerobic n'ebe a na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi]] Anaerobic digestion bụ ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu anụmanụ na-eji nje bacteria eme ihe n'ógbè na-enweghị ikuku, nke na-akwalite ire ure nke ihe siri ike. A na-eji mmiri ọkụ eme ihe iji mee ka ihe mkpofu dị ọkụ iji mụbaa ọnụego mmepụta gas.<ref name="manuremanagement.cornell" /> Mmiri fọdụrụnụ bara ọgaranya ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ọhịa dị ka fatịlaịza na gas methane nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ ozugbo na stove biogas ma ọ bụ na generator engine iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.068|title=Current approach to manure management for small-scale Southeast Asian farmers - Using Vietnamese biogas and non-biogas farms as an example|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=115|pages=362–70|year=2018|author=Roubík|first=Hynek}}</ref> Methane dị ihe dị ka okpukpu iri abụọ karịa gas na-ekpo ọkụ karịa carbon dioxide, nke nwere mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na anaghị achịkwa ya nke ọma. Anaerobic ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu bụ usoro kachasị mma maka ịchịkwa ísì metụtara njikwa nsị.<ref name="manuremanagement.cornell" /> Ọdọ mmiri ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ejikwa mgbari anaerobic iji mebie ihe siri ike, mana n'ụzọ dị nwayọ. A na-edebe ọdọ mmiri na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa tankị mgbari ọkụ. Lagoons chọrọ nnukwu ala na oke mmiri iji rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, yabụ ha anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ihu igwe n'ebe ugwu United States. Lagoons na-enyekwa uru nke mbelata ísì na biogas na-eme ka ọ dị maka okpomọkụ na ike eletrik. Nnyocha egosila na a na-ebelata ikuku GHG site na iji usoro mgbari nri aerobic. Mbelata na ego GHG nwere ike inye aka kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọnụahịa nrụnye dị elu nke teknụzụ aerobic dị ọcha ma mee ka ndị na-emepụta ihe nabata teknụzụ dị elu na gburugburu ebe obibi iji dochie ọdọ mmiri anaerobic dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.034|pmid=18060761|title=Greenhouse gas emission reduction and environmental quality improvement from implementation of aerobic waste treatment systems in swine farms|journal=Waste Management|volume=28|issue=4|pages=759–66|year=2008|author=Vanotti|first=M.B}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmetọ ikuku]] [[Òtù:Mmetọ mmiri]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fe4zj4c6pw7pkv0acvn52xng5nj74vp 0 26375 697685 477539 2026-08-10T05:39:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amuma gburugburu ebe obibi na China''' bụ nke National People's Congress setịpụrụ ma bụrụ nke Ministry of Environmental Protection of the [[China|People's Republic of China]] na-achịkwa. N'okpuru Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Ngalaba Iwu, Iwu, na Iwu na-ahụ maka iguzobe na iwusi iwu na iwu ndị bụ isi dị ka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, iwu nchịkwa na iwu akụ na ụba. Ọ bụkwa ọrụ maka mmepe nke iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba na atụmatụ macro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zfs.mep.gov.cn/|title=政策法规司|date=May 9, 2017|work=Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|accessdate=May 17, 2023|archivedate=August 3, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803150319/http://zfs.mep.gov.cn/}}</ref> Mgbasawanye akụ na ụba ngwa ngwa nke China jikọtara ya na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ahụ akpatawo ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=World Bank|title=China Country Climate and Development Report|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|accessdate=17 October 2022}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi nrụgide ọha na eze, gọọmentị mba ahụ emeela ọtụtụ ihe iji gbochie mmetọ na China ma melite ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ahụ.<ref name="grows">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10221268|title=Air Pollution Grows in Tandem with China's Economy|work=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|accessdate=2013-09-08}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a katọrọ nzaghachi gọọmentị dị ka ezughi oke.<ref name="weighs">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324879504578597462908226052 ''China Weighs Environmental Costs; Beijing Tries to Emphasize Cleaner Industry Over Unbridled Growth After Signs Mount of Damage Done''] July 23, 2013</ref> N'ịbụ ndị iwu mba ahụ gbara ume na ha na-ekpe mpaghara ikpe naanị site na mmepe akụ na ụba ha, ndị ọchịchị ime obodo rụrụ arụ na ndị na-achọghị emebiwo mmanye.<ref name="NYT2007">{{Cite news|title=As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html|accessdate=28 July 2013|work=The New York Times|date=26 August 2007|author=Joseph Kahn}}</ref><ref name="VOA"/> Ka o sina dị, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014, gọọmentị gbanwere iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ya iji lụso mmetọ ọgụ.<ref name="VOA" /> Kemgbe afọ 2010, gọọmentị elebara anya na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi site n'omume iwu dịka ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Paris, atụmatụ afọ ise nke 13 na mgbanwe iwu nchedo gburugburu ụlọ nke 2015 Site na 2006 ruo 2017, e belatara ọkwa sulphur dioxide na China site na pasent 70, na mmetọ ikuku belatara site na 2013 ruo 2018 Na 2017, itinye ego na ike ọhụrụ ruru ijeri US $ 279.8 n'ụwa niile, ebe China na-aza ajụjụ maka ijeri US$126.6 ma ọ bụ 45% nke itinye ego zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondaq.com/china/clean-air-pollution/955486/china39s-evolving-environmental-protection-laws|title=China's Evolving Environmental Protection Laws - Environment - China}}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/allisongasparini/2020/09/30/china-has-successfully-improved-air-quality-but-the-efforts-could-unmask-further-global-warming/?sh=779ea7cd34a0|title=China Has Successfully Improved Air Quality, but the Efforts Could Unmask Further Global Warming|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name="forbes.com" /><ref>Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance (2018). ''Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2018''. Available online at: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/unep/documents/global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2018</ref> China aghọwo onye na-etinye ego kachasị n'ụwa, onye na-emepụta ma na-azụ ahịa nke ike na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụwa niile, na-emepụta akụkụ anyanwụ nke ọkaibe, turbines ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri yana ịghọ onye na-emepụta ụgbọala eletrik na bọs kachasị n' ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/china-climate-change-emissions-carbon-clean-energy-13533228|title=Commentary: China will bet big on clean energy to achieve carbon neutrality|accessdate=2023-05-17|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711170116/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/china-climate-change-emissions-carbon-clean-energy-13533228}}</ref> == Ikike iwu == Ministri na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP), nke bụbu State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), bụ ozi ọkwa ọkwa nke gọọmentị China na-ahụ maka mmejuputa atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi, yana mmanye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-03-11/152315124637.shtml|title=华建敏：组建环境保护部加大环境保护力度_新闻中心_新浪网|publisher=News.sina.com.cn|language=zh|date=11 March 2008|accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọrụ ichebe ikuku, mmiri, na ala China pụọ na mmetọ na mmetọ. Kpọmkwem n'okpuru kansụl steeti, iwu na-enye ya ike ma chọọ ya ka o mejuputa atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi na ịmanye iwu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịmezu ọrụ nhazi ya, ọ na-enye ego ma na-ahazi nyocha na mmepe. E nwere ọfịs na ngalaba iri abụọ n'okpuru MEP gụnyere General Office, Ngalaba Atụmatụ na Ego, Ngalaba Iwu na Iwu, Ngalaba Nchịkwa nke Ihe Ndị Mmadụ na Nhazi Ụlọ Ọrụ, Ngalaba Sayensị, Teknụzụ na Ụkpụrụ Ngalaba Nnyocha Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Gburugburu Mpaghara Mmiri, Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa Mmiri, Department of Soil Environmental Management, Ngalaba Okike na Ecology Conservation, Ngalaba Nuclear Facility Safety Regulation, Ngalaba Mgbanwe, Ngalaba Njikọ, Ngalaba Kọmunist Ngalaba Nlekọta Nchịkwa, Ngalaba, Ngalaba Ngalaba Nche, Ngalaba Mba, Ngalaba Mpaghara, Ngalaba Mmiri nke Kọmunist, Ngalaba Nchedozi Mpaghara nke Kọmunity, Ngalaba Ọrụ Kọmunist Kọmunist (CC), Ngalaba Nhazi Nchịkwa Nchịkwa Mpaghara Nchịkwa Na Kọmunist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.sepa.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Internal_Departments/|title=Ministry of Environmental Protection|date=March 24, 2018|work=Departments in MEP|accessdate=May 17, 2023|archivedate=August 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802014108/http://english.sepa.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Internal_Departments/}}</ref> Ọfịs iri abụọ niile dị na ọkwa ''ikpe'' na usoro ọkwa gọọmentị. Ha na-arụ ọrụ nchịkwa n'ebe dị iche iche ma hụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Kemgbe afọ 2006, e nweela ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ise iji nyere aka na nyocha na mmanye mpaghara. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1972, ndị nnọchi anya China gara ọgbakọ United Nations nke mbụ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, e hiwere otu ndị ndu nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Na 1983, gọọmentị China kwupụtara na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abụ amụma steeti. Na 1998, China gara n'ihu n'afọ dị egwu nke oke idei mmiri, gọọmentị China kwalitekwara otu ndị na-edu ndú gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ ọkwa ọkwa ozi, nke mechara bụrụ nchịkwa nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti. Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị China si kwuo, Gọọmentị etiti tinyere ihe karịrị ijeri yuan ịrị anọ n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2001 na nchedo nke ahịhịa, enyemaka ugbo, na ntụgharị nke ugbo gaa n'oké ọhịa. N'agbata afọ 1999 na afọ 2002, China gbanwere nde hekta 7.7 nke ala ugbo ka ọ bụrụ ọhịa.<ref>Li, Zhiyong. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae537e/ae537e0j.htm ”A policy review on watershed protection and poverty alleviation by the Grain for Green Programme in China”]. Retrieved April 2, 2008.</ref> Site na 2001 ruo 2005, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na China natara ihe karịrị nde akwụkwọ ozi abụọ na nleta pụkụ narị anọ na ịrị atọ nke mmadụ pụkụ narị ịse na ịrị itoolu na asaa ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-achọ nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/745-Environmental-protection-in-China-the-role-of-law|title=Environmental protection in China: the role of law|publisher=China Dialogue|author=Alex Wang|date=5 February 2007|accessdate=2013-02-12|archivedate=2012-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123917/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/745-Environmental-protection-in-China-the-role-of-law}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọnụ ọgụgụ ngagharị iwe nke nchegbu banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto site na 2001 ruo 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How participation can help China's ailing environment|url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/733-How-participation-can-help-China-s-ailing-environment|work=ChinaDialogue|publisher=ChinaDialogue|accessdate=28 July 2013|author=Ma Jun|date=31 January 2007|archivedate=21 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221064936/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/733-How-participation-can-help-China-s-ailing-environment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Activists Detained in Hangzhou|url=http://www.hrichina.org/content/1688|work=Human Rights in China|publisher=Human Rights in China|accessdate=28 July 2013|date=25 October 2012|archivedate=26 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526035006/http://www.hrichina.org/content/1688}}</ref> Nlebara anya na-arịwanye elu n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi mere ka gọọmentị China gosipụta nchegbu na-arị elu maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na okwu ya kwa afọ nke afọ 2007 Wen Jiabao, onye isi ala nke People's Republic of China, ruturu aka maka "mgbasa," "mmetọ," na "nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi", ma tinye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. A kagbuola enyemaka maka ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ na-emetọ ikuku, ebe a mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime ala furu efu.<ref name="NYT2007"/> Mgbe adreesị 2007 gasịrị, mmetụta nke nrụrụ aka bụ ihe mgbochi maka mmanye dị irè, n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị obodo leghaara iwu anya ma gbochie ịdị irè nke mkpebi etiti. Na nzaghachi, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CCP Hu Jintao mebere "Green G.D.P." oru ngo, ebe a na-emeziwanye ihe eji eme ulo nke China iji kwughachi ihe ojoo na gburugburu ebe obibi; Otú ọ dị, ihe omume ngwa ngwa furu efu ukara mmetụta n'ihi na-adịghị mma data. Onye na-eme nchọpụta na-eduzi ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ndị isi mpaghara "adịghị amasị ka a kwụ n'ahịrị ma kọọrọ ha otú ha anaghị erute ebumnobi onye ndu ... O siiri ha ike ịnabatanke a".<ref name="NYT2007"/> Gọọmentị nwara ime "No Car Days" nke mba ebe a machibidoro ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ etiti, mana a leghaara omume ahụ anya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China is holding a No Car Day in more than 100 cities as it tries to reduce smog ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics.|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7007893.stm|accessdate=28 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=22 September 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, Ministri nke Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nọchiri anya State Environmental Protection Administration n'oge nnọkọ March National People's Congress na Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-03-11/152315124637.shtml|title=华建敏：组建环境保护部加大环境保护力度_新闻中心_新浪网|publisher=News.sina.com.cn|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref> Mgbalị ụmụ amaala na-eme banyere mkpebi gọọmentị nke a na-ele anya dị ka ihe na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi mụbara na afọ 2010.<ref name="NYT7412">{{Cite news|title=Bolder Protests Against Pollution Win Project's Defeat in China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/world/asia/chinese-officials-cancel-plant-project-amid-protests.html|accessdate=July 5, 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 4, 2012|author=Keith Bradsher}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, e mere ngagharị iwe n'obodo [[Yinggehai]] dị n'ebe ndịda mgbe a mara ọkwa ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na mbụ n'ịkwụsị ọrụ ahụ, nke ruru ijeri 3.9 renminbi (£ 387m). A họọrọ obodo ọzọ maka ebe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị, mana mgbe ndị bi na ebe nke abụọ guzogidere ndị ọchịchị laghachiri Yinggehai. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke ngagharị iwe mere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2012 ma ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-alụ ọgụ, na-eduga na njide 50 na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 mmerụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chinese protesters clash with police over power plant|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/chinese-protesters-power-plant|accessdate=28 July 2013|work=The Guardian|date=22 October 2012}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi pipeline mkpofu maka ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na obodo Qidong, ọtụtụ puku ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ngagharị iwe na July 2012. A mara mmadụ iri na isii n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ikpe ịnọ n'agbata ọnwa iri na abụọ na ọnwa iri na asatọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ; Otú ọ dị, e nyere mmadụ iri na atọ ohere n'ihi na ha kwupụtara ma chegharịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China jails anti-pollution protesters after riot|url=http://www.theage.com.au/environment/china-jails-antipollution-protesters-after-riot-20130207-2e1li.html|accessdate=28 July 2013|work=The Age|date=7 February 2013}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ihe karịrị 50,000 ngagharị iwe gburugburu ebe obibi mere na China n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollution spurs more Chinese protests than any other issue|url=http://grist.org/news/pollution-spurs-more-chinese-protests-than-any-other-issue/|work=Grist.org|publisher=Grist Magazine, Inc|accessdate=28 July 2013|author=John Upton|date=8 March 2013}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi nsogbu mmetọ ikuku na-arịwanye elu, gọọmentị China kwupụtara atụmatụ afọ ise, ijeri dọla narị abụọ na ịrị asaa na asaa iji dozie nsogbu ahụ na 2013. Northern China ga-enweta nlebara anya pụrụ iche, ebe gọọmentị na-ezube belata ikuku ikuku site na pasent ịrị abụọ na ise site na 2017, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China to spend big to clean up its air|url=http://grist.org/news/china-to-spend-big-to-clean-up-its-air/|work=Grist.org|publisher=Grist Magazine, Inc|accessdate=27 July 2013|author=John Upton|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> Na Machị 2014, onye isi ala Li Keqiang "kwupụtara agha" na mmetọ n'oge mmeghe nke National People's Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-03-05|title=China to 'declare war' on pollution, premier says|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-pollution-idUSBREA2405W20140305|accessdate=2022-12-15}}</ref> Mgbe arụmụka sara mbara were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ abụọ, ndị omeiwu kwadoro iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ n'ọnwa Eprel. Iwu ọhụrụ ahụ na-enye ndị ọrụ mmanye gburugburu ebe obibi ikike ntaramahụhụ dị ukwuu, na-akọwa mpaghara ndị chọrọ nchebe ọzọ, ma na-enye òtù ndị nweere onwe ha [[ikike ịrụ ọrụ]] na mba ahụ.<ref name="VOA"/> Akụkụ ọhụrụ nke iwu ahụ na-ekwu maka mmetọ ikuku kpọmkwem, ma na-akpọ maka nlekọta gọọmentị ọzọ.<ref name="largefines"/> Onye omeiwu bụ Xin Chunying kpọrọ iwu ahụ "ihe siri ike [n'ọgụ megide] ihe siri ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba anyị, na usoro dị mkpa".<ref name="VOA" /> A tụgharịrị nsụgharị atọ gara aga nke iwu ahụ. Iwu ahụ bụ mmezigharị mbụ nke iwu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi kemgbe afọ 1989.<ref name="VOA"/> "Ọganihu carbon dị ala" mesiri ike n'oge 19th Party Congress na 2017.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Scott|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1316703008|title=China's next act : how sustainability and technology are reshaping China's rise and the world's future|date=2022|isbn=978-0-19-760401-4|location=New York, NY|pages=87|oclc=1316703008}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, China malitere Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition. N'afọ 2020, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Chinese Communist Party [[Xi Jinping]] kwupụtara na China na-ezube ịbawanye ikuku tupu 2030 ma gaa na carbon-neutral site na 2060 dịka nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Paris si dị.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-08|title=China Solar Stocks Are Surging After Xi's 2060 Carbon Pledge|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-08/china-s-solar-stocks-are-surging-after-xi-s-2060-carbon-pledge|accessdate=2021-01-05}}</ref> Dị ka Climate Action Tracker si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na emezu ya, ọ ga-ebelata ịrị elu a tụrụ anya na okpomọkụ ụwa site na 0.2 - 0.3 degrees - "nnukwu mbelata nke Climate Action tracker mere atụmatụ".<ref>{{Cite web|title=China going carbon neutral before 2060 would lower warming projections by around 0.2 to 0.3 degrees C|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/press/china-carbon-neutral-before-2060-would-lower-warming-projections-by-around-2-to-3-tenths-of-a-degree/|work=Climate Action Tracker|accessdate=27 September 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị China wepụrụ iwu na-ekpo ọkụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke Osimiri Yangtze. Iwu ọhụrụ a gụnyere iwusi iwu nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ike maka ọrụ ike mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, machibido ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ n'ime otu kilomita site na osimiri ahụ, ịkwaga ụlọ ọrụ mmetọ ebe obibi, igbochi oke ngwupụta ájá yana mmachibido iwu ịkụ azụ zuru oke n'akụkụ mmiri niile nke osimiri ahụ, gụnyere. niile isi iyi na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-environment-yangtze-idUSKBN29407F|title=China seeks better protection of Yangtze river with landmark law|work=Reuters|date=30 December 2020}}</ref> == Nkwado Iwu maka Ụgbọala Eletroniki == Mmepụta ụgbọ ala eletrọniki abụwo nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma maka China.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Scott|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1316703008|title=China's next act : how sustainability and technology are reshaping China's rise and the world's future|date=2022|isbn=978-0-19-760401-4|location=New York, NY|pages=87|oclc=1316703008}}</ref> Site na 2010 ruo 2012, gọọmentị kwadoro 40-60% nke ego a na-eme iji zụta ụgbọala eletrik.<ref name=":5" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọtụtụ gọọmentị ime obodo nyere nkwado iwu, gụnyere nkwụsịtụ ụtụ isi na "ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ ikike pụrụ iche nke na-ewepụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mgbochi okporo ụzọ mpaghara.<ref name=":5" /> China setịpụkwara iwu na-enweghị ikuku, na-achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ma ọ bụ na-ebubata ihe karịrị ụgbọala pụkụ narị ịrị atọ n'ime otu afọ tinye pasentị nke ụgbọala eletrik (maka 2019, nke a bụ 10%; ọ bụ 12% na 2020).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=Electric Vehicles {{!}} Guide to Chinese Climate Policy|url=https://chineseclimatepolicy.energypolicy.columbia.edu/en/electric-vehicles|accessdate=2022-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725011932/https://chineseclimatepolicy.energypolicy.columbia.edu/en/electric-vehicles|archivedate=2022-07-25}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, iwu na-egbochi iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ịmepụta naanị ụgbọ ala nwere injin ọkụ dị n'ime; ọ gwụla ma o siri ike iru ihe ndị a chọrọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ga-enwerịrị ike ịmepụta ụgbọ ala eletrik.<ref name=":6" /> Gọọmentị etiti na-enyekwa ego ma na-enye iwu ka akụrụngwa na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ ala, gụnyere inye ndị nwe ụlọ ihe mkpali iji gbakwunye akụrụngwa.<ref name=":6" /> N'ihi nkwado iwu China maka ụgbọala eletrik, ahịa arịwo elu na China, site na ihe na-erughị pụkụ ịrị wee ruo ihe karịrị pụkụ narị atọ na pụkụ ịrị atọ e rere n'ime naanị afọ anọ.<ref name=":5"/> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, a na-ere ụgbọala eletrik nde 1.1 na China, na-anọchite anya mmụba 80% site na afọ gara aga.<ref name=":6"/> == Nkwado Iwu maka Ike Anyanwụ == China na-eduga ụwa ma n'ịmepụta ike anyanwụ (nke nwere ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikike ụwa) na n'ịrụpụta anyanwụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=Solar Power {{!}} Guide to Chinese Climate Policy|url=https://chineseclimatepolicy.energypolicy.columbia.edu/en/solar-power|accessdate=2022-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725013755/https://chineseclimatepolicy.energypolicy.columbia.edu/en/solar-power|archivedate=2022-07-25}}</ref> Atụmatụ Afọ Ise nke 13 na-eguzobe ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke 153.6 GW nke ikike anyanwụ na China site na 2020, yana ebumnuche nke otu site na mpaghara.<ref name=":7" /> China enyewo nri na ụtụ maka ike anyanwụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 2011.<ref name=":7"/> Ọnụ ahịa nke teknụzụ anyanwụ nke China arịgoola nke ukwuu, na-eme ihe ruru 3% (ijeri dọla ịrị atọ na abụọ) nke ọnụ ahịa ngụkọta nke ihe China na-ebupụ na 2020.<ref name=":5"/> CCP na-ele mmepụta teknụzụ anyanwụ anya dị ka ihe na-agbakọta na ebumnuche ya iji gbanwee akụ na ụba China gaa na ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị elu.<ref name=":5" /> Gọọmentị na-emefu ego dị ukwuu na nyocha na mmepe nke anyanwụ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ego na-abịa site na Ministry of Science and Technology.<ref name=":7"/> Maka ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2022, itinye ego nke China na nnukwu anyanwụ mụbara pasent otu narị na iri asaá na atọ site na afọ gara aga, nke ruru ijeri dọla ịrị anọ na otu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-08-15|title=Even With Biggest-Ever Climate Bill, US Lags China's Green Spending|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-15/just-how-big-is-the-374-billion-us-climate-bill-in-global-terms|accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref> == Iwu dị ugbu a == Na mba, China nwere ihe karịrị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi iri abụọ nke National People's Congress nabatara, e nwekwara ihe karịrị iwu otú narị na iri anọ nke kansụl steeti nyere, yana usoro iwu ngalaba na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) setịpụrụ.<ref>Carter, N.T. and Mol, A.P.J. (2007) '''Environment Governance in China'''. London: Routledge</ref> N'afọ 2003, gọọmentị China tụrụ aro echiche mmepe ọhụrụ na-ekwusi ike na ọdịmma mmadụ ma na-anwa inweta mmepe na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti mmadụ na okike, yana ọganihu mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref>Wen, J. (2004) http://www.sociology.cass.netcn/shxw/shgz/shgz6/t20040405_1994.htm{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Na mba ụwa, China esonyewokwa na nkwekọrịta ndị dị ka Convention on Biological Diversity na UN Millennium Development Goals, nke gụnyere ibelata ịda ogbenye, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>Liu, J. and Diamond, J. (2005) 'China's Environment in a globalizing world', ''nature'', 435, 1179-1186</ref> Mgbe usoro nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ malitere na Jenụwarị 2015, a ga-ahapụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha manye ntaramahụhụ siri ike na ijide ihe onwunwe nke ndị mmetọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị mebiri iwu ga-abụ "aha na ihere", na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụbọchị 15. A gaghị enwe oke oke na nra; na mbụ, ọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala maka ụlọ ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ obere nra nke iwu nyere karịa ịwụnye usoro mgbochi mmetọ. N'ozuzu, iwu ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ndokwa 70, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 47 nke iwu dị ugbu a.<ref name="largefines"/> Ihe karịrị igwe narị atọ dị iche iche ga-enwe ike ịgba akwụkwọ maka ndị mmetọ merụrụ ahụ.<ref name="VOA">{{Cite news|title=China Revises Environmental Law|accessdate=27 April 2014|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/china-revises-environmental-law-to-address-pollution-problems/1900981.html|work=Voice of America|date=25 April 2014}}</ref> A ka ga-ahụ ma mgbanwe ndị a na iwu ga-emeri ụfọdụ nsogbu ọdịnala na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi na China, dị ka ihe isi ike inweta ikpe ụlọ ikpe nabatara, nsogbu nchịkọta ihe akaebe na ntinye aka site na gọọmentị ime obodo.<ref>Rachel E. Stern, [https://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Litigation-China-Political-Ambivalence/dp/1107460026/ref=tmm_pap_title_0?_encoding=UTF8&sr=&qid= Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence] (Cambridge University Press, 2013); Xia Jun, "C [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093004/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4727--China-s-courts-fail-the-environment- China's Courts Fail the Environment]," China Dialogue, January 16, 2012</ref> N'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, gọọmentị ime obodo ga-anọ n'okpuru ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ịghara itinye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọrụ. A gaghịzi ekpe mpaghara ikpe naanị maka ọganihu akụ na ụba ha, kama ọ ga-ejikọta ọganihu na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Tụkwasị na nke a, a ga-achọ ka gọọmentị ime obodo kpughee ozi gburugburu ebe obibi nye ọha na eze. A na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha "na-ebi ndụ carbon na nke na-adịghị mma ma na-arụ ọrụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi" dịka imegharị ihe mkpofu ha n'okpuru iwu.<ref name="largefines">{{Cite news|title=China's polluters to face large fines under law change|author=Jennifer Duggan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/chinas-choice/2014/apr/25/china-environment-law-fines-for-pollution|accessdate=27 April 2014|date=25 April 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Na June 2017, gọọmentị China mere mgbanwe nke abụọ na Iwu Mgbochi Mmetọ Mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zfs.mep.gov.cn/fl/200802/t20080229_118802.shtml|title=Water Pollution Control Law of the People's Republic of China|accessdate=2023-05-17|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612185408/http://zfs.mep.gov.cn/fl/200802/t20080229_118802.shtml}}</ref> Dabere na iwu mbụ nke Iwu Mgbochi Mmetọ Mmiri na 1996, mmezigharị ahụ ga-amụba ntaramahụhụ maka mmetọ mmiri ma nwee ike ibuli elu ntaramahụụhụ ruo otu nde yuan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2017/06-22/8258032.shtml|title=中国水污染防治法修正案二审 违法排污处罚上限或升至百万元-中新网|author=chinanews|work=www.chinanews.com|accessdate=2018-04-11}}</ref> Dabere na nkwupụta nke Minista na-ahụ maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, mbipụta nke abụọ e dezigharịrị mere ka ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo sikwuo ike, ma nụchaa ma melite usoro nchebe mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2017-06/29/content_2024906.htm|title=About the Law of China on Water Pollution Description of the amendment}}</ref> Kemgbe iwu ahụ na 1984, iwu a enyewo aka dị ịrịba ama na nke dị mma iji melite gburugburu mmiri na China. Agbanyeghị, ogo mmiri dị na China ka na-adịghị mma.<ref name=":03" /> === Ebe ndị a na-echebe === A na-amata ọtụtụ klas dị iche iche nke ebe echedoro n'okpuru iwu China. Gọọmentị mba, nke mpaghara, na nke ime obodo niile nwere ikike ịhọpụta mpaghara dị ka ndị a na-echebe. N'agbanyeghi aha, a na-eme ọtụtụ mmanye na mpaghara. == Nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a == [[Usòrò:Factory_in_China.jpg|thumb|Mmetọ ikuku nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe kpatara]] China nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ya yana [[Health|ahụike mmadụ]] nke ukwuu. === Enweghị Mmiri === China na-eche nsogbu mmiri atọ ihu: mmetọ mmiri, ụkọ mmiri na ihe mkpofu mmiri. Nsogbu na akụrụngwa mmiri ga-abụ ihe mgbochi China iji nweta mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na senchiri nke iri abụọ na otu. Gọọmentị amalitela ịnagide nsogbu mmiri kemgbe afọ 1970, na-eguzobe njikwa mmetọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. China nọ n'ọnọdụ nke ise n'ụwa niile n'ihe gbasara mmiri mana mmiri onye ọ bụla na-enweta bụ ihe na-erughị 1/3 nke nkezi ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC|title=Renewable internal fresh water resources per capita (cubic meters)|author=World Bank|date=October 28, 2012}}</ref> Gọọmentị China mejupụtara iwu abụọ iji belata nsogbu ụkọ mmiri; na-akwado South-North Water Diversion Project na imeziwanye arụmọrụ mmiri.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/zh-cn/research/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%AE%80%E6%8A%A5%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E3%80%81%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/|title=The problem, policies and politics of water resource in China|author=Moore|first=Scott|date=April 2013|work=Brookings}}</ref> Gọọmentị enyewo ego maka South-North Water Diversion Project, nke na-ezube iweta ijeri cubic mita ịrị anọ na anọ nke mmiri na Beijing na akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke China. Ọrụ ahụ ga-akpata ọgba aghara nye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-amanye ịkwaga fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde mmadụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na ngụkọta ego nke ọrụ a dị ijeri dọla ịrị isii na abụọ .<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Freeman|first=Carla|date=2011|title=Quenching the Dragon's Thirst: the South-North Water Transfer Project—Old Plumbing for New China?|journal=China Environment Forum Report}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, CCP na Kansụl Steeti setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ iji gbanwee ụzọ iji mmiri eme ihe ma melite arụmọrụ nke mmiri. Gọọmentị etiti etinyela nnukwu ego iji mee ka ojiji mmiri dị mma site n'imelite usoro ịgba mmiri ọrụ ugbo na usoro mmiri dị ọcha n'ime ime obodo.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/16/content_2067664.html|title=Guowuyuan guanyu shixing zuiyange shuiziyuan guanli zhidu de yijian|author=Council|first=State|date=February 16, 2012|work=gov.cn}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Water_pollution.svg|thumb|Mmetọ mmiri bụkwa nsogbu na China.]] E wezụga ụkọ mmiri, ịdị mma mmiri bụkwa nsogbu nke metụtara ahụike ọha na eze ma duga na esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":52"/> Naanị ihe na-erughị ọkara nke mmiri niile na-emezu ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma na China.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-environment-water-idUSTRE66P39H20100726|title=Pollution makes quarter of China water unusable: ministry|author=Stanway|first=David|work=Reuters|date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> E wezụga mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti mpaghara, usoro gọọmentị dị ugbu a bụkwa ihe mgbochi maka nchịkwa mmetọ mmiri.<ref name=":52" /> Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China bụ ozi na-eto eto. A na-enye ya ike dị ala na ndị ọrụ ole na ole karịa ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a, nke na-eme ka ọ dabere na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi (EPB). Nsogbu bụ na ọ bụghị naanị na EPB dị elu na-achịkwa EPB kamakwa site na gọọmentị ime obodo nke a na-enyocha arụmọrụ ha karịsịa site na mmepe akụ na ụba.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|author=Mertha|first=Andrew|date=December 2005|title=China's 'soft' centralization: shifting tiao/kuai authority relations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/chinas-soft-centralization-shifting-tiaokuai-authority-relations/70295A675B87106E598FB0F9864A75EC|journal=China Quarterly|volume=184|pages=791–810|doi=10.1017/S0305741005000500}}</ref> Ya mere, gọọmentị ime obodo nwere iwu na-enweghị isi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta mmetọ mmiri. Tụkwasị na nke a, nkwado ego nke EPBs na-abịa site na ịkwụ ụgwọ mmetọ kama nke Ministry of Ecology and Environment, nke na-eme ka o sie ike maka ozi ahụ ijikwa EPBs mpaghara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Jahiel|first=Abigail|date=March 1997|title=The Contradictory Impact of Reform on Environmental Protection in China|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/the-contradictory-impact-of-reform-on-environmental-protection-in-china/453EC3D7B80474128B65BE65E3886466|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=149|pages=81–103|doi=10.1017/S0305741000043642}}</ref> === Mmetọ ikuku === Ụdị mmetọ dị iche iche amụbaala ka China mepụtara, na-akpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike zuru ebe niile.<ref name="NYT032913">{{Cite news|title=Cost of Environmental Damage in China Growing Rapidly Amid Industrialization|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/world/asia/cost-of-environmental-degradation-in-china-is-growing.html|accessdate=March 30, 2013|work=The New York Times|date=March 29, 2013|author=Edward Wong}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2013, ezigbo ikuku ikuku na-arị elu ruo 993 micrograms kwa cubic mita na Beijing, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ntuziaka World Health Organization nke na-erughị 25.<ref name="orders">{{Cite news|title=Beijing Orders Official Cars Off Roads to Curb Pollution|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-12/beijingers-told-to-stay-indoors-as-pollution-hits-record.html|accessdate=27 July 2013|work=Bloomberg|date=14 January 2013|author=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-achịkwa, akwalitewo kemgbe mmalite nke atụmatụ etiti ma ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche dị ka ịnweta ike dị ọnụ ala na mgbazinye ego.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A new epic|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17314578|work=The Economist|publisher=The Economist Newspaper Ltd|accessdate=28 July 2013|date=21 October 2010}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ike dị ukwuu iji guzogide iwu gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="NYT032113">{{Cite news|title=As Pollution Worsens in China, Solutions Succumb to Infighting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/world/asia/as-chinas-environmental-woes-worsen-infighting-emerges-as-biggest-obstacle.html|accessdate=March 22, 2013|work=The New York Times|date=March 21, 2013|author=Edward Wong}}</ref> Na ngwụcha Ọktọba 2018, gọọmentị China ewepụtala Iwu Mgbochi na Nchịkwa Mmetụta Atmospheric (2018 Amendment), nke a ga-etinye n'ọrụ malite ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/92654/126612/F-1979421844/CHN92654%202018.pdf|title=Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law of China(2018 Amendment)}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara kwenyere na ọ bụ ezie na iwu ahụ nwere ntụpọ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụrụ na 80% nke iwu ahụ nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ, ọ ga-eme ka ikuku dị mma. E nyochala iwu a ugboro atọ. Mgbanwe ọhụrụ ahụ ekwupụtala n'ụzọ doro anya na ụlọ ọrụ nke ígwè na ígwè, ihe owuwu, ọla ndị na-abụghị ígwè, mmanụ, na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na-ewepụ uzuzu, sulfide, na nitrogen oxides n'oge mmepụta ga-ewebata usoro mmepụta dị ọcha, wuo iwepụ uzuzu na, desulfurization, na ngwá ọrụ denitrification na usoro zuru ezu, ma ọ bụ were mgbanwe teknụzụ na usoro ndị ọzọ iji chịkwaa ikuku na-emetọ ikuku. N'iji ya tụnyere Iwu Nchịkwa Mmetụta Mmiri nke e degharịrị na 2000, mbipụta ọhụrụ ahụ ji okpukpu abụọ mee ka ntinye ahụ dị okpukpu abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/peoples-republic-of-china-law-on-air-pollution-prevention-2000|title=Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China (2000 Revisions)}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu niile dị na mbipụta dị ugbu a agbanweela ma degharịa ya iji kwekọọ na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a. Dabere na 2015's China Environmental Bulletin bipụtara site na gọọmentị China, na 2015 ikuku obodo na-akawanye mma. Mmejuputa mbu nke ụkpụrụ ikuku ọhụrụ emeela ka ọnụọgụ nke PM 2.5 belata site na 14.1% ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ 2014. Ministri na-ahụ maka ego guzobere ego nke ijeri Yuan 10.6 iji melite ikuku na ịchịkwa mmetọ ikuku gburugburu [[Jing-Jin-Ji|Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei]] na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu, Osimiri Yangtze, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Gọọmentị na-akwalite ụgbọala ndị na-enye ume ọhụrụ na mmepụta nke pụkụ narị atọ na pụkụ ịrị itoolu kwa afọ, okpukpu anọ karịa mmepụta na 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=中华人民共和国环境保护部|date=May 9, 2017|title=2015中国环境状况公报|url=http://www.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201606/P020160602333160471955.pdf|journal=中国环境状况公报}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na ikuku na China dara 40% site na 2013 ruo 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-14|title=China Reduced Air Pollution in 7 Years as Much as US Did in Three Decades|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/china-s-clean-air-campaign-is-bringing-down-global-pollution|accessdate=2022-06-17}}</ref> === Mmetọ ala === [[Usòrò:Shenyang_from_International_Space_Station.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite nke [[Mmetọ aja|mmetọ ala]]]] Nsogbu mmetọ ala, nke bụ mmebi elu ụwa kpatara site na iji ihe onwunwe emebiga ya ókè n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ mere ka ọ ghara ịdị irè. N'ozuzu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 16.1% nke ala China emetọla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=Ruishan|date=2014-05-16|title=China's Soil Pollution: Farms on the Frontline|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2014-05-16_344_6185/page/n27|journal=Science|volume=344|issue=6185|pages=691|doi=10.1126/science.344.6185.691-a|issn=0036-8075|pmid=24833373}}</ref> Mmetọ ndị a emeela ka uto nke ihe ọkụkụ na ahụike mmadụ nwee mmetụta siri ike.<ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21723128-and-fixing-it-will-be-hard-and-costly-most-neglected-threat-public-health-china|title=The most neglected threat to public health in China is toxic soil|work=The Economist|accessdate=2018-04-24|date=2017-06-08}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara iwu ndị metụtara ya, gọọmentị China kpebiri iji ihe atụ nke mba ndị ọzọ mee ka ọnọdụ obodo dị iche na-aga n"ihu ma jikọta usoro ọchịchị ogologo oge maka nsogbu mmetọ ala. Site na 1980s ruo 1990s, China malitere ịrụ ọrụ na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi ala site n'ịmalite nchọpụta nke oge a iji kwado [[Ostraliya|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-03-01|title=Evolution of soil and water conservation in rain-fed areas of China|journal=International Soil and Water Conservation Research|volume=2|issue=1|pages=78–90|doi=10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30015-0|issn=2095-6339|author=Lingling|first=Li}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo ugbu a, nsogbu nke mmetọ ala na China abụrụla ihe siri ike.<ref name="economist.com" /> Gọọmentị ejirila nwayọọ nke nta tinye mgbochi na nchịkwa maka nsogbu mmetọ ala na ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ mbụ site n'inye ụgwọ ego iji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe emetọrọ.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Twenty Years of Research and Development on Soil Pollution and Remediation in China|author=Lin|first=Yusuo|date=2018|publisher=Springer, Singapore|isbn=9789811060281|pages=55–63|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6029-8_4}}</ref> China mere nyocha dị mma nke ala n'ụwa niile site na 2005 ruo 2013, ma dịka National Soil Pollution Survey Bulletin wepụtara ya bụ Ministry of Environmental Protection of Chine na 2014, ngụkọta ọnụego oke elu (pasentị karịrị uru kachasị) bụ 16.1%, nke obere, ntakịrị, ọkara na nnukwu ọkwa mmetọ ahụ kele 11.2%, 2.3%, 1.5% na 1.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2013-02/25/content_4221243.htm?node=5955|title=环保部以国家秘密为由不予公开-法制网|work=www.legaldaily.com.cn|accessdate=2018-04-16|archivedate=2018-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053126/http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2013-02/25/content_4221243.htm?node=5955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/foot/site1/20140417/782bcb88840814ba158d01.pdf|title=National soil pollution survey, 2014, China}}</ref> Site n'echiche nke nkesa mmetọ, mmetụ ala na ndịda dị arịrị karịa ka ọ nọ n'ebe ugwu. Nsogbu mmetọ ala na mpaghara ụfọdụ dị ka Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River delta, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ochie n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ China siri ike karị. Ala dị na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na nke etiti ebe ahụ agafeela oke elu nke metal siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-02-01|title=Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=207|pages=159–168|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.072|pmid=29174991|issn=0301-4797|author=Huang|first=Ying}}</ref> Ihe dị n'ime ihe anọ na-emetọ ikuku dịka cadmium, mercury, arsenic, na ọkpụite ejirila nwayọọ ngwa mụbaa site n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ China ruo ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chine nakwa si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anụlịina gaa Ndị Ningizimu Ebe Ugwu. Na June 2017, Ministri nke Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi kwuru na China ga-eguzoba usoro ọrụ ka mma, gaa n'ihu ime nchọpụta banyere mmetọ ala, kwalite mmeziwanye sistemụ iwu, ma soro National People's Congress rụkọọọ aka kpamkpam maka Iwu nchịkwa ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-06/21/content_5204423.htm|title=环境保护部介绍2016年以来土壤环境管理工作进展情况_新闻发布_中国政府网|author=王洋|work=www.gov.cn|accessdate=2018-04-16|archivedate=2018-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230232/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-06/21/content_5204423.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Iwu Mgbochi na Njikwa Mmetọ Ala nke People's Republic of China malitere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kai|first=Xu|date=August 12, 2022|title=Codification and Prospect of China's Codification of Environmental Law from the Perspective of Global Environmental Governance|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/16/9978/pdf?version=1660311612|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|pages=8}}</ref> N'okpuru iwu a, ndị na-achịkwa nwere ike ịchọ ka ha dozie ala ugbo (ma ọ bụrụ na mmetọ ahụ dị n'ihe ọkụkụ e nwetara gafere ọkwa akọwapụtara) nakwa maka ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Environmental Law and Practice in China: Overview {{!}} Practical Law|url=https://content.next.westlaw.com/practical-law/document/I020626f01cb611e38578f7ccc38dcbee/Environmental-Law-and-Practice-in-China-Overview?viewType=FullText&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)|accessdate=2022-08-14|work=content.next.westlaw.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Iwu ahụ na-eguzobe ego gọọmentị tinyere maka mgbochi mmetọ ala ugbo, yana njikwa ihe ize ndụ nke ụwa ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ya enweghị ike ịmata.<ref name=":8" /> === Ọzara === Ọzara ala bụ nsogbu ọzọ na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ala nke State Forestry Administration of China mere site na 2013 ruo 2016 gosiri na 2.61 × 106 km2 nke mba ahụ, bụ ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ókèala niile dị ka ọzara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Xuyang|date=2021-02-22|title=Temporal and Spatial Variations in NDVI and Analysis of the Driving Factors in the Desertified Areas of Northern China From 1998 to 2015|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|volume=9|pages=633020|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2021.633020|issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Ala kpọrọ nkụ, ala na-adịghị mmiri ozuzo nke dị n'ebe ugwu na Northwest China mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu ná mpaghara ahụ metụtara. Ọzara enweela mmetụta na-erute aka, nke mere ka gburugburu ebe obibi mebie ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ebe ahụ. Ala ọzara na-eme ka e nwee ike ịmepụta mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ahụike ndị bi n'ime ime obodo dị nso. Ka ọzara na-agbasa, ọ na-eme ka ala ghara ịkpa ugbo ma bụrụ nke a naghị adaba maka mmepe, na-akpata ịda ogbenye na ụkọ nri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Feng|first=Qi|date=3 December 2015|title=What Has Caused Desertification in China?|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=15998|doi=10.1038/srep15998|issn=2045-2322|pmid=26525278}}</ref> Nsogbu dị ugbu a bụ n'ihi njikọta nke ihe ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbukpọ ahịhịa nke ọnọdụ mmiri na-adịghị mma kpatara, mgbanwe ihu igwe mere ka ụkọ ọkọchị kpata ya, yana ọrụ mmadụ ndị a na-apụghị ịnagide ibe ha dị ka oke anụ ụlọ, ugbo, na mgbụsị akwụkwọ osisi, na-ekpughe ala ahụ ugboro maka mbuze mmiri na ikuku.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Iji lụso ọzara ọgụ, China etinyela ọtụtụ iwu na mmemme mweghachi. A na-enye iwu iji gbochie igbu osisi, ọrụ ugbo, na ịta anụmanụ n'ebe ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ọzara, iguzobe ebe ndị a dị ka nchekwa gburugburu ụwa.<ref name=":2"/> N'ógbè ndị gbara ala ọzara gburugburu, a na-emepụta nnukwu ọhịa nchebe na eriri mgbaba site n'usoro ihe omume dị ka Three-Norths Shelter Forest Construction Program iji belata mmetụta nke ikuku. Kemgbe afọ 1999, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ụgwọ ọnwa maka ha kụrụ osisi kama ihe ọkụkụ, yana ire ala mba nye mmadụ n'otu ebe iji dozie uru akụnụba.ref name=":3" //> N'afọ 2002, e webatara Iwu Mgbochi na Njikwa Ájá iji kwalite mmepe dịgide adị ndụ n'ógbè ndị ọzara, gbaa ume ka osisi rụọ ọrụ ma guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahịhịa dịka ebe ịta nri nke ọma na mmiri emepụta ọgwụ. Iwu a na-enweta nkwado dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị bi ebe ahụ ka ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara uto akụnụba mpaghara. Ndị bi na Ọzara Kubuqi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweela mmụba ego ha nwetara kwa afọ site na dọla ịrị ise na isii ruo dọla pụkụ abụọ n'ihe na-erughị afọ ịrị atọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lyu|first=Yanli|date=2020-04-17|title=Desertification Control Practices in China|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=12|issue=8|pages=3258|doi=10.3390/su12083258|issn=2071-1050}}</ref> === Ịmepụta Coal n'ụzọ gabigara ókè === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, China bụ onye na-azụ ahịa ma bụrụkwa onye kachasị emepụta coal n'ụwa niile. Ọ dịla anya a na-akọwa onyinye ike ahụ nọ n'China dịka coal bara ọgaranya ma gas.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Pingkuo|date=2022-11-01|title=Strategic analysis and framework design on international cooperation for energy transition: A perspective from China|journal=Energy Reports|language=en|volume=8|pages=2601–2616|doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.173|issn=2352-4847}}</ref> Nkwado a na coal sitere n'ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ma obere ego dị ka gas okike na mmanụ ala. N'afọ 2006, 5.85% nke GDP China sitere na coal.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2012-11-19|title=The True Cost of Coal (full report)|url=https://www.understandchinaenergy.org/greenpeace-chinathe-china-sustainable-energy-programwwf-china-main-authors-mao-yushi-sheng-hong-yang-fuqiang-2010-the-true-cost-of-coal-full-report/|accessdate=2022-08-22|work=www.understandchinaenergy.org|archivedate=2022-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822222348/https://www.understandchinaenergy.org/greenpeace-chinathe-china-sustainable-energy-programwwf-china-main-authors-mao-yushi-sheng-hong-yang-fuqiang-2010-the-true-cost-of-coal-full-report/}}</ref> Nnukwu ọchịchọ na-eduga n'igwupụta coal. Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime mmejọ kachasị njọ nke igwu coal kpatara na China. Igwu ala gabigara ókè na-akpata ọdịda nke ụwa ma daa. N'ógbè ndị nwere ọtụtụ akụrụngwa coal dị ka obodo Huainan na Anhui Province, ala ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nke a ma ama n'ihi ogbunigwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Zhengjia|date=2015-12-02|title=Analysis of ground subsidence at a coal-mining area in Huainan using time-series InSAR|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1109725|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=36|issue=23|pages=5790–5810|doi=10.1080/01431161.2015.1109725|issn=0143-1161}}</ref> Mmetụta ala na-ebibi ụlọ, okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, na ihe owuwu ọkụ eletrik n'ebe ndị a na-egwupụta coal. Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 3, 2006, ebe a na-egwupụta coral mepụtara hekta pụkụ narị ịrị asaa nke ala n'ụwa niile ma nwee mmebi zuru ezu ruru ijeri yuan ịrị ise.<ref name=":10"/> N'echiche, iji gwupụta nde tọn coal iri, ọ dị mkpa ka a kpọpụ mmadụ pụkụ abụọ n'ebe ndị na-egwuputa coal. Iji gbanwee usoro nke iji ike eme ihe ma belata mmebi n'ihi igwupụta coal, gọọmentị China wepụtara iwu abụọ: Iwu Coal of the People Republic of Chine na West-East Gas Pipeline Project. E guzobere Iwu Coal nke People's Republic of China maka ebumnuche iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ coal dị na Chine bụrụ ihe iwu kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=中华人民共和国煤炭法_中国人大网|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2011-04/25/content_1653737.htm|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=www.npc.gov.cn}}</ref> Ọ na-enyere aka ichebe ihe onwunwe coal, ịchịkwa mmepụta Coal na ọrụ azụmahịa, ma kwalite ma hụ maka ọganihu nke ụlọ ahịa kool. E tinyere Iwu Coal nke People's Republic of China n'ọrụ kemgbe Disemba 1, 1996. West-East Gas Pipeline Project na-elekwasị anya n'ibubata gas sitere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China site na pipelines. Akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke China nwere isi ọdọ mmiri mmanụ isii, gụnyere Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Ordos Basin na Sichuan Basin. Kemgbe afọ 1990, ndị na-achọ mmanụ achọpụtala ebe nchekwa petroleum dị iche iche dịka Kela 2, Hotanhe, Yaha, Yangtuke, Yingmai 7, Yudong 2 n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Tarim.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.apple.com/us/book/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%8F%B2-%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%B7-%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A-%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1/id1533558201|title=‎中国工程师史 第三卷 创新超越:当代工程师群体的崛起与工程成就|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe e guzobere ọrụ ahụ na 2000, ọdọ mmiri nke mpaghara KuqaïTabei nke Tarim Basin nwere ngụkọta gas sitere n'okike nke 393.522 ijeri cubic mita, ebe 285.471 iji mee ihe. Karịsịa, Kela 2, Yangtake, Yingmai 7, Yudong, Yaha, Jilac, Yakela bụ isi ebe nchekwa. Ogige gas asaa dị n'elu nwere ngụkọta nke 380.534 ijeri cubic mita ebe 2704.02 100 nde cubic meters enwere ike iji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=西气东输-财经百科-财秘|url=https://www.ucaimi.com/wiki/term/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%9C%E8%BE%93|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=www.ucaimi.com}}</ref> Netwọk mba a na-enye ngwọta maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti gas akụrụngwa na China ma nyere aka idozi mkpa ya ngwa ngwa nke ike. Kemgbe mmejuputa nke paịpụ a na Febụwarị, 2000, ọrụ a belatara China ịdabere n'ụzọ dị irè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Jian|date=2022-04-01|title=Impacts of the West–East Gas Pipeline Project on energy conservation and emission reduction: empirical evidence from Hubei province in Central China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18427-w|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|volume=29|issue=19|pages=28149–28165|doi=10.1007/s11356-021-18427-w|pmid=34988817|issn=1614-7499}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2021, West-East Gas Pipeline nyere aka belata ojiji nke coal ọkọlọtọ site na nde 932 metric ton, ibelatara carbon dioxide gas emissions site na ijeri tọn 1.02 ma wepụ uzuzu carbonoxy ruo 508 million tons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China's west-east gas transmission project contributes to low-carbon development|url=http://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202201/02/content_WS61d1ac5fc6d09c94e48a311f.html#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%20years,%20the,hectares%20of%20broad-leaved%20forests|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=english.www.gov.cn}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi nke China nyere aka na nsogbu gburugburu ya. A chọtara iri na isii n'ime obodo abụọ kachasị emetọ ụwa na China n'afọ 2013, mana kemgbe ahụ, ọ belatara naanị otu ebe dị ka nke 19 a katọrọ nzaghachi gọọmentị dịka ezughi oke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/ambient-air-pollution|title=Ambient air pollution}}</ref><ref name="grows"/><ref name="orders"/><ref name="weighs"/> Akụkọ gọọmentị wepụtara na 2014, chọpụtara na 20% nke ala ugbo mba ahụ, na 16% nke ala ya n'ozuzu. A na-eme atụmatụ 60% nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref name="largefines"/> Dị ka U.S. Environmental Protection Agency si kwuo, China egosila mkpebi siri ike "ịmepụta, itinye n'ọrụ ma tinye usoro iwu gburugburu ebe obibi" Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke mgbalị ndị a edoghị anya.<ref>EPA, [http://www.epa.gov/ogc/china/initiative_home.htm China Environmental Law Initiative].</ref> A na-akpọ nkwekọrịta nke ndị China na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa mba ahụ.<ref name="NRDC">NRDC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315044053/http://www.nrdc.org/international/ochinalaw.asp Environmental Law in China]</ref> Òtù mba ụwa kpọrọ mmezigharị iwu ahụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014 ọganihu dị mma, mana ha dọrọ aka ná ntị ịhụ ka Iwu ndị a ga-emejuputa bụ ihe ịma aka.<ref name="VOA"/> N'ihi na China enweghị usoro iwu zuru oke, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dabere n'omume gburugburu ebe obibi ha karịsịa maka nghọta banyere ndị nchịkwa karịa nchegbu gbasara nsogbu ikpe, dị ka nnyocha 2014 bipụtara na Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory si kwuo. Otu onye isi a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ kwuru na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke China bụ ihe zuru oke mana ọ ka dị, ya mere ndị ọrụ obodo nwere nghọta buru ibu n'ihe gbasara mmanye. Ọ bụrụ na ndị isi obodo chere na ndị ọrụ mpaghara nwere ike ilekwasị ụlọ ahịa ha anya maka mmanye, o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eme ihe omume dị iche iche, dịka ịmepụta usoro nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi a pụrụ iji kwado ya ma ghara ịbụ nke bụ isi, dị ka imegharị mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/china/regulatory-compliance-evidence-from-china|title=Compliance with environmental regulations when the rule of law is weak: Evidence from China}} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved July 30, 2014</ref> == Hụkwa == * Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition * Mmiri na-enwu gbaa na ugwu ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Mgbasa gburugburu ebe obibi na China * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na China * Arụmụka banyere ibu ọrụ akụ na ụba China maka ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Amuma gburugburu ebe obibi na China]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ct7g6vq1dhdim88upt7bg47ox33mrdd 0 26381 697540 450236 2026-08-10T02:19:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asbestos (/æsˈbɛstəs, æzˈ-, -tɒs/ ass-BEST-əs, az-, -⁠oss) bụ mineral silicate fibrous na emekarị. Enwere ụdị isii, nke niile mejupụtara kristal fibrous ogologo na nke dị gịrịgịrị, eriri ọ bụla mejupụtara ọtụtụ "fibrils" microscopic nke enwere ike ịhapụ ikuku site na abrasion na usoro ndị ọzọ. iku ume nke eriri asbestos nwere ike ibute ọnọdụ ngụgụ dị egwu dị iche iche, gụnyere mesothelioma, asbestosis, na ọrịa kansa akpa ume. N'ihi mmetụta ahụike ndị a, a na ewere asbestos dị ka nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike na nchekwa. .<ref name="kazan">{{Cite web|author=Kazan-Allen|first=Laurie|date=2 May 2002|title=Asbestos: Properties, Uses and Problems|url=http://ibasecretariat.org/lka_prop.php|publisher=International Ban Asbestos Secretariat}}</ref>Ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie achọpụtala ihe àmà nke asbestos na eji ihe dị ka n'oge Nkume Age iji mee ka ite seramiiki sie ike, ma ngwuputa ihe dị ukwuu malitere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị na emepụta ihe na ndị na ewu ụlọ malitere iji asbestos maka ihe anụ ahụ na achọsi ike. Asbestos bụ ihe mkpuchi ọkụ na ọkụ eletrik mara mma, yana ọkụ na eguzogide ya nke ukwuu, yabụ n'ime narị afọ nke 20, a na ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile dị ka ihe eji ewu ụlọ, ruo mgbe a nabatara mmetụta ọjọọ ya na ahụike mmadụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Afọ 1970. A na eche na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ e wuru tupu afọ 1980 nwere asbestos Eji asbestos maka ihe owuwu na mkpuchi ọkụ emewo iwu megidere iwu n'ọtụtụ mba. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ dịkarịa ala, a na eche na mmadụ 100,000 na anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa ndị metụtara ikpughe asbestos. N'otu akụkụ, nke a bụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụlọ ochie ka nwere asbestos; na mgbakwunye, nsonaazụ nke ikpughe nwere ike were ọtụtụ iri afọ ibili. Ọrịa ndị a na ahụkarị na ejikọta ya na mkpughe asbestos na adịghị ala ala bụ asbestosis (ụfụ nke ngụgụ n'ihi iku ume asbestos) na mesothelioma (ụdị ọrịa kansa) Ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na emepe emepe ka na akwado iji asbestos dị ka ihe owuwu ụlọ, na ngwuputa asbestos na aga n'ihu, ebe onye na emepụta ihe kacha elu, Russia, nwere atụmatụ mmepụta nke 790,000 tonne na 2020 == Etymology == Okwu ahụ bụ "asbestos", nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na 1600s, n'ikpeazụ na enweta site na Greek oge ochie: ἄσβεστος, nke pụtara "enweghị ike imenyụ" ma ọ bụ "enweghị ike imenyụ emenyụ". Aha ahụ na egosipụta iji ihe ahụ eme ihe maka wicks nke na agaghị ere ọkụ..<ref name="Alleman&Mossman1997">{{Cite journal|date=July 1997|author=Alleman, James E.|title=Asbestos Revisited|journal=[[Scientific American]]|pages=54–57|url=http://virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/lecture_notes/Lecture_14_Materials/Asbestos_CNT/Sci%20Am%20-%20Asbestos%20Revisited%20-%20July%201997.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2010|volume=277|issue=1|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0797-70}}</ref><ref name="Bostock&Riley1856">{{Cite book|year=1856|author=Bostock, John|chapter=Asbestinon|chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof04plinrich#page/137/mode/1up/search/asbestinon|title=The Natural History of Pliny|location=London|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof04plinrich#page/n3/mode/2up|accessdate=26 November 2010|authorlink=John Bostock (physician)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=5th|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-860457-0}}</ref><ref name="Alleman&Mossman1997" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=asbestos|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/asbestos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321081058/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/asbestos|archivedate=21 March 2019|work=Oxford Living Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>A nabatara ya n'asụsụ Bekee site na Old French abestos, nke n'aka nke ya nwetara okwu sitere na Grik site na Latin, ma na Grik mbụ, ọ na ezo aka na ngwa ngwa. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford kwuru na ọ bụ Pliny ji mee ihe n’ụzọ na ezighị ezi maka asbestos, bụ́ onye mere ka echiche na ezighị ezi gbasaa. A na akpọ asbestos n'asụsụ Grik dị ka amiantos, nke pụtara "emerughị ihe", n'ihi na ọ dịghị akara mgbe a tụbara ya n'ime ọkụ. Nke a bụ isi mmalite maka okwu asbestos n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, dị ka Portuguese amianto na French amiante. A na akpọkwa ya "amiant" na Bekee na mmalite narị afọ nke 15, mana "asbestos" nọchiri ojiji a. A na akpọ okwu a /æsˈbɛstəs/ ma ọ bụ /æsˈbɛstɒs == History == .<ref name="Education1979">{{Cite book|author=United States Congress. House Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education|date=1979|title=Oversight Hearings on Asbestos Health Hazards to Schoolchildren: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1435 and H.R. 1524|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|oclc=1060686493|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVrRAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kazan-Allen|first=Laurie|title=Current Asbestos Bans|url=http://ibasecretariat.org/alpha_ban_list.php|work=International Ban Asbestos Secretariat|accessdate=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="TaylorCullinanBlanc2016">{{Cite book|author=Anthony Newman Taylor|date=25 November 2016|title=Parkes' Occupational Lung Disorders|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-4142-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9BDgAAQBAJ|accessdate=10 August 2022}}</ref>Ndị mmadụ ejirila asbestos kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ mepụta ihe na agbanwe agbanwe nke na eguzogide ọkụ, gụnyere akwa akwa, ma, n'oge a, ụlọ ọrụ malitere ịmepụta ngwa ahịa nke nwere asbestos n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Taa, ndị mmadụ na amata ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke asbestos nwere; Amachibidoro iji asbestos kpam kpam na mba 55 ma na achịkwa nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. === Early references and uses === Asbestos na eji ụbọchị azụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 4,500, mgbe ndị bi na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Juojärvi dị na East Finland wusiri ite ụrọ na arịa esi nri na asbestos mineral anthophyllite (lee Asbestos ceramic). Otu n'ime nkọwa mbụ nke ihe nwere ike ịbụ asbestos dị na Theophrastus, On Stones, site na gburugburu 300 BC, ọ bụ ezie na a jụrụ ajụjụ a njirimara. Na Grik nke oge a na nke oge ochie, aha a na akpọkarị maka ihe a maara n'asụsụ bekee dị ka "asbestos" bụ amiantos ("adịghị emerụ emerụ", "dị ọcha"), nke emegharịrị na French dị ka amiante na n'ime Spanish na Portuguese dị ka amianto. N'asụsụ Grik ọgbara ọhụrụ, okwu a bụ ἀσβεστος ma ọ bụ ασβέστης na eguzo mgbe niile na naanị maka lime Okwu asbestos bụ nke onye Rom na ahụ maka ihe okike si n'aka Pliny the Elder dere na narị afọ mbụ Natural History na ojiji o ji okwu asbestinon, nke pụtara "enweghị ike imenyụ". Ọ bụ ezie na a na ekwukarị na Pliny ma ọ bụ nwa nwanne ya Pliny nke Nta na amata mmetụta dị njọ nke asbestos na ụmụ mmadụ, nyocha nke isi mmalite na egosi na ọ nweghị nkwado maka nkwupụta ọ bụla Athanasius na Alexandria, Egypt n'ihe dị ka 318 AD dere, sị, "Akụkụ nke ọkụ ga ere ọkụ. Ya mere, ka e were ya na e nwere ihe dị ka asbestos India bụ nke a na ekwu na ọ bụ, nke na atụghị egwu na a ga ere ya ọkụ, kama kama nke ahụ. gosipụtara enweghị ike nke ọkụ ahụ site n'igosi na ya enweghị ike ire ere. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla nwere obi abụọ na nke a bụ eziokwu, naanị ihe ọ ga eme bụ itinye onwe ya n'ihe a na ekwu ma metụ ọkụ ahụ aka." .Ndị Peshia bara ọgaranya tụrụ ndị ọbịa n’anya site n’ihi ákwà ọcha site n’ikpughe ya n’ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka Tabari siri kwuo, otu n'ime ihe na achọsi ike nke Khosrow II Parviz, nnukwu eze Sassanian (r. 590-628), bụ akwa akwa (Persian: منديل) nke ọ na ehichapụ nanị site n'ịtụba ya n'ọkụ. Ekwenyere na ọ bụ asbestos a na ebubata n'okpukpu Hindu Kush mere akwa dị otú ahụ. Dị ka Biruni si kwuo n’akwụkwọ ya bụ́ Gems, a na akpọ ákwà ọ bụla e ji asbestos (Persian: آذرشست, āzarshost) mee shostakeh (Persian: شستكه). Ụfọdụ ndị Peshia kwenyere na eriri ahụ bụ ajị anụ nke a na akpọ samandar (Persian: سمندر), nke bi n'ọkụ wee nwụọ mgbe a kpughepụrụ ya na mmiri; Nke a bụ ebe nkwenye mbụ sitere na salamander nwere ike ịnagide ọkụ. .Charlemagne, Eze Ukwu Rom Dị Nsọ nke mbụ (800–814), ka ekwuru na o nwere ákwà tebụl e ji asbestos mee. Marco Polo na akọ na egosila ya, n'ebe ọ na-akpọ Ghinghin talas, "ezigbo akwara nke a na esi na ya mee ákwà nke anyị na akpọ salamander, nke a na apụghị ire ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'ime ọkụ ..." Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie kweere na ndị oge ochie na eji asbestos, bụ́ ebe ha na akpọ ozu ndị eze ha ọkụ iji chekwaa ntụ ha, nakwa ka a ghara ịgwakọta ntụ ya na osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na ere ọkụ nke a na ejikarị eme ozu ozu. Ndị ọzọ na ekwu na ndị oge ochie na eji asbestos eme wicks na adịgide adịgide maka ili ma ọ bụ oriọna ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ ama ama bụ oriọna ọla edo asbestos lychnis, nke onye na ese ihe Callimachus mere maka Erechtheion. Na narị afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, e ji asbestos mee ihe n'ezie === Industrial era == .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clydebankasbestos.org/index.php?page=asbestos-clydebank|title=Asbestos & Clydebank|publisher=Clydebank Asbestos Group|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230508/http://www.clydebankasbestos.org/index.php?page=asbestos-clydebank|archivedate=6 June 2014}}</ref>Ụlọ ọrụ asbestos buru ibu malitere n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Mgbalị mbụ n'imepụta akwụkwọ asbestos na akwa na Italy malitere n'afọ ndị 1850 mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ahịa maka ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ. E gosipụtara ụdị asbestos nke Canada na [[London]] na 1862, e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na England na Scotland iji jiri akụ a mee ihe. A na eji asbestos eme ihe na mbụ n'ichepụta yarn, onye ọrụ mmepụta ihe German bụ Louis Wertheim nakweere usoro a n'ụlọ ọrụ ya na Germany. Na 1871, e hiwere Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company na Glasgow, na n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, mpaghara Clydebank ghọrọ ebe etiti maka ụlọ ọrụ na amalite [[Usòrò:Asbestos,_Quebec,_Canada.jpg|thumb|shọvel ike Canada kacha na ebu ụgbọ oloko ore nwere asbestos na Jeffrey Mine, Johns Manville Co., Asbestos, Quebec, June 1944]] Ngwuputa ihe ngwuputa ihe malitere na Thetford hills, Quebec, site na 1870s. Sir William Edmond Logan bụ onye mbụ hụrụ nnukwu ego nke chrysotile n'ugwu n'ike ya dị ka onye isi nyocha Geological Survey nke Canada. E gosipụtara ihe atụ nke mineral ndị si n'ebe ahụ na London ma kpalite mmasị dị ukwuu. Na mmeghe nke Quebec Central Railway na 1876, ndị ọchụnta ego na egwupụta akụ dịka Andrew Stuart Johnson guzobere ụlọ ọrụ asbestos na mpaghara ahụ. Mpụta 50 ton nke ogbunigwe na 1878 ruru ihe karịrị tọn 10,000 na 1890 site na nnabata nke teknụzụ igwe na mmepụta gbasaa. Ruo ogologo oge, ogbunigwe asbestos kasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ ogbunigwe Jeffrey nke dị n'obodo Asbestos, Quebec [[Usòrò:Asbestos_iron_ad.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ngwa nke asbestos mụbara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 nke a bụ mgbasa ozi maka ígwè uwe nwere akwa asbestos sitere na 1906.]] Mmepụta Asbestos malitere na Urals nke Alaeze Ukwu Russia na 1880s, yana mpaghara Alpine nke Northern Italy na nguzobe na Turin nke Italo English Pure Asbestos Company na 1876, n'agbanyeghị na n'oge na adịghị anya nke a swamped site na nnukwu mmepụta ọkwa sitere na Canada. ogbunigwe. Ngwuputa eweputara na South Africa site na 1893 n'okpuru ikike nke onye ọchụnta ego Britain Francis Oates, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ De Beers. Ọ bụ na South Africa ka mmepụta nke amosite malitere na 1910. Ụlọ ọrụ asbestos nke United States malitere mmalite na 1858 mgbe a na egwupụta fibrous anthophyllite maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi asbestos site n'aka Johns Company, onye bu ya ụzọ Johns Manville ugbu a, n'ebe a na agbari agbawa. na Ward's Hill na Staten Island, New York. Mmepụta US malitere nke ọma na 1899 site na nchọpụta nnukwu ego na Belvidere Mountain Ojiji nke asbestos bịara na agbasawanye na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ngwa ya dị iche iche gụnyere ihe mkpuchi ọkụ, ihe, brik, ọkpọkọ na simenti ọkụ, okpomọkụ, ọkụ, na gaskets na eguzogide acid, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, mkpuchi ụlọ. , mgbidi akọrọ na adịghị ọkụ, ala ala, mkpuchi ụlọ, arịa ụlọ ahịhịa, na ngwakọta nkwonkwo nkụ. Na 2011, a kọrọ na ihe karịrị 50% nke ụlọ UK ka nwere asbestos, n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu nke ngwaahịa asbestos afọ ole na ole gara aga. Na [[Japan]], karịsịa mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, a na eji asbestos na emepụta ammonium sulfate maka nzube nke mmepụta osikapa, fesa n'elu ụlọ, ọkpụkpụ ígwè, na mgbidi nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụlọ (n'oge 1960), ma jiri ya rụọ ọrụ ike. ihe kpatara ya. Mmepụta nke asbestos na Japan ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 1974 wee gafere na mgbada ruo ihe dị ka 1990 mgbe mmepụta malitere ibelata nke ukwuu. === Discovery of toxicity ===   Na 1899, H. Montague Murray kwuru mmetụta na adịghị mma nke asbestos. Ọnwụ mbụ e dekọrọ gbasara asbestos bụ na 1906. Na mmalite 1900s, ndị nchọpụta malitere ịhụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọnwụ n'oge na nsogbu ngụgụ na obodo asbestos mining. Ọ bụ Murray mere ọmụmụ ihe mbụ dị otú ahụ na Charing Cross Hospital, London, na 1900, bụ́ nke nnyocha e mere n’afọ nwụsịrị, chọpụtara akara asbestos n’akpa ume nke otu nwa okorobịa nwụrụ n’ihi fibrosis akpa ume mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ afọ 14 na akwa asbestos. ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Adelaide Anderson, Onye Na enyocha Ụlọ Ọrụ Na Britain, tinyere asbestos ná ndepụta nke ihe ndị na emerụ ahụ ụlọ ọrụ na 1902. E mere nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ na [[France]] na 1906 na Ịtali na 1908. [[Usòrò:Heat-resistant_asbestos_fabric.jpg|thumb|Asbestos ákwà]] [[Usòrò:Rockbestos-_the_asbestos_covered_wire_ad_in_Exhibitor's_Herald_The_Independent_Film_Trade_Paper_(weekly,_September_18,_1926_to_December_11,_1926)_-_Internet_Archive_-_exhibitorsherald27unse_(page_1360_crop).jpg|thumb|Rockbestos, asbestos kpuchiri mgbasa ozi waya na Exhibitor's Herald, 1926]] "<ref name="selikoff">{{Cite journal|author=Selikoff|first=Irving J.|date=20 February 1991|title=A Landmark Case in Asbestosis|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/265/7/898.pdf|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]|volume=265|issue=7|pages=898–901|doi=10.1001/jama.265.7.898|issn=0098-7484|pmid=1825122|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="bartrip">{{Cite journal|author=Bartrip|first=Peter|year=1998|title=Too little, too late? The home office and the asbestos industry regulations, 1931|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-history_1998-10_42_4/page/421|journal=Med. Hist.|volume=42|issue=4|pages=421–438|doi=10.1017/s0025727300064334|issn=0025-7273|pmid=10505397}}</ref> N'ihi akwụkwọ Cooke, nzuko omeiwu nyere ọrụ nyocha banyere mmetụta nke uzuzu asbestos site n'aka E. R. A. Merewether, Onye nyocha ahụike nke ụlọ ọrụ, na C.W. Price, onye nyocha ụlọ ọrụ na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nlekota na njikwa uzuzu. Akuko ha na esote, Ihe Omume nke Fibrosis Pulmonary & Mmetụta Ndị Ọzọ Pulmonary na Asbestos Workers, ka e gosipụtara n'ụlọ omeiwu na 24 March 1930. O kwubiri na mmepe nke asbestosis bụ ihe na enweghị mgbagha jikọtara ya na ogologo oge inhalation nke asbestos ájá, na gụnyere ọmụmụ ahụike mbụ nke ahụike. Ndị ọrụ asbestos, nke chọpụtara na 66% nke ndị na arụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ 20 ma ọ bụ karịa na ata ahụhụ site na asbestosis. Akụkọ ahụ mere ka e bipụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ asbestos nke mbụ na 1931, bụ nke malitere na 1 Maachị 1932. Iwu ndị a na achịkwa ikuku ikuku ma mee ka asbestosis bụrụ ọrịa na enweghị ngọpụ nke metụtara ọrụ. Okwu ahụ mesothelioma bụ nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na akwụkwọ ahụike na 1931; Nkwekọrịta ya na asbestos bụ nke mbụ achọpụtara oge ụfọdụ na 1940s. Iwu yiri nke ahụ sochiri na U.S. ihe dị ka afọ iri ka e mesịrị. Ihe dị ka 100,000 ndị mmadụ na United States anwụọla, ma ọ bụ na arịa ọrịa na egbu egbu, site na mkpughe asbestos metụtara iwu ụgbọ mmiri. Na mpaghara okporo ụzọ Hampton, ebe a na ewu ụgbọ mmiri, ihe omume mesothelioma ji okpukpu asaa karịa ọnụego mba. A na eji ọtụtụ puku tọn asbestos mee ihe n'ụgbọ mmiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kpuchiri ọkpọkọ, ọkụ ọkụ, injin uzuoku, na turbines. Enwere ihe dị ka nde 4.3 ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na United States n'oge agha; maka ndị ọrụ 1,000 ọ bụla, ihe dị ka mmadụ 14 nwụrụ n'ihi mesothelioma na ọnụ ọgụgụ amaghị ama nwụrụ n'ihi asbestosis A katọrọ gọọmentị United States na ụlọ ọrụ asbestos maka emeghị ngwa ngwa iji gwa ọha na eze ihe egwu yana ibelata mgbasa ozi ọha. N'ọgwụgwụ 1970s, akwụkwọ ụlọikpe gosipụtara na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ asbestos maara banyere ihe ize ndụ asbestos kemgbe 1930 wee zoo ha n'ihu ọha. N'[[Ostraliya|Australia]], a na eji asbestos eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihe owuwu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'etiti 1946 na 1980. Site na 1970s, e nwere nchegbu na arịwanye elu banyere ihe ize ndụ nke asbestos, e wepụrụ iji ya mee ihe, na egwupụta akụ na akwụsị na 1983. Iji asbestos eme ihe bụ. ewepụrụ na 1989 wee machibido ya kpam kpam na Disemba 2003. Ihe ize ndụ nke asbestos bụzi nke amara nke ọma na Australia, enwerekwa enyemaka na nkwado maka ndị na arịa asbestosis ma ọ bụ mesothelioma.. === Jiri site na ụlọ ọrụ na ụdị ngwaahịa === ==== Otu serpentine ==== [[Usòrò:Guy's_Hospital-_Life_in_a_London_Hospital,_England,_1941_D2325.jpg|thumb|N'ụlọ ọgwụ Guy's Hospital, London, 1941, ndị nọọsụ na ahazi blanketị asbestos n'elu ihe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik iji mepụta mkpuchi n'elu ndị ọrịa iji nyere aka kpoo ha ngwa ngwa.]] Mineral serpentine nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe nhazi. Chrysotile (nke a na akpọkarị asbestos ọcha) bụ naanị ịnweta asbestos n'ime otu agwọ. Na United States, chrysotile bụ ụdị asbestos a na ejikarị eme ihe. Dị ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual si kwuo, chrysotile bụ ihe dịka 95% nke asbestos dị na ụlọ ndị dị na United States. Chrysotile na adịkarị na ngwaahịa na ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere: * Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine (currently in the US) * Drywall and joint compound (including texture coats) * Plaster * Gas mask filters throughout World War II until the 1960s for most countries; Germany and the USSR's Civilian issued filters up until 1988 tested positive for asbestos * Vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives * Roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Popular Mechanics|author=Hearst Magazines|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=July 1935|issn=0032-4558|accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> * "Transite" panels, siding, countertops, and pipes * Popcorn ceilings, also known as acoustic ceilings * Fireproofing * Caulk * Industrial and marine gaskets * Brake pads and shoes * Stage curtains * Fire blankets * Interior fire doors * Fireproof clothing for firefighters * Thermal pipe insulation * Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals, liquids, and wine * Dental cast linings * HVAC flexible duct connectors * Drilling fluid additives .Na European Union na Australia, amachibidoro ya dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike ma anaghịzi eji ya eme ihe ==== Amphibole group ==== Amphiboles gụnyere amosite (aja aja asbestos) na crocidolite (acha anụnụ anụnụ asbestos) na ejibu na ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ruo mmalite 1980s. Tremolite asbestos mejupụtara ihe na emerụ emerụ nke ọtụtụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile chrysotile na emekarị. A machibidoro iji ụdị asbestos niile na otu amphibole iwu n'ọtụtụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ụwa n'etiti afọ 1980, yana na Japan ka ọ na erule 1995. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ndị gụnyere amphibole ụdị asbestos gụnyere ihe ndị a: * Onye na emepụta sịga Lorillard ( ga nke Kent) jiri crocidolite asbestos na nzacha "Micronite" ya site na 1952 ruo 1956. Ọ bụ ezie na a na ejikarị eriri asbestos chrysotile eme ihe na breeki ụgbọala, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na diski clutch, ihe ndị na emerụ emerụ nke amphiboles nọ. Kemgbe ihe dị ka n'etiti 1990s, a na emepụta paịlị breeki, ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ dochie anya kama iji akwa seramiiki, carbon, metallic, na aramid fiber (Twaron ma ọ bụ Kevlar otu ihe a na eji na akwa mkpuchi mgbo). Ejiri asbestos mee snow ekeresimesi arụrụ arụ, nke a maara dị ka ìgwè atụrụ. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka mmetụta na fim gụnyere Ọkachamara nke Oz na ihe ngosi windo ụlọ ahịa, a na erekwa ya maka iji ya n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ n'okpuru aha ndị gụnyere "Ọcha ọcha", "Snow Drift" na "White Magic". === Enwere ike iji ya na sequestration carbon === === Ihe owuwu === ==== Mba ndị mepere emepe ==== [[Usòrò:Asbestos_ceiling.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ulo ụlọ ịchọ mma ochie, nke yiri nke a, nwere ike ịnwe obere asbestos ọcha]] [[Usòrò:Durabestos_advertisement.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ 1929 sitere na Perth, Western Australia, maka mpempe akwụkwọ asbestos maka iwu ụlọ obibi.]] Amachibidoro iji asbestos eme ihe owuwu ọhụrụ maka ahụike na nchekwa n'ọtụtụ mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara mepere emepe, gụnyere European Union, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, na New Zealand. Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ United States, ebe a na-aga n'ihu na eji asbestos eme ihe dị ka pipụ simenti asbestos. Ụlọ ikpe Circuit nke ise gbochiri EPA ka ọ machibido asbestos na 1991 n'ihi na nchọpụta EPA gosiri na mmachibido iwu ahụ ga efu n'etiti US $ 450 na 800 nde ebe ọ bụ naanị na azọpụta ndụ 200 n'ime oge 13 afọ, yana na EPA enyeghị ihe akaebe zuru oke maka ya. nchekwa nke ngwaahịa ọzọ. Ruo n'etiti 1980s, a na eji obere asbestos na acha ọcha mee ihe na Artex, ihe eji achọ mma, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na ebubata ụdị ụdị Artex ka na agbakwunye asbestos ọcha ruo 1999 Tupu mmachibido iwu ahụ, a na eji asbestos eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu n'ọtụtụ puku ihe. A na ewere ụfọdụ dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ karịa ndị ọzọ n'ihi oke asbestos na ọdịdị dị nro nke ihe ahụ. A na eche na mkpuchi fesa, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, na Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) bụ ihe kachasị dị ize ndụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya asbestos na ọdịdị na adịghị mma. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ochie ndị e wuru tupu ngwụcha afọ 1990 nwere asbestos. Na United States, enwere opekata mpe maka nyocha asbestos dịka ọkọlọtọ ASTM E 2356 18 kọwara. Na UK, Health and Safety Executive enyela ntụzịaka a na akpọ HSG264 na akọwa etu ekwesịrị isi mechaa nyocha ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike igosi na ha erutela iwu site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. EPA na agụnye ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụghị ihe niile, ụlọ ọrụ asbestos merụrụ na ndepụta Superfund National Priorities List (NPL). Nrụzigharị na ịkwatu ụlọ ndị asbestos merụrụ bụ n'okpuru Iwu EPA NESHAP na OSHA. Asbestos abụghị ihe kpuchiri ekpuchi n'okpuru nchebe onye zụrụ ahịa CERCLA. Na UK, njikwa nke Asbestos Regulations 2006 kpuchiri mwepụ na mkpofu asbestos na ihe ndị nwere ya U.S. oriri asbestos ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke tọn 804,000 na 1973; Ọchịchọ asbestos ụwa kacha elu na 1977, ebe mba 25 na emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde metric ton 4.8 kwa afọ N'ụlọ ochie (dịka ndị e wuru tupu 1999 na UK, tupu amachibido asbestos ọcha), asbestos ka nwere ike ịdị na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Ịmara ebe asbestos nọ na ebelata ohere nke ịkpasu asbestos. Mwepụ ihe ndị na ewu ụlọ asbestos nwekwara ike wepụ ihe nchebe ọkụ ha na enye, ya mere a na achọ ihe nchebe ọkụ maka nchebe ọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke asbestos nyere na mbụ. ==== N'èzí Europe na North America ==== Mba ụfọdụ, dị ka India, Indonesia, China, Russia, na Brazil, anọgidewo na eji asbestos eme ihe n'ebe nile. Ihe kachasị ewu ewu bụ akwa asbestos ciment ma ọ bụ "A/C sheets" maka mkpuchi ụlọ na akụkụ akụkụ. Ọtụtụ nde ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi, na ebe nchekwa ka na eji asbestos eme ihe. Ịcha mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a ka ha nha na mkpọpu oghere iji nweta bolts 'J' iji nyere aka dobe mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na nhazi ụlọ na eme na saịtị. Enwebeghị nnukwu mgbanwe na mmepụta na ojiji nke akwụkwọ A/C na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe na esochi mmachi zuru ebe niile na mba ndị mepere emepe ==== September 11 ọgụ ==== Ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Azụmahịa Ụwa nke New York City dara na esochi mwakpo Septemba 11, Lower Manhattan bụ ihe mkpuchi na ngwakọta nke irighiri ihe ụlọ na ihe ndị na ere ọkụ. Ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya a mere ka a na enwe nchegbu na ọtụtụ puku ndị bi na ndị ọrụ nọ n'ógbè ahụ ga enweta ihe ize ndụ ndị a ma ama na ikuku na uzuzu, dị ka asbestos, lead, fibers glass, na kọmpụta a kpụrụ akpụ. A na eche na a tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị tọn 1,000 asbestos n'ikuku ka e bibiri ụlọ ndị ahụ. A na eche na ikuru ngwakọta nke asbestos na ihe ndị ọzọ na egbu egbu na ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na enweghị atụ sitere na ọrịa kansa nke ndị ọrụ ọrụ mberede kemgbe ọdachi ahụ. A na eche na puku kwuru puku ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite ịrịa ọrịa kansa n'ihi mkpughe a na ndị nwụrụ ugbu a bụ naanị "ọnụ nke iceberg Na Mee 2002, ka EPA, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti ndị ọzọ, New York City, na steeti New York, na eduzi ọtụtụ mkpocha, nchịkọta uzuzu na nlekota ikuku, n'èzí, New York City rịọrọ enyemaka gọọmenti etiti iji hichaa na nwalee ebe obibi n'ime ụlọ. gburugburu ebe World Trade Center maka ikuku asbestos === Asbestos na emerụ emerụ na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ === ==== Vermiculite ==== Vermiculite bụ hydrated laminar magnesium aluminom iron silicate nke yiri mica. Enwere ike iji ya maka ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka mkpuchi. A na eji obere asbestos metọọ ụfọdụ nkwụnye ego nke vermiculite. Otu ogbunigwe vermiculite nke WR Grace na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Libby na arụ, Montana kpugheere ndị ọrụ na ndị bi n'ime obodo n'ihe egwu site n'ịgbapụta vermiculite merutere na asbestos, nke na abụkarị richterite, winchite, actinolite ma ọ bụ tremolite. A na eji Vermiculite emeru asbestos sitere na ogbunigwe Libby dị ka ihe mkpuchi n'ụlọ obibi na nke azụmahịa site na Canada na United States. W.R. Grace na ụlọ ọrụ vermiculite rụrụ arụ na ere ahịa dị ka Zonolite mana ejirikwa ya na ngwaahịa ndị a na efesa dị ka Monokote Na 1999, EPA malitere mbọ mkpocha na Libby ma ugbu a mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe mkpocha Superfund. EPA ekpebiela na a na ahapụ asbestos na emerụ ahụ site na ogbunigwe ahụ yana site na mmemme ndị ọzọ na akpaghasị ala na mpaghara ahụ. ==== Talc ==== [[Usòrò:A_laboratory_heat_spreader_made_of_asbestos,_over_Teclu_burner.jpg|thumb|Ihe mgbasa ọkụ ụlọ nyocha emere nke asbestos, na njem n'elu ihe ọkụ Teclu]] Enwere ike ime Talc mgbe ụfọdụ site na asbestos n'ihi ịdị nso nke asbestos ore (na emekarị tremolite) na nkwụnye ego talc n'okpuru ala. Ka ọ na erule 1973, iwu gọọmenti etiti US chọrọ ka ngwaahịa talc niile ghara asbestos, ma taa enwere njikwa mma na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa talc. Ikewapụta talc ịchọ mma ọkwa (dịka talcum ntụ ntụ) sitere na ọkwa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (nke a na ejikarị na ngwaahịa esemokwu) ewepụla okwu a maka ndị na azụ ahịa N'afọ 2000, ule n'ụlọ nyocha nyocha nke asbestos gbaara agbaze hụrụ ụdị tremolite nke amphibole asbestos nke a na ahụbu n'ụdị atọ n'ime asatọ a ma ama nke crayons ụmụaka bụ nke sitere na talc: Crayola, Prang, na RoseArt. Na Crayola crayons, ule ahụ chọpụtara ọkwa asbestos gburugburu 0.05% na Carnation Pink na 2.86% na Orchid; na Prang crayons, nso nso sitere na 0.3% na Periwinkle ruo 0.54% na Yellow; na Rose Art crayons, o sitere na 0.03% na Brown ruo 1.20% na oroma. N'ozuzu, ụdị crayons 32 dị iche iche sitere na ụdị ndị a nwere ihe karịrị ọnụọgụ asbestos, yana asatọ ndị ọzọ nwere ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Art na Creative Materials Institute, otu ndị na azụ ahịa nke nwalere nchekwa nke crayons n'aha ndị na eme ya, na ekwusi ike na nsonaazụ ule ahụ aghaghị ịbụ na ezighi ezi, n'agbanyeghị na ha mechara kwuo na ha anaghị anwale asbestos. Na May 2000, Crayola kwuru na nyocha nke Richard Lee, onye nyocha akụrụngwa nke anabatala akaebe ya n'aha ụlọ ọrụ asbestos n'ụlọ ikpe ihe karịrị ugboro 250, chọpụtara na crayons nwalere adịghị mma maka asbestos. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na June 2000 Binney & Smith, onye na emepụta Crayola, na ndị ọzọ na emepụta kwetara ịkwụsị iji talc na ngwaahịa ha, ma gbanwee usoro ngwaahịa ha na United States Ụlọ ọrụ na egwupụta akụ RT Vanderbilt Co nke Gouverneur, New York, bụ onye nyere ndị na-emepụta crayon talc, na ekwu na "n'ókè anyị maara na nkwenye anyị" ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ bụla ọrịa asbestos metụtara n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ mgbasa ozi na ekwu na United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) achọpụtala asbestos na talc anọ a nwalere na 2000. Onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ maka nchekwa na ahụike m mechara degara onye nta akụkọ ozi, na ekwu na "N'ezie, abbreviation. ND (anaghị achọpụta) na akụkọ ụlọ nyocha na egosi na ọ nweghị eriri asbestos achọtara n'ụdị nlele ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ sitere na ndị na ahụ maka ịnweta mineral, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị na ahụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ na ndị na egbu egbu n'etiti 1970 na 2000 achọpụtaghị ihe atụ nke asbestos na ngwaahịa talc ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ikpughe asbestos n'etiti ndị ọrụ na arụ ọrụ na talc, mana ọrụ ndị na adịbeghị anya ajụla nkwubi okwu ndị a na akwado "otu" asbestos. ihe ize ndụ Na 12 Julaị 2018, ndị juri Missouri nyere Johnson & Johnson iwu ka ha kwụọ nde $ 4.69 ijeri nye ụmụ nwanyị 22 boro ebubo ngwaahịa talc nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, gụnyere ntụ ntụ nwa ya, nwere asbestos wee mee ka ha nwee ọrịa kansa ovarian. == Ụdị na eriri jikọtara ya == .<ref name="gee">{{Cite journal|author=Gee|first=David|date=9 January 2002|title=Asbestos: from 'magic' to malevolent mineral|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental_issue_report_2001_22/issue-22-part-05.pdf|journal=Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896–2000|issue=22|pages=52–63|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref>EPA kọwapụtara ụdị ịnweta isii dị ka "asbestos" gụnyere ndị nọ na klas agwọ na ndị nọ na klaasị amphibole. A maara ụdị ịnweta asbestos isii dị ka carcinogens mmadụ. Ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ nke ọ bụla mejupụtara ọtụtụ nde "fibrils" microscopic nke enwere ike ịhapụ site na abrasion na usoro ndị ọzọ. === Serpentine === [[Usòrò:Epa_450_2-78-014_march_1978_asbestos_comparison.JPG|thumb|Ogo nke eriri asbestos atụnyere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ (USEPA, Maachị 1978)]] .Eriri klas serpentine na akpụ akpụ. Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001 29 5, bụ naanị asbestos nke a na ekewa dị ka eriri serpentine. A na enweta ya site na nkume serpentinite nke na emekarị n'ụwa nile. Usoro kemịkalụ ya nke ọma bụ Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4. Chrysotile na apụta n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri ọcha A na eji Chrysotile eme ihe karịa ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ yana ihe dị ka pasent 95 nke asbestos dị na ụlọ dị na America. Chrysotile na agbanwe agbanwe karịa ụdị asbestos nke amphibole ma nwee ike ịgbanye ma kpaa ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa ákwà. Ihe a na ejikarị eme ihe bụ nchara simenti nke asbestos bụ isi maka ụlọ, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, na ebe a na adọba ụgbọala. A pụkwara ịhụ ya na mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe e ji ekpuchi elu ụlọ na mgbe ụfọdụ maka mgbidi na ala. Chrysotile abụrụla ihe na emekọ ihe ọnụ na ụfọdụ plasta. Emeela ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere chrysotile gụnyere breeki lining, ihe mgbochi ọkụ n'ime igbe fuse, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, taịlị ala, shingle obibi, na gaskets maka akụrụngwa okpomọkụ dị elu === Amphibole === Amphibole klaasị eriri dị ka agịga. Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite na actinolite bụ ndị otu amphibole. ==== Amosite ==== Amosite, CAS No. 12172 73 5, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos agba aja aja, bụ aha ahia maka amphiboles nke sitere na usoro ngwọta siri ike nke cummingtonite grunerite, nke sitere na South Africa, nke a na akpọkarị acronym maka "Asbestos Mines of South Africa". Otu usoro e nyere maka amosite bụ . A na ahụ Amosite n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri vitreous isi awọ na acha ọcha. A na achọta ya ugboro ugboro dị ka ihe na egbochi ọkụ na ngwaahịa mkpuchi ọkụ, bọọdụ mkpuchi asbestos na taịlị uko ụlọ. ==== Crocidolite ==== .Crocidolite, CAS No. 12001-28-4, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ, bụ ụdị fibrous nke amphibole riebeckite, nke a na achọta na ndịda Africa, kamakwa na Australia na Bolivia. Otu usoro e nyere maka crocidolite bụ . A na ahụ Crocidolite n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri na acha anụnụ anụnụ Crocidolite na emekarị dị ka eriri friable dị nro. Asbestiform amphibole nwekwara ike ime dị ka eriri friable dị nro mana ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka amosite na adịkarị ogologo. Ụdị asbestos niile bụ fibrillar n'ihi na ha nwere eriri nwere obosara na erughị 1 micrometer na ùkwù nke nnukwu obosara. A na akpọkwa asbestos nwere eriri mara mma dị ka "amianthus ==== Ihe ndị ọzọ ==== mineral asbestos, dị ka tremolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-68-6 , ; actinolite asbestos, CAS Nke 77536-66-4, ; na anthophyllite asbestos, CAS Nke 77536-67-5 , ; a na ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mana a ka nwere ike ịhụ ya n'ụdị ihe owuwu na ihe mkpuchi ma jiri ya mee ihe na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa ole na ole. Ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike nke asbestiform, dị ka Richterite, na winchite, agbanyeghị na ahazibeghị ya, ụfọdụ na ekwu na ha adịghị emerụ ahụ karịa tremolite, amosite, ma ọ bụ crocidolite. A na akpọ ha "asbestiform" kama asbestos. Ọ bụ ezie na US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) etinyeghị ha na ọkọlọtọ asbestos, NIOSH na American Thoracic Society akwadoro ha maka ntinye dị ka ihe edoziziri n'ihi na ha nwekwara ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike Akpụkpọ anụ ugwu" bụ okwu oge ochie maka mgbanwe, mpempe akwụkwọ dị ka usoro okike nke asbestiform mineral nke yiri akpụkpọ anụ. mineral ndị nwere asbestos mara na etolite akpụkpọ anụ ugwu gụnyere: actinolite, sepiolite, na tremolite. == Production == [[Usòrò:Asbestos-world-production-1900-2100.jpg|thumb|Mmepụta asbestos ụwa (metric ton) site na 1900 ruo 2017 nwere ahịrị na ewu ewu.]] Na 2017, a na egwupụta asbestos nde 1.3 n'ụwa niile. Russia bụ ndị kasị emepụta ihe nwere 53% nke ngụkọta ụwa, Kazakhstan (16%) sochiri, China (15%) na Brazil (11.5%). Eshia na eri ihe dị ka 70% nke asbestos emepụtara n'ụwa yana China, India na Indonesia bụ ndị kacha azụ ahịa. N'afọ 2009, a na egwupụta ihe dị ka 9% nke asbestos nke ụwa na Canada. N'ọgwụgwụ 2011, ogbunigwe asbestos abụọ fọdụrụ na Canada, nke dị na Quebec, kwụsịrị ọrụ. N’ọnwa Septemba afọ 2012, gọọmenti Quebec kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ asbestos. == Mmetụta ahụike ==   [[Usòrò:MesotheliomaCT.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mesothelioma n'akụkụ aka ekpe (a na ahụ n'aka nri nke onyonyo): CT obi]] Ọrịa ndị a na ahụkarị na ejikọta na mkpughe asbestos na adịghị ala ala bụ asbestosis (ụfụ nke ngụgụ n'ihi inhalation asbestos) na mesothelioma (cancer jikọtara asbestos).[2]. Mesothelioma bụ ụdị ọrịa kansa na eme ihe ike ma na edugakarị na ndụ nke na erughị ọnwa 12 mgbe nyochachara ya.[21]. Amara ụdị asbestos ọ bụla na akpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na anụmanụ. A na ewere Amosite na crocidolite dị ka ụdị eriri asbestos dị ize ndụ; Otú ọ dị, chrysotile asbestos emewokwa ka etuto ahụ dị n'ime anụmanụ ma bụrụ ihe a ma ama na akpata asbestosis na mesothelioma na adịghị mma na ụmụ mmadụ, na mesothelioma achọpụtala na ndị mmadụ na arụ ọrụ na chrysotile, ndị òtù ezinụlọ nke ndị ọrụ ekpughere, na ndị bi nso bi nso. ụlọ ọrụ asbestos na mines. N'ime afọ 1980 na ọzọ na 1990s, ụlọ ọrụ asbestos tụrụ aro mgbe ụfọdụ na usoro ịme ciment asbestos nwere ike "na ewepụ" asbestos, ma ọ bụ site na usoro kemịkal ma ọ bụ site n'ime ka simenti tinye aka na eriri ma gbanwee nha anụ ahụ; Nnyocha ndị sochirinụ gosiri na nke a abụghị eziokwu na simenti asbestos dịlarị ọtụtụ iri afọ, mgbe agbajiri agbaji, na ewepụta eriri asbestos yiri nke a na ahụ n'okike, na enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla enwere ike ịchọpụta. A na ewere ikpughe na asbestos n'ụdị eriri dị ize ndụ mgbe niile. A na ewere iji, ma ọ bụ ikpughe na ihe ndị a na emegharị emegharị, ma ọ bụ ihe ma ọ bụ ọrụ nwere ike ime ka mwepụta nke eriri asbestos rụrụ arụ, bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ. N'ozuzu, ndị mmadụ na arịa ọrịa site na iku ume asbestos na ekpughere mgbe niile n'ọrụ ebe ha na arụ ọrụ ozugbo na ihe ahụ Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na ahụike US (OSHA) nwere ụkpụrụ iji chebe ndị ọrụ pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe na asbestos n'ebe ọrụ. Oke mkpughe maka asbestos bụ 0.1 fiber kwa cubic centimita nke ikuku dị ka nkezi oge awa asatọ, yana oke njem nlegharị anya nke 1.0 asbestos fibers kwa cubic centimita n'ime oge nkeji iri atọ. == Iwu ==   === Mmachibido iwu asbestos zuru oke === [[Usòrò:Asbestos_warning_label.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akara ịdọ aka ná ntị Asbestos n'okpuru ntuziaka EU nke 1983]] Gburugburu ụwa, mba na ókèala 66 (gụnyere ndị niile nọ na European Union) amachibidola iji asbestos. Akwụpụrụ maka obere ojiji na ụfọdụ obodo edepụtara; Agbanyeghị, obodo niile edepụtara ga abụrịrị machibidola iji ụdị asbestos niile. {| class="wikitable" | Algeria | Czech Republic | Iraq | Mauritius | Slovakia |- | Argentina | Denmark | Ireland | Monaco | Slovenia |- | Australia | Djibouti | Israel | Mozambique | South Africa |- | Austria | Egypt | Italy | Netherlands | Spain |- | Bahrain | Estonia | Japan | New Zealand | Sweden |- | Belgium | Finland | Jordan | Norway | Switzerland |- | Brazil | France | South Korea | Oman | Taiwan |- | Brunei | Gabon | Kuwait | Poland | Turkey |- | Bulgaria | Germany | Latvia | Portugal | United Kingdom |- | Canada | Gibraltar | Liechtenstein | Qatar | Uruguay |- | Chile | Greece | Lithuania | Romania | |- | Colombia | Honduras | Luxembourg | Saudi Arabia | |- | Croatia | Hungary | North Macedonia | Serbia | |- | Cyprus | Iceland | Malta | Seychelles | |} ==== Ọstrelia ==== [[Usòrò:SLNSW_20132_Asbestos_Products_Ltd_exporting.jpg|thumb|Asbestos Products Ltd (Sydney) asbestos ciment corrugated roofing maka mbupụ]] A machibidoro iji crocidolite (acha anụnụ anụnụ asbestos) na 1967, ebe ojiji nke amosite (aja aja asbestos) gara n'ihu na ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Emechara machibido ya iwu iwu ụlọ na 1989, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị na gaskets na breeki lining ruo 31 Disemba 2003, na enweghị ike ibubata, jiri, ma ọ bụ megharịa ya. Asbestos ka na abụ nsogbu n'Australia. Abụọ n'ime ụlọ atọ dị n'Australia wuru n'etiti Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mmalite 1980 ka nwere asbestos. Ndị otu na anọchite anya ndị ọrụ e nyere ọrụ imegharị igbe igwe eletrik n'ụlọ kwuru na ndị ọrụ kwesịrị ịjụ ịrụ ọrụ a ruo mgbe enyochala igbe ndị ahụ maka asbestos, onye isi otu Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) kpọkuola gọọmentị ka ha mee ya. chebe ụmụ amaala ya site n'iwepụ obodo asbestos site na 2030. Ndị na-ejikwa ihe asbestos ga enwerịrị ikikere B Klas maka asbestos jikọtara ọnụ yana ikikere A klas maka asbestos friable. E wuru obodo Wittenoom, nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Australia, gburugburu ebe a na egwupụta akụ asbestos (acha anụnụ anụnụ). Obodo ahụ dum ka na emerụ emerụ ma mebiekwa ya, na enye ndị ọchịchị obodo ohere iwepu ntụnyere aka na Wittenoom na maapụ na akara okporo ụzọ ==== Canada ==== Dịka nke Disemba 31st 2018, ọ bụ iwu na akwadoghị ibubata, rụpụta, ree, ịzụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ jiri ngwaahịa emere na asbestos. Enwere mwepu maka iji ya na ụlọ ọrụ chloralkali, ndị agha, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia, yana maka mmịpụta magnesium site na nsị nsị asbestos. ==== Japan ==== Nkpughe na ọtụtụ narị ndị ọrụ nwụrụ na Japan n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga n'ihi ọrịa ndị metụtara asbestos kpalitere asịrị n'etiti afọ 2005. Tokyo nwere, na 1971, nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọrụ na ahụ maka asbestos iwu ka ha wụnye ikuku ventilashị na ịlele ahụike mgbe niile; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị Japan amachibidoghị crocidolite na amosite ruo 1995, na mmachibido iwu zuru oke na nke dị ole na ole na asbestos ka etinyere na 2006, na ewepụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na March 2012 maka mmachibido iwu zuru oke. ==== New Zealand ==== N'afọ 1984, amachibidoro ibubata asbestos raw (acha anụnụ anụnụ na aja aja) na New Zealand. N'afọ 2002 ka amachibidokwara ibubata chrysotile (ọcha) asbestos. N'afọ 2015, gọọmentị kwupụtara na a ga amachibido mbubata asbestos kpamkpam na oke oke (nke a na atụ anya na a ga etinye ya na akụkụ ndị na anọchi maka igwe ochie) nke a ga enyocha ya n'otu n'otu. N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Nelson, na Ndagwurugwu Takaka Upper, bụ naanị m asbestos na egbute na New Zealand. A na egwupụta Chrysotile dị obere ebe a site na 1908 ruo 1917 mana ọ bụ naanị 100 tọn ka a na asacha wee wepụ ya. Atụmatụ ike ọhụrụ nyere ọrụ aka imeghari ma n'etiti 1940 na 1949, ụlọ ọrụ Hume na egwupụta tọn 40 kwa ọnwa. Nke a gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1964, mgbe, n'ihi ogologo ogologo nke eriri ya, njedebe azụmahịa dị ntakịrị manyere ngwungwu ahụ kwụsị. ==== South Korea ==== Na Mee 1997, amachibidoro imepụta na iji crocidolite na amosite, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ na aja aja, na South Korea. Na Jenụwarị 2009, mmachibido iwu zuru oke na ụdị asbestos niile mere mgbe gọọmentị machibidoro nrụpụta, mbubata, ire ere, nchekwa, mbufe ma ọ bụ iji asbestos ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị 0.1% nke asbestos. N'afọ 2011, Saụt Koria ghọrọ mba nke isii n'ụwa nyere iwu iwu enyemaka mmerụaka nke asbestos, bụ́ nke nyere nwa amaala Korea ọ bụla ikike nlekọta ahụike n'efu oge ndụ yana ego gọọmentị na enweta kwa ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na a chọpụta ya na ọ nwere ọrịa asbestos ==== United Kingdom ==== Na United Kingdom, amachibidoro ihe asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba aja aja na 1985 ka amachibidoro mbubata, ire, na ijigharị asbestos ọcha na 1999. Njikwa 2012 nke Asbestos Regulations, na emelite na dochie iwu 2006 gara aga, kwuru na ndị nwe ya. nke ụlọ ndị na abụghị nke ụlọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ) nwere "ọrụ ijikwa" asbestos n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'ime ka onwe ha mara ọnụnọ ya na ijide n'aka na ihe ahụ adịghị njọ, wepụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ndị na ewe ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na ewu ụlọ, ndị ndị ọrụ ha nwere ike ịbanye na asbestos ga enyerịrị ndị ọrụ ha ọzụzụ asbestos kwa afọ === Mba ebe asbestos kwadoro iwu === ==== United States ==== [[Usòrò:Researching_Asbestos-Related_Disease.jpg|thumb|Onye na eme nchọpụta na eji nhazi ọkwa ogologo eriri iji mepụta eriri asbestos ahọpụtara ogologo maka ọmụmụ nsi]] United States ka bụ otu n'ime mba ole na ole mepere emepe na amachibidoghị asbestos kpamkpam. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ America na osisi chlorine na abịakarị na kọntaktị ahụ, OSHA na ewepụkwa osisi ndị a na nyocha nke enweghị usoro site na Mmemme Nchekwa afọ ofufo. Na 1989 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nyere Asbestos Ban and Phase out Rule mana na 1991, ndị na akwado ụlọ ọrụ asbestos gbara aka ma kwatuo mmachibido iwu ahụ n'okwu ikpe dị ịrịba ama: Corrosion Proof Fittings v. the Environmental Protection Agency. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpe ahụ butere ọtụtụ mmeri dị nta maka iwu asbestos, EPA emechabeghị akwụsị iji asbestos. Mkpebi ahụ hapụrụ ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ahịa ka nwere ike ịnwe ọnụọgụ asbestos n'ụzọ iwu. Agbanyeghị, amachibidoro ụdị isii nke ngwaahịa asbestos nwere: akwụkwọ corrugated, rollboard, akwụkwọ azụmahịa, akwụkwọ ọpụrụiche, mmetụta ala ala na ojiji asbestos ọhụrụ ọ bụla. Iwu nke ikuku dị ọcha machibidokwara mkpuchi mkpuchi asbestos na mkpuchi asbestos na ihe ndị dị ka igwe ọkụ na tankị mmiri ọkụ, yana ihe ndị nwere asbestos nwere ihe na efesa. Iwu nchekwa ngwaahịa ndị ahịa machibidoro asbestos n'ime ọkụ ọkụ arụrụ arụ na ogige mgbochi mgbidi. Nlekọta nri na ọgwụ amachibidoro ihe nzacha nwere asbestos n'ichepụta, nhazi, na mbukota ọgwụ ==== Mexico ==== Ebe ọ bụ na 1970, n'ihi ụbara iwu asbestos na Europe na na United States, e nwere nnukwu nnyefe nke ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta asbestos na Mexico. A na eji asbestos n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mkpuchi ụlọ, igwe ọkụ ọkụ, ọkpọkọ, breeki, na waya, nke ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ Mexico 2,000 mepụtara, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị enyemaka ma ọ bụ ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ US, na erekwa na America dum. Na 2000, 58% nke Mexico asbestos nwere mbupụ gara United States, na 40% na mba Central America na Cuba ==== Vietnam ==== [[Usòrò:Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG|thumb|Elu ụlọ asbestos corrugated (ya na ciment fiber) ]] Otú ọ dị, master plan (maka ihe owuwu ihe mmepe na 2020 na nghazi ka 2030 nke Ministry of Construction na Gọọmenti na January 2014) ka na atụ aro na aga n'ihu na eji chrysotile ruo ogologo oge. == Ndị nnọchi maka asbestos na ewu ụlọ == Emepụtara ihe mkpuchi fiberglass na 1938 ma ugbu a bụ ụdị ihe mkpuchi a na ejikarị eme ihe. A na akpọkwa nchekwa nke ihe a ajụjụ n'ihi myirịta na nhazi ihe. Otú ọ dị, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mba Nile Maka Nnyocha Ọrịa Cancer wepụrụ fiberglass site na ndepụta nke ọrịa cancer mmadụ nwere ike ime na 2001. Otu akwụkwọ nyocha sayensị sitere na 2011 kwuru na data ọrịa na efe efe adịghị ekwekọ ma kwubie na mkpebi IARC iji weda ikike carcinogenic nke fiberglass dị irè, ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ eziokwu. Nkwekọrịta nyocha kwadoro ọmụmụ ihe site na Association North America Insulation Manufacturer's Association N'afọ 1978, Bal Dixit chepụtara akwa fiberglass nke ukwuu, nke a na akpọ Zetex. Uwe a dị ọkụ karịa asbestos mana ọ na enye otu nnukwu, ọkpụrụkpụ, aka, mmetụta, na nguzogide abrasion dị ka asbestos. A na edobe fiberglass ahụ iji kpochapụ ụfọdụ nsogbu ndị na enwe na fiberglass na ebute, dị ka nkwụsị nke na adịghị mma na ike adịghị ike Na Europe, ajị ịnweta na ajị iko bụ isi ihe mkpuchi n'ime ụlọ. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na emepụta ngwaahịa asbestos ciment bụ ndị e ji eriri asbestos gbasie ike emepụtala ngwaahịa na ejikọta eriri organic. A maara otu ngwaahịa dị otú ahụ dị ka "Eternit" na "Everite" ọzọ na ejizi eriri "Nutec" nke nwere eriri organic, simenti portland na silica. Eriri osisi nke jikọtara ciment bụ ihe ọzọ dochie ya. A na eji eriri nkume eme ihe na gaskets na ihe esemokwu Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ polybenzimidazole ma ọ bụ eriri PBI. Fibre Polybenzimidazole bụ eriri sịntetik nwere ebe mgbaze dị elu nke 760 °C (1,400 °F) na-adịghịkwa ere ọkụ. N'ihi nkwụsi ike ọkụ ya na kemịkalụ pụrụiche, ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ oghere na ejikarị ya == Imegharị na mkpofu == [[Usòrò:AsbestosContainment.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Wailuku, Hawaii post office emechiela maka iwepụ asbestos]] N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na ekpochapụ asbestos dị ka ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ n'ebe a na ekpofu ahịhịa. Nwutu nke ụlọ nwere nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na asbestos na ebute nsogbu pụrụ iche nye ndị na ewu ụlọ na ndị na emepụta ihe onwunwe a na arụkarị ụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu, ma ọ bụ na ejisi ike wepụ asbestos tupu e nwee ike iji ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe mgbawa mebie ihe owuwu ahụ. pụtara. Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ Red Road Flats dị na Glasgow, Scotland bụ ndị ji ọtụtụ bọọdụ ciment asbestos mee ihe maka mgbidi mgbidi ụkpụrụ ahụike na nchekwa nke Britain kwuru na a ga ewepụ ihe asbestos n'ụgbọ ala ndị a na emegharị emegharị ma buru ya gaa ebe a na ekpofu ihe na nke kwesịrị ekwesị. ikike ịnakwere asbestos, site n'ụzọ akwadoro, n'oge ụfọdụ nke ụbọchị Na United States, EPA na achịkwa mwepụ na mkpofu asbestos nke ọma. Ụlọ ọrụ na ewepụ asbestos ga agbasorịrị ikikere EPA. A na akpọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta asbestos nwere ikikere EPA. Oge ọ bụla otu n'ime ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta asbestos a na arụ ọrụ, onye na ahụ maka ule ga eme nyocha siri ike iji hụ na e wepụrụ asbestos kpamkpam. Enwere ike ibibi asbestos site na ọkụ ọkụ dị oke ọkụ yana usoro ịgbaze plasma. Usoro nke ire ere ọkụ na 1,000–1,250 °C (1,800–2,300 °F) na emepụta ngwakọta nke mkpofu silicon na adịghị ize ndụ, yana na okpomọkụ karịrị 1,250 °C (2,300 °F) ọ na emepụta enyo silicate. Enwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ ikuku microwave mee ihe n'usoro nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ iji gbanwee asbestos na asbestos nwere ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ taịlị nkume poselin, taịlị mgbidi nwere otu ọkụ, na brik seramiiki. Nchikota oxalic acid na ultrasound zuru oke na emebi eriri asbestos chrysotile. == Mbiri nke metụtara asbestos == == Hụkwa == * == References == * {{Cite book|ref=Castleman|author=Castleman, Barry I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmBWIkIu_IwC|title=Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects|publisher=Aspen Publishers|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7355-5260-9}} * George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman, editors, ''Health Effects of Mineral Dusts'', Mineralogical Society of America ''Reviews in Mineralogy'' v. 28, 584 pages (1993)  . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111118024344/http://www.iom-world.org/asbestos/index.php Asbestos: an introduction] by JW Cherrie * {{Cite book|author=Tweedale|first=Geoffrey|title=Magic Mineral to Killer Dust Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard|year=2000|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-829690-4|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Business/History/?view=usa&ci=9780198296904}} * [http://www.asbestosdiseaseawareness.org/ Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020603130951/http://www.aic.org.uk/ The Asbestos Information Centre] Independent site with information about asbestos and its use in buildings * [http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/index.html U.S. EPA Asbestos Home Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012916/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/asbestos/cover2.html ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services * [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-06-deaths-major-morbidity-asbestos-related-diseases.html Deaths and major morbidity from asbestos-related diseases in Asia likely to surge in next 20 years] * [http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/ British Government Health and Safety Executive (HSE)] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/asbestos/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Asbestos] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215622/http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/asbestos/en/ World Health Organization&nbsp;– Asbestos page] * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+511 Asbestos general article] and [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+2966 chrysotile specifically]: comprehensive coverage of all aspects of chemistry, biological interactions, destruction, and social/clinical scientific knowledge related to Asbestos, on the Toxicology Data Network, with a full library of cites on many aspects and sub-topics]. * [http://webmineral.com/data/Parachrysotile.shtml Parachrysotile (asbestos)] at the webmineral.com Mineral Database * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050501105904/http://www1.umn.edu/eoh/hazards/hazardssite/asbestos/asbestosintro.html Univ. of Minn.: Asbestos] * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P3_11_EN.html White Gold Pioneers: Asbestos Mining] Archived 3 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – The origins of asbestos mining, illustrated with many early photographs * [http://amiantus.co.uk/identifying-asbestos/ How to Identify Asbestos] – Independent site citing how to identify the early signs of Asbestos and actions to take jx3ahwva15v2e6x7oxuu3uk0410d0hs 0 26382 697871 638010 2026-08-10T09:57:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Plastic_Pollution_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mmetọ plastik]] '''Mmetọ plastik''' bụ mkpokọta ihe rọba na ihe dị iche iche (dịka karama plastik, akpa na microbeads) na gburugburu ụwa nke na-emetụta mmadụ, anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi ha. A na-ekewa plastik ndị na-eme ihe dị ka ihe mmetọ site na nha ka ọ bụrụ micro-, meso-, ma ọ bụ nnukwu irighiri ihe. Plastics adịghị ọnụ ma na-adịgide adịgide, na-eme ka ha nwee ike ime mgbanwe maka ojiji dị iche iche; N'ihi ya, ndị na-emepụta na-ahọrọ iji plastik karịa ihe ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, usoro kemịkal nke ọtụtụ plastik na-eme ka ha na-eguzogide ọtụtụ usoro mmebi nke okike na n'ihi ya, ha na-adị ngwa ngwa nbida. Ọnụ, ihe abụọ a na-ekwe ka nnukwu mpịakọta plastik banye na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe mkpofu na-ezighị ezi nakwa ka ọ nọgide na-adị na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmetọ rọba nwere ike imerụ ala, ụzọ mmiri na oke osimiri. A na-eme atụmatụ na 1.1 ruo nde tọn 8.8 nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-esi n'ime obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-abata kwa afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 86 nke ihe mkpofu mmiri rọba dị n'oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka njedebe nke afọ 2013, na-eche na 1.4% nke plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ emepụtara site na 1950 ruo 2013 abanyela n'oké osimiri wee gbakọta n'ebe ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta na-atụ aro na n'afọ 2050, a pụrụ inwe plastik karịa azụ dị n'oké osimiri site n'ịdị arọ. Enwere ike imerụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkachasị anụmanụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ site na mmetụta arụrụ arụ dị ka ntinye n'ime ihe rọba, nsogbu ndị metụtara iri ihe mkpofu rọba, ma ọ bụ site n'ikpughe na kemịkalụ n'ime plastik na-egbochi physiology ha. Ihe mkpofu rọba mebiri emebi nwere ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ ozugbo site na iri nri ozugbo (ya bụ na mmiri pọmpụ), oriri na-apụtaghị ìhè (site n'iri anụmanụ), na imebi usoro homonụ dị iche iche. Dị ka nke 2019, 368 nde tọn plastic na-emepụta kwa afọ; 51% na Eshia, ebe China bụ onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa. Site na 1950 ruo 2018, e mepụtara ihe dị ka ijeri tọn 6.3 nke rọba n'ụwa niile, nke e mere atụmatụ na 9% megharịrị ya na 12% ọzọ ka agbagoro ọkụ. Nnukwu ihe mkpofu rọba a na-abanye na gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata nsogbu na gburugburu ebe obibi; dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchọpụta na-egosi na ozu nke 90% nke nnụnụ mmiri nwere ihe mkpofu rọba. N'ebe ụfọdụ enweela nnukwu mbọ iji belata mgbasa nke mmetọ rọba n'efu, site n'ibelata oriri rọba, mkpocha ahịhịa, na ịkwalite ịmegharị plastik. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2020, nnukwu plastik emepụtara zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị ọnụọgụ nke anụ ụlọ na anụ mmiri niile jikọtara ọnụ. Mgbanwe nke May 2019 na [[Mgbakọ Basel]] na-achịkwa mbupụ / mbubata ihe mkpofu rọba, nke e bu n'obi gbochie mbupu ihe mkpofu rọba site na mba ndị mepere emepe gaa mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile abanyela na nkwekọrịta a. Na 2 Maachị 2022 na Nairobi, mba 175 kwere nkwa ịmepụta nkwekọrịta n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na njedebe nke afọ 2024 na ebumnuche ịkwụsị mmetọ rọba. Ọnụ ego mkpofu rọba amụbagoro n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 n'ihi mmụba nke akụrụngwa nchebe na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Plastic dị elu kwụsịrị n'oké osimiri, ọkachasị rọba sitere na mkpofu ọgwụ na ihe mkpuchi. Ọtụtụ akụkọ akụkọ na-arụtụ aka na ụlọ ọrụ rọba na-anwa iji uru nke nchegbu ahụike yana ọchịchọ maka ihe mkpuchi na nkwakọ ngwaahịa iji mee ka mmepụta nke plastik mee otu ihe. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == [[Usòrò:Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png|thumb|400x400px|Ụzọ plastik si abanye n'oké osimiri ụwa]] Enwere atụmatụ dị iche iche gbasara ego mkpofu rọba na narị afọ gara aga. Site na otu atụmatụ, a tụfuru otu ijeri tọn ihe mkpofu rọba kemgbe afọ 1950. Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mkpokọta mmadụ nwere ijeri tọn 8.3 nke plastik, nke ijeri tọn 6.3 bụ ihe efu, ebe naanị 9% na-emegharịgharị ya. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe mkpofu a bụ 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibers and 32% additives. Na 2018 ihe karịrị nde tọn 343 nke ihe mkpofu rọba ka emepụtara, 90% nke ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ihe mkpofu plastik mgbe ndị ahịa gachara (ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ahịhịa, ahịhịa azụmahịa na nke ime obodo). Ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mkpofu tupu ewee ahịa site na nrụpụta resin na imepụta ngwaahịa rọba (dịka ihe ndị a jụrụ n'ihi agba na-adịghị mma, isi ike, ma ọ bụ njirimara nhazi).<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=Environment|first=U.N.|date=2021-10-21|title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=UNEP – UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe mkpofu rọba nke ndị ahịa gachara nwere ngwugwu rọba. Na United States nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba echere na ọ ga-eme 5% nke MSW. Nkwakọ ngwaahịa a gụnyere karama rọba, ite, tubs na trays, akpa ịzụ ahịa ihe nkiri plastik, akpa ihe mkpofu, ihe mkpuchi afụ, na ihe mkpuchi plastik ma ọ bụ gbatịa na ụfụfụ plastik dịka. polystyrene gbasaa (EPS). A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu rọba n'akụkụ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo (dịka ọkpọkọ mmiri, ihe mkpuchi griin haus, fencing, pellets, mulch; mwube (dịka ọkpọkọ, agba, ala na elu ụlọ, ihe mkpuchi na mkpuchi); njem (dịka taya abraded, elu okporo ụzọ na akara okporo ụzọ) Ngwa eletrọnịkị na ọkụ eletrik (e-waste) yana ọgwụ na ahụike.Ngụkọta mkpofu rọba nke ngalaba ndị a na-emepụta ejighị n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nwara ịkọwapụta ntapu rọba na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa mba na mba ụwa bụ nke gosiworo ihe isi ike dị n'ịchọpụta isi mmalite na ọnụọgụ plastik niile. Otu nnyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ emewo atụmatụ na n'etiti 60 na 99 nde tọn nke plastic mkpofu na-ezighị ezi ka e mepụtara na 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 emewo atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn nke mkpofu plastik batara n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na 2016. mgbe Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) mere atụmatụ na 9-14 nde tonne nke mkpofu plastik kwụsịrị n'oké osimiri n'otu afọ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị mbọ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji belata ọgbọ nke ihe mkpofu rọba, a na-atụ anya na mfu na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abawanye. Nlereanya na-egosi na, na-enweghị nnukwu aka, n'etiti 23 na 37 nde tonne kwa afọ nke ihe mkpofu plastik nwere ike ịbanye n'oké osimiri site na 2040 na n'etiti 155 na 265 nde tọn kwa afọ nwere ike ịpụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na 2060. N'okpuru azụmahịa dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, Mmụba dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa rọba, nke ndị ahịa na-achọ, na-esonyere enweghị nkwalite zuru oke na njikwa mkpofu. Dị ka ihe mkpofu rọba ewepụtara n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi enweelarị mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmụba nke oke a nwere ike ị nweta nsonaazụ dị egwu. Achọpụtala ịzụ ahịa n'ihe mkpofu rọba dị ka "ihe kacha njọ" nke awụba n'oké osimiri. Mba ndị na-ebubata plastik mkpofu anaghị enwekarị ikike ịhazi ihe niile. N'ihi ya, United Nations amachibidoro ịzụ ahịa rọba n'efu ọ gwụla ma o ruru ihe ụfọdụ. == Ụdị ihe mkpofu plastik == [[Usòrò:Beach_cleanup.jpg|thumb|Ịsacha osimiri na Ghana]] E nwere ụdị plastik atọ dị mkpa nke na-enye aka na mmetọ plastik: micro-, macro-, na mega-plastics. Mega- na micro plastik agbakọtawo na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na Northern Hemisphere, na-elekwasị anya n'etiti obodo ukwu na ihu mmiri. Enwere ike ịchọta plastik n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke agwaetiti ụfọdụ n'ihi mmiri na-ebu ihe mkpofu. A na-ahụ ma mega- na macro-plastics na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ụlọ nke a na-asacha n'ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ tụfuo n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. O yikarịrị ka a ga-ahụ ihe ndị metụtara igbu azụ na agwaetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7|title=Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-pollution-bulletin_1997-01_34_1/page/61|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=34|pages=61–65|year=1997|author=Walker|first=T.R.}}</ref><ref name="Barnes">{{Cite journal|author=Barnes|first=D. K. A.|title=Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=14 June 2009|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=1985–1998|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0205|pmid=19528051}}</ref> A pụkwara ịkpọ ihe ndị a micro-, meso-, na macro debris. [[Usòrò:Plastic_bottle_stuck_on_edge_of_river.jpg|thumb|Bottle plastik kwụ n'akụkụ osimiri.]] A na-ahazi irighiri ihe plastik dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Plastics ndị mbụ dị n'ụdị mbụ ha mgbe anakọtara. Ọmụmaatụ nke ndị a ga-abụ okpu karama, mkpọ sịga, na microbeads. N'aka nke ọzọ, plastik nke abụọ na-akpata obere plastik ndị sitere na nbibi nke plastik ndị bụ isi. === Microdebris === [[Usòrò:Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean,_OWID.svg|thumb|Microplastics n'elu oké osimiri 1950 na projections karịa, na nde metric ton.]] Microdebris bụ iberibe rọba n'etiti 2mm na 5 mm n'ogo. Mpekere rọba nke na-amalite dị ka meso- ma ọ bụ macrodebris nwere ike ịghọ microdebris site na mmebi na nkukota na-akụda ya n'ime obere iberibe. A na-akpọkarị microdebris dị ka anụ ọhịa. A na-emegharị Nurdles iji mee ihe ọhụrụ rọba, mana ọ na-adị mfe ịhapụ ha na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mmepụta n'ihi obere nha ha. Ha na-ejedebekarị na mmiri oké osimiri site na osimiri na iyi. A na-akpọkwa microdebris nke sitere na nhicha na ngwaahịa ịchọ mma dị ka ihe nchacha. N'ihi na microdebris na scrubbers dị ntakịrị na nha, ihe nzacha na-eri nri na-erikarị ha. Nurdles na-abanye n'oké osimiri site na ntufu n'oge njem ma ọ bụ site na isi mmalite nke ala. The Ocean Conservancy kọrọ na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na 10% nke plastik ndị dị n'oké osimiri bụ ụmụ anụmanụ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ otu n'ime ụdị mmetọ rọba na-emekarị, tinyere akpa rọba na ihe oriri. Igwe rọba ndị a nwere ike ịgbakọta n'ime oke osimiri wee nye ohere ịchịkọta Toxins na-adịgide adịgide dị ka bisphenol A, polystyrene, DDT, na PCB nke bụ hydrophobic n'okike ma nwee ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike. ==== Ọnụ ọgụgụ, ebe, nsuso, na njikọ nke microdebris ==== Nnyocha 2004 nke Richard Thompson sitere na Mahadum Plymouth, UK, chọtara nnukwu microdebris na osimiri na mmiri na Europe, America, [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Africa, na Antarctica. Thompson na ndị otu ya chọpụtara na a na-akụrisị pellets rọba sitere na ma ụlọ ma ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe gaa n'ibe rọba dị obere, ụfọdụ nwere dayameta dị obere karịa ntutu mmadụ. Ọ bụrụ na etinyeghị ya, microdebris a na-ese n'elu kama itinye uche ya na gburugburu mmiri. Thompson na-ebu amụma na enwere ike ịnwe ihe plastik 300,000 kwa square kilometa nke elu oke osimiri yana 100,000 ahụ plastik kwa square kilomita nke ala mmiri. International Pellet Watch chịkọtara ihe atụ nke pellets polythene site na osimiri 30 dị na mba 17 bụ nke nyochara maka micro-na-emerụ emerụ. Achọpụtara na pellets ndị a chọtara n'ụsọ osimiri dị na US, Vietnam na ndịda Africa nwere ogige sitere na pesticides na-atụ aro ka a na-eji ọgwụ nje eme ihe na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ sayensị mbụ banyere ole microplastic bi ugbu a n'elu oke osimiri nke ụwa, mgbe nyochachara mpaghara isii nke ~ 3 km omimi ~ 300 km n'akụkụ oke osimiri Australia. Ha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastic na-agbanwe nke ukwuu dabara na rọba n'elu na akụkụ nke mkpọda ala oké osimiri. Site na nkezi nke microplastic mass kwa cm3, ha mere atụmatụ na ala oké osimiri nke ụwa nwere ~ 14 nde tọn microplastic - ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ nke ego ha mere atụmatụ dabere na data sitere na nchọpụta mbụ - n'agbanyeghị na-akpọ atụmatụ abụọ ahụ "mgbanwe" dịka amaara ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. microplastic. Atụmatụ ndị a dị ihe dị ka otu ugboro ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke echiche plastik - kwa Jambeck et al., 2015 - ịbanye ugbu a n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. === Macrodebris ===   [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] A na-ahazi irighiri ihe plastik dị ka macrodebris mgbe ọ karịrị 20 mm. Ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akpa nri rọba. A na-ahụkarị macrodebris na mmiri oke osimiri, ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ụgbụ ịkụ azụ abụwo ihe ndị bụ́ isi na-emetọ ihe. Ọbụna mgbe a gbahapụrụ ha, ha na-anọgide na-ejide ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na ihe mkpofu rọba ndị ọzọ. N'ikpeazụ, ụgbụ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na-esiwanye ike iwepụ na mmiri n'ihi na ha na-adị arọ nke ukwuu, na-eto eto ruo tọn 6. == Mmepụta plastik == A na-eme atụmatụ na e mere ijeri tọn 9.2 nke rọba n'etiti 1950 na 2017. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke plastic a ka emepụtara kemgbe 2004. N'ime plastik niile a tụfuru ugbu a, 14% bụ ọkụ na ihe na-erughị 10% ka emegharịrị. === Nbibi nke plastik === [[Usòrò:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb|Oge a na-eme atụmatụ nkezi oge ire ure nke ihe mkpofu mmiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik n'acha anụnụ anụnụ.]] Plastics n'onwe ha na-enye aka na ihe dịka 10% nke ihe mkpofu a tụfuru. Ọtụtụ ụdị plastik dị na-adabere na ndị bu ụzọ ha na usoro maka polymerization ha. Dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha, plastik na resins nwere ihe dị iche iche metụtara nnabata na nnabata nke mmetọ. Nbibi polymer na-ewe ogologo oge n'ihi gburugburu saline na mmetụta jụrụ oyi nke oké osimiri. Ihe ndị a na-atụnye ụtụ na nkwụsi ike nke ihe mkpofu rọba na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na plastik ndị dị n'oké osimiri na-agbaze ngwa ngwa karịa ka e chere na mbụ, n'ihi ikpughe na anwụ, mmiri ozuzo, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka a na-ewepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka bisphenol A. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ụbara plastics. n'oké osimiri, ire ere ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ. Ndị nchekwa mmiri ebuola amụma maka ire ere nke ọtụtụ ngwaahịa rọba. A na-eme atụmatụ na iko rọba ụfụfụ ga-ewe afọ 50, onye na-eji plastik mee ihe ọṅụṅụ ga-ewe afọ 400, akwa akwa akwa ga-ewe afọ 450, eriri azụ ga-ewe afọ 600 iji weda ala. === Ihe mmetọ organic na-adịgide adịgide === A na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe dịka 250 mt / yr. Achọpụtala ụbara ha na-ebufe ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị na-adịghị adị ndụ, nke a makwaara dị ka POPs. Ejikọtala mmetọ ndị a na mmụba nkesa algae jikọtara ya na tides na-acha uhie uhie. === Ihe ndị na-emetọ ahịa === N'afọ 2019, otu ahụ Nwepu Free From Plastic haziri ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 70,000 na mba 51 ịnakọta ma chọpụta ihe mkpofu rọba. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo a chịkọtara ihe karịrị “akpa rọba 59,000, sachets 53,000 na karama rọba 29,000,” dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian kọrọ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe ndị a ka ejiri akara ndị ahịa mara. Ụdị kachasị ewu ewu bụ Coca-Cola, Nestlé, na Pepsico. Dabere na onye nhazi mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ọrụ Emma Priestland na 2020, naanị otu ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu ahụ bụ ịkwụsị imepụta plastik otu eji eme ihe na iji ngwaahịa eji emeghari. China bụ ndị kacha eji plastik eme otu ihe. Coca-Cola zara na "ihe karịrị 20% nke Pọtụfoliyo anyị na-abịa na nkwakọ ngwaahịa refillable ma ọ bụ isi iyi", ha na-ebelata ego plastik na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke abụọ. Nestlé zara na 87% nke nkwakọ ha na 66% nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba nwere ike ijikwa ma ọ bụ megharịa ya na site na 2025 ha chọrọ ime ya 100%. N'afọ ahụ, ha chọrọ ibelata oriri virgin plastik site na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ. Pepsico zara na ha chọrọ ibelata " virgin plastic na azụmahịa ihe ọṅụṅụ anyị site na 35% site n'afọ 2025" yana ịgbasa imegharị na imegharị ihe kwesịrị igbochi 67 ijeri karama eji eme otu ihe site na 2025. == Nnukwu mba ndị na-emepụta ihe mkpofu plastik == [[Usòrò:Share_of_plastic_waste_that_is_inadequately_managed,_OWID.svg|thumb|Akụkụ nke ihe mkpofu plastik a na-ejighị n'aka]] [[Usòrò:Per_capita_mismanaged_plastic_waste,_OWID.svg|thumb|Onye ọ bụla na-ejighị ihe mkpofu plastik eme nke ọma (na kilogram kwa onye n'ụbọchị)]] === Mmepụta ihe mkpofu plastik === United States bụ onye ndu ụwa n'ịkwapụta ihe mkpofu rọba, na-emepụta ihe mkpofu rọba dị nde metric 42 kwa afọ. Otu ọgbọ nke mkpofu rọba na United States dị elu karịa mba ọ bụla, ebe ndị America na-emepụta ihe mkpofu rọba dị kilogram 130.09 kwa afọ. Mba ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu ego, dị ka nke EU-28 (ọgbọ otu onye ọ bụla n'afọ 58.56 kg), nwekwara ọnụ ahịa mkpofu rọba n'otu n'otu. Ụfọdụ mba nwere nnukwu ego, dị ka Japan (kwa afọ kwa isi obodo 38.44 kg), na-emepụta ihe mkpofu rọba dị obere karịa otu onye ọ bụla. === Mmetọ plastik === National Academy of Sciences nke United States mere atụmatụ na 2022 na ntinye plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime oke osimiri bụ nde metric tọn plastik kwa afọ. Nnyocha 2021 sitere na The Ocean Cleanup mere atụmatụ na osimiri na-ebufe n'etiti 0.8 na 2.7 nde metric ton nke rọba n'ime oke osimiri, wee họpụta obodo ndị a dị na osimiri. Iri kacha elu bụ, site na nke kachasị ruo nke nta: Philippines, India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Brazil, Vietnam, Bangladesh, na Thailand. === Ndị na-emetọ ihe mkpofu rọba anaghị ejikwa ya === {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Top 12 mismanaged plastic waste polluters|other=|label1=China|value1=27.7|color1=khaki|label2=Indonesia|value2=10.1|color2=saddlebrown|label3=Philippines|value3=5.9|color3=cornsilk|label4=Vietnam|value4=5.8|color4=wheat|label5=Sri Lanka|value5=5.0|color5=peru|label6=Thailand|value6=3.2|color6=burlywood|label7=Egypt|value7=3.0|color7=white|label8=Malaysia|value8=2.9|color8=lightblue|label9=Nigeria|value9=2.7|color9=red|label10=Bangladesh|value10=2.5|color10=blue|label11=South Africa|value11=2.0|color11=green|label12=India|value12=1.9|color12=yellow|label13=Rest of the world|value13=27.3|color13=white}}N'afọ 2018, ihe dị ka nde tọn 513 nke plastik na-ekupụ n'oké osimiri kwa afọ nke 83,1% sitere na mba iri abụọ na-esote: China bụ ihe mmetọ mkpofu plastik na-achịkwa nke ọma na-ahapụ n'oké osimiri 27.7% nke ngụkọta ụwa, Indonesia nke abụọ nwere 10.1%, Philippines nke atọ nwere 5.9%, Vietnam nke anọ nwere 5.8%, Sri Lanka nke ise 5.0%, Thailand nke isii nwere 3.2%, Egypt nke asaa nwere 3.0%, Malaysia nke asatọ nwere 2.9%, Nigeria nke itoolu nwere 2.7%, nke iri Bangladesh nwere 2.5%, South Africa nke iri na otu nwere 2.0%, India nke iri na abụọ nwere 1.9%, Algeria nke iri na atọ nwere 1.6%, Turkey nke iri na anọ nwere 1.5%, Pakistan nke iri na ise nwere 1.5%, Brazil nke iri na isii nwere 1.5%, Myanmar nke iri na asaa nwere 1.4%, Morocco nke iri na asatọ. ya na 1.0%, North Korea nke iri na itoolu nwere 1.0%, United States nke iri abụọ nwere 0.9%. Mba ndị ọzọ nke ụwa jikọtara ọnụ na-ebuli 16.9% nke mkpofu rọba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na oke osimiri, dịka nnyocha sayensị bipụtara na 2015. Mba niile nke European Union jikọtara ga-anọ n'ọnọdụ iri na asatọ na ndepụta ahụ.<ref name="Science2015">{{Cite journal|author=Jambeck|first=Jenna R.|date=2015-02-13|title=Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1260352|journal=Science|volume=347|issue=6223|pages=768–771|language=EN|doi=10.1126/science.1260352|pmid=25678662}}</ref><ref name="earthday.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.earthday.org/2018/04/06/top-20-countries-ranked-by-mass-of-mismanaged-plastic-waste/|title=Top 20 Countries Ranked by Mass of Mismanaged Plastic Waste|date=4 June 2018|work=[[Earth Day]].org|accessdate=18 May 2023|archivedate=5 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020701/https://www.earthday.org/2018/04/06/top-20-countries-ranked-by-mass-of-mismanaged-plastic-waste/}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, otu ọmụmụ tụgharịrị 2016 US nwere ike inye aka na plastik na-adịghị mma; O mere atụmatụ na plastik nke US mepụtara nwere ike tinye US n'azụ Indonesia na India na mmetọ oke osimiri, ma ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike tinye US n'azụ Indonesia, India, Thailand, China, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, Japan, Russia, na Vietnam. Na 2022, e mere atụmatụ na mba OECD niile (North America, Chile, Colombia, Europe, [[Israel]], Japan, S. Korea) nwere ike inye aka 5% nke mmetọ plastik oke osimiri, ebe ndị ọzọ nke ụwa na-emetọ 95%. Ebe ọ bụ na 2016 China kwụsịrị ibubata plastik maka imegharị ihe na kemgbe 2019 nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke mba 187 bịanyere aka na ya machibido mbupụ plastik maka imegharị ihe. Nnyocha nke afọ 2019 gbakọrọ ihe mkpofu plastik a na-ejighị n'aka, ọtụtụ nde metric ton (Mt) kwa afọ: * 52 Ugwu Eshia * 17 Ugwu Africa * 7.9 Mt Latin America & Caribbean * 3.3 Ugwu Europe * 0.3 Mt US & Canada * 0.1 Mt Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, wdg.)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lebreton, Laurent|title=Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal|journal=Palgrave Communications|date=2019|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7|issn=2055-1045|id=Lebreton2019}}</ref> === Ngụkọta nke ihe mkpofu plastik === A na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn 275 nke ihe mkpofu rọba kwa afọ gburugburu ụwa; n'etiti nde 4.8 na nde tọn 12.7 ka a na-atụba n'ime oke osimiri. Ihe dị ka 60% nke mkpofu rọba dị n'oké osimiri sitere na mba ise kachasị elu na-esote. Tebụl dị n'okpuru depụtara mba 20 kachasị na-emetọ ihe mkpofu rọba na 2010 dị ka nnyocha sayensị bipụtara si kwuo, Jambeck et al (2015). {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:right" |+Top plastic polluters {{As of|2010}}. !Position !Country !Plastic pollution <br /><br />(in 1000 tonnes per year) |- |1 | style="text-align:left; " |[[China]] |8820 |- |2 | style="text-align:left; " |Indonesia |3220 |- |3 | style="text-align:left; " |Philippines |1880 |- |4 | style="text-align:left; " |Vietnam |1830 |- |5 | style="text-align:left; " |Sri Lanka |1590 |- |6 | style="text-align:left; " |Thailand |1030 |- |7 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Egypt]] |970 |- |8 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Malaysia]] |940 |- |9 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Naijiria|Nigeria]] |850 |- |10 | style="text-align:left; " |Bangladesh |790 |- |11 | style="text-align:left; " |[[South Africa]] |630 |- |12 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Ndia|India]] |600 |- |13 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Algeria]] |520 |- |14 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Turkéy|Turkey]] |490 |- |15 | style="text-align:left; " |Pakistan |480 |- |16 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Brazil]] |470 |- |17 | style="text-align:left; " |Myanmar |460 |- |18 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Morocco]] |310 |- |19 | style="text-align:left; " |North Korea |300 |- |20 | style="text-align:left; " |[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] |280 |- |} Mba niile nke European Union jikọtara ga-anọ n'ọnọdụ iri na asatọ na ndepụta ahụ.<ref name="Science2015"/><ref name="earthday.org"/> N'ime nnyocha e bipụtara na Environmental Science & Technology, Schmidt et al (2017) gbakọrọ na 10 osimiri: abụọ na Africa (Naịl na Niger) na asatọ na Asia ( Ganges, Indus, Yellow, Yangtze, Hai He, Pearl, Mekong na Amur) "buga 88-95% nke ibu plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime oke osimiri." Agwaetiti Caribbean bụ ndị mmetọ rọba kacha ukwuu n'ụwa niile. [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]] na-emepụta ihe mkpofu kilogram 1.5 kwa ụbọchị, bụ ihe mmetọ rọba kasị ukwuu n'otu onye n'otu n'otu n'ụwa. Opekempe 0.19 kg kwa onye kwa ụbọchị nke Trinidad na Tobago ihe mkpofu rọba na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri, ma ọ bụ ọmụmaatụ Saint Lucia nke na-ewepụta ihe karịrị okpukpu anọ karịa ihe mkpofu rọba maka onye ọ bụla dịka China ma na-ahụ maka plastik 1.2 na-ekpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. n'efu kwa onye ọ bụla karịa China. N'ime mmadụ iri atọ kachasị na-emetọ ụwa n'otu n'otu, mmadụ iri sitere na mpaghara Caribbean. Ndị a bụ Trinidad na Tobago, Antigua na Barbuda, Saint Kitts na Nevis, Guyana, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Bahamas, Grenada, Anguilla na Aruba, dịka usoro ọmụmụ nke Forbes chịkọtara (2019). == Mmetụta == === Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi === Nkesa ihe mkpofu rọba na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ụfọdụ ihe dị ka ifufe na oke osimiri, ọdịdị ala osimiri, mpaghara obodo mepere emepe, na ụzọ azụmaahịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na-ekerekwa òkè dị ukwuu na nke a. O yikarịrị ka a ga-ahụ plastik na mpaghara agbachiri dị ka Caribbean. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụzọ nkesa nke ntule n'ime ime n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndị na-abụghị obodo ha. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye mgbanwe na ịgbasa n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-adịchaghị iche na ndu. A pụkwara iji plastik mee ihe dị ka vectors maka mmetọ kemịkalụ dị ka ihe na-emetọ organic na-adịgide adịgide na ọla dị arọ.   Mmetọ rọba emetụtala gburugburu anyị nke ukwuu. "Mmetọ ahụ dị ịrịba ama ma gbasaa ebe niile, ebe a na-ahụ ihe mkpofu rọba na ọbụna ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ebe obibi mmiri ọ bụla." Ozi a na-agwa anyị gbasara mgbanwe mmetọ rọba na-akpata n'oké osimiri na ọbụna n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Na Jenụwarị 2022, otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọwapụtara oke mbara ala maka "ihe ọhụrụ" (mmetọ, gụnyere mmetọ rọba) wee chọpụta na ọ gaferelarị. Dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ Patricia Villarubia-Gómez si Stockholm Resilience Center si kwuo, "Enweela mmụba okpukpu 50 na mmepụta kemịkalụ kemgbe 1950. A na-atụkwa anya na nke a ga-amụba ugboro atọ n'afọ 2050". Enwere opekata mpe 350,000 kemịkalụ kemịkalụ n'ụwa. Ha na-enwekarị "mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike ụwa". Plastic naanị nwere ihe karịrị 10,000 kemịkalụ ma mepụta nnukwu nsogbu. Ndị nyocha ahụ na-akpọ maka oke na mmepụta kemịkal na mgbanwe gaa na akụ na ụba okirikiri, nke pụtara ngwaahịa ndị enwere ike ijikwa ma megharịa ya. Nsogbu nke ihe mkpofu rọba nke oké osimiri dị ebe niile. A na-eme atụmatụ na 1.5-4% nke mmepụta plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri kwa afọ, ọkachasị n'ihi akụrụngwa njikwa mkpofu na-adịghị mma yana omume jikọtara ya na omume enweghị ọrụ maka iji na mkpofu plastik. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke irighiri ihe rọba na-akpata nkewa ya n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe nke ọbụna obere invertebrates mmiri nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ya na-emerụ agbụ nri. Obere nha ha na-eme ka a ghara ịchọta ha n'ebe ha si abịa, ọ na-esikwa ike iwepụ ha na gburugburu oké osimiri mepere emepe. Na gburugburu mmiri, mmetọ rọba na-akpata "Mgbakwụnye, mmetụta toxicological site na ntinye nke plastik, ntachi, agụụ, mgbasa, na rafting nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, inye ebe obibi ọhụrụ, na iwebata ụdị ndị na-emerụ emerụ bụ mmetụta dị egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe egwu na-eto eto na ụdị dị iche iche na trophic. Mmekọrịta. Mmebi (mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi) na mgbanwe nke usoro mmiri na-ejikọta na mfu nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ. N'ihi ya, mmetọ a na-apụta na-emetụta akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze site na mmetụta ọjọọ na njem nlegharị anya, ịkụ azụ, mbupu, na ahụike mmadụ." . ==== Mmetọ plastik dị ka ihe na-akpata mgbanwe ihu igwe ==== N'afọ 2019, ebipụtara akụkọ ọhụrụ "Plastic and Climate". Dị ka akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, n'afọ 2019, mmepụta na ịgba ọkụ nke rọba ga-enye aka na gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe ruru nde tọn 850 nke carbon dioxide (CO2) na ikuku. N'ihe a na-eme ugbu a, ihe na-esi na isi mmalite ndị a kwa afọ ga-eto ruo ijeri tọn 1.34 ka ọ na-erule 2030. Ka ọ na-erule 2050, rọba nwere ike ibunye ikuku ikuku griin ha ruru ijeri 56, ihe ruru pasenti 14 nke mmefu ego carbon nke fọdụrụ n'ụwa. Ka ọ na-erule 2100 ọ ga-ebupụta ijeri tọn 260, ihe karịrị ọkara nke mmefu ego carbon. Ihe ndị ahụ na-esi na mmepụta, ụgbọ njem, ọkụ ọkụ, mana enwerekwa mpụta nke methane na mmetụta na phytoplankton. === Mmetụta plastik na-emetụ n'ala === Mmetọ plastik na ala na-etinye ihe egwu na osisi na anụmanụ - gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ ndị dabere na ala. Atụmatụ nke ọnụọgụ rọba na ala dị n'agbata anọ na okpukpu iri abụọ na atọ karịa nke oke osimiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke plastik dị na ala dị ukwuu ma na-etinye uche karịa nke ahụ na mmiri. Ihe mkpofu rọba na-esikwaghị ike sitere na pasent 60 na East Asia na Pacific ruo otu pasent na North America. Pasent nke mkpofu rọba na-esikwaghị ike na-eru oké osimiri kwa afọ wee si otú a na-aghọ ihe mkpofu mmiri rọba dị n'agbata otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na ọkara nke mkpofu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke afọ ahụ. N'afọ 2021, akụkọ ndị otu nri na ọrụ ugbo mere kwuru na a na-ejikarị plastik eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo. Enwere plastik n'ime ala karịa na oke osimiri. Ọnụnọ nke plastik na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ ma na-etinye ihe egwu na nchekwa nri. Plastic chlorined nwere ike ịhapụ kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ n'ime ala gbara ya gburugburu, nke nwere ike banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ isi mmiri ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu yana usoro gburugburu ụwa. Nke a nwere ike imerụ ụdị ndị na-aṅụ mmiri ahụ nsogbu. ==== Mmetụta na idei mmiri ==== [[Usòrò:Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ehichapụ ọwara mmiri n'Ilorin, Naịjirịa n'oge ụbọchị nhicha nke ndị ọrụ afọ ojuju. Ọbụna mgbe enwere akụrụngwa zuru oke maka ịdị ọcha, mmetọ plastik nwere ike igbochi nsị ma gbochie mmiri ịsa.]] Ihe mkpofu rọba nwere ike mechie ọnyà mmiri ozuzo, na mmechi dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye mmebi idei mmiri, karịsịa n'ime ime obodo. Mkpokọta ihe mkpofu rọba n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-ebuli elu mmiri na-agbago ma nwee ike ịkwalite ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Bangkok ihe ize ndụ idei mmiri na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi mkpofu rọba na-emechi sistemu ọwa mmiri dịbu ibu. ==== Na mmiri pọmpụ ==== Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2017 chọpụtara na 83% nke ihe nlele mmiri mgbata e mere gburugburu ụwa nwere mmetọ rọba. Nke a bụ ihe ọmụmụ izizi lekwasịrị anya na mmetọ mmiri ọñụñụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na plastik, ma gosi na n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmetọ nke 94%, mmiri mgbata na United States bụ nke kachasị emetọ, Lebanon na India sochiri ya. Mba Europe dị ka United Kingdom, Germany na France nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmetọ kacha ala, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ka nwere 72%. Nke a pụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike na-eri ihe dị n'etiti 3,000 na 4,000 microparticles nke rọba site na mmiri mgbata kwa afọ. Nnyocha ahụ chọtara ihe karịrị 2.5 microns n'ogo, nke bụ 2500 ugboro karịa nanometer. Ugbu a amabeghị ma nje a na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ, mana ọ bụrụ na a chọpụtakwara na mmiri ahụ nwere mmetọ nano-particle, enwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ọdịmma mmadụ, dịka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị jikọtara ya na nyocha ahụ. Agbanyeghị, mmetọ mmiri rọba ka a ka na-amụ, dịkwa ka njikọ nke etu mmetọ si agafe n'etiti mmadụ, ikuku, mmiri na ala. ==== N'ime usoro okike nke ụwa ==== Ihe mkpofu rọba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-eduga na rọba ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-abanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa. Enweela mmụba dị ukwuu nke mmetọ microplastic n'ihi njikwa na-adịghị mma na mkpofu ihe plastik. Karịsịa, mmetọ rọba n'ụdị microplastics ugbu a nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ n'ime ala. Ọ na-abanye n'ime ala site n'ịkwado n'elu ma mechaa banye n'ime ala. Ihe microplastics ndị a na-abanye n'ime osisi na anụmanụ. Mmiri na sludge nke mmiri mkpofu nwere nnukwu plastik. Ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri na-ekpofu adịghị enwe usoro ọgwụgwọ iji wepụ microplastics nke na-ebute plastik na-ebufe n'ime mmiri na ala mgbe a na-etinye nsị na sludge n'ala maka ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala microfiber plastik nke a na-ewepụta mgbe a na-ehicha ajị anụ na akwa polyester ndị ọzọ na igwe ịsa ákwà. Enwere ike ibufe eriri ndị a site na nsị n'ala nke na-emerụ gburugburu ala. Mmụba nke mmetọ plastik na microplastic na ala nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ na osisi na microorganisms dị n'ime ala, nke nwere ike imetụta ọmụmụ ala. Microplastics na-emetụta gburugburu ala nke dị mkpa maka uto osisi. Osisi dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi ya mere plastik na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a. Microplastics na-agbanwe ala biophysical Njirimara nke na-emetụta ogo ala. Nke a na-emetụta ọrụ ndu nke ala, ụdị dị iche iche na ahụike osisi. Microplastics n'ime ala na-agbanwe uto osisi. Ọ mbelata seedling germination, na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke epupụta, azuokokoosisi dayameta na chlorophyll ọdịnaya na osisi ndị a. Microplastics n'ime ala bụ ihe ize ndụ ọ bụghị naanị maka ọdịdị ala dị iche iche kamakwa nchekwa nri na ahụike mmadụ. Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ala dị mkpa maka uto ihe ọkụkụ na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọrụ ugbo dị ka mulching rọba na itinye ihe mkpofu ime obodo na-enye aka na mmetọ microplastic na ala. A na-ejikarị ala ndị mmadụ gbanwere iji kwalite mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ mana mmetụta ya na-emebi karịa ka ọ na-enye aka. Plastics na-ahapụkwa kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-ebute mmerụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na mmebi ihe ndị dị ndụ. Iri plastik abụghị naanị na ọ na-ebute ọnwụ ụmụ anụmanụ site na mgbochi eriri afọ mana ọ nwekwara ike ịgbago n'usoro nri nke na-emetụta mmadụ. === Mmetụta plastik na oké osimiri === [[Usòrò:Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_(8080507529).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe dị n'ime afọ nke nwa ọkụkọ albatross nwụrụ anwụ e sere foto na Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Pacific na Septemba 2009 gụnyere ihe mkpofu mmiri plastik ndị nne na nna ya nyere ụmụ ọhụrụ ahụ]] Ndụ mmiri bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa mgbe mmetọ rọba na-emetụta mmadụ. Mmetọ rọba na-etinye ndụ ụmụ anụmanụ n'ihe egwu ma na-atụkwa egwu ikpochapụ. Anụ ọhịa dị ka nnụnụ mmiri, whale, azụ na nduru na-emehie ihe mkpofu rọba maka anụ oriri; Ọtụtụ mgbe ahụ na-anwụ n'agụụ ka afọ na-ejupụta na plastik. Ha na-atakwa ahụhụ site n'ọkpụkpụ, ọrịa na-efe efe, ike igwu mmiri na-ebelata, na mmerụ ahụ dị n'ime. Ihe akaebe a na-agwa anyị ka mmetọ rọba na-esi emetụta anụ ọhịa mmiri mebiri emebi, ha na-ebulite anụmanụ ole na-emehie plastik maka anụ oriri ma rie ya n'amaghị. "N'ụwa niile, 100,000 anụ mmiri na-anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi mmetọ rọba. Nke a gụnyere whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals na ọdụ ọdụm." Ihe akaebe a na-agwa anyị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ole mammals nke mmiri na-emetụta n'ezie nke ọma iji nwụọ site na mmetọ rọba. === Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị ọcha === A leghaara nyocha banyere mmetọ rọba mmiri dị ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, nke nwere naanị 13% nke akwụkwọ ebipụtara na isiokwu a. Plastics na-abanye n'ime ozu nke mmiri dị ọcha, aquifers n'okpuru ala, na ịkwaga mmiri dị ọhụrụ site na mpụta mmiri na mbuze nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-adịghị edozi (MMPW). N'ebe ụfọdụ, mkpofu mkpofu ozugbo n'ime osimiri bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ime omume akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma naanị n'iwu ọgbara ọhụrụ ejirila ya kpachie ya. Osimiri bụ isi mbugharị rọba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, na-ebute ihe ruru 80% nke mmetọ rọba na oke osimiri. Nnyocha e mere na ọdụ mmiri iri kachasị elu nke MMPW na-enweta kwa afọ gosiri na ụfọdụ osimiri na-atụnye ihe ruru 88-95% nke plastik ndị nwere oke osimiri, nke kachasị elu bụ Osimiri Yangtze banye n'Osimiri East China. Osimiri Eshia na-atụnye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 67% nke mkpofu rọba a na-ahụ n'oké osimiri kwa afọ, na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu site na oke njupụta dị n'ụsọ osimiri niile na kọntinent ahụ yana oke mmiri ozuzo n'oge. ==== Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri ==== ===== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===== Nnyocha e mere nyochara ntinye nke plastik n'ofe nyocha dị iche iche e bipụtara na mbụ gosiri na n'ime ụdị 206 ahụ kpuchiri ekpuchi, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ depụtara ntinye n'ime azụ. Nke a apụtaghị na azụ na-etinye plastik karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ahụ, kama ọ na-akọwapụta enweghị mmetụta nke plastik na ihe ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa dị ka osisi mmiri, amphibians na invertebrates. N'agbanyeghị ọdịiche a, nnwale ndị a na-achịkwa na-enyocha mmetụta microplastic na osisi mmiri dị ka algae Chlorella spp na duckweed Lemna obere arụpụtala nnukwu ihe. N'etiti microplastics nke polypropylene (PP) na polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVC gosipụtara nsi dị ukwuu na Chlorella pyrenoidosa, n'ozuzu ya na-emetụta ikike foto synthetic ha na-adịghị mma. Mmetụta a na photosynthesis nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata 60% nke algal chlorophyll nke jikọtara ya na oke PVC dị elu achọtara n'otu ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ị na-enyocha mmetụta nke microbeads polyethylene (mpụta: ịchọ mma exfoliants) na macrophyte aquatic L. obere, ọ dịghị mmetụta na photosynthetic pigments & arụpụtaghị ihe a chọtara, ma mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ na mgbọrọgwụ cell viability belatara. Nsonaazụ ndị a metụtara dị ka osisi na algae dị mkpa maka nri nri na ịgba ígwè gas n'ime usoro mmiri, ma nwee ikike ịmepụta mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na nhazi mmiri n'ihi njupụta ha. A nyochakwara Crustaceans maka nzaghachi ha na ọnụnọ plastik. Enwere ihe akaebe na crustaceans mmiri dị ọhụrụ, karịsịa crabs Europe na crayfish, na-ata ahụhụ na ụgbụ polyamide ghost ejiri na ịkụ azụ ọdọ. Mgbe ekpughere ya na nanoparticles rọba nke polystyrene, Daphnia galeata (ụtụ mmiri nkịtị) nwere mbelata nlanarị n'ime awa 48 yana nsogbu ọmụmụ. N'ime oge nke ụbọchị ise, ọnụọgụ Daphnia dị ime belatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 50%, na ihe na-erughị 20% nke embrayo ekpughere na-adị ndụ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ozugbo. Ọkpụkpụ arthropods ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-eto eto na-enwe ike ịnweta ikpughe plastik yiri nke ahụ ka ụfọdụ na-eji akụkụ nke oge uto ha na-emikpu n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ime mmiri mmiri. Myirịta a na ndụ ndị ọzọ invertebrates mmiri na-egosi na ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke ikpughe rọba. ===== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ===== A na-amụkarị mkpughe plastik na ndị amphibians n'oge ndụ ndị ntorobịa, mgbe ihe nyocha ka na-adabere na gburugburu mmiri ebe ọ nwere ike ịdị mfe iji nyocha mgbanwe mgbanwe. Nnyocha e mere na frog mmiri dị na South America na-ahụkarị, Physalaemus cuvieri gosiri na plastik nwere ike ịkpata mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mutagenic na cytotoxic. Ekwesịrị ime ọtụtụ nyocha ọzọ na nzaghachi amphibian maka mmetọ rọba, ọkachasị ebe ndị amphibians nwere ike bụrụ ụdị ngosipụta mbụ nke ọdịda gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ dịla anya a mara ụmụ anụmanụ na nnụnụ ọhụrụ ka ha na mmetọ rọba na-emekọrịta ihe na-adịghị mma, na-ebutekarị nhụsianya ma ọ bụ ntachi/kpagbu mgbe ha risịrị nri. Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtala mbufụt n'ime eriri afọ eriri afọ na otu abụọ ahụ, ọ dị mwute ikwu na ọ dịghị data ọ bụla na mmetụta toxicological nke mmetọ plastik na ihe ndị a. A mụọla azụ kachasị gbasara mmetọ rọba n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mmiri dị ọhụrụ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime nchọpụta na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ntinye plastik n'ime ihe nlere anụ ọhịa ejidere na ụdị ụlọ nyocha. Enweela mbọ ụfọdụ ileba anya n'ihe na-egbu plastik n'ụdị ụdị mmiri dị ọcha, Danio rerio, aka zebrafish. Mmụba mmepụta imi na nzaghachi mbufụt na D. rerio GI-traktị ka ekwuru, ma na mgbakwunye, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara mgbanwe dị iche na mpaghara microbial n'ime eriri afọ zebrafish. Nchọpụta a dị ịrịba ama, dịka nyocha n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga egosiwowanye ike ike nke microbiomes nke eriri afọ nwere gbasara nnabata nri nke onye ọbịa ha na usoro endocrine. N'ihi nke a, plastik nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị egwu karị na ahụike nke akụkụ ahụ nke ọ bụla karịa ka a maara ugbu a, si otú a na-enye mkpa maka nyocha ọzọ ozugbo enwere ike. A hụkwara ọtụtụ n'ime nchoputa ndị a na ụlọ nyocha, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ka etinyekwu mgbalị iji tụọ ụbara plastik na toxicology n'ime anụ ọhịa. === Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ === [[Usòrò:Refuse_Recycling_site.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-eji ihe mkpofu emepụta ọzọ]] Ngwakọta ndị a na-eji na-emepụta ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịhapụ kemịkalụ n'ime ikuku na mmiri. Ụfọdụ ogige ndị a na-eji na rọba, dị ka phthalates, bisphenol A (BRA), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), nọ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ dị nso ma nwee ike bụrụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ogige ndị a adịghị mma, ejirila ha rụọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, ngwaọrụ ahụike, ihe ala ala, karama, senti, ihe ịchọ mma na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Egosiputara ikuku ume nke microplastics (MPs) bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-enye aka na ntinye MP n'ime mmadụ. A na-ekesa ndị MP n'ụdị uzuzu uzuzu mgbe niile site na ikuku ikuku na ikuku oyi n'ime ụlọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ogige ndị a dị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ, na-ebibi usoro endocrine. BRA na-eṅomi homonụ nwanyị nke a na-akpọ estrogen. PBD na-emebi ma na-emebi homonụ thyroid, nke bụ homonụ dị mkpa nke na-ekere òkè na metabolism, uto na mmepe nke ahụ mmadụ. Ndị omeiwu nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ na ọganihu ọmụmụ nwoke. Ndị MP dị ka BPA nwere ike igbochi steroid biosynthesis na usoro endocrine nwoke na mmalite nke spermatogenesis. Ndị omeiwu n'ime ụmụ nwoke nwekwara ike ịmepụta nrụgide oxidative na mmebi DNA na spermatozoa, na-akpata mbelata sperm viability. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkwa ikpughe na kemịkalụ ndị a dịgasị iche dabere na afọ na ọdịdị ala, ọtụtụ mmadụ na-enweta n'otu oge na ọtụtụ n'ime kemịkalụ ndị a. Nkezi ọkwa nke mkpughe kwa ụbọchị dị n'okpuru ọkwa ndị e chere na ọ nweghị nchekwa, mana ọ dị mkpa ka emekwu nyocha na mmetụta nke obere mkpughe n'ahụ mmadụ. A maghị ọtụtụ ihe gbasara oke kemịkalụ ndị a na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ kemịkalụ a na-eji na-emepụta rọba nwere ike ịkpata dermatitis mgbe ọ na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ. N'ọtụtụ plastik, a na-eji kemịkalụ ndị a na-egbu egbu naanị na ọnụọgụ, mana a na-achọkarị nnwale dị ịrịba ama iji hụ na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị n'ime plastik site na ihe inert ma ọ bụ polymer. Ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ọmụmụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ ma na-enwekarị ike imebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ yana usoro ọmụmụ ha site na kemịkal ndị a na-emebi hormone. Ngwaahịa ime ime na nọọsụ dị ka karama ụmụaka, ihe mkpuchi, na arịa nri rọba na-etinye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ikpughe. Mmetọ rọba emetụtala ahụike mmadụ nke ọma. "Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ebe mmiri dị n'ime ala dị na US nwere BPA. BPA na-emerụ ahụ na oke dị ala dị ka ọ na-egbochi hormone anyị na usoro ọmụmụ. Nke a na-agwa anyị pasent ole nke mmiri anyị na-emerụ na ekwesịghị ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. "N'oge ọ bụla nke usoro ndụ ya, rọba na-etinye ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche n'ahụ ahụ mmadụ, na-esite na mkpughe nke mkpụrụ ndụ plastik n'onwe ha na kemịkalụ jikọtara ya." Okwu a bụ mmalite nke ọtụtụ isi ihe kpatara plastik na-emerụ anyị ahụ, dị otú ahụ. dị ka carbon nke a na-ewepụta mgbe a na-eme ya ma na-ebu ya bụ nke metụtara otú mmetọ rọba na-emerụ gburugburu anyị. Nnyocha 2022 e bipụtara na Environment International hụrụ microplastic n'ime ọbara nke 80% nke ndị mmadụ nwalere na ọmụmụ ihe, na microplastic dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime akụkụ ahụ mmadụ. ==== Ihe ọ pụtara n'ihe gbasara ahụike ==== N'ihi mgbasa nke ngwaahịa rọba, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmadụ na-enwekarị ihe ndị mejupụtara kemịkal nke plastik. Na United States, 95% nke ndị toro eto achọpụtala ọkwa BPA na mmamịrị ha. Ejikọtala mkpughe na kemịkalụ dị ka BPA na nkwụsị nke ọmụmụ, mmeputakwa, ntozu oke mmekọahụ, na mmetụta ahụike ndị ọzọ. Phthalates akọwapụtara nke ọma ebutewokwa ụdị mmetụta ndị dị ndụ. ===== Thyroid hormone axis ===== Bisphenol A na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara axis thyroid hormone, nke na-emetụta ọrụ ndu dịka metabolism na mmepe. BPA nwere ike ibelata ọrụ thyroid hormone receptor (TR) site n'ịbawanye ọrụ TR transcriptional corepressor. Nke a na-ebelata ọkwa nke thyroid hormone na-ejikọta protein na-ejikọta na triiodothyronine. Site na imetụta axis hormone thyroid, ikpughe BPA nwere ike ibute hypothyroidism. ===== Hormone mmekọahụ ===== BPA nwere ike ịkpaghasị ọkwa nkịtị, physiological nke homonụ mmekọahụ. Ọ na-eme nke a site na ijikọ na globulins nke na-ejikọta ya na homonụ mmekọahụ dị ka androgens na estrogens, na-eduga ná nkwụsị nke nguzozi n'etiti abụọ ahụ. BPA nwekwara ike imetụta metabolism ma ọ bụ catabolism nke homonụ mmekọahụ. Ọ na-emekarị dị ka antiandrogen ma ọ bụ dị ka estrogen, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara na mmepe gonadal na mmepụta spam. === Ọrịa === N'afọ 2023, achọpụtara plasticosis, ọrịa ọhụrụ nke naanị plastik kpatara, n'ime nnụnụ mmiri. Nnụnụ ndị a chọpụtara na ha nwere ọrịa ahụ ewepụla traktị nri nri site n'itinye ihe mkpofu rọba. "Mgbe nnụnụ na-etinye obere plastik, ha hụrụ na ọ na-ere ọkụ nke tract digestive. Ka oge na-aga, mbufụt na-adịgide adịgide na-eme ka anụ ahụ kụwaa ma mebie, na-emetụta mgbaze, uto na nlanarị. " == Mgbalị ndị e mere iji belata == [[Usòrò:Plastic_household_items.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ e ji ụdị plastik dị iche iche mee.]] [[Usòrò:Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita,_September_2018.jpg|thumb|Ọgbọ mkpofu, nke a na-atụle n'ime kilogram kwa onye ọ bụla Kwa ụbọchị]] Mgbalị iji belata ojiji nke rọbas, iji kwalite imegharị plastik na ibelata mkpofu rọba ma ọ bụ mmetọ rọba na-esighị ike emewo ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu. Nyocha sayensị mbụ na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ọkachamara banyere mmetọ plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ozuzu chọpụtara na nzaghachi ezi uche dị na "ihe iyi egwu ụwa" ga-abụ "mbelata oriri nke ihe ndị na-amaghị nwoke na-amaghị nwoke, yana usoro nhazi nke mba ụwa maka njikwa mkpofu" - dị ka mmachibido iwu. mbupụ ihe mkpofu rọba ọ gwụla ma ọ na-eduga n'ịrụgharị ihe ka mma - ma kọwapụta ọnọdụ ihe ọmụma gbasara mmetụta "mgbanwe na-adịghị mma" nke bụ otu n'ime ebumnuche maka mbelata ya. Ụfọdụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-ana ndị ahịa ha ego maka akpa rọba, na n'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ihe ndị a na-emegharị emezi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emebi emebi eme ihe n'ọnọdụ rọba. Ụfọdụ obodo na ụlọ ọrụ achụmnta ego amachibidola ụfọdụ ihe ndị a na-ejikarị rọba, dị ka mmiri karama na akpa rọba. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị ewepụtala atụmatụ mbelata rọba afọ ofufo dị ka asambodo nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nwere ike ịmegharị ka a mata ya dị ka enyi na enyi n'etiti ndị ahịa. Na Jenụwarị 2019, ụlọ ọrụ dị na ụlọ ọrụ rọba mepụtara "Global Alliance to End Plastic Waste". Njikọ a na-achọ ikpochapụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe mkpofu dị ugbu a na ịbawanye mmepụta ihe, mana o kwughị mbelata mmepụta plastik dịka otu n'ime ebumnuche ya. Ọzọkwa, akụkọ na-esote egosila na otu a bụ atụmatụ ịsa ahịhịa ndụ. Na 2 Maachị 2022 na Nairobi, ndị nnọchi anya mba 175 kwere nkwa ịmepụta nkwekọrịta n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro iji kwụsị mmetọ rọba. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwesịrị ileba anya n'usoro ndụ plastik zuru oke ma tụpụta ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere imegharị ya. Otu kọmitii mkparita uka gọọmentị etiti (INC) nke kwesịrị icheta nkwekọrịta ahụ ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke afọ 2024 ka emepụtara. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwesịrị ịkwado mgbanwe gaa na akụ na ụba okirikiri, nke ga-ebelata ikuku GHG site na 25%. Inger Andersen, onye isi otu UNEP kpọrọ mkpebi a "mmeri nke ụwa n'elu plastik eji otu eme ihe". === Biodegradable and degradable plastics === Ojiji plastik nwere ike ime ihe nwere ọtụtụ uru na ọghọm. Biodegradables bụ biopolymers na-emebi emebi na composters ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe anaghị emebi nke ọma na composters ụlọ, na n'oge usoro a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ eme ihe, enwere ike ịpụta gas methane. E nwekwara ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ na-emebi emebi nke a na-ewereghị dị ka biopolymers, n'ihi na ha na-adabere na mmanụ, dịka plastik ndị ọzọ. A na-eme ka plastik ndị a bụrụ ihe na-emebi emebi site na iji ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche, nke na-enyere ha aka imebi mgbe ekpughere ụzarị UV ma ọ bụ nrụgide anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ. ma, ihe mgbakwunye na-akwalite biodegradation maka polymers egosila na ha agaghị eme ka mmebi biodegradation dị elu nke ukwuu. Ọ bụ ezie na plastik ndị na-emebi emebi na-emebi emebi enyerela aka ibelata mmetọ rọba, enwere ihe ndọghachi azụ. Otu okwu gbasara ụdị plastik abụọ a bụ na ha anaghị emebi nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ebe ahụ, plastik ndị na-emebi emebi bụ́ ndị sitere na mmanụ nwere ike gbarie n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị nta, bụ́ ebe ha adịghị eweda ya ọzọ. Otu kọmitii ndị omeiwu na United Kingdom chọpụtakwara na plastik ndị nwere ike ịgbakọta na ihe ndị na-emebi emebi nwere ike itinye aka na mmetọ mmiri n'ihi na enweghị akụrụngwa a ga-eji na-ahụ maka ụdị rọba ọhụrụ ndị a, yana enweghị nghọta banyere ha n'akụkụ ndị na-azụ ahịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ dị mkpa ka ezipụ plastik ndị a n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe iji mebie nke ọma, mana enweghị usoro zuru oke iji hụ na mkpofu ruru ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. N'ihi ya, kọmitii ahụ tụrụ aro ka e belata ọnụ ọgụgụ plastik a na-eji kama iwebata ụdị ya ọhụrụ n'ahịa. Ihe ọzọ kwesịrị ịrịba ama bụ mgbanwe nke enzymes ọhụrụ na-enye ohere maka microorganisms bi n'ebe ndị rụrụ arụ na-agbari plastik nkịtị, nke siri ike imebi. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2021 na-achọ homologs nke 95 amaara enzymes na-emebi emebi plastik na-agbasa ụdị plastik iri na asaa hụrụ enzymes 30,000 ọzọ nwere ike. N'agbanyeghị na ha pụtara n'ebe niile, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na enzymes akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a na-akụda plastik ọ bụla bara uru iji belata mmetọ. === Ịkpọ ọkụ === Ihe ruru pasenti 60 nke akụrụngwa ọgwụ rọba eji eme ihe ka a na-agba ọkụ kama idobe ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dịka ihe eji kpachara anya iji belata mgbasa ọrịa. Nke a enyela ohere ibelata oke mkpofu rọba nke sitere na akụrụngwa ahụike. N'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu, plastik, akwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye osisi ndị na-emebi emebi na-enye ike na mmanụ bara uru. Ihe dị ka 12% nke mkpokọta plastik emepụtara agbachaala ọkụ. Emeela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara ikuku gas na-esite na usoro ịgba ọkụ. Plastics gbara ọkụ na-ahapụ ọtụtụ nsị na usoro ọkụ, gụnyere Dioxins, Furans, Mercury na Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Mgbe a na-agba ọkụ n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ ndị e mere iji nakọta ma ọ bụ hazie nsị, nke a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ahụike dị ukwuu ma mepụta mmetọ ikuku. === Iwu === [[Usòrò:Share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_(2010).svg|thumb|Akụkụ nke ihe mkpofu plastik a na-ejighị n'aka (2010)]] [[Usòrò:Projected_share_of_inadequately_managed_plastic_waste_(2025).svg|thumb|Akụkụ a tụrụ anya ya nke ihe mkpofu plastik na-enweghị nchịkwa (2025)]] Ụlọ ọrụ dịka US Environmental Protection Agency na US Food and Drug Administration anaghị enyocha nchekwa nke kemịkalụ ọhụrụ ruo mgbe egosipụtara mmetụta ọjọọ. Ozugbo ha chere na kemịkalụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu, a na-amụ ya iji chọpụta ọnụọgụ ntụaka mmadụ, nke ekpebie na ọ ga-abụ ọkwa mmetụta ọjọọ kachasị dị ala. N'oge ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, a na-anwale dose dị elu iji hụ ma ọ na-akpata nsogbu ahụike ọ bụla, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, a na-ewere obere doses dị ka ọ dị mma. Nke a anaghị eburu n'uche eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụfọdụ kemịkalụ dị na plastik, dị ka BPA, obere doses nwere ike inwe mmetụta pụtara ìhè. Ọbụlagodi na usoro nlebanya a na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, etinyela iwu iji nyere aka belata mmetọ rọba na mmetụta ya. E tinyela iwu gọọmentị nke machibidoro iji ụfọdụ kemịkal mee ihe na ngwaahịa rọba. Na Canada, United States, na European Union, amachibidoro BPA ka ọ ghara itinye aka na mmepụta nke karama ụmụaka na iko ụmụaka, n'ihi nchegbu ahụike yana nnukwu nsogbu nke ụmụaka na-eto eto na mmetụta nke BPA. Ekwupụtala ụtụ isi iji kụda ụzọ ụfọdụ e si ejikwa ihe mkpofu rọba. Ụtụ isi ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emepụta ihe mkpali ịhọrọ ịmegharị plastik kama ịnwe ha na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, site n'ime ka nke ikpeazụ dịkwuo ọnụ. Enweela nhazi nhazi nke ụdị plastik nke a pụrụ iwere dị ka compostable. European Norm EN 13432, nke European Committee for Standardization (CEN) depụtara, depụtara ụkpụrụ nke plastik ga-ezute, n'ihe gbasara compostability na biodegradability, ka e wee kpọọ ya n'ihu ọha dị ka compostable. Nyere nnukwu ihe iyi egwu nke oke osimiri na-eche ihu, European Investment Bank Group bu n'obi ịbawanye ego ya na enyemaka ndụmọdụ maka nhicha oke osimiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e hiwere Clean Oceans Initiative (COI) na 2018. European Investment Bank, German Development Bank, na French Development Agency (AFD) kwetara itinye ego ruru € 2 ijeri n'okpuru COI site na October 2018 ruo October. 2023 na atumatu ebumnuche ibelata mkpofu mmetọ n'ime oke osimiri, na-elekwasị anya na plastik. The Clean Ocean Initiative na-ezube inye € 4 ijeri ego maka ibelata ihe mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri site na njedebe nke 2025. Mmezi ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu na Sri Lanka, Egypt, na South Africa bụ ihe atụ ụfọdụ, dị ka njikwa mkpofu siri ike na Togo na Senegal. ==== Mgbalị ndị e mere iji belata n'afọ ofufo na-ada ==== Ndị isi ndị na-emepụta plastik na-aga n'ihu na-amanye gọọmentị ka ha zere itinye mmachi na mmepụta rọba na ịkwado maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ afọ ofufo iji belata mmepụta rọba ọhụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị na-emepụta plastik 10 kacha elu n'ụwa, gụnyere The Coca-Cola Company, Nestle SA na PepsiCo na-emezubeghị ọbụna ebumnuche ha kacha nta maka iji plastik na-amaghị nwoke. Enweela ọtụtụ ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa nke na-ekwu maka mmetọ mmiri rọba mmiri, dị ka Mgbakọ maka Mgbochi Mmetọ mmiri site na mkpofu ahịhịa na ihe ndị ọzọ 1972, Mgbakọ Mba Nile Maka Mgbochi Mmetọ site na ụgbọ mmiri, 1973 na Strategy Honolulu, enwere. ọ dịghị ihe dị n'akụkụ plastik nke na-abanye n'oké osimiri si n'ala. N'afọ 2020, mba 180 kwetara ịmachi oke mkpofu rọba nke mba ndị bara ọgaranya na-ebuga na mba ndị ka daa ogbenye, na-eji iwu sitere na Mgbakọ Basel. Agbanyeghị, n'ime Jenụwarị 2021, ọnwa mbụ nkwekọrịta ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, data azụmaahịa gosiri na mbupụ mkpofu abawanyela n'ezie. ===== Nkwekọrịta plastik na-ejikọta iwu ===== Ụfọdụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị NGO kwenyere na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa kwadoro n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka imetọ mmetọ rọba dị mkpa. Ha na-eche nke a n'ihi na mmetọ rọba bụ nsogbu mba ụwa, na-aga n'etiti oke osimiri, nakwa n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa inwe okpu na mmepụta plastik. Ndị Lobbyists na-atụ anya na UNEA-5 ga-eduga na nkwekọrịta rọba, mana nnọkọ ahụ kwụsịrị na-enweghị nkwekọrịta iwu kwadoro. N'afọ 2022, mba ndị ahụ kwetara imepụta [[nkwekọrịta mmetọ plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ]] site na afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Geddie|first=John|title='Biggest green deal since Paris': UN agrees plastic treaty roadmap|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/biggest-green-deal-since-paris-un-agrees-plastic-treaty-roadmap-2022-03-02/|work=Reuters|date=2 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UN body weighs a global treaty to fight plastic pollution|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/body-weighs-global-treaty-fight-plastic-pollution-83110501|work=ABC News|accessdate=3 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> ==== Mmachibido iwu mbubata ihe mkpofu ==== Kemgbe afọ 2017, China, Turkey, Malaysia, Cambodia, na Thailand amachibidola ụfọdụ ibubata ihe mkpofu. Atụwo aro na mmachibido iwu dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye akpaaka na imegharị ihe, na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka nyocha nke data azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na Basel Action Network na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ, mmebi nke Mgbakọ Basel, na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe Jenụwarị 1, 2021, na-agbasawanye n'oge 2021. US, Canada, na European Union ezipụla ọtụtụ narị nde tọn. nke rọba na mba ndị na-enweghị akụrụngwa nlekọta mkpofu zuru oke, ebe a na-eju ọtụtụ n'ime ya, gbaa ọkụ, ma ọ bụ awụsa na gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Iwu akụ na ụba gburugburu ==== Iwu metụtara nrụgharịgharị, njikwa mkpofu, akụrụngwa mgbake ụlọ, mmepụta ngwaahịa, biodegradability na mgbochi nke mbubata / mbupụ nke mkpofu ụfọdụ nwere ike ịkwado mgbochi mmetọ rọba. Ihe ọmụmụ na-atụle ọrụ onye na-emepụta / onye nrụpụta "ụzọ dị irè iji dozie okwu nke mmetọ plastik", na-atụ aro na "Amụma dị adị na nke a nakweere, iwu, ụkpụrụ, na atụmatụ na ụwa, mpaghara, na mba na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. ". Nhazi nke ngwaahịa, ọkachasị nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa [mgbakwunye ntụaka achọrọ] nke bụ, dịka nke 2022, na-ejikarị ngwa dị iche iche (nke ọ bụla na n'ofe ngwaahịa) na-esi ike ma ọ bụ ugbu a agaghị ekwe omume ikewapụ ma ọ bụ megharịa ọnụ n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ na ụzọ akpaaka nwere ike ịkwado nrụgharị na imegharị ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere usoro ndị nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ma dozie ụdị plastik iri na abụọ dị ka PET site na iji hyperspectral imaging na algọridim emepụtara site na mmụta igwe ebe naanị ihe dị ka 9% nke atụmatụ mkpofu plastik ruru ijeri 6.3 nke e mere atụmatụ na 1950 ruo 2018. emegharila ya (12% agbachaala ọkụ yana ndị ọzọ a na-akọ na a na-atụfu ya na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi). === Nchịkọta, imegharị ihe na mbelata === Ụdị abụọ a na-anakọta mkpofu na-agụnye mkpokọta n'akụkụ akụkụ na iji ebe a na-emegharị ihe. Ihe dị ka pasenti 87 nke ndị bi na United States (nde mmadụ 273) nwere ohere ịnweta ebe mgbochi na ebe a na-emegharị ihe. Na mkpokọta mgbochi, nke dị ihe dị ka pasenti 63 nke ndị United States (nde mmadụ 193), ndị mmadụ na-edobe plastik edobere n'ime nnukwu efere pụrụ iche nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhaneze ma ọ bụ nkeonwe ga-eburu. Ọtụtụ mmemme n'akụkụ akụkụ na-anakọta ihe karịrị otu ụdị resin rọba, na-abụkarị ma PETE na HDPE. N'ebe a na-emegharị ihe eji emegharị ihe, nke dị maka pasenti 68 nke ndị United States (nde mmadụ 213), ndị mmadụ na-ebuga ihe eji emegharị ha gaa n'ebe etiti dị. Ozugbo anakọtara, a na-ebuga rọbas ahụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mgbake (MRF) ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịhazi n'ime iyi resin otu iji bulie uru ngwaahịa. A na-agbazikwa plastik ndị a haziri iji belata ego mbupu na ndị na-eweghachite. Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke imegharị ihe n'otu ụdị rọba, na n'afọ 2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ nrụgharị plastik n'ozuzu bụ ihe dịka 8.4% na United States. A rụgharịrị ihe dị ka nde tọn 2.7 (nde obere tọn tọn 3.0) nke rọba na US na 2017, ebe a na-atụba plastik nde 24.3 (nde mkpirisi tọn 26.8). A na-emegharị ụfọdụ plastik karịa ndị ọzọ; na 2017 ihe dị ka pasenti 31.2 nke karama HDPE na pasenti 29.1 nke karama PET na ite ka emegharịrị. Nkwakọ ngwaahịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-ezo aka na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ejiri ihe na-adịgide adịgide arụpụtara ma ahaziri ya maka ọtụtụ njem na ogologo ndụ. Enwere ụlọ ahịa ihe mkpofu efu na ụlọ ahịa na-ejuputa maka ngwaahịa ndị ahọpụtara yana nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ndị a na-emekarị nke na-eme ka ejupụta ngwaahịa ndị nwere plastik ahọpụtara ma ọ bụ jiri aka ha ree ngwaahịa na-enweghị nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ karịa. Na 21 Mee 2019, ụdị ọrụ ọhụrụ akpọrọ "Loop" iji nakọta nkwakọ ngwaahịa n'aka ndị na-azụ ahịa wee jiri ya mee ihe, malitere ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara New York, US, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu na-akwado. Ndị na-ere ahịa na-atụba ngwugwu n'ime obere akpa mbupu pụrụ iche wee bulite ha, hichaa, mejupụta ma weghachi ha. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ puku ezinụlọ ma na-achọ ọ bụghị naanị ịkwụsị plastik otu eji eme ihe, kama ịkwụsị otu ojiji n'ozuzu site na ịmegharị arịa ngwaahịa ndị ahịa nke ihe dị iche iche. Usoro ọzọ dị irè, nke nwere ike ịkwado site na atumatu, na-ewepụ mkpa maka karama rọba dị ka site na iji refillable eg. karama ígwè, na mmiri carbonators, [mgbakwunye ntụaka achọrọ] nke nwekwara ike igbochi mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike na ahụike mmadụ n'ihi mwepụta microplastics. Mbelata ihe mkpofu rọba nwere ike ịkwado nrụgharị ma na-ejikarị ya na imegharị ihe: "3R" na-ezo aka na Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. ==== Ịsacha Oké Osimiri ==== Òtù ahụ "The Ocean Cleanup" na-agbalị iji ụgbụ na-anakọta ihe mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri. Enwere nchegbu site na mmerụ ahụ na ụdị ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, karịsịa neuston. ==== Nnukwu Ihe Na-egbochi Mgbasa Ozi ==== Na Netherlands, a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu rọba sitere na ụfọdụ osimiri site na ihe mgbochi afụ, iji gbochie plastik ka ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ihe a na-akpọ 'Great Bubble Barrier' na-ejide plastik buru ibu karịa 1 mm. A na-emejuputa ihe mgbochi afụ na Osimiri IJssel (2017) na Amsterdam (2019) na a ga-emejuputa ya na Katwijk na njedebe nke osimiri Rhine. === Mapping and tracking === Ụwa Anyị Na Data na-enye eserese gbasara ụfọdụ nyocha, gụnyere maapụ, iji gosi isi mmalite mmetọ rọba - gụnyere nke oke osimiri kpọmkwem. Ịmata isi mmalite nke rọbas oké osimiri n'ikwesị ntụkwasị obi dị elu nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ihe kpatara ya, iji tụọ ọganihu na ịmepụta usoro mgbochi dị irè. Otutu akụkụ nke rọba dị n'oké osimiri nwere ike isi na - bụkwa nke anaghị ebubata - - mkpofu rọba nke obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri yana site na osimiri (nke osimiri 1000 kacha elu mere atụmatụ site na otu ọmụmụ 2021 ga-aza 80% nke ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ zuru ụwa ọnụ). Enwere ike jikọta isi mmalite abụọ a. A na-amata osimiri Yangtze n'ime Oké Osimiri East China site na ụfọdụ nnyocha ndị na-eji ihe nlele anya dị ka osimiri kachasị elu nke plastic-emitting ( sampled), n'ụzọ dị iche na ọmụmụ 2021 e kwuru n'elu nke na-enye ya n'ọkwá 64. Nlekọta nchịkwa na mpaghara mpaghara n'ụsọ oké osimiri. achọpụtara na mpaghara dị oke mkpa maka ọganihu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ibelata mmetọ rọba. Enwere otu mmụta igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana nleba anya nke satịlaịtị, maapụ saịtị mkpofu rọba nke nwere ike inye aka mata onye na ebe na-ejizi ihe mkpofu rọba na-emebi emebi, na-atụba ya n'oké osimiri. === Site na mba / mpaghara === ==== Albania ==== Na Julaị 2018, Albania ghọrọ mba mbụ na Europe machibido akpa rọba dị arọ. Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Albania Blendi Klosi kwuru na azụmaahịa na-ebubata, na-emepụta ma ọ bụ na-ere akpa rọba na-erughị 35 microns n'ihe egwu dị egwu na-eche ntaramahụhụ n'etiti nde 1 ruo nde 1.5 (€ 7,900 ruo € 11,800). ==== Australia ==== A na-eme atụmatụ na kwa afọ, Australia na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 2.5m nke ihe mkpofu rọba kwa afọ, nke ihe dịka 84% na-ejedebe dị ka mkpofu ahịhịa, na ihe dị ka tọn 130,000 nke mkpofu rọba na-abanye na gburugburu ebe obibi. Isii n'ime steeti na ókèala asatọ agbagoro ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2021 iji machibido ọtụtụ plastik. Ebumnuche gọọmentị etiti gọọmentị etiti bụ National Packaging Targets mepụtara ebumnuche nke iwepụ ihe kacha njọ nke plastik ndị a na-eji otu eme ihe site na 2025, yana n'okpuru National Plastics Plan 2021, o kpebisiri ike “wepụsịa nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-eju afọ na polystyrene akpụzi ka ọ na-erule July 2022, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. ngwaahịa site na Disemba 2022. ==== Canada ==== N'afọ 2022 Canada mara ọkwa mmachibido iwu na imepụta na ibubata plastik otu eji eme ihe site na Disemba 2022. A ga-amachibido ire ere ihe ndị ahụ site na Disemba 2023 na mbupụ site na 2025. Prime Minister nke Canada Justin Trudeau kwere nkwa machibido plastik otu eji eme ihe na 2019. ==== China ==== China bụ ndị kacha eji plastik eme otu ihe. Na 2020 China bipụtara atụmatụ igbutu 30% nke mkpofu plastik n'ime afọ 5. Dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ a, a ga-amachibido otu akpa rọba na ahịhịa ahịhịa ==== Njikọ Europe ==== Na 2015 European Union nakweere ntuziaka chọrọ mbelata oriri nke otu akpa rọba maka onye ọ bụla ruo 90 site na 2019 na ruo 40 site na 2025. N'April 2019, EU nakweere ntuziaka ọzọ na-amachibido ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị plastik otu eji eme ihe. ewezuga karama, site na mbido afọ 2021. Na 3 Julaị 2021, ntuziaka EU Single-Use Plastics (SUPD, EU 2019/904) malitere na mba ndị otu EU. Ntuziaka a bu n'obi ibelata mmetọ rọba site na plastik a na-atụfu otu ihe. Ọ na-elekwasị anya na plastik iri a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ osimiri, nke mejupụtara 43% nke ihe mkpofu mmiri (ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ 27%). Dịka ntuziaka SUP siri dị, enwere mmachibido iwu: eriri owu rọba na osisi balloon; Plastic efere, cutlery, mkpali na straws; Ihe ọṅụṅụ Styrofoam na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri (dịka iko enwere ike iwepụ, nri otu onye); ngwaahịa ejiri plastik oxo-emebi emebi mee, nke na-emebi ka ọ bụrụ microplastics. Ihe nzacha sịga, iko mmanya, ihicha mmiri, akwa nhicha ọcha na tampons na-enweta akara na-egosi ngwaahịa ahụ nwere rọba, na ọ dị na ahịhịa, na ihe mkpofu na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na Disemba 2022 EU mere nzọụkwụ mbụ maka machibido mbupụ ihe mkpofu rọba na mba ndị ọzọ. ==== France ==== N'afọ 2021, France machibidoro "karama plastik efu, confetti rọba na akpa rọba na-eji otu eme ihe", na 2022 mmachibido iwu na nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na mbụ nke Jenụwarị 2023 amachibidoro ọtụtụ ụdị plastik otu eji eme ihe n'ụlọ nri nwere ọtụtụ ihe. karịa ebe iri abụọ. Ụfọdụ nwere nchegbu na a gaghị emejuputa usoro ndị a nke ọma n'ihi nsogbu ike dị ugbu a. ==== India ==== [[Usòrò:Say_no_to_polythene._Sign._Nako,_H.P._India.jpg|thumb|''Kwuo na polythene''. Ihe ịrịba ama. Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India.]] Gọọmentị India kpebiri machibido plastik otu ihe wee mee ọtụtụ usoro iji megharịa na iji plastik ọzọ, site na 2 Ọktọba 2019. Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ịdị ọcha, Gọọmenti India, arịọla ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị iche iche ka ha gbanarị iji karama na-enye mmiri ọñụñụ n'oge nzukọ gọọmentị, wdg, kama mee ndokwa maka inye mmiri ọñụñụ nke na-adịghị emepụta ihe mkpofu rọba. . Steeti Sikkim amachibidola iji karama mmiri rọba (na ọrụ gọọmentị na nzukọ) yana ngwaahịa styrofoam. Steeti Bihar amachibidola iji karama mmiri rọba na nzukọ gọọmentị. Egwuregwu mba 2015 nke India, ahaziri na Thiruvananthapuram, jikọtara ya na ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Nke a bụ Suchitwa Mission butere nke a maka ebe “efu efu”. Iji mee ka mmemme ahụ bụrụ "n'efu", amachibidoro iji karama mmiri atụfu. Ihe omume ahụ mere ka a na-eji tableware na igwe anaghị agba nchara. E nyere ndị na-eme egwuregwu ihe nchara nchara a na-ejuju. A na-eme atụmatụ na omume akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndị a kwụsịrị ọgbọ nke 120 tọn mkpofu ihe mkpofu. Obodo Bangalore na 2016 machibidoro plastik maka ebumnuche ọ bụla ọzọ karịa maka ikpe ole na ole pụrụ iche dị ka nnyefe mmiri ara ehi wdg. Steeti Maharashtra, India amachibidoro ngwaahịa Maharashtra Plastic na Thermocol 23 June 2018, na-etinye ndị ọrụ rọba ntaramahụhụ na mkpọrọ maka ndị mejọrọ ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 2022, India amalitela imejuputa mmachibido iwu obodo na ụdị plastik dị iche iche. Nke a dịkwa mkpa maka imezu ebumnuche ihu igwe nke mba ahụ dị ka na mmepụta plastik a na-eji ihe karịrị 8,000 mgbakwunye, akụkụ nke ha bụ ọtụtụ puku ikuku griin haus siri ike karịa CO2. ==== Indonesia ==== Na Bali, otu n'ime ọtụtụ agwaetiti Indonesia, ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, Melati na Isabel Wijsen, gbara mbọ machibido akpa rọba na 2019. Dị ka ọnwa Jenụwarị 2022 nzukọ ha Bye Bye Plastic Bags agbasawo karịa ebe 50 gburugburu ụwa. ==== Israel ==== N'Izrel, obodo abụọ: Eilat na Herzliya, kpebiri machibido iji otu akpa rọba na ihe ndị e ji egbu ihe n'akụkụ osimiri. N'afọ 2020, Tel Aviv sonyeere ha, machibidokwa ire plastik otu eji eme ihe n'akụkụ osimiri. ==== Kenya ==== N'August 2017, Kenya nwere mmachibido iwu akpa rọba kacha sie ike n'ụwa. Ntara $38,000 ma ọ bụ ruo afọ anọ n'ụlọ nga nye onye ọ bụla ejidere na-emepụta, na-ere ma ọ bụ na-eji akpa rọba.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/plastic-bans-around-the-world/|title=16 Times Countries and Cities Have Banned Single-Use Plastics|work=Global Citizen|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> ==== New Zealand ==== New Zealand kwuputara mmachibido iwu na ọtụtụ ụdị plastik siri ike ịmegharị otu ojiji ka ọ na-erule 2025. ==== Naịjirịa ==== N'afọ 2019, ụlọ omebe iwu Naịjirịa machiri mmepụta, mbubata na iji akpa rọba na mba ahụ. ==== Spain ==== Spain machibidoro ọtụtụ ụdị plastik eji eme ihe na mbido afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Burgen|first=Stephen|title=Tobacco companies to be billed for cleaning up cigarette butts in Spain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/03/tobacco-companies-cleaning-up-cigarette-butts-spain|accessdate=20 January 2023}}</ref> ==== Taiwan ==== Na February 2018, Taiwan machibidoro iji otu iko rọba, ahịhịa, arịa na akpa; Mmachibido iwu ahụ ga-agụnyekwa ụgwọ mgbakwunye maka akpa rọba na imelite ụkpụrụ imegharị ha na ebumnuche site na 2030, a ga-amanye ya kpamkpam. ==== United Kingdom ==== Na Jenụwarị 2019, agbụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Iceland, bụ ọkachamara n'ihe oriri jụrụ oyi, kwere nkwa "iwepụ ma ọ bụ belata nke ukwuu nkwakọ ngwaahịa plastik maka ngwaahịa ụlọ ahịa ya n'afọ 2023." Dị ka nke 2020, obodo 104 nwetara aha "Plastic free Community" na United Kingdom, 500 chọrọ ime ya. Mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ Ella na Caitlin malitere ịrịọ arịrịọ gbasara ya, Burger King na McDonald's na United Kingdom na Ireland kwere nkwa ịkwụsị izipu ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka rọba na nri ha. McDonald's kwere nkwa ime ya site n'afọ 2021. McDonald's kwekwara nkwa iji mpempe akwụkwọ maka ya nri na akwụkwọ ndị a ga-eziga na nri. Mbufe a ga-amalite ugbua na Maachị 2020. Site na Ọktoba 2023, a ga-amachibido ọtụtụ ụdị plastik otu eji eme ihe n'England gụnyere ihe ncha na efere. Scotland na Wales etinyelarị mmachibido iwu ndị a. ==== United States ==== N'afọ 2009, Mahadum Washington dị na St Louis ghọrọ mahadum mbụ na United States machibido ire ere rọba, karama mmiri na-eme otu ihe. N'afọ 2009, District nke Columbia chọrọ ka azụmaahịa niile na-ere nri ma ọ bụ mmanya na-aba n'anya ka ha kwụọ cents 5 maka akpa rọba ma ọ bụ akpa akwụkwọ ọ bụla. N'afọ 2011 na 2013, Kauai, Maui na Hawaii machibidoro akpa rọba na-abụghị nke biodegradad na ndenye ọpụpụ yana akpa akwụkwọ nwere ihe na-erughị pasent 40 emegharịrị. N'afọ 2015, Honolulu bụ obodo ikpeazụ na-akwado mmachibido iwu ahụ. N'afọ 2015, [[California]] machibidoro nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ịnye akpa rọba, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-akwụ $ 0.10 maka akpa ọ ga-enwerịrị ihe ụfọdụ. N'afọ 2016, Illinois nakweere iwu ahụ wee guzobe "Recycle Thin Film Friday" na mbọ mkpịsị ụkwụ na-eweghachi akpa rọba dị obere ihe nkiri ma na-akwado akpa a ga-ejigharịgharị. N'afọ 2019, steeti New York machibidoro akpa rọba otu eji eme ihe wee webata ego 5 cent maka iji otu akpa akwụkwọ eme ihe. Mmachibido iwu a ga-amalite n'afọ 2020. Nke a agaghị ebelata iji akpa rọba na steeti New York (ijeri iri abụọ na atọ kwa afọ ruo ugbu a), ma wepụkwa mmanụ barel nde iri na abụọ a na-eji eme akpa rọba nke steeti ahụ na-eji kwa afọ. Steeti [[Mën|Maine]] machibidoro akpa Styrofoam (polystyrene) na Mee 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rosane|first=Olivia|title=Maine First U.S. State to Ban Styrofoam Containers|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/maine-bans-styrofoam-2636014775.html|accessdate=25 November 2019|date=1 May 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, onye na-ere ahịa Giant Eagle ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa mbụ buru ibu nke US na-agba mbọ na-ewepụ plastik kpamkpam site na 2025. Nzọụkwụ mbụ - kwụsị iji otu akpa plastik eme ihe - ga-amalite imejuputa ya ugbua na January 15, 2020. Na 2019, Delaware, Maine, Oregon na [[Vermont]] mere iwu na iwu. Vermont machibidokwara ahịhịa ahịhịa na arịa polystyrene a na-eji otu eme ihe. N'afọ 2019, Connecticut wetara ụgwọ $0.10 na akpa rọba a na-eji otu eme ihe n'ebe a na-ere ere, ma na-aga machibido ha na Julaị 1, 2021. ==== Vanuatu ==== Na Julaị 30, 2017, ụbọchị nnwere onwe nke Vanuatu, mere ọkwa nke ịbanye na mmalite nke ijighị akpa rọba na karama. Ime ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mba ndị mbụ dị na Pacific na-eme nke a ma ga-amalite machibido mbubata karama na akpa eji eme otu ihe. == Ihe mgbochi site n'aka ndị isi na-emepụta plastik == [[Usòrò:Surgical_mask_in_dry_grass_at_Brädgårdsvägen_in_Brastad.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ n'etiti ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ na Brastad n'oge ọrịa COVID-19]] Ụlọ ọrụ iri na-emepụta plastik kachasị na mbara ala, Coca-Cola Company, Colgate-Palmolive, Danone, Mars, Incorporated, Mondelēz International, Nestlé, PepsiCo, Perfetti Van Melle, Procter & Gamble, na Unilever, hiwere netwọk nwere ego nke ọma nke mebiri kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ gọọmentị na mbọ obodo iji gboo mmetọ rọba nsogbu, dị ka akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu nke Changing Markets Foundation siri kwuo. Nnyocha ahụ depụtara ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-egbu oge ma mebie iwu ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu na-emejupụta ndị na-azụ ahịa na nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba. Ndị na-emepụta plastik buru ibu ejirila egwu ọha na eze na-atụ egwu COVID-19 na-arụ ọrụ na-egbu oge na ịtụgharị ụkpụrụ mkpofu rọba dị ugbu a. Nnukwu ndị na-emepụta plastik iri enweela nkwa afọ ofufo maka mkpofu plastik dị ka atụmatụ iji gbochie gọọmentị itinye iwu ndị ọzọ. === Ịghọ aghụnanya nke ọha na eze banyere imegharị ihe === N'ihe dị ka mmalite 1970s, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical ghọtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke plastik ha mepụtara agaghị emegharị ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkọ Eprel 1973 nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụlọ ọrụ dere maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu na ịhazi ọtụtụ narị ụdị plastik dị iche iche bụ "enweghị ike ime" yana enweghị ego. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1980s, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ makwaara na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọha na eze na-enwe mmetụta dị mma maka ịzụrụ ngwaahịa plastik ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ha ga-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, na ọ dị mkpa ka ha kwụsị iwu a tụrụ aro iji dozie plastik a na-ere. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ụlọ ọrụ $ 50 nde / afọ nke na-elekwasị ọha na eze America ozi na plastik nwere ike ịbụ, na a na-eme ya, na-emegharị ya ma na-eme ka ndị obodo America nwee ike ịmalite mmemme nchịkọta ihe mkpofu plastik dị oké ọnụ ahịa, na lobbied US States chọrọ akara ngosi. ngwaahịa rọba na arịa nwere akara nrụgharị. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere obi ike na atụmatụ imegharị ihe agaghị ejedebe na-agbake na iji plastik mee ihe na ego ọ bụla dị nso iji mebie uru ha na-ere n'ịre ngwaahịa plastik ọhụrụ "nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke" n'ihi na ha ghọtara na mbọ imegharị ihe ndị ha na-akwalite nwere ike ịdaba. . Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya zubere imegharị 100% nke plastik ha na-emepụta site na 2040, na-akpọ maka nchịkọta, nhazi na nhazi nke ọma karị. == Omume maka ime ka a mara == === Ụbọchị Ụwa === N'afọ 2019, Netwọk Ụbọchị Ụwa jikọtara ya na Keep America mara mma na ụbọchị mkpochapụ mba maka mmeghe ụbọchị ụwa niile. E mere mkpochapụ na steeti 50 niile, ókèala US ise, saịtị 5,300 ma nwee ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 500,000. Ụbọchị Ụwa 2020 bụ ncheta afọ 50 nke Ụbọchị Ụwa. Ememe ga-agụnye mmemme dị ka Great Global CleanUp, Sayensị ụmụ amaala, nkwado, agụmakwụkwọ, na nka. Ụbọchị ụwa a na-achọ ịkụziri na ịchịkọta ihe karịrị otu ijeri mmadụ ka ha too na ịkwado ọgbọ na-esote nke ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi, na-elekwasị anya na mkpofu plastik. === Ụbọchị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa === Kwa afọ, a na-echeta 5 June dị ka ụbọchị gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa iji mee ka mmata na ịbawanye ihe gọọmentị na-eme n'okwu dị mkpa. N'afọ 2018, India bụ ndị ọbịa na ụbọchị gburugburu gburugburu ụwa nke iri anọ na atọ na isiokwu bụ "Beat Plastic Pollution", na-elekwasị anya na plastik nke a na-eji otu eme ihe. Ministri gburugburu ebe obibi, ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke India kpọrọ ndị mmadụ ka ha lekọta ọrụ mmekọrịta ha ma gbaa ha ume ka ha malite ọrụ ọma ndụ ndụ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Ọtụtụ steeti gosipụtara atụmatụ machibido plastik ma ọ bụ belata nke ukwuu iji ha. === Omume ndị ọzọ === Na 11 Eprel 2013 iji mepụta mmata, onye na-ese ihe bụ Maria Cristina Finucci tọrọ ntọala The Garbage Patch State na isi ụlọ ọrụ UNESCO na Paris, France, n'ihu Director General Irina Bokova. Nke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime usoro ihe omume n'okpuru nkwado nke UNESCO na nke Italian Ministry of Environment.   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ec2gm6r6liaqa7fp5g7pd59755pqasa 0 26447 697858 656061 2026-08-10T09:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Healing Words: Poetry and Medicine''''' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nkeji iri isii (<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7936-9468-6</nowiki>) emere na 2008 bụ isi na Shands na Mahadum Florida. Mmepụta ahụ na-egosi ndị mmadụ n'ọchịchọ nke onwe ha ịgbake na mmụọ na anụ ahụ site na ọrịa ndị gbanwere ndụ ha nke ukwuu. Ihe nkiri a na-akwado nka nka na ntọala ahụike nwere ike wulite mmekọrịta ndị dọkịta na ndị ọrịa ma bụrụ onye nkwado na usoro ọgwụgwọ. == Mmepụta == ya Witter Bynner Fellowship, LEAW Family Foundation, na Grand Marnier Foundation nyere ego maka Mmepụta Okwu Healing iji mechaa ihe nkiri ahụ. PBS Home Video, ngalaba nke Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Ọha, na-ekesa mmepụta ugbu a. Society for Arts in Healthcare na-eje ozi dị ka usoro nkwado maka ndị dibịa na ndị na-agwọ ọrịa na-achọ ihe okike, ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa siri ike. A na-egosipụta Shands na Mahadum Florida na ihe nkiri ahụ ma bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ na United States iji kwado nka nke ọma dịka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọgwụgwọ.. == Nchịkọta == Isi nke ọ bụla nke ihe nkiri a gosipụtara ndị na-agbanwe amamihe na ụzọ nlekọta ahụike. A na-egosi ndị dọkịta atọ si Shands Hospital na fim ahụ: Rob Lawrence, dọknị ụmụaka; Michael S. Okun, onye dọksị akwara; na John Graham- Pole, dibịa ụmụaka na onye nduzi Hospice. John Fox, onye edemede na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uri, sonyeere ndị otu ahụ. Ndị ikom anọ a na-ejikọta ike iji nyochaa nka na ntọala ahụike. Ọ bụ nkwupụta ha na asụsụ nwere ike ibuga ndị mmadụ site na ọnwụ gaa na olileanya. Ndị ikom ahụ na-agwa ndị na'otu n'ime ha okwu ma na ndị ọrịa na nzuzo na ìgwè. Otu nwa okorobịa dị afọ iri na asatọ nwere ọrịa ụmị ọkpụkpụ, nwa agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri abụọ na ụma na-arịa ọrịa mgbu afọ itoolu, onye nọ na afọ ndụ iri n"afọ ndụ na ọrịa sickle-cell, otu onye ọrịa kansa, na onye na'ọrịa obi so nʼime ndị ọrịa ndị dọkịta na ha na ya na ndị na ibe ha gara ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya. Ndị dọkịta na-edekwa ma na'ekerịta uri. Na klas edemede na-echebara echiche, John Fox na'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na uri, na - na: nka na abụ nwere ike inyere ndị dọkịta aka ile anya na ahụmịhe ọrịa ha ọ bụghị naanị site n'echiche nke biomedic kamakwa site na ihe ọrịa pụtara mmadụ na mmadụ. Dọkịta na onye na-ede uri nwere ike ịbụ ndị na'agwọ ọrịa, eziokwu a dịkwa mkpa ka ngalaba ahụike mara.<ref>Bolton, Gillie. "Every Poem Breaks a Silence That Had to be Overcome": The Therapeutic Power of Poetry Writing. ''Feminist Review'' 62. (Summer 1999). p.118-133. ISSN 0141-7789.</ref> Dr. Okun na-enye nkọwa siri ike banyere endorphins na otu mmekọrịta omume nwere ike isi gbanwee ụbụrụ. Dr. Lawrence na-enye mmekọrịta dị oké ọnụ ahịa na nke na'anụ ọkụ n'obi na ndị ọrịa ya. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi na ọmịiko nwere ike itolite na gburugburu ebe obibi na'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. == ọgwụgwọ na usoro okike == Abụ bụ echiche mmetụta uche na-enye olu maka ọṅụ na ihe mgbu kachasị. Abụ ndị a na-akpali akpali, na ọgwụgwọ. Ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ "na-adabere na mgbake nke mmetụta onwe onye nke ihe ọ pụtara, ikike ahụ nke na-enyere anyị aka ịnagide ihe isi ike, ịchọta ma nweta ike a na'amaghị ama". na usoro okike bụ ndị enyi, ma a ghọtara ha dị ka ndị dị iche. Art Therapy na-egosi onwe ya dị ka usoro dị mma iji nyere ndị mmadụ nọ n'afọ ndụ niile aka idozi esemokwu na nsogbu, jikwaa omume, belata nrụgide, bulie ùgwù onwe onye na ịma onwe ha ma nweta nghọta. Abụ nwere ike inyere mmadụ aka ịbịakwute mmetụta na mmetụta dị n'ime iji nwee ike ịmara ọnọdụ ọhụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lerner|first=Arthur|date=August 1973|title=Poetry Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_1973-08_73_8/page/n59|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|volume=73|issue=8|pages=1336–1338|issn=0002-936X|doi=10.2307/3422856|pmid=4489751}}</ref> == ọgwụ akụkọ == Nnyocha dabere na ihe omume nke akụkọ dị ka ndị na-agwọ ọrịa dị mkpa na ngalaba nke nkà mmụta uche na ọgwụ. Ọgwụ akụkọ nwere ike inyere ndị nọọsụ, ndị dọkịta, Ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ndị ọrịa aka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ.<ref>Swatton, Susan, and Jean O'Callaghan. "The Experience of Healing Stories in the Life Narrative: A Grounded Theory". Counseling Psychology Quarterly 12.4 (1999): 413. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. EBSCO.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233233/http://mainehumanities.org/podcast/wp-content/uploads/pods/mhc-24-masson.mp3 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100715202842/http://www.artheals.org/start.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100715202842/http://www.artheals. org/start.html] * <nowiki>http://www.thesah.org</nowiki> * http://litmed.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=12937{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20120615114248/http://www.pbs.org/healingwords/ * <nowiki>http://www.poetryandmedicine.com/previews.html</nowiki> E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101216190106/http://nea.gov/resources/Accessibility/rlists/artsnhealthresources.html https://web.archive.org/web/20101216190106/http://nea.gov/resources/Accessibility/rlists/artsnhealthresource.html] * http://movingpoems.com/?s=veneta+mas [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] oh7amskrzob3927mfnlebpoogz1szlb 0 26459 697546 163400 2026-08-10T02:25:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Chọọ ịgwa: Black Women Talk About Sexuality And Intimacy bụ akwụkwọ 2003 nke Tricia Rose dere. Ọ na-agụnye akụkọ ihe mere eme iri abụọ site n'aka ọtụtụ umụ nwanyị Africa-America sitere na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na afọ dị iche iche na akụkọ ha banyere akụkụ dịgasị iche nke mmekọahụ. == Nnabata == The ''New York Times'' kwuru na ọ bụ "nchịkọta mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii banyere akụkụ niile nke mmekọahụ" nakwa na ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Henry Louis Gates Jr. etowo ya, ebe, na mkparịta ụka banyere akwụkwọ ya The Politics & Passion, Gloria Wekker gosipụtara nakpo olileanya na Longing to Tell.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Felicia R.|date=August 12, 2006|title=Books: Class With the 'Ph.D. Diva'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/books/review/Nolan.t.html|work=New York Times|accessdate=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=Politics & Passion: A Conversation with Gloria Wekker|author=Andil Gosine|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/crgs/november2009/journals/CRGS%20Wekker.pdf|journal=Caribbean Review of Gender Studies|issue=3|accessdate=February 26, 2017}}</ref> Booklist, Publishers Weekly, Signs: Jour''na'' Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ụmụ nwaanyị na Omenala na otu. Nnyocha ụmụ nwaanyị na akwụkwọ, Library Journal, Nyochaa Ọdịbendị na Essence isị Akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buffalolib.org/vufind/Record/1228663/Reviews#tabnav|title=Longing to tell: Black women talk about sexuality and intimacy|quote=Readers interested in race and gender issues will appreciate this revealing book.|accessdate=February 26, 2017|archivedate=May 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122903/https://www.buffalolib.org/vufind/Record/1228663/Reviews#tabnav}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-374-19061-3|title=LONGING TO TELL: Black Women Talk About Sexuality and Intimacy|quote=By letting the women speak for themselves and following the histories with a passionate afterword, Rose provides a collection that is as compelling as it is sorely needed|date=April 7, 2003|work=Publishers Weekly|publisher=PWxyz LLC|accessdate=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 2005|title=Book Review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-2005_31_1/page/231|author=Kimberly Springer|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=31|issue=1|pages=231–233|doi=10.1086/431384}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2003|title=First-person stories|journal=Women's Review of Books|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.2307/4024272|author=Rhodes-Pitts|first=Sharifa}}</ref>'' == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> 72vy1ko8u3280zlhm217d9nshbbh67s 0 26517 697710 587910 2026-08-10T06:19:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 9 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697710 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''''Madhouse''''': A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine bụ akwụkwọ nke afọ 2005 nke onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Andrew Scull dere nke n'afọ 1920 nke kwuru maka ọrụ onye isi mgbaka Henry Cotton na Trenton State Hospital na New Jersey. Cotton kwenyesiri ike na isi mgbaka bụ nsogbu ndị na-egbu egbu ma wepụ akụkụ ahụ iji gbalịa imeziwanye ahụike uche.<ref name="freck">{{Cite journal|author=Freckelton|first=Ian|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law|date=1 November 2005|volume=12|issue=2|pages=435–438|doi=10.1375/pplt.12.2.435}}</ref> Nke a na-amalite karị site na iwepụ ezé na akpịrị:<blockquote> Otu nwa agbọghọ dị nanị afọ iri na asatọ nke nwere ịda mbà n'obi na-agbawa agbawa wepụrụ elu eze na ala eze ya, a tonsillectomy, sinus drainage, ọgwụgwọ maka cervix na - ebute ọrịa, wepụ eriri afọ n-enweghị imeziwanye ọnọdụ uche ya. Mgbe ahụ, e wepụrụ ezé ya fọdụrụnụ ma ziga ya n'ụlọ ya, a mara ya dị ka onye a gwọrọ.<ref name="freck" /> </blockquote>Scull na-ekwu na nchegbu Cotton banyere sepsis dị ka isi ihe kpatara ọrịa uche "na-aga n'ihu n"agbanyeghị ihe akaebe niile na ihe na ya na ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ sitere na ịwa ahụ ọ malitere".<ref name="freck" /> Ụzọ Cotton si eme ihe dọtara ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ, mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke oge ahụ ahapụghị ya ma ọ bụ nye ya ọzụzụ kwesịrị ya.<ref name="freck" /> Otu onye nyocha akpọrọ Madhouse "otu akụkụ dị mma nke nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwere mkpa na ọgbara ọhụrụ", ma gbakwunye na "ọ na-eme ka ọgụgụ na'ụzọ na na - siri ike".<ref name="freck" /> == Ntụle == E nyochara akwụkwọ a na ''Psychiatric Services'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geller, Jeffrey|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-services_2006-07_57_7/page/1054|journal=[[Psychiatric Services]]|date=1 July 2006|volume=57|issue=7|pages=1054–1055|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.1054}}</ref> ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Charuvastra, Anthony|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nervous-and-mental-disease_2006-07_194_7/page/553|journal=[[The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease]]|date=July 2006|volume=194|issue=7|pages=553–554|doi=10.1097/01.nmd.0000224947.31227.fb}}</ref> ''History of Psychiatry'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gladstone, David|title=Book Review: Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=[[History of Psychiatry (journal)|History of Psychiatry]]|date=December 2006|volume=17|issue=4|pages=499–500|doi=10.1177/0957154X0606072901|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/57/08/48/PDF/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X0606072901.pdf}}</ref> ''BMJ'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Double, DB|title=Book Review: Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=[[BMJ]]|date=28 May 2005|volume=330|issue=7502|pages=1276|doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7502.1276}}</ref> ''The Journal of the American Medical Association'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hirshbein, Laura|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_august-24-31-2005_294_8/page/968|journal=[[The Journal of the American Medical Association]]|date=24–31 August 2005|volume=294|issue=8|pages=968–969|doi=10.1001/jama.294.8.968-b}}</ref> ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Warme, Gordon|title=A cautionary tale. Madhouse: a tragic tale of megalomania and modern medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2006-01-03_174_1/page/68|journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]]|date=3 January 2006|volume=174|issue=1|pages=68|doi=10.1503/cmaj.051016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deshauer, Dorian|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2009-05-26_180_11/page/1139|journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal]]|date=26 May 2009|volume=180|issue=11|pages=1139|doi=10.1503/cmaj.081925}}</ref> ''The New England Journal of Medicine'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michel, Robert|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-11-03_353_18/page/1980|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|date=3 November 2005|volume=353|pages=1980–1981|doi=10.1056/NEJM200511033531824}}</ref> ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown, Edward|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2006_80_3/page/597|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]]|date=Fall 2006|volume=80|issue=3|pages=597–598|doi=10.1353/bhm.2006.0086}}</ref> ''Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moran, James|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine (review)|journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]]|date=April 2007|volume=62|issue=2|pages=262–264|doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrl055|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhm/summary/v062/62.2moran.html}}</ref> ''Journal of Social History'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gollaher|first=David|authorlink=David Gollaher|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_summer-2006_39_4/page/1221|journal=[[Journal of Social History]]|date=Summer 2006|volume=39|issue=4|pages=1221–1223|doi=10.1353/jsh.2006.0038}}</ref> ''Journal of American History'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dwyer, Ellen|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2006-06_93_1/page/253|journal=[[The Journal of American History]]|date=2006|volume=93|issue=1|pages=253–254|doi=10.2307/4486164}}</ref> ''London Review of Books'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barham, Peter|title=Elimination. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=[[London Review of Books]]|date=18 August 2005|volume=27|issue=17|pages=22|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n16/peter-barham/elimination}}</ref> ''The Times Literary Supplement'',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Freeman, Hugh|title=Infectious lunacy. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]|date=2 September 2005}}</ref> ''The New York Times'',<ref>{{Cite news|author=McGrath, Patrick|title='Madhouse': Nonelective Surgery|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/books/review/29MCGRATH.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=29 May 2005}}</ref> and other publications.<ref name="freck" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fink, Max|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=The Journal of ECT|date=September 2005|volume=21|issue=3|pages=191–193|doi=10.1097/01.yct.0000181118.17443.c6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prior, Pauline|title=Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine|journal=Social History of Medicine|date=2006|volume=19|issue=1|pages=150–152|doi=10.1093/shm/hkj010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meyer, Charles|title=Brilliance or Brutality? Two stories of 20th century physicians who thought they could surgically rid their patients of mental illness|journal=Minnesota Medicine|date=January 2007|volume=90|issue=1|url=http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/Past-Issues/Past-Issues-2007/January-2007/Book-Review-January-2007}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nnyocha mmadụ na United States * Ụkpụrụ Omume Ọgwụ * Ịwa ahụ n'uche == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ewuhd43lb4btuwdlzbrp8wa2xtk09be 0 26523 697548 644563 2026-08-10T02:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics''''' bụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke Bruce Bueno de Mesquita na [[Alastair Smith (political scientist)|Alastair Smith]] dere n'afọ 2011, nke ụlọ ọrụ PublicAffairs bipụtara. Ọ na-ekwu maka otu ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si enweta ma jigide ike ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Bueno de Mesquita bụ onye otu na Hoover Institution.<ref name="Howker">{{Cite web|author=Howker|first=Ed|date=2012-08-12|title=The Dictator's Handbook by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/19/dictators-handbook-de-mesquita-review|accessdate=2017-11-20|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ ya bụkwa onye agụmakwụkwọ, ha abụọ bụkwa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="Patriquin">{{Cite web|author=Patriquin|first=Martin|date=2011-12-16|title=REVIEW: The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics|url=https://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/review-the-dictators-handbook-why-bad-behavior-is-almost-always-good-politics/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2017-11-20|work=[[Maclean's]]}}</ref><ref name="Moynihan">{{Cite web|author=Moynihan|first=Michael|date=2011-09-24|title=Book Review: Dictator's Handbook|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903703604576584933251186542|accessdate=2017-11-20|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Michael Moynihan nke The Wall Street Journal kwuru na ụdị edemede ahụ yiri nke ''Freakonomics''.<ref name="Moynihan"/> Moynihan gbakwunyere na nkwubi okwu akwụkwọ ahụ na-eme sitere na ngalaba akụ na ụba, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke mere ka ọ kpọọ ndị dere ya "polymathic".<ref name="Moynihan" /> Mesquita na Smith, ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, dere banyere echiche "selectorate" n'akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ The Logic of Political Survival.: 1095<ref name="McLaughinp1096">{{Cite journal|author=McLauchlin|first=Theodore|date=Autumn 2012|title=Reviewed Work: THE DICTATOR'S HANDBOOK: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alistair Smith|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal_autumn-2012_67_4/page/1095|journal=[[International Journal]]|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1095–1099|doi=10.1177/002070201206700414}}</ref>  ÑUsoro Netflix How to Become a Tyrant dabeere n'otu akụkụ na akwụkwọ a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2021/07/13/how-to-become-a-tyrant-netflix-review/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'How To Become A Tyrant' On Netflix, A Snarky Docuseries That Provides A "Handbook" On Becoming A Dictator|publisher=[[New York Post|Decider.com]]|date=2021-07-13|accessdate=2021-07-14|quote=[...]''How To Become A Tyrant'', based on ''The Dictator’s Handbook'',[...]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị dị n'ime == Bueno de Mesquita na Smith na-arụ ụka na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'agbanyeghị ma ha nọ n'ọchịchị aka ike ma ọ bụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ga-anọrịrị n'ọchịchị site na ime ihe dị n'ime ụlọ nke ndị na-ere ahịa ike, na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-etinye aka n'omume ọdịmma onwe onye iji nọrọ na ya. ike.<ref name="Patriquin"/> Ha kwuru na ebumnuche nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ "Ịbịaru n'ọchịchị, ịnọgide n"ọkwa na, ruo nʼókè ha nwere ike, ịchịkwa ego".<ref name="Moynihan"/> Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti ọnọdụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị ọchịchị bụ na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ga-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-ere ahịa ike na / ma ọ bụ ọha na eze ụtọ mgbe ndị ọchịchị na-eme ka ọ dị obere okirikiri. A na-akpọ ndị a dị ka nnukwu gọọmentị mmekọ ọnụ na obere gọọmentị mmekọ ọnụ. E gosipụtara ọdịiche ndị a n'ihe akụrụngwa emepụtara na obodo ndị ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Na mgbakwunye, ndị ọchịchị aka ike, n'ihi obere okirikiri nke ndị na-ere ahịa ike, na-enwekarị ike ogologo oge.<ref name="Moynihan" /> Ndị dere ya kwukwara na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emekarị omume bara uru mgbe omume ndị a baara ha uru ma ọ bụ mgbe ha ga-eme omume ahụ.<ref name="Patriquin" /> Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa na enyemaka maka mba ndị dị n'ụwa nke atọ na'aka gọọmentị aka ike, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịgbanwe ya iji nyere ndị chọrọ ya aka.<ref name="Brittan">{{Cite web|author=Brittan|first=Samuel|date=2011-11-20|title=The Dictator's Handbook|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3eb31cf6-1049-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0|accessdate=2017-11-20|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ okwu okwu na-adị iche na ngalaba nke akwụkwọ. Samuel Brittan nke Financial Times rụrụ ụka na nke a na-enwe mgbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="Brittan"/> == Nnabata == Martin Patriquin nke ''Maclean'' dere na ndị edemede "na-eme arụmụka dị egwu site n'ịtụgharị ihe ochie na ntị ya. Ike adịghị arụ ọrụ. Kama nke ahụ, ike na-adọta ndị rụrụ arụ. "<ref name="Patriquin"/> Ed Howker nke ''The Guardian'' kwuru na akwụkwọ ahụ na-eche na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile na'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya, nakwa na àgwà ya bụ nke na ọ na - na o mere ka m daa mbà n'ihe karịrị otu oge.<ref name="Howker"/> Ọ gbakwụnyere na "ọ dị mma ịgụ ihe akaebe" nke otu gọọmentị na usoro ọchịchị aka ike si arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Howker" /> Moynihan dere na akwụkwọ ahụ "nwere ọtụtụ isi ihe ndị dị mkpa".<ref name="Moynihan"/> Moynihan gbakwunyere na e nwere obere njehie n'ezie n"akwụkwọ ahụ nʼihi nnukwu oke ya.<ref name="Moynihan" /> Brittan dere na ọ bụ "nke kachasị eme ka ihe ọmụma dị n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị aka ike na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ma ọ bụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ya ezughị oke dịka Russia maọbụ Iran".<ref name="Brittan"/> Theodore McLaughlin nke Mahadum Montreal kwubiri na ọ bụ “akwụkwọ mmeghe nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ” na “akwụkwọ nkwado nke na-ejikọta ntụpọ n'ezie n'ọtụtụ ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." kọwapụta ihe "njikọta mmeri" na "nhọpụta" bụ na okwu ndị ọzọ na nnyocha.<ref name="McLaughinp1096"/><ref name="McLaughinp1096" />  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/bruce-bueno-de-mesquita/the-dictators-handbook/9781610390453/ Akwụkwọ Aka Aka Ike nke Onye Ọchịchị]'' Aka ike - Ihe Ndị Ọha * [https://wp.nyu.edu/alastairsmith/ Homepage nke Alastair Smith na NYU] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] rjg50g45ebjtrjnlkuh60t0ys7hjdd5 0 26571 697497 207298 2026-08-10T01:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala''' (nke a na-akpọkwa mmetọ mmiri nke ala) na-eme mgbe a na-ahapụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe n'ala wee banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Ụdị mmetọ mmiri a nwekwara ike ime n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ihi ọnụnọ nke obere ihe na-achọghị, mmetọ, ma ọ bụ adịghị ọcha na mmiri dị n'ime ala, nke a na-akpọkarị ya dị ka mmetọ karịa mmetọ. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ime site na sistemu ịdị ọcha na saịtị, mkpofu ahịhịa, ihe na-esi na mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa, nsị mmiri, ebe a na-ejuputa mmanụ, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) ma ọ bụ site na itinye fatịlaịza n'ọrụ ugbo. Mmetọ (ma ọ bụ mmetọ) nwekwara ike ime site na mmetọ ndị na-emekarị, dị ka arsenic ma ọ bụ fluoride..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adelana|first=Segun Michael|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/915416488|title=Groundwater: Hydrogeochemistry, Environmental Impacts and Management Practices.|date=2014|publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc|isbn=978-1-63321-791-1|oclc=915416488}}</ref> Iji mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-emetọ emetụ ahụike ọha mmadụ site na nsị ma ọ bụ mgbasa nke ọrịa ([[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị]] a na-ebute). Ihe na-emetọ ya na-ebutekarị eriri na-emerụ emerụ n'ime mmiri aquifer. Ntugharị mmiri na mgbasa n'ime aquifer na-agbasa ihe mmetọ ahụ n'akụkụ ebe sara mbara. Ókè ya na-aga n'ihu, nke a na-akpọkarị n'ọnụ ọnụ mmiri, nwere ike ijikọ olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu, dị ka mmiri iyi na isi iyi, na-eme ka mmiri ahụ ghara ịdị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa. Enwere ike nyochaa mmegharị nke plume, nke a na-akpọ ihu n'ihu, site na ụdị ụgbọ njem mmiri ma ọ bụ ụdị mmiri ala. Nyocha nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ilekwasị anya na njirimara ala na ọdịdị ala saịtị, hydrogeology, hydrology, na ọdịdị nke mmetọ. Usoro dị iche iche nwere mmetụta na mbufe ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ. mgbasa, adsorption, ọdịda, ire ere, n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala. A na-enyocha mmekọrịta nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu site na iji ụdị ụgbọ njem hydrology. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu dị mgbagwoju anya. Dị ka ihe atụ, mmiri dị n’ime ala na-enye ọtụtụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nri. Nke a pụtara na mmebi nke aquifers nke ala dịka ọmụmaatụ. site na-agbaji ma ọ bụ karịa abstraction, nwere ike imetụta osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-adabere na ya. Mbanye mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri bụ ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Costall|first=A. R.|date=2020|title=Groundwater Throughflow and Seawater Intrusion in High Quality Coastal Aquifers|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=9866|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6|issn=2045-2322|pmid=32555499}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Han|first=D.M.|date=2014|title=Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution of groundwater salinization in the coastal plain aquifer of Laizhou Bay, China|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169413007695|journal=[[Journal of Hydrology]]|language=en|volume=508|pages=12–27|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.040}}</ref> Ụzọ mgbochi gụnyere: itinye [[Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya|ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya]], nlekota ịdị mma nke ala mmiri, ịzọpụta ala maka nchekwa mmiri dị n'ime ala, ịchọta usoro ịdị ọcha na saịtị nke ọma na itinye iwu n'ọrụ. Mgbe mmetọ mere, ụzọ nlekọta na-agụnye ọgwụgwọ mmiri n'ebe a na-eji eme ihe, nhazigharị mmiri dị n'ime ala, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe ikpeazụ, agbahapụ.   == Ụdị ihe mmetọ == Mmetọ ndị a na-ahụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ inorganic, kemịkalụ organic, bacteriological, na nke redioaktivu. N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọtụtụ n'ime otu mmetọ ahụ na-ekere òkè na mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike ịhụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala emetọru, ọ bụ ezie na mkpa ha nwere ike ịdị iche. === Arsenic na fluoride ===   Arsenic na fluoride ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (World Health Organization) ghọtara dị ka ihe kachasị njọ dika ọ gbasara mmiri ọṅụṅụ zụrụ ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="WHO2006"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brindha|first=K.|chapter=Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures|title=Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management|date=2011|pages=111–136}}</ref> Inorganic arsenic bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị nke arsenik dị ma n'ime ala nakwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1969|title=Arsenic Content of Soil and Crops Following Use of Methanearsonate Herbicides|journal=[[Soil Science Society of America Journal]]|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=279–282|doi=10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020032x|issn=1435-0661}}</ref> Metalloid arsenic nwere ike ịpụta na mmiri dị ala, dịka a hụrụ ya ugboro niile eshia, gụnyere [[China]], India na Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/references/Ravenscroft_Prediction.pdf|title=Predicting the global extent of arsenic pollution of groundwater and its potential impact on human health|date=2007|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2017-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023736/http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/references/Ravenscroft_Prediction.pdf}}</ref> Na Ganges Plain nke ugwu India na Bangladesh, mmetọ siri ike nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na arsenic sitere n'okike metụtara pasent ịrị abụọ na ịse nke olulu Mmiri ndị miri emi abụọ. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mpaghara ndị a metọkwara site na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ arsenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2002-03_128_3/page/1120|journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]]|volume=128|issue=3|pages=1120–8|date=March 2002|pmid=11891266|doi=10.1104/pp.010733}}</ref> Arsenic dị n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwekwara ike ịdị ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ngwuputa ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu m nke ga-agbapụta arsenic. Fluoride sitere n'okike na mmiri dị ala bụ nchegbu ka a na-eji mmiri miri emi eme ihe, "nke nwere mmadụ nde narị abụọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ mmiri na-adichaghị mma ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="ICUN"/> Enwere ike ịhapụ fluoride karịsịa site na nkume gbawaa acid na ntụ ọkụ mgbawa gbasasịrị mgbe mmiri siri ike dị ntakịrị. Ọkwa dị elu nke fluoride na mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri Pampas Argentine, [[Chile]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Ndia|India]], Pakistan, na ụfọdụ agwaetiti mgbawa ugwu (Tenerife)<ref name="GEF"/> N'ebe ndị nwere fluoride dị elu n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nke a na-eji mmiri ọṅụṅụ, fluorosis eze na ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ nwere ike gbasaa ma dị njọ..<ref name="WHOfluoride">{{Cite book|title=Fluoride in drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA for [[World Health Organization|WHO]]|location=Geneva|isbn=978-9241563192|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/fluoride_drinking_water_full.pdf}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata Ọrịa === [[Usòrò:Groundwater_Contamination_Latin_America_Sm.png|thumb|Enwere ike ịgbasa [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị]] na-ebute mmiri site n'olulu mmiri dị ala nke nwere nje nsị sitere na ụlọ mposi.]] Enweghị usoro ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị, yana olulu mmiri na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, nwere ike iduga na mmiri ọñụñụ nke nje na-ebute n'ime nsị na mmamịrị. Ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ a na-ebute site na fecal-oral gụnyere typhoid, ọgbụgbọ na [[afọ ọsịsa]].<ref name="Wolf2015"/><ref name="Wolf2014">{{Cite journal|title=Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression|journal=[[Tropical Medicine & International Health]]|volume=19|issue=8|pages=928–42|date=August 2014|pmid=24811732|doi=10.1111/tmi.12331|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/51912/1/Wolf_2014_Assessing_impact_of_drinking_water.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ụdị pathogen anọ dị na nsị (bacteria, nje virus, protozoa, and helminths or Helmineth àkwá), atọ mbụ nwere ike ịchọta n'emeghị mmiri ruru unyi nke ala, ebe nnukwu a na-enyocha site na matrix ájá. A na-ewerekarị aquifers miri emi dị ka ebe nchekwa kachasị mma nke mmiri ọñụñụ n'ihe gbasara nje.  Ọrịa na-efe efe sitere na mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi ma ọ bụ nke a na-edozibeghị nwere ike imerụ ụfọdụ, karịsịa na-emighị emi, aquifers.<ref name="Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality">{{Cite web|title=Bacteria and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality|url=https://mi.water.usgs.gov/h2oqual/GWBactHOWeb.html|date=2017-01-04|work=[[Michigan Water Science Center]]|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS)}}</ref> === Nitrate === Nitrate bụ kemịkal na-emetọkarị n'ime mmiri dị ala nke ụwa.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite book|title=Clearing the waters a focus on water quality solutions|date=2010|publisher=UNEP|location=Nairobi, Kenya|isbn=978-92-807-3074-6|url=http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/19fa8807cd439e60dc1125fdea9f6ca1}}</ref> N'ụfọdụ mba ndị nwere obere ego, ọkwa nitrate dị na mmiri dị n'ime ala dị oke oke, na-ebute nnukwu nsogbu ahụike. Ọ kwụsiri ike (ọ naghị emebi) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku oxygen dị elu.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nitrate na mmiri ala nwere ike ibute site n'ịdị ọcha, mkpofu nsụda ihe oriri na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="AGW">{{Cite book|url=http://www.agw-net.org/resources/docs/Literature/GW_RBO_Training_Manual/English_version/08_Training_Manual_en.pdf|title=Integration of Groundwater Management into Transboundary Basin Organizations in Africa: Groundwater Hazards - a Training Manual by AGW-Net, BGR, IWMI, CapNet, ANBO, & IGRAC.|author=AGW-Net|date=2016}}</ref> Ya mere, ọ nwere ike ịnwe mmalite obodo ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="GEF"/> Ọkwa nitrate karịrị 10 mg/L (10 ppm) n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịkpata "ọrịa nwa ọhụrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" (enwetara methemoglobinemia). Ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na European Union kwuru ihe na-erughị 50 mg/L maka nitrate n'ime mmiri ọñụnụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/83/2015-10-27|title=Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, ANNEX I: PARAMETERS AND PARAMETRIC VALUES, PART B: Chemical parameters|work=EUR-Lex|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> Njikọ dị n'etiti nitrates na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nakwa ọrịa a kpọrọ blue baby syndrome bu nsogbu a rụrịtara ụka ya na nnyocha ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{Cite journal|title=Drinking-water nitrate, methemoglobinemia, and global burden of disease: a discussion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2004-10_112_14/page/1371|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=112|issue=14|pages=1371–4|date=October 2004|pmid=15471727|doi=10.1289/ehp.7216}}</ref><ref name="vanGrinsven">{{Cite journal|title=Does the evidence about health risks associated with nitrate ingestion warrant an increase of the nitrate standard for drinking water?|journal=[[Environmental Health (journal)|Environmental Health]]|volume=5|issue=1|pages=26|date=September 2006|pmid=16989661|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-5-26}}</ref> Ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ karịa oke nitrate dị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="Ward">{{Cite journal|title=Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-11_113_11/page/1607|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=113|issue=11|pages=1607–14|date=November 2005|pmid=16263519|doi=10.1289/ehp.8043}}</ref> === Ihe ndị sitere n'okike ===   Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) bụ ihe mmetọ dị ize ndụ nke mmiri ala. A na-ebutekarị ha na gburugburu ebe obibi site na omume ụlọ ọrụ na-akpachapụghị anya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ndị a amataghị na ọ ga-emerụ ahụ ruo ngwụcha afọ 1960 na ọ bụ oge tupu ịnwale mmiri dị n'ime ala mgbe niile achọpụtara ihe ndị a na isi mmiri ọñụñụ. Ihe mmetọ VOC nke mbụ achọtara na mmiri dị n'ime ala gụnyere aromatic hydrocarbons dị ka ogige BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene na xylenes), na ihe mgbaze chlorinated gụnyere tetrachlorethylene (PCE), trichlorethylene (TCE), na vinyl chloride (VC). BTEX bụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmanụ ụgbọala. PCE na TCE bụ ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro nhicha akọrọ yana dị ka ihe na-emebi ígwè, n'otu n'otu.. Ihe mmetọ organic ndị ọzọ dị na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). N'ihi ịdị arọ molekụla ya, naphthalene bụ nke kachasị soluble na mkpanaka PAH dị na mmiri ala, ebe benzo (a) pyrene bụ nke kachasị egbu egbu. A na-emepụta PAH n'ozuzu dị ka ihe ndị sitere n'okike site na ọkụ ọkụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ezughị ezu. A pụkwara ịhụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala dị ka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa. Dị ka ọtụtụ ogige organic sịntetik ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ pesticides nwere ihe dị mgbagwoju anya molekụla. Mgbagwoju anya a na-ekpebi ike mmiri, ikike mgbasa ozi, na mmegharị nke pesticides na usoro mmiri ala. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ụdị ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-agagharị karịa ndị ọzọ ka ha wee nwee ike iru ebe mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adị mfe karị.<ref name="ICUN"/> === Ọla igwe === Ọtụtụ ọla nchara na-apụta n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ụdị nkume ụfọdụ ma nwee ike ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro okike dị ka ihu igwe.  Otú ọ dị, ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị ka Ngwuputa, metallurgy, mkpofu siri ike, ọrụ agba na enamel, wdg nwere ike iduga n'ịdị elu nke ọla ndị na-egbu egbu gụnyere lead, cadmium na chromium.  Ihe mmetọ ndị a nwere ike ịbanye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="AGW"/> Mbugharị nke ọla (na metalloids) na mmiri dị n'ime ala ga-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe, karịsịa site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke na-ekpebi nkewa nke mmetọ n'etiti usoro na ụdị dị iche iche. Ya mere, ngagharị nke ọla na-adabere na pH na redox steeti mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref name="ICUN"/> === Ọgwụ ===   Ntakịrị ọnụọgụ ọgwụ sitere na mmiri mkpofu a na-esi na ya na-abanye n'ime aquifer so na mmetọ mmiri ala na-apụta a na-amụ na United States niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bexfield|first=Laura M.|date=2019-03-19|title=Hormones and Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater Used As a Source of Drinking Water Across the United States|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=53|issue=6|pages=2950–2960|doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05592|pmid=30834750|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị a ma ama dị ka ọgwụ nje, ihe na-egbochi ọzịza, antidepressants, decongestant.<ref name="static.azdeq.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://static.azdeq.gov/wqd/apec_emerging_cont_final.pdf|title=Emerging Contaminants In Arizona Water|date=September 2016}}</ref> A na-ewepụ mmiri mkpofu a site na ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa, ma na-abanyekarị n'ime aquifer ma ọ bụ isi iyi nke mmiri dị n'elu a na-eji mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ndị dị na mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu dị n'okpuru ihe a na-ewere dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ na-echegbu onwe ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto ma na-eji mmiri na-ekpofu ọkụ na-eme ihe maka mmiri nke obodo..<ref name="static.azdeq.gov"/> === Ndị ọzọ === Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ na-agụnye ụdị organohalides na ogige kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ, mmanụ ala hydrocarbons, ogige kemịkalụ dị iche iche dị na ịdị ọcha nke onwe na ngwaahịa ịchọ mma, mmetọ ọgwụ na-emetụta ọgwụ ọgwụ na metabolites ha. Ihe mmetọ inorganic nwere ike ịgụnye nri ndị ọzọ dị ka amonia na phosphate, yana radionuclides dị ka uranium (U) ma ọ bụ radon (Rn) dị n'ụdị ọdịdị ala. Mbanye mmiri nnu bụkwa ihe atụ nke mmetọ sitere n'okike, mana ihe omume mmadụ na-esiwanye ike. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nnyocha e mere maka ịdịmma mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke United States mere n'etiti 1991 na 2004, gosiri na 23% nke olulu mmiri ụlọ nwere mmetọ n'ogo dị elu karịa akara ahụike mmadụ. Nnyocha ọzọ tụrụ aro na isi nsogbu mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala n'Africa, n'ịtụle usoro ọ dị mkpa bụ: (1) mmetọ nitrate, (2) ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa, (3) mmetọ organic, (4) salinization, na (5) mmiri mmiri acid mine..<ref name="Xu2006">{{Cite book|title=Groundwater pollution in Africa|date=2006|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-41167-7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292226330}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Ihe ndị dị iche iche na-akpata mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ala gụnyere ndị a (nkọwa ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe a): * Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic) * Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ * Mmiri nsị na mmiri * Ihe na-eme ka nri dị ọcha * Mgbapụta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe * Mgbaji mmiri * Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa * Ndị ọzọ === Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic) === "Geogenic" na-arụtụ aka n'ihe okike nke sitere na usoro ala. Mmetọ arsenic eke sitere n'okike na-eme n'ihi na sediments aquifer nwere ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ọnọdụ anaerobic na aquifer. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ebute mgbasa microbial nke ígwè oxides na sedimenti na, ya mere, ntọhapụ nke arsenic, na-ejikarị ike ejikọta ya na ígwè oxides, n'ime mmiri. N'ihi ya, mmiri dị n'ime ala nke arsenic na-abụkarị ọgaranya ígwè, ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke abụọ na-emekarị ka njikọ nke arsenic gbazere na ígwè gbazere na-ekpuchi anya. A na-ahụ Arsenic n'ime mmiri dị n 'ime ala dịka ụdị arsenite dị ntakịrị na ụdị oxidized arsenate, oke nsi nke arsenite dị ntakịrị karịa nke arsenate.<ref name="EAWAG2015">{{Cite book|url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Forschung/Menschen/Trinkwasser/Wrq/Handbook/geogenic-contamination-handbook.pdf|title=Geogenic Contamination Handbook - Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water|author=EAWAG|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)|date=2015}}</ref> Nnyocha nke WHO gosipụtara na 20% nke oghere 25,000 a nwalere na Bangladesh nwere arsenic karịrị 50 μg / L.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ihe na-eme fluoride dị nso na ụbara na solubility nke mineral nwere fluoride dị ka fluorite (CaF2). Ọkpụkpụ fluoride dị elu na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-abụkarị enweghị calcium n'ime mmiri aquifer. Nsogbu ahụike jikọtara ya na fluorosis eze nwere ike ime mgbe mkpokọta fluoride na mmiri dị n'ime ala gafere 1.5 mg/L, nke bụ uru ntuziaka WHO kemgbe 1984..<ref name="WHO2006" /> Ụlọ ọrụ [[Switzerland]] Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) ewepụtala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mmekọrịta Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP), ebe enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ize ndụ geogenic nke mmetọ na mpaghara enyere site na iji geoloji, topographical na data gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ịnwale nlele. site na mmiri ala mmiri ọ bụla. Ngwá ọrụ a na-enyekwa onye ọrụ ohere ịmepụta maapụ ihe ize ndụ maka ma arsenic na fluoride.<ref name="GAPMaps">{{Cite web|title=Groundwater Assessment Platform|url=http://www.gapmaps.org|work=GAP Maps|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ihe ndị dị iche iche dị ka ọnọdụ ńnú, iron, manganese, uranium, radon na chromium, na mmiri dị n'ime ala, nwekwara ike ịbụ nke sitere na geogenic. Ihe mmetọ a nwere ike ịdị mkpa na mpaghara mana ha agbasachaghị ka arsenic na fluoride.<ref name="EAWAG2015"/> === Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ === [[Usòrò:Shallow_water_well_in_traditional_house_(4359799047).jpg|thumb|Ebe obibi ọdịnala dị nso na Herat, Afghanistan, ebe olulu mmiri miri emi (n'ihu) nọ n'akụkụ ụlọ mposi ahụ (nke a hụrụ azụ ọcha nke greenhouse) na-eduga mmetọ nke mmiri ala]] Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere nje nje na nitrate nwekwara ike ime site na mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala site na sistemu ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dị ka ụlọ mposi olulu na tankị septik, dabere na njupụta ndị mmadụ na ọnọdụ hydrogeological..<ref name="Wolf2015"/> Ihe ndị na-achịkwa akara aka na njem nke pathogens dị mgbagwoju anya ma mmekọrịta n'etiti ha aghọtaghị ya.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọ bụrụ na a na-eleghara ọnọdụ hydrogeological mpaghara (nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ime oghere nke square kilomita ole na ole) na-eleghara anya, obere akụrụngwa ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dịka ụlọ mposi olulu nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike ọha na eze site na mmiri ala emetọru. Mmírí na-esi n'olulu ahụ na-agafe na mpaghara ala na-adịghị mma (nke na-adịghị jupụta na mmiri). N'ikpeazụ, mmiri mmiri ndị a si n'olulu ahụ na-abanye na mmiri dị n'ime ala ebe ha nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala. Nke a bụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji olulu mmiri dị nso na-enye mmiri dị n'ime ala maka nzube mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'oge a na-agafe na ala, ọrịa nje nwere ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa nke ọma, na-adabere na oge njem n'etiti olulu na olulu mmiri.. Ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụghị pathogens niile na-anwụ n'ime ụbọchị 50 nke Ọnọdụ mwepụ nke pathogen dịgasị iche na ụdị ala, ọdịdị mmiri, anya na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Graham2013">{{Cite journal|title=Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521–30|date=May 2013|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ "na-asa" n'oge ogologo oge nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, na-enye ụzọ hydraulic maka ịgafe ngwa ngwa nke pathogens.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ụlọ mposi olulu ma ọ bụ tank septic na isi iyi mmiri. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ndụmọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ gbasara ebe dị nchebe na-elegharakarị ndị na-ewu ụlọ mposi anya. Na mgbakwunye, ala ezinụlọ nwere oke oke ya mere a na-ewukarị ụlọ mposi olulu nso na olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala karịa ihe enwere ike were dị ka nchekwa. Nke a na-ebute mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-ada ọrịa mgbe ha na-eji mmiri ala a dị ka isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ. === Mmiri nsị na mmiri === Enwere ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu mkpofu na-agwọghị ya na-ebute ọrịa dịka ọnya anụ ahụ, afọ ọsịsa ọbara na dermatitis. Nke a na-adịkarị n'ebe ndị nwere obere akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ebe enwere ọdịda usoro nke sistemu mkpofu mmiri na saịtị.<ref name="Graham2013"/> Tinyere pathogens na ihe oriri, nsị a naghị edozi ahụ nwekwara ike ịnwe nnukwu ibu nke ọla dị arọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime usoro mmiri ala. Mmiri a na-agwọ site na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri nwekwara ike iru n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na mmiri dị n'elu. Ya mere, ihe ndị ahụ a na-ewepụghị n'ebe a na-ekpocha mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nwere ike irukwa na mmiri dị n'ime ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Combined sewer overflows: an environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=46|issue=10|pages=5336–43|date=May 2012|pmid=22540536|doi=10.1021/es3001294}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ fọdụrụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala bụ ihe dịka 50 mg / L n'ọtụtụ ebe na Germany. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị, micro-pollutants dị ka homonụ, ọgwụ fọdụrụnụ na micropropinents ndị ọzọ nwere mamịrị na feces naanị obere wepụrụ ma wụọ nke fọdụrụ na mmiri elu ya, ebe ọ nwekwara ike iru ala. Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike ịpụta site na nsị nke a hụrụ dịka ọmụmaatụ na Germany.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability|date=2006|publisher=Springer Link, NATO Science Series Volume 74 2006|isbn=978-1-4020-5175-3|pages=490|editor=Tellam|doi=10.1007/1-4020-5175-1|series=NATO Science Series}}</ref> Nke a nwekwara ike ibute mmetọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="UNWATER2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf|title=Wastewater Management - A UN-Water Analytical Brief|author=UN-Water|date=2015|accessdate=2017-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125232/http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf|archivedate=2016-11-30}}</ref> A pụkwara itinye mgbasa mmiri mkpofu ma ọ bụ nsị n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka isi iyi nke mmetọ fecal na mmiri ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> === Ihe na-eme ka nri dị ọcha === Nitrate nwekwara ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na iji fatịlaịza mee ihe gabigara ókè, gụnyere ịgbasa nsí. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị akụkụ nke fatịlaịza nitrogen ka a gbanwere iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe fọdụrụ na-agbakọta n'ala ma ọ bụ furu efu dị ka mmiri.<ref name="Khan2014">{{Cite book|title=Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-7813-9|chapter=Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza nitrogen jikọtara ya na mmiri siri ike nke nitrate na-eduga n'inwekwu nsụdabawanye n'ime mmiri ala yana ịdọrọ banye mu Mmiri, si otú ahụ kpatara mmetọ mmiri.<ref name="singh1995">{{Cite journal|title=Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contaminant-hydrology_1995-12_20_3-4/page/167|journal=[[Journal of Contaminant Hydrology]]|date=1995|volume=20|issue=3–4|pages=167–184|doi=10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4}}</ref> Ojiji gabigara ókè nke fatịlaịza nitrogen (ma ọ bụ na ha emepụtara maọbụ okike) dị njọ karịsịa, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime nitrogenium ndị osisi anaghị ewere gbanwere ka ya bụrụ Nitrate nke a pụrụ ịpụ ngwa.<ref name="jackson2008">{{Cite journal|title=Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services|journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]|volume=59|issue=1|pages=341–63|date=2008|pmid=18444903|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1b50c5358e1ae5dcbcd3916ba64417fef5c781ce}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Manure_spreading_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1241415.jpg|thumb|Omume nchịkwa na-adịghị mma n'ịgbasa nsí nwere ike iwebata ma pathogens na nutrients (nitrate) na usoro mmiri dị ala.]] Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, karịsịa nitrates, na fatịlaịza nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu maka ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-asachapụ ha n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na-esi na ala banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Iji nnukwu fatịlaịza nitrogen eme ihe n'usoro ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe kacha enye aka na nitrogen anthropogenic na mmiri ala n'ụwa niile.<ref name="suthar2009">{{Cite journal|title=Nitrate contamination in groundwater of some rural areas of Rajasthan, India|journal=[[Journal of Hazardous Materials]]|volume=171|issue=1–3|pages=189–99|date=November 2009|pmid=19545944|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.111}}</ref> Ebe a na-eri nri / anụmanụ nwekwara ike iduga n'ịgbapụta nitrogen na ọla ka ọ banye mmiri dị ala.<ref name="UNWATER2015"/> Ntinye nke nsị anụmanụ n'ụzọ gabigara ókè nwekwara ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị ala na ọgwụ ndị fọdụrụnụ sitere na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na European Commission nọ n'ụzọ siri ike ịnagide nsogbu nitrate metụtara mmepe ugbo, dị ka nnukwu nsogbu mmiri nke chọrọ njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="GEF">{{Cite book|url=http://www.groundwatergovernance.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Thematic_papers/GWG_Thematic_Paper_1.pdf|title=Trends in groundwater pollution: Loss of groundwater quality & related services - Groundwater Governance|publisher=Global Environmental Facility (GEF)|date=2013}}</ref> Mmiri na-agbanye ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-akpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ site na olulu mmiri emetọ.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-ahụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-adịkarị ala, na mgbe mgbe, oke ahụike mmadụ karịrị oke ahụike dị ala.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos (MCP) yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole dị ize ndụ, na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbaze ma na-agagharị (ọ naghị ejikọta ya na mineral dị n'ala) pesticides nwere ike iru isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name="PPDB">{{Cite web|title=PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/|work=[[University of Hertfordshire]]|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref> N'ozuzu, a na-achọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ ka mmemme nlekota nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abawanye ụba; Otú ọ dị, a na'ime obere nlekota na mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ihi nnukwu ego nyocha.<ref name="WHO2006" /> === Mgbapụta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === A chọtawo ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku ma nke anụ ahụ n'ime mmiri dị iche iche. Ngwuputa ọla na ụlọ ọrụ igwe bụ isi ọrụ maka ọnụnọ ọla na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke sitere na anthropogenic, gụnyere arsenic. Obere pH jikọtara ya na acid mine drainage (AMD) na-enye aka na solubility nke ọla ndị nwere ike ime ka ọ banye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala. [[Usòrò:Benzene_Transport_to_Groundwater_from_Oil_Spill.pdf|thumb|Mmanụ na-awụfu nke jikọtara ya na paịpụ mmiri n'okpuru ala nwere ike ịhapụ benzene na hydrocarbons mmanụ ndị ọzọ a gafere ngwa ngwa.]] Enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na gasoline nke sitere na tankị nchekwa mmanụ (USTs) nke ọdụ ụgbọ oloko.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ngwakọta BTEX bụ ihe mgbakwunye kachasị na gasoline. BTEX compounds, gụnyere benzene, nwere njupụta dị ala karịa mmiri (1 g / mL). Dị ka mmanụ na-awụfu n'oké osimiri, akụkụ a naghị agwakọta ya, nke a kpọrọ Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL), ga-efegharị" na tebụl mmiri dị na aquifer.<ref name="WHO2006" /> A na-eji solvents chlorinated eme ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ụlọ ahịa niile ebe a chọrọ iwepụ ya.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection1.pdf|chapter=Section 1:Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA Publishing for WHO}}</ref> PCE bụ ihe a na-eji emepụta mmiri nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ nhicha ala maka ịdị irè ya dị ọcha ma ọnụ ahịa pere mpe. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe maka ọrụ metal. N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere n'ahụkarị, a naghị ahụ ya ugboro niile na mmiri dị ala karịa ka o si nweta isi iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/consult/_2014/tetrachloroethylene/draft-ebauche-eng.php|title=Tetrachloroethylene in Drinking Water|author=Health Canada|date=2014|accessdate=20 March 2017}}</ref>A na-eji TCE eme ihe n'akụkọ mere eme dị ka nhicha ígwè. E debere ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) na United States n'ime Ndepụta Ntọala Mba nke EPA Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) maka mmetụ mmiri dị ala nwere ihe ruru nde pound 27 nke TCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/AnnistonArmyDepot093008/Anniston%20Army%20Depot%20HC%20093008.pdf|title=Follow-up Health Consultation: Anniston Army Depot.|author=ATSDR (US Agency for Toxic Substance & Disease Registry)|date=2008|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ma PCE na TCE nwere ike ịghọ vinyl chloride (VC), hydrocarbon kachasị egbu.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Enwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ ụdị solvents n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke gafere oge gaa na usoro mmiri dị ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Chlorinated solvents dị ka PCE na TCE nwere njupụta karịa mmiri ma a na-akpọ akụkụ ahụ anaghị agwakọta ya Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL).<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ozugbo ha ruru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ọ ga-ada ma mesie gbakọta n'elu ala ndị nwere obere mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-drycleaner-cleanup|title=A Citizen's Guide to Drycleaner Cleanup|date=August 2011|work=Technologies for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọgwụ na-agwọ osisi ewepụwokwa pesticides dị ka pentachlorophenol (PCP) na creosote n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta mmiri ala.<ref name="atlanticwood">{{Cite web|title=Superfund Site: Atlantic Wood Industries, Inc.|url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0302836|date=2018-10-23|work=Superfund|publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> PCP bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agbari agwọ nke ukwuu ma bụrụ ihe a gafere egbu n'oge gara aga edepụtara ya na [[Stockholm]] Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. PAHs na ọkara-VOC ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mmetọ a ma ama metụtara creosote. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ngwakọta, ma LNAPLs na DNAPL ka nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọ gbazee n'ime mmiri (mgwakọrọ) nke mepụtara plume wee si otú a ghọọ isi iyi ogologo oge. DNAPLs (chlorinated solvents, heavy PAHes, creosote, PCB) na-esi ike ijikwa ebe ha nwere ike ibi n'ime ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> === Mgbaji mmiri ===   Uto nke olulu mmiri na-agbaji ("Fracking") n'oge a na United States emeela ka nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ ya nwere ike imerụ akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Robert B.|date=2014-10-17|title=The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051|journal=[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]]|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=327–362|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051|issn=1543-5938}}</ref> E nyela EPA, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ọzọ ka ha mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbawa mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Office|first=US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Immediate|title=Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/recordisplay.cfm?deid=332990|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume ime mmiri n'enweghị mmetụta dị mkpa maka onwunwe nke ala ma bụrụ na njikwa siri ike na usoro nchịkwa mma adị, enwere ọtụtụ ikpe ebe a hụrụ mmetọ mmiri site na nlekọta ọjọọ ma ọ bụ ọdịda teknụzụ. Ọ bụ ezie na EPA ahụtabeghị ihe àmà dị ịrịba ama nke mmetụta zuru ebe niile, nhazi usoro na mmiri ọṅụṅụ site na hydraulic fracturing, nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ezughị ezu usoro tupu na post-hydraulic fracturing data banyere àgwà mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na ọnụnọ nke ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmetọ na. gbochie njikọ dị n'etiti mmanu siri ike na mwepu gas na mmetụta ya. N'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke nke EPA, ndị nchọpụta ọzọ emeela nyocha dị ịrịba ama banyere mmetọ mmiri na-arịwanye elu n'okpuru ala nso nnukwu ebe a gafere mmanụ / gas dị na Marcellus<ref name="digiulio">{{Cite journal|title=Impact to Underground Sources of Drinking Water and Domestic Wells from Production Well Stimulation and Completion Practices in the Pavillion, Wyoming, Field|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=50|issue=8|pages=4524–36|date=April 2016|pmid=27022977|doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b04970|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/642dd083b748fc94d9090c5c7358d2f02de76d06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Injection-induced earthquakes|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=341|issue=6142|pages=1225942|date=July 2013|pmid=23846903|doi=10.1126/science.1225942|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b34081789de119d828608f52292f2d9db926a36c}}</ref> (British Columbia, Canada). N'ime otu kilomita nke ebe ndị a, obere mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị omimi gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu karịa methane, ethane, na propine. Nnyocha nke Helium dị elu na gas ndị ọzọ a ma ama tinyere ịrịbawanye nke ọkwa hydrocarbon kwadoro ọdịiche n'etiti hydraulic fracturing fugitive gaz and natural-eme "background" hydrogen content. A na-eche na mmetọ a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị gbawara agbawa, ọdịda ma ọ bụ nke e debereghị agafe.<ref name="Vengosh">{{Cite journal|title=A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=48|issue=15|pages=8334–48|date=2014|pmid=24606408|doi=10.1021/es405118y|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b48801ac328a467d0711d48f62dcc2e54b1ee0ed}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-eche na mmetọ ahụ nwekwara ike ịkpata na mbugharị capillary nke mmiri residual hyper-saline miri na hydraulic fracturing fluid, ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe na mmejọ na mgbaji ruo mgbe emesịa na-akpakọrịta na mmiri ala mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na-arụ ụka na. permeability nke nkume na-agafe n'ụdị shale dị oke ala nke na-ekwe ka nke a mee nke ọma.<ref name="Vengosh"/><ref name="Howarth">{{Cite journal|title=Natural gas: Should fracking stop?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-09-15_477_7364/page/271|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=477|issue=7364|pages=271–5|date=September 2011|pmid=21921896|doi=10.1038/477271a}}</ref> Iji gosipụta echiche a, ọ ga-abụrị na e nwere akara nke trihalomethanes (THM) nsị ebe ha bụ na ejikọtakwara ya na mmetụ gas furu efu.<ref name="Howarth" /> E wezụga nke ahụ, mmiri nnu dị elu bụ ihe okike a na-ahụkarị n'usoro miri emi. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwubi okwu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịka nsonaazụ nke hydraulic fracturing fluid flow nwere ike igbochi ma ohere maka sistemụ gas metọrọ dabere karịsịa na iguzosi Ike ku yosi ihe nke mmanụ shale / olulu, yana ọnọdụ ya metụtara usoro mgbawa mpaghara nke enwere ike inye ụzọ ndị ga-agafe.<ref name="Vengosh"/><ref name="Howarth"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe, mmetọ sistemụ site na hydraulic fracturing abụwo nke a rụrịtara ụka siri ike, otu isi ihe kpatara mmerụ ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta kachasị ukwuu n'etiti ndị nchọpụta ịbụ nsogbu kacha njọ bụ mpịakọta mberede mmiri mgbawa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe omume mmetọ mmiri ndị na-esite n'okporo ụzọ ụmụ mmadụ nke elu karịa ịbawanye ala site na ntọala shale.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=112|issue=43|pages=13184–9|date=October 2015|pmid=26460018|doi=10.1073/pnas.1511474112}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mmebi ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe doro anya, a na-emekwa mgbalị dị ukwuu iji gbochie ọdachi ndị a ime ugboro ole na ibe ha, enweghị data sitere n'ịgbapụta mmanụ ka ga-ahapụ ndị nchọpụta nọgide. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị a, data e nwetara site na mgbapụta ma ọ bụ nsị ahụ anaghị adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, ya mere ga-eduga ndị nchọpụta ka ha ghara inwe nkwubi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2016/01/22/lack-of-data-on-fracking-spills-leaves-researchers-in-the-dark-on-water-contamination/|title=Lack of data on fracking spills leaves researchers in the dark on water contamination|work=StateImpact Pennsylvania|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) mere ihe nlereanya maka mmepụta gas dị omimi na North German Basin. Ha kwubiri na o yikarịrị ka ịrị elu nke mmiri fracking site n'okpuru ala ruo n'elu ga-emetụta obere mmiri dị n'ime.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin|journal=[[Hydrogeology Journal]]|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1343–1358|doi=10.1007/s10040-016-1418-7}}</ref> === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === Mmiri na-agbapụta n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri dị ala. Kemịkal nwere ike banye n'ime mmiri ala site na mmiri ozuzo na mpụta mmiri. A chọrọ ka e ji ụrọ ma ọ bụ ihe sịntetịt ọzọ kpuchie ebe ọhụrụ a na-edebe ala, yana leachate iji chebe mmiri ala gbara ya gburugburu. Otú ọ dị, ebe a na-edebe ala ochie enweghị usoro ndị a, ọ na-adịkarịkwa nso na mmiri dị n'elu na n'ime ala ndị nwere ike ịgbasa. Ngwunye ala mechiri emechi ka nwere ike ibute mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe na-enweghị ike kpuchie ya tupu emechi ya ka ọ ghara ịwụsa ihe mmetọ..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Environmental Protection Agency|title=Getting up to Speed: Ground Water Contamination|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/mgwc-gwc1.pdf|work=EPA|publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]]|accessdate=30 September 2019|authorlink=Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Love Canal bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ a ma ama nke mmetọ mmiri dị ala. N'afọ 1978, ndị bi n'ógbè Love Canal dị na [[Nú Yọk|New York]] chọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrịa kansa yana ọnụọgụ nkwarụ ọmụmụ. Nke a mechara chọpụta na ihe ndị e ji edozi mmiri ma dioxins sitere n'ebe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke arụnyere gburugburu ya, bụ ebe ọ batara wee banye n'ime Mmiri ahụ iji mebie ikuku. A kwụrụ ezinụlọ narị asatọ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ha wee kwaga, mgbe nnukwu agha iwu na mgbasa ozi. === Ịgbabiga mmiri ókè === Data Satellite na Mekong Delta dị na Vietnam enyewo ihe akaebe na mmiri karịrị akarị nke ala n'okpuru ebe ahụ ga-eme ka ọdịda ụwa nakwa maka ịhapụ arsenic na ikekwe ọla ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014|title=Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=9|issue=8|pages=084010|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010|issn=1748-9326}}</ref> A na-achọta arsenic n'ime ụrọ ndị dị elu maka oke ala ha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dabere na ihe ruru ájá. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-agafe ájá na gravels nwere obere arsenic. Otú ọ dị, n'oge mgbapụta gabigara ókè, gradient kwụ ọtọ na-adọta mmiri site na ụrọ ndị a naghị agafe emebi, si otú ahụ kwalite ntọhapụ arsenic banye na Mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Overpumping leads to California groundwater arsenic threat|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2089|date=June 2018|pmid=29872050|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04475-3}}</ref> === Ndị ọzọ === Enwere ike ime mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu kemịkalụ sitere na ọrụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mwụfu kemịkalụ na-eme n'oge njem (dịka mwụfu mmanụ dizel), mkpofu ahịhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ntinye site na mkpọpu mmiri n'obodo ukwu ma ọ bụ ọrụ Ngwuputa, nnu okporo ụzọ, kemịkalụ na-ekpochapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ọbụna mmetọ ikuku ebe ọ bụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri hydrologic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Potential Threats to Our Groundwater|url=http://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/groundwater/contamination.html|publisher=The Groundwater Foundation|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Ojiji nke herbicide nwere ike itinye aka na mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na ntinye arsenic. Herbicides na-enye aka na mkpochapụ arsenic site na nchịkọta na mbugharị nke mmetọ ahụ. Ọgwụ herbicides chlorinated na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ala na desorption arsenic karịa ụdị ahịhịa phosphate. Nke a nwere ike inye aka gbochie mmetọ arsenic site na ịhọrọ ahịhịa ahịhịa kwesịrị ekwesị maka mkpokọta arsenic dị iche iche dị na ala ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides|journal=[[Journal of Environmental Sciences]]|volume=85|pages=66–73|date=November 2019|pmid=31471032|doi=10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.025}}</ref> I liri ozu na mmebi ha nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143364/lups-gu32-guidance-on-assessing-the-impacts-of-cemetries-on-groundwater.pdf|title=Guidance on Assessing the Impacts of Cemeteries on Groundwater|author=[[Scottish Environmental Protection Agency]] (SEPA)|date=2015|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2021-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712055810/https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143364/lups-gu32-guidance-on-assessing-the-impacts-of-cemetries-on-groundwater.pdf}}</ref> == Usoro == Mmiri na-agafe n'okpuru ala nwere ike inye ihe mgbochi a pụrụ ịdabere ná ntị maka mmetọ mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọnọdụ dị mma.<ref name="Wolf2015">{{Cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2155|title=How to keep your groundwater drinkable: Safer siting of sanitation systems|date=2015|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Working Group 11}}</ref> Ọdịiche nke mpaghara ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibugharị mmetọ. Ebe nwere ike ịnwe ala ájá, nkume gbawara agbawa, ụrọ ma ọ bụ hardpan. Mpaghara nke karst topography na nkume limestone nwere ike imerụ mmetọ n'elu mmiri site. Njehie ala ọma jijiji nwekwara ike ịbụ ụzọ mbata maka ịbanye na mmetọ. Ọnọdụ tebụl mmiri dị oke mkpa maka inye ya mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ịgba ala ugbo iyi, mkpofu ihe (gụnyere nsị nuklia), ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater Sampling|date=31 July 2012|url=http://www.groundwatersampling.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211025722/http://www.groundwatersampling.org/|archivedate=11 February 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ kemịkal na-emebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke mmiri, ọkachasị n'ime ogologo oge dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'ime ala. Otu ụdị dị ịrịba ama nke kemịkal ndị a bụ hydrocarbons chlorinated dịka trichloroethylene (nke e ji mee ihe na mmepụta ígwè ma mepụtara ngwá electronic) na tetrachloro ethylene eji eme ụlọ ọrụ nhicha akọrọ. Ọgwụ abụọ a, nke bụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa n'onwe ya, nwere mmeghachi omume ire ure ụfọdụ, na-eduga na kemịkal ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ (gụnyere dichloroethylene na vinyl chloride).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=A.T. Ekubo and J.F.N. Abowei|date=10 November 2011|title=Aspects of Aquatic Pollution in Nigeria|url=https://maxwellsci.com/print/rjees/v3-673-693.pdf|journal=Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences|volume=3|issue=6|pages=684}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na mmiri dị n'elu === Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere njikọ, a naghị amụkarị mmiri dị n'elu ala ma jikwaa ya dịka ihe onwunwe pụrụ iche.<ref name="circ1139">{{Cite web|work=[[USGS]]|date=1998|url=http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1139/|title=Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource.|accessdate=2023-05-20|archivedate=2020-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409011836/https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/}}</ref> Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ala na nke elu bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. Mmiri dị n'elu na-abanye n'ime ala wee ghọọ mmiri nọ n'okpuru. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike inye isi iyi mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okpuru ala. Nke a pụtara na mmebi nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwere ike imetụta osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dabere ya. Mmiri nnu na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị iche iche bụ ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta ndị a.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Mgbasa ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ na-aga n'ihu nke kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ radionuclide mmetọ banye n'ime ala (nke dị anya site na mmiri elu) nwere ike ghara ịmepụta ntụpọ ma ọ bụ isi iyi mana enwere ike imerịta ihe ndị ahụ nọ n'okpuru, mepụta anwụrụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inyocha mmegharị nke plume ahụ site na ụdị ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe nlereanya mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. == Mgbochi == [[Usòrò:Safer_siting_of_sanitation_systems_-_schematic.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi na enwere ihe ize ndụ dị ala nke mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ebe omimi miri emi karịa<ref name="Wolf2015"/>]] === Ụkpụrụ nchebe ===   [[Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya|Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya]], nke sitere na ụkpụrụ 15 nke Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, dị mkpa n'ichepụta ihe ndị mmiri ala site na mmetọ. Ụkpụrụ nchebe ahụ na-enye na "ebe enwere egwu nke mmebi a ga-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke agaghị eji ya mee ihe dị ka ebumnuche maka iwepụ usoro ndị bara uru iji gbochie imezi gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/10737/GoodPracticesforRegulatingWastewater.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Good Practices for Regulating Wastewater Treatment|author=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|date=2015|accessdate=19 March 2017}}</ref> Otu n'ime ụkpụrụ isii bụ isi nke iwu mmiri European Union (EU) bụ itinye usoro nchebe.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/protecting_groundwater_part5.pdf?ua=1|chapter=Section 5:Approaches to pollution source management|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water|date=2006|publisher=IWA for WHO}}</ref> === Nlekota nke ịdị mma mmiri n'okpuru ala === A na-etinye usoro nlekota nke mmiri dị ala mgbe niile n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu ụwa. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ghọta usoro hydrogeological, na maka mmepe nke ụdị echiche na map ndị nwere ike ịdabere n'ime mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006b"/> A ghaghị ileba anya mgbe niile n'ụdị mmiri dị ala gafee ebe a na-egwu mmanụ iji chọpụta ihe ndị mmadụ nwere. Nnyocha mmiri dị n'okpuru ala kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu mmetọ nchegbu.<ref name="ICUN"/> Enwere ike iji ọkwa mmetọ tụnyere ntuziaka World Health Organization (WHO) maka ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf|title=Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|date=2011|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka njedebe nke mmetọ dị ala dịka ị gafere ahụike.<ref name="GEF"/> A ga-enye ego zuru oke iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ogologo oge. Mgbe a chọtara nsogbu, e kwesịrị ime ihe iji dozie ya.<ref name="ICUN">{{Cite book|title=Spring - managing groundwater sustainably|date=2016|publisher=[[IUCN]]|isbn=978-2-8317-1789-0|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-039.pdf}}</ref> Ntiwapụ nke mmiri na United States belatara site n'iwebata nyocha siri ike (na ọgwụgwọ) chọrọ ná mmalite afọ 90.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Obodo ahụ nwekwara ike inye aka nyochaa ogo mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref name="WHO2006b"/> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị emepụtala ụzọ ndị nwere ike ịmepụta map ihe ize ndụ maka ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ime mmiri dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amini|first=Manouchehr|date=2008-05-15|title=Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Groundwaters|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=42|issue=10|pages=3662–3668|doi=10.1021/es071958y|pmid=18546705|issn=0013-936X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amini|first=Manouchehr|date=2008-05-15|title=Statistical Modeling of Global Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=42|issue=10|pages=3669–75|doi=10.1021/es702859e|pmid=18546706|issn=0013-936X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Winkel|first=Lenny|title=Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=1|issue=8|pages=536–42|doi=10.1038/ngeo254|year=2008|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A5777}}</ref> Nke a na-enye ụzọ dị irè iji chọpụta olulu mmiri ndị kwesịrị ịnwale. === Mpaghara ala maka nchebe mmiri dị n'okpuru === Ọtụtụ ndị isi mmiri emeela mmepe nke map mpaghara iji ala mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. E nwere ụdị map mpaghara abụọ: chaatị na-adịghị ike nke mmiri dị n'ime ala na eserese nchebe isi iyi.<ref name="ICUN"/> ==== Map nke mmiri na-adịghị ike ==== Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe dị mkpa (ma ọ bụ nke okike) maka mmetọ mmiri.<ref name="ICUN"/> N'ụzọ dị nro, ụfọdụ aquifers na-enwekwu mmetọ karịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO2006b">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection2.pdf?ua=1|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health - Understanding the drinking-water catchment|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|date=2006|accessdate=20 March 2017}}</ref> Mmiri ndị na-enweghị mgbochi dị n'okpuru ala nọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ n'ihi na e nwere obere ọkwa iji nyochaa ihe emetụ.<ref name="ICUN" /> Mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwụsị (na iwepụ) pathogens ma yabụ a ghaghị ịtụle mgbe ị ga-enyocha adịghị mma nke mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ kachasị ukwuu n'elu ala ebe mbelata pathogens na-arụ ọrụ karịa.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Nkwadebe nke map ndị na-adịghị ike gụnyere itinye ọtụtụ eserese isiokwu banyere ihe anụ ahụ ahọpụtara iji kọwaa adịghị mma mmiri.<ref name="WHO2006b"/>.<ref name="WHO2006b"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment|publisher=Pan American Centre for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences|year=1988|location=Lima, Peru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/913221468028147970/Groundwater-quality-protection-a-guide-for-water-utilities-municipal-authorities-and-environment-agencies|title=Groundwater quality protection: a guide for water utilities, municipal authorities, and environment agencies|date=2002}}</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ nke EP'''A''' mepụtara, usoro nyocha a na-akpọ "DRASTIC", na-eji ihe asaa hydrogeological emepụta ndepụta nke adịghị ike: omimi maka tebụl mmiri, net Recharge, mgbasa ozi Aquifer, ala media, Topography (mgbidi), Mmetụta n'ógbè vadose, na conductivity.<ref name="WHO2006b" /> E nwere ==== Map nchebe ==== Ọ na-arutu aka n'ebe ejidere n'akụkụ ebe mmiri dị n'ime ala dị n'otu n'otu, dị ka olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ isi iyi, iji chebe ha karịsịa pụọ na mmetọ. Ya mere, ebe ndị nwere ike isi nweta mmetọ ndị na-emebi emebi, dị ka nje nje, nwere ike ịnọ n'ebe dị anya nke oge njem n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-asọ asọ na-adị ogologo oge maka ikpochapụ mmetọ ahụ site na nzacha ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi..<ref name="ICUN"/> Ụzọ nyocha site na iji usoro kọwaa mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na njem mmetọ bụ nke a kacha jiri mee ihe.<ref name="WHOb">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection4.pdf?ua=1|chapter=Section 4: Approaches to drinking-water source protection management|title=Protecting groundwater for health: Managing the quality of drinking-water sources|author=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|publisher=IWA Publishing for WHO|date=2006}}</ref> WHPA bụ usoro nyocha nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mepụtara site na US EPA maka ịkọwa mpaghara mmeri na ebe nchekwa isi iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/water-research/wellhead-protection-area-whpa-model|title=Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) Model|date=2017-01-26|work=Water Research|publisher=EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory}}</ref> Ụdị kachasị mfe nke mpaghara na-eji usoro dị anya ebe a chụpụrụ ihe omume n'ime otu oge akọwapụtara gburugburu isi.<ref name="WHOb"/> === Ịchọta usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ === Dị ka mmetụta ahụike nke ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-ebilite mgbe ikpughe ogologo oge, ihe ize ndụ ahụike sitere na kemịkal na-adịkarị ala karịa nke nje na-akpata..<ref name="WHO2006"/> Ya mere, ogo nke usoro nchebe isi iyi bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ma pathogens nwere ike ịdị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ikpeazụ.<ref name="WHOb"/> Enwere ike ịhazi usoro ịdị ọcha na saịtị n'ụzọ ga-eme ka mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na usoro ịdị ọcha ndị a ghara ime..<ref name="Wolf2015"/><ref name="Nick_2012">{{Cite web|date=2012|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/98|title=Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection|work=Factsheet of Working Group 11|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)}}</ref> E mepụtara ntuziaka zuru ezu iji tụọ anya dị nchebe maka ichepụta isi iyi mmiri n'okpuru ala site na mmetọ nke ịdị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=ARGOSS|date=2001|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1926|title=Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation.|work=NERC, [[British Geological Survey]] Commissioned Report, CR/01/142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|url=http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines_for_separation_distances_based_on_virus_transport_.pdf|title=Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113073933/http://envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines_for_separation_distances_based_on_virus_transport_.pdf|archivedate=2015-01-13}}</ref> A tụwo aro ụkpụrụ ndị a maka ọnọdụ dị nchebe (ya bụ, ikpebi ebe) nke usoro nhicha na saịtị:<ref name="Wolf2015" /> * Ogologo oge dị n'etiti isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ na usoro nhicha ** Ụkpụrụ nduzi maka nkewa dị larị iche n'etiti usoro nhicha na isi iyi mmiri dịgasịa nnọọ (dịka 15 ruo 100 m) anya kwụ ọtọ n'agbata ụlọ mposi na olulu ala).<ref name="Graham2013"/> * Ogologo oge dị n'etiti olulu mmiri ọṅụṅụ na usoro nhichampaghara atụmatụ buru ibu Dị ka ntuziaka zuru oke, a na-atụ aro na ala nke olulu ahụ kwesịrị ịdịkarịa ala mita abụọ n'elu ọkwa mmiri dị n'okpuru ebe obibi, yana obere anya 30m site na oghere na isi iyi iji belata mmetọ nje. Otú ọ bụ ezie na ekwesighi ikwu okwu gbasara kacha nta ọdịiche akụkụ achọrọ igbochi mmerụcha nkeolugu si ụlọ mposi ya pụta ìhè.<ref name="Wolf2015"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbụlagodi 50m mpụta anya nkewa nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu oke na sistemu karstified siri ike nwere olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbadata, ebe anya nkewa mpụta 10m zuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na enwere akwa mkpuchi ụrọ mepere emepe nke ọma yana oghere anular nke. A na-emechi olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọma. === Iwu === Okwu ụlọ ọrụ na nke iwu dị oke mkpa n'ịkọwa ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke ụkpụrụ nchebe mmiri ala.<ref name="WHO2006"/> Na United States Iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake akụrụngwa na-echebe mmiri dị n'ime ala site n'ịhazi mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, yana Nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke a makwaara dị ka "Superfund", chọrọ ndozigharị nke ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ agbahapụ. [[Usòrò:Blaues_Hinweisschild_Wasserschutzgebiet.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama dị nso na Mannheim, Germany, nke na-egosi mpaghara dịka "ebe nchebe mmiri n'okpuru ala"]] == Nchịkwa == Enwere ike ịchịkọta nhọrọ maka mezie mmiri dị n'ime ala n'ime ụdị ndị a: * nwere mmetọ iji gbochie ha ịkwaga ọzọ * iwepụ mmetọ n'ime mmiri * idozi mmiri site na ijide ma ọ bụ wepụ nsị mgbe ha ka nọ n'ime ala (in-situ) * ịgwọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ebe a na-eji ya * ịhapụ iji mmiri n'okpuru ala nke ebe a ma chọta ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Pollution-of-Groundwater.html|work=Water Encyclopedia, Science and Issues|accessdate=21 March 2015|title=Pollution of groundwater}}</ref> === Ọgwụgwọ a ga-eji mee ihe ===   Enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ "point-of-eji" (POU) usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na usoro ịgbasa mmiri n'ubi iji wepụ ụfọdụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala tupu ịṅụ mmanya, ya bụ mmetọ fecal ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ sistemu eji eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ nke nwere ike wepu nje, chlorine, uto ọjọọ, isi na ọla dị arọ dị ka lead na mercury.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2018|title=Review of low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems for developing communities|journal=NPJ Clean Water|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0011-0|issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Usoro gụnyere ịsị esi, ọzịz, ọgwụ kemịkalụ, ultraviolet ọcha, mmiri mmiri ozone, mkpochapụ mmiri anyanwụ, ntanye anyanwụ, ihe nzacha mmiri arụrụ n'ụlọ. Ihe nzacha mkpochapụ arsenic (ARF) bụ teknụzụ raara onwe ya nye a na-etinyekarị iji wepụ arsenic. Ọtụtụ n'ime teknụzụ ndị a chọrọ itinye ego ego na nrụzi ogologo oge. Ndị ọrụ na-ahapụkarị ihe nzacha na Bangladesh n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ na nhazi ha siri ike, nke dịkwa oke ọnụ. === Mgbanwe mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ===   Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala siri ike belata karịa mmetụ nke elu ebe ọ bụ na Mmiri nọ n'ime ya nwere ike ịkwaga ogologo oge site na aquifers a naghị ahụ anya. Mmiri na-enweghị oghere dị ka ụrọ mere ka mmiri nke nje bacteria ghara ịdị ọcha site n'ịgbanye ya (adsorption and absorption), ịgbaze, yana, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mmeghachi omume kemikal na ọrụ ndụ; Otú ọ dị, n'okwu ole na ole, [[Mmetọ aja|ihe ndị]] ahụ metọrọ emetọ gbanwere naanị ghọọ ihe emetụta ala. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke na-agafe oghere ndị mepere emepe ma nwee ike ibugharị ya dịka mmiri elu. N'ezie, nke a nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site n'àgwà mmadụ iji sinkholes sitere na okike mee ihe dịka ebe mkpofu ahịhịa karst.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988609755|title=The Nile Delta|date=2017|others=Abdelazim M. Negm|isbn=978-3-319-56124-0|location=Cham, Switzerland|oclc=988609755}}</ref> Enwere ike wepu ihe mmetọ na ihe mmetọ na mmiri ala site na itinye usoro dị iche iche wee mee ka ọ dị mma maka ojiji. Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ala (ma ọ bụ ngbanwe) na-agbasa teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ndụ, kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ala na-eji ngwakọta teknụzụ eme ihe. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu gụnyere bioaugmentation, bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, na phytoremediation. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ kemịkal gụnyere ozone na oxygen injection gas, mmiri ozuzo, nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, mgbanwe ion, absorption carbon, aqueous chemical oxidation, na mgbake na-emewanyewanye elu. Enwere ike ime ụfọdụ usoro kemịkalụ site na iji nanomaterials. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na, mgbapụta na ọgwụgwọ, sparging ikuku, na mmịpụta akụkụ abụọ. === Ịhapụ ya === Ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ imezigharị mmiri dị n'ime ala metọọ dị ka ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ dị oke ọnụ, mgbe ahụ ịhapụ iji mmiri aquifer a na-achọta ebe ọzọ isi mmiri bụ naanị nhọrọ ọzọ. == Ihe Nlereanya == ==== Lusaka, Zambia ==== Mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Lusaka, isi obodo Zambia, nwere ọnọdụ ala bụ karstified siri ike ma n'ihi ya na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nọ nso ebe a.<ref name="EPA gw-rule">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-18|title=Ground Water Rule|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/ground-water-rule|work=Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems|publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> ==== Obodo Babati, Tanzania ==== Na [[Tanzania]], ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya dabere n'isi iyi mmiri dị ala, ọkachasị site na olulu miri emi nke ebe ahụ, maka ịṅụ mmanya na ebumnuche ụlọ ọzọ. Ọnụ ego nke mmiri gọọmentị emeela ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ dabere na olulu ndị mmadụ karịa ụlọ ọrụ Babati. Mmiri a na-eri site n'isi iyi mmiri nwa oge nke amaghị mma (karịsịa olulu ndị omimi) emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mmadụ nwee ọrịa sitere na mmiri. Na Tanzania, a na-akọwa ụmụaka pụkụ ịrị abụọ na atọ na narị itoolu n'okpuru afọ ise ka ha ga-anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa ọnyụnyụ ọbara na afọ ọsịsa metụtara ịṅụ mmiri adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pantaleo|first=P. A.|date=2018-12-01|title=Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.104|journal=[[Water Practice and Technology]]|volume=13|issue=4|pages=980–990|doi=10.2166/wpt.2018.104|issn=1751-231X}}</ref> === Eshia === ==== India ==== Ganga River Basin (GRB) nke bụ mmiri dị nsọ maka ndị Hindu na-eche oke mmetọ arsenic ihu. India na-ekpuchi 79% nke GRB, ya mere ọtụtụ steeti emetụtala. Steeti ndị metụtara gụnyere Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradech, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Haryana na West Bengal. Ọnọdụ arsenic ruru 4730 μg / L na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, ~ 1000μg - l na mmiri ịgba ọsọ, yana ihe ruo 3947 μ g "kg" na nri niile karịrị ụkpụrụ nke United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization maka ịnya ụgbọ elu na ọkọlọtọ World Health Organisation Maka Mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'ihi ya, ndị mmadụ na-ahụkarị ọrịa nke metụtara akpụkpọ ahụ ha, akwara ụbụrụ, ọmụmụ ihe na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, ọbụnakwa nwee ike ịkpata kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2018|title=Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in the Ganga River Basin: A Future Health Danger|journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]]|volume=15|issue=2|pages=180|doi=10.3390/ijerph15020180|pmid=29360747}}</ref> N'India gọọmentị aga n'ihu ịkwalite mmepe idebe ihe ọcha iji lụso ịrị elu nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Mbọ a egosila nsonaazụ ma belata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala ma belata ohere nke ọrịa maka ndị nne na ụmụaka bụ ndị okwu a metụtara nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu dịka ọmụmụ si kwuo, ihe karịrị ụmụaka 117,000 na-erubeghị afọ ise na-anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi iri mmiri rụrụ arụ. Mgbalị mba ahụ ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nke akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mukherjee|first=Abhijit|date=2019-10-23|title=Impact of sanitation and socio-economy on groundwater fecal pollution and human health towards achieving sustainable development goals across India from ground-observations and satellite-derived nightlight|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-50875-w|pmid=31645651|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> === Ebe Ugwu America === ==== Hinkley, U.S ==== Obodo Hinkley, [[California]] (U.S.), nwere mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ya na-emetọ chromium hexavalent malite na 1952, nke dugara ikpe megide Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) yana nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ nde dollar na 1996. E gosipụtara ikpe ahụ na ihe nkiri ''Erin Brockovich'', nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2000. '''San Joaquin, U.S''' Mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mpaghara San Joaquin, California, ebutela mmetọ arsenic. San Joaquin county echewo oke mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke mere ka ala dị n'okpuru San Joaquin mebie wee mebie akụrụngwa. Nke a kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala ekwela ka arsenic banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ala nke na-enye mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nde ndị bi na ya ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ubi maka ihe ọkụkụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ubi ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na US. Aquifers bụ ájá na gravel nke ụrọ dị obere kewapụrụ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka sponge nke na-ejide mmiri na arsenic. Mgbe a na-agbapụta mmiri nke ọma, aquifer na-apịaji ma na-ada n'ala nke na-eduga na ụrọ na-ahapụ arsenic. Nnyocha na-egosi na aquifers merụrụ n'ihi n'ịfefefefefe, ha nwere ike ịgbake ma ọ bụrụ na nkwụsịtụ kwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[University of Stanford]]|date=2018-06-05|title=Overpumping groundwater increases contamination risk|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2018/06/05/overpumping-groundwater-increases-contamination-risk/|accessdate=2021-03-16|work=Stanford News|language=en}}</ref> ==== Walkerton, Canada ==== N'afọ 2000, mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere na obere obodo Walkerton, Canada nke dugara ọnwụ asaa n'ihe a maara dịka ntiwapụ walkerton E. Coli . Mmiri nke e si na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nweta merụrụ O157:H7 bacteria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/walkerton-e-coli-outbreak-declared-over/article1041067/|title=Walkerton E. coli outbreak declared over|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Mmetọ a bụ n'ihi na ugbo ahụ abanye mu olulu mmiri dị nso nke nwere ike imerụ mmetorị. == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Groundwater pollution}} * [http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/ United States Geological Survey - Office of Groundwater] * [http://www.groundwateruk.org/ UK Groundwater Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153248/http://www.igrac.net/ IGRAC, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre] * [https://iah.org/ IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists] * [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library?vbl_2%5B%5D=&vbl_8%5B73%5D=73 Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na ịdị ọcha] (akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ nke Sustainable Sanitation Alliance) * [http://upgro.org/ UPGro Na-emeghe Ikike nke Mmiri n'okpuru Ala maka Ndị Ogbenye] {{Natural resources}} [[Òtù:Mmírí]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eayydjkdh9ccmduvtpaysiy3yruo669 0 26652 697900 396264 2026-08-10T10:22:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697900 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''ihu igwe''' bụ usoro ihu igwe ogologo oge na mpaghara, nke a na-ahụkarị karịa afọ iri atọ .<ref name="IPCC-2021">{{Cite web|author=Matthews|first=J.B. Robin|title=Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf|date=2021|work=[[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]]|accessdate=2022-05-18|archivedate=2022-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605175306/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20050201">{{Cite web|author=Shepherd|first=Dr. J. Marshall|title=What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html|date=1 February 2005|work=[[NASA]]|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=22 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095736/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html/}}</ref> N'ụzọ siri ike karị, ọ bụ nkezi na mgbanwe nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime oge site na ọnwa ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a na-atụkarị bụ okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, nrụgide ikuku, ifufe, na mmiri ozuzo. N'echiche sara mbara, ihu igwe bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ihu igwe, gụnyere ikuku, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere na biosphere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha.<ref name="IPCC-2021" /> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ebe na-emetụta [[latitude]], [[longitude]], ala, ịdị elu, ojiji ala na mmiri dị nso na mmiri ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=William A.|date=2022|title=Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?|journal=Meteorology|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=171–182|doi=10.3390/meteorology1020012|issn=2674-0494}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhazi ihu igwe dabere na nkezi na mgbanwe dị iche iche, nke kachasị okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. Atụmatụ nkewa a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ nhazi ihu igwe Köppen. Usoro Thornthwaite, nke a na-eji kemgbe afọ 1948, na-etinye nke akpọrọ na bekee evapotranspiration yana ozi okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo ma jiri ya mee ihe na-amụ ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na otu mgbanwe ihu igwe si emetụta ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/210739|url=http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/geog/801/001/www/ET/Thornthwaite48-GeogrRev.pdf|first=C. W.|author=Thornthwaite|title=An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate|journal=Geographical Review|volume=38|issue=1|pages=55–94|year=1948|accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, usoro Bergeron na Spatial Synoptic Classification na-elekwasị anya na mmalite nke ikuku nke na-akọwa ihu igwe nke mpaghara. Paleoclimatology bụ ọmụmụ nke ihu igwe oge ochie. Ndị paleoclimatologists na-achọ ịkọwa ọdịiche ihu igwe maka akụkụ niile nke ụwa n'oge ọ bụla e nyere, malite n'oge e guzobere ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=paleoclimatology {{!}} science {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/paleoclimatology|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe ole na ole a hụrụ ihu igwe tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-ekwu na paleoclimates sitere na mgbanwe ndị na-anọchite anya. Ha na-agụnye ihe akaebe na-abụghị nke ndụ dị ka ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ala ọdọ mmiri na ice core na ihe akaebe nke ndụ dị, dị ka mgbanaka osisi na coral. Ụdị ihu igwe bụ ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ihu igwe gara aga, ugbu a, na ọdịnihu. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ime n'oge dị ogologo na nke dị mkpirikpi site na ihe dị iche iche. A na-atụle okpomọkụ na-adịbeghị anya na okpomọkụ ụwa, nke na-ebute nkesa. Dị ka ọmumatu, "mgbanwe atọ °C [ise°F] na okpomọkụ kwa afọ kwekọrọ na mgbanwe na isotherms ihe dị ka narị atọ ruo narị anọ km [otu narị na iri itoolu ruo narị abụọ na iri itoolu mi] na latitude (na mpaghara okpomọkụ) ma ọ bụ narị ise, m [otu nde na narị isii na ịdị elu. Ya mere, a na-atụ anya na ụdị dị iche iche ga-aga n'elu ma ọ bụ gaa n'ebe ndị dị na [[latitude]] na nzaghachi maka mpaghara ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already|author=Hughes|first=Lesley|year=2000|pages=56}}</ref><ref name="TIEE-20000201">{{Cite journal|author=Hughes|first=Leslie|title=Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?|url=http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(99)01764-4|date=1 February 2000|journal=[[Trends in Ecology and Evolution]]|volume=15|issue=2|pages=56–61|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4|pmid=10652556|accessdate=November 17, 2016}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-akọwa ihu igwe (site na 'ịda') dị ka ihu igwe nkezi n'ime ogologo oge. Oge nkezi bụ afọ iri atọ, mana enwere ike iji oge ndị ọzọ dabere na ebumnuche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages|title=Climate averages|accessdate=2008-05-17|publisher=Met Office|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706025040/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/|archivedate=2008-07-06}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agụnyekwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nkezi, dị ka ịdị ukwuu nke mgbanwe kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ kwa afọ. Nkọwa okwu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 bụ nke a:   Ịhụ ìgwè na echiche dị wara wara a na-akọwa karị ya dị ka nkezi ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ọzọ siri ike dị ka nkọwa ndekọ aha dị iche iche pụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke ogologo ọnwa, afọ ma ọ bụ ogologo nde afọ sịrị ike.oge oche ya bụ afọ iri atọ. Dị ka ndị World meteorological so kọwaa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndịa ka cha agbanwe agbanwe dị ka mmiri ozuzo okpomọkụ na ikuku. Ihu igwe na uche ka gbasaa agbasa bụ nke gụnyere nkọwa ndekọ aha nke Usoro ihu igwe. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) na-akọwa "ọnọdụ ihu igwe" dị ka "ihe ntụaka nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-eji iji tụnyere ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị ugbu a na nke gara aga ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe na ya. A na-akọwa ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị ka nkezi arithmetic nke ihe ihu igwe (dị ka okpomọkụ) n'ime afọ iri atọ, A na-eji oge afọ iri atọ eme ihe n'ihi na ọ dị ogologo iji nyochaa mgbanwe ọ bụla na-eme n'afọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma dị ka El Niñoño Southern Oscillation, mana ọ dịkwa mkpụmkpụ iji nwee ike igosi ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị ogologo. "<ref name="WMO data">{{Cite web|title=Climate Data and Data Related Products|work=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_data_and_products.php|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20141001233620/https%3A//www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_data_and_products.php|archivedate=1 October 2014|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref> WMO sitere na International Meteorological Organization nke guzobere kọmitii teknụzụ maka climatology na afọ 1929. Na nzukọ Wiesbaden ya na afọ 1934, kọmitii teknụzụ họpụtara oge afọ iri atọ site na afọ 1901 ruo 1930 dị ka oge ntụle maka ụkpụrụ ihu igwe. N'afọ 1982, WMO kwetara imelite ọnọdụ ihu igwe, a rụzuru ha dabere na data ihu igwe site na ụbọchị mbụ ọnwa Jenụwarị 1961 ruo 31 Disemba 1990.<ref name="WMO history">{{Cite web|title=Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service|year=2011|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf|pages=6, 8, 10, 21, 26|accessdate=1 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913033109/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/WMO1079_web.pdf|archivedate=13 September 2015}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke afọ 1961 na 1990 na-eje ozi dị ka oge ntụaka. Usoro ọzọ nke ụkpụrụ ihu igwe nke WMO ga-ebipụta bụ site na afọ 1991 ruo afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WMO Climatological Normals|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|url=https://community.wmo.int/wmo-climatological-normals|accessdate=2022-08-21}}</ref> Ewezuga ịnakọta site na mgbanwe ikuku kachasị (ikuku okpomọkụ, nrụgide, mmiri ozuzo na ifufe), mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dị ka iru mmiri, anya, igwe ojii, radieshon anyanwụ, okpomọkụ ala, ọnụego evaporation, ụbọchị nwere égbè eluigwe na ụbọchị nwere akụ́ mmiri igwe na-anakọta iji tụọ mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2017|title=WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4166|accessdate=2022-08-20|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|format=PDF|isbn=978-92-63-11203-3}}</ref> A na-eji okwu a ma ama "ihu igwe bụ ihe ị na-atụ anya, ihu igwe bụ ihe ị nwetara" chịkọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihu igwe na ihu igwe. N'ime oge [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]], enwere ọtụtụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekpebi ihu igwe, gụnyere [[latitude]], ịdị elu, oke ala na mmiri, na ịdị nso nke oké osimiri na ugwu. Mgbanwe ndị a niile na-agbanwe naanị n'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ n'ihi usoro dị ka tectonics. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekpebi ihu igwe dị ike karị: mgbasa nke thermohaline nke oké osimiri na-eduga na okpomọkụ 5 °C (41 ) nke ugwu Atlantic Ocean ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Stefan|author=Rahmstorf|url=http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html|title=The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet|publisher=Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327151821/http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html|archivedate=2013-03-27|accessdate=2008-05-02}}</ref> Mmiri ndị ọzọ na-asọba n'oké osimiri na-ekesa okpomọkụ n'etiti ala na mmiri n'ókè mpaghara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị ahịhịa na-emetụta ịmịkọrọ okpomọkụ anyanwụ, ijigide mmiri, na mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Gertjan|author=de Werk|url=http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W15_paper_DeWerk_Mulder.pdf|title=Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households|date=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527223539/http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W15_paper_DeWerk_Mulder.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-27|accessdate=2008-05-02}}</ref> Mgbanwe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpebi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike anyanwụ nke mbara ala ahụ nwere, na-eduga na okpomọkụ ụwa ma ọ bụ ịjụ oyi ụwa. Mgbanwe ndị na-ekpebi ihu igwe dị ọtụtụ na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya, mana enwere nkwekọrịta zuru oke na a na-aghọta usoro sara mbara, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo n'ókè ndị na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="Ledley1999">{{Cite journal|author=Ledley, T.S.|year=1999|title=Climate change and greenhouse gases|journal=[[Eos (journal)|EOS]]|volume=80|issue=39|doi=10.1029/99EO00325}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Köppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_(1980–2016)_no_borders.png|alt=Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude. The zones, going from the equator upward (and downward) are Tropical, Dry, Moderate, Continental and Polar. There are subzones within these zones.|thumb|Nchịkọta ihu igwe Köppen n'ụwa niile]] Nchịkọta ihu igwe bụ usoro na-ekewa ihu igwe ụwa. Nchịkọta ihu igwe nwere ike ijikọta ya na nhazi nke biome, dị ka ihu igwe bụ nnukwu mmetụta na ndụ na mpaghara. Otu n'ime ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ atụmatụ nhazi ihu igwe Köppen nke e mepụtara na afọ 1899.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beck|first=Hylke E.|date=30 October 2018|title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution|journal=Scientific Data|language=en|volume=5|pages=180214|doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214|issn=2052-4463|pmid=30375988}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ iji kewaa ihu igwe n'ime usoro ọchịchị yiri ya. Na mbụ, a kọwara ihu igwe na Gris oge ochie iji kọwaa ihu igwe dabere na latitude nke ebe. Enwere ike kewaa usoro nkewa nke ihu igwe nke oge a n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime usoro ''mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa'', nke na-elekwasị anya na ihe kpatara ihu igwe, na usoro nnwale, nke na'elekwasị anya n'ihe mmetụta nke ihu igwe. Ihe atụ nke nhazi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gụnyere usoro dabere na ọnụọgụ nke ụdị ikuku dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ebe dị iche iche n'ime nsogbu ihu igwe. Ihe atụ nke nkewa nke ahụmahụ gụnyere mpaghara ihu igwe akọwapụtara site na ike osisi, evapotranspiration, ma ọ bụ karịa n'ozuzu nkewa ihu igwe Köppen nke e mere na mbụ iji mata ihu igwe metụtara ụfọdụ biomes. Ihe na-adịghị mma nke atụmatụ nkewa ndị a bụ na ha na-emepụta ókèala dị iche iche n'etiti mpaghara ha na-akọwa, karịa mgbanwe nke ihu igwe nke a na-ahụkarị na okike. == Ihe ndekọ == === Paleoclimatology === Paleoclimatology bụ ọmụmụ nke ihu igwe gara aga n'ime nnukwu oge nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Àlà|ụwa]]. Ọ na-eji ihe akaebe nwere oge dị iche iche (site na iri afọ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ) site na ice, mgbanaka osisi, sediments, pollen, coral, na nkume iji chọpụta ọnọdụ ihu igwe gara aga. Ọ na-egosipụta oge nkwụsi ike na oge mgbanwe ma nwee ike igosi ma mgbanwe na-agbaso usoro dị ka okirikiri oge niile. === Nke oge A === A maara nkọwa nke ndekọ ihu igwe nke oge a site na ịlele ihe site na ngwaọrụ ihu igwe dị ka thermometers, barometers, na anemometers n'ime narị afọ ole na ole gara aga. Ngwá ọrụ ndị e ji amụ ihu igwe n'oge a, ugboro ole ha na-ahụ, njehie ha maara, gburugburu ha, na ikpughe ha agbanweela kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, nke a ga-atụle mgbe ị na-amụ ihu igwe nke narị afọ gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Spencer|author=Weart|url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate/20ctrend.htm|title=The Modern Temperature Trend|publisher=American Institute of Physics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100047/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/20ctrend.htm|archivedate=2020-09-22|accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ ihu igwe nke oge a na-adịte aka na-agbanwe na ebe ndị mmadụ bi na mba ndị bara ọgaranya. Kemgbe afọ 1960, mwepụta nke satellites na-enye ohere ịnakọta ihe ndekọ n'ụwa niile, gụnyere ebe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị, dị ka mpaghara Arctic na oké osimiri. == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ okwu iji kọwaa ọdịiche dị na ọnọdụ dị na njirimara ndị ọzọ nke ihu igwe (dị ka ohere ma ọ bụ ohere nke ihu igwe siri ike, wdg) "na mpaghara na oge niile karịa nke ihe omume ihu igwe ọ bụla. " [1] Ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe ahụ apụtaghị na ọ na-akpata usoro ma na-eme n'oge mberede. A na-akpọ mgbanwe dị otú ahụ ''mgbanwe mberede'' ma ọ bụ ''mkpọtụ''. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbanwe oge na-eme mgbe niile na n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ma ọ bụ usoro ihu igwe. Enwere njikọ chiri anya n'etiti mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ụwa na ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe (mgbanwe nke etiti, ọdịiche anyanwụ, ụzarị mbara igwe, nzaghachi albedo igwe ojii, okirikiri Milankovic), na ụzọ nkesa okpomọkụ n'etiti usoro ihu igwe nke oké osimiri. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mgbanwe nke oge a, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke paleoclimatological nwere ike ikpuchi nnukwu mgbawa ugwu, ihe omume mmetụta, ihe na-adịghị mma na data proxy ihu igwe, usoro nzaghachi dị mma ma ọ bụ nsị mmadụ nke ihe ndị dị ka gas na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name="Scafetta">{{Cite journal|author=Scafetta|first=Nicola|title=Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|date=May 15, 2010|volume=72|issue=13|pages=951–970|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015|url=http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/scafetta-JSTP2.pdf|accessdate=20 July 2011|authorlink=Nicola Scafetta}}</ref> Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, nkọwa nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na okwu metụtara ''mgbanwe ihu igwe'' agbanweela. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu mgbanwe ihu igwe ugbu a na-egosi mgbanwe nke bụ ma nke ogologo oge na nke mmadụ kpatara, na afọ 1960s a na-eji okwu mgbanwe ihu ọha mee ihe maka ihe anyị na-akọwa ugbu a dị ka ''mgbanwe ihu igwe'', ya bụ, enweghị nkwekọ ihu igwe na anomalies. == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi okpomọkụ ikuku n'elu ala site na 2011 ruo 2021 ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi 1956-1976 . Ebe e si nweta ya: NASA]] [[Usòrò:Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Okpomọkụ a hụrụ site na NASA megide nkezi 1850-1900 nke IPCC ji mee ihe dị ka ntọala tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref name="nasa temperatures">{{Cite web|title=Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change|url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/|publisher=NASA|accessdate=23 February 2020|archivedate=16 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416074510/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/}}.</ref> Isi ihe na-akpali mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'oge ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ ọrụ mmadụ, na ike okike na-agbakwunye mgbanwe.]] Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ọdịiche dị na ihu igwe ụwa ma ọ bụ mpaghara n'oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change {{!}} National Geographic Society|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change|accessdate=2022-06-28|work=education.nationalgeographic.org|archivedate=2022-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730092254/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change/}}</ref> Ọ na-egosipụta mgbanwe na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ nkezi ọnọdụ nke ikuku n'oge site na iri afọ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ibute site na usoro dị n'ime [[Àlà|ụwa]], ike ndị dị n'èzí (dị ka ọdịiche dị na ike nke ìhè anyanwụ) ma ọ bụ, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name="NYT-20151128-jg">{{Cite news|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html|date=28 November 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=29 November 2015}}</ref> N'iji ya eme ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, okwu ahụ bụ "mgbanwe ihu igwe" na-ezo aka naanị na mgbanwe na ihu igwe nke oge a, gụnyere ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ elu nke a maara dị ka okpomọkụ ụwa. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe na echiche nke ihe kpatara mmadụ, dị ka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UNFCCC na-eji "ọdịiche ihu igwe" maka ọdịiche ndị na-abụghị nke mmadụ kpatara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm|title=Glossary|work=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|accessdate=2008-05-22|date=2001-01-20|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126132100/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm|archivedate=2017-01-26}}</ref> Ụwa enweela mgbanwe ihu igwe oge n'oge gara aga, gụnyere oge ice anọ. Ndị a nwere oge glacial ebe ọnọdụ na-ajụ oyi karịa ka ọ dị, nke oge interglacial kewara. Nchịkọta nke snow na ice n'oge oge glacial na-eme ka albedo elu dịkwuo elu, na-egosipụta ike anyanwụ n'ime mbara igwe ma na-edebe okpomọkụ ikuku dị ala. Mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka site na ọrụ mgbawa ugwu, nwere ike ịbawanye okpomọkụ ụwa ma mepụta oge interglacial. Ihe ndị a tụrụ aro maka oge ice gụnyere ọnọdụ nke kọntinent, ọdịiche dị na usoro ụwa, mgbanwe na mmepụta anyanwụ, na mgbawa ugwu. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ndị a sitere n'okike na ihu igwe na-eme n'oge dị nwayọ karịa mgbanwe dị ugbu a nke sitere na ikuku nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọrụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joos|first=Fortunat|date=2008-02-05|title=Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2008-02-05_105_5/page/1425|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=5|pages=1425–1430|doi=10.1073/pnas.0707386105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18252830}}</ref> == Ihe nlereanya ihu igwe == Ụdị ihu igwe na-eji usoro ọnụọgụ iji gosipụta mmekọrịta na nnyefe nke ike radiative n'etiti ikuku, [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]], ala na ice site na usoro usoro physics. A na-eji ha eme ihe maka ebumnuche dịgasị iche iche; site na ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe nke ihu igwe na usoro ihu igwe, na atụmatụ nke ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu. Ụdị ihu igwe niile na-adaba, ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwado, ike na-abata dị ka obere ebili mmiri (gụnyere ihe a na-ahụ anya) radieshon electromagnetic na ụwa na ike na-apụta dị ka ogologo ebili mmiri, radieshon (infrared) electromagnetic sitere n'ụwa. Enweghị nkwekọ ọ bụla na-ebute mgbanwe na nkezi okpomọkụ nke ụwa. Ụdị ihu igwe dị na mkpebi dị iche iche site na >otu narị km ruo otu km. Mkpebi dị elu na ụdị ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe na-achọsi ike na naanị data ole na ole zuru ụwa ọnụ dị. Enwere ike iji usoro ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ mee ka ọ dị ike ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala na ụdị ihu igwe mpaghara iji nyochaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mpaghara mpaghara. Ihe atụ bụ ICON ma ọ bụ data dị ala dị ka CHELSA (Climatologies na mkpebi dị elu maka mpaghara ala nke ụwa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dipankar|first=A.|title=A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation|journal=Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems|date=2015|volume=7|doi=10.1002/2015MS000431}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karger|first=D.|title=Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas|journal=Scientific Data|year=2017|volume=4|issue=4 170122|doi=10.1038/sdata.2017.122|pmid=28872642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karger|first=D.N.|title=CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0.|journal=ISIMIP Repository|date=2021|doi=10.48364/ISIMIP.836809}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-ekwukarị banyere ụdị ndị a n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya bụ iji ha mee ihe iji chọpụta nsonaazụ nke mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku, ọkachasị carbon dioxide (lee gas na-eme ka okpomọkụ). Ụdị ndị a na-ebu amụma na ọ ga-arị elu na okpomọkụ ụwa, na-atụ anya mmụba kachasị ngwa ngwa na okpompe maka latitudes dị elu nke Northern Hemisphere. * Ụdị nnyefe okpomọkụ dị mfe nke na-emeso ụwa dị ka otu ebe ma na-eme ka ike na-apụta * nke a nwere ike ịgbasa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ (ụdị radiative-convective), ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị larịị * n'ikpeazụ, (nke jikọtara) ikuku ice nke ụwa na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche ma dozie usoro zuru ezu maka nnyefe oke na ike na mgbanwe radiant. == Hụkwa ==   == Ndemsibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Nnyocha nke ihu igwe na ụwa ndị ọzọ; Ịkọwapụta ikuku karịrị usoro anyanwụ anyị dị ugbu a n'ime anyị Kevin Heng July Tian August 2012 American Scientist * [http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0048-PDF/gto_0048_69887.pdf Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls nkewa ihu igwe. Nkọwa"] (''Geografisk Tidsskrift'', Band 48; 1946) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210729/http://www.climate.gov/ NOAA Climate Services Portal] * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/ Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke NOAA] * [https://climate.nasa.gov/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NASA na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na okpomọkụ ụwa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211110182307/https://www.climateprediction.net/ Ọrụ Nkọwa ihu igwe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119201227/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/climate.html Ndepụta ihu igwe na ozi ọnọdụ] Arctic * [http://www.climate-charts.com/index.html Ọnọdụ ihu igwe: Data na chaatị maka ebe ụwa na US] * IPCC Data Distribution Centre China Data na nduzi ihu igwe na ojiji. * HistoricalClimatology.com Ọnọdụ ihu igwe gara aga, ugbu a na ọdịnihu 2013. * [http://www.globalclimatemonitor.org Globalclimatemonitor] nwere ozi ihu igwe sitere na 1901. * Chart nke ihu igwe Webapplication iji mepụta [https://climatecharts.net/ chaatị ihu igwe] maka data na-adịbeghị anya na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. * [http://www.emdat.be/ Ebe nchekwa data nke ọdachi mba ụwa] * [http://www.cop21paris.org/ Nzukọ ihu igwe nke Paris] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5zm0af5z6f9tt4it73c22f5mfp96zt1 0 26719 697741 113331 2026-08-10T07:01:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697741 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kalanoro''' bụ cryptid humanoid, ndị e kwenyere na ha na-ebi ndụ dị ka mmụọ n'àgwàetiti nke [[Madagascar]]. Omenala na-ekwu na ha na-ebibu n'ụdị anụ ahụ n'ime ọhịa mmiri ozuzo mana mbibi ebe obibi ha na-eme ka ọdịdị anụ ahụ ha kwụsị.<ref name="descrip2">{{Cite book|author=Sodikoff|first=Genese Marie|title=Forest and Labor in Madagascar: From Colonial Concession to Global Biosphere|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|date=2012|pages=43|language=English|isbn=9780253003096}}</ref> A na-akọwa Kalanoro dị ka obere ihe yiri mmadụ nwere ntutu ya na ezé dị nkọ.<ref name="descrip2">{{Cite book|author=Sodikoff|first=Genese Marie|title=Forest and Labor in Madagascar: From Colonial Concession to Global Biosphere|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|date=2012|pages=43|language=English|isbn=9780253003096}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ụkwụ ha na aga azụ, nakwa ụkwụ chere ihu na azụ. Ma anya ha na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name="descrip2" /><ref name="descrip1">{{Cite journal|author=Holmes|first=George|title=Fantastic beasts and why to conserve them: animals, magic and biodiversity conservation|journal=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=231–239|date=April 2018|language=English|doi=10.1017/S003060531700059X}}</ref> Ntutu isi ha na mbọ áká ha dị ogologo adịghị ọcha. Na-ebi ndụ naanị ha, a na-akọ na ha na'eri anụ esighi esi, ma nwee "olu na-awu akpata oyi n'ahụ" nke na-atụ nkịta egwu <ref name="descrip3">{{Cite journal|author=Sharp|first=Lesley A.|title=Wayward Pastoral Ghosts and Regional Xenophobia in a Northern Madagascar Town|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_2001_71_1/page/38|journal=Africa|volume=71|issue=1|pages=38–81|date=2001|language=English|doi=10.2307/1161481|id=1161481}}</ref> Akụkọ banyere kalanoro dịgasị iche. Enwere ike ise ha dị ka mmụọ ọjọọ ga-ezu ụmụaka, gbuo ndị mmadụ, ma ọ bụ zuo ha ohi.<ref name="descrip1">{{Cite journal|author=Holmes|first=George|title=Fantastic beasts and why to conserve them: animals, magic and biodiversity conservation|journal=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=231–239|date=April 2018|language=English|doi=10.1017/S003060531700059X}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Kalanoro na ịṅụbigazi mmanya ókè . Otù ọ dị, a na-ahụkwa ha dị ka ndị ohu na-eguzosi ike n'íhé nye ndị enyi ha bụ mmadụ ma nwekwa ike nwé mmasị n'ebe ụmụ mmadụ nọ. Akụkọ Sakalava nwere ndị kalanoro na-atọrọ ụmụaka, mana ọ bụ naanị n'ihi mmeso omume ọjọọ nke ndị mụrụ ha. Ozugbo e mezuru ihe ndị kalanoro chọrọ, a kpọghachiri ụmụaka ahụ azụ. Cryptids bụ isiokwu nke otu ihe omume nke Destination Truth. == Kalanoro n'Okpukpere Chi na Omume Ọhụrụ == A na-ekwu na Kalanoro na'arụ ọrụ dị ka mmụọ na-ejere ndị dị ndụ ozi.<ref name="descrip2">{{Cite book|author=Sodikoff|first=Genese Marie|title=Forest and Labor in Madagascar: From Colonial Concession to Global Biosphere|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|date=2012|pages=43|language=English|isbn=9780253003096}}</ref> A na-akọ na ha n'ezu ohi ma na-eme ka ihe nwéré ike karịrị nke mmadụ nyé ndị enyi ha bụ mmadụ, ndị nwekwara ike ịdọrọ ha maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="descrip3">{{Cite journal|author=Sharp|first=Lesley A.|title=Wayward Pastoral Ghosts and Regional Xenophobia in a Northern Madagascar Town|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_2001_71_1/page/38|journal=Africa|volume=71|issue=1|pages=38–81|date=2001|language=English|doi=10.2307/1161481|id=1161481}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ chọrọ ịzụta ọrụ nke kalanoro, ha na-eleta ụlọ ọrụ "onye nwe ụlọ" n'ụzọ omenala n'abalị, ma naanị n'eso ha na-emekọrịta ihe site na mgbidi ma ọ bụ n'ọnụ ụzọ mechiri emechi.<ref name="descrip2" /> A na-ekwu na mgbe olu okwu mmadụ ghọrọ ụda imi ma dị elu, kalanoro si n'ime ha ekwu okwu.<ref name="descrip2" /> A na-ekwukwa na Kalanoro n'enye ndị mmadụ iwu mgbochi site na nrọ ha ma ọ bụ site n'ọhụụ ha.<ref name="descrip1">{{Cite journal|author=Holmes|first=George|title=Fantastic beasts and why to conserve them: animals, magic and biodiversity conservation|journal=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=231–239|date=April 2018|language=English|doi=10.1017/S003060531700059X}}</ref> A tụkwaala aro na ndị [[Vazimba]] bụ mmụọ nke kalanoro.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Graeber|first=David|title=Painful Memories|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=27|issue=4|pages=383|date=1997|language=English|doi=10.2307/1581909}}</ref> == Edemsibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Hụkwa == hspbufzo1jhc224oppoue8v75sabpvw 0 26925 697756 643876 2026-08-10T07:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Swazis_dancing_in_a_cultural_village_show_in_Eswatini,_2006.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ndị Swaziland na-agba egwú n'ihe ngosi ọdịnala obodo]] '''Njem nleta na''' '''[[Eswatini]]''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị njem nleta na-eleta Eswatini na-abịa site n'okporo ụzọ site na South Africa. Ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta nke Eswatini mepụtara n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa na nke a kpụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Eswatini emesiwo omenala ọdịnala ya ike dị ka ihe nkiri ndị njem == Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ == Nnakwere nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa na agha obodo na [[Mozambique]] nyere aka n'ịkpọ Eswatini arịrịọ dị ka ebe ọzọ ndị njem nleta na Southern Africa. Nke a dugara na uto na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta nke Eswatini site na 1960s ruo 1990s.<ref name="tmag">{{Cite news|author=Hall|first=James|title=Swazi tourism looks to the future|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2004-04-14-swazi-tourism-looks-to-the-future|accessdate=26 April 2011|work=Mail & Guardian|date=14 April 2004}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHall2004">Hall, James (14 April 2004). [http://mg.co.za/article/2004-04-14-swazi-tourism-looks-to-the-future "Swazi tourism looks to the future"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. Johannesburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, Eswatini dọtara ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa site na ịnakwere ụkpụrụ dị iche iche karịa South Africa. Ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta gara Eswatini n'oge ahụ iji kirie mmemme telivishọn ma ọ bụ ihe omume egwuregwu ha na-enweghị ike ile na South Africa.<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite journal|author=Harrison|first=David|title=Tradition, modernity and tourism in Swaziland|journal=Tourism and the Less Developed Countries|year=1992|pages=148–162|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19921896887.html;jsessionid=5391C4D90CD1EB3AF8F3380B812C6B9C}}</ref> N'oge apartheid na South Africa, Eswatini nyekwara iwu ịgba chaa chaa iji dọta ndị njem nleta ihe wetara ọganihu akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref name="Wachowiak2006">{{Cite book|author=Helmut Wachowiak|title=Tourism and borders: contemporary issues, policies, and international research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdLHAt9H8Q4C&pg=PA256|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-7546-4775-1}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Mlilwane.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ọdọ mmiri nwere enyí mmiri na Mlilwane Reserve]] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị njem nleta na-eleta Eswatini mụbara site na 89,015 na 1972 ruo 257,997 na 1989. Na 1988 njem nlegharị anya bụ 3% nke GDP nke Eswatini na karịa 4% nke ngụkọta mbupụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị usoro eze ọdịnala nke Eswatini dị ka ihe na-adọta ndị njem nlegharị anya, a na-ekwukwa na njem nlegharị anya na-eme ka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Eswatini. Ọ bụ ezie na mmụba nke njem nlegharị anya a na-ahụ na Eswatini ka e boro ebubo na ọ kpatara mmụba nke ịgba akwụna, ọ dịghị ihe àmà na-egosi na ịgba akwụna bụ ihe na-akpata uto nke ụlọ ọrụ njem nlegharị anya Eswatini. Mmụba nke njem nlegharị anya mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ịgba akwụna dị na Eswatini si na mpaghara ebe a na-egwuputa ihe gaa na họtel..<ref name="Harrison2">{{Cite journal|author=Harrison|first=David|title=Tourism and prostitution: sleeping with the enemy? : The case of Swaziland|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tourism-management_1994-12_15_6/page/435|journal=Tourism Management|year=1994|volume=15|issue=6|pages=435–443|doi=10.1016/0261-5177(94)90064-7}}</ref> == Mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị == Mgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa na njedebe nke agha obodo Mozambique mere ka ndị agbata obi ya bụrụ ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya na-adọrọ mmasị karị, uto nke ụlọ ọrụ njem na Eswatini belatara. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị njem nleta na-eleta Eswatini na-eme njem n'etiti Mozambique na South Africa. Ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta na-anọ naanị otu abalị na ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa na-eme njem ụbọchị na obodo ahụ.<ref name="tmag">{{Cite news|author=Hall|first=James|title=Swazi tourism looks to the future|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2004-04-14-swazi-tourism-looks-to-the-future|accessdate=26 April 2011|work=Mail & Guardian|date=14 April 2004}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHall2004">Hall, James (14 April 2004). [http://mg.co.za/article/2004-04-14-swazi-tourism-looks-to-the-future "Swazi tourism looks to the future"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. Johannesburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> N'ihi enweghị nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ndị nọ na Eswatini na-ele njem nlegharị anya anya dị ka isi mmalite maka uto akụ na ụba n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="60m">{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Tara|title=The king and I: King Mswati The Third|url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/stories/tarabrown/259455/the-king-and-i-king-mswati-the-third|accessdate=26 April 2011|work=60 Minutes|publisher=Nine Network|date=8 October 2006}}</ref> Kemgbe e guzobere ya na 2003, Eswatini Tourism Board mesiri ike eziokwu ahụ bụ na Eswatini bụ eze ikpeazụ na-achị n'okpuru Sahara. A na-ele emume ndị eze dị ka emume ndị Eze nke Incwala anya dị ka ebe ndị nwere ike ịbawanye njem nleta. Ha agbalịwokwa ịdọta ndị njem nleta na ogige egwuregwu nke Swaziland.<ref name="tmag" /> N'afọ 2006, Eswatini bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Lubombo Route tinyere South Africa na Mozambique. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere ndị njem nleta ohere ịgafe mba atọ ahụ na otu visa.<ref name="tio">{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Jani|title=SA signs tourism pact with Mozambique|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/sa-signs-tourism-pact-with-mozambique-1.276714|accessdate=25 April 2011|work=The Independent Online|date=7 May 2006}}</ref> == Ndị bịarutere site na obodo == == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 6zgh8o9lwtrf8fz7o5i8q4q8gtz6vo0 0 27376 697796 624442 2026-08-10T08:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697796 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Paracas_National_Reserve,_Ica,_Peru-3April2011.jpg|alt=Waves breaking on the shore|thumb|Ebili mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Paracas National Reserve, Ica, Peru]] Oké osimiri bụ nnukwu mmiri nnu. Enwere oke osimiri na oke osimiri. Oké osimiri na-ezokarị aka n'oké osimiri, bụ́ akụkụ buru ibu nke mmiri oké osimiri. Oke osimiri ndị pụrụ iche bụ oke oke osimiri, akụkụ nke abụọ nke oke osimiri (dịka Oke Osimiri Mediterenian), ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ buru ibu, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke enweghị oke (dịka Osimiri Caspian). Salinity nke mmiri dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche, na-adị ala n'akụkụ elu na ọnụ nke nnukwu osimiri na elu na omimi nke oké osimiri; Otú ọ dị, oke nha nke nnu gbazere na-adịgasị iche iche n'ofe oke osimiri. Ihe siri ike na-agbaze na mmiri oké osimiri bụ sodium chloride. Mmiri ahụ nwekwara nnu nke magnesium, calcium, potassium, na mercury, n'etiti ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ntakịrị ntakịrị. Oke osimiri na-eme ka ihu igwe dị n'ụwa nwee oke ma nwee ọrụ dị mkpa na okirikiri mmiri, carbon, na nitrogen. Elu mmiri na-emekọrịta ihe na ikuku, na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị ka irighiri ihe na okpomọkụ, yana mmiri iyi. Igwe mmiri dị n'elu bụ mmiri mmiri nke ikuku ikuku na-emepụta na ifufe ya na-efefe n'elu mmiri ahụ, na-emepụta ebili mmiri nke ifufe, na-esi na mmiri na-adọkpụ nwayọọ nwayọọ ma kwụsie ike, dị ka ọ dị n'oké osimiri na-akwagide miri emi. oke osimiri. Imiri mmiri dị omimi, nke a maara ọnụ dị ka eriri ebufe zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ebu mmiri oyi site n'akụkụ okporo osisi gaa n'oké osimiri ọ bụla ma na-emetụta ihu igwe ụwa nke ukwuu. Tides, ebili na ọdịda nke oke osimiri ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị, bụ ntughari ụwa na mmetụta ndọda nke ọnwa na, ruo n'ókè dị nta, nke anyanwụ. Tides nwere ike ịdị oke elu n'ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ala ọmajiji nke okpuru mmiri na-esite na mmegharị tectonic plate n'okpuru oke osimiri nwere ike iduga tsunamis na-emebi emebi, dị ka ugwu mgbawa, nnukwu ala, ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke nnukwu meteorites. Ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, gụnyere nje bacteria, protists, algae, osisi, fungi, na ụmụ anụmanụ, na-ebi n'oké osimiri, nke na-enye ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-adabere na ya site na ìhè anyanwụ na n'ikpere mmiri ruo nnukwu omimi na nrụgide. nke oyi na-atụ, ọchịchịrị abyssal mpaghara, na n'ebe ugwu site na mmiri oyi n'okpuru pola ice okpu ruo na mmiri ọkụ nke coral reefs na okpomọkụ na mpaghara. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị bụ́ isi dị iche iche sitere n'oké osimiri na ndụ nwere ike ịmalitela ebe ahụ. Oké osimiri abụwo ihe dị mkpa maka ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị niile.A na-edekọ ndị mmadụ ijikọ na ịmụ ihe n'oké osimiri site n'oge ochie, wee gosipụta nke ọma na prehistory, ebe ọmụmụ sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ a na-akpọ oceanography na mbara mmiri na-achịkwa iwu nke oke osimiri, yana iwu admiralty na-achịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na oke osimiri. Oke osimiri na-enye mmadụ nri dị ukwuu, ọkachasị azụ, kamakwa azụ azụ, anụ mamma na ahịhịa mmiri, ma ndị ọkụ azụ na-ejide ma ọ bụ na-akọ ugbo n'okpuru mmiri. Ihe ndị ọzọ mmadụ na-eji oké osimiri eme ihe gụnyere ịzụ ahịa, njem, mịpụta mineral, ike ọkụ, agha, na ihe omume ntụrụndụ dị ka igwu mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, na mmiri mmiri. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị a na-ebute mmetọ mmiri. [[Usòrò:BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe osise nke ụwa nke NASA mepụtara na 2001]] Nnyocha sayensị nke mmiri na okirikiri mmiri nke ụwa bụ hydrology; hydrodynamics na-amụ [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]] nke [[mmiri]] na-agagharị. Nnyocha kachasị ọhụrụ nke oké osimiri karịsịa bụ oceanography. Nke a malitere dị ka ọmụmụ nke ọdịdị nke mmiri nke oké osimiri mana kemgbe ahụ agbasawanye n'ime nnukwu ngalaba na ọtụtụ: ọ na-enyocha njirimara nke mmiri oké osimiri; ọ na-amụ ebili mmiri, ebili mmiri na ebili mmiri; chaatị ụsọ mmiri<ref>Lee, Sidney, ed. "[[wikisource:Rennell, James (DNB00)|Rennell, James]]" in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Vol. 48. Smith, Elder, & Co. (London), 1896. Hosted at [[wikisource:Main Page|Wikisource]].</ref> na map ala oké osimiri; ma na-amụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/1785367|title=The Seas: Our Knowledge of Life in the Sea and How It is Gained|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=73|issue=6|pages=571–572|year=1929|author=b.|first=R. N. R.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5839|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> A maara mpaghara na-ahụ maka mmegharị nke oké osimiri, ike ya, na ike na-arụ ọrụ na ya dị ka oceanography anụ ahụ. Marine Biology (biological oceanography) na-amụ banyere osisi, anụmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ bi na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ha abụọ na-agwa site na kemịkalụ oceanography, nke na-amụ omume nke ihe na molekụl n'ime oké osimiri: ọkachasị, n'oge a, ọrụ oké osimiri na okirikiri carbon na ọrụ carbon dioxide na mmụba nke mmiri mmiri mmiri. Ọdịdị ala mmiri na nke mmiri na-egosi ọdịdị na ọdịdị nke oké osimiri, ebe ọdịdị ala mmiri (ọdịdị ala nke oké osimiri) enyewo ihe akaebe nke ntụgharị kọntinent na [[Àlà|ihe]] mejupụtara na nhazi nke ụwa, mee ka usoro nke sedimentation doo anya, ma nyere aka na ọmụmụ nke mgbawa ugwu na ala ọma jijiji.<ref name="Jenkins" >Monkhouse, F.J. (1975) ''Principles of Physical Geography''. pp. 327–328. Hodder & Stoughton. {{ISBN|978-0-340-04944-0}}.</ref> Otu ihe e ji mara mmiri oké osimiri bụ na ọ na-atọ ụtọ. A na-atụkarị nnu n'akụkụ ọ bụla (‰ ma ọ bụ kwa mil), na oké osimiri mepere emepe nwere ihe dị ka gram 35 (1.2 oz) solids kwa lita, nnu nke 35 ‰. Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dịtụ elu na 38 ‰, ebe nnu nke ugwu Oké Osimiri Uhie nwere ike iru 41‰.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/686-ocean-salinity|title=Ocean salinity|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions|author=Anati|first=David A.|date=March 1999|journal=International Journal of Salt Lake Research|volume=8|pages=55–70|doi=10.1023/A:1009059827435}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ụfọdụ ọdọ mmiri hypersaline nwere nnu dị elu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere gram 300 (11 oz) dissolved solids kwa lita (300 ‰). {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+Major solutes in seawater (3.5% salinity)<ref name="Millero">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|title=The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale|url=https://archive.org/details/deep-sea-research-part-i_2008-01_55_1/page/50|doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers|volume=55|issue=1|pages=50–72|year=2008}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Solute ! scope="col" |Concentration (‰) ! scope="col" | % of total salts |- |Chloride |19.3 |55 |- |Sodium |10.8 |30.6 |- |Sulphate |2.7 |7.7 |- |Magnesium |1.3 |3.7 |- |Calcium |0.41 |1.2 |- |Potassium |0.40 |1.1 |- |Bicarbonate |0.10 |0.4 |- |Bromide |0.07 |0.2 |- |Carbonate |0.01 |0.05 |- |Strontium |0.01 |0.04 |- |Borate |0.01 |0.01 |- |Fluoride |0.001 |<0.01 |- |All other solutes |<0.001 |<0.01 |} Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụọgụ nnu dị n'oké osimiri na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide n'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, ihe dị iche iche na-emetụta nnu nke mmiri.<ref name="setalleyduauang" /> Mmiri na ihe na-esi na ice apụta (nke a maara dị ka "ọjụjụ brine") na-eme ka nnu dịkwuo elu, ebe [[mmiri ozuzo]], ice nke oké osimiri, na mmiri si n'ala na-ebelata ya.<ref name="setalleyduauang">{{Cite book|author=Talley|first=Lynne D|editor=MacCracken|chapter=Salinity Patterns in the Ocean|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2002|pages=629–630|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|isbn=978-0-471-97796-4}}</ref> Dị ka ihe atụ, Oké Osimiri Baltic nwere ọtụtụ osimiri na-asọba na ya, ya mere enwere ike iwere oké osimiri ahụ dị ka nnu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Feistel|first=R|title=Density and Absolute Salinity of the Baltic Sea 2006–2009|journal=Ocean Science|volume=6|year=2010|issue=1|pages=3–24|doi=10.5194/os-6-3-2010}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, [[Red Sea|Oké Osimiri Uhie]] nwere nnu nke ukwuu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke evaporation. Seawater with a typical salinity of 35&nbsp;‰ has a freezing point of about {{convert|-1.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} When its temperature becomes low enough, ice crystals form on the surface. These break into small pieces and coalesce into flat discs that form a thick suspension known as frazil. In calm conditions, this freezes into a thin flat sheet known as nilas, which thickens as new ice forms on its underside. In more turbulent seas, frazil crystals join into flat discs known as pancakes. These slide under each other and coalesce to form floes. In the process of freezing, salt water and air are trapped between the ice crystals. Nilas may have a salinity of 12–15&nbsp;‰, but by the time the sea ice is one year old, this falls to 4–6&nbsp;‰. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ìhè na-abanye n'oké osimiri na-adabere na angle nke anyanwụ, ọnọdụ ihu igwe na turbidity nke mmiri. A na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ìhè n'elu, na ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara na-abanye na mita ole na ole n'elu. Ìhè na-acha odo odo na nke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eru omimi karị, na ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nke na'acha odo odo nwere ike ịbanye n'ime 1,000 mita (3,300 ). Enweghị ìhè zuru oke maka photosynthesis na uto osisi karịa omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 200 (660 ).<ref name="Russell">{{Cite book|title=The Seas|author=Russell|first=F. S.|year=1928|publisher=Frederick Warne|pages=225–227}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif|alt=Diagram showing wave approaching shore|thumb|Mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ batara na mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ọ na-ebelata ma na-abawanye.]] [[Usòrò:Corrientes-oceanicas.gif|alt=Map showing surface currents|thumb|Mmiri na-agba n'elu: uhie na-acha ọkụ, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ]] [[Usòrò:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png|alt=Map showing the global conveyor belt|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-egosi belt conveyor zuru ụwa ọnụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọkụ na-acha ọbara ọbara]] == Ihe edeturu == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Oshimiri]] bot5uxpohqrwbdi4uygrvp4qfb5mh8n 0 27560 697879 641730 2026-08-10T10:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697879 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Sarah</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold"><span dir="rtl" class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 115%;">שָׂרָה</span></span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Usòrò:James_Jacques_Joseph_Tissot_-_Abram's_Counsel_to_Sarai_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">''Ndụmọdụ Abram maka Sarai'' (1896-1902) nke James Tissot dere</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Uri nke Ndị Kaldea</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">Hebron</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe olili ozu | class="infobox-data label" |Ọgba nke Ndị Nna Ukwu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |[[Abram|Abraham]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" |Aịzik |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne na Nna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Terah (nna) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị ikwu | class="infobox-data" |Haran (nwanne) Nahor (nwanne nwoke) Lot (nwa nwanne) Ishmael<br /><br /><br /><br /> (nwa nwoke)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] f,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Zeno|title=Lexikoneintrag zu »Sara (5)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 5. Augsburg 1882, ...|url=http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Sara+(5)|accessdate=2021-10-24|work=www.zeno.org|language=de}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sara|url=https://deon.pl/imiona-swietych/sara,8279|accessdate=2022-01-01|work=DEON.pl|language=pl}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lutheran - Religious calendar 2021 - Calendar.sk|url=https://calendar.zoznam.sk/church_nameday-polut.php|accessdate=2021-10-24|work=calendar.zoznam.sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Праведная Са́рра, жена ветхозаветного патриарха Авраа́ма|url=https://azbyka.ru/days/sv-sarra|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=azbyka.ru|language=ru}}</ref>Sarah[lower-alpha 1] (amuru Sarai)[lower-alpha 2] bụ onye nnata Akwụkwọ Nsọ, onye amụma nwanyị na onye isi n'okpukpe Abraham. Ọ bụ ezie na okpukpe Abraham dị iche iche na-egosi ya n'ụzọ dị iche, okpukpe ndị Juu, [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], na [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] nile na-egosipụta àgwà ya n'otu aka ahụ, dị ka nke nwanyị na-asọpụrụ Chineke, nke a ma ama maka ile ọbịa na ịma mma ya, nwunye na nne nne [1] Abraham, na nne nke Abraham. Isaac. Sarah nwere ụbọchị oriri ya na 1 Septemba na Ụka ​​Katọlik, [2] Ọgọst 19 na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic, [3] Jenụwarị 20 na LCMS, [4] na 12 na 20 Disemba na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ [5]. [[Usòrò:Sarah_Abraham.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Sera na Abraham]] .Dị ka Akwụkwọ Jenesis 20:12 si kwuo, mgbe Ebreham na eze ndị Filistia bụ́ Abimelek nke Gera na-akparịta ụka, o gosiri Sera ịbụ ma nwunye ya na nwanne nne ya, na-ekwu na ha abụọ nwere nna ma ha abụghị nne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+20%3A12&version=NKJV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 20:12|work=New King James Version|publisher=Bible Gateway|accessdate=2019-08-28}}</ref> E mechara machibido njikọ ndị dị otú ahụ iwu n'ụzọ doro anya n'Akwụkwọ Levitikọs (Levitikọs 18:9). Nke a ga-eme ka Sera bụrụ nwa nwanyị nke Tera na nwanne nwanyị ọ bụghị naanị Abraham kamakwa Haran na Nahor. Ọ ga-abụkwa nwanne nne nke Lọt, Milka, Iska, na Bethuel, site na ọbara na alụmdi na nwunye. Site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Abraham, ọ mụrụ otu nwa, Isaac.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2747610/jewish/Ishmael-Abrahams-Other-Son.htm|title=Ishmael: Abraham's Other Son|publisher=Chabad|accessdate=2019-08-28}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Abraham lụrụ Keturah, onye ndị ọkà mmụta Bible na-arụrịta ụka banyere onye ọ bụ (ya bụ, ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ Hagar n'ezie ma ọ bụ ghara), ma site na ya nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ isii ọzọ. A na-akpọ ya '''Sarai''' na .N’akụkọ ọgbụgba ndụ nke iberibe iri na asaa na Jenesis 17, nke Jehova kwere Abram nkwa na ya na Seraị ga-amụ nwa nwoke, a kpọgharịrị Abram aha ka Abraham na Seraị gbanwekwara aha ya ka Sera. E nwere etymologies ọdịnala na-akọwa aha ochie na nke ọhụrụ ha: <ref name="NewJerome" /> [[Usòrò:Tissot_Sarai_Is_Taken_to_Pharaoh's_Palace.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|James Tissot kpọgara Sarai n'obí Fero.]] E nwere oke ụnwụ nri n'ala Kenan, ya mere Abram na Lot na ezinụlọ ha gara n'ebe ndịda [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt]]. N'oge ọ na-aga Ijipt, Abram nyere Sarai iwu ka ọ mata onwe ya naanị dị ka nwanne ya nwanyị, na-atụ egwu na ndị Ijipt ga-egbu ya iji were nwunye ya, na-asị,   Mgbe a kpọtara ya n'ihu Fero, Sarai kwuru na Abram bụ nwanne ya nwoke, eze wee kpọga ya n'obí ya ma nye Abram ọtụtụ onyinye na akara dị iche. Otú ọ dị, Chineke wetara ezinụlọ Fero nnukwu ihe otiti. Fero wee ghọta na Sarai bụ nwunye Abram ma chọọ ka ha hapụ Ijipt ozugbo. [[Usòrò:Abraham_renvoyant_Agar.jpg|thumb|''Ịchụpụ Hagar'', Etching. Na Paris na Fr. Fanet, Editeur, Rue des Saints Pères n° 10. 18th century. A na-ahụ Sarah n'aka ekpe, na-ele anya.]] ==== Aịzik ==== Na Jenesis 17 mgbe Abram dị afọ iri itoolu na itoolu, Chineke kwupụtara aha ọhụrụ ya: "Ibrahim" - "nna nke ọtụtụ mba", ma nye ya ọgbụgba ndụ nke ibi úgwù. Chineke nyere Sarai aha ọhụrụ "Sarah", ma gọzie ya. E mesiri Abraham obi ike na Sera ga-amụta nwa nwoke. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe [[Abram|nke]] ahụ gasịrị, ndị ikom atọ letara Abraham na Sarah. Otu n'ime ndị ọbịa ahụ gwara Abraham na mgbe ọ laghachiri n'afọ na-esote, Sarah ga-amụ nwa nwoke. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọikwuu, Sarah nụrụ ihe a gwara, ọ chịrị onwe ya ọchị banyere atụmanya nke ịmụ nwa n'afọ ha. Onye nleta ahụ jụrụ Abraham ihe mere Sera ji chịa ọchị n'echiche nke ịmụ nwa, n'ihi na afọ ya abụghị ihe ọ bụla nye Chineke. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Sera tụụrụ ime ma mụọ Abraham nwa nwoke, n'otu oge ahụ a gwara ya. Nna ochie ahụ, onye dị otu narị afọ n'oge ahụ, kpọrọ nwa ahụ "Isaac" (Hibru yitschaq, "ọchị") ma biri ya úgwù mgbe ọ dị ụbọchị asatọ. Maka Sarah, echiche nke ịmụ nwa na ilekọta nwa, n'oge agadi, wetakwara ya ọchị dị ukwuu, dịka o kwuru, "Chineke mere ka m chịa ọchị, [nke mere na] ihe niile a na-anụ ga-achị m ọchị". Abraham mere nnukwu oriri n'ụbọchị a ga-enye Aịzik ara. Ọ bụ n'oge oriri a ka Sarah mere Ishmael dị afọ iri na ụma n'oge ahụ na-akwa Aịzik emo ma nwee nsogbu nke ukwuu nke na ọ rịọrọ ka a chụpụ ya na Hagar. Abraham nwere nsogbu na mbụ maka nke a mana ọ kwụsịrị mgbe Chineke gwara ya ka o mee ihe nwunye ya rịọrọ. [[Usòrò:Sara-filia_Aran.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Sarah, dị ka egosiri na ''Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum'' nke Guillaume Rouillé]] N'isi ụtụtụ echi ya, Abimeleke gwara ndị na-ejere ya ozi nrọ ya wee gakwuru Abraham na-ajụ ihe mere o ji mee ka alaeze ya nwee nnukwu obi amamikpe. Abraham zaghachiri na o chere na egwu ọ bụla maka Chineke n'ebe ahụ, nakwa na ha nwere ike igbu ya maka nwunye ya. Mgbe ahụ Abraham gbachitere ihe o kwuru dị ka ụgha ma ọlị: "Ma n'ezie ọ bụ nwanne m nwanyị; ''ọ bụ'' nwa nwanyị nna m, mana ọ bụghị nwa nwanyị nne m; ọ ghọkwara nwunye m. " Abimeleke weghachiri Sera n'aka Ebreham, ma nye ya onyinye atụrụ, ehi, na ndị na-ejere ya ozi; ma kpọọ ya ka ọ biri ebe ọ bụla ọ masịrị ya n'ala Abimelek. Ọzọkwa, Abimeleke nyere Abraham otu puku mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha iji bụrụ ihe nkwado Saraya tupu ihe niile. Abraham wee kpee ekpere maka Abimeleke na ezinụlọ ya, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke emeela ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịmụ nwa n'ihi na ha kpọọrọ Sera. ==== Ọnwụ ==== Sera nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 127, Abraham zụkwara ala nwere ọgba dị nso na Hebron site n'aka Ephron onye Het ebe e liri ya, nke bụ ala mbụ nke ndị Izrel nwere na Kenan dị ka akụkọ Bible si kwuo. A maara ebe ahụ dị ka ọgba nke ndị nna ochie: 26<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Abraham as Paradigm in the Priestly History in Genesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_summer-2009_128_2/page/225|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|date=2009|volume=128|issue=2|pages=225–41|doi=10.2307/25610180}}</ref><ref name="NewJerome">{{Cite book|author=Clifford|first=Richard J|editor=Brown|title=The New Jerome Biblical Commentary|date=1990|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|isbn=0-13614934-0|chapter=2: Genesis}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCliffordMurphy1990">Clifford, Richard J; Murphy, Roland E. (1990). "2: Genesis". In Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland E. (eds.). ''The New Jerome Biblical Commentary''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-13614934-0|<bdi>0-13614934-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref>  === Ebe e zoro aka na Bible Hibru mgbe e mesịrị === A kpọtụrụ Sera aha n'akụkụ Abraham na Aịsaịa 51:2: : Lee Abraham nna gị, na Sera nke mụrụ gị. "N'ihi na e dere na Abraham nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, otu site n'aka nwanyị ohu na nke ọzọ site n'afọ nwanyị nweere onwe ya. A mụrụ nwa ya nwoke site n'aka nwanyị ohu ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị; mana a mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị ahụ nwere onwe ya n'ihi nkwa. Enwere ike iwere ihe ndị a n'ụzọ ihe atụ, n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya ọgbụgba ndụ abụọ. Otu ọgbụgba ndụ sitere n'Ugwu Saịnaị ma mụọ ụmụ ga-abụ ndị ohu: Nke a bụ Hagar. Ugbu a Hagar na-anọchite anya Ugwu Saịnaị ma kwekọọ n'obodo Jerusalem dị ugbu a, n'ihi na ya na ụmụ ya nọ n'ohu. Mana Jerusalem nke dị n'elu nweere onwe ya, ọ bụkwa nne anyị...Ugbu a unu, ụmụnna, dị ka Aịzik, bụ ụmụ nkwa...Ya mere, ụmụnne, anyị abụghị ụmụ nke nwanyị ohu, kama nke nwanyị nweere onwe ya. "<ref>Galatians 4:22-26, 28, 31, NIV</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na mbido na n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie dị ka William Foxwell Albright na ndị ọkà mmụta Bible dị ka Albrecht Alt kwenyere na ndị nna ochie na ndị nna ukwu bụ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ n'ezie ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a pụrụ ikwere ekwere nke ndị biri na "oge nna ochie", puku afọ nke abụọ BCE. Mana, n'afọ ndị 1970, arụmụka ọhụrụ gbasara ihe gara aga nke [[Israel]] na ederede Bible mara echiche ndị a aka; enwere ike ịchọta arụmụka ndị a na Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974), na John Van Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition (1975). Thompson, onye ọkà mmụta edemede, dabeere na arụmụka ya na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na ederede oge ochie. Akwụkwọ edemede ya hiwere isi na enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike na ndị nna ochie biri na puku afọ nke abụọ BCE, ma kwuo otú ụfọdụ ederede Bible si gosipụta ọnọdụ na nchegbu nke puku afọ mbụ. Van Seters nyochara akụkọ ndị nna ochie ma kwuo na aha ha, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ozi na-atụ aro na ha bụ ihe okike Iron Age.: 18-19 Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie ahapụla olileanya iweghachite ihe ọ bụla ga-eme ka ndị nna ochie na ndị nne ochie bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.: 98 na fn.2<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Megan Bishop|title=Biblical History and Israel's Past|year=2011|publisher=Eerdmans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=Thompson+%22Van+Seters%22&pg=PA19|isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pardee|first=Dennis|title=Review of The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1977-07_36_3/page/222|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|date=1977|volume=36|issue=3|pages=222–224|doi=10.1086/372571}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Dever|first=William G.|authorlink=William G. Dever|title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&q=%22respectable+archaeologists%22&pg=PA98|year=2002|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3}}</ref>  Mgbe a kpọtara Fero, Sera kwuru na Abram bụ nwanne ya nwoke, eze wee nye Fero ọtụtụ onyinye na akara dị iche iche.<ref name="Yashar">[[Sefer haYashar (midrash)|Sefer haYashar]] (Book of Jasher), section "Lek Leka".</ref> Dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ịhụnanya ya maka Sarai, eze nyere ya ihe onwunwe ya niile, ma nye ya ala Goshen dị ka ihe nketa ya: n'ihi nke a, ndị Izrel mechara biri n'ala ahụ.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] 36</ref> Sarai kpere ekpere ka Chineke napụta ya n'aka eze, O wee zipụ mmụọ ozi, onye kụrụ Fero mgbe ọ bụla ọ nwara imetụ ya aka. Fero tụrụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu na o ji obiọma gwa Sarai okwu, onye kwupụtara na ọ bụ nwunye Abraham. Eze ahụ kwụsịrị ịkpasu ya iwe.<ref name="Yashar" /> Dị ka nsụgharị ọzọ si kwuo, Fero nọgidere na-akpasu ya iwe mgbe ọ gwara ya na ọ bụ nwanyị lụrụ di; mgbe ahụ, mmụọ ozi ahụ kụrụ ya ihe nke ukwuu nke na ọ dara ọrịa, si otú a gbochie ya ịga n'ihu na-enye ya nsogbu.<ref>[[Genesis Rabbah]] 41:2</ref> Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, ọ bụ mgbe Fero hụrụ ọrụ ebube ndị a rụrụ n'aha Sarai ka o nyere ya nwa ya nwanyị Hagar dị ka ohu, na-asị: "Ọ ka mma ka nwa m nwanyị bụrụ ohu n'ụlọ nwanyị dị otú ahụ karịa nne n'ụlọ ọzọ". Abimeleke mekwara otu ihe ahụ.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 45:2</ref> Na Jenesis 17:15, Chineke gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Sera (nwa eze nwanyị) ("nwanyi nọ n'ọkwá dị elu") dị ka akụkụ nke ọgbụgba ndụ ya na El Shaddai mgbe Hagar mụrụ Abram nwa mbụ ya Ishmael. === N'Ime Ndị Alakụba ===   [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] == N'omenala a ma ama == [[File:Sarah_-_20_Uchaf_Emynau_Cymru_-_The_Top_20_Best.ogg|thumb|'Sarah' bụkwa aha otu n'ime ukwe ndị a ma ama na Wales. Nke a bụ oghere mmeghe ole na ole mbụ, nke Pontarddulais Male Voice Choir bụrụ.]] E gosipụtara Sarah n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọ bụkwa onye isi na Sarah nke Orson Scott Card na usoro Women of Genesis, Sarai: A Novel nke Jill Eileen Smith, na Sarah: A Noval nke Marek Halter, na Song of ''Sarai'' nke Zannah Martin. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Ndị Kraịst nke Francine Rivers dere, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, nke a na-akpọ "Angel" n'oge akụkọ ahụ, bụ onye amị. Na ngwụcha akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ kpughere na aha ọmụmụ ya bụ "Sarah" nye di ya, onye na-ewere mkpughe ahụ dị ka nkwa sitere n'aka Chineke na ha ga-enwe ike ịmụ ụmụ otu ụbọchị. ''Sarah'' bụkwa ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'otu n'ime ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị Lynne Reid Banks chịkọtara na Sarah and After. Na ihe nkiri ''Abraham'' nke afọ 1994, Barbara Hershey gosipụtara Sarah. {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Sarah (Biblical figure)}} * [http://www.chabad.org/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/765186/jewish/The-Three-Faces-of-Sarah.htm Rubenstein, Nechama "Ebe Atọ nke Sarah", Chabad.org] {{Prophets of the Tanakh}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t08zg52q0o4h8w7n4bkc1ywnt4yuaz7 0 27581 697961 579984 2026-08-10T11:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dame Catherine Lilian "'''Cathy'''" '''Warwick''' DBE bụ onye Scotland na-amụ nwa, onye isi otu ọrụ, na onye na-ahụ maka ikike ite ime. Ọ bụ Chief Executive nke Royal College of Midwives site na 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20230613092402/https://www.rcm.org.uk/media-releases/2017/january/rcm-chief-executive-announces-retirement/ ruo 2017], ọ bụkwa Onye isi oche nke Trustees nke BPAS, otu n'imerime na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ gị Ihe ndị sitere ná nkebi nke ụwa n'ime ndị isi na-enye ọrụ ite ime na UK. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta nọọsụ na Mahadum Edinburgh n'afọ 1975, wee gụchaa otu afọ ojuju site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ igbu onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na kpo n'ụlọ ọgwụ Queen Charlotte n'afọ 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCM Staff Biographies|url=https://www.rcm.org.uk/content/rcm-staff-biographies|work=Royal College of Midwives|accessdate=27 August 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105110/https://www.rcm.org.uk/content/rcm-staff-biographies}}</ref> Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Honorary nke Midwifery na King's College London School of Midwiferay. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] maka ọrụ ahụike na 2006 Birthday Honours ma bulie ya ka ọ gaa [[Order of the British Empire|DBE]] na 2018 New Year Honours. Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke isii na ndepụta nke ndị isi ụlọ ọgwụ nke Health Service Journal na 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=HSJ Clinical Leaders 2015|url=http://www.hsj.co.uk/leadership/top-leaders/clinical-leaders/hsj-clinical-leaders-2015/5087348.article#.Vd9s_JZIgYA|accessdate=27 August 2015|publisher=Health Service Journal|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, ọ duziri ọgbaghara mbụ nke ndị na-amụ nwa na United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Midwives to strike for first time in history in row over pay|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/10/13/midwives-to-strike-for-first-time-in-history-in-row-over-pay-4903481/|accessdate=27 August 2015|publisher=Metro News|date=13 October 2014}}</ref> Warwick bụkwa onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke kwadoro nkwenye na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị inwe ike ime nhọrọ nke ha n'agbanyeghị ihe nhọrọ ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Alison|date=9 November 2011|title=There Will Be Terrible Casualties|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nursing-standard-2014_november-9-15-2011_26_10/page/24|journal=Nursing Standard|volume=26|issue=10|pages=24–25|doi=10.7748/ns.26.10.24.s29|pmid=22206169}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Warwick, Cathy}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2hkfpe01j5e90fbmivpdeu8sovgs2ye 0 27603 697940 195682 2026-08-10T11:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697940 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Afrịka]]''' abụwo mpaghara ụwa dị mkpa maka azụmahịa na itinye ego na '''[[Japan]]'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://khoaqth.ufl.udn.vn/img/uploads/quoctehoc/sachmoi/Japan-Africa%20Relations.pdf|title=Japan-Africa Relations|author=T. Lumumba-Kasongo|date=26 April 2010|isbn=9780230108486|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sato|first=Makoto|title=La diplomatie japonaise de l'aide et l'Afrique|language=fr|journal=Afrique Contemporaine|date=2004|volume=212|issue=4|pages=13–31|doi=10.3917/afco.212.0013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2016-09-16/japans-pivot-africa|title=Japan's Pivot to Africa|first=J. Berkshire|author=Miller|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=Foreignaffairs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00576/jumping-to-conclusions-reassessing-japan’s-approach-to-african-relations.html|title=Jumping to Conclusions: Reassessing Japan's Approach to African Relations|date=31 August 2018|work=Nippon.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/japan-strategic-push-into-Africa/2560-4314068-sky638z/index.html|title=How Japan is deepening its soft power in Africa|work=The East African|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> Japan nwere ụfọdụ ahụmahụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa na obere mmasị na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mpaghara ahụ, ma e wezụga maka mmepe nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Japanese-African Relations: Problems and Prospects|url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1965-07_5_7/page/333|journal=Asian Survey|volume=5|issue=7|pages=333–340|author=Soukup|first=James R.|year=1965|doi=10.2307/2642292}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Japan gbalịrị ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya na United States ma na-eguzobe ma ọ bụ na-akwado mmekọrịta dị mma na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị Kọmunist nke Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Alam|first=Mohammed Badrul|date=2011|title=Destination Africa: China, India and Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340885|journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal|volume=6|issue=2|pages=187–201|issn=0973-3248}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlamGupta2011">Alam, Mohammed Badrul; Gupta, Amit Kumar (2011). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340885 "Destination Africa: China, India and Japan"]. ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal''. '''6''' (2): 187–201. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara) |ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0973-3248|0973-3248]].</cite></ref> == Azụmaahịa == N'afọ 1990, Afrịka nwere ihe karịrị 1% nke ihe ndị Japan na-ebubata na ihe karịrị 1% ya na-ebupụ. Onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu nke Japan na Africa na 1990 bụ South Africa, nke mejupụtara 30% nke ihe Japan na-ebupụ na Africa na 50% nke ihe Japan si na mpaghara ahụ. N'ihi mmachibido iwu azụmahịa nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na mba ndị ọzọ tinyere na South Africa, Japan pụtara dị ka onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu na South Africa n'oge afọ 1980. Ọnọdụ a gosipụtara ihere na Japan ma mee ka ọ belata mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mba ahụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na South Africa nọgidere bụrụ onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu nke Japan na mpaghara ahụ, ma mbupụ na mbubata na 1988 ejirila ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ belata site na ọnụ ahịa ha na 1980. Site na njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọrịta mba ụwa nke South Africa na 1994 ọrụ pụrụ iche nke Japan kwụsịrị. Site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 21 ruo tupu Great Recession, ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa na Africa malitere site na ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 8 ruo n'ókè dị ka ijere US $ 34; Otú ọ dị, site na 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ a belatara ruo ihe dị ka US $ 18 ijeri.<ref name=":0"/> Site na 2015, e mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa ahịa ahịa Japan na Africa dị ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 24.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=BERI|first=RUCHITA|date=2018|title=The Asia–Africa Growth Corridor: TOWARDS INDO–JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN AFRICA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48520070|journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues|volume=22|issue=2|pages=120–129|issn=0971-8052}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBERI2018">BERI, RUCHITA (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48520070 "The Asia–Africa Growth Corridor: TOWARDS INDO–JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN AFRICA"]. ''World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues''. '''22''' (2): 120–129. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara) |ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0971-8052|0971-8052]].</cite></ref> == Ntinye ego == N'afọ 1989, Japan mere nnukwu mmụba n'enyemaka nye Africa site na ọkwa nke mmemme enyemaka US $ 600 nde maka afọ atọ sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2013|title=The evolution of Japan-Africa relations through TICAD|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/30/national/the-evolution-of-japan-africa-relations-through-ticad/|accessdate=4 March 2019|publisher=Japan Times Online}}</ref> Ntinye ego site na afọ 2000 gaa n'ihu bụ isi na South Africa na ọtụtụ n'ihe gbasara ike na mmepụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan's Revived Africa Relations - FTI Consulting|url=https://www.fticonsulting-asia.com/insights/articles/japans-revived-africa-relations|accessdate=4 March 2019|work=Fticonsulting-asia.com|archivedate=24 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924091707/https://www.fticonsulting-asia.com/insights/articles/japans-revived-africa-relations}}</ref> Ntinye ego ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo, ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ dị mma, iwu na idebe akụrụngwa, na njikwa ahụike.<ref name=":1"/> == Hụkwa ==   * Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Tokyo maka Mmepe Africa == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ihe odide == This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Ọmụmụ Mba..{{Foreign relations of Japan}} ayuceqsarcrxnb9s4axjwim7vadgn5q 0 27723 697569 126506 2026-08-10T02:53:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkịta obodo Africa''' bụ nkịta ndị a na-ahụ n'Africa bụ ndị sitere na ọdọ mmiri nna nna nke nkịta obodo.<ref name="ScienceDaily">{{Cite web|title=African Village Dogs Are Genetically Much More Diverse Than Modern Breeds|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090804165210.htm|work=ScienceDaily|accessdate=6 May 2013|date=6 August 2009}}</ref> Nkịta obodo Afrịka ghọrọ ezigbo enyi nke ndị mmadụ n'Afrịka, malite na North Africa ma gbasaa n'ebe ndịda.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Simpson|first=Professor MA|title=Dogs do come from Africa|url=http://www.health24.com/Columnists/Dogs-do-come-from-Africa-20130210|work=health24|publisher=24.com|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=8 January 2013}}</ref> == Nkịta si n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa banye Africa == Nkịta kachasị ochie a chọtara n'Africa dị afọ 5,900 tupu ugbu a (YBP) ma chọta ya na Merimde Beni-Salame Neolithic site na Delta Naịl, Ijipt. Ihe ndị ọzọ kacha ochie bụ 5,500 YBP ma chọta ya na Esh Shareinab na Naịl na Sudan. Nke a na-egosi na nkịta ahụ si Eshia bịa n'otu oge ahụ dị ka atụrụ na ewu. Lee peeji nke 620 Nkịta ahụ wee gbasaa n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda Afrịka n'akụkụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, na ihe ndị a chọtara na ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala nke dị na 925-1,055 YBP na Ntusi na Uganda, nke dị na 950-1,000 YBP na Kalomo na Zambia, wee gaa n'akụkụ ebe ndịda Osimiri Limpopo na ndịda Afríku.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wendorf|first=Fred|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885402023|title=Holocene settlement of the Egyptian Sahara. Volume 1, The archaeology of Nabta Playa|date=2001|others=Romuald Schild|isbn=978-1-4615-0653-9|location=New York|oclc=885402023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Clutton|first=Juliet|title=The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=James Serpell|year=2016|edition=2|chapter=1-Origins of the dog:The archaeological evidence|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=FY6aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|isbn=978-1-107-02414-4}}</ref> == Ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa == N'afọ 2009, nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nkịta obodo Afrịka chọpụtara na ndị a dị iche na nkịta ndị na-abụghị nke obodo na nke ngwakọta. Nkịta obodo nke Africa bụ ụdị nkịta ndị batara n'Africa n'oge, na nkịta ndị na-abụghị nke obodo. Ndị Basenji na nkịta ndị obodo, mana Fero Hound na Rhodesian Ridgeback bụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Adam|author=Boyko|date=2009-08-18|title=Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-08-18_106_33/page/13903|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.0902129106|pmid=19666600|volume=106|issue=33|pages=13903–13908}}</ref> == Mgbanwe dị iche iche == E nwere ụdị nkịta obodo dị iche iche nke Africa: * '''Avuvi''': nkịta obodo a na-akpọ pariah si [[Ghana]]<ref>[http://west-african-dogs.blogspot.com/search/label/Avuvis Avuvis]. West African Dogs, Blogspot.com. Searched Feb 25th, 2019.</ref> * Baganda Dog: nnukwu '''nkịta''' na-achụ nta dị ka Lurcher si Uganda, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Baganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Morris|first=Desmond|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49515650|title=Dogs : the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds|date=2002|publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub|isbn=1-57076-219-8|location=North Pomfret, Vt.|oclc=49515650}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMorris2002">Morris, Desmond (2002). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49515650 ''Dogs : the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds'']. North Pomfret, Vt.: Trafalgar Square Pub. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/1-57076-219-8|<bdi>1-57076-219-8</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara) |OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49515650 49515650].</cite></ref> * Bagirmi Dog: nnukwu '''nkịta''' nwere agba piebald, aha ya bụ Baguirmi Department of [[Chad]].<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta Cameroon''': nkịta na-achụ nta si West Africa, nke dị n'etiti na ụdị mbụ, nwere ntị kwụ ọtọ, ụkwụ ogologo na uwe mkpụmkpụ, na-enwekarị agba, aha ya bụ [[Kameroon|Cameroon]].<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka''': nkịta na-achụ nta si [[Kenya]], buru ibu.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Hahoawu''': nkịta na-ele anya "dị ọcha" nke dị n'etiti (11 ruo 14 kilogram) si [[Togo]], nke nwere anya dị anya na uwe elu ma ọ bụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, nke dabara nke ọma na ndụ obodo, nke akpọrọ aha osimiri Haho.<ref>Kärmer, Eva-Maria. ''Der grosse Kosmos Hundeführer'', p. 114. Kosmos, Stuttgart: 2009.</ref> * '''Nkịta Liberia''' (a.k.a. Terrier [[Liberia|Liberian]]): nkịta yiri '''terrier''' si West Africa, obere ma na-acha ọbara ọbara, aha ya bụ Liberia.<ref name=":0" /> * Madagascar Hunting Dog: '''nkịta na-achụ nta''' si [[Madagascar]].<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta Manboutou''': ụdị dị n'ógbè nke Nyam nke agbụrụ Mangbetu nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na-elekọta.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nyam''' (a.k.a. Zande Dog): obere '''nkịta''' na-achụ nta si Central Africa nwere ntị kwụ ọtọ, ọdụ na-egbuke egbuke na uwe mkpụmkpụ nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ yiri ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na Basenji, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Zande.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Simaku''': a ratter si South Africa, nke a na-ejikwa maka ihicha ogige (site na ihichapụ ihe mkpofu), mepụtara site na ịgafe nkịta ndị a jụrụ ajụ na terriers.<ref name=":0" /> * Sudan Greyhound: nkịta na-achụ nta hare nke na-adịghịzi adị site na [[Sudan]].<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta''' Mouse nke West Africa: obere (36 cm) Doberman Pinscher-dị ka ratter, nke nwere uwe mkpụmkpụ, nke dị nro ma na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta Zulu''': obere nkịta na-eche nche na nke na-achụ nta nke nwere ọnụ square na uwe elu, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Zulu.<ref name=":0" /> Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ arụmụka ma ụdị ndị a na-esonụ bụkwa ma ọ bụ nke "nkịta obodo Afrịka". [citation needed] * '''Nkịta na-enweghị ntutu nke Africa''': nkịta na-adịghịzi adị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Morris|first=Desmond|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49515650|title=Dogs : the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds|date=2002|publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub|isbn=1-57076-219-8|location=North Pomfret, Vt.|oclc=49515650}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lane|first=Charles Henry|title=All About Dogs: A Book For Doggy People|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|year=1900|isbn=978-1165937967|language=en}}</ref> * '''Bisharin Greyhound''': nkịta na-achụ nta hare si Sudan, nke nwere ntị kwụ ọtọ na ọdụ na-agba agba, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Bishari.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Dinka Greyhound''': nkịta ịchụ nta nke yiri Greyhound sitere na Sudan, nke ụdị siri ike karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ nke Sudan, nke nwere uwe mkpụmkpụ, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Dinka.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Nkịta na-enweghị ntutu nke Ijipt''': nkịta na-adịghịzi adị, onye ikwu ya ma ọ bụ ma eleghị anya ọbụna otu ụdị ahụ dị ka nkịta na'enweghị ntutu n'Afrịka, nke dị obere (41 cms), nwere ntị na-ada ada.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Shilluk Greyhound''' (a.k.a. Shilluk Dog): '''nkịta''' na-achụ nta antelope nwere ahụ siri ike na ntị kwụ ọtọ (nke a pịrị apị), na-enwekarị ụcha ọbara ọbara na ihe nkpuchi ojii, nke akpọrọ aha agbụrụ Shilluk.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Zanzibar Greyhound''' (aka. Zanzibar Dog): nnukwu nkịta na-achụ nta (68 cms) sitere na Zanzibar, nwere ntị kwụ ọtọ, ahụ siri ike na agba na-acha ọbara ọbara, nke e kwenyere na ọ ga-etolite site na ịgafe Salukis na '''nkịta''' ndị a jụrụ ajụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Portal nkịta * Ndị Afrịka * Basenji * Nkịta na-agba ọsọ n'efu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}}{{Domestic dog}} 2ewxmobnbahk387cxuve1tzqt6a6goh 0 27848 697436 320070 2026-08-09T17:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697436 wikitext text/x-wiki The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), nke dị na Mahadum Redeemer, Ede, Nigeria, bụ njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike nke West Africa na-arụkọ ọrụ maka nyocha na ọzụzụ. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == E hiwere ACEGID na 2014, na ego mbụ maka mmemme ahụ sitere na World Bank.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ACEGID – ACE – African Higher Education Centres of Excellence|url=https://ace.aau.org/ace-1-centers/acegid/|accessdate=2022-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ije ozi dị ka ebe kachasị mma maka nyocha na ọzụzụ na genomics, na-elekwasị anya na ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Africa's Scientific Solutions and Innovation in the Fight Against COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2021/07/14/africa-s-scientific-solutions-and-innovation-in-the-fight-against-covid-19|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Prọfesọ Christian Happi bụ onye nduzi na onye isi nchọpụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ == Ndị otu ahụ na Naịjirịa gụnyere Mahadum Redeemer, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Irrua Specialist, Irrua [[Ȯra Edo|Edo State]], Federal Medical Center, Owo, General Hospital Ikorodu, Lagos na Alex Ekueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Ndị otu mpaghara gụnyere Kenema Government Hospital, [[Sierra Leone]] na Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar (Senegal).<ref name=":0"/>   Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nke mba, mpaghara na ụwa gụnyere Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Africa Center for Diseasa Control na World Health Organization, Mahadum Harvard, Broad Institute of Harvard na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology, Mahadim Tulane, The Scripps Institute, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Mahadamị Nebraska Medical Center na Mahadum Cambridge.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Africa CDC ramps up training on SARS-CoV-2 genomics and bioinformatics|url=https://africacdc.org/news-item/africa-cdc-ramps-up-training-on-sars-cov-2-genomics-and-bioinformatics/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Africa CDC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=ACEGID + Broad Institute {{!}} The Audacious Project|url=https://audaciousproject.org//grantees/acegid-broad-institute|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=audaciousproject.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Scientific coalition developing surveillance system for detecting emerging pandemics in real-time|url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/scientific-coalition-developing-surveillance-system-detecting-emerging-pandemics-real-time|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Broad Institute|language=en}}</ref> Ndị mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe gụnyere Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, Illumina, Dimagi, Zalgen LLC, Fathom Inc, Microsoft na Access Bank PLC, Lagos, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dimagi-Supported Project Announced As Part of 2020 Audacious Project :: Dimagi Blog|url=https://www.dimagi.com/blog/sentinel-audacious-project-2020/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Dimagi|language=en-us}}</ref> == Mmụta == ACEGID's Master of Science na Doctor of Philosophy degrees programs in Molecular Biology and Genomics na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ aka na Mahadum Redeemer's Department of Biological Sciences. Ihe omume ndị a bụ nke AQAS kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=The Chronicle of Education {{!}} WB Rewards 10 Nigerian ACEs for Success in International Accreditation|url=https://thechronicleofeducation.net/2019/10/29/wb-rewards-10-nigerian-aces-for-success-in-international-accreditation/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=The Chronicle of Education|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214151048/https://thechronicleofeducation.net/2019/10/29/wb-rewards-10-nigerian-aces-for-success-in-international-accreditation/}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Nnyocha ACEGID na-elekwasị anya n'iji ngwá ọrụ na usoro dị elu nke genomics maka nyocha ọrịa na-efe efe, ịme nlekota, ịzụlite nchọpụta, ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, yana inye ozi dị mkpa site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze maka ime iwu dabere na ihe akaebe.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)|url=https://www.ace.edu.ng/ace/centre/acegid/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=ACE|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617143042/https://www.ace.edu.ng/ace/centre/acegid/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ndị mmekọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta nchọpụta ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2016-02-07|title=Redeemer's Varsity develops 10mins Lassa fever test-kit|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/redeemers-varsity-develops-10mins-lassa-fever-test-kit/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ nyocha nke ACEGID gụnyere: * Nkọwapụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nlekota nke egwu nje na Africa<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Genomic Characterization and Surveillance of Microbial Threats in West Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/genomic-characterization-and-surveillance-of-microbial-threats-in-west-africa/|accessdate=2022-02-09|work=H3Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * Africa Higher Education Centers of Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)<ref name=":4"/> * Sentinel - usoro mgbochi na nzaghachi maka ọrịa na-efe efe<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Botti-Lodovico|first=Yolanda|date=August 2021|title=The Origins and Future of Sentinel: An Early-Warning System for Pandemic Preemption and Response|journal=Viruses|language=en|volume=13|issue=8|pages=1605|doi=10.3390/v13081605}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Research in the time of a pandemic: SENTINEL- A proactive, early warning system to pre-empt future pandemics {{!}} For Researchers {{!}} Springer Nature|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/the-source/blog/blogposts-communicating-research/research-in-the-time-of-a-pandemic-sentinel-pandemics-preemption/18201894|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=www.springernature.com}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> * Ịlụso Mmegide Antimicrobial ọgụ n'Africa site na iji Data Science ([https://camra.acegid.org/ CAMRA])<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=RePORT ⟩ RePORTER|url=https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10316285|accessdate=2022-02-09|work=reporter.nih.gov}}</ref> == Nkwado == Na mgbakwunye na ego nke World Bank nke e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ACEGID enwetala ego nyocha site n'aka òtù dị iche iche gụnyere United States National Institutes of Health, Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3 Africa), Wellcome Trust, na United Kingdom Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, ELMA Philanthropies, Skoll Foundation, yana Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University (ACEGID)|url=https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/elma/investments/acegid|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=ELMA Philanthropies|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214151033/https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/elma/investments/acegid}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Skoll {{!}} A Pandemic Surveillance System for the Planet|url=https://skoll.org/2020/10/22/a-pandemic-surveillance-system-for-the-planet/|accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ihe nrite == Ihe ACEGID rụzuru gụnyere: * Nnyocha nke ọrịa [[Nje ọrịa Ebola|Ebola]] mbụ na Naijiria na Sierra Leone<ref name=":7"/> * Ngwá ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke nkeji iri maka Lassa fever<ref name=":5"/> * Nnyocha banyere mmalite na evolushọn nke Lassa fever<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Kristian G.|date=2015-08-13|title=Clinical Sequencing Uncovers Origins and Evolution of Lassa Virus|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=162|issue=4|pages=738–750|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.020|pmid=26276630|issn=0092-8674}}</ref> * Usoro nke mbụ SARS-CoV-2 genome na Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-06|title=First African SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from Nigerian COVID-19 case|url=https://virological.org/t/first-african-sars-cov-2-genome-sequence-from-nigerian-covid-19-case/421|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Virological|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria na first for Africa to do 'sequence genome' of coronavirus, see wetin e mean|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51799434|accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref> * Mepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 na mmekorita ya na ndị mmekọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - HARDtalk, Christian Happi: Can Africa become a world leader in vaccine development?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1n5x|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> * A chọtara nje virus nke ọrịa ọbara ọbara nke mbụ na Sub-Saharan Africa<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Happi|first=Anise N.|date=2021-07-01|title=Microbial metagenomic approach uncovers the first rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome in Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=13689|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91961-2|pmid=34210997|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ACEGID enwetala ọtụtụ nkwado mba na nke mba ụwa. * Nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo nke 2021 Nigeria Academy of Science.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=ACEGID wins Nigeria Academy of Science gold medal|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/acegid-wins-nigeria-academy-of-science-gold-medal/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021 Al-Sumait Prize for African Development<ref>{{Cite web|title=KUNA : Al-Sumait Prize for African Development announces list of winners - Science & Technology - 08/03/2022|url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3028846&language=en|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref> * O meriri Sterling Bank Most Outstanding Genomic Laboratory na Nigeria Award 2022 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} po27eirdf1xe9zh0xzrp46riwf48nhi 0 27885 697565 191350 2026-08-10T02:47:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg|thumb|Mgbanwe Ọktoba]] Mgbanwe nke Ọktoba sochiri ma tinye isi na Mgbanwe nke [[Febrụwarị|February]] na mbụ n'afọ ahụ, bụ nke kwaturu ọchịchị ọchịchị Tsarist, na-ebute ọchịchị na-emesapụ aka. Gọọmenti nwa oge ewegharala ọchịchị mgbe Grand Duke Michael kpọsara ya, nwanne Tsar Nicholas nke Abụọ, onye jụrụ iweghara ọchịchị mgbe Tsar kwụsịrị. N'oge a, ndị ọrụ obodo malitere ịhazi n'ime kansụl (soviets) ebe ndị na-eme mgbanwe katọrọ ọchịchị nwa oge na omume ya. Gọọmenti nwa oge nọgidere bụrụ nke a na-adịghị amasị ya, karịsịa n'ihi na ọ na-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ma jiri aka ígwè chịa n'oge okpomọkụ (gụnyere igbu ọtụtụ narị ndị ngagharị iwe n'ụbọchị Julaị). == Okwu mmalite == N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-eme na Nọvemba nke kalenda Gregorian, a na-akpọkarị ihe omume ahụ "October Revolution" (Октябрьская революция) n'ihi na n'oge ahụ Russia ka na-eji kalenda Julian. A na-akpọ ihe omume ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ "November Revolution", mgbe Soviet Union mezigharịrị kalenda ya. [1] Iji zere mgbagwoju anya, e nyere ma O.S. na N.S. ụbọchị maka ihe omume.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Revolution – Causes, Timeline & Definition|url=https://www.history.com/topics/russia/russian-revolution|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=www.history.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Revolution {{!}} Definition, Causes, Summary, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ lee Old Style na New Style dates. Na mbụ, a na-akpọ ihe omume ahụ "October Coup" (Октябрьский переворот) ma ọ bụ "Uprising of the 3rd," dị ka a hụrụ na akwụkwọ ndị dị n'oge ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mbipụta mbụ nke ọrụ Lenin zuru ezu). === Mgbanwe nke February === Mgbanwe nke February kwaturu Tsar Nicholas II nke Russia ma jiri Gọọmenti Ogologo oge nke Russia dochie ọchịchị ya. Otú ọ dị, ọchịchị nwa oge adịghị ike ma nwee esemokwu n'ime ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebu Agha Ụwa Mbụ, bụ́ nke na-aghọwanye ndị na-ewu ewu. E nwere nsogbu n'obodo nile nke metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụ̀ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọgba aghara na ụlọ ọrụ na ụgbọ njem abawanyela, ihe isi ike n'inweta ihe oriri abawanyela. Mkpokọta mmepụta ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1917 ji ihe karịrị 36% belata n'ihe ọ dịbu na 1914. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ihe ruru 50% nke ụlọ ọrụ niile dị na Urals, Donbas, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ mechiri, na-eduga n'enweghị ọrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọnụ ahịa nke ibi ndụ mụbara nke ukwuu. Ezigbo ụgwọ ọnwa dara n'ihe dị ka pasent 50 nke ihe ha nọburu na 1913. Ka ọ na-erule n'October 1917, ụgwọ mba Rọshịa ji rịgoro ruo ijeri ruble 50. N'ime nke a, ụgwọ ndị gọọmenti mba ọzọ nwere ihe karịrị ijeri 11 rubles. Mba ahụ chere ihe iyi egwu nke ndakpọ ego ihu. === Ọgba aghara nke ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ndị agha === Na Septemba na Ọktọba 1917, ndị ọrụ Moscow na Petrograd, ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ala na Donbas, ndị ọrụ ígwè na Ural, ndị ọrụ mmanụ na Baku, ndị ọrụ akwa na Central Industrial Region, na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè 44. N'ọnwa ndị a naanị, ihe karịrị otu nde ndị ọrụ sonyere n'ọgbaghara. Ndị ọrụ guzobere ikike maka mmepụta na nkesa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mandel|first=David|title=The Petrograd workers and the Soviet seizure of power : from the July days, 1917 to July 1918|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=1984|isbn=978-0-312-60395-3|oclc=9682585}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ haziri ọgbaghara ndị a site na kọmitii ụlọ ọrụ. Kọmitii ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọchitere anya ndị ọrụ ma nwee ike ịmekọrịta ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma, ịkwụ ụgwọ, na awa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ebe ọrụ nwere ike ịbawanye na ogo, ogo ndụ maka ndị ọrụ anaghị emeziwanye. A ka nwere ụkọ nri na ụgwọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ nwetara emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji nye ezinụlọ ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Russian Revolution 1905–1917|author=Steinberg|first=Mark|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-922762-4|location=New York|pages=143–146}}</ref> === Ngagharị iwe megide agha === N'akwụkwọ ozi nke 1 Mee, minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ, Pavel Milyukov, kwupụtara ọchịchọ Gọọmentị Provisional ịga n'ihu na agha megide Central Powers "ruo ngwụcha mmeri", na-akpali iwe dị ukwuu. Na 1-4 Mee, ihe dị ka 100,000 ndị ọrụ na ndị agha nke Petrograd, na, mgbe ha gasịrị, ndị ọrụ na Ndị agha nke obodo ndị ọzọ, ndị Bolshevik du, mere ngagharị iwe n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ na-agụ "N'okpuru agha!" na "Nke niile nye ndị Soviet!" Nnukwu ngagharị iwe ahụ kpatara nsogbu maka Gọọmentị Provisional. 1 Julaị hụrụ ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ, dịka ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ na ndị agha 500,000 na Petrograd gosipụtara, ọzọ na-achọ "ike niile na ndị Soviet," "n'okpuru agha," na "n'ala na ndị minista iri nke isi obodo. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|isbn=9780307788573}}</ref> Gọọmentị Provisional meghere mwakpo megide Central Powers na 1 Julaị, nke dara n'oge na-adịghị anya. Akụkọ banyere ọdịda nke mwakpo ahụ mere ka ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ na ndị agha sie ike. Nsogbu ọhụrụ na Gọọmentị Provisional malitere na 15 Julaị. Oge mmegide sochiri. Na 5-6 Julaị, e mere mwakpo na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ nke Pravda na n'obí eze nke Kshesinskaya, ebe Kọmitii Central na Kọmitii Petrograd nke Bolsheviks dị. Na 7 Julaị, gọọmentị nyere iwu ka ejide ma kpee Vladimir Lenin ikpe, onye a manyere ịga n'okpuru ala, dịka o mere n'okpuru ọchịchị Tsarist. E jidere ndị Bolshevik, e wepụrụ ndị ọrụ, ma gbasaa ndị agha na-eme mgbanwe na Petrograd ma ọ bụ zigara ha n'ihu agha. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị, Gọọmentị Provisional bipụtara iwu na-ewebata ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ n'ihu. E guzobere gọọmentị nke abụọ na 24 Julaị, nke Alexander Kerensky bụ onye isi oche ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Michael C. Hickey|title=Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words: Fighting Words|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag_HVLRSukkC&pg=PA559|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313385247}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Soviet nke October Revolution jikọtara ya na mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme Soviet. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ntụgharị Soviet mbụ nke Mgbanwe ahụ bụ ndị Bolshevik na-eme mgbanwe.<ref name="Kotkin 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Kotkin|first=Stephen|title=1991 and the Russian Revolution: Sources, Conceptual Categories, Analytical Frameworks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1998-06_70_2/page/384|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=70|issue=2|year=1998|issn=0022-2801|doi=10.1086/235073|pages=384–425}}</ref> Mgbe akụkọ mgbanwe mbụ gasịrị, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Soviet rụrụ ọrụ n'ime "ụkpụrụ nduzi dị mkpirikpi" nke gọọmentị Soviet kọwapụtara. Nkwụsi ike nke nkọwa nwere ike iru n'ókè ya n'okpuru Stalin. A na-eji okwu "Red October" (Красный Октябрь, ''Krasnyy'' Oktyabr) eme ihe iji gosipụta Mgbanwe Ọktoba. "Red October" e nyere ụlọ ọrụ ígwè nke Agha Stalingrad mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na-atọ ụtọ na Moscow nke a maara nke ọma na Russia, na ụgbọ mmiri Soviet na-emeghị eme na akwụkwọ akụkọ Tom Clancy nke 1984 The Hunt for Red October na ihe nkiri 1990 nke otu aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ivanov|first=Mikhail|title=Survival Russian|publisher=Russian Life Books|location=Montpelier, VT|year=2007|isbn=978-1-880100-56-1|oclc=191856309}}</ref>{{Notelist}} == Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == {{Reflist}}{{Refbegin|40em}} *{{Cite book|author=Acton|first=Edward|title=Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution|year=1997}} *{{Cite book|author=Ascher|first=Abraham|title=The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide|publisher=Oneworld Publications|year=2014}} *{{Cite book|author=Beckett|first=Ian F. W.|title=The Great war|year=2007|publisher=Longman|edition=2|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYbKgcAW88C}} *{{Cite book|author=Bone|first=Ann (trans.)|title=The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) August 1917–February 1918|year=1974|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=0-902818546}} *{{Cite book|author=Bunyan|first=James|year=1934|title=The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials|location=Palo Alto|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|oclc=253483096}} *{{Cite book|author=Chamberlin|first=William Henry|title=The Russian Revolution|year=1935}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172837/page/n11/mode/2up online vol 1]; also [https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00cham/page/n5/mode/2up online vol 2] *{{Cite book|author=Figes|first=Orlando|title=A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924|publisher=Pimlico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6LzAgAAQBAJ|year=1996|isbn=9780805091311}} [https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige online free to borrow] *{{Cite book|author=Guerman|first=Mikhail|title=Art of the October Revolution|year=1979}} *{{Cite book|author=Kollontai|first=Alexandra|authorlink=Alexandra Kollontai|year=1971|chapter=The Years of Revolution|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm#a100|title=The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman|location=New York|publisher=[[Verlag Herder|Herder and Herder]]|oclc=577690073}} *{{Cite book|author=Krupskaya|first=Nadezhda|year=1930|chapter=The October Days|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/rol26.htm|title=Reminiscences of Lenin|location=Moscow|publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]]|oclc=847091253}} *{{Cite book|author=Luxemburg|first=Rosa|authorlink=Rosa Luxemburg|others=Translated by [[Bertram Wolfe]]|year=1940|origyear=1918|title=The Russian Revolution|location=New York City|publisher=Workers Age|oclc=579589928}} *{{Cite book|author=Mandel|first=David|title=The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet seizure of power|url=https://archive.org/details/petrogradworkers00mand|year=1984|location=London|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=9780312603953}} *{{Cite book|author=Pipes|first=Richard|title=Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdqtQgAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-679-77646-8}} *{{Cite book|author=Rabinowitch|first=Alexander|title=The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzRiDJnTTG4C|year=2004|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745322681}} *{{Cite book|author=Radek|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Radek|editor=Bukharin|year=1995|origyear=First published 1922 as "Wege der Russischen Revolution"|chapter=The Paths of the Russian Revolution|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/radek/1922/paths/index.html|title=In Defence of the Russian Revolution: A Selection of Bolshevik Writings, 1917–1923|location=London|publisher=Porcupine Press|pages=35–75|isbn=1899438017|oclc=33294798}} *{{Cite book|author=Read|first=Christopher|title=From Tsars to Soviets|year=1996}} *{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=John|year=1997|origyear=1919|title=[[Ten Days that Shook the World]]|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press}} *{{Cite book|author=Serge|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Serge|year=1972|origyear=1930|title=Year One of the Russian Revolution|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin Press]]|oclc=15612072}} *{{Cite book|author=Service|first=Robert|title=A history of twentieth-century Russia|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0-674-40347-9|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftwentie00serv}} *{{Cite book|editor=Shukman|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution|year=1998|quote=articles by over 40 specialists}} *{{Cite book|author=Swain|first=Geoffrey|title=Trotsky and the Russian Revolution|publisher=Routledge|year=2014}} *{{Cite book|author=Trotsky|first=Leon|year=1930|chapter=XXVI: From July to October|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch26.htm|title=My Life|location=London|publisher=Thornton Butterworth|oclc=181719733}} *{{Cite book|author=Trotsky|first=Leon|others=Translated by [[Max Eastman]]|year=1932|title=The History of the Russian Revolution|location=London|publisher=[[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]]|oclc=605191028}} * Wade, Rex A. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917." ''Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography'' 9.1 (2016): 9–38. {{doi|10.1163/22102388-00900003}} {{Refend}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28++Russian+Revolution%29&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22&sort=-date akwụkwọ n'efu banyere Russian Revolution] * Gụọ, Christopher: Revolutions (Russian Empire), na: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918] online. [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html International Encyclopedia nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ]. * Peeling, Siobhan: July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire), na: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918] online. [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html International Encyclopedia nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ]. * [http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/revolution/index.htm Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie nke Mgbanwe Ọktoba] * [http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/medvedev4 Ka akụkọ ihe mere eme kpee] mgbanwe nke Russia, nkọwa nke Roy Medvedev, Project Syndicate, 2007 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429023539/http://www.ilhs.tuc.gr/en/October%20Revolution%20and%20Logic%20of%20History.pdf Mgbanwe Ọktoba na Echiche nke Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150316061544/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19171201/ Map nke Europe] E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Russia E debere yango na n'oge October Revolution na omniatlas.com * Otu ndị isi otu Bolshevik si kpochapụ ndị ọrụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na kansụl ndị a ma ama - soviets - ma guzobe ọchịchị aka ike. {{Soviet Union topics}} j44zk9fvoyv26tzaxcqgt1kgqp4bf3g 0 27893 697576 139807 2026-08-10T03:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 9 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mmalite ndụ ya == A mụrụ Rakotosamimanana na Andasibe dị na Moramanga District na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1938.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://univantananarivopaleontologie.wordpress.com/rakotosamimanana-berthe/|title=RAKOTOSAMIMANANA Berthe|date=2015-06-20|work=Université d'Antananarivo|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-02-15}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Paris VII, ngalaba Sayensị, inweta nzere na Animal Biology and anthropology.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'afọ 1967 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Nkega Geology na Mahadum Madagascar.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ [[Philibert Rakotosamimanana]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Professeur Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|url=https://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20%282006%29.pdf|journal=Lemur News|volume=11}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Ọrụ Rakotosamimanana na Ngalaba Geology, site na nke mbụ gụnyere nlekọta na ịkụzi akụkụ ndị a na-eme n'aka nke isiokwu ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Professeur Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|url=https://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20%282006%29.pdf|journal=Lemur News|volume=11}}</ref> Mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Ọkàmmụta Henri Rakotoarivelo, guzobere ọrụ paleontology nke mbụ na mahadum ahụ n'afọ 1974.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1977, e nyere ya ''nzere'' dọkịnta site na Mahadum Paris VII, nke akpọrọ "La diversité anthropologique des isolats des hautes terres de l'Imerina (Madagascar). Confrontation du biologique et du social".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sudoc.fr/042120098|title=Diversité anthropobiologique des isolats des Hautes-Terres (Imerina, Madagascar) : confrontations du biologique et du social : études comparatives / Berthe Rakotosamimanana née Rasoamialinivo - Sudoc|work=www.sudoc.fr|accessdate=2020-02-16}}</ref> Nnyocha a nyochara ụdị ndị mmadụ dị iche iche na agbụrụ ha dị iche iche na ụdị mmekọrịta ha na Imerina Highlands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://univantananarivopaleontologie.wordpress.com/rakotosamimanana-berthe/|title=RAKOTOSAMIMANANA Berthe|date=2015-06-20|work=Université d'Antananarivo|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-02-15}}</ref> N'afọ 1993, ọrụ paleontology ghọrọ Ngalaba zuru oke, karịsịa n'ihi atụmatụ ya, ọ bụkwa onye isi ya site n'afọ1995 ruo 1998<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://univantananarivopaleontologie.wordpress.com/rakotosamimanana-berthe/|title=RAKOTOSAMIMANANA Berthe|date=2015-06-20|work=Université d'Antananarivo|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-02-15}}</ref> O mepụtara ngalaba atọ ọhụrụ ọzọ: Physical Anthropology, Nutritional Anthropology, Primatology and Evolutionary Biology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Professeur Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|url=https://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20%282006%29.pdf|journal=Lemur News|volume=11}}</ref> Ọ rụsiri ọrụ ike na ngalaba ahụ ruo 2003 mgbe olekọtara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị chọrọ ịbụ dọkịnta ruokwa mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Rakotosamimanana bụ onye otu ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọkachamara, gụnyere "Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primate de Madagascar" (GERP).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Professeur Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|url=https://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20%282006%29.pdf|journal=Lemur News|volume=11}}</ref> Òtù ndị ọzọ ọ sonyekwara gụnyere: Malagasy Academy, ndị ọrụ "Ranomafana National Park", IUCN / SSC Primate Survival Commission, ndị òtù nchịkọta akụkọ nke "International Journal of Primatology" na "Lemur News", Society of Human Biometrics, Society of Anthropology of Paris na International Association of Anthropologists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://univantananarivopaleontologie.wordpress.com/rakotosamimanana-berthe/|title=RAKOTOSAMIMANANA Berthe|date=2015-06-20|work=Université d'Antananarivo|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-02-15}}</ref> Mgbe nsogbu ego na Madagascar mere na àgbàtà 1980 na 1989 gasịrị, Rakotosamimanana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-esepụta ụlọ owuwu gara ije ka ụlọ ọrụ ehiwere inyere ndị mmadụ aka nke ndi mba ọzọ kwalite mmemme, nke ga-aba uru n'ezie maka mmepe nke mba ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/e/421/files/2015/01/Jolly-and-Sussman-2007.pdf|title=Lemurs. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospect.|publisher=Springer|year=2007|location=Boston, MA|chapter=Notes on the History of Ecological Studies of Malagasy Lemurs}}</ref> Dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ọgbakọ nke iri na asaa nke International Primatological Society, Rakotosamimanana rụgidere gọọmentị ka ha kwenye inye mahadum mba ahụ nnukwu ego iji kwadebe maka nzukọ 1998, nke emere na Antananarivo.<ref name=":2" /> Site n'afọ 1977 ruo afọ 1983 ọ bụ onye isi na ngalaba nnyocha sayensị na Ministrị n'ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ and Nnyocha sayensị nke Madagascar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Professeur Berthe RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|url=https://www.dpz.eu/fileadmin/content/Bibliothek/Downloads/Lemur_News/Lemur%20News%2011%20%282006%29.pdf|journal=Lemur News|volume=11}}</ref> Site na 1986 ruo n'afọ 1992 ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ n'otu Ministri ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye rụsiri ọrụ ike n'ịmepụta atụmatụ National Environmental Action Plan nke Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hannah|first=Lee|date=1998|title=Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and landscape conservation in Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-conservation_1998-03_25_1/page/30|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=30–36|doi=10.1017/S0376892998000071|issn=1469-4387}}</ref> == Ihe Eji Echeta ya == [[Usòrò:Madame_Berthe's_Mouse_Lemur.jpg|thumb|''Microcebus berthae'': Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur]] Nnyocha Rakotosamimanana lekwasịrị anya na fossil na subfossil ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Beolens, Bo.|title=The eponym dictionary of mammals|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|others=Watkins, Michael, 1940-, Grayson, Michael.|isbn=978-0-8018-9533-3|location=Baltimore|pages=41|oclc=593239356}}</ref> === Ụdị ihe dị iche iche akpọkwasịrị aha Rakotosamimanana === ==== ''Microcebus berthae'' ==== N'oge ndụ Rakotosamimanana, a gụrụ ụdị òké lemur a kọwara ọhụrụ aha ya: Madame Berthe's mouse lemur. Ndị dere nkọwa mbụ ahụ kwanyere ùgwù otuto nye nhazi nnyocha ogologo oge nke ha na German Primate Centre mere na Kirindy-Mitea National Park, bụ ebe obibi nke lemur ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rasolooarison|first=Rodin M.|date=2000|title=Taxonomic Revision of Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus) in the Western Portions of Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_2000-12_21_6/page/963|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=963–1019|doi=10.1023/A:1005511129475}}</ref> ''Microcebus berthae'' bụ anụ ya na mmadụ nọ n'ótù agbụrụ nke kacha nta n'ụwa, nke achọpụtara n'afọ 1992 n'oké ọhịa Menabe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smallest primate|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/70419-smallest-primate-smallest-nocturnal-primate|accessdate=2020-02-16|work=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== ''Coua berthae'' ==== N'afọ 1993, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kpọrọ ụdị anụmaanụ n'emepụta ihe eji eme akwa (silk) n'adịkwaghị n'ụwa ugbua, a na-akpọbu ''(Coua berthae'' maọbụ Madame Berthe's Coua), n'aha Rakotosamimanana.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brown, Leslie, 1917-1980.|title=The birds of Africa|date=1982|publisher=Academic Press|others=Urban, Emil K., Newman, Kenneth, 1924-2006.|isbn=0-12-137301-0|location=London|pages=45|oclc=8982298}}</ref><ref>Steven M. Goodman and Florent Ravoavy: ''Identification of bird subfossils from cave surface deposits at Anjohibe, Madagascar, with a description of a new giant Coua (Cuculidae: Couinae)'' . In: ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 1993, Volume 106, No. 1, pp. 24-33, [https://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofb1061993biol#page/24/mode/1up digitized]</ref> === Nkọwa ndị mbụ === Rakotosamimanana so n'ime ndị otu mbụ ndị kọwara: * † ''Babakotia'', ụdị lemur nke nwụchara anwụ n'ihe na-erughị ótù puku afọ gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Simons|first=Elwyn L.|date=1992|title=A New Giant Subfossil Lemur, Babakotia, and the Evolution of the Sloth Lemurs|journal=Folia Primatologica|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=197–203|doi=10.1159/000156629|issn=1421-9980}}</ref> * † ''Ambondro mahabo'', anụ na-enye nwa ara mbụ sitere na Madagascar Middle Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=John J.|date=1999|title=A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-09-02_401_6748/page/57|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=401|issue=6748|pages=57–60|doi=10.1038/43420|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Babakotia_skull_001.jpg|thumb|Okpokoro isi ''Babakotia radofilai'']][[Usòrò:Ambondro_lingual_(en).jpg|thumb|Ezé ''Ambondro'' lingual, nke a kọwara ma monotypic genus na otu ụdị ya A. mahabo.]] ==== Palaeontology ==== Rakotosamimanana jikọrọ aka na mba ụwa ndị ọzọ n'ime ọrụ nyocha paleontology na primatology, ma bụrụkwa onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù na ihe gbasara anụmaanụ ndị há na mmadụ nọ n'ótù agbụrụ ndị si Madagascar, gụnyere òtù esi kesaa ha gafee agwaetiti ahụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu jiri usoro DNA gosipụta na lemur niile ndị si ná Madagascar sitere na ótù nna nna pụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karanth|first=K. Praveen|date=2005-04-05|title=Ancient DNA from giant extinct lemurs confirms single origin of Malagasy primates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-04-05_102_14/page/5090|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=102|issue=14|pages=5090–5095|doi=10.1073/pnas.0408354102|issn=0027-8424|pmid=15784742}}</ref> Ihe edeputara maka Ọnatarachi fossil nke Madagascar dịbu obere na mbụ, mana Rakotosamimanana so n'otu ndị chọpụtara ebe ọhụrụ ọnatarachi ndị a dị, sitekwa na nkea chọpụta ụfọdụ dinosaurs mbụ nke agwaetiti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=J. J.|date=1999-10-22|title=A Triassic Fauna from Madagascar, Including Early Dinosaurs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-10-22_286_5440/page/763|journal=Science|volume=286|issue=5440|pages=763–765|doi=10.1126/science.286.5440.763|pmid=10531059}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ nke eucynodonts na-abụghị nke na-enye nwa ara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flynn|first=John J.|date=2000-09-25|title=New Traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=422–427|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0422:NTSEFT]2.0.CO;2|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> ==== Primatology ==== Rakotosamimanana nwere mmasị siri ike n'ebe nnyochapụtaSportive Lemur nke Miles Edwards ma mụọ ụzọ ha si eji ebe ihi ụra ha eme ihe, yana igbu ụmụaka n'etiti ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloharijaona|first=Solofonirina|date=2003|title=Pair-specific usage of sleeping sites and their implications for social organization in a nocturnal Malagasy primate, the Milne Edwards' sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2003-11_122_3/page/251|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=122|issue=3|pages=251–258|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10281|issn=1096-8644|pmid=14533183}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rasoloharijaona|first=Solofonirina|date=2000-02-01|title=Infanticide by a Male Milne-Edwards' Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi) in Ampijoroa, NW-Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_2000-02_21_1/page/41|journal=International Journal of Primatology|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=41–45|doi=10.1023/A:1005419528718|issn=1573-8604}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu sara mbara nke mere nchọpụta banyere njikọ dị n'etiti ịdị anya nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nkesa n'ala nke lemur ndị dị mkpụmkpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hapke|first=Andreas|date=2005-08-01|title=Biogeography of Dwarf Lemurs: Genetic Evidence for Unexpected Patterns in Southeastern Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_2005-08_26_4/page/873|journal=International Journal of Primatology|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=873–901|doi=10.1007/s10764-005-5327-0|issn=1573-8604}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya rụrụ na Pachy''lemur'' insignis gosipụtara na ọ nwee mmetụta n'ụdị Variecia karịa Lemur.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crovella|first=S.|date=1994-10-01|title=Molecular biology and systematics of an extinct Lemur:Pachylemur insignis|url=https://archive.org/details/primates_1994-10_35_4/page/519|journal=Primates|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=519–522|doi=10.1007/BF02381961|issn=1610-7365}}</ref> Ọ mụkwara maka ụdi lemur dermatoglyphs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=RAKOTOSAMIMANANA|first=B.|date=1970|title=Etude des dermatoglyphes et des coussinets palmaires et plantaires de quelques Lemuriens Malgaches|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10015029230/|journal=Bull. Ass. Anat.|volume=148|pages=413–510}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> smhi8sd99iamqsc7vj1prycnkszy66u 0 28003 697888 624046 2026-08-10T10:15:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697888 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nsogbu ikwu okwu''' ma ọ bụ nkwarụ ikwu okwu bụ ụdị nsogbu nkwurịta okwu nke na-emebi okwu nkịtị. Nke a nwere ike ịpụta nsogbu nke ịdị mfe dị ka ịsụ ngọngọ, ịsụ ngwụrọ ma ọ bụ ịsụ ngụrọ. A na-ewere onye na-enweghị ike ikwu okwu n'ihi nsogbu ikwu okwu dị ka onye ogbi.<ref name="Kennison 2014">{{Cite book|author=Kennison|first=Shelia M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830837502|title=Introduction to language development|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4129-9606-8|location=Los Angeles|oclc=830837502}}</ref> Ikike ikwu okwu dị mkpa maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmụta, na igbu oge ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndị metụtara ịzụlite nkà ndị a nwere ike imetụta ọrụ ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Feldman|first=Heidi M.|date=2006-04-26|title=Evaluation and Management of Language and Speech Disorders in Preschool Children|url=https://publications.aap.org//ExternalLoginResponse.ashx?elpId=3&redirecturlback=http://publications.aap.org/pediatricsinreview/article/26/4/131/61533/Evaluation-and-Management-of-Language-and-Speech?autologincheck=redirected?nfToken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000|accessdate=2022-10-06|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=26|issue=4|pages=131–142|doi=10.1542/pir.26-4-131|pmid=15805236}}</ref> Maka ọtụtụ ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, nke a nwere ike igosi dị ka nsogbu na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/S0270-4013201631|title=General and Special Education Inclusion in an Age of Change: Impact on Students with Disabilities|date=2016-10-24|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-78635-542-3|editor=Bakken|series=Advances in Special Education|language=en|doi=10.1108/s0270-4013201631}}</ref> Nsogbu ikwu okwu na-emetụta ihe dịka 11.5% nke ndị bi na US, na 5% nke ndị bi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fox|first=A. V.|date=2009-03-07|title=Risk factors for speech disorders in children|url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13682820110116776|journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=117–131|doi=10.1080/13682820110116776|pmid=12012611|issn=1368-2822}}</ref> Okwu bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke chọrọ oge ziri ezi, njikwa akwara na uru ahụ, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ịda mbà. Onye nwere ọrịa strok, ihe mberede ma ọ bụ nkwarụ ọmụmụ nwere ike inwe nsogbu ikwu okwu na asụsụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Ndung'u|first=Ruth|date=2009-11-05|title=Cultural Perspectives in Language and Speech Disorders|url=http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/986|journal=Disability Studies Quarterly|volume=29|issue=4|doi=10.18061/dsq.v29i4.986|issn=2159-8371}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ikewapụta okwu n'ime ihe dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma bụ nsogbu karịa ka o yiri na mbụ. Site na nkewa siri ike, naanị 5% ruo 10% nke ndị bi na ya nwere ụzọ dị mma nke ikwu okwu (n'ihe gbasara akụkụ niile) na olu dị mma; ndị ọzọ niile nwere otu nsogbu ma ọ bụ ọzọ. Enwere ọkwa atọ dị iche iche nke nhazi mgbe ị na-achọpụta ịdị ukwuu na ụdị nsogbu okwu yana ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị:y: ## Ụda onye ọrịa nwere ike imepụta Igwe okwu - enwere ike imepụta ngwa ngwa; ejiri mee ihe n'ụzọ bara uru na nke bara uru .2 Igwe okwu - emepụtara naanị mgbe achọrọ ya; adịghị eji ya eme ihe mgbe nile, n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè, ma ọ bụ na-ewuli elu; ejighi ya na okwu ejikọrọ Na-akpali ụda Mkpali dị mfe Na-akpali akpali mgbe ngosipụta na nyocha (ya bụ iji ihe ndakpọ ire) Enweghị ike iwepụta ụda Enweghị ike ịmepụta n'afọ ofufo Enweghị mmepụta ọ bụla hụrụ # === Udi Nsogbu === * Apraxia nke okwu nwere ike ịpụta site na ọrịa strok ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-aga n'ihu, ma na-agụnye mmepụta ụda okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na nhazi nke ụda n'otu okwu ("potato" nwere ike ịghọ "topato" na "totapo" ọzọ).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-18|title=Apraxia of Speech|url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/apraxia-speech|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=NIDCD|language=en|archivedate=2016-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203235843/http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/apraxia.aspx}}</ref> Mmepụta okwu na-esiwanye ike na mgbalị, mana enwere ike ikwu ahịrịokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị mgbe ụfọdụ n'enweghị mgbalị. * Cluttering, nsogbu ikwu okwu na fluency nke a na-ahụkarị site na ọnụ ọgụgụ okwu ngwa ngwa, nke na-eme ka okwu sie ike ịghọta. * Developmental verbal dyspraxia nke a makwaara dị ka apraxia nke okwu n'oge ọ bụ nwata. * Dysarthria bụ adịghị ike ma ọ bụ nkwarụ nke uru ahụ okwu nke mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ kpatara. Ọrịa strok, [[Ọrià Parkinson|ọrịa Parkinson]], ALS, mmerụ ahụ n'isi ma ọ bụ n'olu, ihe mberede ịwa ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọrịa ụbụrụ na-akpata dysarthria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dysarthria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007470.htm|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318111326/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007470.htm}}</ref> * Aphasia * Dysprosody bụ nsogbu ikwu okwu na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-akọwa ya site na mgbanwe na ike, na oge nke akụkụ okwu, na rhythm, cadence, na ụda nke okwu. Mgbanwe na oge, ugboro ole, na ike nke ụdaume tonic na atonic nke ahịrịokwu a na-ekwu, na-anapụ otu okwu nke onye ọ bụla njirimara ya. A na-ejikọkarị ihe kpatara dysprosody na ọrịa akwara dịka ihe mberede ụbụrụ, mmerụ ahụ nke cranioencephalic, na akpụ ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases--a case report|journal=J Voice|volume=18|issue=1|pages=90–6|date=March 2004|pmid=15070228|doi=10.1016/j.jvoice.2003.07.005}}</ref> * Ịdị ike bụ enweghị ike ikwu okwu kpamkpam. * Nsogbu ụda okwu na-agụnye ihe isi ike n'ịmepụta ụda okwu ụfọdụ (ọtụtụ mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume, dị ka /s/ ma ọ bụ /r/), ma kewaa ya na nsogbu nkwekọrịta (nke a na-akpọkwa nsogbu ụda olu) na nsogbu ụda olu. A na-akọwa nsogbu articulation site na ihe isi ike ịmụta iji mepụta ụda n'ụzọ anụ ahụ. A na-eji ihe isi ike amụta ọdịiche dị iche iche nke asụsụ mara nsogbu ụda, nke mere na enwere ike iji otu ụda mee ihe n'ọnọdụ ọtụtụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka otu onye inwe nsogbu ụda okwu na ụda olu na ụdaume. * Ịsụ ngọngọ (AKA "Dysphemia") na-emetụta ihe dịka 1% nke ndị okenye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stuttering|url=https://medlineplus.gov/stuttering.html|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=medlineplus.gov|archivedate=2021-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318034909/https://medlineplus.gov/stuttering.html}}</ref><ref name="Kennison 2014">{{Cite book|author=Kennison|first=Shelia M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830837502|title=Introduction to language development|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4129-9606-8|location=Los Angeles|oclc=830837502}}</ref> * Nsogbu olu bụ nkwarụ, mgbe mgbe nke ahụ, nke na-emetụta ọrụ nke akpịrị ma ọ bụ ụda olu. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a maghị ihe kpatara ya. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe dị iche iche a maara na-akpata nkwarụ ikwu okwu, dị ka ịnụ ihe, nsogbu akwara, mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ, mmụba nke nrụgide uche, mmegbu mgbe niile, nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi, nsogbu iji ọgwụ eme ihe, nkwarụrụ anụ ahụ dị ka egbugbere ọnụ na ọnụ, na iji olu eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. Mgbe ọrịa strok gasịrị, a maara na enwere oke apraxia nke okwu, nke bụ nsogbu na-emetụta ụzọ akwara metụtara okwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basilakos|first=Alexandra|date=2018-02-22|title=Contemporary Approaches to the Management of Post-stroke Apraxia of Speech|journal=Seminars in Speech and Language|language=en|volume=39|issue=1|pages=025–036|doi=10.1055/s-0037-1608853|issn=0734-0478|pmid=29359303}}</ref> A na-atụkwa aro na ọrụ mmegharị ahụ na-adịghị mma nwere njikọ chiri anya na nsogbu ikwu okwu, ọkachasị n'ime ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Roger J.|title=Causes and Associations of Severe and Persistent Specific Speech and Language Disorders in Children|date=2008-11-12|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x|journal=Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology|language=en|volume=33|issue=11|pages=943–962|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x|pmid=1720749}}</ref> A tụkwara aro ihe nketa, dịka ọtụtụ oge ụmụaka nke ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu ga-azụlite ha. 20-40% ndị mmadụ nwere akụkọ ezinụlọ nke nkwarụ asụsụ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịchọpụta, ebe ọ bụ naanị 4% nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha nwere ike ịchụpụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Changsoo|date=2011-09-22|title=Genetics of Speech and Language Disorders|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119|journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=145–164|doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119|pmid=21663442|issn=1527-8204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Choudhury|first=Naseem|date=2003-04-21|title=A Family Aggregation Study: The Influence of Family History and Other Risk Factors on Language Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-speech-language-and-hearing-research_2003-04_46_2/page/n6|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=261–272|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2003/021)|pmid=14700370|issn=1092-4388}}</ref> E nwekwara nsogbu asụsụ ndị a maara na ha bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, dị ka ataxia nketa, nke nwere ike ịkpata okwu dị nwayọ na nke na-edochaghị anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vogel|first=Adam P|date=2014-10-28|title=Treatment for speech disorder in Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxia syndromes|url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD008953.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=10|pages=CD008953|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008953.pub2|pmid=25348587}}</ref> == Ogwugwo ==   Enwere ike ịgwọ ọtụtụ ụdị nsogbu ndị a site na ọgwụgwọ okwu, mana ndị ọzọ chọrọ nlekọta ahụike site na dọkịta na phoniatrics. Ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere mgbazi nke ọnọdụ organic na psychotherapy. Na United States, a na-etinyekarị ụmụaka ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu na United States, a na-etinyekarị ụmụaka ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu na mmemme mmụta pụrụ iche. Ụmụaka ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmụta ikwu okwu na-enwekarị nsogbu nkwurịta okwu na-adịgide adịgide na mgbakwunye na mgba agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 700,000 jere ozi na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na afọ 2000–2001 ka ekewapụtara dị ka ndị nwere nsogbu okwu ma ọ bụ asụsụ. Atụmatụ a anaghị agụnye ụmụaka ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu na asụsụ nke abụọ na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ntị chiri" Ọtụtụ mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ ọgwụgwọ okwu n'oge awa akwụkwọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọrụ ụbọchị na oge okpomọkụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. mmemme agụmakwụkwọ. Ụmụaka ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmụta ikwu okwu na-enwekarị nsogbu nkwurịta okwu na-adịgide adịgide na mgbakwunye na mgba agụmakwụkwọ. nrụrụ asụsụ. Ntụle a agụnyeghị ụmụaka ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu na asụsụ nke abụọ na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ntị chiri"[12]. Ọtụtụ mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ ọgwụgwọ okwu n'oge awa akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ogologo ụbọchị na ọrụ okpomọkụ nwere ike dabara adaba n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. A ga-agwọ ndị ọrịa n'ìgwè, dabere na ụdị nsogbu ha nwere. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Otu nwere ike ịgụnye ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa asụsụ, ndị ọkachamara, ndị dọkịta ezinụlọ, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ezinụlọ. == Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Inwe nsogbu ikwu okwu nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụaka. Ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-emegbu n'ihi nsogbu ha. Mmegbu a nwere ike ime ka obi ghara inwe ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krueger|first=Breanna I.|date=2019-02-26|title=Eligibility and Speech Sound Disorders: Assessment of Social Impact|journal=Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups|volume=4|issue=1|pages=85–90|doi=10.1044/2018_PERS-SIG1-2018-0016}}</ref> Okpukpe na ọdịbendị na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ukwuu na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke nsogbu ikwu okwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọtụtụ mba Afrịka dị ka Kenya, a na-ewere ọkpụkpụ ọkpụ dị ka ọ bụ ọbụbụ ọnụ sitere n'aka Chineke kpatara ya. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ndị nwere oghere ire ụtọ ghara ịnata nlekọta n'oge ha bụ nwata, ma kwụsị na ịjụ ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":02" /> Maka ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu, mmeghachi omume ndị na-ege ntị na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị njọ na ùgwù onwe onye. E gosikwara na ndị okenye na-elekarị ndị mmadụ anya na-asụ asụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma karịa ndị na-enweghị ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Dale F.|date=1996-01-01|title=Effects of speech and language disorders on raters' perceptions|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924%2894%2900014-X|journal=Journal of Communication Disorders|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1016/0021-9924(94)00014-X|pmid=8722526|issn=0021-9924}}</ref> == Nsogbu Asụsụ == A na-elekarị nsogbu asụsụ anya dị iche na nsogbu ikwu okwu, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe n'otu aha. Nsogbu ikwu okwu na-ezo aka na nsogbu n'ịmepụta ụda okwu ma ọ bụ na ogo olu, ebe nsogbu asụsụ na-abụkarị mmebi nke ma ọ bụ ịghọta okwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ike iji okwu mee ihe ma ọ bụghị ihe jikọrọ ya na mmepụta okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm|title=NICHCY's New Home|work=nichcy.org|accessdate=2005-06-05|archivedate=2008-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140545/http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==  {{Reflist}} h49vnj5h3vyu787hitbwiw3rw51x1h8 0 28005 697839 674333 2026-08-10T09:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Hearing loss|image=International Symbol for Deafness.svg|alt=A stylized white ear, with two white bars surrounding it, on a blue background.|caption=The international symbol of deafness and hearing loss|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[audiology]]|synonyms=Deaf or hard of hearing; anakusis or anacusis is total deafness<ref name="Dorlands">{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://dorlands.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|symptoms=Decreased ability to hear|complications=[[Social isolation]],<ref name=WHO2015/> [[dementia]]|onset=|duration=|types=[[Conductive hearing loss|Conductive]], [[sensorineural hearing loss|sensorineural]], and mixed hearing loss, [[cortical deafness|central auditory dysfunction]]<ref name=Sm2014/>|causes=[[Genetics]], [[aging]], [[Noise-induced hearing loss|exposure to noise]], some [[infection]]s, birth complications, trauma to the ear, certain medications or toxins<ref name=WHO2015/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Hearing tests]]|differential=|prevention=[[Immunization]], proper care around [[pregnancy]], avoiding loud noise, avoiding certain medications<ref name=WHO2015/>|treatment=[[Hearing aids]], [[sign language]], [[cochlear implants]], [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]]<ref name=WHO2015/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.33 billion / 18.5% (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=}} Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ '''enweghị ike ịnụ ihe''' n'ụzọ zuru oke ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịdị mgbe a mụrụ ya ma ọ bụ nweta ya n'oge ọ bụla mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Deafness and hearing loss|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hearing Loss at Birth (Congenital Hearing Loss)|url=https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/congenital-hearing-loss/|accessdate=2020-07-13|work=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association|language=en}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ime n'otu ntị ma ọ bụ abụọ.<ref name="WHO2015"/> N'ime ụmụaka, nsogbu ịnụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ikike inweta asụsụ a na-ekwu, na ndị okenye ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe isi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ.<ref name="Las2014">{{Cite journal|title=Hearing loss: diagnosis and management|journal=Primary Care|volume=41|issue=1|pages=19–31|date=March 2014|pmid=24439878|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.003}}</ref> Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ nke nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide. Enweghị ịnụ ihe metụtara afọ na-emetụtakarị ntị abụọ ma bụrụkwa n'ihi enweghi mkpuru ndu ntutu cochlear.<ref name="Sch2017">{{Cite journal|author=Schilder|first=Anne Gm|date=2017|title=Bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids for bilateral hearing impairment in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2017|issue=12|pages=CD012665|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012665.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=29256573}}</ref> Ufọdụ ndị mmadụ nti chiri, ọkachasị ndị agadi, nwere ike ịkpata owu ọmụma.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Ndi nti chiri na-enwekarị obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ntị.<ref name=":4" /> Enwere ike ịkpata nhụsianya site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere: mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịka nká, ikpughe ụda, ọrịa ụfọdụ, nsogbu ọmụmụ, nhụjuanya na ntị, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ nsị.<ref name="WHO2015"/> Ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị nke na-ebute ọnwụ ntị bụ ọrịa ntị na-adịghị ala ala. <ref name="WHO2015" /> Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe n'oge ime ime, dị ka cytomegalovirus, syphilis na rubella, nwekwara ike ime ka ị nụ ihe na nwata..<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=57 Suppl 4|issue=suppl_4|pages=S182-4|date=December 2013|pmid=24257423|doi=10.1093/cid/cit609}}</ref> A na-achọpụta na ntị anaghị anụ mgbe nyocha ntị na-achọta na mmadụ enweghị ike ịnụ 25 decibel na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntị.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A na-atụ aro ịnwale maka ichi ntị adịghị mma maka ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ niile.<ref name="Las2014"/> E nwere ike ịkọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka nke dị nro (25 ruo 40 dB), nke dị n'etiti (41 ruo 55 dB), nke siri ike (56 ruo 70 dB), nke kachasị njọ (71 ruo 90 dB), ma ọ bụ nke miri emi (karịa 90 dB).<ref name="WHO2015" /> Enwere ụdị nhụsianya atọ bụ isi: nkwụsị ntị na-emegharị emegharị, ọnwụ anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ, na nkwụsị ntị agwakọtara<ref name="Sm2014">{{Cite book|chapter=Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1434/|title=GeneReviews [Internet]|location=Seattle (WA)|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle|date=2014}}</ref> A na-egbochi ihe dị ka ọkara ntị n'ụwa niile site na usoro ahụike ọha na eze.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|date=March 2015|title=Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet N°300|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516054114/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/|archivedate=16 May 2015|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref> omume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị n'akụkụ ime ime, izere oke mkpọtụ, na izere ọgwụ ụfọdụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị na-eto eto kwụsị ikpughe ụda na-ada ụda na iji ihe ndị na-ege ntị na-ege ntị n’onwe ha ihe dị ka otu awa kwa ụbọchị ná mgbalị ibelata ikpughe mkpọtụ.<ref name="WHO2015Aud">{{Cite web|title=1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss WHO highlights serious threat posed by exposure to recreational noise|url=https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|work=who.int|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=27 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501204444/http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref> Ịmata na nkwado n'oge dị mkpa karịsịa n'ime ụmụaka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Nye ọtụtụ ndị, ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, asụsụ ogbi, ntinye cochlear na ndepụta okwu bara uru.<ref name="WHO2015" /> ỊgụỊgụ.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Otú ọ dị, ịnweta ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, dị oke n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa.<ref name="WHO2015" /> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2013 ịnụ ihe na-emetụta ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.1 ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Ọ na-ebute nkwarụ n'ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 466 (5% nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile), yana nkwarụ na-agafeghị oke na nde mmadụ 124..<ref name="WHO2015"/><ref name="WHO2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The global burden of disabling hearing impairment: a call to action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=92|issue=5|pages=367–73|date=May 2014|pmid=24839326|doi=10.2471/blt.13.128728}}</ref> Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=The global burden of disease: 2004 update|year=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=9789241563710|pages=35|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere nkwarụ dị oke ma ọ bụ nke siri ike, nde 108 bi na mba ndị nwere obere ego na nke etiti.<ref name="Peads2011">{{Cite book|first=Abdelaziz Y|author=Elzouki|title=Textbook of clinical pediatrics|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783642022012|pages=602|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEf4EMjYSrgC&pg=PA602|edition=2}}</ref> Ndị na-asụ ogbi na ndị na-eme omenala ndị ogbi nwere ike ịhụ onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nghọtahie kama ịbụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="NAD20142">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị omenaala ndị nti chiri na-emegide mgbalị a na-eme iji gwọọ ntị chiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sound and Fury - Cochlear Implants - Essay|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2015-08-01|publisher=[[PBS]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html|archive-date=2015-07-06|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2015-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706062633/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/soundandfury/cochlear/essay.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding Deafness: Not Everyone Wants to Be 'Fixed'|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|access-date=2015-08-01|website=www.theatlantic.com|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224214/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/understanding-deafness-not-everyone-wants-to-be-fixed/278527/|archive-date=2015-07-30|date=2013-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Why not all deaf people want to be cured|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|access-date=2015-08-02|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153612/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9526045/Why-not-all-deaf-people-want-to-be-cured.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|date=2012-09-13|last1=Williams|first1=Sally|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> na ụfọdụ ndị nọ n'ime obodo a na-ele ihe ọkụkụ nke cochlear anya n'ihi na ha nwere ike iwepụ omenala ha<ref name="Spa20052">{{cite journal|last1=Sparrow|first1=Robert|name-list-style=vanc|title=Defending Deaf Culture: The Case of Cochlear Implants|journal=The Journal of Political Philosophy|date=2005|volume=13|issue=2|pages=135–152|url=http://profiles.arts.monash.edu.au/rob-sparrow/download/Deaf-Culture.pdf|access-date=30 November 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00217.x}}</ref> A na-elekarị okwu ndị na-adịghị anụ ntị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ntị anya dị ka ndị na-emesi ihe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ime ike, ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eji okwu ndị ahụ eme ihe mgbe nile mgbe a na-ekwu maka ntị chiri na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref name="NAD20143">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=27 December 2015|accessdate=1 August 2023|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tidy|first1=Colin|title=Dealing with Hearing-impaired Patients|url=https://patient.info/doctor/dealing-with-hearing-impaired-patients|website=patient.info|access-date=16 August 2020|language=en|date=March 2014}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Deaf_videoconference.jpg|thumb|Onye ntị chiri na-eji smartphone nwere igwefoto iji kwurịta okwu n'asụsụ ndị ogbi]] * A na-akọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka mbelata nke ụda nke a ga-anụkarị.<ref name="Peads2011"/> A na-ejikarị okwu ndị na-anụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe eme ihe maka ndị na-enweghị ike ịnụ ụda na ụda olu. Enweghị ntị na-eme mgbe ebili mmiri na-abanye na ntị ma mebie anụ ahụ na-emetụ n'ahụ A na-ekewa oke ntị dị ka mmụba nke ike nke ụda karịrị ọkwa a chọrọ maka onye na-ege ntị ịchọpụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mehmood|first=Amir|date=2023-01-30|title=What causes vision loss and hearing loss? Is it because of loud music or yelling?|url=https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html|accessdate=2023-02-04|work=militaryseoblog|archivedate=2023-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204063027/https://militaryseoblog.blogspot.com/2023/01/what-causes-vision-loss-and-hearing.html}}</ref> * A na-akọwa ntị chiri dị ka ogo nke ọnwụ nke mere na mmadụ enweghị ike ịghọta okwu, ọbụlagodi na ọnụnọ nke amplification.<ref name="Peads2011" /> N'ime oke ntị chiri, ọbụlagodi ụda kachasị elu nke audiometer na-emepụta (ngwá ọrụ eji atụ ihe na-anụ site na ịmepụta ụda dị ọcha site na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche) nwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta. Na ntị chiri zuru oke, ọ dịghị ụda ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị amplification ma ọ bụ usoro mmepụta, a ga-anụ. * Nghọta okwu bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke ịnụ ihe nke na-agụnye nghọta doro anya nke okwu ahu mere karịa nke dara uda ike. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, a na-ejikarị ule ịkpa ókè okwu atụle nke a, nke na anaghi achoputa okwu, kamakwa o na achoputa uda. E nwere ụdị ntị chiri dị iche iche na-emetụta ịkpa ókè okwu naanị. Otu ihe omumatu bụ neuropathy na-anụ ihe, ụdị ịnụ ihe di iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ntutu nke cochlea dị n'èzí ma na-arụ ọrụ, mana ozi dị mma anaghị ebufe site na akwara na-anụ na ụbụrụ.<ref name="eBook1">eBook: ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery'', Lalwani, Anil K. (Ed.) Chapter 44: Audiologic Testing by Brady M. Klaves, PhD, Jennifer McKee Bold, AuD, Access Medicine</ref>bhjk Iji okwu ndị a bụ "ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe", ndi nti chiri-ogbi ma bụ ndị nti chiri na ogbi Ịkọwa ndị ntị chiri na ndị na-anụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ógbè ndị ogbi yana òtù na -akwado nkwado.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=ReBecca|title=Time for Change|journal=The Hearing Journal|date=May 2019|volume=72|issue=5|page=16|doi=10.1097/01.HJ.0000559500.67179.7d|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAD20162">{{cite web|title=Community and Culture - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|website=nad.org|publisher=National Association of the Deaf|access-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq|archive-date=2015-12-27|accessdate=2023-08-01|archivedate=2015-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227171131/http://nad.org/issues/american-sign-language/community-and-culture-faq}}</ref> === ụkpụrụ ntị === Ịnụ mmadụ na-agbatị ugboro ugboro site na 20 ruo 20,000 Hz, yana ike sitere na 0 dB ruo 120 dB HL ma ọ bụ karịa. 0 dB anaghị anọchi anya enweghị ụda, kama ụda kacha dị nro nke ntị mmadụ na-enweghị mmerụ nwere ike ịnụ; ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ruo -5 ma ọ bụ ọbụna -10 dB. Ụda na-adakarị ụda na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ karịa 90 dB na 115 dB na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụzọ mgbu. Ntị anaghị anụ ugboro niile nke ọma: nhụsianya kacha elu gburugburu 3,000 Hz. Enwere ọtụtụ àgwà ịnụ ihe mmadụ ma e wezụga oke ugboro na ike nke a na-apụghị ịtụ ngwa ngwa n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche bara uru, a na-akọwapụta ọtịta nkịtị site na ugboro na eserese ike, ma ọ bụ audiogram, na-esetịta ọnụ ụzọ ịnụ ihe n'oge akọwapụtara. N'ihi mmetụta nchikota nke afọ na ikpughe ụda na mkparị ụda olu ndị ọzọ, ịnụrụ 'ụdị' nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe nkịtị.. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == * ihe isi ike n'iji ekwentị * ọnwụ nke mpaghara ụda * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu, ọkachasị nke ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị ndị olu ha dị elu. * ihe isi ike ịghọta okwu n'ihu mkpọtụ ndabere (mmetụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ) * ụda ma ọ bụ okwu na-ada ụda, na-ada ma ọ bụ na-ebelata * mkpa maka mmụba olu na telivishọn, redio, egwu na isi mmalite ọdịyo ndị ọzọ Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ ihe mmetụta, mana ọ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eso ya: * Ntị mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbụ n' ime ntị * mmetụta a na-egbochi Enwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na-eso ya: <references /> a6q72e3llldp2v7du0zejcolvz8kac3 0 28021 697673 400458 2026-08-10T05:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Galegaofficinalis03.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Goat's rue (''Galega officinalis'') is one plant that is thought to promote lactation]] A galactagogue, ma ọ bụ '''galactogogue''' (site na Grik: γάλα [γαλακτ-], '''mmiri ara ehi''', + ἀγωγός, na-eduga), nke a makwaara dị ka onye na-eme ka ara ma ọ bụ onye na-akwalite mmiri ara n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gabay|first=M. P.|title=Galactogogues: Medications that induce lactation|journal=Journal of Human Lactation|volume=18|issue=3|pages=274–279|year=2002|pmid=12192964|doi=10.1177/089033440201800311}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/galactogogue Merriam-Webster: galactogogue]</ref> Ọ nwere ike ịbụ nke aka mere, nke sitere na [[osisi]], ma ọ bụ nke sitere na ya. Enwere ike iji ha mee ka ara na-enye nwa ara na iji gwọọ obere mmiri ara. Galactagogues ndị aka mere dị ka domperidone na metoclopramide na-emekọrịta ihe na usoro dopamine n'ụzọ ga-eme ka mmepụta nke prolactin dịkwuo elu; ọkachasị, site na igbochi onye na-anabata D2.<ref name="zuppa-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2012-10_46_10/page/1392|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1392–404|year=2012|pmid=23012383|doi=10.1345/aph.1R167}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ndị nne na-enweghị ike igbo mkpa inye nwa ara nke ụmụ ha nwere ike irite uru site na galactogogues.<ref name="McInnes-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Infants admitted to neonatal units—interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review 1990-2007|journal=Matern Child Nutr|volume=4|issue=4|pages=235–63|year=2008|pmid=18811790|doi=10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00150.x}}</ref><ref name="Osadchy-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Effect of domperidone on insufficient lactation in puerperal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Obstet Gynecol Int|volume=2012|pages=642893|year=2012|pmid=22461793|doi=10.1155/2012/642893}}</ref> Enwere ike ịtụle galactagogues mgbe a chọpụtara na ntinye aka na-abụghị nke ọgwụ ezughi oke.<ref name="Amir-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Breastfeeding—evidence based guidelines for the use of medicines|journal=Aust Fam Physician|volume=40|issue=9|pages=684–90|year=2011|pmid=21894275|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/201109/43841}}</ref><ref name="Forinash-2012">{{Cite journal|title=The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2012-10_46_10/page/1392|journal=Ann Pharmacother|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1392–404|date=October 2012|pmid=23012383|doi=10.1345/aph.1R167}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, domperidone nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ maka ndị nne nke ụmụ a mụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya bụ ndị na-enwe ihe karịrị ụbọchị 14 site na ịmụ nwa na mgbe nkwado zuru oke ka na-enwe nsogbu [[Ị chu ara|igosipụta mmiri ara]] n'ụzọ zuru ezu maka mkpa nwa ha.<ref name="Cochrane-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=3|pages=CD005544|year=2012|issue=3|pmid=22419310|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005544.pub2|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0040836/}}</ref> Domperidone (dị ka metoclopramide, onye na-anabata D2) anaghị akwado maka ime ka ara dịkwuo mma na USA.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Da Silva|first=O. P.|title=Domperidone for lactating women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2004-09-28_171_7/page/725|doi=10.1503/cmaj.1041054|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=171|issue=7|pages=725–726|year=2004|pmid=15451832}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=The Academy Of Breastfeeding Medici|doi=10.1089/bfm.2011.9998|title=ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting the Rate of Maternal Milk Secretion (First Revision January 2011)|journal=Breastfeeding Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|pages=41–49|year=2011|pmid=21332371}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ntuziaka Australia na-ewere domperidone dị ka galactagogue kachasị mma mgbe usoro ọgwụ na-abụghị nke ọgwụ gosipụtara na ezughi oke.<ref name="Amir-2011" /> N'adịghị ka metoclopramide, domperidone anaghị agafe ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ ma ọ naghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ dịka ụra ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi.<ref name="Amir-2011" /> * Antipsychotics dị ka risperidone, chlorpromazine na sulpiride, n'ihi ikike ha nwere igbochi onye na-anabata D2.<ref name="Zuppa">{{Cite journal|author=Zuppa|first=Antonio|title=Safety and Efficacy of Galactogogues: Substances that Induce, Maintain and Increase Breast Milk Production|journal=Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences|year=2010|volume=13|issue=2|pages=162–174|url=https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/6663|doi=10.18433/j3ds3r|pmid=20816003}}</ref> * Mmiri ọgwụ ụfọdụ dị ka oxytocin, hormone na-eto eto (GH), na hormone na-ewepụta thyrotropin (TRH).<ref name="Zuppa" /> A chọpụtala na progestogens dị ka progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, na cyproterone acetate na-emepụta mmepe lobuloalveolar nke ara, nke dị mkpa maka inye ara ka a na-emepụta mmiri ara na lobule [[Arã|ara]].<ref name="pmid18543434">{{Cite journal|title=Progesterone signaling in mammary gland development|journal=Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc|volume=2007/1|issue=1|pages=45–54|date=2007|pmid=18543434|doi=10.1007/2789_2008_075|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25254141">{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological overview of galactogogues|journal=Vet Med Int|volume=2014|issue=|pages=602894|date=2014|pmid=25254141|doi=10.1155/2014/602894|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10632490">{{Cite journal|title=Short-term and long-term histologic effects of castration and estrogen treatment on breast tissue of 14 male-to-female transsexuals in comparison with two chemically castrated men|journal=Am J Surg Pathol|volume=24|issue=1|pages=74–80|date=January 2000|pmid=10632490|doi=10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-surgical-pathology_2000-01_24_1/page/74}}</ref> == Ahịhịa == Mkpuruogwu na nri eji eme galactagogues na enwe obere maobu enweghi ihe eji agba ama Maka oru ya, tinyekwa na njirimara na nyocha mkpuruogwu ha gbasara Maka ngwooru a joro na-adighi. Mkpuruogwu a na ahu dika galactagogues gunyere: * Shatavari (''Asparagus racemosus'')<ref name="Mortel-2013">{{Cite journal|title=Systematic review of the efficacy of herbal galactogogues|journal=J Hum Lact|volume=29|issue=2|pages=154–62|date=May 2013|pmid=23468043|doi=10.1177/0890334413477243|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0057268/}}</ref> * Fenugreek (<nowiki><i id="mwaQ">Trigonella foenumgraecum</i></nowiki>)<ref name="Mortel-2013" /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Caroline J.|author=Chantry|title=Use of galactogogues in initiating or augmenting maternal milk supply|year=2004|work=The Academy Of Breastfeeding Medicine|url=http://www.bfmed.org/ace-files/protocol/prot9galactogoguesEnglish.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628052457/http://www.bfmed.org/ace-files/protocol/prot9galactogoguesEnglish.pdf|archivedate=28 June 2007}}</ref> * Torbangun (''Coleus amboinicus''), which has been used by the Batak people of Indonesia as a galactogogue for hundreds of years.<ref name="Mortel-2013" /><ref name="Damanik-2006">{{Cite journal|title=Lactagogue effects of Torbangun, a Bataknese traditional cuisine|journal=Asia Pac J Clin Nutr|volume=15|issue=2|pages=267–74|year=2006|pmid=16672214}}</ref> * Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'')<ref name="Mortel-2013" /> * Milk thistle (''Silybum marianum'');<ref name="Mortel-2013" /> in 2010 the European Food Safety Authority considered and rejected a claim for silybum as a galactagogue because the evidence was deemed insufficient.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * Chasteberry (''Vitex agnus-castus'')<ref name="Mortel-2013" /> * Goat's rue (''Galega officinalis'')<ref name="Mortel-2013" /> slshu8x04mjqrnkiknhd6jj4e4bj1l0 0 28076 697849 115313 2026-08-10T09:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hammock_nap_on_patio.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-ehi ụra n'ime hammock, n'ogige dị na Costa Rica]] Ihi ụra bụ oge ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-ewere n'oge ehihie dị ka ihe na-agbakwunye n'oge '''ụra''' abalị. A na-ejikarị ụra eme ìhè nke ụwa họrọ ndị Enyi gị nọ n'ọrụ njegharị ná ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka Azụmaahịa ka onye ọ dị ka nzaghachi maka ụra n'oge ụra. Ihi ụra bụ ụdị ụra biphasic ma ọ bụ polyphasic, ebe okwu ikpeazụ na-agụnye ogologo oge ụra na mgbakwunye na otu oge. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị anọwo na-enyocha uru nke ihi ụra, gụnyere ụra nkeji iri atọ yana oge ụra nke awa 1-2. A nwalere arụmọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro ọgụgụ isi.<ref name="pmid10607214">{{Cite journal|title=Alertness management: strategic naps in operational settings|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=4|issue=S2|pages=62–66|date=December 1995|pmid=10607214|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00229.x}}</ref> == Uru == Sara Mednick mere nnyocha na-anwale mmetụta nke ụra, caffeine, na placebo. Nsonaazụ dị ndụ ebighị ya gosiri na ụra eme ìhè nke dị n'ala ahụ malite na nke 60-90 nkeji dị irè karịa caffeine na ncheta na nghọta.<ref name="pmid18554731">{{Cite journal|title=Comparing the benefits of caffeine, naps and placebo on verbal, motor and perceptual memory|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=193|issue=1|pages=79–86|date=November 2008|pmid=18554731|doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.028}}</ref> === Ike ụra === Nri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka Nri nke 2 bụ ụra dị mkpirikpi nke nkeji 20 ma ọ bụ obere nke na-akwụsị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka tupu ụra dị omimi, nke e bu n'obi ime ka Nri ahụ dịghachi ndụ ngwa ngwa. Ebumnuche nke ụra ike bụ iji bulie uru nke ụra karịa oge. A na-eji ya eme ihe iji gbakwunye ụra nkịtị, ọkachasị mgbe onye na-ehi ụra nwere nsogbu ihi ụra. Otú ọ dị, ka ụkọ ụra na-abawanye ụba, otú ahụ ka ụra na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1987-07-01|title=Temporal Placement of a Nap for Alertness: Contributions of Circadian Phase and Prior Wakefulness|journal=Sleep|doi=10.1093/sleep/10.4.313|issn=1550-9109}}</ref> === Ịrahụ ụra maka nsogbụ ụra === E gosipụtara na enwere ike ime ka ụra ehihie (EDS) dịkwuo mma site na idina ụra na narcolepsy.<ref name="Takahashi_2003">{{Cite journal|title=The role of prescribed napping in sleep medicine|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=7|issue=3|pages=227–35|date=June 2003|pmid=12927122|doi=10.1053/smrv.2002.0241}}</ref> Ewezuga narcolepsy, egosighi na ụra bara ụrụ dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ndị gara maka EDS na nsogbu ụra ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Takahashi_2003" /> === Ịmụta Ihe na Ncheta === Nnyocha na-atụ aro na ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-ahụkarị mgbe a gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-enye uru kachasị maka mmụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Naps in school can enhance the duration of declarative memories learned by adolescents|journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience|volume=8|pages=103|date=2014-06-03|pmid=24917794|doi=10.3389/fnsys.2014.00103}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=The Relationship Between Midday Napping And Neurocognitive Function in Early Adolescents|journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine|volume=17|issue=5|pages=537–551|date=February 2018|pmid=29388804|doi=10.1080/15402002.2018.1425868}}</ref> Uru nke ịdọ aka ná ntị anaghị egosi mgbanwe ọ bụla dabere ná ndị na ụdị àlà nke ụwa họrọ ndị Enyi na ụdị nke dị ka Azụmaahịa na ụdị oge ụra maka ịlụso mmiri ehihie ọgụ, ọbụlagodi maka ụra dị mkpirikpi dị ka nkeji iri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-lunch nap as a worksite intervention to promote alertness on the job|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ergonomics_2004-07-15_47_9/page/1003|journal=Ergonomics|volume=47|issue=9|pages=1003–1013|date=July 2004|pmid=15204275|doi=10.1080/00140130410001686320}}</ref> Napping na-eme ka ndị okenye na-eto eto na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie ọbá Akwụkwọ Anyị mụtara n'aka ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị dị n'ala nwee nchebe n'oge ihe ngosi nke ehihie, nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Brief naps during post-lunch rest: effects on alertness, performance, and autonomic balance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-applied-physiology_1998-07_78_2/page/93|journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology|volume=78|issue=2|pages=93–98|date=July 1998|pmid=9694306|doi=10.1007/s004210050392}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma na-ehi ụra mgbe niile n'ehihie na-egosi ụra ka mma n'abalị. N'ime ụmụaka ndị na-eto eto, ihi ụra na-eme ka ụra na-ehi ụra ọbụna mgbe ọ na-emeziwanye ncheta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The recuperative value of brief and ultra-brief naps on alertness and cognitive performance|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=11|issue=3|pages=213–218|date=September 2002|pmid=12220317|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00299.x}}</ref> Maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'afọ ndụ niile, ihi ụra n'oge ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ gosipụtara uru na oge mmeghachi omume na icheta ncheta nkwupụta nke ozi ọhụrụ ezi ntụziaka oriri nri, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ụra na-anọgide dị ndụ isi dị ndụ na ụra nwayọ, ya bụ, ihe na-erughị otu awa n'ogologo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A daytime nap containing solely non-REM sleep enhances declarative but not procedural memory|journal=Neurobiology of Learning and Memory|volume=86|issue=2|pages=241–247|date=September 2006|pmid=16647282|doi=10.1016/j.nlm.2006.03.005}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=The Relationship Between Midday Napping And Neurocognitive Function in Early Adolescents|journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine|volume=17|issue=5|pages=537–551|date=February 2018|pmid=29388804|doi=10.1080/15402002.2018.1425868}}</ref> === Ịdọ Aka ná Ụzọ na Ike ọgwụgwụ === Okirikiri circadian na-arụ ọrụ na ịrị elu nke mkpa maka ụra ehihie: ụra na-arị elu n'etiti ehihie, ya mere oge kachasị mma maka ụra bụ n'ehihie (Stampi, 1992; Bertisch dị ka e depụtara na Bilodeau, 2021). A na-atụ aro ụra 20-30-nkeji màkà ihe nọr na ímé nwanne nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị na ímé nwanne anyị si nọrọ ndị okenye, ebe ụmụaka na ndị agadi nwere ike ịchọ ụra ogologo oge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2009-11-01|title=Napping May Not Be Such a No-No - Harvard Health Publications|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/napping-may-not-be-such-a-no-no|accessdate=2023-02-18|work=Harvard Health|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chan_1989">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep-wake patterns and subjective sleep quality of day and night workers: interaction between napping and main sleep episodes|journal=Sleep|volume=12|issue=5|pages=439–448|date=October 1989|pmid=2799217|doi=10.1093/sleep/12.5.439}}</ref> Nnyocha, n'aka nke ọzọ, egosiwo na uru nke ihi ụra na-adabere na mmalite ụra na oge ụra karịa oge na ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Role of Napping for Learning across the Lifespan|journal=Current Sleep Medicine Reports|volume=6|issue=4|pages=290–297|date=December 2020|pmid=33816064|doi=10.1007/s40675-020-00193-9}}</ref> == Mmetụta ọjọọ == === Inertness ụra === Ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke iwe, enweghị nghọta na mgbagwoju anya nke a na-ahụ mgbe ị na-eteta n'ụra bụ nke a maara dị ka ụra inertia.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1990|chapter=Are you awake? Cognitive performance and reverie during the hypnopompic state.|title=Sleep and Cognition.|location=Washington, DC|publisher=American Psychological Society|pages=159–175|doi=10.1037/10499-012|isbn=1-55798-083-7}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a na-ebelata ọsọ nke ọrụ ọgụgụ isi mana ọ nweghị mmetụta na izi ezi nke arụmọrụ ọrụ.<ref name="Takahashi_2003">{{Cite journal|title=The role of prescribed napping in sleep medicine|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=7|issue=3|pages=227–35|date=June 2003|pmid=12927122|doi=10.1053/smrv.2002.0241}}</ref> Mmetụta nke ụra inertia anaghị adịte aka karịa minit 30 na enweghị ụra tupu.<ref name="pmid12531174">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep inertia|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=341–353|date=August 2000|pmid=12531174|doi=10.1053/smrv.2000.0098}}</ref> === Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nwere ike ịdị === Nnyocha meta nke afọ ndị mmadụ na ímé ihe nọr na mkpóró ndị ogbi ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe nile 2016 gosiri na ụra karịrị otu awa nwere ike ijikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu maka ọrịa obi, ọrịa shuga, ọrịa metabolic ma ọ bụ ọnwụ.<ref name="Yamada">{{Cite journal|title=J-curve relation between daytime nap duration and type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: A dose-response meta-analysis|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|pages=38075|date=December 2016|pmid=27909305|doi=10.1038/srep38075}}</ref> Enweghị mmetụta nke ihi ụra ruo ihe ruru nkeji iri anọ kwa ụbọchị, mana mmụba dị egwu nke ọrịa mere n'oge ụra dị ogologo.<ref name="Yamada" /> Ịhụ ndị ọzọ na ụdị nke dị ka ụra nkịtị bụkwa ihe na-egosi mmebi nke akwara dịka Ọrịa na ndị agadi, dịka mbelata nke ọrụ ụbụrụ na-akpata ụra karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exploring the nap paradox: are mid-day sleep bouts a friend or foe?|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=37|pages=88–97|date=September 2017|pmid=28899546|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.019}}</ref> === Banyere nsogbu ihi ụra === Màkà ihe nọr na ímé idiopathic hypersomnia, ndị ọrịa na-enwekarị ụra inertia ma ghara ịtọgbọ mgbe ha risịrị ụra.<ref name="pmid9554226">{{Cite journal|title=Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnolence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_1998-03_19_1/page/169|journal=Clinics in Chest Medicine|volume=19|issue=1|pages=169–81|date=March 1998|pmid=9554226|doi=10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70440-8}}</ref> == Omume kachasị mma == Ogologo oge ụra na ímé ihe ọ bụla n'ime anyị si mee oge na mgbe mmadụ na-ehi ụra na-emetụta ụra na ụra latency: mmadụ nwere ike irite ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa uru karịa n'ihe gbasara isi abụọ ahụ mgbe ha na-e ụra nke ọma n'ehihie. Dabere na nyocha, ogo mmadụ na-enwe ụra dị iche iche n'oge dị iche iche nke ụra. N'ihi na ụra inertia nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ịmụrụ anya site na Slow Wave Sleep, o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eme mgbe mmadụ na-ehi ụra na ímé nwanne anyị si nọrọ na nche megide dị ndụ isi dị ka onye isi ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Benefits of napping in healthy adults: impact of nap length, time of day, age, and experience with napping|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=18|issue=2|pages=272–281|date=June 2009|pmid=19645971|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00718.x}}</ref> Innertia ụra adịghị ike mgbe ụra dị mkpirikpi gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-28|title=Napping Behavior in Adolescents: Consensus, Dissents, and Recommendations|journal=Sleep and Vigilance|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=189–196|doi=10.1007/s41782-021-00155-3|issn=2510-2265}}</ref> Oge ụra dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe a na-ehi ụra n'etiti 3pm - 5pm ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụra a na-ewe n'etiti 7pm - 9pm.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How to interpret the results of a sleep study|journal=Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives|volume=4|issue=5|pages=24983|date=January 2014|pmid=25432643|doi=10.3402/jchimp.v4.24983}}</ref> Dị ka ndị mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ka The Sleep Foundation, Psychology Today na Harvard Health Publishing si kwuo, ndị a bụ omume kachasị mma maka ihi ụra:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2009-11-01|title=Napping May Not Be Such a No-No - Harvard Health Publications|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/napping-may-not-be-such-a-no-no|accessdate=2023-02-18|work=Harvard Health|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2010|title=Ultimate Napping: A How-To Guide|work=Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/minding-the-body/201006/ultimate-napping-how-guide|accessdate=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chan_1989">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep-wake patterns and subjective sleep quality of day and night workers: interaction between napping and main sleep episodes|journal=Sleep|volume=12|issue=5|pages=439–448|date=October 1989|pmid=2799217|doi=10.1093/sleep/12.5.439}}</ref> * Ịmepụta ebe dị mma maka ihi ụra. * Ịghọta mkpa anụ ahụ * Ịtọ ihe mkpu iji gbochie mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụra inertia na ụra latency == Hụkwa == * ''Siesta'' == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/naps/|title=How to nap|work=Sunday Ideas section|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=14 June 2008|accessdate=16 June 2009}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/27/napping-guide-health-wellbeing|title=Napping: the expert's guide|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 January 2009|accessdate=16 June 2009}} {{SleepSeries2}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Ihi ụra]] 7dl67g0ozaliky3bc02z5pnb9ozgjwb 0 28081 697575 195343 2026-08-10T03:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Capsules_-_Capsule_In_Akihabara.jpg|alt=Stacked sleeping capsules, looks like enclosed bunk beds|thumb|363x363px|Capsule na Akihabara]] Ogwe ụra, nke a makwaara dị ka ogwe ụra, '''ogwe ụra''' ma ọ bụ '''mkpuru ogwu''', bụ ụdị ihe owuwu pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ oche nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ihi ụra. Ndị ọrụ na-eji ogwe ura na-ehi ụra onwe onye, na-enyekarị aka site na teknụzụ na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ apụtala na gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, mahadum, ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ebe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. Ihe a na-eche na ha dị irè na-adabere na nyocha nke na-atụ aro na ụra nkeji iri abụọ nwere ike belata ihe ịrịba ama nke ike ọgwụgwụ, bulie ike, bulie uche, bulie mmepụta ihe, bulie ọnọdụ, bulie mmụta, belata nrụgide ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rest.works/benefits/|title=Napping Benefits backed up by Science}}</ref> == Mmalite ya == Mmepe nnka na uzuu nke ogwe uraụra na-apụta site na mmata na-eto eto banyere uru ahụike nke ụra na ụra gụnyere mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi. Ọ bụ Kisho Kurokawa mepụtara oghere ihi ụra mbụ na 1979, na imewe ya maka ulo mkpuru ogwu Osaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaven|first=W|date=April 1992|title=Japan's hotel industry: An overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cornell-hotel-and-restaurant-administration-quarterly_1992-04_33_2/page/26|journal=The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly|volume=33|issue=2|pages=26–32|doi=10.1016/0010-8804(92)90079-k|issn=0010-8804}}</ref> == Ihe osise ndị dị ugbu a == [[Usòrò:Nappuccino_café_napping_pods_Barcelona.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị na-ehi ụra n'ime ebe a na-ehu ụra, na kọfị Nappuccino na Barcelona, Spain]] UK haziri oghere ezumike na-ezube inye onye ọrụ 'oghere kachasị mma iji zuo ike', site na ịmepụta 'ebe zuru oke' iji kwụsị. Ọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mkpuru ogwu ọdịnala nke [[Japan]] na oghere ya zuru oke. Ebe ezumike ahụ nwere ihe na-egbochi ụda, ọkụ dị mma, ntụgharị uche na-achịkwa olu na ikuku dị ọcha. E wuru atụmatụ ahụ maka ntụsara ahụ site na iji osisi na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What we do {{!}} Rest Space|url=https://www.restspaceldn.com/what-we-do|accessdate=2020-10-07|work=RestSpace LDN|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922045314/https://www.restspaceldn.com/what-we-do}}</ref> === MetroNaps EnergyPod === [[Usòrò:EnergyPod_at_Wesleyan_University.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ike ogwe ura n'ime obere ụlọ ihi ụra na Olin Memorial Library nke Mahadum Wesleyan na Middletown, Connecticut]] 'Oche oche' nke nwere akara ahịa bụ oche mbụ n'ụwa maka ihi ụra n'ebe ọrụ. A na-akọwa atụmatụ ahụ dị ka nke nwere mmetụta ọdịnihu ma gosipụta ọta nzuzo 360-degree yana ezumike ụkwụ nke enwere ike idozi iji kwado ahụ onye ọrụ. Akụkụ dị ala e welitere na-ebuli ụkwụ elu, ka ọ na-ahapụ ikpere gbagọrọ agbagọ iji belata nrụgide n'azụ na ụkwụ. Nke a na-eme ka nrugharị ahụ dịkwuo mma ma belata nrụgide na usoro obi, na-eme buru ọ dịkwuo mfe izu ike. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịpị bọtịnụ mmalite iji malite ụra nkeji iri abụọ a kwadebere. Ha nwere ike izu ike mgbe ha na-ege egwu ụra ma na-akpọte ha mgbe nkeji iri abụọ gachara site na njikọta nke ìhè na ịma jijiji. Nhazi ahụ gosipụtara ọkà okwu BOSE, mana enwere ike iji ya na ekwesi nke ya. Ogwe ike na-enyekwa ohere maka nsuso ojiji, nke mere na onye na-enweta ikikere nwere ike ịnakọta data banyere otu esi eji ngwaọrụ ahụ eme ihe mgbe niile na oge ole. Mpụga nke ogwe na-egosipụtakwa 'ihe ngosi ọnọdụ' nke na-agụ mgbe ogwe ga-anọ n'efu. === Igbe ihi ụra === N'ịbụ nke otu arch mepụtara na 2009, a na-etinye igbe ihi ura n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ụlọ ahịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekwusi ike na ngwaahịa na-enye 'nchebe na ịdị ọcha na akụrụngwa obodo. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgbazite ogwe na ngongo nkeji iri atọ. A na-eji MDF eme ihe nlereanya mkpanaka, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enweta ụdị omenala na ígwè, ugegbe na ọdịiche roba siri ike. Enwere ike iwu igbe àkwà (2.5 m x 1.6 x 3m) ma ọ bụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ na usoro nke ruru 3. Ogwe ọ bụla nwere ohere maka ndị ọrụ iji chekwaa akpa ha na uwe ha, yana idina ala. Ihe ndị na-eme n'ebe obibi gụnyere ọkụ ụlọ, ọkụ ighu akwukwo, electric kpuru isi na ikuku ikuku yana oghere eletrik maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ngwaọrụ onwe onye. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ihuenyo onyonyo, ohere wifi na ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị maka atụmatụ omenala. === Napcabs === Ụdị dị iche iche nke igbe ụra nke ndị Germany, nke na-enye obere okpokoro n'akụkụ àkwà. Enwere ike ịgbazite ogwe ndị a site n'otu awa, ma nwee oke awa 12 maka onye ọrụ ọ bụla. A na-emeziwanye ha maka nkwụsị n'etiti ụgbọ elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airport Sleep Pods Are Here for Stranded Passengers|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-13/airport-sleep-pods-are-here- for-stranded-passenger|author=Bachman|first=J|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> === Narita awa itoolu === Na-esite na Narita odu mba uwa, oghere ụra awa itoolu na-eme ka ọnụ ụlọ dị na mkpuru ogwu nke ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịdebanye aha maka ụra dị mkpirikpi yana ịnọ n'abalị. Ogwe ọ bụla dị 110 cm n'obosara, 220 cm n'omimi na 110 cm n"ogologo, nke nwere matarasị dị ka ntọala. Mkpuru ogwu na-enye nzuzo zuru oke ma nwee ike igbochi ya site n'ime. Ndị ọrụ na-achịkwa usoro ọnọdụ ụra nke gụnyere ìhè, ụda na okpomọkụ. N'ihi obere nha nke akpa ndị ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị nduzi njem na-adọ aka ná ntị na ezumike nke awa itoolu adịghị mma maka ndị ọrụ nwere claustrophobia. === Oge ezumike === Ihe mejupụtara oghere a bụ tube polycarbonate nwere ọnụ ụzọ oyi maka nzuzo. A na-etinye nke ọ bụla na matarasị omenala na nha nke tube ma nwee ikuku. Nhazi nke imewe ahụ gụnyere agba dị iche iche, matarasị akpụkpọ anụ na redio dijitalụ. Enwere ike iwepu ezumike ma buru ya n'ụzọ dị larịị. Nhazi a pụrụ iche ghọrọ ihe a ma ama mgbe etinyere ya n'ulo oru Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Podtime: Napping tubes for pod people|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/podtime-napping-tubes-for-pod-people/|author=Kooser|first=Amanda|work=CNET|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> == Omenala ụra n'ebe ọrụ == A na-eji ngwaahịa na atụmatụ ndị dị ugbu a mee ihe karịsịa maka ndị ọkachamara na ndị njem. Site n'ịmepụta oche pụrụ iche nke na-agba ume ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a haziri ahazi n'ehihie, ndị ọkachamara dị ka Dr James B Mass, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ 'nri ike', na-ede banyere ebumnuche ya ịgbanwe ọdịbendị ọrụ dị na West iji melite uche na ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=James|first=Mass|title=Power Sleep|publisher=Quill/Harper Collins|year=1999|location=New York}}</ref> Nke a kwekọrọ na omenala omenala dịka Siesta na Spain, ezumike n'etiti ehihie ebe ọrụ na ọrụ kwụsịrị. Omume ndị Japan nke Inemuri, ihi ụra n'ọrụ, a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe akaebe nke nraranye ruo n'ókè nke ike ọgwụgwụ, ọ na-emetụtakwa ojiji nke ụra gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Steger|first=Brigitte|date=September 2006|title=Sleeping through Class to Success|journal=Time & Society|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=197–214|doi=10.1177/0961463x06066952|issn=0961-463X|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571017/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0961463X06066952.pdf}}</ref> Arianna Huffington ekwuputala mkpa ọ dị ihi ụra na izu ike n'ebe ọrụ. Akwụkwọ ya bụ The mgbanwe ura gụnyere okwu nke na-agba ume ka ọ dị mma maka mkpa maka izu ike na gburugburu ọrụ nrụgide dị elu, a na-esokwa ya site na mmalite nke Thrive Global, mmalite nke na-enye ọzụzụ ahụike maka ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere ndụmọdụ iji gbaa ndị ọrụ ume ka ha hie ụra kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe ọ dị mkpa. Huffington dere "Echiche ahụ na ụra bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ihe ịrịba ama nke adịghị ike nakwa na ike ọgwụgwụ na enweghị ụra bụ ihe ịrịbaanya nwoke nke ike bụ ihe na-ebibi ihe karịsịa, Ya mere ịgbanwe ụzọ anyị si ekwu maka ụra bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mgbanwe ọdịbendị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huffington, Arianna Stassinopoulos, 1950- author.|title=The sleep revolution : transforming your life, one night at a time|year=2017|isbn=978-1-101-90402-2|oclc=957022651}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-eduga na-agba ume ka a gbanwee nghọta ọdịbendị dị ugbu a banyere ike ọgwụgwụ gụnyere Matthew Walker, onye ọkà mmụta akwara na onye dere Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams, onye kpọrọ ihe a kpọrọ "n'etiti ọrịa na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ". Ọ kwadoro n'ihu ọha na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs "ọbụlagodi na ha na-egosi na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu ghọtara mkpa ụra dị n'ebe ọrụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Walker|first=M|title=Why We Sleep|publisher=Scribner}}</ref> Ọkachamara n'ụra na ''onye'' na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche Rita Aoud gwara The Guardian, n'ihi data dị ugbu a na "Nnyocha na-egosi na ụra nke ihe dị ka nkeji iri abụọ n'ehihie nwere mmetụta dị mma na nlebara anya, anya, ọnọdụ na ịma aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=A|date=2017|title=Clocking off: the companies introducing nap time to the workplace|work=the guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business-to-business/2017/dec/04/clocking- off-the-companies-introducing-nap-time-to-the-workplace}}</ref> Omume nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-eguzobe teknụzụ ụra n'ebe ọrụ ha na-egosi na nyocha na ndụmọdụ ọkachamara banyere mkpa ụra na ịdị irè nke ụra ehihie na-emetụta omenala ụlọ ọrụ.gdf == References in science fiction == Nkpu ezumike bu njuputa nke nka na uzu Mkpu akwa,nke n'ejide ozu kponwuru akponwu na ihe ngosi kwusituru putara n'ulo oru ohu obia''.'', ''Avatar'', ''2001: a oghere Odyssey'', ''ndi ngafe'', and ''Event Horizon''. Na nke a,kompat akwa ezumike do ka ihe a na-ewu ka a na aru mkpu ezumike do adi ka a na-egosiputa na-echekwa ahu ndi na ehi ura n'oge njem ogologo oge. Mmiri ụra na ihe nkiri obia nke afọ 1979 bụ capsules na-acha ọcha n'ìgwè asatọ, na ọta iko gafee n'elu. Ndị ọrụ nọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ a kwụsịtụrụ, na-amaghị onwe ha ruo mgbe 'rụrụ ọrụ', na-eto eto ma nwee ike isonyere ndị ọrụ. A na-ahụkwa ihe nkiri a kwụsịtụrụ na ezumike na usoro ''ihe'' nkiri onyonyo fury efu na mbara igwe, ''Star Trek'', na ''Futurama''. N'ihe omume dibia oria onye nke afọ 2015, ehila ura ozo, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ nyocha mbara igwe na-ahapụ usoro ụra nkịtị site na iji 'Morpheus' ura ezumike , nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ọnwa ụra banye na nkeji abụọ. N'ịbụ nke a na-ejedebe n'i ogweds, a na-agbanwe ọrụ ụbụrụ mmadụ iji bulie mmepụta ihe n'ụgbọ mmiri. == Ebe ndị a ma ama == A na-etinye nka na uzu nke ogwe ura ma tinye ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ọha na eze na nke onwe. Ha dị n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu maka ndị njem iji n'etiti na tupu ụgbọ elu na ọdụ ụgbọ elu JFK, ọdụ ụgbọ elu Berlin, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Munich, ọdụ ụgbọelu Dubai na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Atlanta. Ụlọ ọrụ nka na uzu [[Google]], [[Samsung]] na Facebook etinyela ogwe ụra gafee isi ụlọ ọrụ ha na ọfịs maka iji ndị ọrụ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ Nike na Portland, [[Oregon]] nwere ọnụ ụlọ na saịtị ebe ndị ọrụ nwere ike ihi ụra ma ọ bụ tụgharịa uche. Ben & Jerry's enweela ụlọ ihi ụra n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ya kemgbe afọ 2010. Mahadum gụnyere King's College [[London]], Mahadum Sydney, Mahaduma Western Sydney, Maazị Miami, Mahadim Wesleyan, Mahadam Stanford na Mahadum Washington State nwere ogwe na ọbá akwụkwọ campus na ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ndị otu Sydney Swans AFL wụnyere 'ọnụ ụlọ ihi ụra' abụọ maka ndị egwuregwu iji n'etiti ọzụzụ na oge egwuregwu na SCG Stadium. Na UK, NHS etinyela ogwe ụra n'ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze maka ndị dọkịta, ndị nọọsụ na ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-04|title=Sleep pods for night staff|journal=Nursing Standard|volume=35|issue=3|pages=7|doi=10.7748/ns.35.3.7.s6|issn=0029-6570}}</ref> 21190zp69qq51pdjr2dfjpq3lnwpta3 0 28123 697648 115370 2026-08-10T04:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697648 wikitext text/x-wiki Usoro mgbasa ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe usoro a na-eme mgbe niile bụ '''usoro''' a na'ụzọ na ụdị àlà úkwú nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ igbu onye ọ dịghị òtù na achị isi oche nkeji a na-ejikarị eme nchọpụta nke circadian rhythm nke mmadụ iji mụọ ihe ndị e mepụtara n'ime, ma ọ bụ endogenous, circadian rhyts na-enweghị mmetụta nke mmetụta dị n'èzí, ma ọ dị n'akụkụ. N'ime usoro ahụ, a na-edebe ndị mmadụ n'ọnọdụ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 24.<ref name="Duffy">{{Cite journal|author=Duffy|first=Jeanne F.|title=Getting Through to Circadian Oscillators: Why Use Constant Routines?|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms|date=29 June 2016|volume=17|issue=1|pages=4–13|doi=10.1177/074873002129002294|pmid=11837947}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-agụnye nlele ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ìhè na okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide, yana ọnọdụ na-adịkarị ala.<ref name="Duffy" /> Na mgbakwunye, a na-ekesa nri ndị mmadụ na-eri n'otu n'otu na usoro iwu ahụ dum, a naghịkwa ekwe ka ndị mmadụ na ya hie ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị ụra ruo oge ahụ.<ref name="Duffy" /> Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ndị a, a na-enyocha isiokwu maka ọtụtụ mgbanwe nke mmasị. Abụọ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na nke a kacha ghọta nke ọma bụ okpomọkụ nke ahụ na melatonin.<ref name="Duffy" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Okwu a malitere na 1978 mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na nnwale dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka ndị na eme ìhè iji chọpụta mmetụta nke jet lag n'enweghị usoro omume mmadụ - ọ bụ ezie na usoro ndị a na-etinye n'usoro ihe omume na-adịgide adịgide malitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala 1947.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mills|first=JN|title=Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-physiology_1978-12_285/page/455|journal=The Journal of Physiology|date=December 1978|volume=285|pages=455–70|pmid=745108|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aschoff|first=Jürgen|title=Einige allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten physikalischer Temperaturregulation|journal=Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere|date=1947|volume=249|issue=1|pages=125–136|doi=10.1007/BF00362676}}</ref> Usoro a sitere n'echiche a kwadoro nke ọma na nyocha nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie ọbá ndị ọzọ ụra circadian na nyochaa ngalaba ike ịbelata nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-adịgide adịgide na-enye ohere maka ìhè nke ụda endogenous, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị French Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan kọwara na 1729.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=de Mairan JJO|title=Observation Botanique|journal=Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences|year=1729|pages=35–36}}</ref> N'adịghị ka usoro ndị gara aga, agbanyeghị, e mepụtara usoro usoro a na-eme mgbe niile na nkwenye maka nsogbụ ndị na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ na na ọtụtụ omume dị mkpa na-egosipụta rhythmicity circadian (gụnyere usoro ụra-mbilite n'ọnwụ, usoro omume, na usoro iri nri) na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ekpuchi ụfọdụ rhythms endogenous. == Ihe ndị a chọpụtara == Usoro a na-eme mgbe niile, n'ihi ikike ya iji belata mmetụta mkpuchi nke mmetụta exogenous na circadian ndị onye na-eme udo enwetala Nsonaazụ dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa ndị mmadụ n'ihe bara uru na akwụkwọ n'ime afọ 40 gara aga nke ojiji ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a rụzuru gụnyere nkọwa ziri ezi nke ihe ndị dị n'imerime na ya nke melatonin, okpomọkụ nke ahụ, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), glucose tolerance, obi, na arụmọrụ nghọta, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allan|first=JS|title=Persistence of the circadian thyrotropin rhythm under constant conditions and after light-induced shifts of circadian phase.|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|date=August 1994|volume=79|issue=2|pages=508–12|doi=10.1210/jcem.79.2.8045970|pmid=8045970}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Van Cauter|first=E|title=Nocturnal decrease in glucose tolerance during constant glucose infusion.|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|date=September 1989|volume=69|issue=3|pages=604–11|doi=10.1210/jcem-69-3-604|pmid=2668321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kräuchi|first=K|title=Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men.|journal=The American Journal of Physiology|date=September 1994|volume=267|issue=3 Pt 2|pages=R819–29|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.R819|pmid=8092328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Monk|first=TH|title=Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions.|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|date=March 1997|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–18|pmid=9125694|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00023.x}}</ref> == Nsogbu == A katọrọ na ụdị nke ụwa na ụdị nke dị ka ndị mmadụ usoro iwu na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ihe akaebe ndị mmadụ na ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa maka usoro iwu ahụ n'onwe ha na-emetụta elekere Circadian. Enweghị ụra na ọkụ na-adịghị mma mgbe niile nwere ike ikpuchi elekere endogenous ma ọ bụ metụta ndi mádu ziri mmadụ oge circadian. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosila ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị nke dị ka ndị mmadụ na ímé ihe ha yll na mbụ na enweghị ụra n'onwe ya nwere mmetụta na ụda obi dịka EEG tụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cajochen|first=C|title=EEG and ocular correlates of circadian melatonin phase and human performance decrements during sleep loss.|journal=The American Journal of Physiology|date=September 1999|volume=277|issue=3 Pt 2|pages=R640–9|pmid=10484479}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, a tụwo aro na enweghị ụra na usoro iwu na-aga n'ihu nwere ike imetụta oge circadian nke onye sonyere, dabere na nyocha e mere na hamsters.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mistlberger|first=RE|title=Circadian clock resetting by sleep deprivation without exercise in Syrian hamsters: dark pulses revisited.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-rhythms_2002-06_17_3/page/n36|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms|date=June 2002|volume=17|issue=3|pages=227–37|doi=10.1177/07430402017003006|pmid=12054194}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> [[Òtù:Physiology ụra]] [[Òtù:Ura]] [[Òtù:Circadian rhythm]] otvehgs41vuo0zfqx05e4dyw351p4do 0 28124 697782 577793 2026-08-10T08:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697782 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent haudio" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary album" |Psalm 23 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;" |"The Lord is my shepherd" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Psalm_23.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Illustration from ''[[The Sunday at Home]]'', 1880</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Other name | class="infobox-data" |"Dominus reget me" |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written | class="infobox-data" |around 1000 BC |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Text | class="infobox-data" |attributed to [[King David]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Language | class="infobox-data" |Hebrew (original) |} Abụ Ọma nke 23 bụ '''abụ ọma 23''' nke Akwụkwọ Abụ Ọma, malite na Bekee na eze james Version: "'''Onyenwe anyị bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ m'''". N'asụsụ Latin, a maara ya site na incipit, "'''Dominus''' regit me".<ref>[Book of Common Prayer, 1662, Psalm 23 ''Dominus regit me.'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/psa022.htm|title=Vulgate: Psalms: Psalms Chapter 22}}</ref><ref>Breviarum Monasticum. Dominica ad Matutinum. Ps. 22, https://archive.org/details/breviarium-monasticum-pars-ii/Breviarium%20Monasticum%20-%20Pars%20I/page/n93/mode/2up</ref><ref>Breviarium ad usum Sarisburiense. Psalterium. Ad Primam. Psalmus xxij. https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/15874/120/A-02%20Psalterium%20Dominica%20prime.pdf</ref> Akwụkwọ Abụ Ọma bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba nke atọ nke Bible Hibru, [1] na akwụkwọ nke Agba Ochie nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]. N'usoro nọmba dịtụ iche nke e ji mee ihe na nsụgharị Bible nke Grik Septuagint na Latin Vulgate, '''abụ ọma''' a bụ Abụ Ọma 22. Dị ka ọtụtụ abụ ọma, a na-eji Abụ Ọma nke 23 eme ihe na liturgies ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst. A na-ejikarị ya egwu. Onye nkuzi Haredi Tziporah Heller zoro aka na ya dị ka ma eleghị anya abụ ọma a ma ama n'ihi "ozi ya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ntụkwasị obi na Chineke, na ịdị mfe ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aish.com/sp/pg/48890772.html|title=The Lord is My Shepherd|first=Rebbetzin Tziporah|author=Heller|authorlink=Tziporah Heller|date=3 August 2002|accessdate=28 June 2018|work=[[Aish.com]]}}</ref> == Okwu nke Hibru == Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosi ederede Hibru nke Abụ Ọma na ụdaume n'akụkụ nsụgharị Bekee dabere na nsụgharị JPS 1917 (nke dị ugbu a na [[Public domain|ngalaba ọha na eze]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2623.htm|title=Psalms – Chapter 23|publisher=Mechon Mamre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.23.1?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|title=Psalms 23 - JPS 1917|publisher=[[ Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amaokwu !Ihe odide Hibru !Nsụgharị Bekee (JPS 1917) |- | align="center" |1 | align="right" |  |Abụ Ọma nke Devid. Jehova bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ m; agaghị m achọ. |- | align="center" |2 | align="right" |  |Ọ na-eme ka m dinara n'ebe ịta nri ahịhịa ndụ; Ọ na-eduga m n'akụkụ mmiri dị jụụ. |- | align="center" |3 | align="right" |  |Ọ na-eweghachi mkpụrụ obi m; Ọ na-eduzi m n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka aha ya. |- | align="center" |4 | align="right" |  |Yea, ọ bụ ezie na m na-agafe na ndagwurugwu nke onyinyo ọnwụ, agaghị m atụ egwu ihe ọjọọ, N'ihi na gị na m; Ogwe gị na mkpara gị, ha na-akasi m obi. |- | align="center" |5 | align="right" |  |Ị kwadebere tebụl n'ihu m n'ihu ndị iro m; Ị setịpụrụ mmanụ n'isi m; iko m na-agba ọsọ. |- | align="center" |6 | align="right" | } |Obiọma na ebere ga-eso m ụbọchị niile nke ndụ m; Aga m ebi n'ụlọ Onyenwe anyị ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. |} === Ntughari na bekee (eze james Version) === # Dinwenu bu onye nchem onwekwaghi ihem ga acho . # Ona edugam na ebe ahihia ndu juru ju. # Ọ na-eweghachi mkpụrụ obi m: ọ na-eduga m n'ụzọ ezi omume n'ihi aha ya. # Ya buru godi nam na aga na ochichiri nke onwu , agaghị m atụ egwu n'ihi na ị na-eso m; mkpara gị na mkpara gị ka ha na-akasi m obi. # Ị kwadebere tebụl n'ihu m n'ihu ndị iro m: ị na-esi ísì n'isi m; iko m na-agba ọsọ. # Obiọma na ebere ga-eso m ụbọchị niile nke ndụ m: m ga-ebi n'ụlọ nke dinwenu biri na ya ebighebi ebighebi . == Nkọwa nke isiokwu == [[Usòrò:Corriedale_lambs_in_Tierra_del_Fuego.JPG|thumb|A na-akpọkarị Abụ Ọma nke 23 "Abụ Ọma Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ"]] Isiokwu nke Chineke dị ka onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'Izrel na Mesopotemia oge ochie. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Eze Hammurabi, na mmechi nke iwu iwu ya a ma ama, dere, sị: "Abụ m onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nke na-eweta ọdịmma na ọganihu dị ukwuu; ọchịchị m ziri ezi.... ka ndị siri ike ghara imegbu ndị na-adịghị ike, nakwa ka ọbụna nwa mgbei na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nwee ike imeso ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/165hammurabi.html|title=Hammurabi's Code, circa 1780BC|work=history.hanover.edu|accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi na asụsụ a bụ nke a maara nke ọma n'etiti ndị mepụtara Abụ Ọma ma na-abanye n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ofufe ya. Abụ Ọma 23 gosipụtara Chineke dị ka ezigbo onye ọzụzụ atụrụ, na-enye nri (amaokwu 1) ma na-eduga (amaokwu 3) ìgwè atụrụ ya. "Mkpịsị osisi na mkpara" (amaokwu 4) bụkwa ngwá ọrụ nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa ihe na-ahụ ihe oyiyi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ na-agbasa n'abụ ọma ahụ dum. A maara na onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ga-ama atụrụ ọ bụla site na aha, ya mere mgbe e nyere Chineke atụ nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ, ọ bụghị naanị onye nchebe kamakwa onye nlekọta. Chineke, dị ka onye na-elekọta ya, na-eduga atụrụ ahụ n'ebe ịta nri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (amaokwu 2) na mmiri dị jụụ (amaokwu 2). n'ihi na ọ maara na atụrụ ya ọ bụla ga-eduga ya n'onwe ya ka a na-enye ya nri. Ya mere, na-enweghị onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ya, atụrụ ahụ ga-anwụ ma ọ bụ site na anụ na-eri ibe ya ma ọ bụ n'agụụ, ebe a maara atụrụ maka enweghị enyemaka ha na-enweghị ọzụzụ atụrụ ha. J. Douglas MacMillan na-ekwu na amaokwu 5 ("Ị kwadebere tebụl n'ihu m") na-ezo aka na "omume ọzụzụ atụrụ oge ochie" nke iji obere tebụl e welitere elu nye atụrụ nri.: 78 N'otu aka ahụ, "Ị na-eji mmanụ na-esi isi m" nwere ike izo aka n'ụdị azụ oge ochie - a na-awụfu mmanụ ahụ na ọnyá, ma na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref name="jdm">[[J. Douglas MacMillan]] (1988), ''The Lord Our Shepherd'', [[Bridgend|Bryntirion]]: [[Evangelical Press of Wales]]</ref> MacMillan kwukwara na amaokwu 6 ("Ezi na ebere ga-eso m") na-echetara ya nkịta atụrụ abụọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe na-abịa n'azụ ìgwè atụrụ ahụ.: 82<ref name="jdm" />  Isi ma ọ bụ amaokwu mbụ nke Abụ Ọma ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ Eze Devid dere ya, nke e kwuru n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru na ọ bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ n'onwe ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwenyeghị na onye edemede a ma na-eche echiche dị iche iche nwere ike ime, na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ n'oge a chụgara ya.<ref name="Morgenstern1946">{{Cite journal|author=Morgenstern|first=Julian|authorlink=Julian Morgenstern|date=March 1946|title=Psalm 23|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1946-03_65_1/page/13|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=65|issue=1|pages=13–24|doi=10.2307/3262214}}</ref> N'ozuzu, Abụ Ọma 22, 23, na 24 ka ụfọdụ na-ahụ dị ka abụ ọma ọzụzụ atụrụ, ebe ezi ọzụzụ atụrụ na-etinye ndụ ya maka atụrụ dị ka ohu na-ata ahụhụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plymouthbrethren.org/article/6484|title=The Shepherd Psalms (Psalms 22, 23, and 24) &#124; Plymouth Brethren Writings}}</ref> == Oru ya n'okpukpe ndị Juu == A na-abụ abụ ọma nke 23 n'oge nri Shabbat nke atọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ou.org/torah/nach/nach-yomi/psalms_chapter_23/|title=Possibly the Most Famous Psalm of All|first=Rabbi Jack|author=Abramowitz|publisher=[[Orthodox Union]]|year=2018|accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/rebbetzins-viewpointrebbetzin-jungreis/the-tragic-vacuum-part-four-2/2011/04/18/|title=The Tragic Vacuum (Part Four)|first=Rebbetzin Esther|author=Jungreis|authorlink=Esther Jungreis|date=18 April 2011|accessdate=28 June 2018|work=[[The Jewish Press]]|archivedate=3 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203180712/https://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/rebbetzins-viewpointrebbetzin-jungreis/the-tragic-vacuum-part-four-2/2011/04/18/}}</ref> nakwa tupu nke mbụ na nke abụọ n'ime ụfọdụ obodo ndị Juu n'oge Kiddush. A na-ekwukarị ya n'ihu onye nwụrụ anwụ, dịka ndị na-eche ozu ahụ nche tupu e lie ya, na ozi olili ozu n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AnLLpbX3XMC&pg=PA118|title=An Encyclopedia of American Synagogue Ritual|first=Kerry M.|author=Olitzky|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313308144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/281559/jewish/Funeral-Service-Eulogy.htm|title=Jewish Funeral Service & Eulogy|first=Maurice|author=Lamm|accessdate=29 June 2018|work=Chabad.org}}</ref> == Oru na omenala Ndị Kraịst == [[Usòrò:Eastman_Johnson,_The_Lord_is_My_Shepherd.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Eastman Johnson nke 1863 The Lord Is My Shepherd, nke na-egosi nwoke na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-agụ Bible]] Maka Ndị Kraịst, onyinyo Chineke dị ka onye ọzụzụ atụrụ na-eme ka njikọ ọ bụghị naanị na Devid kamakwa na [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]], onye a kọwara dị ka "Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ dị mma" n'Oziọma Jọn. A na-ejikarị ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "ndagwurugwu onyinyo ọnwụ" eme ihe na-ezo aka na ndụ ebighị ebi nke Jizọs nyere. Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks na-agụnyekarị Abụ Ọma a n'ekpere nkwadebe maka ịnata Oriri Nsọ. Ndozigharị ahụ kpaliri mgbalị zuru oke n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe iji mee ka ederede Bible dị n'asụsụ obodo. Otu n'ime nsụgharị Bekee mbụ a ma ama bụ Geneva Bible (1557). O doro anya na nsụgharị a ma ama nke abụ ọma ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee taa bụ nke sitere na King James Bible (1611). Na Chọọchị Katọlik, a na-enye abụ ọma a n'oge ehihie nke Sunday Week 2 na Liturgy of the Hours ma na-abụ abụ dị ka nzaghachi na Masses for the dead. The Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, a na-ahọpụta ka a gụọ ya na mgbede nke ụbọchị nke anọ nke ọnwa.<ref>Church of England, [https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/The%20Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%201662.pdf Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter] as printed by [[John Baskerville]] in 1762, pp. 196ff</ref> Abụ Ọma bụ akụkụ a ma ama maka iburu n'isi ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na okwuchukwu. === Oru olili ozu === Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Abụ Ọma nke 23 ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na liturgies olili ozu n'ụwa ndị na-asụ Bekee, na ihe nkiri nwere ihe nkiri olili oju na-egosipụtakarị ịgụ abụ ọma n'akụkụ ili. Okpukpe ndị ọchịchị nke ụka ndị na-asụ Bekee were nwayọ iji nabata omume a. ''Akwụkwọ Ekpere A Na-ekpere'' nwere naanị Abụ Ọma 39 na 90 na Order for the Burial of the Dead, na Chọọchị Episcopal na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ejighị Abụ Ọma 23 mee ihe maka olili ozu ruo mgbe e dezigharịrị akwụkwọ ekpere ahụ na 1928. === Obere akwukwo ekpere === Na Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, a họpụtara abụ ọma a ka a gụọ ya n'uhuruchi nke ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa.<ref>Church of England, [https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/The%20Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%201662.pdf Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter] as printed by [[John Baskerville]] in 1762, pp. 211-212</ref> == Ntọala egwu == N'Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke Abụ Ọma nke 23 pụtara mgbe Ndozigharị Protestant gasịrị n'ụdị abụ ọma Metrical - nsụgharị uri nke enwere ike ịtọ ka ọ bụrụ abụ. Thomas Sternhold mere nsụgharị metric mbụ nke abụ ọma ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee na 1565. Nsụgharị metric ndị ọzọ a ma ama ga-apụta site n'oge a gụnyere ndị sitere na The Bay Psalm Book (1640), Sidney Psalms nke Philip Sidney, na ntọala nke George Herbert na Isaac Watts.<ref name="smithcreekmusic.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/Metrical.Psalmody/Psalm23.compared.html|title='Psalms Compared: Psalm 23', retrieved 2007-08-05. (no public access!)|publisher=Smith Creek Music|date=2007-01-17|accessdate=2014-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322113808/http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/Metrical.Psalmody/Psalm23.compared.html|archivedate=2015-03-22}}</ref><ref name="smithcreekmusic.com" /> Otu n'ime nsụgharị metrical a ma ama nke Abụ Ọma nke 23 bụ ukwe Ndị Kraịst, "Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ m nke Onyenwe anyị", nsụgharị mbụ e bipụtara na 1650 Scottish Psalter. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye omeiwu England bụ Francis Rous, ederede ahụ bụ nsonaazụ nke nhazi dị ịrịba ama site na kọmitii ntụgharị na 1640s tupu mbipụta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Petersen|first=Randy|title=Be Still, My Soul: The Inspiring Stories behind 175 of the Most-Loved Hymns|date=2014|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4143-8842-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXEiAQAAQBAJ&q=the%20lord's%20my%20shepherd%20francis%20rous&pg=PA327|accessdate=3 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> Abụ a bụ otu n'ime abụ ndị a ma ama n'etiti ọgbakọ ndị na-asụ Bekee taa, a na-abụkwa ya na abụ Crimond, nke a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ Jessie Seymour Irvine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://songsandhymns.org/hymns/tunes/detail/crimond|title=Crimond|publisher=Center for Church Music – Songs & Hymns|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ewan|first=Elizabeth L.|title=Biographical Dictionary of ScottishWomen|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2660-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&q=%22How%20far%20is%20it%20to%20Crimond%3F%22&pg=PA180|accessdate=3 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> A pụkwara iji abụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka Brother James' Air ma ọ bụ Amazing Grace, ''Belmont'', ''Evan'', Martyrdom, ''Orlington'', na ''Wiltshire'' mee ihe.<ref>[http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/l/m/y/s/lmysheph.htm The Lord id my shepherd] hymntime.com</ref> Abụ ọzọ a ma ama nke Ndị Kraịst nke dabeere na Abụ Ọma nke 23 bụ "The King of Love My Shepherd Is" nke Henry Baker dere (1868).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Famous Hymns and Their Authors|date=1903|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|url=https://archive.org/details/famoushymnsandt00jonegoog/page/n210/mode/2up?q=king+of+love|accessdate=17 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Sternhold na Hopkins (1628)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psalm 23, Sternhold and Hopkins|url=http://www.cgmusic.org/workshop/oldver/psalm_23.htm|work=www.cgmusic.org|accessdate=17 June 2020|archivedate=18 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618042959/http://www.cgmusic.org/workshop/oldver/psalm_23.htm}}</ref> !''Akwụkwọ Abụ Ọma'' Bay (1640)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psalm 23 · Bay Psalm Book · Scriptures (goodbooksfree.com)|url=http://goodbooksfree.com/scriptures/baypsalmbook/19023.html|work=goodbooksfree.com|accessdate=17 June 2020|language=en|date=2020}}</ref> !Rous Psalter (1643) !''Akwụkwọ Abụ Ọma nke Scotland'' (1650)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lord's My Shepherd|url=https://hymnary.org/text/the_lords_my_shepherd_ill_not_want_rous|work=Hymnary.org|accessdate=17 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> |- | |<poem>The Lord to me a shepherd is, want therefore shall not I. He in the folds of tender-grass, doth cause me down to lie.</poem> |<poem>My Shepherd is the Living Lord And He that doth me feed How can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need?</poem> |<poem>The Lord's my Shepherd, I'll not want; he makes me down to lie in pastures green; he leadeth me the quiet waters by. </poem> |} === Usoro okpukpe na oge ochie === Heinrich a setting of a metric paraphrase in German der herr ist getreuer Paul creston psalm xxlll(1945) Six motets op 82 Franz liszt Albert hay malotte Alfred Newman Geaorge rochberg Dinwenu bu onye Onye nchem included in his requiem Franz schubert Mendelssohn charlse vililiers Stanford Dinwenu bu onye nchem (1886) Randal Thompson Benjamin til Ralph vaughan Williams Alexander selling For chorus and orchestra Rebbi shlomo carlebach Ralph vaughan Alexander zemlinsky === Abụ === <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> * 1958: [[Duke Ellington]] – "Part VI" from ''[[Black, Brown and Beige (1958 album)|Black, Brown and Beige]]'' with [[Mahalia Jackson]] * 1966: [[The Moody Blues]] – "23rd Psalm" from the album ''[[The Magnificent Moodies]]'' deLuxe Edition (not released until 2014) * 1966: [[Ed Ames]] – "My Cup Runneth Over" [[RCA Victor]] single from the Musical Production "I Do!, I Do!" * 1972: [[Dave Cousins]] – "[[Lay Down]]" from the album ''[[Bursting at the Seams]]'' * 1977: [[Dennis Brown]] – "Here I Come" from the album ''[[Wolf & Leopards]]'' * 1977: [[Peter Tosh]] – "Jah Guide" from the album ''[[Equal Rights (album)|Equal Rights]]'' * 1977: [[Pink Floyd]] – "[[Sheep (Pink Floyd song)|Sheep]]" from the album ''[[Animals (Pink Floyd album)|Animals]]'' * 1978: [[Patti Smith Group]] – "[[Privilege (Set Me Free)]]" from the album ''[[Easter (Patti Smith Group album)|Easter]]'' * 1980: [[Grateful Dead]] – "Alabama Getaway" from the album ''[[Go to Heaven]]'' * 1981: [[Venom (band)|Venom]] – "Welcome To Hell" from the album ''[[Welcome to Hell]]'' * 1982: [[Keith Green]] – "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''[[Songs for the Shepherd]]'' * 1983: [[Marillion]] – "Forgotten Sons" from the album ''[[Script for a Jester's Tear]]'' * 1985: [[Judy Collins]] – "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''[[Amazing Grace (Judy Collins album)|Amazing Grace]]'' * 1988: [[Diamanda Galás]] – "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''[[You Must Be Certain of the Devil]]'' * 1988: [[U2]] – "[[Love Rescue Me]]" from the album ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' * 1989: [[Lil' Louis]] – "Blackout" from the album ''From The Mind Of Lil Louis'' * 1990: [[Bobby McFerrin]] – "The 23rd Psalm" from the album ''[[Medicine Music]]'' * 1993: [[Alpha Blondy]] – "Psaume 23" from the album ''Jerusalem'' * 1993: [[Christian Death]] – ''Psalm (Maggot's Lair)'' from album ''Path of Sorrows'' * 1994: [[Howard Goodall]] – theme to ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'', later covered by [[Katherine Jenkins]] and [[The Choirboys (boyband)|The Choirboys]] * 1995: [[Coolio]] feat. [[L.V. (singer)|L.V.]] – "[[Gangsta's Paradise (song)|Gangsta's Paradise]]" * 1995: [[Michael W. Smith]] – "As It Is In Heaven" from ''[[I'll Lead You Home]]'' * 1995: [[Tupac Shakur]] – "[[So Many Tears]]" from the album ''[[Me Against The World]]'' * 1996: [[Cissy Houston]], ([[Whitney Houston]]'s mother) – "The Lord is my shepherd" from ''[[The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album]]'' * 1996: [[Staind]] “Four Walls” from the album ''Tormented'' * 1997: [[The Notorious B.I.G.|Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.)]] – "You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)" from the album ''[[Life After Death]]'' * 1998: [[Colin Mawby]] – recording with [[Charlotte Church]] * 1998: [[Kathy Troccoli]] – "Psalm 23" from ''[[Corner of Eden]]'' * 1999: [[E Nomine]] – "Psalm 23" from the album ''[[Das Testament (E Nomine album)|Das Testament]]'' * 1999: [[Jonathan Elias]] – "Forgiveness" from the album ''[[The Prayer Cycle]]'' * 1999: [[Ky-mani Marley]] – "Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''The Journey'' * 2000: [[Mark Knopfler]] – "Baloney Again" from the album ''[[Sailing to Philadelphia]]'' * 2000: [[Marilyn Manson]] – "In The Shadow Of The Valley Of Death" from the album ''[[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)|Holy Wood]]'' * 2001: [[Dan Nichols]] – "Psalm 23" from the album ''Be Strong'' * 2002: [[Boards of Canada]] – "From One Source All Things Depend" from the album ''[[Geogaddi]]'' * 2003: [[Lucinda Williams]] – "Atonement" from the album ''[[World Without Tears]]'' * 2004: [[Kanye West]] – "[[Jesus Walks]]" from the album ''[[The College Dropout]]'' * 2004: [[Megadeth]] – "Shadow of Deth" from the album ''[[The System Has Failed]]'' * 2004: [[OverClocked Remix]] – "Beneath the Surface (Aquatic Ambiance)" from ''Kong in Concert'' * 2005: [[Ministry (band)]] – "No W (Redux)" from ''Rantology'' * 2005: [[The Tossers]] - "The Valley of the Shadow of Death" from the album ''[[The Valley of the Shadow of Death]]'' * 2006: [[Don Moen]] - “Psalm 23” from the album “Hiding Place” * 2007: [[Group 1 Crew]] – "Forgive Me" from the album ''[[Group 1 Crew (album)|Group 1 Crew]]'' * 2007: [[Dream Theater]] – "In The Presence Of Enemies Part 2" from the album ''[[Systematic Chaos]]'' * 2008: [[Jon Foreman]] – "The House of God, Forever" from the EP, ''[[Summer (Jon Foreman EP)|Summer]]'' * 2008: [[The Offspring]] – "[[Hammerhead (The Offspring song)|Hammerhead]]" from the album ''[[Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace]]'' * 2009: [[India.Arie]], [[MC Lyte]] – "Psalms 23" from the album ''[[Testimony: Vol. 2, Love & Politics]]'' * 2009: [[Rick Ross]] – "Valley of Death" from the album ''[[Deeper Than Rap]]'' * 2010: [[Nas]] & [[Damian Marley]] – "Strong Will Continue" from the album ''[[Distant Relatives]]'' * 2011: [[Hollywood Undead]] – "[[Hear Me Now (Hollywood Undead song)|Hear Me Now]]" from the album ''[[American Tragedy (album)|American Tragedy]]'' * 2012: [[Shawn James (musician)]] – "Through the Valley" from the album ''Shadows'' * 2013: [[J. Cole]] (featuring [[Kendrick Lamar]]) — "[[Forbidden Fruit (J. Cole song)|Forbidden Fruit]]" * 2016: [[The Last Shadow Puppets]] – "[[Everything You've Come to Expect (song)|Everything You've Come to Expect]]" from the [[Everything You've Come to Expect|album of the same name]] </div> == Hụkwazie == * ''Ndagwurugwu nke onyinyo'' nke ọnwụ, 1855 Roger Fenton foto == Edensibia == == Ọrụ ndị e depụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Mazor|first=Lea|editor=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA589|title=Book of Psalms|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-973004-9}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}   * Pieces with text from Psalm 23: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project * Psalm 23: Free scores at the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) * [https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2623.htm Abụ Ọma nke 23 na Parallel English (JPS translation) na Hibru] * BibleStudyTools.com - nsụgharị na nkọwa dị iche iche * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=psalm%2023 Abụ Ọma nke 23] na biblegateway.com * Hymns for Psalm 23 hymnary.org * [http://zemirotdatabase.org/view_song.php?id=28 Ihe odide Hibru, ntụgharị, transliteration, abụ ndị edere site na The Zemirot Database] * Tehillim - Abụ Ọma nke 23 (Judaica Press) nsụgharị na nkọwa Rashi. * {{Cite web|author=Oldham|first=Jeffrey D.|date=17 February 2006|title=Various Translations of Psalm 23|work=Stanford University|url=https://theory.stanford.edu/~oldham/church/ps23-translations-2006Feb22/ps23-translations-2006Feb22.pdf}} {{Psalms}}{{Hymns and songs based on Psalms}} cht4dejxb00ke5ensrljwuwut7rzh5p 0 28152 697590 115401 2026-08-10T03:33:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697590 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin: 1em 1em" |+MSLT Scores !Oge Ndị Dị Mkpa !Ihi ụra |- |0-5 |Ọ dị ike |- |5-10 |Nsogbu |- |10-15 |Enwere ike ịchịkwa |- |15-20 |Ezigbo Onye |} Na sayensị ụra, ụra mmalite ('''SOL''') bụ ogologo '''oge''' ọ na-ewe iji mezuo mgbanwe site na ịmụrụ anya zuru oke gaa n'ụra, na-abụkarị na nke kachasị mfe n'ime usoro ụra na-abụghị REM. == Nnyocha ụra na-adịghị adị == Onye na-eme nchọpụta na ụra na Mahadum nke dị Stanford William C. Dement na-akọ mmalite mmepe nke echiche ahụ, na nke ule mbụ maka ya, Ọtụtụ ụraLatency Test (MSLT), n'akwụkwọ ya The Promise of Sleep . Dement na ímé ihe ọ bụla n'ime anyị si nọrọ anyị si egosi ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Mary Carskadon anọwo na-achọ ihe ziri ezi nke ụra ehihie iji nyere aka nyochaa mmetụta nke nsogbu ụra. N'oge a na-enyocha nsonaazụ nnwale, ha ghọtara na oge ọ na-ewe iji hie ụra n'àkwà ndị mmadụ n'ihe nwere njikọ chiri anya na ogo ụra nke ndị ahụ na-enyo onwe ha. "Nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ka ihe na-eme ka ụwa maa jijiji, mana ịtụle na ịzụlite ihe ziri ezi nke ụra bụ ma eleghị anya otu n'ime ndị na eme ìhè ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke dị ka onye isi oche n'ime ọganihu kachasị mkpa na ímé sayensị ụra, "Dement na onye edemede Christopher Vaughn dere banyere nchọpụta na ímé ihe nọr ka ébé ahụ. Mgbe ha mepụtara MSLT na mbụ, Dement na ndị ọzọ tinyere ndị mmadụ n'ime ụlọ dị jụụ, gbara ọchịchịrị nwere àkwà ma gwa ha ka ha dina ala, mechie anya ha ma zuo ike. Ha kwuru na ọnụọgụ nke nkeji, site na 0 ruo 20, na ọ na-ewe onye na-ehi ụra. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ afọ ofufo ka na-amụ anya mgbe nkeji iri abụọ gasịrị, a kwụsịrị nnwale na ímé ihe nọr na mkpóró ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge gara maka nsogbụ ụra nke ukwuu n'ihi na ímé ihe ọ bụla n'ime anyị si nọrọ na nche ahụ ma nye onye ahụ ọkwa kachasị elu / obere ụra. Mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbochiri ndị mmadụ ihi ụra, ha chọpụtara na ogo ụra nwere ike ịdaba na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ ahụ a ịghọ ndị ozi n'okpuru 1, ya bụ, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịda n'ihe na-erughị otu nkeji. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụra furu efu nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na mgbanwe na akara ụra. Nnyocha ndị ahụ mechara mee ka Dement na Carskadon kwubie na "ụbụrụ na-edekọ kpọmkwem ole a ga-ehi ụra". Enweghị ụra zuru ezu n'oge ọ bụla a na-enye na-eduga n'ihe a na-akpọ ụgwọ ụra, nke na-ebelata akara ụra ma mee ka ndị na-enweghị ụra daa ụra ngwa ngwa. == Nnyocha n'ụlọ nke ụra latency == Maka nnwale n'ụlọ maka oge ụra dị ala na enweghị ike ihi ụra, ndị edemede na-ezo aka na usoro nke Nathaniel Kleitman, "nna nke nyocha ụra". Onye ahụ na-anọdụ ala n'ime ụlọ dị jụụ, nke gbara ọchịchịrị ma na-etinye aka na-ejide spoon n'akụkụ àkwà ma ọ bụ oche, na-etinye efere n'ala n'okpuru spoon. Mgbe ọ nyochachara oge, onye ahụ na-anwa izu ike ma hie ụra. Mgbe ụra ruru, spoon ahụ ga-ada ma kụọ efere ahụ, na-akpọte onye ahụ, onye na-enyocha iji hụ oge ole agafeela. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji gafere bụ mmalite ụra n'oge ahụ n'ụbọchị ahụ. Dement na-adụ ọdụ ka ị ghara ime nyocha ndị a n'abalị mgbe ụra malitere nwere ike ịdị ala, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị agadi. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụ aro ịnwale mmalite ụra n'ehihie, nke kachasị mma n'elekere 10:00 nke ụtụtụ, elekere 12:30 nke mgbede na elekere 3:00 nke mgbede. Oge ụra nke 0 ruo 5 nkeji na-egosi oke ụra, 5 ruo 10 nkeji bụ "ihe na-enye nsogbu", 10 ruo 15 nkeji na-egosipụta obere ma "a na-achịkwa" ụgwọ ụra, na 15 ruo 20 nkeji na-anọchite anya "obere ma ọ bụ enweghị" ụgwọ ụra. == Biomarkers nke ụra == Ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'oge a, gụnyere Paul Shaw nke Washington University School of Medicine na St. Louis, anọwo na-achụso mmepe nke ihe ngosi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma ọ bụ biomarkers, nke ụra. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, Shaw kọrọ n'ịntanetị na The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences na ụlọ nyocha ya egosila na ọkwa amylase na-abawanye na nsị mkpụrụ osisi mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweghị ụra. O gosiputara na amylase mmadụ mụbara ka a na-anapụkwa ndị mmadụ ụra.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Identification of a biomarker for sleep drive in flies and humans|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-12-26_103_52/page/19913|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=103|issue=52|pages=19913–8|date=December 2006|pmid=17167051|doi=10.1073/pnas.0609463104}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Ura]] [[Òtù:Nsogbu ihi ụra]] [[Òtù:Ọgwụ ụra]] thzjgt0rvcfrm4kt3suu8ipag5arf3w 0 28209 697621 142550 2026-08-10T04:16:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   N'abalị Dị jụụbụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta àkwà na matarasị na UK ma dị na Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ nke HIG Europe bụ onye nwetara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 10 Mee ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị y 2011, na-esote oge nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://higeurope.com/main/news/release/46|title=Silentnight Group acquired by HIG Europe|work=higeurope.com|language=en|accessdate=1 May 2018|archivedate=1 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225945/https://higeurope.com/main/news/release/46}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ihe ndina na matarasị Rest Assured ma guzobe ya na 1946. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Akara ahụ bụ Silentt, aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ N'abalị Dị jụụ otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07525259|title=SILENTNIGHT GROUP LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|work=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|language=en|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> Tom Clarke guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 11 Julaị 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.silentnight.co.uk/about-us/history/|title=The History of Silentnight {{!}} Silentnight|work=www.silentnight.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00414800|title=SNBL REALISATIONS 2011 LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|work=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|language=en|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> E guzobere ya dị ka Clarke's Matarasị Limited na Skipton na ụgwọ a kwụrụ Tom mgbe a chaputara ya na Royal Navy.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Founder of Silentnight group dies|url=http://www.keighleynews.co.uk/news/749082.Founder_of_Silentnight_group_dies/|accessdate=18 July 2017|work=Keighley News|date=4 May 2006}}</ref> A gbanwere ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ nke dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Silentnight Limited na 1951 na aro nke nwunye Tom, Joan. Clarke mèchàrà kwuo uche na nke ukwu na mgbanwe aha ahụ bụ ụbụrụ nke wetara ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ede ndị mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ahịa na 1973 mana n'ihi ejighị n'aka ahịa na enweghị ntụkwasị obi na njikwa, ezinụlọ Clarke weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọzọ na 2003 ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ nke onwe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UK {{!}} England {{!}} Lancashire {{!}} New suitor for Silentnight|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lancashire/3162678.stm|accessdate=18 July 2017|work=BBC News|date=3 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Family take Silentnight private in £72m deal|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/family-take-silentnight-private-in-163-72m-deal-1-2527866|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=12 September 2003|language=en}}</ref> N'ime afọ 1980, na ọzọ n'afọ 2000 na afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka Onye ọrụ nkụzi bụ onye na-emepụta àkwà kachasị na United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jobs to go at Silentnight as turnover drops off|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/jobs-to-go-at-silentnight-as-turnover-drops-1143389|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Manchester Evening News|date=10 August 2004}}</ref> Ọgaranya ụlọ ọrụ ahụ belatara ndị mmadụ na ndị nwe onwe ha, na Mee 2011, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ zọpụtara site na nkata ụlọ nzukọ alaeze nke dị ka ndị ọzọ na ímé ihe site na HIG Europe, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka onwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-13331662|title=Silentnight saved by HIG Europe buy-out|date=9 May 2011|work=BBC News|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> A gbanwere ọtụtụ n'ime njikwa ndị dị ugbu a na 2011, gụnyere ezinụlọ Clarke. HIG Europe mefuru £ 19 nde iji nweta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mana n'ime nke a, echekwara ụfọdụ ikike atụmatụ ezumike nká maka ndị ọrụ lara ezumike nkwe na ndị ọrụ ugbu a. Onye na-ahụ maka ezumike nká nyere ọkwa na 2013 na ha ga-amalite usoro iwu iji gbanwee usoro a ma manye HIG itinye ego £ 17.2 nde n'ime ite ezumike nkwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Harry|title=Judge backs pensions chief in battle with Silentnight|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judge-backs-pensions-chief-in-battle-with-silentnight-8bvcs0hv5|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=The Times|date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Kleinman|first=Mark|title=Silentnight Owner Braced For Pensions Payout|url=http://news.sky.com/story/silentnight-owner-braced-for-pensions-payout-10446475|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Sky News|date=7 May 2013}}</ref> HIG mechara kwenye na nkwekọrịta £ 25 nde na onye na-achịkwa na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|work=The Pensions Regulator|url=https://www.thepensionsregulator.gov.uk/en/media-hub/press-releases/2021-press-releases/tpr-agrees-25m-settlement-with-owners-of-silentnight|title=TPR agrees £25m settlement with owners of Silentnight|date=2 March 2021|accessdate=13 February 2022}}</ref> === Omume ịgba arụkwaghịm === [[Usòrò:Barnoldswick_industrial_building_during_Silentnight_strike.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Barnoldswick n'oge ọgbaghara Silentnight - June 1986]] Ruo ọnwa iri na asatọ n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1987, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọgbaghara ogologo oge nke bụ ọgbaghara kachasị ogologo megide otu ụlọ ọrụ na Britain, nke mere ihe karịrị ụbọchị 616.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Owen|first=Jonathan|title=The women who changed Britain forever|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-women-who-changed-britain-forever-8478498.html|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=The Independent|date=3 February 2013}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ nke Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union mere ngagharị iwe site na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ nke Silentnight n'oge ahụ, Barnoldswick na Sutton-in-Craven n'ihi mmụba nke ndị njikwa na-achọ na mmepụta. Òtù ahụ kwukwara na e meela nkwekọrịta ebe ndị ọrụ agaghị agbasi mbọ ike ka a kwụọ ụgwọ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeghị ka a chụọ ha n'ọrụ. Izu asatọ ka e mesịrị, e mere ka ndị ọrụ 52 ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cope|first=Sally|title=200 jobs at risk as firm hints at factory closure|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/200-jobs-at-risk-as-firm-hints-at-factory-closure-1-2404983|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=8 March 2002|language=en}}</ref><ref name="white">{{Cite news|author=White|first=Clive|title=What came after the longest strike in history was finally put to bed|url=http://www.cravenherald.co.uk/nostalgia/nostalgia_history/4277441.What_came_after_the_longest_strike_in_history_was_finally_put_to_bed/|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Craven Herald|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> N'ihi ọgbaghara ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chụpụrụ ndị ọrụ 346. Ọgbaghara ahụ nwetara nkwado dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala na ndị otu Labour Party.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mustchin|first=Stephen|title=Dismissal of strikers and industrial disputes: the 1985–1987 strike and mass sackings at Silentnight|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_labor-history_2014-10_55_4/page/448|journal=Labor History|volume=55|issue=4|pages=448–464|doi=10.1080/0023656X.2014.932521|date=8 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a tụlere ọgbaghara ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Nzukọ Ndị<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silentnight (Industrial Dispute) (Hansard, 6 November 1985)|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/nov/06/silentnight-industrial-dispute|work=hansard.millbanksystems.com|accessdate=31 August 2017|date=6 November 1985|archivedate=31 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831180109/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/nov/06/silentnight-industrial-dispute}}</ref> Omeiwu ma mara ya maka ọdịdị ya n'ozuzu ya, e nwere ihe omume nke ịtụ nkume na otu ihe omume dị ịrịba ama mgbe a gbara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Firebombs and stones thrown in bed-factory strike|work=Craven Herald & Pioneer|date=11 October 1985|page=1}}</ref> Onye isi nchịkwa n'oge ahụ bụ Tom Clarke, onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, onye na-akwado ndị Conservative Party na enyi Margaret Thatcher, onye nyere ya aha njirimara nke ''Maazị'' Wonderful. Nke a mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe guzobe bọọdụ n'ahịrị mkpesa nke na-agụ "Mazị Wonderful's scabs cross here".<ref name="white"/> == Ọdịdị ya == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewe ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,250 na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Silentnight saved by HIG Europe buy-out|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-13331662|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=BBC News|date=9 May 2011}}</ref> O nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Barnoldswick, Lancashire, na Pendle, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị kemgbe 1949, na ụlọ ya ugbu a kemgbe 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Athey|first=Neil|title=East Lancashire bed manufacturer hails record year after £140million sales|url=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/14659169.East_Lancashire_bed_manufacturer_hails_record_year_after___140million_sales/?ref=rss|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Lancashire Telegraph|date=3 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Restructuring beds in at Silentnight as sales top £100m|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/113636-losses-reduce-silentnight|work=insidermedia.com|accessdate=31 August 2017|date=20 April 2014|archivedate=31 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031075436/http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/113636-losses-reduce-silentnight}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ dijitalụ na Quay Street na Manchester. N'oge gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Sutton-in-Craven (1970-1994), Batley (mechiri na Machị 2012) na Keighley, nke mechiri na Machị 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Local Buildings|url=http://www.suttonincravenpc.org.uk/history_ofbuildings.html|work=www.suttonincravenpc.org.uk|accessdate=31 August 2017|archivedate=31 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831172559/http://www.suttonincravenpc.org.uk/history_ofbuildings.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Factory site is put up for sale|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8073908.display/|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Bradford Telegraph and Argus|date=29 August 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Silentnight’s Pendle future secured with a £1 million investment|url=http://www.pendletoday.co.uk/news/business/silentnight-s-pendle-future-secured-with-a-1-million-investment-1-4380082|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Pendle Today|date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=220 jobs axed in factory shutdown|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8030988.display/|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Bradford Telegraph and Argus|date=8 March 2002}}</ref> Ihe ndị a niile, na ụlọ ọrụ Barnoldswick, dị na West Riding nke Yorkshire mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere. Mgbanwe ókèala nke 1974, tinyere ụlọ ọrụ Barnoldswick na Lancashire. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye isi na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ Rolls-Royce jet engine n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=LIvesey|first=John|title=Warm welcome in Barnoldswick for Rolls-Royce jobs boost|url=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/4516659.Warm_welcome_in_Barnoldswick_for_Rolls_Royce_jobs_boost/|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=Lancashire Telegraph|date=29 July 2009}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu United Kingdom n'ihi nnweta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-asọmpi. E mechiri ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na South Wales na Andover, nke bụ akụkụ nke akara Ducal, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ haziri ma gaa n'onwe ya na 2003. E wegara ọtụtụ ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ Keighley mechiri emechi na Sunderland, mana e rere ụlọ ọrụ a dị ka ihe nchịkwa n'okpuru akara Stag Furniture na June 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clock is ticking in race to save remaining jobs|url=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/clock-is-ticking-in-race-to-save-remaining-jobs-1-1105941|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=The Sunderland Echo|date=27 February 2006|language=en}}</ref> N'oge HIG nwere ma ntụgharị na uru amụbaala nke ukwuu, mgbe njikwa mbụ ahụ kwụsịrị ma tinye atụmatụ ntụgharị ahụ n'ọrụ. Mgbasa ozi ji ihe karịrị 50% rịa elu n'etiti afọ 2012 na 2017 ma a gbanwere mfu ụtụ isi nke £ 4.5m ka ọ bụrụ uru ụtụ isi mbụ nke £ 11.6m n'otu oge ahụ. Tupu nnweta * 2008/09 ngụkọta bụ £ 110.8m * 2009/10 ngụkọta bụ £ 107.1m<ref>{{Cite news|title=Silentnight saved by HIG Europe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-13331662|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=BBC News|date=9 May 2011|language=en}}</ref> * Ntinye ego nke afọ 2012/13 bụ £ 98.9m na mfu ụtụ isi nke £ 4.5m * 2013/14 ngụkọta bụ £ 109.3m na mfu ụtụ isi nke £ 3.2m tupu ụtụ isi<ref>{{Cite news|title=Restructuring beds in at Silentnight as turnover tops 100m|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/113636-losses-reduce-silentnight|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=Insider Media|date=30 April 2014|language=en}}</ref> * 2014/15 ngụkọta bụ £ 125.1m na uru tupu ụtụ isi nke £ 3.3m<ref>{{Cite news|title=Silentnight turns 125m turnover|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/144234-silentnight-turns-125m-turnover|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=Insider Media|date=27 July 2015|language=en}}</ref> * 2015/16 ngụkọta bụ £ 137.5m na uru tupu ụtụ isi na £ 3.9m<ref>{{Cite news|title=Silentnight hails record sales performance|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/northwest/silentnight-hails-record-sales-performance|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=Insider Media|date=2 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> * Ntinye ego nke afọ 2016/17 bụ £ 152.1m na uru ụtụ isi nke £ 11.6m * Layezee * Ezigbo * E mesiri ya obi ike * N'abalị Dị jụụ * Ụlọ ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Frackiewicz|first=Hannah|title=Silentnight latest company welcomed into BFM|url=https://www.furnitureproduction.net/news/articles/2017/06/244168133-silentnight-latest-company-welcomed-bfm|work=www.furnitureproduction.net|accessdate=31 August 2017|date=5 June 2017}}</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Àkwà == Hụkwa == * Adrian Fawcett == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == kgf0xgk4nce2hcgdfda9vjrzby47b5f 0 28370 697952 142303 2026-08-10T11:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara''', nke a na-akpọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ hematopoietic, hemocyte, ma ọ bụ '''hematocyte''', bụ mkpụrụ ndụ a na-emepụta site na hematopoiesis ma na-ahụkarị n'ọbara. Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị dị mkpa gụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocytes), mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha (leukocytes), na platelets (thrombocytes). N'ozuzu, ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara atọ a na-agbakọta ihe ruru 45% nke anụ ahụ ọbara site na oke, ebe 55% fọdụrụnụ nke plasma, ihe mmiri nke ọbara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Maton|first=Anthea|title=Human Biology and Health|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1993|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho|isbn=0-13-981176-1}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ma ọ bụ ''erythrocytes'', na-ebu oxygen ma na-anakọta carbon dioxide site na iji hemoglobin.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Boron|first=Walter F.|title=Medical Physiology|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-42796-8|edition=3rd}}</ref> Hemoglobin bụ protein nwere ígwè nke na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ụcha ha ma na-eme ka ọ dịrị ikuku oxygen mfe ibufe site na akpa ume gaa na anụ ahụ na carbon dioxide site na anụ ahụ gaa na akpa ume ka ọ na-eku ume.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Basic Biology|date=2015|title=Blood cells|url=https://basicbiology.net/micro/cells/blood}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie bụ mkpụrụ ndụ kachasị n'ọbara, na-eme ihe dị ka 40-45% nke oke ya. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie bụ okirikiri, biconcave, ọdịdị disk na deformable iji kwe ka ha na-agbanye n'ime obere capillaries. Ha enweghị isi. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie dị obere karịa ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ. A na-emepụta RBCs na ụmị ọkpụkpụ na-acha ọbara ọbara site na mkpụrụ ndụ hematopoietic stem na usoro a maara dị ka erythropoiesis. N'ime ndị okenye, a na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde RBC 2.4 kwa sekọnd. Ọnụ ọgụgụ RBC nkịtị bụ 4.5 ruo 5 nde kwa cu.mm. RBCs nwere oge ndụ nke ihe dịka ụbọchị 100-120. Mgbe ha nwụsịrị, ọkpụkpụ na-ewepụ ha n'ọbara. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara na-acha ọbara ọbara bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ahụ mmadụ n'ihi na ha enweghị nucleus (ọ bụ ezie na erythroblasts nwere nucleus). Ọnọdụ nke inwe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ole na ole bụ nke a maara dị ka anemia, ebe inwe ọtụtụ bụ polycythemia. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) bụ ọnụego nke RBCs na-adaba na ala (mgbe etinye ya na kọlụm kwụ ọtọ mgbe agbakwunyere anticoagulant). Ụkpụrụ ndị dị mma nke ESR bụ: • 4 ruo 7 mm kwa awa na ụmụ nwanyị. White blood cells ma ọ bụ leukocytes, bụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-echebe ahụ megide ma ọrịa na-efe efe na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-emepụta ha ma na-enweta ha site na mkpụrụ ndụ multipotent na ụmị ọkpụkpụ a maara dị ka hematopoietic stem cells. A na-ahụ leukocytes n'ahụ dum, gụnyere ọbara na usoro lymphatic. E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ na usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. WBCs mejupụtara ihe dịka 1% nke ọbara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alberts|first=Bruce|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell|date=2002|publisher=Garland Science|location=New York|isbn=0-8153-4072-9|edition=4th}}</ref> A na-ekewa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha n'ime granulocytes na agranulocytes, nke a na-eke site na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị granules na cytoplasm. Granulocytes gụnyere basophils, eosinophils، neutrophils, na mast cells. Agranulocytes gụnyere lymphocytes na monocytes. Ọnọdụ nke inwe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha ole na ole bụ leukopenia, ebe inwe ọtụtụ bụ leukocytosis. E nwere okwu ndị dị iche iche maka ụkọ ma ọ bụ oke nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-agagharị agagharị na-abawanye mgbe ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kumar|first=Vinay|title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|date=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1416031215|edition=8th}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa ọbara na-adabere na mmepụta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha. Platelets, ma ọ bụ ''thrombocytes'', bụ obere, akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ doro anya, 2-3 μm n'obosara, nke sitere na nkwarụ nke megakaryocytes. Ogologo ndụ nke platelet na-abụkarị naanị ụbọchị 5 ruo 9. Platelets bụ isi iyi sitere n'okike nke ihe ndị na-eto eto. Ha na-agagharị n'ọbara nke anụ na-enye nwa ara ma na-etinye aka na hemostasis, na-eduga n'ịmepụta ọbara. Platelets na-ewepụta eriri yiri eriri iji mepụta akpụkpọ ndị a. Ezigbo atu onuogugu pasenti iri iteolu na iteolu maka platelets di 150,000 ruo 450,000 per cubic millimeter. Oburu na onu ogugu platelets di ala, nnukwu obara ga agba. Ma oburu na onu ogugu platelets di elu mkopkota obara ga ebute thrombosis nke puru igbochi ogba obara ma puta ihe dika6 ahu nwu, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ma obu mgbochi ogba obara rue na akuku ahu ndu ozo, ihe dika okpu aka na ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stability of hematologic parameters in healthy subjects. Intraindividual versus interindividual variation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-pathology_1988-09_90_3/page/n45|journal=American Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=90|issue=3|pages=262–7|date=September 1988|pmid=3414599|doi=10.1093/ajcp/90.3.262}}</ref> adighi mma na oria nke platelets ka ana akpo thrombocytopathy, be nwere ike idi ala na onu ogugu platelets (thrombocytoa decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding. Platelets na-ewepụta ọtụtụ ihe na-eto eto gụnyere ihe na-eme ka platelet nweta uto (PDGF), ihe na-emepụta chemotactic dị ike, na TGF beta, nke na-akpali nkwụsị nke matrix extracellular. E gosipụtara ihe abụọ a na-eto eto ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nrụzi na imezigharị anụ ahụ njikọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-eto eto na-ejikọta ọgwụgwọ nke platelets na-emepụta gụnyere isi ihe na-etolite fibroblast (bFGF), ihe na-eme ka insulin na-eto 1 (IGF-1), ihe na na-eto nke epidermal sitere na platelet, na ihe na-emepụta vascular endothelial (VEGF). A na-eji itinye ihe ndị a n'ọrụ n'ógbè site na plasma jupụtara na platelet (PRP) mee ihe dị ka ihe enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ ọnyá ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara zuru ezu == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j17ulgnnwogbux3nfmnaktn14r6ynh3 0 28393 697512 193537 2026-08-10T01:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697512 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hormone''' (site na akụkụ Grik ὁρμῶν, "na-eme ka ọ na-agagharị") bụ klas nke mkpụrụ ndụ mgbaàmà na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke a na-eziga n'akụkụ ndị dị anya site na usoro dị mgbagwoju anya iji chịkwaa physiology na omume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology for a changing world, with physiology|isbn=9781464151132|edition=Second|location=New York, NY|oclc=884499940|date=2014-03-14}}</ref> A chọrọ hormone maka mmepe ziri ezi nke anụmanụ, [[osisi]] na fungus. N'ihi nkọwa sara mbara nke hormone (dị ka molekụl na-enye mgbaàmà nke na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ebe dị anya site na ebe mmepụta ya), enwere ike ịhazi ọtụtụ ụdị molekụl dị ka homonụl. N'etiti ihe ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka homonụ, bụ eicosanoids (dịka prostaglandins na thromboxanes), steroid (dịka oestrogen na brassinosteroid), amino acid derivatives (dịka epinephrine na auxin), protein ma ọ bụ peptides (dịka insulin na CLE peptides), na gas (dịka ethylene na nitric oxide). A na-eji hormone eme ihe iji kwurịta okwu n'etiti akụkụ ahụ na anụ ahụ. N'ime anụ ndị nwere azụ, homonụ na-ahụ maka ịchịkwa usoro dịgasị iche iche nke ahụike na omume omume dịka ịgbari nri, metabolism, iku ume, nghọta mmetụta, ụra, nsị, inye nwa ara, nrụgide, uto na mmepe, mmegharị, ọmụmụ, na njikwa ọnọdụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521692014}}</ref><ref name="Project Muse 2010 pp. 152–155">{{Cite journal|title=''Hormones and Behaviour: A Psychological Approach'' (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_winter-2010_53_1/page/152|journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|volume=53|issue=1|year=2010|issn=1529-8795|doi=10.1353/pbm.0.0141|pages=152–155|author=Claire l. Gibson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hormones|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> N'ime osisi, homonụ na-agbanwe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke mmepe, site na ntolite ruo na ịka nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hormone - The hormones of plants|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hormone|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri ogwu ahu na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị anya site na ijikọta na protein ndị na-anabata ihe na mkpụrụ ndụ a na-achọ, na-akpata mgbanwe na ọrụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe hormone na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ya, ọ na-eme ka ụzọ mgbaàmà nke na-emekarị ka transcription nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa rụọ ọrụ, na-akpata mmụba nke protein ndị a na-achọ. Hormones nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ na ụzọ ndị na-abụghị nke genomic nke na-ejikọta na mmetụta nke genomic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=30 Years of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Nongenomic effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor|journal=The Journal of Endocrinology|volume=234|issue=1|pages=T107–T124|date=July 2017|pmid=28348113|doi=10.1530/JOE-16-0659}}</ref> Mmiri homonụ na-agbaze (dị ka peptide na amines) na-arụkarị ọrụ n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ site na ndị ozi nke abụọ. Hormone ndị na-agbaze abụba, (dị ka steroid) na-agafe n'ime plasma membranes nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ (ma cytoplasmic ma nuclear) iji rụọ ọrụ n'ime nucleus ha. Brassinosteroids, ụdị polyhydroxysteroids, bụ klas nke isii nke homonụ osisi ma nwee ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ọrịa kansa ọgụ maka akpụ na-emeghachi omume endocrine iji kpatara apoptosis ma belata uto osisi. N'agbanyeghị na ha na-agbaze abụba, ha ka na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ha n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=BRI1 is a critical component of a plasma-membrane receptor for plant steroids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-03-15_410_6826/page/380|journal=Nature|volume=410|issue=6826|pages=380–3|date=March 2001|pmid=11268216|doi=10.1038/35066597}}</ref> Na vertibrate, akpa endocrine ha mara anya nke oma banyere any aru nke hormones nzuzo na ime. Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to negative feedback regulation. For instance, high blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) promotes insulin synthesis. Insulin then acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain homeostasis, leading to reduced insulin levels. Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through the circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand-protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active. Other hormones, called prohormones, must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Miller|first=Benjamin Frank|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36465055|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & dictionary of medicine, nursing & allied health.|date=1997|publisher=Saunders|others=Claire Brackman Keane|isbn=0-7216-6278-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=36465055}}</ref> The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, typically via fenestrated capillaries, whereas the exocrine system secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts. Hormones with paracrine function diffuse through the interstitial spaces to nearby target tissue. Osisi enweghị akụkụ pụrụ iche maka mmepụta nke homonụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere nkesa nke mmepụta homonụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-emepụta hormone auxin karịsịa na isi akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto na n'ime osisi apical meristem. Enweghị gland ndị pụrụ iche pụtara na isi ebe mmepụta hormone nwere ike ịgbanwe n'oge ndụ nke osisi, ebe mmepụta na-adabere na afọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant Hormones/Nutrition|url=https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTHORM.html#:~:text=They%20are%20produced%20in%20the,lighter%20side%20of%20the%20plant.|accessdate=2021-01-07|work=www2.estrellamountain.edu|archivedate=2021-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109180441/https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTHORM.html#:~:text=They%20are%20produced%20in%20the,lighter%20side%20of%20the%20plant.}}</ref> == Nkwupụta na nchịkọta == Ihe mgbaàmà hormone na-agụnye usoro ndị a:<ref name="Nussey_Whitehead_2001">{{Cite book|title=Endocrinology: an integrated approach|year=2001|publisher=Bios Scientific Publ.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85996-252-7|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/}}</ref> # '''Biosynthesis''' nke otu hormone n'otu anụ ahụ. # '''Nchekwa na''' mmepụta nke hormone. # Mbupu nke hormone gaa na mkpụrụ ndụ (s) a chọrọ. # Nkwupụta nke hormone site na membrane cell ma ọ bụ intracellular receptor protein. # Ntinye na mmụba nke mgbaàmà homonụ natara site na usoro transduction mgbaàmà: Nke a na-eduga na nzaghachi mkpụrụ ndụ. Mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ nwere ike ịmata site na mkpụrụ ndụ mbụ na-emepụta hormone, na-eduga na mbelata na mmepụta hormone. Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke nzaghachi nzaghachi na-adịghị mma. # Mmebi nke hormone. A na-ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta hormone na gland endocrine, dị ka gland thyroid, ovaries, na testicles.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wisse|first=Brent|date=June 13, 2021|title=Endocrine glands|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1093.htm|archivedate=|accessdate=November 18, 2021|work=MedlinePlus}}</ref> A na-eji exocytosis na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke mbugharị membrane eme ihe iji wepụta homonụ mgbe a na-egosi gland endocrine. Ihe nlereanya nke hierarchical bụ mmelite nke usoro mgbaàmà homonụ. Ndị na-anata mkpụrụ ndụ nke otu mgbaàmà homonụ nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebi n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ, dịka ọ dị maka insulin, nke na-akpata mmetụta dịgasị iche iche nke usoro ahụike. Ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche nwekwara ike imeghachi omume n'ụzọ dị iche na otu mgbaàmà homonụ. [citation needed] == Nchọpụta == === Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849) === Arnold Adolph Berthold bụ onye [[Jémanị|Germany]] na-ahụ maka ahụike na anụmanụ, onye, na 1849, nwere ajụjụ banyere ọrụ nke testicles. Ọ chọpụtara na ụmụ oke ndị a na-akpụ akpụ na ha enweghị otu omume mmekọahụ dị ka ụmụ oke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. O kpebiri ịme nnwale na ụmụ oke nwoke iji nyochaa ihe omume a. O mere ka otu ìgwè ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ma hụ na ha nwere wattles na combs (akụkụ mmekọahụ nke abụọ), oke oke, na omume mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike. O nwekwara otu ìgwè nke e wepụrụ testicles ha, ma chọpụta na akụkụ ahụ ha nke abụọ na-ebelata n'ibu, nwere oke na-adịghị ike, enweghị mmasị mmekọahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, ọ bụghịkwa ndị na-eme ihe ike. Ọ ghọtara na akụkụ ahụ a dị mkpa maka omume ndị a, mana ọ maghị otú e si eme ya. Iji nwalee nke a, o wepụrụ otu testi ma tinye ya n'ime oghere afọ. Anụ ndị ahụ rụrụ ọrụ ma nwee ahụike dị mma. O nwere ike ịhụ na ebe akpịrị dị adịghị mkpa. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọrọ ịhụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe nketa nke metụtara na testicles nke nyere ọrụ ndị a. O si n'anụ ọkụkọ ọzọ tinye otu testil n'ime anụ ọkụkọ na otu testil wepụrụ, ma hụ na ha nwere omume dị mma na ahụike. Berthold kpebiri na ebe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke testicles adịghị mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ahụ na omume mmekọahụ, mana na ụfọdụ kemịkal dị na testicles a na-ewepụta na-akpata ihe omume a. E mechara chọpụta na ihe a bụ hormone testosterone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action|isbn=9783319446752|location=Cham|oclc=1021173479|date=2018}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Endocrine Physiology|date=2018|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781260019353|oclc=1034587285}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na Theory of Evolution, Charles Darwin nwekwara mmasị dị ukwuu na osisi. N'ime afọ 1870, ya na nwa ya nwoke Francis mụrụ mmegharị nke osisi na-aga n'ihu n'ìhè. Ha nwere ike igosi na a na-ahụ ìhè n'isi nke ogwe osisi (coleoptile), ebe nkwonkwo na-eme n'okpuru ogwe osisi ahụ. Ha tụrụ aro na 'ihe a na-ebufe' na-agwa ntụziaka nke ìhè site na ọnụ ruo n'ogwe. Echiche nke 'ihe a na-ebufe' bụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi jụrụ na mbụ, mana ọrụ ha mechara duga na nchọpụta nke hormone mbụ nke osisi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Phototropism: bending towards enlightenment|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=18|issue=5|pages=1110–9|date=May 2006|pmid=16670442|doi=10.1105/tpc.105.039669}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch bụ Frits Warmolt Went na onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma Russia bụ Nikolai Cholodny (na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha) gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na nchịkọta asymmetric nke hormone na-eto eto bụ ihe kpatara mgbagwoju anya a. N'afọ 1933, Kögl, Haagen-Smit na Erxleben mechara wepụta hormone a ma nye ya aha 'auxin'.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Identity of auxin in normal urine|journal=Nature|volume=173|issue=4408|pages=776–7|date=April 1954|pmid=13165644|doi=10.1038/173776a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/173776a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Understanding phototropism: from Darwin to today|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2009_60_7/page/1969|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=60|issue=7|pages=1969–78|date=2009-05-01|pmid=19357428|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp113}}</ref> Onye dokinta mba British George Oliver na physiologist Edward Albert Schafer, onye profesor na mahadum college mba [[London]], kwekoritara na ihe ahu adrenal apitutara. Ha buru uzo biputa nchoputa abuo na mkpesa na 1894, mbiputa zuru oke soro ya na afo 1895. Na agbenyeghi na mgbe ufodu. Achoputara na afo q902 site na aka Bayliss na Starling. Oliver na Schafer bucha mmiputa adrenal nke bu adrenaline. a full publication followed in 1895.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oliver|first=G|title=The physiological action of the suprarenal capsules|journal=Journal of Physiology|date=1894|volume=16|issue=3–4|pages=i-viii|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1894.sp000503|pmid=16992168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Physiological Effects of Extracts of the Suprarenal Capsules|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=230–276|date=July 1895|pmid=16992252|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000564}}</ref> Though frequently falsely attributed to secretin, found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling, Oliver and Schäfer's adrenal extract containing adrenaline, the substance causing the physiological changes, was the first hormone to be discovered. The term hormone would later be coined by Starling.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674366701.c111|title=Source Book in Chemistry, 1900–1950|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674366701|year=1968|pages=311–313}}</ref> === Bayliss na Starling (1902) === William Bayliss na Ernest Starling, onye na-ahụ maka ahụike na onye na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, chọrọ ịhụ ma usoro akwara nwere mmetụta na usoro mgbari nri. Ha maara na pancreas na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke mmiri na-agbari nri mgbe nri si n'[[afọ]] gaa na eriri afọ, nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ n'ihi usoro akwara. Ha bepụrụ akwara na pancreas n'ụdị anụmanụ wee chọpụta na ọ bụghị akwara na-achịkwa nsị sitere na pancreas. E kpebiri na ihe na-apụta site na eriri afọ gaa n'ọbara na-akpali pancreas ka ọ wepụta mmiri na-agbari nri. A kpọrọ nke a secretin: hormone. Mmetụta hormone na-adabere na ebe a tọhapụrụ ha, ebe enwere ike ịhapụ ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Endocrine physiology|date=2018|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781260019353|oclc=1034587285}}</ref> Ọ bụghị homonụ niile ka a na-ewepụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ ma banye n'ọbara ruo mgbe ọ na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ihe na ebumnuche. Ụdị mgbaàmà hormone ndị bụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Ụdị mgbaàmà - Hormone !SN !Ụdị !Nkọwa |- |1 |Endocrine |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ime ọbara. |- |2 |Paracrine |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị nso ma ọ dịghị mkpa ịbanye na mgbasa ozi n'ozuzu. |- |3 |Autocrine |Ọ na-emetụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ nke mepụtara ya ma na-akpata mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. |- |4 |N'ime afọ |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ intracellular na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị mepụtara ya. |} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fizbg5glcr3senku6v5gwsoxikg1r43 0 28420 697677 116846 2026-08-10T05:29:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697677 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier|*]] [[Category:Drugs with no legal status]] [[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes|*]] '''Midaflur''' (INN; EXP 338) bụ 3-imidazoline siri ike nke nwere ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị jụụ na ihe na-adọkpụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na ụdị anụmanụ na igbe akwụkwọ bụ ọgwụ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka ndị na ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara, na-egosipụta ọnụ dị elu na ogologo oge nke ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of 5-imino-2,2,4,4-tetrakis (trifluoromethyl) imidazolidine (EXP 338) on spasticity: A quantitative evaluation|journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=9|issue=4|pages=448–55|date=1967|pmid=4871898|doi=10.1002/cpt196894448}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-aghọtaghị ọgwụ ya nke ọma, midaflur yiri meprobamate na pentobarbital n'ihe gbasara mmetụta ndị a hụrụ mgbe ọ dị ike karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The pharmacology and toxicology of midaflur|url=https://archive.org/details/toxicology-and-applied-pharmacology_1971-04_18_4/page/917|journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=917–43|date=April 1971|pmid=5570243|doi=10.1016/0041-008x(71)90239-0}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Propofol * Pentobarbital == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> eavobtalzkcgo6804or5xumdlv3htcr 0 28421 697887 116847 2026-08-10T10:12:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697887 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier|*]] [[Category:Articles without KEGG source|*]] [[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields]] [[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]] '''Metomidate''' bụ imidazole na-abụghị barbiturate na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site na afo nwela onwa nke Janssen Pharmaceutica chọpụtara na 1965 ma n'okpuru aha ('''Hypnodil''', '''Nokemyl''') ka a na-ere dị ka ọgwụ na-eme ka mmadụ kwụsị iji gwọọ mmadụ na maka ebumnuche anụmanụ.<ref>BE Patent 662474</ref><ref name="Index nominum 2000: international drug directory">{{Cite book|title=Index nominum 2000: international drug directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA683|accessdate=27 October 2011|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=683}}</ref> 11C-labelled metomidate (11C-metomidate), nwere ike iji ya na positron emission tomography (PET). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịchọpụta akpụ sitere na adrenocortical.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=11C-metomidate PET imaging of adrenocortical cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-nuclear-medicine-and-molecular_2003-03_30_3/page/403|journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging|volume=30|issue=3|pages=403–10|date=March 2003|pmid=12634969|doi=10.1007/s00259-002-1025-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)C-metomidate and (18)F-FDG|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume=45|issue=6|pages=972–9|date=June 2004|pmid=15181132|url=http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/45/6/972}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Etomidate * Propoxate == Ntakura == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> pfu3vkqy2s5ml2a28yr4gebkus7lw0z 0 28436 697596 128385 2026-08-10T03:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697596 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields]] [[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]] '''Ethyl loflazepate''' (nke a na-ere n'okpuru aha '''Meilax''', '''Ronlax''' na '''Victan''') bụ ọgwụ nke bụ benzodiazepine.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=New approach in bioavailability study of two formulations of ethyl loflazepate|journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1486–1489|date=October 1988|pmid=2904268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacokinetic modeling of ethyl loflazepate (Victan) and its main active metabolites|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-biomedical-engineering_1989_17_6/page/633|journal=Annals of Biomedical Engineering|volume=17|issue=6|pages=633–646|year=1989|pmid=2574017|doi=10.1007/BF02367467}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.non-benzodiazepines.org.uk/benzodiazepine-names.html|title=Benzodiazepine Names|accessdate=2009-04-05|publisher=non-benzodiazepines.org.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208054743/http://www.non-benzodiazepines.org.uk/benzodiazepine-names.html|archivedate=2008-12-08}}</ref> Ọ nwere ihe na-eme ka nchegbu kwụsị, ihe na-egbochi nkụchi, ihe na'ime ka ọ dị jụụ na ihe na-ehi ụra.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=[Behavioral effects of ethyl loflazepate and its metabolites]|journal=Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica|volume=82|issue=5|pages=395–409|date=November 1983|pmid=6142848|doi=10.1254/fpj.82.395}}</ref> N'ọmụmụ anụmanụ, a chọpụtara nwere ihe mmụta sayensị na okpukpe mmalite nke narị afọ nke dị ka ndị na ọ nwere obere nsị, ọ bụ ezie na n'ime òké, ihe akaebe nke phospholipidosis nke akpa ume mere na mkpụrụ ndụ ụfụfụ na-etolite na iji ọgwụ dị elu eme ihe ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A toxicologic evaluation of ethyl fluclozepate (CM 6912)|journal=International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology|volume=19|issue=10|pages=453–472|date=October 1981|pmid=6116677}}</ref> Ọkara ndụ ya bụ awa 51-103.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Quantitative analysis of CM 6912 (ethyl loflazepate) and its metabolites in plasma and urine by chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Application to pharmacokinetic studies in man|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-mass-spectrometry_1980-11_7_11/page/565|journal=Biomedical Mass Spectrometry|volume=7|issue=11–12|pages=565–571|date=November 1980|pmid=6112027|doi=10.1002/bms.1200071124}}</ref> Usoro ọrụ ya yiri nke benzodiazepines ndị ọzọ. Ethyl loflazepate na-emepụta metabolite na-arụ ọrụ nke siri ike karịa nne na nna.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inhibitory effect on 3H-diazepam binding and potentiating action on GABA of ethyl loflazepate, a new minor tranquilizer|journal=Japanese Journal of Pharmacology|volume=37|issue=4|pages=373–379|date=April 1985|pmid=2861304|doi=10.1254/jjp.37.373}}</ref> E mere Ethyl loflazepate ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụ maka descarboxyloflazepate, metabolite ya na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ bụ metabolite na-arụ ọrụ nke na-akpata ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ọgwụ karịa ethyl loflazepate.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ethyl loflazepate: a prodrug from the benzodiazepine series designed to dissociate anxiolytic and sedative activities|journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1573–1577|year=1985|pmid=2866771}}</ref> Ndị isi metabolites nke ethyl loflazepate bụ descarbethoxyloflazepate, loflazepane na 3-hydroxydescarbethoxylflazepate.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Metabolism of ethyl loflazepate in the rat, the dog, the baboon and in man|journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1061–1065|year=1985|pmid=2864933}}</ref> Nchịkọta akụkọ ụra akpa dị ka onye isi oche nke metabolites na-arụ ọrụ nke ethyl loflazepate anaghị emetụta ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na ụdị nke ụwa na bụ nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of ethyl loflazepate (Victan) in man|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fundamental-clinical-pharmacology_1989_3_1/page/11|journal=Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=11–17|year=1989|pmid=2714728|doi=10.1111/j.1472-8206.1989.tb00025.x}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke oke ọgwụ ethyl loflazepate gụnyere ụra, ịma jijiji na ataxia. Hypotonia nwekwara ike ịpụta na ọrịa siri ike. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-apụta ugboro ugboro na nke siri ike n'ime ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acute poisonings with ethyle loflazepate, flunitrazepam, prazepam and triazolam in children|journal=Veterinary and Human Toxicology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=141–143|date=April 1992|pmid=1354907}}</ref> Ọnwụ site na ọgwụgwọ mmezi ọgwụgwọ nke ethyl loflazepate e wepụtara maka izu 2 - 3 ka a kọrọ na ndị agadi 3 ndị ọrịa. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ asphyxia n'ihi nsị benzodiazepine ndị na eme ka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacokinetics of the active metabolites of ethyl loflazepate in elderly patients who died of asphyxia associated with benzodiazepine-related toxicity|journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=140–144|date=March 2005|pmid=15902983|doi=10.1093/jat/29.2.140}}</ref> Nnukwu ọgwụ fluvoxamine na-egbochi ịda mbà n'obi nwere ike ime ka mmetụta ọjọọ nke ethyl loflazepate dịkwuo njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=[Effects of fluvoxamine on both the desired anxiolytic effect and the adverse motor incoordination and amnesia induced by benzodiazepines]|journal=Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica|volume=118|issue=6|pages=403–410|date=December 2001|pmid=11778459|doi=10.1254/fpj.118.403}}</ref> Ethyl loflazeplate na-ere ahịa na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], n'okpuru aha azụmahịa Victan. A kwadoro ya maka ọnọdụ ndị a:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saludzac.gob.mx/plm/prods/36557.htm|title=Victan|accessdate=2009-12-25|publisher=saludzac.gob.mx/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526230611/http://www.saludzac.gob.mx/plm/prods/36557.htm|archivedate=2009-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.famguerra.com/Meds/Search/Meds.cfm?pagina=36557.htm|title=VICTAN|accessdate=2009-12-25|publisher=Farmacia Guerra|archivedate=2013-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002316/http://www.famguerra.com/Meds/Search/Meds.cfm?pagina=36557.htm}}</ref> * Nchegbu * Nchegbu na-esote mmerụ ahụ * Nchegbu metụtara nnukwu ihe mgbu na-emetụta akwara * Nsogbu nchegbu zuru oke (GAD) * Nsogbu na-emetụta uche * Mwakpo egwu * Ịgba aghara na-eme == Hụkwa == * Benzodiazepine == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> jxzv7jiqr81d5stap48iwhpn4o9sukn 0 28509 697691 214520 2026-08-10T05:45:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cuprophane''' bụ okpuru ngalaba ahụ nke eji cellulose mee, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka hemodialisis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuprophane|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cuprophane|work=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=15 August 2014|archivedate=19 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083950/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cuprophane}}</ref> Cuprophane bụ alaka ahụ na-enweghị njikọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sánchez-Villanueva|first=RJ|title=Hypersensitivity reactions to synthetic haemodialysis membranes|journal=Nefrologia|date=July 14, 2014|volume=34|issue=4|pages=520–525|pmid=25036066|doi=10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.May.12552}}</ref> E jikọtara ya na amyloidosis metụtara hemodialysis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Corlin|first=DB|title=Quantification of cleaved beta2-microglobulin in serum from patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-chemistry_2005-07_51_7/page/1177|journal=Clinical Chemistry|date=July 2005|volume=51|issue=7|pages=1177–84|pmid=15890888|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2005.049544}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Traut|first=M|title=Increased binding of beta-2-microglobulin to blood cells in dialysis patients treated with high-flux dialyzers compared with low-flux membranes contributed to reduced beta-2-microglobulin concentrations. Results of a cross-over study|journal=Blood Purification|date=2007|volume=25|issue=5–6|pages=432–40|pmid=17957097|doi=10.1159/000110069}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1452xy1u5tv4bn9awl8jlk8bqwerk1r 0 28678 697440 451473 2026-08-09T17:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:CollageMaker_20191029_135540754.jpg|alt=|thumb|Afọ iri nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ nke UN 2019-2028 Logo]] N'ịbụ nke a kwadoro na Disemba 2017, United Nations Decade of Family Farming 2019-2028 na-achọ itinye ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ n'etiti iwu na itinye ego ọha na eze. N'ịkwupụta afọ iri a, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu ghọtara mkpa ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ dị iji belata ịda ogbenye na imeziwanye nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ (Nkwupụta A / RES / 732). Afọ iri nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ nke UN bụ nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) na International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) na njikọ aka na gọọmentị na òtù ndị obodo. == Ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ == [[Usòrò:Photo_by_BBH_Singapore_on_Unsplash.jpg|thumb]] Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi otu nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ, enwere ike ịkọwa ya dị ka: "ụzọ nke ịhazi ọrụ ugbo, ọhịa, ịkụ azụ, ọzụzụ atụrụ na mmepụta mmiri nke ezinụlọ na-elekọta ma na-adabere na ọrụ ezinụlọ, gụnyere nke ụmụ nwanyị na nke ụmụ nwoke. Ezinụlọ na ugbo ahụ nwere njikọ, na-agbanwe ma jikọta ọrụ akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọmụmụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.familyfarmingcampaign.org/en/family-farming/concept|title=Family Farming Campaign :: Family Farming :: Concept|work=www.familyfarmingcampaign.org|accessdate=2019-10-24|archivedate=2019-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024131723/https://www.familyfarmingcampaign.org/en/family-farming/concept}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo kachasị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe. N'ezie: * E nwere atụmatụ nde ugbo ezinụlọ 500, na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 90% nke ugbo niile n'ụwa * Ugbo ezinụlọ na-emepụta ihe karịrị 80% nke nri n'ụwa. * Ihe karịrị 90% nke ugbo bụ nke otu onye ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ na-elekọta ma na-adabere n'ọrụ ezinụlọ * Ọtụtụ ugbo ezinụlọ dị obere (ihe e mere atụmatụ na 84% nke ugbo n'ụwa niile dị n'okpuru hekta 2.<ref name=":3">See ''Putting family farmers at the centre to achieve the SDGs'' available for download at http://www.fao.org/family-farming-decade/about/en/</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Òtù [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] kwupụtara afọ 2014 dị ka Afọ Mba Nile nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ (IYFF).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.familyfarmingcampaign.org/en/family-farming/iyff2014|title=Family Farming Campaign :: IYFF 2014 ::|work=www.familyfarmingcampaign.org|accessdate=2019-10-24|archivedate=2019-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024131721/https://www.familyfarmingcampaign.org/en/family-farming/iyff2014}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke IYFF 2014, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwupụtara 2019-2028, United Nations Decade of Family Farming (UNDFF).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/72/239|title=A/RES/72/239 - E - A/RES/72/239|work=undocs.org|accessdate=2019-10-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://undocs.org/A/RES/72/239 "A/RES/72/239 - E - A/RES/72/239"]. ''undocs.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A malitere afọ iri ahụ na 29 Mee 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/news-detail/asset/41175233|title=Launch of the UN's Decade of Family Farming to unleash family farmers' full potential|work=IFAD|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-24|archivedate=2019-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023141838/https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/news-detail/asset/41175233}}</ref> Kọmitii Na-eduzi Mba Nile (ISC UNDFF), nke ndị nnọchi anya Mba Ndị mejupụtara na òtù ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ, na-ahụ maka mmejuputa UNDFF. ISC UNDFF na-akwado site na Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) na International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).<ref name=":2"/> == Ebumnuche == {{Quotation|"''A world where diverse, healthy and sustainable food and agricultural systems flourish, where resilient rural and urban communities enjoy a high quality of life in dignity, equity, free from hunger and poverty''."|FAO and IFAD|Excerpt from Vision statement of the UN Decade of Family Farming|}}UNDFF na-achọ idozi mkpa maka usoro nri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-enye nri zuru ezu, dị ọnụ ala, na nke na-edozi ahụ ka ọ na-aza ajụjụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto.<ref name=":1"/> Dị ka FAO si kwuo, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, mmepụta ugbo n'ụwa ga-achọ ịbawanye ihe dịka 50% iji nye ndị na-eto eto nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals/goal-2/en/|title=SDG 2. Zero hunger{{!}} Sustainable Development Goals{{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2019-10-29}}</ref> UN na-ewere na ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ nwere isi ihe maka usoro nri na-adịgide adịgide na iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgidere (SDGs).<ref name=":1" /> UNDFF na-eje ozi dị ka usoro maka mba iji mepụta ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na itinye ego iji kwado ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ site n'echiche zuru oke, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe iji nye aka n'inweta SDGs.<ref name=":2"/> Dị ka FAO na IFAD si kwuo, ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ, na nkwado zuru oke, nwere ikike pụrụ iche iji "dozie ọdịda nke usoro nri ụwa nke, mgbe ọ na-emepụta nri zuru ezu maka mmadụ niile, ka na-efu otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke nri a na-emepụta, na-enweghị ike belata agụụ, na ụdị nri na-edozi ahụ dị iche, ọbụnakwa na-akpata enweghị nhata ọha na eze".<ref name=":2">FAO and IFAD. 2019. United Nations Decade of Family Farming 2019-2028. Global Action Plan. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.http://www.fao.org/3/ca4672en/ca4672en.pdf</ref> === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide === Ọ bụ ezie na mba ndị ahụ emeela mgbalị dị ukwuu iji mezuo ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka na-egbochi mmezu nke ebumnuche site na 2030. Esemokwu, ime obodo, mgbochi akụ, na mgbanwe ihu igwe so n'ihe ịma aka ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf/2018|title=High-Level Political Forum 2018 (HLPF 2018) .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref> Ịda ogbenye na agụụ bụkwa ihe ịma aka mgbe niile, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 80% nke ndị ogbenye nọ n'ụwa na-adabere na mmepụta ugbo.<ref name=":3"/> Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN nyochara na n'ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ bụ ikike iji nweta SDGs.<ref name=":1"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ: ijide n'aka na nri na-edozi ahụ dịgasị iche iche na nke na-adịgide adịgide; inye nri zuru ezu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto; ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịchọta ụzọ mmepụta nke na-eguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe; ibelata enweghị nhata site n'inyere aka inweta ego ma nye ụmụ nwoke na ndị ntorobịa ohere.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746315976|title=The state of the world's land and water resources for food and agriculture : managing systems at risk.|date=2011|publisher=Earthscan|others=Earthscan.|isbn=9781849713269|edition=1st|location=Milton Park, Abingdon|oclc=746315976}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>Family Farming Around the World: Definitions, contributions and public policies. A savoir: AFD Bélières, Jean-François, Philippe Bonnal, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Bruno Losch, Jacques Marzin, and Jean-Michel Sourisseau. 2015</ref> [[Usòrò:Photo_by_Vladimir_Kudinov_on_Unsplash.jpg|thumb]] == Afọ Iri nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ nke UN == The Global Action Plan of the United Nations Decade of Family Farming (2019-2028), nke odeakwụkwọ nke FAO na IFAD jikọtara ọnụ, bụ nsonaazụ nke mkparịta ụka mba ụwa nke gụnyere ndị nnọchiteanya si ọtụtụ mba, ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ, ndị obodo na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.<ref name=":2"/>  Ọ na-elekwasị anya na ogidi asaa: *       Ogidi 1. Mepụta ọnọdụ iwu na-enyere aka iji mee ka ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ sie ike *       Ogidi 2-Transversal. Na-akwado ndị ntorobịa ma hụ na ọgbọ na-adịgide adịgide nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ *       Ogidi 3-Transversal. Kwalite ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ na ọrụ idu ndú nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo *       Ogidi 4. Mee ka òtù na ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ sie ike iji mepụta ihe ọmụma, na-anọchite anya ndị ọrụ ugpo ma na-enye ọrụ na-agụnye n'ime obodo na ime obodo. *       Ogidi 5. Melite itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ntachi obi, na ọdịmma nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ ime obodo na obodo *       Ogidi 6. Kwalite nkwado nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ maka usoro nri na-eguzogide ihu igwe *       Ogidi 7. Mee ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ sie ike iji kwalite ihe ọhụrụ ọha na eze na-enye aka na mmepe ala na usoro nri nke na-echebe ụdị dị iche iche, gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịbendị<ref name=":2"/> == Ebe Ihe Omume Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ == Site na akụ na ụba nke iwu na ụkpụrụ mba, omume kachasị mma, data dị mkpa, iwu ọha na eze, nyocha, isiokwu na mbipụta, Family Farming Knowledge Platform na-eweta ozi digitized dị elu banyere ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/family-farming/background/en/|title=Background{{!}} Family Farming Knowledge Platform{{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2019-11-28}}</ref> Ọ na-ejikọta ohere ịnweta ozi mba ụwa, mpaghara na nke mba metụtara nsogbu ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ; ọ na-ejikarị usoro jikọta ma hazie ozi dị ugbu a iji mee ka ndị na-eme iwu mara ma nyere aka nke ọma, òtù ọrụ ugbo nke ezinụlọ, ndị na-ahụ maka mmepe, na ndị dị iche iche na mpaghara na mpaghara, site n'inye ihe ọmụma ha chọrọ.<ref name=":4"/> == Hụkwa == * Ugbo Ezinụlọ / Ọrụ Ugbo Ezin Ụlọ * Ihe Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide * [[Nkwupụta United Nations Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo|Nkwupụta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo]] * Nnukwu nri * Ngagharị nke ndị ọrụ ugbo * Afọ Iri nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Banyere Ụdị Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ * Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.fao.org/family-farming-decade/about/en/ Afọ iri nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ nke UN 2019-2028 - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ] * [http://www.fao.org/3/ca4778en/ca4778en.pdf Ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ n'ihe gbasara 2030 Agenda]   * United Nations Decade of Family Farming 2019-2028 Brochure "Tinye ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ n'etiti iji nweta SDGs" * [http://www.fao.org/3/ca4672en/ca4672en.pdf Afọ iri nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ nke United Nations 2019-2028 Global Action Plan]  * [http://www.fao.org/family-farming/home/en/ Family Farming Knowledge Platform - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ] * [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ FAO] * [https://www.ifad.org/en/home IFAD] * [https://www.ruralforum.org/en/home Nzukọ Ime Obodo Ụwa] * [https://www.familyfarmingcampaign.org/en/home Mgbalị Ịkpa Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s3302oywmeyfx8cxhvxn1sp4fndd048 0 28739 697891 439475 2026-08-10T10:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Firewood_(184189073).jpeg|thumb|Nkụ ọkụ]] Iji osisi mmanụ eme ihe na Naijiria (n'aka ọzọ, iji nkụ eme ihe na Nigeria) bụ isi iyi ike sitere na ịcha na ọkụ ihe osisi dịka osisi na alaka; ọ dịla anya n'etiti ndị ime obodo na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe. Na Naijiria, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe, akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ enweghị ohere ọzọ maka ike ọkụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'ihi ya, ha na-adabere kpamkpam na mmanụ ọkụ biomass ọdịnala dị ka mkpofu ihe ọkụkụ na osisi iji mezuo ihe ndị bụ isi ike ha chọrọ, karịsịa maka ebumnuche isi nri ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ndabere a n'osisi mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ihe ọ pụtara maka igbutu osisi, ebe ọ bụ na a na-egbutu osisi na-adịghị adịgide adịgide maka mmanụ ọkụ na-enye aka na mbibi nke ọhịa na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ọchịchọ oke mmanụ ọkụ na etinye nnukwu nrụgide n'ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, na eduga n'ibelata oke ọhịa na imebi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Ọzọkwa, igbukpọsị osisi na eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ site n'ịhapụ carbon dioxide, gas na ekpo ọkụ, n'ime ikuku. == Ojiji e ji osisi mee ihe == [[Usòrò:Fire_woods.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akara nkụ / nkụ]] A na enwetakarị osisi mmanụ ọkụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. A na erekarị osisi gbara gburugburu maka ebumnuche ụlọ, gụnyere n'ụlọ ahịa na ọkụ mepere emepe. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na ejikarị osisi ndị gbawara agbawa maka mkpa azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'ime ime obodo, a naghị ere obere alaka na ihe ndị dị mkpa mana a na ejikarị eme mmanụ, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ala ma ọ bụ nweta n'efu. Ịmepụta osisi mmanụ ụgbọala na-achọkarị itinye ego ego ole na ole, yana ngwá ọrụ ndị dị ka anyụike ma ọ bụ mma bụ isi ihe a chọrọ. N'ọnọdụ ebe ọ dị mkpa iweta osisi buru ibu, enwere ike iji ụzọ dị ka mgbanaka mgbanaka ma ọ bụ ịgba ọkụ n'okpuru ala igbu osisi, na-ekwe ka ha kpoo tupu ejiri ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ele osisi mmanụ ọkụ anya dị ka akụ dị ngwa ngwa nke na-adịghị achọ azụmahịa ego ọ bụla, na adaberekarị na ngwá ọrụ ugbo ha dị ugbu a maka nchịkọta ya. A na eji osisi eme ihe na Naịjirịa maka ebumnuche dị iche iche n'ihi nnweta ya na ọnụ ahịa ya. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ojiji a na ejikarị osisi eme ihe na Naịjirịa: # Isi nri: Mmanụ osisi na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ike maka '''isi nri''' n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na ụlọ ahịa gafee Naịjirịa. A na eji ya eme ihe na stovu ọdịnala ma ọ bụ na emeghe ọkụ iji kwadebe nri na nri na ekpo ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matemilola|first=Saheed|date=2019-01-01|title=An Analysis of the Impacts of Bioenergy Development on Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects|url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005|journal=Environmental and Climate Technologies|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=64–83|doi=10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005|issn=2255-8837}}</ref> # Okpomọkụ: N'ógbè ndị oyi ma ọ bụ n'oge oyi, a na eji osisi eme ihe maka ebumnuche '''okpomọkụ'''. Ọ na enye okpomọkụ n'ụlọ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe na ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ okpomọkụ ọdịnala. # '''Obere ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ aka''': Obere ụlọ ahịa na ejikarị osisi eme ihe maka usoro mmepụta dị iche iche. Ihe atụ gụnyere ime achịcha na nhazi nri, ime ite, ime brik, na ịkpụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sola|first=Phosiso|date=2017-02-13|title=The environmental, socioeconomic, and health impacts of woodfuel value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic map|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2|journal=Environmental Evidence|volume=6|issue=1|pages=4|doi=10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2|issn=2047-2382}}</ref> N'ime ime obodo, a na eji osisi mmanụ eme ihe maka ọrụ aka dịka ịkpụ, ịkpụ osisi, na ịkpụ ihe ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morgan|first=W.B.|date=1978|title=Development and the fuelwood situation in Nigeria|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00156221|journal=GeoJournal|volume=2|issue=5|doi=10.1007/bf00156221|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> # Mmepụta icheku ọkụ: Mmanụ osisi bụkwa ihe dị mkpa maka '''mmepụta''' icheku. A na eji coal, nke sitere na carbonization nke osisi, maka isi nri, okpomọkụ, na usoro ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wood energy|url=https://www.fao.org/3/y4450e/y4450e10.htm|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.fao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=T S|date=1985|title=Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.10.110185.002203|journal=Annual Review of Energy|volume=10|issue=1|pages=407–429|doi=10.1146/annurev.eg.10.110185.002203|issn=0362-1626}}</ref> # Ogige ọkụ, omenala na omume okpukpe: Mmanụ osisi na arụ ọrụ na omenala na omenala okpukpe na Naijiria. A na eji ya eme emume ọdịnala, emume, na emume okpukpe metụtara ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akintan|first=Oluwakemi|date=2018|title=Culture, tradition, and taboo: Understanding the social shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629617304346|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=en|volume=40|pages=14–22|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.019}}</ref> == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke iji osisi eme ihe == Ojiji a na-eji osisi eme ihe na Naijiria nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke gụnyere mgbukpọ ọhịa na ọnwụ nke usoro okike ọhịa, mmetọ ikuku, Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche, mbuze ala na mmebi ala, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe mmiri, Mgbagwoju anya nke usoro okpomọkụ na nchegbu ahụike metụtara ya, yana inye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ikuku carbon.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schramm|first=Gunter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8018-3950-5|title=Environmental Management and Economic Development|date=July 1989|publisher=The World Bank|doi=10.1596/0-8018-3950-5|isbn=978-0-8018-3950-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alhassan|first=Joseph|date=2022-03-31|title=Wood Fuel Producers' Insight on the Environmental Effects of Their Activities in Ghana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2022.2053162|journal=Journal of Sustainable Forestry|volume=42|issue=6|pages=607–623|doi=10.1080/10549811.2022.2053162|issn=1054-9811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nwaka|first=Ikechukwu D.|date=2020-07-26|title=Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: are there gender-differentiated impacts?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09554-x|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=27|issue=34|pages=42656–42669|doi=10.1007/s11356-020-09554-x|pmid=32712942|issn=0944-1344}}</ref> === Mgbukpọ ọhịa na mbibi nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa === [[Usòrò:Deforestation_of_Rainforest.jpg|alt=Deforestation|thumb|Mgbukpọ nke oké ọhịa ]] [[Usòrò:AFRICAN WOMEN CARRYING FIREWOOD.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-ebu nkụ]] Ojiji a na-eji osisi na-agbanye ọkụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na Naịjirịa emeela ka e gbuo ọhịa na mfu nke usoro okike ọhịa bara uru. Ka obodo na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nkụ maka isi nri, okpomọkụ, na mkpa ike ndị ọzọ, a na-ewepụ nnukwu ọhịa iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu. Mgbukpọ a abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ. Mfu nke oké ọhịa na-enyekwa aka na mbuze ala, mbelata mmiri, na mmụba nke ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Ayodeji|first=Stephen|date=2020-11-04|title=Nigeria's trees suffer as firewood replaces 'expensive' clean cook fuel|url=https://theenergyintelligence.com/nigerias-trees-suffer-as-firewood-replaces-expensive-clean-cook-fuel/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=The Energy Intelligence|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521150149/https://theenergyintelligence.com/nigerias-trees-suffer-as-firewood-replaces-expensive-clean-cook-fuel/}}</ref> === Mmetọ ikuku === Ọkụ ọkụ nke osisi maka ike na-ewepụta mmetọ dị iche iche n'ime ikuku, na-eduga na [[mmetọ ikuku]] na nchegbu ahụike metụtara ya.<ref name=":1"/> Ụzọ isi nri ọdịnala, dị ka ọkụ na-emeghe na stovu na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị njọ na ahụike iku ume. Ogologo oge na-emetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ site na ọkụ ọkụ osisi ejikọtara ya na ọrịa iku ume, gụnyere bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala, ụkwara ume ọkụ, na ọbụna ọrịa kansa akpa ume. Tụkwasị na nke a, ntọhapụ nke mmetọ na-enye aka na mmetọ ikuku n'èzí, na-emetụta ahụike na ọdịmma nke obodo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Adedigba|first=Azeezat|date=2019|title=Despite health risks, firewood use still thrives in Nigerian communities|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/359872-despite-health-risks-firewood-use-still-thrives-in-nigerian-communities.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> === Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche === Nchịkọta osisi na-agụnyekarị iwepụ alaka na obere osisi n'oké ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arjunan|first=M.|date=2006|title=Do developmental initiatives influence local attitudes toward conservation? A case study from the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.007|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=79|issue=2|pages=188–197|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.007|pmid=16202505|issn=0301-4797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abbot|first=Joanne I. O.|date=1999|title=A history of change: causes of woodland decline in a protected area in Malawi|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00413.x|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=36|issue=3|pages=422–433|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00413.x|issn=0021-8901}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike iduga na mfu nke ebe obibi maka ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche na-adabere na osisi ndị a maka ebe obibi, akwukwo, na isi nri. Mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike imebi usoro okike ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ na-adịte aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hautier|first=Yann|date=2015-04-17|title=Anthropogenic environmental changes affect ecosystem stability via biodiversity|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1788|journal=Science|volume=348|issue=6232|pages=336–340|doi=10.1126/science.aaa1788|pmid=25883357|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isbell|first=Forest|date=2013|title=Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-07-16_110_29/page/11911|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110|issue=29|pages=11911–11916|doi=10.1073/pnas.1310880110|pmid=23818582|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ezo aka na mbelata nke ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke osisi, anụmanụ, na microorganisms na otu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ gafee mbara ala dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gardi|first=Ciro|date=2013-03-12|title=An estimate of potential threats levels to soil biodiversity in EU|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12159|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=19|issue=5|pages=1538–1548|doi=10.1111/gcb.12159|pmid=23505125|issn=1354-1013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rawat|first=U.S.|date=2015-12-15|title=Biodiversity: Concept, threats and conservation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.16303|journal=Environment Conservation Journal|volume=16|issue=3|pages=19–28|doi=10.36953/ecj.2015.16303|issn=0972-3099}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka usoro okike, ọdịmma mmadụ, na nkwado nke mbara ala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wood|first=Megan Epler|date=2017-02-28|title=Sustainable Tourism on a Finite Planet|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315439808|doi=10.4324/9781315439808|isbn=9781315439808}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2009-12-02|title=The Social Dimensions of Climate Change|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7887-8|doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-7887-8|isbn=978-0-8213-7887-8|editor=Mearns}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.29171/azu_acku_ge170_w434_2005|title=The wealth of the poor managing ecosystems to fight poverty : world resources 2005 / World Resources Institute.|date=2005|publisher=Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University|doi=10.29171/azu_acku_ge170_w434_2005}}</ref> Biodiversity na-agụnye ngụkọta nke ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ụwa, gụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọdịiche dị na ụdị, na ọdịiche dị gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Duelli|first=Peter|date=April 1997|title=Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: An approach at two different scales|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01143-7|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=62|issue=2–3|pages=81–91|doi=10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01143-7|issn=0167-8809}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke akụ na ụba na mgbagwoju anya nke ndụ n'otu mpaghara. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na-eme mgbe ụdị dị iche na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-agbadata na ọkwa dị ala. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nsonaazụ nke ọrụ mmadụ: # [[Mbibi ebe obibi]]: Mgbanwe nke ebe obibi okike n'ime ala ugbo, obodo ukwu, ma ọ bụ mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-ebibi ụlọ na ihe onwunwe nke ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grainger|first=Alan|date=March 1991|title=Book reviews: Goudie, A.S., editor, 1990 : Techniques for desert reclamation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. xiv + 274 pp. £39.95 cloth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339101500116|journal=Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment|volume=15|issue=1|pages=121|doi=10.1177/030913339101500116|issn=0309-1333}}</ref> Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa, ịdọrọ mmiri, na iwepụ ala maka mmepe akụrụngwa bụ ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi. # Mmetọ: [[Mmetọ]] sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọrụ ugbo, na mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nwere ike imerụ ikuku, mmiri, na ala, na-emetụta ahụike na ndụ nke ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe mmetọ nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] ụba na usoro nri, na-akpata mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na anụ ọhịa na ụmụ mmadụ. # Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, usoro mmiri ozuzo, na ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imebi usoro okike ma nwee mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ikike nke ụdị dị iche iche dị ndụ ma mụọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=HELLMANN|first=JESSICA J.|date=June 2008|title=Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=534–543|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x|pmid=18577082|issn=0888-8892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ficke|first=Ashley D.|date=2007-04-20|title=Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9059-5|journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries|volume=17|issue=4|pages=581–613|doi=10.1007/s11160-007-9059-5|issn=0960-3166}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịkpata mgbanwe na nkesa ụdị, mgbanwe na usoro ịkwaga, na mfu nke ebe obibi dị ka coral reefs na polar ice caps. # Obebisiri ihe: Obebisị ihe onwunwe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, dị ka igbubiga azụ, ahia anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị, na igbu osisi gabigara ókè, nwere ike imebi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ụfọdụ. Ijibiga ihe ókè na-emebi nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike iduga na mkpochapụ nke ụdị na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. # Invasive Species: Ntinye nke ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ala n'ime usoro okike nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emebi emebi na osisi na anụmanụ. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo nwere ike imeri ụdị ala maka ihe onwunwe, mebie usoro nri okike, ma gbanwee ebe obibi, na-akpata mbelata ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma mmadụ: # Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi: Biodiversity na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ọ bụla na-enye aka na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa dị ka cycling nke ihe oriri, pollination, mgbasa nke mkpụrụ, na nchịkwa ahụhụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike imebi usoro ndị a, na-eduga na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mbelata ike ịnagide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. # Mmetụta akụ na ụba: Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba siri ike. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, na ọgwụ, na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche maka mmepụta na uru ha. Mfu nke ụdị dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike imebi ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma duga na mfu akụ na ụba. === Mgbari ala na mmebi ala === Iwepụ ahịhịa, ọkachasị osisi, n'ebe nwere ike ibute mmụba nke mbuze ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papanastasis|first=Vasilios P.|date=2015-03-19|title=Comparative Assessment of Goods and Services Provided by Grazing Regulation and Reforestation in Degraded Mediterranean Rangelands|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2368|journal=Land Degradation & Development|volume=28|issue=4|pages=1178–1187|doi=10.1002/ldr.2368|issn=1085-3278}}</ref> Osisi na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ala kwụsie ike, belata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo n'ala, na igbochi mbuze. Iwepụ osisi maka osisi ọkụ nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ala dị ala, belata uto, na mmụba nke erosion.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Simmonds|first=N. W.|date=1984|title=Plant Research and Agroforestry. Edited by P. A. Huxley. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) (1983), pp. 617, US$15.00 (plus postage).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018081|journal=Experimental Agriculture|volume=20|issue=4|pages=346|doi=10.1017/s0014479700018081|issn=0014-4797}}</ref> Mmepụta ihe nke ọrụ ugbo, nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide niile na-emetụta mbuze ala na mmebi ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pimentel|first=David|date=February 2006|title=Soil Erosion: A Food and Environmental Threat|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-005-1262-8|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability|volume=8|issue=1|pages=119–137|doi=10.1007/s10668-005-1262-8|issn=1387-585X}}</ref> Ike okike dị ka ifufe, mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike ime ka a wepụ ụmụ irighiri ala, buru ha, ma tinye ha n'ebe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Potter|first=Paul E.|date=2005|title=Mud and Mudstones|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b138571|doi=10.1007/b138571|isbn=978-3-540-22157-9}}</ref> Echiche nke mmebi ala na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ mmebi na ogo na mmepụta nke ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shakesby|first=R. A.|date=May 2002|title=Handbook for the field assessment of land degradation, edited by M. Stocking and N. Murnaghan. Earthscan, London, 2001. ISBN 1 85383 831 4, £25.00 (paperback), xiii+169 pp|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.496|journal=Land Degradation & Development|volume=13|issue=3|pages=271–272|doi=10.1002/ldr.496|issn=1085-3278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Osman|first=Khan Towhid|date=2014|title=Soil Degradation, Conservation and Remediation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7590-9|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7590-9|isbn=978-94-007-7589-3}}</ref> ==== Ihe na-akpata mbuze ala na mmebi ala ==== # Mmiri erosion: Ụdị erosion a na-eme mgbe mmiri ozuzo, mmiri na-asọ asọ, na mmiri na-agbapụta ma na-eburu ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ihe ndị dị ka ndagwurugwu, ọdịdị ala, mkpuchi ahịhịa, na oke mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ya. Ịzụbiga anụ ókè, igbuchapụ ọhịa, na omume nchịkwa ala na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-eme ka mmiri na-agbada.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coulter|first=John K.|date=April 2004|title=<i>World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective</i>. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704211796|journal=Experimental Agriculture|volume=40|issue=2|pages=269|doi=10.1017/s0014479704211796|issn=0014-4797}}</ref> # Mgbasa ikuku: Mgbasa ifufe na-agụnye mwepụ, njem, na itinye ihe ndị dị n'ala site na ifufe. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara kpọrọ ọkara nke nwere obere ahịhịa. Ihe ndị dị ka ọdịdị ala, ọsọ ifufe, na omume iji ala eme ihe na-emetụta mbuze ifufe. Omume ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, ọzara, na nsogbu ala na enye aka na mbuze ifufe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coulter|first=John K.|date=April 2004|title=<i>World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective</i>. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704211796|journal=Experimental Agriculture|volume=40|issue=2|pages=269|doi=10.1017/s0014479704211796|issn=0014-4797}}</ref> # Nchịkọta ala: Ojiji gabigara ókè nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo, nlekọta ala na ekwesịghị ekwesị, na ịta nri siri ike nwere ike iduga na mkpakọ ala. Ala ndị dị nro belatara ohere oghere, na akpata mbelata mmiri na abanye, mbelata mgbọrọgwụ, na mmụba nke mmiri, na eduga na mbuze na mmebi. # Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa: Oké ọhịa na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze na ịnọgide na enwe nkwụsi ike. Mgbukpọsị ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo, igbutu osisi, ma ọ bụ ime obodo na ewepụ ihe mkpuchi ahịhịa na echebe, na ekpughe ala maka ihe na eme ka mmiri ozuzo na ifufe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=García-Ruiz|first=José M.|date=2013-06-03|title=ZACHAR, O., 1982. Soil erosion. Elsevier, 547 pp., Amsterdam|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.1094|journal=Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica|volume=10|pages=219–220|doi=10.18172/cig.1094|issn=1697-9540}}</ref> # Ọrụ ugbo na adịghị adịgide adịgide: Omume ugbo na'adịghị mma, dị ka usoro ịkọ ugbo na ọ bụghị nke ọma, monocropping, iji agrochemicals eme ihe gabigara ókè, na usoro nchekwa ala na ezughị oke, na enye aka na mbuze na mmebi ala. ==== Mmetụta nke mbuze ala na mmebi ala ==== # Mbelata mmepụta ọrụ ugbo: Mgbawa na mmebi nwere ike iduga na mfu nke ala dị n'elu, ihe oriri dị mkpa, na ihe ndị dị ndụ, na akpata mbelata nke ala na mmepụta ọrụ. Ọ na emetụta ihe ọkụkụ, nchekwa nri, na ụzọ ndị ọrụ ugbo si ebi ndụ. # Mmetọ mmiri: Mmiri na agbapụta site na ala na emebi emebi na emetọ mmiri, na eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọ pụkwara iduga n'ịbawanye sedimentation na tankị, na ebelata ikike nchekwa<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wohl|first=Ellen|date=August 2015|title=Legacy effects on sediments in river corridors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.05.001|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=147|pages=30–53|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.05.001|issn=0012-8252}}</ref> # Ọzara: Mmebi ala, ọkachasị na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ, nwere ike inye aka na ọzara, mgbasawanye nke ebe ọzara, na mfu nke ala na emepụta ihe. Ọ nwere mmetụta siri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Emadodin|first=Iraj|date=2019-08-07|title=Drought and Desertification in Iran|journal=Hydrology|volume=6|issue=3|pages=66|doi=10.3390/hydrology6030066|issn=2306-5338}}</ref> # Mfu nke Biodiversity: Mgbari ala na mmebi nwere ike ịkpata mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ, na eduga na mbibi nke osisi na anụmanụ. Ọ na emebi [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] ma belata ike ịnagide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. === Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikuku carbon === Ojiji a na eji osisi eme ihe na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ntọhapụ nke carbon na ikuku. Mgbe a na ere osisi ọkụ, a na ewepụta carbon dioxide (CO2), gas na ekpo ọkụ. Usoro ọkụ ahụ na ezughị ezu ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, na eduga na mmepụta nke gas ndị ọzọ na ekpo ọkụ dị ka methane (CH4) na nitrous oxide (N2O) Mgbasa ozi ndị a na enye aka na mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ, na ejide okpomọkụ na ikuku ma na akpata okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borisade|first=E.|date=2020-11-06|title=An Appraisal of Household Cooking Fuel Consumption and their Carbon related Emission in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/fje/article/view/201374|journal=FUTY Journal of the Environment|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=50–59|issn=1597-8826}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwafor|first=Justice|title=How clean cooking helps the climate|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211103-nigeria-how-clean-cooking-helps-the-climate|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> Mmụba nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na akpata mmetụta ọjọọ dị ka ịrị elu okpomọkụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Nkechi|date=2021-05-26|title=Why FG Should Discourage Use Of Firewood – Eleri|url=https://sciencenigeria.com/why-fg-should-discourage-use-of-firewood-eleri/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=Science Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=9. IMPLICATIONS OF WOODFUEL USE FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS|url=https://www.fao.org/3/W7744E/w7744e0c.htm|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.fao.org}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi === Iwepụ osisi na esi n'oké ọhịa apụta nwere ike imebi usoro okike dị n'ógbè ahụ, gụnyere cycling nke ihe na edozi ahụ, pollination, na mgbasa nke mkpụrụ. Osisi na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na enwe nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwado ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Iwepụ osisi na enweghị omume na adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịkpaghasị usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a. === Mgbukpọ nke mmiri === Nchịkọta osisi na-agụnyekarị nchịkọta osisi nwụrụ anwụ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye alaka na osisi dara ada a hụrụ n'akụkụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lattimore|first=B.|date=2009|title=Environmental factors in woodfuel production: Opportunities, risks, and criteria and indicators for sustainable practices|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.005|journal=Biomass and Bioenergy|volume=33|issue=10|pages=1321–1342|doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.005|issn=0961-9534}}</ref> Iwepụ ihe ndị a n'ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imebi mmiri na asọba, na emetụta usoro okike mmiri ma na-ebelata mmiri maka obodo ndị dị n"ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Castello|first=Leandro|date=2015-12-23|title=Large‐scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13173|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=990–1007|doi=10.1111/gcb.13173|pmid=26700407|issn=1354-1013}}</ref> == Nzọụkwụ Nchekwa na Iweghachi == # Nchekwa Tillage: Omume ndị dị ka obere ọrụ ugbo, enweghị ọrụ ugbo na oghere na enyere aka belata mbuze ala site n'ịnọgide na enwe ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ n'elu ala, na eme ka mmiri na abanye n'ime ala, ma na akwalite mkpokọta ihe ndị dị n'ala. # Ọrụ ugbo gburugburu: Ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu na ebelata mmiri na agbada, na ebepụ erosion. Ọ na agụnye iwu ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ala iji jide ihe na adịghị n'ime ala ma jide mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coulter|first=John K.|date=April 2004|title=<i>World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective</i>. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704211796|journal=Experimental Agriculture|volume=40|issue=2|pages=269|doi=10.1017/s0014479704211796|issn=0014-4797}}</ref> # Agroforestry: Ịjikọta osisi na ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ usoro anụ ụlọ nwere ike imeziwanye ọdịdị ala, mụbaa ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, ma nye ikuku iji belata ikuku. # Nweghachi nke ala mebiri emebi: Iweghachi ala mebiri emeri site na iweghachi osisi, ịghachite ahịhịa, na usoro imeziwanye ala nwere ike inyere aka ịlụso mbuze ọgụ ma kwalite omume iji ala eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marques|first=Maria|date=2016-02-20|title=Multifaceted Impacts of Sustainable Land Management in Drylands: A Review|journal=Sustainability|volume=8|issue=2|pages=177|doi=10.3390/su8020177|issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Ọ dị oke mkpa itinye usoro ndị a n'ọrụ n'ụzọ buru ibu, kwalite usoro nchịkwa ala na adịgide adịgide, ma mee ka a mara banyere mkpa nchekwa ala dị iji belata mbuze ala na mmebi ala. == Atụmatụ gọọmentị na atụmatụ iji belata ojiji a na eji osisi eme ihe == [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị Naijiria]] etinyela iwu na atụmatụ dị iche iche iji belata ojiji osisi, na edozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara ojiji ya. Mgbalị ndị a na achọ ichekwa ọhịa, melite arụmọrụ ike, na mgbanwe gaa na isi mmalite ike ọzọ. === Usoro nchedo na njikwa ọhịa === Iji dozie mgbukpọ ọhịa na mfu nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa kpatara site na iji osisi eme ihe, gọọmentị Naijiria etinyela usoro nchekwa na njikwa ọhịa, dị ka National Forest Policy. E webatara Iwu Ọhịa Mba maka iji ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa Naịjirịa mee ihe n'oge ememe ncheta nke Ụbọchị Ọhịa nke Mba Nile na 2022. A malitere iwu ahụ na [[Abuja]], isi obodo Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nliam|first=Amaka|date=2022-04-08|title=Nigeria launches National Forest Policy|url=https://von.gov.ng/nigeria-launches-national-forest-policy/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521150149/https://von.gov.ng/nigeria-launches-national-forest-policy/}}</ref> Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịmepụta ebe echedoro, ogige ntụrụndụ mba, na ebe nchekwa ọhịa iji chekwaa ihe onwunwe ọhịa bara uru.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hyman|first=Eric L.|date=1993-01-01|title=Forestry policies and programmes for fuelwood supply in Northern Nigeria|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377%2893%2990028-9|journal=Land Use Policy|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=26–43|doi=10.1016/0264-8377(93)90028-9|issn=0264-8377}}</ref> Gọọmentị na arụkọ ọrụ na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, Òtù Ndị Na abụghị nke Gọọmentụ (NGOs), na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị iji mepụta atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa na adịgide adịgide, na akwalite omume owuwe ihe ubi dị mma na atụmatụ iweghachi osisi. Site n'ịmanye iwu na ịkwalite mmata banyere mkpa nchekwa ọhịa dị, gọọmentị na agba mbọ ichebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ụdị dị iche iche nke ọhịa Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ozor|first=N|date=2008-05-13|title=Community Strategies For The Conservation And Preservation Of Forest Resources In Nsukka Agricultural Zone Of Nigeria|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/as/article/view/1580|journal=Agro-Science|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.4314/as.v7i1.1580|issn=1119-7455}}</ref> === Ịkwalite teknụzụ isi nri dị irè === [[Usòrò:Biogas_stove_(5268651030).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi nri dị ọcha na nke na-adịgide adịgide site na iji stove biogas]] Nkwalite nke teknụzụ isi nri dị irè bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mbọ gọọmentị na agba iji dozie nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike metụtara iji osisi eme ihe. Ụzọ isi nri ọdịnala, dị ka ọkụ na emeghe na stovu, adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na enye aka na nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ na mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ.<ref name=":1"/> Gọọmentị na-akwalite nnabata na nkesa nke teknụzụ nri ndị a dị irè site na mkpọsa mmata, enyemaka, na mmekorita ya na NGO na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha. N'October 5, 2021, Gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria sonyeere ndị agha na ndị isi na etinye aka iji hụ na mmejuputa nke ọma nke National Determined Contributions (NDCs) iji kwalite nnabata nke teknụzụ nri dị ọcha na nke dị irè na mba ahụ dum.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Simire|first=Michael|date=2021-10-05|title=Govt collaborates with stakeholders to promote clean, efficient cooking technologies – Minister|url=http://www.environewsnigeria.com/govt-collaborates-with-stakeholders-to-promote-clean-efficient-cooking-technologies-minister/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=EnviroNews Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ebe ndị ọzọ na enye ike na mgbanwe site na osisi na agbanye ọkụ === N'ịghọta mkpa ọ dị ịhapụ osisi na-agbanye ọkụ dị ka isi iyi nke ike, gọọmentị Naijiria na-akwalite ojiji nke isi iyi ike ọzọ. Nke a na agụnye ịkwalite nkwenye nke teknụzụ ike dị ọcha na nke a na eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ dịka ike anyanwụ, ike ifufe, na gas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Nigeria Ready for Low-carbon Energy Transition? – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/05/18/is-nigeria-ready-for-low-carbon-energy-transition/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Naịjirịa wepụtara atụmatụ mgbanwe ike ya dị ka ihe akaebe maka nraranye ya iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon, kpochapụ ịda ogbenye ike, na ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere ngalaba ndị dị mkpa dị ka ike, isi nri, mmanụ na gas, njem, na ụlọ ọrụ. Onye isi ala [[Yemi Osinbajo]], ya na ndị ọzọ na etinye aka na ngalaba ike, kpughere atụmatụ ahụ, nke na akọwa ụzọ Naịjirịa na aga n'ihu iji nweta ikuku efu site na 2060.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Tackling the Challenges of Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/03/tackling-the-challenges-of-nigerias-energy-transition-plan/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Site n'ịgbasa ngwakọta ike na ibelata ịdabere na osisi mmanụ, gọọmentị na ezube ibelata mgbukpọ ọhịa, imeziwanye ikuku, ma nye aka na mbọ iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Eweka|first=Ebuwa Elisabeth|date=2022-07-29|title=Energy Landscape and Renewable Energy Resources in Nigeria: A Review|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=15|issue=15|pages=5514|doi=10.3390/en15155514|issn=1996-1073}}</ref> == Ọganihu maka usoro ike na adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa == Atụmanya ọdịnihu maka omume ike na Naijiria na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na agbanwe gaa na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na adịgide adịgide, na ezube idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba metụtara iji osisi eme ihe. A na eme mgbalị iji kwalite isi mmalite ike dị ọcha, melite arụmọrụ ike, na ịkwalite omume na adịgide adịgide na mba ahụ.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":2"/> Iji hụ na ọdịnihu na adịgide adịgide, ọ dịkwa mkpa ibute ụzọ na nlekọta ọhịa na adịru adịgide na mbọ nchekwa. Nke a na agụnye itinye n'ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ siri ike iji gbochie igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbukpọ ọhịa, na mmebi nke usoro okike ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okunlola|first=Oa|date=2015-08-12|title=Sustainable management of the Nigerian forests for poverty alleviation|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/joafss/article/view/120862|journal=Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences|volume=12|issue=1|pages=176|doi=10.4314/joafss.v12i1.19|issn=1597-0906}}</ref> Site n'ịkwalite omume ọhịa dị mma na nke na adịgide adịgide, nke gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị, omume owuwe ihe ubi dị mma, atụmatụ ime ka osisi dịghachi mma, Naịjirịa nwere ike ichebe ihe onwunwe ọhịa ya bara uru, chekwaa [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche, ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke iji osisi eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogana|first=Temitope Elizabeth|date=2022-06-22|title=Joint Forest Management: A Potential Option for Restoring Degraded Forest Reserves in Nigeria|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/forestist.2022.22006|journal=Forestist|doi=10.5152/forestist.2022.22006|issn=2602-4039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=John B.|date=1991|title=Trees of Nigeria|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90016-o|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=44|issue=2–4|pages=292–293|doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90016-o|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Mmekọrịta obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, na mmemme mmata dị oke mkpa maka ịkwalite ọdịbendị nke nchekwa ọhịa na ojiji na adịgide adịgide. Green Vision for Community Development Initiative (GVCDI), otu Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), nyere ọzụzụ nye ndị otu obodo na Cross Rivers steeti na usoro nchedo ọhịa iji lụso mgbukpọ ọhịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Group empowers community on forest protection|url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/group-empowers-community-on-forest-protection/|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521150149/https://guardian.ng/appointments/group-empowers-community-on-forest-protection/}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, obodo Ekuri dị na Naijiria, n'onwe ha chepụtara atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa obodo. Ebumnuche ha bụ iji hụ na echekwara ihe nketa ha, na-akwado ihe oriri, na akwalite mmepe obodo, na ebelata ịda ogbenye, ma na egbochi nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke obodo ndị ọzọ tụfuru ọhịa ha. A mụrụ atụmatụ a site na mkpali dị n'ime obodo na nlele anya, na enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla dị n'èzí.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigera: A unique example of community based forest management at the Ekuri community {{!}} World Rainforest Movement|url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/nigera-a-unique-example-of-community-based-forest-management-at-the-ekuri-community|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=www.wrm.org.uy|language=en}}</ref> Otu n'ime ebe ndị dị mkpa maka mgbanwe ike na adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa bụ ịkwalite isi mmalite ike na agbanwe agbanwe. Gọọmentị, na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa, na-etinye ego na akụrụngwa ike na agbanwe agbanwe.<ref name="auto"/> Isi iyi ndị a na enye ohere dị ukwuu iji mee ka ngwakọta ike dị iche iche, belata gas na ekpo ọkụ, ma nye ohere ịnweta ike dị ọcha na nke dị ọnụ ala, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo.<ref name=":3"/> N'otu oge na mgbanwe gaa na ike naagbanwe agbanwe, ịkwalite arụmọrụ ike bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke omume ike na-adịgide adịgide. Imeziwanye arụmọrụ ike na ngalaba ndị dị ka ebe obibi, azụmahịa, ọrụ ugbo, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike inye aka belata mkpa ike na imeziwanye ojiji nke ihe onwunwe. Nke a na agụnye ịkwalite ngwa ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ọma, imewe ụlọ na ụkpụrụ mkpuchi, na mmejuputa usoro njikwa ike. Site n'ịnakwere teknụzụ na omume ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ọma, Naịjirịa nwere ike belata ihe mkpofu ike, belata ọnụahịa ike, ma belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara iji ike eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oyedepo|first=Sunday Olayinka|date=2012|title=Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward|url=https://energsustainsoc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2192-0567-2-15|journal=Energy, Sustainability and Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.1186/2192-0567-2-15|issn=2192-0567}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Deforestation in Nigeria|Mgbukpọsị ọhịa na Naịjirịa]] * Nkụ ọkụ == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://climate-laws.org/document/national-forest-policy-2020_6d1d Iwu ihu igwe] {{Deforestation}}{{Firelighting}}{{Wood products}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ti1hd0elu0yicdd5v77f6wp7f0mnt5n 0 28929 697524 671036 2026-08-10T01:57:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697524 wikitext text/x-wiki Mgbanwe '''mgbanwe''' bụ usoro ọhụrụ nke osisi nke na-ejigide ihe owuwu ọhịa maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntụgharị iji chekwaa ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. & Tappeiner, J.C. (1997). Alternative silvicultural approaches to [[Timber harvest|timber harvesting]]: Variable retention harvest systems. In textbook: Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. (eds K.A. Kohn & J.F. Franklin), pp. 111. Island Press, Washington, D.C.</ref> Ihe atụ ụfọdụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ njikọ mkpuchi ọhịa, nkwụsi ike ala, microclimate n'okpuru osisi ndị e jidere, ebe obibi ndị metụtara osisi dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi nchekwa ebe [[Óshíshí|obibi]], na nchekwa nke ụzọ anụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enyekwa aka n'iṅomi nsogbu okike site n'ịhapụ ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụnụ site na nguzo gara aga nke bụ ihe atụ maka iguzo dochie anya nsogbu Usoro ọdịnala silviculture dị ka clearcut, patch cut, shelterwood, wdg na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta osisi na mmelite n'ọdịnihu nke osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=J.F.|year=2002|title=Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using douglas-fir forests as an example|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=25965&content=PDF|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=155|issue=1–3|pages=399–423|doi=10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00575-8}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-ejigide<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=The retention system: Reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems|journal=Forestry Chronicle|volume=78|issue=3|pages=397–403|doi=10.5558/tfc78397-3|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2698|author=Mitchell|first=S.J.}}</ref> == Uru nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe == Mgbanwe agbanwe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aghọ ngwá ọrụ a na-akwalite nke ọma maka inyere aka idozi nsogbu dị n'etiti ihe achọrọ maka osisi na ihe achọrọ iji lekọta ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe [[Ńkú|obibi]] na ụdị dị iche iche na [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dịgasị iche iche na ọhịa a na-elekọta. a na-ese okwu bụ otú ọrụ ọhịa nwere ike isi banye n'enweghị nsogbu na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ n'ime ọhịa. Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebelata mmetụta nke ọrụ ịkpụ osisi site na ịhapụ ihe nketa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike (osisi nọọsụ na snags). Enwere ike ijigide osisi ole na ole ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ osisi n'okpuru usoro njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe, a pụkwara ijigide ya na patches (nchịkọta njigide) ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'otu n'otu (nchịkwa na-agbasasị); ya mere aha ahụ bụ "nchịkọta na-agbanwere agbanwe".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Nicholas J.|date=2012|title=Effects of Low Levels of Dispersed Retention on the Growth and Survival of Young, Planted Douglas-Fir|journal=Forests|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=230–243|doi=10.3390/f3020230|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2717}}</ref> Ọ bụ usoro maka ijigide osisi dị ka isi ihe owuwu nke ebe a na-ewe ihe ubi ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na-esote na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche, ebe obibi dị iche iche na usoro metụtara ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beese|first=W J|date=2003|title=Maintaining attributes of old-growth forests in coastal B.C. through variable retention|journal=The Forestry Chronicle|volume=79|issue=3|pages=570–578|doi=10.5558/tfc79570-3|issn=0015-7546|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2701}}</ref> Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2014 nke nchọpụta nchedo ọhịa chọpụtara "nkwado maka ojiji sara mbara nke nchedo ọhịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebelata mmetụta owuwe ihe ubi na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fedrowitz|first=Katja|date=2014|title=REVIEW: Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|language=en|volume=51|issue=6|pages=1669–1679|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12289|issn=1365-2664|pmid=25552747|id=http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2719}}</ref> E nwere usoro anọ dị mkpa nke a na-eche na njigide dị iche iche na-eme ka [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche dị iche dị iche iche: [citation needed] * Site n'inye ihe owuwu na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'ihi omume ọhịa nke oge a na nke a maara na ọ dị mkpa maka nnweta [[Habitat|ebe obibi]], dị ka nnukwu osisi, obere osisi, ihe mgbochi, na ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike * Site n'inye ebe mgbaba zuru oke maka ụdị dị iche iche ga-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa ka ọ na-azụlite ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị * Site n'ịmepụta ebe obibi, Patch dynamics, nke nwere ike ije ozi dị ka stepping stones maka mgbasa nke ụmụ ọhụrụ, mkpụrụ, na spores * Site n'ịbawanye ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ a na-achịkwa == Mgbanwe dị iche iche - Ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi == Usoro nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ usoro a kpachapụrụ anya karịa ịkpụcha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, helikọpta na-ewepụ osisi. Ojiji nke helikọpta na-ezere mkpa iwu okporo ụzọ osisi n'ime ọhịa ma si otú a zere nsogbu nke ala ọhịa. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ịkpụ osisi helikọpta adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa iji gwongworo. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi nke na-eji njigide dị iche iche na-anwa iṅomi nsogbu ọhịa. N'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ, a na-ahapụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ n'ime oghere na osisi. Osisi ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ dị otú ahụ na-enye ihe na-eto eto maka fungi na epiphytes, yana nri na ebe obibi maka ụmụ ahụhụ na nnụnụ. Ndị na-egbu osisi na-ahapụkwa osisi ndị na-eto eto ga-anọgide na-eto. Mgbanwe mgbanwe ncheta na-ejigide ihe karịrị 15% nke ebe mbụ na ma n'akpa uwe na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke osisi ndị a na-emetụbeghị aka na ebe mgbaba. Ọdịdị ọhịa echekwara nwere osisi ndị dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke na-eme ka ọdịdị dị iche iche dịkwuo iche, ma na-enye [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] maka ihe dị iche iche na-adị ndụ na-adịkarị n'ọhịa a na-egbutu egbutu. Ọchịchị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na-enye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị ka ọ na-emepụta ohere zuru ezu iji kụọ ma melite ụdị osisi bara uru maka osisi, yana iweghachi akụkọ ihe mere eme coniferous na / ma ọ bụ deciduous osisi na ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ osisi egbochiwo ojiji nke mgbanwe na-ejigide silviculture naanị na-enweghị ọ bụla nke ụdị osisi ndị dị ụkọ ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa. == Arụmụka == Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-ele usoro nchekwa dị iche iche nke owuwe ihe ubi anya dị ka nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa karịa igbu osisi. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-esiri ike, na-agwụ ike, na'ewe oge ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ịkpụcha. Nnyocha nke ọmụmụ na British Columbia na ụdị ọhịa ndị yiri ya na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na nchịkọta na nke gbasasịrị agbakọta nwere ike inye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka mmepụta osisi dịka mmebi ikuku na osisi ndị e jidere na mbelata uto nke mmelite osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpocha, na-emechi maka ịkwado ebumnuche nchịkwa mgbanwe maka imezi ihe ndị na-asọmpi nke mmepụta osisi na nchekwa dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beese|first=William J.|date=2019|title=Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation|journal=Ecological Processes|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13717-019-0181-9|issn=2192-1709}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọhịa, dị ka Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), na-akwado njigide dịgasị iche iche ma na-ekwupụta ugbu a osisi nwetara site na usoro owuwe ihe ubi dị ka osisi a kwadoro maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọtụtụ ọrụ ọhịa na mpaghara Canada nke British Columbia, gụnyere MacMillan Bloedel, na-eji usoro njigide dịgasị iche iche ewepụta osisi n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egbutu osisi ejighi mkpebi zuru oke iji wepụ mkpocha na ịnakwere owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọbụnakwa MacMillan Bloedel emeela mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ ghara itinye aka na mkpocha. Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa ụwa na-amalite ịrịọ maka osisi a kwadoro kpamkpam site na owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụghị doro anya ma ndị na-azụ ahịa ga-adị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka osisi dị otú ahụ. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}}  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080204125733/http://www.mrc.com/issues/silviculture_harvesting.html Ụlọ ọrụ Mendocino Redwoo: Silviculture na Harvesting Methods] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070920192940/http://www.manometmaine.org/patch.html Manomet Forest Conservation Program: Patch Retention Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009052008/http://cedar-indoor.org/why_real_cedar/environment.htm Osisi Na-adịgide Adịgide, Mgbukpọ, Ndị Na-eweta Osisi Red Cedar] * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.004|volume=242|issue=2–3|title=Changes in forest structure following variable-retention harvests in Douglas-fir dominated forests|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2007-04-30_242_2-3/page/708|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|pages=708–726|year=2007|author=Maguire|first=Douglas A.}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://faculty.washington.edu/jff/index.htm Home page nke Jerry F. Franklin - prọfesọ nke nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, Mahadum Washington] * [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-10-1999/0000929997&EDATE= TimberWest na Phase Clearing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209080854/http://www.spruceroots.org/Dec04/Tree.html SpruceRoots Magazine: Ihe doro anya nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826214736/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/workplans/greenridgeplan.asp Green Ridge State Forest Work Plan maka afọ 2008] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607213129/http://www.mongabay.com/reference/environment/Variable_retention.html Mongabay.com: Nkọwa okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihe onwunwe gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mr3z9dsxmmvsxn0md3gqek3xizmdm4m 0 28963 697613 697328 2026-08-10T04:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697613 wikitext text/x-wiki    The Science for Nature and People Partnership ('''SNAPP''') bụ atụmatụ nke na-ezube ịmepụta ụdị ngwa ngwa nke ga-akwado akụkụ ọzọ nke nchekwa okike na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, nke afọ ofufo na nke onwe gburugburu ụwa iji gbanwee mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na okike.<ref name="auto" /> Onye isi nchịkwa SNAPP bụ onye sayensị nchedo Jensen Reitz Montambault.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/our-people/jensen-montambault/|title=Jensen Reitz Montambault bio|publisher=TNC}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere SNAPP dị ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) na Mahadum [[California]], Santa Barbara. A malitere ya na Clinton Global Initiative na 2013 na nzaghachi maka ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ gụnyere mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/science-for-nature-and-people-snap-created.xml|title=SNAP: Created to Answer the Question: How can protecting nature help ensure food, energy, water, and security for 9 billion or more people?|publisher=TNC|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085301/http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/science-for-nature-and-people-snap-created.xml}}</ref> == Ihe omume == SNAPP na-enweta ego, na-akpọkọta ma na-akwado Òtù Ọrụ Ndị Ọkachamara na-edozi ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara anọ:<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3|title=Science for Nature and People hosts 2-year Rwanda Govt natural capital accounting initiative|publisher=WorldStage|accessdate=20 January 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160302052637/http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3 "Science for Nature and People hosts 2-year Rwanda Govt natural capital accounting initiative"]. WorldStage. Archived from [http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3 the original] on 2 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na uru dị iche iche * Nchebe Nri na Okike * Nchebe Mmiri na Okike * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe SNAPP nwere ìgwè ọrụ 34 na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile, nke ọ bụla nwere nsogbu a kapịrị ọnụ iji dozie n'ime ọnwa 24. Ndị a na-akwado site na [[World Bank|ụlọ]] ọrụ dị ka World Bank, NGO dị ka Mercy Corps, na azụmaahịa dị ka Swiss Re.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/|title=Homepage|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2023-08-16|archivedate=2023-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928042836/http://www.snap.is/}}</ref> === Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na uru dị iche iche === Na Septemba 25, 2015, gọọmentị China kwupụtara mmachibido iwu maka ahia ọdụ́ ya, nke a na-egbu enyí 22,000 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bale|first=Rachel|title=U.S.-China Deal to Ban Ivory Trade Is Good News for Elephants|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150925-ivory-elephants-us-china-obama-xi-poaching/|date=25 September 2015|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=MacLeod|first=Calum|title=China pledges to cut ivory trade down to size|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/environment/wildlife/article4456565.ece|date=1 June 2015|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ryan|first=Fergus|title=China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally|date=26 September 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> Nkwupụta ahụ mechara mee ka ọnụ ahịa ọdụ́ daa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Denyer|first=Simon|title=Lifeline for elephants: Ivory price halves in China after Xi pledges ban|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/12/08/lifeline-for-elephants-ivory-price-halves-in-china-after-xi-pledges-ban/|date=8 December 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> SNAPP Chinese Ivory Trade Working Group na-eduzi nyocha zuru oke mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji kwado gọọmentị site na itinye mmachibido iwu ahụ n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/the-economics-of-the-chinese-ivory-trade/|title=WORKING GROUP: Chinese Ivory Trade|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126154015/http://www.snap.is/groups/the-economics-of-the-chinese-ivory-trade/}}</ref> '''Natural Capital Accounting Group''' Natural Capital Accounting Working Group na-arụkọ ọrụ na gọọmentị [[Rwanda]] iji kwado atụmatụ mmepe akụ na ụba na mbelata ịda ogbenye nke mba ahụ, atụmatụ dị iche iche na atụmatụ ime ihe, na atụmatụ ịda ogbenye na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwaka|first=Antony|title=SNAP To Host 2-Year Natural Capital Accounting Initiative|url=http://footprint2africa.com/snap-to-host-2-year-natural-capital-accounting-initiative/|date=14 October 2015|work=Footprint2Africa|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Meeting between Rwandan, Russian foreign ministers dominate newspapers|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/meeting-between-rwandan-russian-foreign-ministers-dominate-newspapers.html|date=14 October 2015|publisher=APA|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> '''Nchekwa dabeere na ihe akaebe''' Ìgwè a, gụnyere ndị ọkachamara sitere na Conservation International, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, na World Bank, enyochaala ihe akaebe maka otu nchekwa si baara ọdịmma mmadụ uru, dịka ọmụmaatụ ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ. E bipụtara nyocha ahụ na Nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McKinnon|first=M.|year=2015|title=Sustainability: Map the evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2015-12-10_528_7581/page/n38|journal=Nature|volume=528|issue=7581|pages=185–187|doi=10.1038/528185a|pmid=26659166}}</ref> === Nchebe Nri na Okike === Ndị ọkachamara gụnyere site na National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration na Mahadum Stanford na-eguzobe ikike mmepụta nri nke aquaculture na-adịgide adịgide, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị iji mepụta ntuziaka kachasị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-open-ocean-aquaculture/|title=WORKING GROUP: Sustainable Aquaculture|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126192628/http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-open-ocean-aquaculture/}}</ref> '''Ụzọ Ịkụ Azụ''' N'ịbụ nke Ray Hilborn nke Mahadum Washington na-eduzi, otu a na-arụ ọrụ iji meziwanye nghọta nke ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke isi azụ. Ha na-ejikwa usoro chọpụta ihe ndị na-eduga na nsonaazụ dị mma na njikwa azụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/fisheries-measures/|title=WORKING GROUP: Fisheries Measures|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126205128/http://www.snap.is/groups/fisheries-measures/}}</ref> '''Ịkụ Azụmaahịa''' Nnyocha e mere egosila na a na-ejizi azụ̀ ndị nwere ntule ngwaahịa a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọma, mana nke a bụ ihe na-erughị 1% nke azụ̀ n'ụwa nile. Iji lụso ọgụ ọgụ dị ukwuu nke na-eyi ahụike nke ọtụtụ oke azụ̀ dị n'ụwa egwu, otu Data-Limited Fisheries Working Group na-enyocha ka a ga-esi mejuputa ụzọ ọhụrụ dị ọnụ ala iji chọpụta azụ̀ ndị nwere oke data zuru ụwa ọnụ. '''Ọrụ Ugbo Na-adịgide Adịgide''' The Sustainable Agriculture Working Group na-enyocha otu esi eme ka mmepụta ugbo sie ike na Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of [[Tanzania]] (SAGCOT), nke na-ejikọ ọwụwa anyanwụ Zambia na ime Tanzania na Oké Osimiri India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-ag-intensification/|title=WORKING GROUP: Sustainable Ag Intensification|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126182635/http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-ag-intensification/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fernanda Mejia|first=Maria|title=Developing sustainable agricultural intensification guidelines for Tanzania|url=http://www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/2014/09/17/developing-sustainable-agricultural-intensification-guidelines-for-tanzania/|date=17 September 2014|work=CIAT Blog|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> === Nchebe Mmiri na Okike === '''Oké Ndakpọ Akụ na Eze''' N'ịbụ nke United States Geological Survey na-akwado, Otu Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụkọ Mmiri Ecological na-emepụta nghọta sayensị kachasị ọhụrụ banyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ogologo oge na ọdịda anyanwụ US maka gọọmentị etiti, steeti na ime obodo, na azụmahịa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/featured/carter|title=SNAP: Landscape Sensitivity to Ecological Drought|publisher=NCEAS|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126212820/https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/featured/carter}}</ref> '''Ịkekọrịta Mmiri''' Otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmiri na-ekekọrịta na-achọpụta ụgwọ na uru nke nkwekọrịta mmiri nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na 2-4 pilot watersheds na Western United States. === Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ọtụtụ nde dollar eme ihe n'ihe mgbochi simenti arụrụ arụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ́ ndị na-adịghị enye nchebe ọdachi na-adịte aka ma na-emerụkwa gburugburu ebe obibi mebiri emebi. Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe nke Coastal ewuwo nchekwa data nke ọrụ gburugburu ụwa nke na-eji akụrụngwa ndụ ndụ na ụzọ ha si abịa na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa. Site n'enyemaka nke World Bank, oru ngo a ga-amata ebe okike nwere uru kachasị ukwuu n'ichekwa oke osimiri ụwa. == Ndị nyere onyinye == Shirley na Harry Hagey, Steve na Roberta Denning, Seth Neiman, Gordon na Betty Moore Foundation, Ward W. na Priscilla B. Woods, na David na Lucile Packard Foundation akwadowo SNAPP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/about/#partners|title=Partners|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213180828/http://www.snap.is/about/#partners}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Byington|first=Cara|title=Science for Nature & People (SNAP) Announces 7 New Working Groups|url=http://blog.nature.org/science/2015/03/10/science-nature-people-snap-accepting-proposals-working-groups-innovation/|date=10 March 2015|work=Cool Green Science|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis * [[Nchekwa Okike]] * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://snappartnership.net/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1fu12c5n9g0bu6c6wrd6q373xu8xzrn 0 29065 697856 671262 2026-08-10T09:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Choose_WaterSense_(13587197363).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense]] WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa '''mmiri''' ume na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/about_us/product_certification_labeling.html "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling."] Revised 2011-04-14.</ref> == Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga == WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Moore|first=Keara B.|date=December 4, 2017|title=WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10787|journal=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=DeOreo|first=William B.|date=July 2020|title=The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=112|issue=7|pages=60–65|doi=10.1002/awwa.1537}}</ref> A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Amy|date=August 1993|title=The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-water-works-association-journal_1993-08_85_8/page/56|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=85|issue=8|pages=56–62|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x}}</ref> Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.<ref name=":0" /> Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.<ref name=":1" /> Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grumbles|first=Benjamin H.|date=May 2008|title=WaterSense® Makes Good Sense|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-water-works-association-journal_2008-05_100_5/page/n35|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=100|issue=5|pages=34–36|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.<ref name=":0" /> EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.<ref name=":2">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners/controltech.html "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."]</ref> Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.<ref name=":3">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/prsv.html "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."]</ref><ref name=":4">EPA (2011). [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/watersofteners.html "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."]</ref> Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=June 25, 2020|title=WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11128|accessdate=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.<ref name=":0" /> Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya [https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification ebe a].<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2021-02-08|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.<ref name=":5" /> Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Copeland|first=Claudia|date=December 15, 2016|title=Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44482|accessdate=December 16, 2020}}</ref> Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.<ref name=":5" /> EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Humphreys|first=Elena H.|date=March 28, 2019|title=America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions|work=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45656|accessdate=December 15, 2020}}</ref> AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Save_Energy,_Save_Money_(15812223659).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense]] Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.<ref name=":5" /> Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OW|date=2017-01-16|title=Professional Certification|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/professional-certification-0|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ: * Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense; * Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha); * Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara); * A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanner|first=Stephanie|date=February 2009|title=Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?|journal=Journal - American Water Works Association|volume=101|pages=37–39|doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x}}</ref> * Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.<ref name=":5" /> Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=EPA|first=US|date=2021-02-01|title=WaterSense Specification for Homes|url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/homes-specification|accessdate=May 10, 2022|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.<ref name=":7" /> == Njikọ == EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere: * Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo * Ndị naemepụta ya * Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa * Ndị naewu ụlọ * Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru * Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere: * Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma * Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense * Inye data kwa afọ * Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":10">EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/watersense/partners "WaterSense Partners."] Revised 2022-05-10.</ref> WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti [[wiktionary:constituent|ndị]] naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị. == Ịkọwa Mmetụta == EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schein|first=Jonah|date=2019|title=Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products|journal=Water Science & Technology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=879–890|doi=10.2166/ws.2018.136|pmid=33414698}}</ref> LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.<ref name=":9" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] liasbdo39su6e9f6s47gljnvz7j6j0a 0 29126 697442 157766 2026-08-09T17:58:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697442 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:River_in_the_Amazon_rainforest.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Oké ọhịa Amazon na [[Brazil]]]] Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kpọpụtara afọ 2011 dị ka afọ oke ọhịa nke mba ụwa iji mee ka mmata na iwusi njikwa, nchekwa na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke ụdị ọhịa ọ bụla maka abamuru nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ọhịa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmepe na-adigide zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dị ka atụmatụ Bank World Bank si kwuo, ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ 1.6 na-adabere n'oké ọhịa maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ebe ihe dị ka nde 300 bi na ha. Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọhịa bụ isi iyi nke akụ na ụba na ọrụ, ebe a na-ere ahịa ahịa ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ na $ 327 ijeri. Otu UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) na-eme atụmatụ na kwa afọ 130,000 km² nke oke ọhịa dị n'ụwa na-efunahụ maka igbutu osisi. Ntugharị gaa n'ala ọrụ ugbo, iwepụta osisi na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, usoro nlekọta ala na-adịghị mma, na imepụta ebe obibi mmadụ bụ ihe kachasị akpata mfu a nke ebe ọhịa. Dị ka Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa si kwuo, igbukpọsị osisi na-akpata ihe ruru pasenti 20 nke ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa nile bụ́ nke na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị n'ụwa pụta. Ihe omuma FAO na-eme atụmatụ na oke ohia na ala ohia nke uwa na-echekwa ihe kariri otu puku ijeri carbon – okpukpu abuo nke ego a na-achọta na ikuku. Ụlọ akụ mba ụwa na-eme atụmatụ na oké ọhịa na-enye ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụdị nile dị n'ụwa ebe obibi, na igbukpọsị ọhịa nke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo mechiri emechi nwere ike ime ka ihe dị ka 100 ụdị dị iche iche na-anwụ kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) na Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration si kwuo, "N'ụwa niile, ihe karịrị otu ijeri hekta nke ala ọhịa furu efu na nke mebiri emebi nke enwere ike iweghachi". == Mgbasa ozi == Secretariat nke United Nations Forum on Forests bụ ebe a na-elekwasị anya maka mmejuputa Afọ Mba Nile na mmekorita ya na Gọọmenti, Njikọ [[Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa|Njikọ]] na Ọhịa na òtù na usoro ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. A na-atụ anya ka gọọmentị, òtù mpaghara na nke mba ụwa na òtù ndị obodo mepụta kọmitii mba ma họpụta ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mba ha iji mee ka nhazi nke ọrụ iji kwado Afọ Ọhịa Mba Nile. == Ememe == [[Usòrò:5794513057_bef09874c3_o_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg|thumb|Woodsy Owl na Smokey Bear na-enye ibe ha aka na emume Afọ Ọhịa nke Mba Nile maka ndị ọrụ U.S. Department of Agriculture, na Friday, 3 June 2011 na patio nke Whitten Building, Washington, D.C.]] The "Ememme ọhịa. Eme ememe ndụ." mkpọsa bụ emume U.S. N'ịbụ ndị otu National Association of State Foresters na-ahazi na mmekorita ya na US Forest Service, ememe US na-achọ ịkwalite mmata na nghọta nke uru nke ọhịa America na igosi njikọ dị n'etiti ọhịa dị mma, ndị mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Ebumnuche bụ inye ndị niile metụtara oke ọhịa echiche na akụrụngwa iji sonye na mmemme ahụ n'ime afọ. Na 9 February 2011, osote onye isi oche nke Food and Agriculture Organisation nke United Nations, Ann Tutwiler, na onye enyemaka onye isi ngalaba nke ngalaba ọhịa, Eduardo Rojas-Briales, wepụtara mbipụta 2011 nke mbipụta flagship FAO State of the World. Oke ohia (SOFO). Steeti nke oke ọhịa nke ụwa na-akọ banyere ọnọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke oke ọhịa, amụma dị mkpa na nso nso a na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ yana isi okwu gbasara mpaghara ọhịa. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2011, Minista na-ahụ maka ọhịa na New Zealand, Hon David Carter, malitere Afọ Ọhịa nke Mba Nile na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na Wellington, New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch of International Year of Forests|url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/launch-international-year-forests|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=The Beehive|language=en}}</ref> Hon Carter kwuru, "Ha [ọhịa] bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba anyị, ha na-enye ọtụtụ uru gburugburu ebe obibi, ha nwekwara ihe ọdịbendị dị mkpa". N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2011, ụlọ akwụkwọ Romanian Academy kwadoro arụmụka mba gbasara "2011, Afọ Mba Nile nke Ọhịa". N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2011, iji sọpụrụ Afọ Ọhịa nke Mba Nile, Ngalaba Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke New York State (DEC) nke Ala na Ọhịa malitere asọmpi foto nke Celebrating New York's Forests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEC New York Forests Photo Contest – Pfeiffer Nature Center|url=https://pfeiffernaturecenter.org/nature-blog/2011/09/dec-new-york-forests-photo-contest/|accessdate=2021-04-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Asọmpi a bụ mgbalị iji mee ka a mara na ekele maka ụdị ọhịa niile, obodo ukwu na ime obodo, nnukwu na obere, nke ọha na eze na nke onwe, gafee steeti ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN kwupụtara 2011 dị ka "Afọ Mba Nile nke Ọhịa" na mkpebi 61/193 na 20 Disemba 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 61/193. International Year of Forests, 2011|url=https://www.un.org/esa/forests/2011/UN-resolution.html|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=29 May 2013|date=20 December 2006}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Afọ Mba Nile nke Biodiversity * [[Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa]] * Usoro Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu * Ememe mba ụwa * 2011 na sayensị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.un.org/esa/forests/index.html Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230817065845/https://www.fao.org/forestry/iyf2011/en/ Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations: Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ International Year of Forests] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321150305/http://www.cpfweb.org/en/ Njikọ Nkwekọrịta n'Oké Ọhịa] * [https://www.iucn.org/theme/forests International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Usoro Nchekwa Ọhịa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230817065838/http://www.vifabio.de/iyof2011/?lang=en Nchịkọta njikọ maka] International Year of Forests, nke Virtual Library of Biology (vifabio) chịkọtara * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710035516/http://www.maf.govt.nz/forestry/forestry-in-nz/international-forestry/international-year-of-forests-2011.aspx New Zealand na-eme emume Afọ Ọhịa Mba Nile] {{UN International Years}}{{Forestry}}{{Deforestation and desertification}}{{Authority control}} 6w9jk0olovapfqgxi74xrktxeaf9m8f 0 29185 697479 118255 2026-08-10T01:02:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox}} {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |Van Gelder's bat |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Bauerus_dubiaquercus.jpg|frameless]] |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Near Threatened]] <small>&nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSolari,_S.2018"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="139">Solari, S. (2018). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1789/22129523 "''Bauerus dubiaquercus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143">T1789A22129523. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="145">UK.2018-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="146">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="147"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|T1789A22129523.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="148"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref></small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Bauerus|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- |Domain: |[[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]] |- |Kingdom: |[[Animal|Animalia]] |- |Phylum: |[[Chordate|Chordata]] |- |Class: |[[Mammal|Mammalia]] |- |Order: |[[Bat|Chiroptera]] |- |Family: |[[Vespertilionidae]] |- |Tribe: |[[Antrozoini]] |- |Genus: |[[Van Gelder's bat|''Bauerus'']]<br /><br /><br /><br /><small>[[Richard Van Gelder|Van Gelder]], 1959</small> |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''B.&nbsp;dubiaquercus'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Bauerus dubiaquercus''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Richard Van Gelder|Van Gelder]], 1959</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Bauerus_dubiaquercus_map.svg|frameless]] |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] Bat Van Gelder ma ọ bụ Bat Van Gelden ('''''Bauerus dubiaquercus''''') bụ ụdị bat vesper n'ezinụlọ Vespertilionidae. A na-ahụ ya na Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. Ụdị ahụ bụ monotypic n'ime ụdị ya. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke agbụrụ Antrozoini n'ime subfamily Vespertilioninae ma nwee njikọ na ụkpara pallid (''Antrozous pallidus'').<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2010-10_91_5/page/1073|author=Roehrs|first=Z.P.|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=91|issue=5|pages=1073–1092|year=2010|doi=10.1644/09-MAMM-A-325.1}}</ref><ref name="blog2011.04.11">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413144255/http://www.scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2011/04/11/antrozoins/|url=http://www.scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2011/04/11/antrozoins/|archivedate=2013-04-13|title=Antrozoins: pallid bats, Van Gelders bat, ''Rhogeessa Baeodon''!! (vesper bats part XI)|author=Naish|first=D.|authorlink=Darren Naish|date=2011-04-11|work=Tetrapod Zoology|publisher=ScienceBlogs LLC|accessdate=2017-06-11}}</ref> A na-ahụ ụkpara n'ọhịa site n'ókè oké osimiri ruo n'ebe dị elu dị ka 2300 m, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị adịkarị n'elu 1300 m, ọ na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ na mgbede.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSolari,_S.2018"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="139">Solari, S. (2018). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1789/22129523 "''Bauerus dubiaquercus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143">T1789A22129523. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="145">UK.2018-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="146">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="147"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|T1789A22129523.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="148"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> O doro anya na ọ nwere nkesa dịgasị iche iche, ma na-eyi egwu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> == Nchịkọta na mmalite == Ọ bụ Richard Van Gelder, onye na-ahụ maka mammalogy na American Museum of Natural History, chọpụtara ụkpara ahụ. A chịkọtara ọbọgwụ ahụ na AMNH Puritan Expedition na Baja California na 1957 na Tres Maria Islands (n'ebe ndịda Baja) site n'aka Richard Zweifel (onye na-ahụ maka njem) na Oakes Plimpton (onye na'ọrụ njem).<ref name="Plimpton2013">{{Cite book|author=Plimpton, O. A.|title=1957 Expeditions Journal: Baja California American Museum of Natural History Expedition Journal Spring 1957 Huautla Mexico Seeking The Sacred Mushroom With Gordon Wasson Summer 1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jyl_EuS1lNAC&pg=PA30|date=22 July 2013|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4759-8973-1|oclc=857924221}}</ref> Van Gelder kpọrọ ụkpara "''dubiaquercus''" iji sọpụrụ ndị na-anakọta ya: dubia pụtara "enwe obi abụọ" na Latin, dị ka ''zweifel'' na-eme na German; quercus bụ Latin maka "oak".<ref name="Plimpton2013" /> == Ebe obibi na ebe obibi == A na-ahụ ụkpara Van Gelder na Central America ebe ọ na-agụnye Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], na Nicaragua. E dekọrọ ya n'ebe dị elu site na 100-2,300 m (330-7,550 ) n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSolari,_S.2018"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="139">Solari, S. (2018). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1789/22129523 "''Bauerus dubiaquercus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143">T1789A22129523. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="145">UK.2018-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="146">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="147"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|T1789A22129523.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="148"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> == Nchekwa == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, IUCN na-enyocha ya dị ka ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ. Ọ na-emezu ụkpụrụ maka nkewa a n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ógbè ya niile; ọ na-enwe mbelata dị ukwuu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; ebe obibi ya "dị oke ike".<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSolari,_S.2018"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="139">Solari, S. (2018). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1789/22129523 "''Bauerus dubiaquercus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143">T1789A22129523. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="145">UK.2018-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="146">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="147"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T1789A22129523.en|T1789A22129523.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="148"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Vespertilionidae|V.|Pl.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q133199}} inuq67c2rssjgfswdvpnuay8srorb4l 0 29386 697800 212971 2026-08-10T08:35:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=Hairy quandong|image=Elaeocarpus williamsianus leaves.jpg|status=EN|status_system=EPBC|status_ref=|genus=Elaeocarpus|species=williamsianus|authority=[[Gordon P. Guymer|Guymer]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/69612|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>}} {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Hairy quandong |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Elaeocarpus_williamsianus_leaves.jpg|frameless]] |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_EPBC_EN.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Endangered species|Endangered]] <small>&nbsp;([[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999|EPBC Act]])</small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Elaeocarpus|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Plant|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Rosids]] |- |Order: |[[Oxalidales]] |- |Family: |[[Elaeocarpaceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Elaeocarpus]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''E.&nbsp;williamsianus'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Gordon P. Guymer|Guymer]]<ref name="APC" /></div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''''', nke a maara dị ka hairy quandong, bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Elaeocirpaceae ma bụrụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ebe a machibidoro iwu n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ New South Wales.<ref name="RBGS" /> Ọ bụ obere osisi nwere akwụkwọ dị ka ube, okooko osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mkpụrụ osisi na- acha anụnụ anụnụ. == Nkọwa == ''Elaeocarpus williamsianus'' bụ osisi na-etolite ruo 9-15 m (30-49 ) na ogwe osisi nke ruru 18 cm (7.1 in), na-acha nchara nchara ma na-enweghị mgbọrọgwụ. A na-ekpuchi obere alaka ya na ajị anụ, ajị nchara. Akwụkwọ ya dị ka lance ruo n'ụdị àkwá na njedebe dị warara n'akụkụ ala, 90-150 (3.5-5.9 in) ogologo na 30-55 (1.2-2.2 in) obosara na petiole 15-32 mm (0.59-1.26 in) ogologo. Akwụkwọ ya nwere ezé asatọ ruo iri mgbe ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ya. Okooko osisi ndị ahụ na-akwụsi ike, na-ebute na axils akwụkwọ n'ìgwè iri na otu ruo iri na isii na rachis 25-50 mm (0.98-1.97 in) ogologo, okooko osisi ọ bụla na pedicel 2-4 mm (0.079-0.157 in) ogologo. Okooko osisi ndị a nwere oblong ise na triangular green sepals 9.5-11 mm (0.37-0.43 in) ogologo na ihe dị ka 2 mm (0.079 in) obosara. Petal ise ahụ na-acha ọcha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, oblong, 11-13 mm (0.43-0.51 in) ogologo na 2-2.5 mm (0.079-0.098 in) obosara na mpempe akwụkwọ iri abụọ na abụọ ruo iri abụọ na isii na ọnụ. E nwere iri atọ ruo iri atọ na asatọ stamens na ovary jupụtara na ọlaọcha ntutu. Okooko osisi na-apụta site na Nọvemba ruo Disemba ma mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke dị gburugburu 20-30 mm (0.79-1.18 in) n'obosara, ahụ nwere oghere atọ.<ref name="RBGS" /><ref name="Kew">{{Cite journal|author=Hyland|first=Bernard|title=''Elaeocarpus'' in Australia and New Zealand.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kew-bulletin_1984_39_3/page/546|journal=Kew Bulletin|date=1984|volume=39|issue=3|pages=546–548}}</ref><ref name="Telopea">{{Cite journal|author=Guymer|first=Gordon|title=A new species of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) from north east New South Wales|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=385–389|doi=10.7751/telopea19834404|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264397#page/43/mode/1up|accessdate=27 February 2021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGuymer1983">Guymer, Gordon (13 October 1983). </cite></ref><ref name="Floyd">{{Cite book|url=http://rainforestpublishing.com.au/shop/rainforest-trees-of-south-eastern-australia/|title=Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia|first=A. G.|author=Floyd|authorlink=Alexander Floyd|publisher=Terania Rainforest Publishing|location=[[Lismore, New South Wales]]|year=2008|edition=2nd, Revised|isbn=978-0-958943-67-3|accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == [[Gordon Paul Guymer]] kọwara ''Elaeocarpus williamsianus'' na 1983 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Telopea'' site na ụdị ndị anakọtara na nso Burringbar na 1980.<ref name="Telopea" /><ref name="APNI">{{Cite web|title=''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''|url=http://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/479537|publisher=APNI|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> Aha a kapịrị ọnụ (''williamsianus'') na-asọpụrụ John Beaumont Williams nke Mahadum New England.<ref name="Telopea" /> == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == A na-ejedebe ntutu ntutu n'ebe itoolu na Burringbar Range n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke New South Wales, ebe ọ na-eto n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ, gụnyere n'ebe ndị a na-enye nsogbu ebe ọ gbakere site na mgbọrọgwụ.<ref name="RBGS">{{Cite web|title=''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''|work=PlantNET - NSW Flora Online|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Elaeocarpus~williamsianus|accessdate=2010-06-02}}</ref><ref name="OEH">{{Cite web|title=Hairy quandong - profile|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10262|publisher=New South Wales Government Office of Environment and Heritage|accessdate=27 February 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10262 "Hairy quandong - profile"]. </cite></ref> == Ọnọdụ nchekwa == Quandong a dị nnọọ ụkọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala isii n'ime mmadụ itoolu ahụ bụ clones ma na-emepụta mkpụrụ ole na ole. A na-edepụta ụdị ahụ dị ka "ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" n'okpuru ''Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' nke Gọọmentị Australia na ''Iwu'' Nchedo Biodiversity nke Gọọmenti New South Wales na 2016. A kwadebere atụmatụ mgbake. Ihe kachasị egwu na ụdị ahụ gụnyere mkpocha ebe obibi na nkwarụ, mwakpo ahịhịa, na ụdị ahụ nwere oke ọdịiche dị iche iche.<ref name="OEH" /><ref name="RP">{{Cite web|title=Recovery Plan for ''Elaeocarpus williamsianus''|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/recoveryplanDraftElaeocarpusWilliamsianus.pdf|publisher=New South Wales Government Department of Environment and Conservation|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5353104}} pj7tdcf1jo17dikuhrga6vn4nbq2bif 0 29422 697552 676057 2026-08-10T02:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} E nwere ọtụtụ ahịa maka ngwaahịa osisi. Mba ọ bụla nwere ahịa nke ya nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke ụwa. A naenye osisi nahịa ndị dị nime ụlọ nọtụtụ mba ndị dị n"ọhịa nụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịkpụ osisi nụzọ naezighị ezi, ya bụ, ịkpụcha chainsaw. Ahịa mpaghara na nke ụwa naagụnye ndị naemepụta, passthrough, nhazi, na mba ndị naazụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Illegal logging and related timber trade : dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses : a global scientific rapid response assessment report|others=Kleinschmit, Daniela,, Mansourian, Stephanie,, Wildburger, Christoph,, Purret, Andre,, International Union of Forest Research Organizations|year=2016|isbn=978-3-902762-70-2|location=Vienna, Austria|oclc=972337413}}</ref> China aghọwo onye naebubata [[Ńkú|ngwaahịa osisi]] kachasị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comtrade.un.org/|title=UN Comtrade {{!}} International Trade Statistics Database|work=comtrade.un.org|accessdate=2020-04-24}}</ref> Ihe ndị China naebubata naabụkarị ihe ndị a naebupụ na mba ndị ọzọ gụnyere US, EU, Japan, na ụwa ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Jian|date=December 2007|title=Who will Meet China's Import Demand for Forest Products?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2007-12_35_12/page/2150|journal=World Development|volume=35|issue=12|pages=2150–2160|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.005|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Nafọ 2016, a naeme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị pasent iri atọ nke ngwaahịa osisi ndị dị nebe okpomọkụ na ahịa European Union ka a kwadoro na ha na-adịgide adịgide (ma ọ bụ PEFC ma ọ bụ [[Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa|FSC]]). Ọ bụrụ na mba ndị naeri osisi na EU (Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, na Spain) nwetara naanị osisi ndị naadịgide adịgide naadịte aka, a naeme atụmatụ na ọ gaemetụta nde hekta 5.3 ọzọ nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/news/eu-sustainable-timber-sourcing-could-protect-over-5-million-ha-of-tropical-forest/|title=EU sustainable timber sourcing could protect over 5 million ha of tropical forest|author=van Benthem|first=Mark|date=June 26, 2018|work=IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} jobgtt4gi03zvmc74grdk3c33dmlz7r 0 29428 697545 656417 2026-08-10T02:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697545 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Feldpausch_Farms_005_(Large).jpg|thumb|A na-ejide eriri n'okpuru mpempe plastik site na taya mkpofu. Concrete n'okpuru silage na-egbochi mmiri na-agba ụka ka ọ ghara ịpụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Winterstettenstadt_-_Stallrinder_bei_Fütterung_02.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ịṅụ na-eri ahịhịa]] Selagi bụ nri e ji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee nke a na-echekwa site na ịgbaze ruo n'ókè nke ilu. A na-enye ya ehi, atụrụ [[Fodder|nri anụ]] ndị ọzọ na-eri nri.<ref name="Wood73">{{Cite book|author=Wood|first=Brian J. B.|title=Microbiology of fermented foods|year=1998|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-0-7514-0216-2|url=https://archive.org/details/microbiologyoffe0001unse/page/73}}</ref> A na-akpọ usoro ịgbaze na nchekwa ahụ ensilage, ensiling, ma ọ bụ silage. Ụzọ ndị a na-eme bụ nke dịgasị iche, dabere na teknụzụ dịnụ, ọdịnala obodo na ihu igwe dị. A na-ejikarị ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere ọka, rye, [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], ma ọ bụ [[Mkpụrụ Ọkà|ọka]] ndị ọzọ eme Selagi, na-eji ahịhịrị ahịhọta niile (ọ bụghị naanị ọka).e nwere ike iji okwu ụfọdụ mee ihe maka silage e ji ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ mee: oatlage maka oats, ''Haylage'' maka alfalfa (''Haylage'' nwekwara ike izo aka na silage dị elu nke e ji hay mee). <ref>{{Cite book|editor=George|title=Extension publications: forage and grain crops|year=1994|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.|location=[[Dubuque, Iowa]]|isbn=0840393415|edition=8th}}</ref>{{Commons category|Silage}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'iji otu usoro ahụ dị ka usoro maka ime sauerkraut, echekwara nri ahịhịa ndụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Germany kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Nke a dọtara uche onye ọrụ ugbo French Auguste Goffart nke Sologne, nso Orléans. O bipụtara akwụkwọ na 1877 nke kọwara ahụmịhe nke ichekwa ihe ọkụkụ na silos. Ahụmahụ Goffart dọtara uche dị ukwuu. Ọnọdụ nke ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi na United States dabara adaba maka itinye nri ọka na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo New England nabatara ya n'oge na-adịghị anya. Francis Morris nke Maryland kwadebere silage mbụ e mepụtara na America na 1876. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crisp, Howard L.|title=Silos and silage in Maryland: The construction of silos and the making and feeding of silage|date=July 1908|journal=Bulletin of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station|issue=129|pages=1–78}} [p. 2]</ref> Nsonaazụ dị mma e nwetara na US dugara na iwebata usoro ahụ na United Kingdom, ebe Thomas Kirby bu ụzọ webata usoro maka ìgwè ehi Britain. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi Finland na prọfesọ nke kemịkalụ bụ Artturi Ilmari Virtanen mepụtara silage nke oge a nke ejiri acid na igbochi mmetụ na ikuku. E nyere Virtanen ihe nrite Nobel nke 1945 na kemịkalụ "maka nchọpụta ya na ihe ndị o mepụtara na kemịstrị ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị maka usoro nchekwa nri ya", na-echepụta silage nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen&oldid=953860359|title=Artturi Ilmari Virtanen|date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> A na-eji nkume ma ọ bụ simenti eme silos mbụ ma ọ bụ n'elu ma ọ bụ na n'okpuru ala, mana a ghọtara na ikuku nwere ike ịpụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ime mkpokọta siri ike, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ a, sentimita ole na ole nke nri dị n'akụkụ ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru n'ihi mildew. Na US, a na-ejikarị cylinders osisi 35 ruo 40 feet (11 ruo 12 rụọ ihe owuwu. N'oge mbụ nke ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ (ọgwụgwụ 1800s), a na-ebipụ ma jiri aka chịkọta ahịhịa site na iji mma na ụgbọ ịnyịnya, ma tinye ya n'ime igwe kwụ otu ebe a na-akpọ "silo filler" nke na-ebibi ahịhịrị ma na-eme ka ha dị warara ruo n'elu ụlọ elu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Moore|first=Sam|title=Silo Filling|url=https://www.farmcollector.com/farm-life/silo-filling/|accessdate=2022-06-22|publisher=Ogden Publications, Inc.|date=2011-07-20}}</ref> == Mmepụta == [[Faịlụ:MB_TRAC_rolling_silage.jpg|thumb|MB Trac na-atụgharị ụyọkọ silage ma ọ bụ "clamp" na Victoria, Australia]] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Authority control}}Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ahịhịa nkịtị, clovers, alfalfa, vetches, oats, Rye na ọka. Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ikike itinye ihe, gụnyere poteto na ahịhịa dị iche iche, ọkachasị spurrey dị ka ''Spergula arvensis''. A ghaghị iji ihe ọkụkụ mee ihe na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị: ihe dị ka 50% ruo 60% dabere na ụzọ nchekwa, ogo mkpakọ, na mmiri ga-efu na nchekwa, mana ọ gaghị agafe 75%. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'oge owuwe ihe ubi ekwesịghị ịdị mma ma kpọọ nkụ dị ka mgbe owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ maka ịcha. Maka ọka, owuwe ihe ubi na-amalite mgbe mmiri nke osisi ahụ dum dị n'ókè kwesịrị ekwesị, nke kachasị mma ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ya acha. Maka ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, a na-egbutu ahịhịa ma hapụ ya ka ọ kpọnwụọ otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ karịa ruo mgbe mmiri ahụ gafere n'ókè kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ụzọ dị mma, a na-egbutu ihe ọkụkụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-agbasa [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]], ma tinye ya na silo n'ụbọchị a na-egbu ya.<ref name="EB1911" /> Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, a na-egbutu ihe ọkụkụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka in) n'ogologo. A na-agbasa ihe ahụ n'ụdị ejiji n'elu ala nke silo, ma na-etinye ya nke ọma. Mgbe a na-ejupụta silo ma ọ bụ wuru ikpo ahụ, a pụrụ ịgbasa ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ n'elu. N'ime silo, nrụgide nke ihe ahụ, mgbe a na-eme ya, na-ewepu ikuku na ihe niile ma e wezụga n'elu; n'ihe banyere ikpo ahụ, a na-etinye nrụgide ọzọ site na ịdị arọ iji gbochie okpomọkụ gabigara ókè.  === Ngwá Ọrụ === Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-anakọta ma na-egbubi ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, ma tinye ya na gwongworo ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-adọta traktọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebugharị onwe ha. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-afụ ụfụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ahụ site na chute n'azụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ igwe ahụ. A pụkwara ịtọgbọ chaff n'ime akpa, nke na-etinye silage n'ime nnukwu akpa plastik nke a na-etinye n'ala. Na North America, Australia, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na New Zealand, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ka a na-etinye silage n'ime nnukwu ụyọkọ n'ala, nke traktọ na-eme ka ikuku pụọ, wee kpuchie ya na mpempe plastik nke taya ma ọ bụ mgbidi mgbanaka na-ejide. Na New Zealand na Northern Europe, a na-eji 'clamps' nke e ji simenti ma ọ bụ eriri ụgbọ okporo ígwè ochie (ndị na-ehi ụra) mee ma wuo n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịtụfu ahịhịa a pịrị apị n'elu, ka e si n'ala wepụ ya n'oge oyi. Nke a chọrọ mgbalị dị ukwuu iji kpochie ụyọkọ ahụ dị na silo iji gwọọ ya nke ọma. Ọzọkwa, a na-ekpuchi olulu ahụ na mpempe plastik ma jiri taya mee ka ọ dị arọ. N'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-emepụta ahịhịa ndị a gbuturu n'ime bales site na iji baler, na-eme balage (North America) ma ọ bụ silage bales (UK, Australia, New Zealand). A na-egbutu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ nri ndị ọzọ ma kpọọ nkụ ruo mgbe o nwere 30-40% mmiri (nke kpọrọ nkụ karịa nnukwu silage, mana mmiri dị oke ka echekwa ya dị ka ahịhịrị kpọrọ nkụ). A na-emezi ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ụyọkọ nke a na-ekpuchi ya na plastik iji wepụ ikuku. Plastiki ahụ nwere ike ikpuchi cylindrical ma ọ bụ cuboid ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ ikpuchi naanị akụkụ ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ nke cylindricel, na-ahapụ nsọtụ ya. N'ọnọdụ a, a na-etinye ụyọkọ ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike site na njedebe ruo na njedebe n'ala, na-eme ogologo "sausage" nke silage, mgbe mgbe n'akụkụ ubi. Enwere ike ime mkpuchi ahụ site na wrapper, ebe a na-ejikwa silage a na-eme site na iji onye na-ahụ maka ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-ebunye ihe n'ihu, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ihe na flap, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eji njide pụrụ iche. Flap anaghị agba oghere n'ime ụyọkọ ahụ. Na UK, a na-emekarị silage baled n'okirikiri ihe dị ka 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft), nke a na-eji n'otu n'otu kechie ya na akwa "bale wrap plastic" (oji, ọcha ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ 25-micrometer agbatị ihe nkiri). Pasent nke ihe akọrọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na ihe dịka 20% akọrọ n'elu. "Sausage" na-aga n'ihu nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na-eji igwe pụrụ iche nke na-ekpuchi bales ka a na-agbanye ha site na hoop na-atụgharị nke na-etinye ihe mkpuchi bale n'èzí nke bales (gburugburu ma ọ bụ square) na mkpuchi na-aga n'ihu. Igwe ahụ na-etinye bales n'ala mgbe ọ na-ekpuchi ya site n'iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu n'oge usoro nchịkọta == Haylage == [[Faịlụ:Galtür_-_Heuernte_-_Heuballen_02.jpg|thumb|Haylage bales na Tyrol]] ''Haylage'' na-ezo aka mgbe ụfọdụ na nnukwu ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke dị ihe dị ka 40% ruo 60%, nke a na-ejikarị hay eme. Haylage nke ịnyịnya na-abụkarị 60% ruo 70% ihe kpọrọ nkụ, nke a na-eme na obere bales ma ọ bụ nnukwu bales.<ref name="ag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf|author=Schroeder, J. W.|title=Haylage and Other Fermented Forages|work=Quality Forage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426202529/https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf|archivedate=2019-04-26}}</ref> Nchịkwa nke fụchie na-ejikarị ụdị njide ụfọdụ nke na-ejikọta fụchie plastik n'etiti akụkụ abụọ nke ígwè iji zere ịgbaji plastik. Ụdị dị mfe dị maka ụyọkọ gburugburu nke a na-eme site na ọkpọkọ abụọ ma ọ bụ tubes kewara iche iji gbadaa n'okpuru akụkụ nke ụyọkọ ahụ, mana mgbe e welitere ya agaghị ekwe ka ọ gafee. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na onye na-ebugharị traktọ dị ka ihe na-ejikọta ya na ihe na-adọkpụ, ha na-etinye usoro njem nke nwere ike ịfụkọta bales n'akụkụ dị larịị ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe maka nchekwa na ọkwa plastik kachasị arọ.<ref name="ag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf|author=Schroeder, J. W.|title=Haylage and Other Fermented Forages|work=Quality Forage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426202529/https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf|archivedate=2019-04-26}}</ref> == Ịgbari == [[Faịlụ:Lancaster,PA_Silage.png|alt=|thumb|Nkọwa kachasị elu nke ịgbaze silage]] Selaji na-agafe Anaerobic fermentation, nke na-amalite ihe dị ka awa 48 mgbe silo jupụtara, ma gbanwee shuga ka ọ bụrụ acid. Ọzịza zuru oke mgbe ihe dị ka izu abụọ gasịrị. Tupu fermentation anaerobic amalite, enwere oge aerobic nke a na-eri ikuku Oxygen a tọrọ atọ. Otu esi etinye nri ahụ n'ụzọ dị nso na-ekpebi ọdịdị nke silage na-esi na ya apụta site n'ịchịkwa Mgbanwe kemịkal na-eme na nchịkọta ahụ. Mgbe a na-etinye ya nke ọma, ikuku oxygen na-erughị eru, na acid fermentation na-eweta ire ure nke carbohydrates dị na acetic, butyric na lactic acid. A na-akpọ ngwaahịa a siri ike. Ọ bụrụ na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-enweghị ntụpọ ma na-agbakọta ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ewu silo ahụ, oxidation na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ na-arị elu; ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ya mgbe okpomọkụ dị 60-70 , ihe omume ahụ kwụsịrị ma na-esi ísì ụtọ apụta. Ihe ndị na-emepụta nitrogen n'ime nri na-agbanwekwa: n'ime silage na-esi ísì ụtọ, enwere ike ịgbanwe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke albuminoids ka ọ bụrụ Amino na ammonium compounds; n'ime ime silage na'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, a na-agbanwe obere òkè, mana ha anaghị agbari. Ọ bụrụ na a naghị ejikwa usoro ịgbaze nke ọma, silage na-esi ísì ọjọọ na-enweta ísì na-adịghị mma n'ihi mmepụta nke ammonia ma ọ bụ butyric acid (nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe kpatara ísì bọta na-agbaze). N'oge gara aga, ụmụ nje ụmụ amaala na-eduzi gbaa ụka ahụ, mana, taa, a na-eji obere microorganisms gbachie ụfọdụ silage iji mee ka gbaa ụka ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ meziwanye silage nke na-esi na ya pụta. Inoculants silage nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa ụdị nje bacteria lactic acid, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ Lactobacillus plantarum. Nje bacteria ndị ọzọ ejiri mee ihe gụnyere Lactobacillus buchneri, Enterococcus faecium na ụdị Pediococcus. Ryegrasses nwere shuga dị elu ma na-emeghachi omume na nitrogen fatịlaịza karịa ụdị ahịhịa ọ bụla ọzọ. Àgwà abụọ a emeela ka ryegrass bụrụ ahịhịa kachasị ewu ewu maka ime silage n'ime afọ iri isii gara aga. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (July 2021)">timeframe?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> E nwere atọ ryegrasses n'ụdị mkpụrụ ma na-ejikarị eme ihe: Italian, Perennial na Hybrid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intensive crops for high quality silage from one to five years|url=https://www.cotswoldseeds.com/articles/articles/16/intensive-crops-for-high-quality-%3Cdfn%3E%3Cabbr%20title=%27a%20grass%20seed%20mixture,%20designed%20primarily%20for%20cutting%20and%20making%20silage,%20haylage%20or%20hay.%27%3Esilage%3C/knowledgehub.asp|work=Cotswold Grass Seeds Direct|accessdate=26 April 2019}}</ref>  == Mmetọ na ihe mkpofu == Usoro ịgbaze nke silo ma ọ bụ pit silage na-ewepụta mmiri. Mmiri siọl na-emebi ihe. Ọ pụkwara imerụ isi iyi mmiri ọ gwụla ma anakọta ya ma gwọọ ya. Nnukwu ihe na-edozi ahụ nwere ike iduga eutrophication (hypertrophication), uto nke okooko osisi bacteria ma ọ bụ algal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.upplandsstiftelsen.se/UserFiles/Archive/4947/Factsheets/Factsheet12_eng__finalversion.pdf|title=Eutrophication|accessdate=2019-04-26}}</ref> Akpụkpọ plastik eji eme ihe maka imechi olulu ma ọ bụ silage a na-etinye n'ime ya chọrọ nkwụsị nke ọma, ebe ụfọdụ nwere atụmatụ imegharị ya. Dị ka omenala si dị, ugbo na-ere plastik silage ọkụ; Otú ọ dị, nchegbu nke ísì na anwụrụ ọkụ emeela ka ụfọdụ obodo gbochie omume ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://cleanfarms.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/AgPlasticEnviroImpactOpenBurning_FINAL_201107.pdf|title=Ontario Agricultural Waste Study: Environmental Impacts of Open-Burning Agricultural Plastics|date=July 2011}}</ref> == Ịchekwa selagi == A ghaghị ijikọta Silage iji belata ikuku oxygen, ka ọ ghara imebi. Silage na-agafe usoro anọ dị mkpa na silo: <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bolsen, K. K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Silage fermentation and silage additives|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=9|issue=5|pages=483–494|doi=10.5713/ajas.1996.483|issn=1011-2367}}</ref> * Pre-ealing, nke, mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole mbụ gachara, na-eme ka ụfọdụ iku ume na ụfọdụ ihe kpọrọ nkụ (DM) ghara ịdị, mana ọ na-akwụsị. * Ịgbari, nke na-eme n'ime izu ole na ole. pH na-ada, ma enwere mmụba DM, mana hemicellulose na-agbaji; iku ume aerobic na-akwụsị. * Infiltration, nke na-eme ka ikuku oxygen ụfọdụ banye, na-enye ohere maka iku ume nke nje. Carbohydrates (CHOs) dịnụ na-efu dị ka okpomọkụ na gas. * Ịgbapụta mmiri, nke na-ekpughe elu, na-akpata mfu ọzọ; ọnụego mfu na-abawanye. == Nchekwa == Silage n'onwe ya adịghị etinye ihe ize ndụ pụrụ iche, ọganihu na iwu iji chịkwaa ụlọ ọrụ nri anụmanụ belatara nsogbu gbasara ọrịa ndị metụtara nri site n'imeziwanye ịdị ọcha nke silage.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilkinson|first=J. M.|date=March 2018|title=Highlights of progress in silage conservation and future perspectives|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12327|journal=Grass and Forage Science|language=en|volume=73|issue=1|pages=40–52|doi=10.1111/gfs.12327|issn=0142-5242|accessdate=4 November 2024}}</ref> Mmiri ara ehi a na-enye ya silage nwere spores [[clostridia]]" id="mwAQM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Clostridia">clostridial nwere ike ịnọchite anya ihe ize ndụ na mmepụta cheese siri ike. A ga-elekwasị anya pụrụ iche na nje zoonotic dị ka listeria, mycotoxins, clostridia, na nje bacteria E. coli n'ihi adịghị ọcha na mmepụta silage ma nwee ike ịkwụsị na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Driehuis|first=Frank|date=2013-03-27|title=Silage and the safety and quality of dairy foods: a review|journal=Agricultural and Food Science|volume=22|issue=1|pages=16–34|doi=10.23986/afsci.6699|issn=1795-1895}}</ref> == Nri == Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ dochie anya ensilage. A na-enyekarị ehi ara ehi n'ụba, ebe a na-ejikarị ehi, atụrụ na ịnyịnya eme ihe. Uru nke silage dị ka nri anụmanụ dị ọtụtụ: * N'oge fermentation, nje bacteria silage na-arụ ọrụ na cellulose na carbohydrates na forage iji mepụta volatile fatty acids (VFAs), dị ka acetic, propionic, lactic, na butyric acids. Site n'ibelata pH, ndị a na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma maka nje bacteria na-asọmpi nke nwere ike imebi. N'ihi ya, VFAs na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-echekwa ihe okike, n'otu ụzọ ahụ lactic acid dị na yogọt na cheese na-eme ka nchekwa nke ihe malitere dị ka mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ otu vinegar (dilute acetic acid) si echekwa akwụkwọ nri. Omume nchedo a dị mkpa karịsịa n'oge oyi na mpaghara ndị dị jụụ, mgbe a na-enweghị nri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. * Mgbe a na-akwadebe selaji n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma, obere asịdịti na-enwekwa mmetụta nke imeziwanye palatability, ma na-enye ọdịiche dị n'eri nri maka anụmanụ. (Otú ọ dị, mmepụta oke nke acetic na butyric acid nwere ike ibelata ịdị mma: ngwakọta nke nje bacteria na-ahọrọ nke ọma ka ọ wee nwekwuo mmepụta laktik asid <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buchanan-Smith, J. G.|title=An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep|journal=Animal Production|year=2010|volume=50|issue=2|pages=253–260|doi=10.1017/S0003356100004700}}</ref> ) * Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-agbari mmiri na-emepụta vitamin: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị lactobacillus na-emepụta folate na vitamin B12.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Santos, F.|title=High-Level Folate Production in Fermented Foods by the B12 Producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2008-05_74_10/page/3291|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=14 March 2008|volume=74|issue=10|pages=3291–3294|doi=10.1128/AEM.02719-07|pmid=18344331}}</ref> * Usoro ịgba ụka nke na-emepụta VFA na-enyekwa nje bacteria ume ha na-eji arụ ọrụ; akụkụ nke ume a na-apụ dịka okpomọkụ. Ya mere, selaji nwere obere kalori karịa ahịhịa ma ọ bụ nri mbụ e si mee ya, dịka yogọtụ si nwee obere kaloris karịa mmiri ara ehi. N'agbanyeghị, mfu ume a na-eme ka silage nwee ezigbo ikike nchekwa ma bụrụkwa nke anụmanụ nwere ike ịgbari ma jiri ya rụọ ọrụ nke ọma karịa nri mbụ ahụ. == Mmebi ihe dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Haase_anaerobic_digester.JPG|thumb|Anaerobic digester]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Enwere ike iji Silage mee ihe maka mgbari nri anaerobic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/293e/a2a9a8d8315548b8d749f60e4b28378d9dfa.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220224058/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/293e/a2a9a8d8315548b8d749f60e4b28378d9dfa.pdf|archivedate=2019-02-20|author=Steffen, R.|title=Feedstocks for Anaerobic Digestion|date=1998-09-30}}</ref> == Azụ silage == Fish silage <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rubin.no/Rapporter/410_19.PDF|title=Håndbok i ensilering - Stiftelsen RUBIN, 1993 (''English translation: Handbook in fish silage by the RUBIN Foundation, 1993'')}}</ref> bụ usoro a na-eji echekwa ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na ịkụ azụ maka iji ya mee ihe mgbe e mesịrị dị ka nri n'Ịkpa azụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=de Arruda|first=Lia Ferraz|title=Use of fish waste as silage: a review|journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology|date=September 2007|volume=50|issue=5|pages=879–886|doi=10.1590/S1516-89132007000500016}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eji akụkụ azụ ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe dị ka Nri mmadụ dịka eriri azụ (afọ), isi azụ na ihe mkpuchi dị ka ihe mejupụtara nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miljolare.no/tema/forbruk/artikler/biprodukter.php|title=Utnyttelse av biprodukter fra fiskerinæringen|work=www.miljolare.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilaks.no/flere-hundre-tusen-tonn-fiskerester-kastes-i-havet/|title=– Flere hundre tusen tonn fiskerester kastes i havet|first=Aslak|author=Berge|date=February 18, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme silage site na ịcha ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ ma gwakọta ya na formic acid, wee chekwaa ya na tankị. Acid na-enyere aka na nchekwa yana ịgbasawanye ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. Tanki nhazi maka silage azụ nwere ike ịdị n'ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'ala.<ref name="arbeidstilsynet">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arbeidstilsynet.no/tema/kjemikalier/ensilasje/|title=Ensilasje|work=www.arbeidstilsynet.no}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mkpụrụ ọka na-acha * Mkpụrụ ọka == Edensibịa ==   === Ebe e si nweta ya === * ''Ime na Ịnye Nri'' Silage, John Murdoch, B.Sc. , Ph.D. E bipụtara ya site na Dairy Farmer (Books) Limited, Lloyd's Chambers, Ipswich, UK 1961) * [http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/nutrition/balage-015.shtml Ịnye ịnyịnya nri - onye nduzi kachasị - Horsetalk.co.nz] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * "The Owner-Built Homestead" nke Barbara na Ken Kern, New York: Scribner, 1977. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0684149222|<bdi>0684149222</bdi>]] &nbsp; == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Zhou, Yiqin Jiri Fresh ma ọ bụ Ensiled Fodders (dịka, Grass, Legume, Corn) tụnyere mmepụta nke Greenhouse Gases na-esote Enteric Fermentation na ehi. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] : Mahadum Quebec na Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 2011. ''Rịba ama'': Akụkọ nyocha. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9f79yrksst8qu4bp8kb57880tkuj2hk 0 29477 697843 516189 2026-08-10T09:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697843 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Canada bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na akụ na ụba Canada. Na 39% nke ala Canada kpuchiri ọhịa, mba ahụ nwere 9% nke ala ọhịa nke ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Natural Resources|date=2015-06-11|title=how-much-forest-does-canada-have|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/state-canadas-forests-report/how-much-forest-does-canada-have/17601|accessdate=2021-02-12|work=www.nrcan.gc.ca|archivedate=2020-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331041944/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/state-canadas-forests-report/how-much-forest-does-canada-have/17601}}</ref> Oké ọhịa ndị ahụ bụ isi spruce, poplar na pine.<ref name="NRC-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=The State of Canada's Forests: Annual report 2018|url=https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/39336.pdf|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=Natural Resources Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/39336.pdf "The State of Canada's Forests: Annual report 2018"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Natural Resources Canada''. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Canada nwere ngalaba atọ: mmepụta osisi siri ike, pulp na akwụkwọ na ịkpụ osisi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Natural Resources|date=2013-07-10|title=overview-canadas-forest-industry|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/forest-industry-trade/overview-canadas-forest-industry/13311|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=www.nrcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Ọhịa, yana ọhịa na-achịkwa site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Oké Ọhịa Canada na Ọrụ Ọhịa nke Canada, na mmekorita ya na ọtụtụ òtù na-anọchite anya òtù gọọmentị, ndị ọrụ, ndị ọkachamara na iwu, na ọtụtụ ndị<ref name="Policies">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/can/|title=Forestry policies, institutions and programmes - Canada|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2023-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175422/https://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57479/en/can/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Food and Agriculture Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> ọzọ. [[Igbukpọ osisi|Mgbukpọ]] oke ọhịa site n'aka ndị bi na Europe n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19 akwụsịla site na iwu [[Obodo Békè|ndị]] ọzọ nke oge a.<ref name="Chap2">{{Cite book|title=State of the Worlds Forests|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|year=2012|chapter=Chapter 2: Forests and the Evolution of the Modern World|chapterurl=http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3010e/i3010e02.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3010e/i3010e02.pdf "Chapter 2: Forests and the Evolution of the Modern World"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''State of the Worlds Forests''. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2012. p.&nbsp;14.</cite></ref> Taa, ihe na-erughị 1% nke oké ọhịa Canada na-emetụta site na igbutu osisi kwa afọ.<ref name="NRC-2018" /> Canada bụ nke abụọ kachasị ebubata ngwaahịa osisi, ma na-emepụta 12.3% nke òkè ahịa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Natural Resources|title=Canada ranks second among leading global wood product exporters {{!}} Selective Cuttings {{!}} Natural Resources Canada|url=https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/selective-cuttings/93|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=cfs.nrcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Nchegbu akụ na ụba metụtara ọhịa gụnyere gas na-ekpo ọkụ, biotechnology, [[Biodiversity|ụdị dị iche iche]] nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na nje ndị na-efe efe dị ka mountain pine beetle. == Nlekọta Ọhịa == [[Usòrò:Spiraltunnelxx.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Oké ọhịa spruce na British Columbia]] Canada bụ mba na-eduga maka njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide na usoro sayensị iji hụ na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-adịgidere nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Canada's Forest-related Contributions to Sustainable Development|url=https://www.un.org/esa/forests/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Canada-good-practices.pdf|work=United Nations}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% nke oké ọhịa ndị Canada bụ nke ọha na eze ma na-achịkwa mpaghara na ókèala ha. Gọọmentị mpaghara na nke mpaghara ọ bụla na-enye ọkwa mbụ nke owuwe ihe ubi ma chọọ omume mmelite mgbe owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ gwụchara. Na mgbakwunye, maka ụlọ ọrụ iji owuwe ihe ọmụma ala ọha na eze, ha ga-emepụta atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa pụrụ iche ma gwa ọha na eze. 6% nke oké ọhịa ndị Canada bụ nke onwe ha ma ga-agbaso iwu na iwu na iwu nke mpaghara na nke gọọmentị etiti. 2% nke ndị fọdụrụ bụ nke ndị nwe obodo.<ref name="NRC-2018"/><ref name="NRC-2018" /> Gọọmentị na-enyere aka site na [[National Advisory Board on Forest Research]], nke e guzobere na 1997 ma na-elekwasị anya na nsogbu atụmatụ, na Forest Sector Advisory Council, nke na-anọchite anya ọdịmma nke ọtụtụ ndị nwe onwe ha, ndị na-enweghị uru na ndị agụmakwụkwọ na Canadian forestry. [[Canadian Council of Forest Ministers|Kansụl Ndị Minista Ọhịa nke Canada]], nke nwere ndị minista iri na anọ na-anọchite anya gọọmentị etiti na mpaghara na mpaghara dị iche iche, bụ isi ngwá ọrụ maka ịgbasa iwu mba na nke mba ụwa na mba ahụ dum.<ref name="Policies"/> == Oké ọhịa == [[Usòrò:Timber_raft_parliament_buildings_1882.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi rụọ n'ihu ụlọ omebe iwu nke Ottawa na 1882]] Iwu gọọmentị na-echebe ihe dị ka pasent 8 nke mpaghara ọhịa, nke a na-egbutu ihe na-erughị pasent 1 kwa afọ; a chọrọ ka e mee ka akụkụ ikpeazụ a dịghachi mma mgbe a ghọchara ya.<ref name="nrcan1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/statistics-facts/forests/897|title=Forests|publisher=Government of Canada|date=2013-11-21|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2013-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120040723/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/statistics-facts/forests/897}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Government of Canada. 2013-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba ise nwere oke ọhịa, tinyere R[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|us]]<nowiki/>sia, [[Brazil]], [[China]] na US; ọnụ ọgụgụ, mba ndị a na-achịkwa ihe karịrị ọkara nke ala ọhịa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/28808/en/|title=Forest Cover|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2013-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104081928/http://www.fao.org/forestry/28808/en/}}</ref> == Akụkọ banyere ọhịa == A na-eche na ọhịa Europe na Canada malitere na narị afọ nke iri na otu, mgbe Leif Erikson rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ihe a kwenyere na ọ bụ Newfoundland. Nnukwu ọhịa amaliteghị ruo mgbe ndị Europe bi na ya rutere ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị. Ebe bụ Canada ugbu a nwere oke [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ]] ọhịa n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị bi na ya kpochapụrụ ala ahụ; a hụkwara usoro a n'ebe ndị ọzọ na North America. Mgbanwe na usoro nchịkwa na narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 enweela ike ịkwụsị omume na-aga n'ihu na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref name="Chap2"/> == Ọhịa taa == Ọhịa bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na Canada, na-enye ihe karịrị ijeri $ 24.6 na GDP na akụ na ụba na 2017.<ref name="NRC-2019">{{Cite web|url=http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/39505.pdf|title=Forest Fact Book 2018-2019|date=2019|work=Natural Resources Canada|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|pages=2, 8, 9|accessdate=2019-09-23}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ihe karịrị mmadụ 209,940 were ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa, na-enye pasent 1.1 nke ọrụ niile.<ref name="NRC-2019" /> A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ọhịa na [[Quebec]], British Columbia na Ontario, ma n'akụkụ ka ukwuu ha na-arụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa [[Softwood|osisi dị nro]].<ref name="nrcan1"/> A rụzuru mmemme ntọhapụ Conifer na Canada kemgbe afọ 1950. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2011, Canada nyere pasent 10 nke [[Sawnwood|osisi a na-akwachasị]] n'ụwa, pasent 10 maka akwụkwọ, pasent 9 nke osisi a rụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, pasent 4 nke akụkụ osisi na pasent 3 nke akwụkwọ na mpempe akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80938@180723/en/|title=Forest product consumption and production|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2013-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905124720/http://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80938@180723/en/}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Canada nwere nnukwu ego na azụmaahịa ha, ọkachasị n'ihi ịbụ onye nke abụọ kachasị ebubata ngwaahịa ọhịa n'ụwa niile.<ref name="nrcan1" /> A na-ebupụ ọtụtụ n'ime nke a, ebe Canada na-ebupụta pasent 20 nke osisi a na-akwachasị n'ụwa, pasent 18 nke anụ ahụ maka akwụkwọ, pasent 8 nke akwụkwọ na bọọdụ akwụkwọ, pasenta 5 nke osisi na-arụ ọrụ na pasent 5 nke ogwe osisi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80938@180724/en/|title=Forest products trade|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2013-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905124725/http://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80938@180724/en/}}</ref> == Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Kootenay_valley.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ugwu ndị dị na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kootenay, British Columbia, na-egosi nnukwu ọkụ mebiri n'ebe ọhịa]] Usoro okike nke Canada na-adabere na nnukwu ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michael Fitzsimmons|title=Effects of deforestation and reforestation on landscape spatial structure in boreal Saskatchewan, Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2003-02-17_174_1-3/page/577|doi=10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00067-1|volume=174|issue=1–3|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|pages=577–592|year=2003}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nkezi okpomọkụ nke oké ọhịa Canada anọwo na-abawanye n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oké ọhịa nke Canada enweela mmụba 1.5 °C kemgbe ahụ.<ref name="Prasad-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Prasad|first=Anantha|date=September 2020|title=Combining US and Canadian forest inventories to assess habitat suitability and migration potential of 25 tree species under climate change|journal=Diversity and Distributions|language=en|volume=26|issue=9|pages=1142–1159|doi=10.1111/ddi.13078|issn=1366-9516}}</ref> E nwere ọbụna ihe akaebe na mpaghara ụfọdụ dị n'ime ọhịa ọdịda anyanwụ na British Columbia ejirila 2 °C mụbaa kemgbe 1948, enwere nnukwu ohere na mpaghara ndị a ga-eji 3 ma ọ bụ 4 ọzọ na njedebe nke narị afọ ahụ, si otú a gbanwee usoro okike a kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Regional Temperature Departures|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/adsc-cmda/default.asp?lang=en&n=B49D9F0B-1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118125703/http://www.ec.gc.ca/adsc-cmda/default.asp?lang=en&n=B49D9F0B-1|archivedate=January 18, 2012|accessdate=April 2, 2012|publisher=Environment Canada}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta mmepụta nke oké ọhịa Canada.<ref name="forestry">{{Cite journal|author=Hogg|first=E.H.|year=2005|title=Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada|journal=Forestry Chronicle|volume=81|issue=5|pages=675–682|doi=10.5558/tfc81675-5}}</ref> Canada na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ usoro na nzukọ mba ụwa na mpaghara ndị na-emetụta ala ọhịa ya. Dị ka onye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris, a chọrọ mbelata nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Biotechnology na mmetụta ya na ala ọhịa bụ nchegbu, na nchekwa nke [[Biodiversity|ụdị dị iche iche]] nke ọhịa bụ isi ihe kachasị mkpa. Nke ikpeazụ a bụ isiokwu nke Nzukọ nke mbụ nke mba ahụ na akụkọ Convention on Biological Diversity.<ref name="Policies"/> === Nsogbu Okike ===   [[Usòrò:Yoho_National_Park_of_Canada.jpg|thumb|Mmetụta nke Mountain pine beetle na Yoho National Park, British Columbia, [[Kánada|Canada]]]] N'afọ 2016, ụmụ ahụhụ bibiri 15,489,117 hekta (38,274,440 acres) nke oké ọhịa Canada.<ref name="NRC-2018"/> Ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ bụ isi na-etinye ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa nke Canada n'ihe ize ndụ, ahụhụ pine ugwu na emerald ash borer. Ugwu pine beetle ebibiwo ọtụtụ n'ime osisi pine nke ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọbara pine ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ihi njikọta nke nnukwu osisi pine tozuru etozu na oge oyi na-ekpo ọkụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, e mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị hekta 18,000,000 (44,000,000 acres) nke osisi pine jupụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke osisi lodgepole a na-ere ere emebiwo na British Columbia naanị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Natural Resources|date=2020-10-02|title=Mountain pine beetle (factsheet)|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397|accessdate=2021-03-25|work=www.nrcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji usoro ịgba osisi, ọkụ ọkụ na mbelata ahụhụ eme ihe iji gbalịa igbochi ahụhụ ahụ, nnukwu osisi nwụrụ anwụ ka dị, na-eweta nnukwu egwu nke ọkụ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/faq.htm|title=Mountain Pine Beetle|publisher=Province of British Columbia|accessdate=2013-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230183406/http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/faq.htm|archivedate=2012-12-30}}</ref> Kwa afọ, Canada na-ahụ ihe dị ka ọkụ ọhịa 8,000, na-ere ngụkọta nke 3,371,833 hekta (8,331,980 acres) na 2017.<ref name="NRC-2018" /> Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị a bụ ụmụ mmadụ kpatara ya, mana ọkụ sitere n'okike (nke a na-ebukarị site na àmụ̀mà) kpuchiri ihe karịrị pasent 80 nke ebe ọkụ ahụ, dịka ha na-adịkarị n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/hzd/wldfrs-eng.aspx|title=Wildfires|publisher=Government of Canada|accessdate=2013-12-10|archivedate=2013-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120033626/http://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/hzd/wldfrs-eng.aspx}}</ref> Emerald ash borer bụ nnukwu nchegbu ọzọ maka oké ọhịa ndị Canada na-akpata mbibi ngwa ngwa nke oké ọhịa na Manitoba, Ontario, [[Quebec]], New Brunswick, na Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Xiao-Yi|date=2010-08-09|title=The Biology and Ecology of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis, in China|journal=Journal of Insect Science|volume=10|issue=128|doi=10.1673/031.010.12801|issn=1536-2442|pmid=20879922}}</ref> E webatara emerald ash borer na North America site n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia n'afọ ndị 1990. A na-eme atụmatụ na ahụhụ ahụ emeela ka $ 1.422 ijeri mebie kemgbe ewebata ya na Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Canada|first=Public Services and Procurement Canada|title=Information archivée dans le Web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2020/rncan-nrcan/Fo143-2-454-eng.pdf|accessdate=2021-02-12|work=publications.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Government of Canada-2021">{{Cite web|author=Government of Canada|first=Public Services and Procurement Canada|title=Information archivée dans le Web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2020/rncan-nrcan/Fo143-2-454-eng.pdf|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=publications.gc.ca}}</ref> Na nzaghachi, Canada azaghachila site n'ịmepụta iwu na ụkpụrụ iji belata njem mmadụ na-eme ka ahụhụ ahụ dị mfe. Tụkwasị na nke a, CFIA egbutuola ọtụtụ puku osisi iji mepụta mpaghara mgbochi iji kwụsị ọganihu nke emerald ash borer.<ref name="Government of Canada-2021" /> === Nkwado maka ịkwaga ===   Nkwado mbugharị bụ omume nke ịkwaga osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] dị iche. Na Canada, a na-akọwa nke a dị ka atụmatụ mmemme mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara ịkwaga osisi na ọhịa. N'ezie, ka ihu igwe nke Canada na-ekpo ọkụ, ụdị osisi na-aghọ ndị na-adịchaghị anabata ọnọdụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ha n'ebe ndịda ma ọ bụ n'ebe ugwu ma na-agbakwunye ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mpaghara ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu nke akụkọ ihe omume ha.<ref name="Williams2">{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Mary I.|date=2014|title=Assisted Migration: What It Means to Nursery Managers and Tree Planters|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2014_williams_m002.pdf|journal=Tree Planters' Notes|volume=57|issue=1|pages=21–26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWilliamsDumroese2014">Williams, Mary I.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2014). [https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2014_williams_m002.pdf "Assisted Migration: What It Means to Nursery Managers and Tree Planters"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Tree Planters' Notes''. '''57''' (1): 21–26.</cite></ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 2000 na mmalite afọ 2010, mpaghara Alberta na British Columbia nke Canada gbanwere ntuziaka osisi ha iji kọwaa njem ugwu na ugwu nke oke ọhịa kachasị mma.<ref name="Williams2"/> Ọbụna British Columbia nyere ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ịkwaga otu ụdị, Western Larch, 1000 kilomita n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Klenk">{{Cite journal|author=Klenk|first=Nicole L.|date=2015-03-01|title=The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of composing future forests|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837714002749|journal=Land Use Policy|language=en|volume=44|pages=101–109|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.003|issn=0264-8377}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Minista na-ahụ maka ọhịa (Canada) * Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Canada * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Canada * Ọrụ Ọhịa nke Canada * Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Canada * Tree Canada, otu NGO == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Forestry by country}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9ro6n7p2rm0c3mc8guihhbses4mkheq 0 29698 697509 637554 2026-08-10T01:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Nyos_Lake.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos, ebe mgbawa ugwu na 1986]] Mgbawa limnic, nke a makwaara dị ka ọdọ mmiri, bụ ụdị ọdachi na-adịghị ahụkebe nke carbon dioxide (CO2) gbazere na mberede na-esi na mmiri ọdọ mmiri miri emi pụta, na-eme ígwé ojii nke nwere ike ịkụda anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ. Mgbawa limnic nwekwara ike ịkpata mbufịt mbufịt ma ọ bụ seiche [ntụgharị chọrọ] ka CO2 na-ebili na-ewepụ mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ala ọma jijiji, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu, na ihe mgbawa ndị ọzọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-akpalite mgbawa limnic. A na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-eme ihe omume dị otú ahụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-agbawa agbawa. Ụfọdụ atụmatụ nke ọdọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike gụnyere: * CO2-saturated incoming water * Ala ọdọ mmiri dị jụụ na-egosi enweghị mgbawa ugwu na mmiri ọdọ mmiri * Elu na ala okpomọkụ nwere CO2 saturations dị iche iche * Mpaghara dị nso na mpaghara ndị na-agbọpụta ọkụ Nnyocha e mere n'Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun na Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kewaa mgbawa limnic dị ka ụdị ọdachi dị iche iche, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike jikọta ya na mgbawa ugwu. == Ihe mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   N'ihi ọdịdị a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke ihe kpatara ya (CO2 gas) n'azụ limnic eruptions, ọ na-esiri ike ikpebi ókè eruptions mere n'oge gara aga. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Rome Plutarch na-akọ na na 406 BC, Ọdọ mmiri Albano gafere n'ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, n'agbanyeghị na enweghị mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ọtụ mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ ahụ maka ịrị elu ọkwa mmiri. Iju mmiri ahụ sochirinụ bibiri ubi na ubi vaịn tupu o mechaa wụba n'oké osimiri. A na-eche na ọ bụ ikuku mgbawa mgbawa kpatara ihe omume a, nke tọrọ na sedimenti na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewulite ruo mgbe ọ na-ewepụta na mberede, na-eme ka mmiri na-asọfe. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya, a hụla ihe a ugboro abụọ. Mgbawa limnic mbụ e dekọrọ mere na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun n'afọ 1984, butere asphyxia na ọnwụ nke mmadụ 37 bi nso. Mgbawa nke abụọ, nke na-egbu egbu mere na Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos gbara agbata obi na 1986, na-ahapụ ihe karịrị nde 80 m3 nke CO2, gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,700 na anụ ụlọ 3,000, ọzọ site na asphyxiation. Ọdọ mmiri nke atọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu nke buru ibu karịa, dị n'ókè dị n'etiti [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na [[Rwanda]], ma nwee nnukwu CO2 a gbazere agbaze. Ihe nnwale sediment e si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ wepụta gosipụtara ihe omume mere ka ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ọdọ ahụ pụọ n'anya n'ihe dị ka 1,000 afọ ọ bụla, ma mee ka ahịhịa ndị dị nso laghachi n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Enwere ike ịchọpụta mgbawa Limnic ma kọwaa ya na ọnụọgụ CO2 site na iwere ikuku nke mpaghara ahụ metụtara.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|author=Wenz|first=John|journal=Knowable Magazine}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Monoun.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Cameroon]] Okpokoro olulu Messel nke Messel, Germany, na-egosi ihe mgbawa nke limnic n'ebe ahụ na mmalite Eocene. N'ime ndị ihe ahụ metụtara bụ ụmụ ahụhụ, frogs, nduru, agụ iyi, nnụnụ, anteaters, ụmụ ahụhụ, ndị mbụ primates na paleotheres. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==     [[Usòrò:Limnic_eruption_diagram.svg|thumb|Ihe osise na-akọwa ihe mere mgbawa Limnic]] Maka ọdọ mmiri ka ọ ga-enwe mgbawa limnic, mmiri ga-abụrịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ gas. CO2 bụ isi ihe dị na ikpe abụọ a hụrụ (Lake Nyos na Lake Monoun). Na Lake Kivu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka physics n'ọdọ mmiri bụ Alfred Johny Wüest na-echegbu onwe ha banyere oke nke gas methane.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Nicola|title=How Dangerous is Africa's Explosive Lake Kivu?|url=https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-021-02523-5/index.html|work=Nature|accessdate=January 23, 2023|date=September 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosen|first=Jonathon W.|title=Lake Kivu's Great Gas Gamble|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2015/04/16/248915/lake-kivus-great-gas-gamble/|work=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=January 23, 2023|date=April 16, 2015}}</ref> CO2 nwere ike isi na gas na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke sitere n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ site na ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Tupu ọdọ mmiri jupụta, ọ na-akpa àgwà dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated na-emegheghị (dịka, ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ): a na-agbaze CO2 na mmiri. Na ọdọ mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ, CO2 na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na nrụgide dị elu (iwu Henry). Nke a bụ ihe mere efere na ite soda ji pụta naanị mgbe emeghere ite ahụ; mgbe a tọhapụrụ nrụgide ahụ, CO2 na-apụta na ngwọta. N'ihe banyere ọdọ mmiri, ala dị na nrụgide dị elu; ka ọ dị omimi, ka nrụgide dị n'ala. Ya mere, enwere ike ịgbaze CO2 buru ibu na ọdọ mmiri miri emi. CO2 na-agbari ngwa ngwa na mmiri dị jụụ, dịka nke a na-ahụ na ala ọdọ mmiri. Obere ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ mmiri nwere ike iduga na mwepụta nke CO2 buru ibu. Ozugbo ọdọ na-ejupụta na kwuru compound, ọ na-adịghị eguzosi ike na ọ na-enye apụ apụ isi nke rere nsen na egbe ntụ ntụ, ma a mkpalite na-mkpa ka gbanyụọ mgbawa. N'ihe banyere mgbawa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos nke 1986, nbibi bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-ebute ya, mana mgbawa ugwu mgbawa, ala ọma jijiji, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ifufe na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpalite ya. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbawa limnic bụ saturation gas nke nta nke nta na omimi nke nwere ike ịkpalite mmepe gas na-akpaghị aka. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ikpe ndị a, ihe na-akpalite na-akpali ụfọdụ mmiri jupụtara na gas dị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe nrụgide na-ezughị ezu iji dobe CO2 na ngwọta. Ka egosipụta na-amalite na-akpụ mmiri na-ebuli elu ọbụna elu na ọdọ (buoyancy), ebe ọzọ CO2 na-esi na ngwọta. Usoro a na-etolite kọlụm nke gas, ebe a na-adọta mmiri dị na ala nke kọlụm a site na nsị, ya onwe ya kwa, na-efunahụ CO2 na usoro ịgba ọsọ. Mgbawa a na-ebupụ CO2 n'ikuku ma nwee ike ịkwaga mmiri zuru oke iji mepụta mbufịt mbufịt. Ozugbo ọdo na-e kwuru na kwuru compound, ọ na-akpa ụkwụsi ike na ọ na-enye apụ apụ isi nke rere nsen na egbe ntụ ntụ, ma a mkpalite na-mkpa ka igodo mgbawa. N'ihe mgbawa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos nke 1986, ndị mmadụ bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-ebute ya, mana mgbawa ugwu mgbawa, ala ọma jijiji, ma ọ bụ egwu ifufe na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịhụlite ya. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike iketa mgbawa limnic bụ saturation gas nke nta nke nta na omimi nke nwere ike serelite ike gas na-ama aka. Maka nke ọ blla n'ime ikpe ndị a, ihe na-akpalite na-akpali ụfọdụ mmirika na gas dị elu na ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ, ebe ike na- ezu iji dobe CO2 na akụ. Ka akara na-amalite na-akpụ mmiri na-ebuli elu ọgụ elu na ɔdɔ (buoyancy), ebe ọzọ CO2 na-esi na akwụkwọ. Usoro a na-etolite kọlụm nke gas, ebe a na--ama mmiri dị na ala nke kọlụm a site na mpaghara, ya onwe ya kwa, na-efunahụ CO2 na ịgba ọsọ. Mgbawa a na-ebupụ CO2 n'ikuku ma nwee ike ọkụga mmiri zuru oke iji jide mbufụt mbufụt. == Nsonaazụ ya == [[Usòrò:Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg|thumb|Ehi nwụrụ site na mgbawa ugwu nke 1986 na Lake Nyos]] Ozugbo mgbawa ahụ mere, nnukwu ígwé ojii CO2 na-emepụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma gbasaa na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. N'ihi na CO2 dị arọ karịa ikuku, ọ na-enwekarị ike ịbanye n'ala, n'otu oge na-ewepụ ikuku na-eku ume, na-akpata asphyxia. CO2 nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị n'ahụ mmadụ bụrụ acid nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịkpata nsị CO2. Ka ndị ahụ na-arịa ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ maka ikuku, ha na-eme ka asphyxia dị ngwa site na iku ume CO2. Na Lake Nyos, igwe ojii gas ahụ gbadatara n'ime obodo dị nso ebe ọ kwụsịrị, na-egbu fọrọ nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla; a kọrọ na mmadụ nwụrụ ruo 25 (16 mi). [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Mgbanwe na agba akpụkpọ ahụ n'ahụ ụfọdụ mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuo na igwe ojii gas nwere ike ịnwe acid a gwakọtara agwakọta dịka hydrogen chloride, ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụ ụka.<ref name="PMC">{{Cite journal|pmid=2507040|year=1989|author=Freeth|first=SJ|title=Lake Nyos disaster|volume=299|issue=6697|pages=513|journal=BMJ|doi=10.1136/bmj.299.6697.513-a}}</ref> A chọtara ọtụtụ ndị merụrụ ahụ na blisters na akpụkpọ ahụ ha, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ọnyá nrụgide kpatara ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke ikuku oxygen dị ala n'ime ndị carbon dioxide na-egbu.<ref name="bbc">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml BBC Horizon programme "Killer Lakes"]</ref> Ahịhịa ndị dị nso emetụtaghị ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ma e wezụga ihe ọ bụla na-eto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'ebe ahụ, ahịhịa mebiri ma ọ bụ mebie site na tsunami dị elu nke 24 m (79 ) nke nnukwu mgbawa kpatara.<ref name="NatHaz2014">{{Cite book|chapter=Tsunami impact on the African continent: historical cases and hazard evaluation|author=Gusiakov|first=V.K.|title=Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Ismail-Zadeh, A.|year=2014|location=Cambridge|pages=230|isbn=978-1-107-03386-3}}</ref> == Ịchụpụ n'ala == A na-eme mgbalị iji mepụta ihe ngwọta maka iwepụ gas site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a na iji gbochie mkpokọta nke nwere ike iduga ọdachi ọzọ. Otu ìgwè nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ [[Michel Halbwachs]] duziri malitere ịnwale na Lake Monoun na Lake Nyos na 1990 site na iji siphons mee ka mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a dị n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1155057.stm BBC Cameroons "killer lake" degassed]</ref> Ndị otu ahụ debere ọkpọkọ kwụ ọtọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na njedebe ya n'elu mmiri. Mmiri jupụtara na CO2 na-abanye n'ala nke ọkpọkọ ma na-arịgo n'elu. Mmetụta dị ala n'elu na-enye ohere ka gas si na ngwọta pụta. Naanị obere mmiri ga-eji ígwè na-agbapụta na mbụ site na paịpụ iji malite ịba. Ka mmiri jupụtara na ya na-arị elu, CO2 na-apụta na ngwọta ma na-emepụta efere. Mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri nke efere na-adọta mmiri n'elu ọkpọkọ ahụ na nnukwu ọsọ na-akpata isi iyi n'elu. Mmiri na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'ime mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbapụta, na-adọta mmiri ọzọ n'ime ala nke ọkpọkọ ahụ, ma na-emepụta mmiri na-akwado onwe ya. Nke a bụ otu usoro ahụ nke na-eduga na mgbawa nke okike, mana n'ọnọdụ a, ọ na-achịkwa site na nha nke ọkpọkọ ahụ. Paịpụ ọ bụla nwere ikike mgbapụta pere mpe ma a ga-achọ ọtụtụ maka ọdọ mmiri Monoun na ọdọ mmiri Nyos iji mee ka akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri dị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị nchebe. Mmiri dị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ntakịrị acid n'ihi CO2 a gbazere agbaze nke na-akpata corrosion na ọkpọkọ na ngwá electronic, na-achọ mmezi na-aga n'ihu. Enwere nchegbu ụfọdụ na CO2 sitere na paịpụ nwere ike ịdakwasị n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ikuku na-enweghị ume ma si otú a na-akpata nsogbu maka anụ ọhịa. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2001, ndị otu French-Cameroonian tinyere otu ọkpọkọ na Lake Nyos, a rụkwara ọkpọkọ abụọ ọzọ n'afọ 2011 site na nkwado ego sitere na United Nations Development Programme.<ref name="Nature" /><ref name="hsw">{{Cite web|author=Nasr|first=Susan|title=How did Lake Nyos suddenly kill 1,700 people?|url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/lake-nyos4.htm|work=HowStuffWorks.com|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=24 March 2009}}</ref> A rụnyere ọkpọkọ na Lake Monoun n'afọ 2003 ma gbakwunye abụọ ọzọ n'afọ 2006.<ref name="Nature" /><ref name="hsw" /> A na-eche na ọkpọkọ atọ a zuru ezu iji gbochie mmụba nke ọkwa CO2, na-ewepụ dịka otu gas ahụ na-abanye n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 2003, a kwadoro ọrụ ọnwa 18 iji mee ka ọdọ mmiri Monoun dị mma, ebe ọ bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịla mma.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nicola Jones|title=Lake to lose its silent killer|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17723801.200-lake-to-lose-its-silent-killer.html|work=newscientist|date=1 February 2003|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/4661033a|title=Battle to degas deadly lakes continues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-08-26_466_7310/page/1033|year=2010|author=Jones|first=Nicola|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7310|pages=1033|pmid=20739980}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na Ọdọ Mmiri [[Michigan]] dị na United States na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị n'otu n'ụzọ dị obere n'oge ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uwm.edu/news/burps-provide-clues-about-lake-michigans-role-in-climate-change/|work=UWMResearch|title=When Lake Michigan burps|first=Laura|author=Otto|date=28 April 2017}}</ref> == Ihe ize ndụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu == [[Usòrò:LakeKivu_satellite.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 2003]] Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu abụghị naanị ihe dị ka okpukpu 1,700 karịa Ọdọ Mmị Nyos, kamakwa ọ dị n'ógbè ndị mmadụ jupụtara na ya, nke nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ bi n'akụkụ osimiri ya, akụkụ dị n'ime [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] bụ ebe esemokwu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ikike dị ala maka gọọmentị DRC. Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu erubeghị ọkwa dị elu nke CO2 [[wiktionary:saturation|saturation]]; ọ bụrụ na mmiri ahụ ga-abụ nke jupụtara nke ukwuu, mgbawa limnic ga-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ndụ mmadụ na anụmanụ, nke nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ nde mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Nicola|title=How dangerous is Africa's explosive Lake Kivu?|url=https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-021-02523-5/index.html|work=Nature|publisher=Springer Nature Limited|accessdate=11 October 2022}}</ref> Mgbanwe abụọ dị ịrịba ama na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu emeela ka a mara banyere mgbawa limnic nwere ike ime: ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke dissociation methane na okpomọkụ na-arị elu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Katsev|first=Sergei|date=2014|title=Recent Warming of Lake Kivu|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|pages=e109084|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109084|pmid=25295730}}</ref> Nnyocha na-enyocha okpomọkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na-egosi na okpomọkụ dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri Kivu na-abawanye site na ihe dịka 0.12 °C kwa afọ iri.<ref name=":0" /> Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị nso na ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata ya: Ugwu Nyiragongo (ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke gbawara na Jenụwarị 2002 na Mee 2021), mpaghara ala ọma jijiji na-arụ ọrụ, na ugwu ndị ọzọ na-agbawa ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schmid|first=Martin|title=The volcanic risk - How hazardous is the gas accumulation in Lake Kivu? Arguments for a risk assesment in light of the Nyiragongo Volcano eruption of 2002|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|year=2002|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=15–122|doi=10.1400/19084|url=https://www.torrossa.com/pdfjs/web/TorrossaCopyAndPasteOnlyViewer.html?file=/digital/doc/SERRA/2231610_9031096dfeb_online.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ụzọ yiri Lake Monoun na Lake Nyos, n'ihi oke ọdọ mmiri Kivu na oke gas ọ nwere, ọrụ dị otú ahụ ga-adị oke ọnụ, na-abanye n'ime ọtụtụ nde dollar. [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Atụmatụ malitere na 2010 iji methane tọrọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi mmanụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na [[Rwanda]] eme ka ogo nke CO2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/16/rwanda-gas-lake-kivu|work=The Guardian|title=Rwanda harnesses volcanic gases from depths of Lake Kivu|first=Xan|author=Rice|date=16 August 2010}}</ref> N'oge usoro maka iwepụta gas methane na-ere ọkụ nke a na-eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị n'ụsọ osimiri, a na-ewepụ ụfọdụ CO2 na usoro a maara dị ka catalyst scrubbing. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma a ga-ewepụ gas zuru ezu iji wepụ ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa limnic na Lake Kivu. == Hụkwa ==   * Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ * Mazuku * Ọdachi Ndị Na-emere Onwe Ya * Tsunami n'ọdọ mmiri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bgis6hbhgul8k2c9ozreart7a6yue8p 0 29813 697924 642291 2026-08-10T10:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697924 wikitext text/x-wiki     Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, setae /ˈsiːtiː/ (SG: seta /ˈsi:tə/; site na okwu Latin maka "bristle") bụ nke ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị bristle- ma ọ bụ ntutu dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị adị. == Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo == === Protostomes === [[Usòrò:Isonychia_Foreleg.jpg|thumb|Setae n'ihu ụkwụ nke mayfly]] Annelid setae bụ bristles siri ike dị n'ahụ. Ha na-enyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, earthworms aka ịrapara n'elu ma gbochie ịdọrọ azụ n'oge mmegharị peristaltic. Ntutu ndị a na-eme ka o sie ike ịdọrọ ikpuru n'ala. Setae na oligochaetes (otu ìgwè gụnyere earthworms) nwere chitin n'ụzọ dị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hyman|first=H.L.|year=1966|title=Further Notes on the Occurrence of Chitin in Invertebrates|url=http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/130/1/94.pdf|journal=Biological Bulletin|volume=130|issue=1|pages=1–149|doi=10.2307/1539955}}</ref> A na-ekewa ha dabere na aka ha jikọtara; dịka ọmụmaatụ, notosetae jikọtara na notopodia; neurosetae na neuropodia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Butterfield|first=N. J.|title=A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil ''Wiwaxia corrugata'' (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete ''Canadia spinosa'' Walcott|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_paleobiology_summer-1990_16_3/page/287|journal=Paleobiology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=287–303|year=1990|doi=10.1017/s0094837300010009}}</ref> Diptera setae bụ bristles dị n'ahụ dum ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mechanoreceptors. Crustaceans nwere mechano- na chemosensory setae.<ref name="isopods.nhm.org">{{Cite journal|author=Garm|first=A|year=2004|title=Revising the definition of the crustacean seta and setal classification systems based on examinations of the mouthpart setae of seven species of decapods|url=http://isopods.nhm.org/pdfs/12763/12763.pdf|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=142|issue=2|pages=233–252|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00132.x}}</ref> Setae na-adịkarị n'ọnụ nke crustaceans ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na aka na-asacha.<ref name="isopods.nhm.org" /><ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal|author=Keiler|first=J.|year=2011|title=Morphological diversity of setae on the grooming legs in Anomala (Decapoda: Reptantia) revealed by scanning electron microscopy|journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger|volume=250|issue=4|pages=343–366|doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2011.04.004}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-agbanwe setae ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka ihe owuwu.<ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> Setae na ụkwụ nke krill na obere anụ ndị ọzọ na-enyere ha aka ịchịkọta phytoplankton. Ọ na-ejide ha ma na-ekwe ka e rie ha. Setae na akpụkpọ anụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ bụ unicellular, nke pụtara na nke ọ bụla sitere na otu mkpụrụ ndụ epidermal nke ụdị a na-akpọ trichogen, nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "onye na-emepụta bristle". Ha na-enwe oghere na mbụ ma n'ọtụtụ ụdị na-anọgide na-enwe ọgba mgbe ha siri ike. Ha na-etolite ma na-arụ ọrụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke na-akwado ụdị a na-akpọ tormogen, nke na-emepụta membrane pụrụ iche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ejikọta ala nke seta na akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu. Dabere n'otu akụkụ na ọdịdị na ọrụ ha, a pụrụ ịkpọ setae ntutu, '''macrotrichia''', '''chaetae''', ma ọ bụ ibe. Akpụkpọ ahụ setal abụghị cuticularized na mmegharị ga-ekwe omume. Ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka ''Eriogaster lanestris'' larvae, na-eji setae dị ka usoro nchebe, ebe ha nwere ike ịkpata dermatitis mgbe ha na akpụkpọ ahụ metụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Caterpillar Dermatitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1967-05-06_2_5548/page/346|pmid=6023131|volume=2|issue=5548|year=1967|journal=Br Med J|pages=346–8|author=Hellier|first=FF|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5548.346}}</ref> === Deuterostomes === ==== Anụ ndị nwere azụ ==== [[Usòrò:Gecko_foot_on_glass.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta nke ala ụkwụ agụ owuru ka ọ na-agagharị na ugegbe kwụ ọtọ]] [[Usòrò:Hemidactylus_frenatus_mating,_ventral_view.jpg|thumb|Agụ owuru na-ahụkarị na-alụ n'elu windo enyo kwụ ọtọ ma na-egosi lamellae n'okpuru ụkwụ]] Ihe ndị dị n'ụkwụ agụ owuru bụ obere usoro yiri ntutu nke na-arụ ọrụ na ikike anụmanụ nwere ịrapara n'elu ihe ndị kwụ ọtọ. Akụkụ setae nke micrometer n'ime ihe ngosi nanometer a na-akpọ spatulae.<ref name="Santos2007">{{Cite journal|author=Santos|first=Daniel|title=Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations|journal=Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology|year=2007|volume=21|issue=12–13|pages=1317–1341|issn=0169-4243|doi=10.1163/156856107782328399}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSantosMatthew_SpenkoAaron_ParnessKim_Sangbae2007">Santos, Daniel; Matthew Spenko; Aaron Parness; Kim Sangbae; Mark Cutkosky (2007). "Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations". ''Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology''. '''21''' (12–13): 1317–1341. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156856107782328399|10.1163/156856107782328399]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0169-4243|0169-4243]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53470787 53470787]. <q>''Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae, and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described [as] (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) anti-self sticking and (7) non-sticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity [approx.] 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are [approx.] 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.''</q></cite></ref> * ''Gekko's'' seta: Dị ka Kellar Autumn si kwuo, "Ụkwụ abụọ dị n'ihu nke tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) nwere ike iguzogide 20.1 N nke ike dị n'akụkụ n'elu na 227 mm2 nke ebe pad (Irschick et al. 1996). Ụkwụ nke tokay nwere ihe dịka 3600 tetrads nke setae kwa mm2, ma ọ bụ 14,400 setae kwamm2 (Schleich na Kastle 1986; pers. obs.Ọpụpụ ọzọ N'ihi ya, otu seta kwesịrị ịmepụta ike nkezi nke 6.2 pN, na nrụgide nke 0.090 N⋅mm−1 (0.9 atm). Otú ọ dị, otu setae gosipụtara ma ọ dị obere ma na-arapara n'ahụ karịa ka e buru n'amụma site na nha anụmanụ dum, n'okpuru ọnọdụ nnwale dịgasị iche iche, na-egosi na njikọ na mwepụ na gecko setae na-achịkwa (Autumn et al. 2000). "<ref>Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System</ref> === Nkewa a na-ejighị n'aka === N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara nkọwa nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke basal deuterostome a na-akpọ ''Saccorhytus''. Anụmanụ a yiri ka ọ nwere seta n'akụkụ ahụ ya.<ref name="HanMorris2017">{{Cite journal|author=Han|first=Jian|year=2017|title=Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-02-09_542_7640/page/228|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7640|pages=228–231|doi=10.1038/nature21072|issn=0028-0836|pmid=28135722}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 2022, a na-ewere ''Saccorhytus'' dị ka ecdysozoan mbụ, a kọwakwara ya dị ka onye "enweghị setae".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Yunhuan|date=2022-08-17|title=Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05107-z|journal=Nature|volume=609|issue=7927|language=en|pages=541–546|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z|pmid=35978194|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> == Akpụkpọ ahụ == Na mycology, "setae" na-ezo aka na nchara nchara, mgbidi siri ike, cystidia yiri ogwu nke a na-ahụ na corticioid na poroid fungi na ezinụlọ Hymenochaetaceae.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of the Fungi|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk|edition=10th|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford|year=2008|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abụkarị microscopic, setae nke ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe a ma ama iji hụ ya na oghere aka. == Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha uhie uhie == Na botany, "seta" na-ezo aka na ahịhịa na-akwado capsule nke moss ma ọ bụ liverwort (ha abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na clade a na-akpọ "Setaphyta"), ma na-enye ya ihe oriri. Seta bụ akụkụ nke sporophyte ma nwee ụkwụ dị mkpirikpi n'ime gametophyte nke ọ bụ parasitic. Setae adịghị na mosses niile, mana n'ụdị ụfọdụ ha nwere ike iru sentimita 15 ruo 20 n'ịdị elu. == Chaetoceros setae == N'ime ezinụlọ diatom Chaetocerotaceae, "seta" na-ezo aka na ntutu dị ka mkpụrụ nke valve, ya bụ, ihu nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Tomas97">Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., (1997). ''Identifying Marine Phytoplankton'', Academic Press.</ref> Akpụkpọ ahụ ndị a nwere ọdịdị dị iche karịa valve. Ụdị setae nwere ike igbochi mmiri ịbanye ngwa ngwa ma chebe mkpụrụ ndụ ka ha ghara ịta nri. == Akpụkpọ anụ e ji aka mee == Akpụkpọ anụ na-emepụta ihe bụ ụdị ihe na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụ apụ na uche, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ihe na-apụta apụl, ma na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike dị ukwuu. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a bụ ihe nyocha ugbu a.<ref name="Santos2007" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news120845139.html|title=Engineers create new adhesive that mimics gecko toe hairs|work=physorg.com|accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Chaeta * [[Usòrò:Phellinus_gilvus_setae_2.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nkọ na-apụta n'ime tubes elu nke fungus bracket Phellinus gilvus. Pịa na foto]]Akpụkpọ anụ e ji aka mee * Ike Van der Waals == Edensibia == {{Reflist|28em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9lpw8k3y9yislr3d4cowlhhs4cur5nd 0 29814 697646 132515 2026-08-10T04:45:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Contexto Ideal.jpg|thumb|]] N'ihe gbasara ụmụ anụmanụ, '''ogwu''' bụ ihe siri ike, nke yiri agịga nke a na-ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ na nke na-enweghị azụ. Mkpịsị aka nke ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nwere [[wiktionary:barb|ogwu]] bụ ntutu gbanwere agbanwe, nke nwere etiti spongy kpuchiri ya na keratin siri ike, siri ike na ọnụ dị nkọ, mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ogwu. == Ihe mere == === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mkpịsị aka n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara gụnyere ogwu nke hedgehogs, na n'etiti ụmụ oke, mkpịsị aka nke New World na Old World porcupines, yana ajị anụ nke òké nwere ogwu, òké nwere spiny, na òké nwere nwere ogwu. A na-ahụkwa ha na tenrecs afrotherian nke ezinụlọ Tenrecinae (hedgehog na tenrecks), marsupial spiny bandicoots, na echidnas (nke monotremes). Synapsid oge ochie, ''Dimetrodon'', nwere ogwu ogologo na azụ ya nke jikọtara ya na eriri akpụkpọ ahụ nke mepụtara ihe yiri ákwà ifufe. Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, dị ka nwamba na fossas, nwekwara ogwu penis.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Macdonald|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-691-14069-8|pages=668–669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dufault|first=Danielle|date=July 9, 2018|title=Fossa: the King of Madagascar|url=https://youtube/hv9VOY2H61Y|accessdate=April 14, 2021|work=Youtube}}</ref> Mesozoic eutriconodont mammals ''Spinolestes'' egosila ogwu yiri nke òké ogwu nke oge a.<ref>Thomas Martin, Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Romain Vullo, Hugo Martín-Abad, Zhe-Xi Luo & Angela D. Buscalioni, A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals, Nature 526, 380–384 (15 October 2015) doi:10.1038/nature14905 Received 05 March 2015 Accepted 13 July 2015 Published online 14 October 2015</ref> === Azụ === A na-ahụ ogwu na ụzarị nke ụfọdụ azụ nwere ọkpụkpụ gụnyere azụ akpị. Ọnyá a na-ahụ na stingray bụ ụdị ọkpụkpụ nwere ogwu. === Anụ ndị nwere azụ === [[Usòrò:Journal.pone.0079155.g007_-_C_cropped_MCO.tif|áká_èkpè|thumb|150x150px|Mkpịsị ụkwụ nke akụkụ nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ nke parasitic flatworm, ''Lethacotyle vera'']] A na-ahụkwa ogwu n'ime anụmanụ na-enweghị azụ, dị ka sea urchins. Ha bụ akụkụ nke mkpokoro nke ọtụtụ ụdị gastropod na bivalve mollusks, gụnyere Venus clam ''Pitar lupanaria''. A na-ahụkwa ogwu n'ime akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ, dị ka ogwu na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ime nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị nke ụfọdụ flatworms. == Ọrụ == N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ogwu bụ usoro nchebe nke na-enyere aka ichebe anụmanụ megide ndị na-eri ibe ha. N'ihi na ogwu dị nkọ, ha nwere ike ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ ma kpatara ihe mgbu na mmebi nke nwere ike ime ka onye na-eri ibe ya zere ụdị ahụ site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu. Ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ụfọdụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịgba ọgwụ. N'ihe banyere ụfọdụ nnukwu ụdị stingray, oghere nwere ogwu na nsí na-eso ya na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ mgbe ụfọdụ. A na-ewere anụmanụ ndị dị ka porcupines dị ka aposematic, n'ihi na ogwu ha na-adọ ndị na-eri ibe ha aka ná ntị na ha dị ize ndụ ma nwee ike igbu egbu.<ref name="warning">{{Cite journal|author=Speed|first=M. P.|title=Warning displays in spiny animals: One (more) evolutionary route to aposematism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2005-12_59_12/page/2499|journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution|volume=59|issue=12|pages=2499–2508|year=2005|pmid=16526498|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00963.x}}</ref> Porcupines na-eme mkpọtụ ha dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị na-eri ibe ha, dị ka agwọ na-eme mkpu.<ref name="warning" /> == Ịgwọ mmerụ ahụ sitere na ogwu == N'ihi na ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na-ebu nsí n'ime ogwu ha, iwu nke mkpịsị aka ukwu bụ ịgwọ mmerụ ahụ ọ bụla dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ agwọ. Nsí nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe mgbu, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịta ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>"Wilderness Survival". [http://www.wilderness-survival.net/fish-2.php Dangerous Fish and Mollusks]. retrieved 2012-03-20</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ịbụ onye a na-akpọ porcupine na-egbu egbu abụghị ihe ize ndụ, na mkpịsị aka ndị ahụ abụghịkwa ihe na-egbu mgbu. Enwere ike iwepụ pensụl ahụ site na iji nlezianya ma sie ike ịdọrọ ya na akpụkpọ ahụ. Isi ogwu ahụ na-agbaji mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na akpụkpọ ahụ ka oge na-aga.<ref>Conger, Cristen. "What's the best way to remove porcupine quills?". http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/remove-porcupine-quills1.htm . retrieved 2012-03-20</ref> == Ojiji mmadụ na-eji ya eme ihe == Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ogwu anụmanụ gụnyere: * Ihe ịchọ mma ** Mkpịsị aka, ọla ntị, na ihe olu ndị e ji ogwu ndị a mee bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ** Agbụrụ ndị si gburugburu ụwa na-eji mkpịsị aka porcupine dị ka ọla maka mgbanwe ahụ ha ya bụ site na imi * Echiche ** E ji mkpịsị akwụkwọ mee ụfọdụ n'ime mkpịsị aka ndị mbụ * Quillwork, ụdị ịchọ mma akwa nke ndị obodo North America na-eme nke na-eji mkpịsị aka nke porcupines dị ka ihe mara mma Mgbe ụfọdụ: * Brush == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oweysg4yz93bl4m9gher7w3obrisp3w 0 30021 697723 627868 2026-08-10T06:33:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hygiene_education_at_school_for_both_girls_and_boys_(photo_by_Marni_Sommer)_(5741027150).jpg|thumb|Ịgụ n'akwụkwọ "Growth and change" banyere ịhụ nsọ na puberty (Tanzania)]] Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ (MHM) maọbụ '''ahụike''' n' ịdị ọcha nke nsọ (MHH) na-ezo aka n' inweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke oge ịhụ nsọ iji mịkọrọ maọbụ chịkọta ọbara n' oge ịhụ nsọ, nzuzo iji gbanwee ihe ndị ahụ, n' ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ihe nchịkwa ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":5">UNICEF (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3805 Guidance on Menstrual Health and Hygiene]. UNICEF, New York, USA</ref> Ọ pụkwara ịgụnye "ihe ndị dị n' usoro nke na-ejikọta ịhụ nsọ n' ahụike, ọdịmma, nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]], ikpe ziri ezi, ike, n' ikike".<ref name=":5" /> Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe mmiri dị ọcha n' ụlọ mposi na-ezughị ezu. A na-eleghara ihe mkpofu ịhụ nsọ anya n' ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anya, n' agbanyeghị n' ọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu. Ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ, dịka enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị irè na-egbochi ụmụ agbọghọ itinye aka n' agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.   == Okwu == Nkọwa a nabatara maka nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ (MHM) bụ: * "Ndị inyom n' ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n' afọ iri na ụma na-eji ihe dị ọcha na-amị maọbụ na-anakọta ọbara ịhụ nsọ, a pụkwara ịgbanwe ihe a na nzuzo mgbe ọ dị mkpa maka oge ịhụ nsọ. * MHM gụnyekwara iji ncha na mmiri maka ịsa ahụ dị ka achọrọ; ya na ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ihe nchịkwa ịhụ nsọ.<ref>UNICEF, Columbia University (2012). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1738 WASH in Schools - Empowers Girls' Education - Proceedings of Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conferences]. UNICEF and Columbia University, USA, p. 2</ref> "Ụdị uru" metụtara njikwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ gụnyere akụkụ anọ: mmata, ohere, ojiji yana njikwa ihe mkpofu.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.path.org/publications/files/ID_mhm_norm_mens_br.pdf|title=Normalizing Menstruation: Pushing the Boundaries of the MHM dialogue in India}}</ref> CLTS Knowledge Hub na-enye nkọwa nke na-akọwa akụkụ anọ ndị a ya n' ihe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n' ọdịbendị: Okwu ahụ bụ "ahụike ịhụ nsọ" sara mbara karịa ịdị ọcha ịhụ nsọ. Ọ na-agụnye ma usoro nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na [[Ikike mmadụ|ihe ndị]] sara mbara na-ejikọta ịhụ nsọ na [[Health|ahụike]], ọdịmma, okike, [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]], ikpe ziri ezi, ike, n' ikike mmadụ (karịsịa [[Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha|ikike mmadụ]] maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha). UNICEF ugbu a (site na 2019) na-eji okwu MHH maka "ahụike n' ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ".<ref name=":5"/> Ihe ndị a na-eme n' usoro gụnyere ihe ọmụma ziri ezi na nke kwesịrị ekwesị, nke dịnụ, nke dị nchebe, na nke dị ọnụ ala, ndị ọkachamara maara ihe na nke dị mma, ntụgharị n' ịnweta ọrụ ahụike, ịdị ọcha na ebe ịsa ahụ, ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta dị mma, nchekwa n' ịdị ọcha, na nkwado'na iwu.<ref name=":5"/> [[Usòrò:Amra_Padatik_India.jpg|thumb|Ememe Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya na Amra Padatik, India]] Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe mmiri dị ọcha n' ' ụlọ mposi na-ezughị ezu. Na mgbakwunye, ọdịbendị ọdịnala na-eme ka o sie ike ikwurịta banyere ịhụ nsọ n'ihu ọha. Nke a na-egbochi ụmụ nw' yị n' ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto ịnweta ozi dị mkpa na nke dị mkpa gbasara ọrụ dị mma nke ahụ ha. Nke a na-emetụta ahụike ha, agụmakwụkwọ ha, na ùgwù ha. Enwere ike iwere ịnweta ozi dị ka [[ikike mmadụ]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2015-07_105_7/page/1302|author=Sommer|first=Marni|date=July 2015|journal=American Journal of Public Health|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525|pmid=25973831|issue=7|volume=105|pages=1302–1311=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-320743-World-Menstrual-Hygiene-Day-observed|title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day Observed|author=Imran|first=Myra|date=29 May 2015|work=The International News|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Ịda ogbenye n'oge bụ okwu a na-eji akọwa enweghị ohere ịnweta ihe nchịkwa ịdị ọcha zuru oke na agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere ngwaahịa dị ọcha (dịka, tampons, mwachi nsọ , liners, iko ịhụ nsọ), ebe ịsa ahụ, na njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lindsay.Capozzi|date=2021-04-05|title=Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About|url=https://policylab.chop.edu/blog/period-poverty-public-health-crisis-we-dont-talk-about|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=policylab.chop.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-agụnyekwa ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ dị ka tabos na akụkọ ifo, mmegharị n' ihe mgbochi nri, ihere n' ihere gburugburu adịghị ọcha na unyi nke niile na-enye aka na onye na-ahụ nsọ nwere ahụmịhe nke na-adịghị asọpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Ịda ogbenye n' oge bụ nsogbu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị bi na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n' etiti, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-eji ihe dịka apịtị, akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ ochie, ogho, maọbụ akpụkpọ anụ iji jikwaa oge ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Health|first=The Lancet Child & Adolescent|date=2018-06-01|title=Normalising menstruation, empowering girls|journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=2|issue=6|pages=379|doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30143-3|issn=2352-4642|pmid=30169273}}</ref> Ojiji nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ iji ngwaahịa ogologo oge karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike, ọrịa, na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-09|title=Period poverty remains a critical, yet overlooked, health issue, advocates say|url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/period-poverty-philadelphia-resources-access-menstrual-products-liberia-/|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=PhillyVoice|language=english}}</ref> "N' ime nnyocha 2018 nke U nyere iwu site na Kotex, otu n' ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ a nyochara gbalịrị ịzụta ngwaahịa oge. N' otu nnyocha ahụ, otu n' ime ụmụ nwanyị ise na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala kọrọ n' ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya furu efu n' ihi enweghị ike ịnweta ihe ndị e ji eme ihe. E jikọtara ihe ndị a na mmetụta ihere, mmechuihu na ịda mbà n' obi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Period Poverty? {{!}} U by Kotex®|url=https://www.ubykotex.com/en-us/periods/addressing-societal-issues-around-periods/what-is-period-poverty|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=www.ubykotex.com|language=en-us|archivedate=2022-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930023812/https://www.ubykotex.com/en-us/periods/addressing-societal-issues-around-periods/what-is-period-poverty}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Periods and girls' education {{!}} ActionAid UK|url=https://www.actionaid.org.uk/our-work/period-poverty/periods-and-girls-education|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=www.actionaid.org.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=2017-03-14|title=Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39266056|accessdate=2022-10-30}}</ref> N' agbanyeghị ihe ndị a maara maka ahụike, a na-elegharakarị ịda ogbenye n' oge anya ma ghara ikwurịta okwu n' ihi mkparị na omenala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Health|first=The Lancet Child & Adolescent|date=2018-06-01|title=Normalising menstruation, empowering girls|journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=2|issue=6|pages=379|doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30143-3|issn=2352-4642|pmid=30169273}}</ref> N' ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ gọọmentị emeela ka ha nwekwuo ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala na ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ịhụ nsọ. Scotland na-enye ndị bi na ya ngwaahịa oge n' efu ebe Kenya na New Zealand na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ngwaahịa oge n' efu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sullivan|first=Becky|date=2022-08-16|title=Scotland becomes the first country to offer tampons and pads for free, officials say|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/16/1117748486/scotland-tampons-pads-menstrual-free-period-products|accessdate=2022-10-30}}</ref> Ọtụtụ òtù na-agbasa ndị na-eme iwu banyere nsogbu ụmụ agbọghọ na-agaghị akwụkwọ n' ihi ịda ogbenye n'noge.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":17"/> Agbanyeghị, ịda ogbenye n' oge ka bụ nsogbu zuru oke na United States. N' United States, mmemme enyemaka gọọmentị etiti gụnyere stampụ nri, uru SNAP, n' uru WIC anaghị ekpuchi ịzụta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":17"/><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|author=Lindsay.Capozzi|date=2021-04-05|title=Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About|url=https://policylab.chop.edu/blog/period-poverty-public-health-crisis-we-dont-talk-about|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=policylab.chop.edu|language=en}}</ref> N'ii hi enweghị nkwado gọọmentị'na ụtụ isi dị elu na ngwaahịa ịhụ nsọ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahọrọ ịhapụ ịzụta ngwaahịa nhicha maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke nde ụmụ nwanyị 16.9 na-enweta ego dị ala enweghị ike ịzụta ngwaahịa dị ọcha ma nwee ike ịhọrọ n'etiti ngwaahịa dị ọcha na nri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michel|first=Janet|date=2022-02-22|title=Period poverty: why it should be everybody's business|url=https://www.joghr.org/article/32436-period-poverty-why-it-should-be-everybody-s-business|journal=Journal of Global Health Reports|language=en|volume=6|pages=e2022009|doi=10.29392/001c.32436}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere steeti iri na anọ na-ahụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ịhụ nsọ n' ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":18" /> Mana mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ n'og e mmalite nke ọrịa COVID-19 na-ama ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ego dị ala aka ịnweta pads na tampons.<ref name=":18" /> Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi nwekwara nsogbu ịnweta ihe ndị na-ahụ nsọ.<ref name=":9"/> N' ime nyocha ngwakọta nke e mere site na Mee ruo Ọgọstụ 2019 na New York City na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ọtụtụ ndị sonyere kọrọ na ha nwere ohere a na-ejighị n' aka maka ohere dị nchebe, dị ọcha, na nke onwe maka ịgbanwe ngwaahịa oge.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|author=Sommer|first=Marni|date=2020-11-01|title=Menstruation and homelessness: Challenges faced living in shelters and on the street in New York City|journal=Health & Place|language=en|volume=66|pages=102431|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102431|pmid=32987242|issn=1353-8292}}</ref> Ọtụtụ kọrọ na ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị n' ebe obibi ha na-enweghị ebe obibi ruru unyi ma ọ bụ jupụta na mmiri.<ref name=":19" /> Ha kọwakwara na ha na-eme ihere ma na-eme ya ihere n' etiti ọha n' eze na ohere nke ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":19" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n' ime nnyocha banyere ịda ogbenye n' oge na United States lekwasịrị anya n' ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi n' ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enweta ego dị ala, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-akọkwa ọnụego dị elu, na-emetụta ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ n' ahụike uche, n' otu n' otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sebert Kuhlmann|first=Anne|date=2020-09-01|title=Students' Menstrual Hygiene Needs and School Attendance in an Urban St. Louis, Missouri, District|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X20302962|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=444–446|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.040|pmid=32646832|issn=1054-139X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cardoso|first=Lauren F.|date=2021-01-06|title=Period poverty and mental health implications among college-aged women in the United States|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=21|issue=1|pages=14|doi=10.1186/s12905-020-01149-5|issn=1472-6874|pmid=33407330}}</ref> N' afọ 2021, ihe dị ka 14.2% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-ahụ nsọ kọrọ na ha nwere oge ịda ogbenye.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michel|first=Janet|date=2022-02-22|title=Period poverty: why it should be everybody's business|url=https://www.joghr.org/article/32436-period-poverty-why-it-should-be-everybody-s-business|journal=Journal of Global Health Reports|language=en|volume=6|pages=e2022009|doi=10.29392/001c.32436}}</ref> === Ịnweta ihe onwunwe === Na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, nhọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ na-ahọrọ maka ihe ndị dị ọcha na-ahụkarị site n' ọnụahịa, nnweta na ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.<ref name=":15">UNESCO (2014). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2213 Puberty Education & Menstrual Hygiene Management - Good Policy and Practice in health Education - Booklet 9]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, p. 32</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaur|first=Rajanbir|date=2018|title=Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2018|pages=1730964|doi=10.1155/2018/1730964|issn=1687-9805|pmid=29675047}}</ref> Ihe ndị ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iji mee ihe na-agụnye: ájá, ntụ, obere oghere n' ime ala, ákwà, akwụkwọ zuru oke, eriri akwụkwọ (dị ka hyacinth mmiri, unere, papyrus, eriri owuwe ihe ubi), akwụkwọ (akwụkwọ mposi, akwụkwọ a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ, akpa na-acha nchara nchara, akwụkwọ anụmanụ (dị ka akpụkpọ ewu), okpukpu abụọ nke uwe ime, sọks, ma ọ bụ sari.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Tamiru|first=Selamawit|year=2015|title=Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: Cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe|journal=Waterlines|volume=34|pages=92–102|doi=10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39266056|title=Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school|work=BBC News|date=March 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>Chin, L. (2014) Period of shame - The Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on Rural Women and Girls' Quality of Life in Savannakhet, Laos [Master's thesis] LUMID International Master programme in applied International Development and Management http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938 [accessed 10 August 2015]</ref> Enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị ọnụ ala pụtara n' a na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ọcha, nke nwere ike ibute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike.<ref>African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/983 Experiences and Problems with Menstruation Among Poor Women and Schoolgirls in Nairobi]. In: Policy Brief No. 20. Nairobi, Kenya: APHRC, 2010.</ref><ref>Obiria M. Kenyan students could solve the sanitary problems with banana-fiber pads. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/26/kenyan-girls-sanitary-problem-banana-fibre-pad. 26 Sep 2014.</ref> Iko ndị na-ahụkarị Ịdị mma nke ihe ahụ na-emekwa ka ha bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma nwee ahụike maka ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ, ọ bụrụhaala n' enwere mmiri dị ọcha maka ịsa ha. Ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị nọ n' ebe ọrụ na-enwekarị ọrụ n' ihi na ha enweghị ike ịnweta ihe nhicha n' ebe ọrụ na mba ụfọdụ anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị ihe ma ọ bụ ọbụna nwee "ụlọ mposi kwesịrị ekwesị".<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/long-form/2015/may/31/talking-menstruation-about-time|title=Talking Menstruation: About Time?|author=Sadeque|first=Syeda Samira|date=31 May 2015|work=Dhaka Tribune|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Bangladesh na-arụ ọrụ n' ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe kọrọ na n' ihi ọnụahịa nke ihe ndị dị ọcha maka ịhụ nsọ nke ha na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ, ha ejirila "ihe mkpuchi ala ụlọ ọrụ mee ihe n' ọnọdụ pads na tampons, na-eduga na ọrịa dị ize ndụ na ọrụ efu. "<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/05/28/menstrual-hygiene-day|title=Ditch the Euphemisms: Menstrual Hygiene Day Calls Out Period Taboos|author=Cowan|first=Samantha|date=28 May 2015|work=TakePart|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Ndị Kraịst na-ehicha okporo ụzọ na Lahore enweghị ohere ịbanye n' ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha n' eze n' ihi n' ọ dịghị maọbụ ole n' ole dị maka ụmụ nwanyị ma n' ihi nke a ga-ahapụ ọrụ mgbe ha nwere oge ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ, dịka enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị irè na-egbochi ụmụ agbọghọ itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ n' ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=UNESCO|title=Puberty education & menstrual hygiene management - good policy and practice in health education - Booklet 9|date=2014|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2213|publisher=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]]|location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Sanitary pad interventions for girls' education Ghana: A pilot study|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048274|pmid=23118968}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha anaghị aga ụlọ akwụkwọ n' ihi egwu nke ịgbapụta, ihere ma ọ bụ ihere, ihe mgbu oge maọbụ ụlọ mposi ezughi oke nke na-adịghị ekwe ka ha saa ma ọ bụ gbanwee na nzuzo.<ref name="Crofts">{{Cite book|author=Crofts|first=T.|title=Menstruation hygiene management for schoolgirls in low-income countries|date=2012|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1569|publisher=[[Loughborough University|Water, Engineering and Development Center (WEDC), Loughborough University]]|location=Loughborough}}</ref> Nke a na-emetụta ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị si n' ezinụlọ na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha a na-atụfu bụ ego a na-eme kwa ọnwa nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ.<ref name="Water_Aid">{{Cite web|author=House|first=S.|title=Menstrual hygiene matters. A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world|date=2012|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=02309d73-8e41-4d04-b2ef-6641f6616a4f|publisher=[[WaterAid]]|accessdate=2023-09-09|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107164915/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=02309d73-8e41-4d04-b2ef-6641f6616a4f}}</ref> Ebe dị ọcha zuru oke na ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ bụ naanị otu akụkụ nke ngwọta maka iwu ịhụ nsọ nke na-egbochi ọganihu ụmụ nwanyị n' ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe. Ihe ọmụma dị oke mkpa maka ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha nwee ahụ iru ala n' ịhụ nsọ na iji nweta mmata dị mma banyere ahụ ha. Enwere ike igbochi ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ n' ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe a na-eme ihe maka ndị ikom. N' afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 740,000 n' ụlọ mkpọrọ gburugburu ụwa Otu nwanyị a tụrụ mkpọrọ afọ ise na Pakistan kwuru banyere otu ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ si enye ụmụ nwanyị n' ahụ nsọ ọgwụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Period poverty in prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on health|url=https://idpc.net/publications/2021/06/period-poverty-in-prisons-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-submission-to-the-un-special-rapporteur-on-health|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=idpc.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi n' ime obodo ndị dị n' ime United States enweghị ike ịzụta ihe nhicha.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/17/new-york-city-wants-to.html|title=New York City Wants to Provide Free Tampons to Address Menstruation Stigma|author=De Bode|first=Lisa|date=17 June 2015|work=Al Jazeera America|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/14/homeless-women-tampons_n_6465230.html|title=For Homeless Women, Getting Their Period Is One of the Difficult Challenges|author=Goldberg|first=Eleanor|date=14 January 2015|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> Ụlọ akụ nri dị na [[New York City|New York]] na-akọ na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị dị oke mkpa.<ref name=":14" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na United States nwere ike ịnagide ihe ịma aka nke enweghị ike ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ iji ụlọ mposi ọha na eze n' ụlọ ndị na-enweghị ụlọ dị ka ha chọrọ n' ọnọdụ ebe enwere ihe mgbochi n' ojiji ụlọ mposi.<ref name=":13" /> Na New York, aro iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala aka inweta ihe nhicha nke ịhụ nsọ gụnyere aro iji wepụ ụtụ ahịa na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị na "ikesa tampons n' efu n' ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze".<ref name=":14" /> A na-atụ ụtụ isi maka ihe ndị na-ahụ nsọ na steeti 36.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/25/564580736/more-states-move-to-end-tampon-tax-that-s-seen-as-discriminating-against-women|title=More States Move To End 'Tampon Tax' That's Seen As Discriminating Against Women|work=NPR.org|accessdate=2018-05-22|language=en}}</ref> Na Mee 1, 2018, National Diaper Bank Network, nke na-enye ọtụtụ nde diapers nye ndị nne na nna dara ogbenye na ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na ndị n' akwado mgbanwe iwu gbasara mkpa ndị bụ isi, malitere Alliance for Period Supplies ma malite ikesa ngwaahịa oge n' efu site na òtù ndị jikọrọ aka gafee US. Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, dị ka [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], na-eche nsogbu na-enye tampons na akwa nhicha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/are-we-finally-getting-over-the-belief-that-periods-are-embarrassing/|title=Are We Finally Getting Over the Belief That Periods Are Embarrassing?|author=Pollitt|first=Katha|date=2018-05-10|work=The Nation|accessdate=2018-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2015/jun/05/homeless-period-tampon-or-food-campaign-of-the-month|title=The Homeless Period: It Doesn't Bear Thinking About and That's the Problem|author=Isaac|first=Anna|date=5 June 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> Scotland ghọrọ mba mbụ n' ụwa iji nye ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ngwaahịa oge n' efu na 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-24|title=Period poverty: Scotland first in world to make period products free|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-51629880|accessdate=2022-03-13}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Pakistan na-eji ntụ kpọrọ nkụ e ji ákwà kpuchie iji nyere ha aka n'oge ha. Ha enweghị mmiri dị ọcha, ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha n' eze dị ole na ole ma karịsịa maka ụmụ nwoke, enweghị nzuzo, enweghị ebe izu ike n' ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n' afọ 2018 chọpụtara na a na-elegharakarị ihe mkpofu nke ịhụ nsọ anya na usoro nhicha. Nke a na-eduga n' iwepụ ihe n' ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndị ọrụ, usoro nhicha na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elledge|first=Myles|date=2018-11-15|title=Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle Income Countries—A Review of the Literature|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=15|issue=11|pages=2562|doi=10.3390/ijerph15112562|pmid=30445767|issn=1660-4601}}</ref> Usoro mkpofu siri ike na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị adịkarị, nke pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ebe kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpochapụ ngwaahịa ndị e ji mee ihe, dị ka pads.<ref>Kjellén, M., Pensulo, C., Nordqvist, P., Fogde, M. (2012). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1556 Global review of sanitation systems trends and interactions with menstrual management practices] - Report for the menstrual management and sanitation systems project. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden</ref> Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ihe eji eme ihe na-akpatakwa nrụgide n' usoro nhicha dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịmepụta mgbochi nke ụlọ mposi, ọkpọkọ na nsị.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|author=Kaur|first=Rajanbir|date=2018|title=Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|volume=2018|pages=1730964|doi=10.1155/2018/1730964|issn=1687-9805|pmid=29675047}}</ref> Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe enweghị ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na mgbakwunye na enweghị ike ịnweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka usoro nhicha na usoro mkpofu dị mkpa iji jikwaa usoro ịhụ nsọ ha. Enweghị ike ịnweta ihe mkpofu na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị ịtụba ngwaahịa ndị e ji mee ihe na usoro ụlọ mposi, ụlọ mposi ọgba, ma ọ bụ tụfuo n'ebe mepere emepe dị ka mmiri. Omume ndị a na-eweta ihe ize ndụ nye ndị ọrụ na-ejikwa ihe mkpofu ndị a ka ọ na-eme ka mmadu nwee ike ịnweta ọrịa ọbara na ngwaahịa ndị a na'ahụ anya na mmadu na kemịkal ndị a na na-ahụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-akpatakwa nrụgide na usoro nhicha dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-akpata mgbochi nsị.<ref name=":32"/> E gosipụtara mmetụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ezughị oke na-enwe mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụmụ agbọghọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-eduga n'ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaur|first=Rajanbir|date=2018-02-20|title=Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|volume=2018|pages=1–9|doi=10.1155/2018/1730964|issn=1687-9805|pmid=29675047}}</ref> N' agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ n' ịhụ nsọ bụ usoro dị mma, a na-eji obi abụọ n' ozi na-ezighi ezi bịaruo ya nso n' ihi omenala omenala siri ike gbasara ịhụ nsọ. Omenala, nkwenkwe okpukpe n' ọdịnala - ọkachasị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe - nwere ike iduga na mgbochi ụmụ nwanyị maọbụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-eche ihu n' oge ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> N' obodo ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị anaghị asa ahụ ha, sachaa, ma ọ bụ sachaa n'oge ịhụ nsọ. Ha nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe ka ha jiri isi iyi mmiri mee ihe n' oge ịhụ nsọ. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike ịnweta ụlọ mposi, ha nwere ike ọ gaghị eji ha eme ihe n' ihi egwu nke ime ka efere ụlọ mposi dị iche iche ghara ịdị mma (n'ihe banyere ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi na-adịghị ike).<ref name="Water_Aid"/> Nke a na-emebi ojiji nke iko ịhụ nsọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere pads ka a na-etinye iko ndị ahụ n' ime ụlọ mposi. Ịgbasawanye mkparịta ụka iji tinye echiche banyere njikwa ihe mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji "me ka" mkparịta ụka banyere ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":16"/> MHM n' ụlọ akwụkwọ ekwesịghị ịbụ mmemme kwụụrụ onwe ya mana a ga-ejikọta ya na mmemme dị ugbu a na WASH n' ụlọ Akwụkwọ, mmemme ahụike ụlọ akwụkwọ na nri na-edozi ahụ, mmemme agụmakwụkwọ oge uto, n' ọnọdụ mberede.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tamiru|first=Selamawit|date=2015|title=Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe|journal=Waterlines|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=92–102|doi=10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009|issn=0262-8104}}</ref><ref>Roose, S.; Rankin, T. and Cavill, S. (2015) ‘[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/breaking-the-next-taboo-menstrual-hygiene-within-clts/ Breaking the Next Taboo – Menstrual Hygiene within CLTS]’, ''Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights'' 6, Brighton: IDS</ref> N' ime ime obodo [[Bolivia]], e mepụtara egwuregwu nchịkwa ịdị ọcha maka ụmụ agbọghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke kpaliri nzaghachi zuru ezu, ma mee ka ọrụ dị iche iche na-ekere òkè na mkparịta ụka ndị otu. Egwuregwu bọọdụ ahụ nyere aka belata nsogbu ụmụ agbọghọ na-ekwu maka ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jeanne|date=2015|title=Developing games as a qualitative method for researching menstrual hygiene management in rural Bolivia|journal=Waterlines|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=68–78|doi=10.3362/1756-3488.2015.007|issn=0262-8104}}</ref> N' India, a na-eji akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị Menstrupedia Comic akụzi ụmụaka, ihe nkiri n' okporo ámá iji kụziere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, ihe osise na mgbidi iji tinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ntorobịa na nka na ihe ngosi iji mebie ihere n' ihere.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Na Bhutan, ndị nọn Buddha, site na Bhutan Nuns Foundation agbanweela ahụike ịhụ nsọ nke ndị nọn bi n' ebe obibi ndị nọn.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Na Pakistan, ọtụtụ mmalite ọhụrụ na mpaghara a enyela aka n'imeziwanye ohere na ime ka isiokwu ahụ dị mfe ikwu maka ya. Na Balochistan, mpaghara agbụrụ nke Pakistan, ogbako izizi nke ahụike ịhụ nsọ nke e mere na 2021, jiri uri na nka mee ka a mara ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka gbasara isiokwu ahụ ma mee ka ọ ghere oghe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Imeziwanye MHM chọrọ mgbanwe àgwà nke obodo niile. itinye ndị ikom na MHM. bụ isi ihe iji mee ka ha kwado ndị nwunye ha na ụmụ ha nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Òtù ndị ọzọ arụwokwa ọrụ na egwuregwu na akụkọ iji kụzie MHM, kpochapụ akụkọ ifo ndị a na-ahụkarị ma malite mkparịta ụka. Egwuregwu na-enyere aka ịmepụta ọnọdụ dị mma gburugburu isiokwu a na-ejikọta ya na ihere na ihere. Otu ebe a na-enyochaghị anya bụ otu ndị nwere nkwarụ si emeso ihe ịma aka nke ịhụ nsọ, na otu ndị na-elekọta ha si jikwaa ịdị ọcha n' ahụike ha maka ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha nyocha na enyemaka bara uru dịkwa mkpa maka ndị bi n' ebe mgbaba nwa oge n'ihi mbata, mgbanwe ihu igwe, idei mmiri, ala ọma jijiji, ọgba aghara obodo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mbata.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ahamed|first=Farah|title=Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-9389104479|editor=Ahamed|edition=1st|location=India|language=en}}</ref> N' afọ 2014, Wash United malitere Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya na Mee 28. Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-emepụta oge maka ịkpọsa ozi gbasara nsogbu nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ ụkọ nsọ na mgbasa ozi dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ndị mmadụ mara, mee ememe ma mee ka ịhụ nsọ na ịdị ọcha nke nsọ dị mma. Ụbọchị ahụ na-enye ohere iji kwado itinye aka na njikwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ n' ime iwu na mmemme zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke mba, na nke mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Menstrual Hygiene Day {{!}} MHDay|url=https://menstrualhygieneday.org/about/about-mhday/|accessdate=2021-12-14|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012160319/https://menstrualhygieneday.org/about/about-mhday/}}</ref> ml4f70d2x9bvc9iwlaxbj0t985mdo61 0 30049 697600 672896 2026-08-10T03:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697600 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles using infobox university]] '''Abdu Gusau Polytechnic''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị dị na Talata Mafara, Zamfara State, Nigeria. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ụlọakwụkwọ politekniki a n'afọ 1992 mgbe onye bụbu Gọvanọ nke Sokoto [[Ȯra Sokoto|Steeti]], [[Yahaya Abdulkarim]] bịanyere aka na iwu nke guzobere 'Talata Mafara Polythecnic'.<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/|title=HISTORY|work=agpmafara.edu.ng|date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Gọọmentị steeti Sokoto gbanwere aha Politekniki a ka ọ bụrụ 'Abdu Gusau Polytechnic' na Febụwarị, n'afọ 1995. Emere nke a iji sọpụrụ onye injinia nwụrụ anwụ Abdu Gusau onye nwụrụ na Nọvemba, n'afọ 1994, iji kwado enyemaka ya na mmepe nke steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical Background of the Polytechnic|url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/|work=Abdu Gusau Polytechnic Talata Mafara|date=23 May 2020|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> E kere steeti Zamfara nke Naịjirịa site na iwu gọọmentị etiti n'afọ 1996, nke a mere ka ọ dị mkpa ịkwaga politekniki a na ebe ọhụrụ na-adịgide adịgide na Talata Mafara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=NIPC|title=Nigerian States, Zamfara state|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/zamfara-state/|work=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|date=9 January 2019|publisher=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|accessdate=5 September 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210846/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/zamfara-state/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alapiki|first=Henry E.|title=State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2005-12_48_3/page/49|journal=African Studies Review|date=2005|volume=48|issue=3|pages=49–65|doi=10.1353/arw.2006.0003}}</ref> Gọọmentị steeti Sokoto abụghịzi onye na-ahụ maka ya, ọ gaghịkwa ekwe omume n'ụzọ iwu nwere ụlọ ọrụ nke steeti Zamfara dị na Sokoto. == Ụbọchị a == Abdu Gusau Polytechnic bụzi ụlọ ọrụ mepere emepe na-enye nzere agụmakwụkwọ na mpaghara niile nke mbọ mmadụ.Enwere ike ịgba akaebe nke a mgbe a na-atụle ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya site n'akụkụ niile nke mba ahụ.  A na-edozi ya ugbu a iji zute ihe ịma aka nke ọganihu teknụzụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-23|title=HISTORY -|url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/,%20https://agpmafara.edu.ng/about-us/history/|accessdate=2023-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, Politekniki a nwere ngalaba iri na iteghete (19), na ụmụakwụkwọ 2,524, na-enye nzere agụmakwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agpmafara.edu.ng/,%20https://agpmafara.edu.ng/|title=HOME -|date=May 23, 2020}}</ref><ref name="history" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ND's (National Diploma) [citation needed] ugbu a na ọmụmụ ndị dị ka; nkwurịta okwu ọha, ụlọ akụ na ego, iwu obodo, injinia ụlọ, injinịa eletrik na HND's (Higher National Diploma) na njikwa teknụzụ ọfịs, azụmahịa, bio chemistry, sayensị kọmputa na ọnụ ọgụgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuition.ng/directory/listing/abdu-gusau-polytechnic-talata-mafara|title=Abdu Gusau Polytechnic (AGP) Talata Mafara}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ ndị a na-enye == == Ihe Ọmụmụ National Diploma == * ND Business Administration * ND Office Technology Management * ND Mass Communication * ND Banking & Finance, * ND Accounting * ND Science Laboratory Technology * ND Computer Science * ND Injinịa Kọmputa, Statistics, Architecture, Injinịa Mechanical, * ND Civil Engineering * ND Injinia ụlọ * ND Nnyocha Ọnụ ọgụgụ * ND Injinia eletrik * ND Mechatronic * ND Library Science, * Diploma na Iwu Obodo * Diploma na Sharia & Civil Law == Ihe Omumụ nke Higher National Diploma == * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa HND * Nchịkwa teknụzụ nke ụlọ ọrụ HND * HND Accounting, Applied Science * HND Microbiology * HND Biochemistry * HND Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi * HND Physics * HND Computer Science * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ HND * Diploma dị elu na Arabic na Islamic Sharia == Hụkwa == Ọ́bá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Zamfara]] 5houv427prl9v4mzxsm5bc49ev4aw33 0 30080 697803 119989 2026-08-10T08:38:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697803 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị bi na ya bụ ndị na-ahụ anya aka nri na 29% ndị na- achịkwa anya aka ekpe.<ref name="Chaurasia">{{Cite journal|title=Eyedness|journal=Acta Anatomica|volume=96|issue=2|pages=301–5|year=1976|pmid=970109|doi=10.1159/000144681}}</ref><ref name="Reiss">{{Cite journal|title=Ocular dominance: some family data|journal=Laterality|volume=2|issue=1|pages=7–16|year=1997|pmid=15513049|doi=10.1080/713754254}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Eye preference within the context of binocular functions|journal=Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology|volume=243|issue=9|pages=926–32|date=September 2005|pmid=15838666|doi=10.1007/s00417-005-1128-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association between ocular dominance and refraction|journal=Journal of Refractive Surgery|volume=24|issue=7|pages=685–9|date=September 2008|pmid=18811110|doi=10.3928/1081597X-20080901-07}}</ref> Ọchịchị na-egosi na ọ na -agbanwe dabere na ntụziaka anya n'ihi mgbanwe nke nha onyinyo na retinas.<ref name="Khan">{{Cite journal|title=Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vision-research_2001-06_41_14/page/1743|journal=Vision Research|volume=41|issue=14|pages=1743–8|date=June 2001|pmid=11369037|doi=10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Binocular sighting ocular dominance changes with different angles of horizontal gaze|journal=Binocular Vision & Strabismus Quarterly|volume=19|issue=1|pages=25–30|year=2004|pmid=14998366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relative image size, not eye position, determines eye dominance switches|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vision-research_2004-02_44_3/page/229|journal=Vision Research|volume=44|issue=3|pages=229–34|date=February 2004|pmid=14642894|doi=10.1016/j.visres.2003.09.029}}</ref> O yikwara ka e nwere maobu dị elu nke anya aka ekpe na ndị nwere ọrịa Williams-Beuren, na ikekwe na ndị na-arịa isi ọwụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Increased prevalences of left-handedness and left-eye sighting dominance in individuals with Williams-Beuren syndrome|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology|volume=27|issue=8|pages=967–76|date=November 2005|pmid=16207621|doi=10.1080/13803390490919119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Handedness, eyedness, and crossed hand-eye dominance in male and female patients with migraine with and without aura: a pilot study|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills|volume=100|issue=3 Pt 2|pages=1137–42|date=June 2005|pmid=16158700|doi=10.2466/pms.100.3c.1137-1142}}</ref> A na -ekewa ikike anya dị ka "na- adịghị ike" ma ọ bụ "ike"; mgbe ụfọdụ, amblyopia ma ọ bụ strabismus na-akpata ọrịa siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effects of ocular dominance on binocular summation after monocular reading adds|journal=Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery|volume=31|issue=8|pages=1588–92|date=August 2005|pmid=16129296|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.01.015}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere anisometropic myopia (ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke anya dị nso n'etiti anya abụọ), a na-ahụkarị anya kachasị elu ka ọ bụrụ nke nwere myopia karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Interocular symmetry in myopic anisometropia|journal=Optometry and Vision Science|volume=88|issue=12|pages=1454–62|date=December 2011|pmid=21964662|doi=10.1097/OPX.0b013e318233ee5f|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/47269/1/Final_accepted_manuscript.pdf}}</ref> N'ihe banyere ndị nwere anya abụọ nkịtị, echiche a na-ahụ karị na anya onye ahụ na-ahụ nke ọma na-ahụ karị anya kachasị elu ka a na- ama aka dị ka enweghị ihe ndabere.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The absence of lateral congruency between sighting dominance and the eye with better visual acuity|journal=Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=106–10|date=January 2007|pmid=17239197|doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00414.x}}</ref> Na anya anya abụọ nkịtị, enwere mmetụta nke parallax, ya mere anya kachasị elu bụ nke a na-adabere na ya maka ozi ziri ezi. Nke a nwere ike ịdị oke mkpa n'egwuregwu ndị chọrọ ebum uche, dị ka ịgba ụta, ụta ma ọ bụ ịgba égbè. 3fyb5iy9y9f6e3ns419rxpr7cm6jbk1 0 30106 697538 632191 2026-08-10T02:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gen pulitzer.jpg|thumb|Gen pulitzer]]   '''Ihe nrite Pulitzer''' (/ˈpʊlɪtsər/) bụ ihe nrite nke Mahadum Columbia na-enye maka ihe ndị a rụzuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ, na egwu egwu na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. E guzobere ya na 1917 site na ndokwa dị na testament nke Joseph Pulitzer, onye nwetara akụ na ụba ya dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ.<ref name="history">{{Cite web|author=Topping|first=Seymour|title=History of The Pulitzer Prizes|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/historyofprizes|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=September 13, 2011|authorlink=Seymour Topping|year=2008}} Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, a na-enye onyinye kwa afọ na ụdị iri abụọ na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulitzer Prize Board Announces New Book Category|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/news/pulitzer-prize-board-announces-new-book-category#:~:text=The%20new%20Pulitzer%20Prize%20category,the%20original%20Pulitzer%20Prize%20categories|work=Pulitzer}}</ref> Na iri abụọ na abụọ n'ime ụdị, onye mmeri ọ bụla na-enweta asambodo na onyinye ego US $ 15,000 (nke sitere na $ 10,000 na 2017).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulitzer Board raises prize award to $15,000|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/news/pulitzer-board-raises-prize-award-15000|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=January 13, 2017|date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> A na-enye onye mmeri na ngalaba ọrụ ọha na eze ihe nrite ọla edo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Topping|first=Seymour|authorlink=Seymour Topping|year=2008|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/page/administration-prizes|title=Administration|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=January 31, 2013}} Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/theMedal|title=The Medal|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=January 31, 2013}}</ref> == Ntinye na ihe nrite == [[Usòrò:Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg|thumb|Onye isi ala Columbia Lee Bollinger nyere Jeffrey Eugenides 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.]] Ihe nrite Pulitzer anaghị atụle ọrụ niile dị na mgbasa ozi, mana ọ bụ naanị ndị a na-etinye kpọmkwem. (Ntinye ọ bụla ga-esonyere ụgwọ ọrụ $ 75.) Ntinye ga-adaba na ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị ihe nrite a kapịrị ọnụ, ọ pụghịkwa inweta ohere maka ịbụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ egwu. A pụkwara itinye ọrụ naanị n'ụdị abụọ, n'agbanyeghị ihe onwunwe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/files/entryforms/jentformnobutton.pdf|title=Entry Form for a Pulitzer Prize in Journalism|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=2023-09-15|archivedate=2017-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215054814/http://www.pulitzer.org/files/entryforms/jentformnobutton.pdf}}</ref> Kwa afọ, ihe karịrị 100 ndị ọka ikpe na-ahọrọ site na Pulitzer Prize Board ka ha rụọ ọrụ na 22 dị iche iche ndị ọka ikpe maka ụdị onyinye iri abụọ na atọ; otu ndị ọka ikpe ahụ na-atụ aro maka onyinye foto abụọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe nwere ndị otu ise, ma e wezụga ndị maka Ọrụ Ọha, Nnyocha Akụkọ, Nkọwa Akụkọ, Ihe odide, Nkọwarị na Akụkọ Akụrụngwa, nke nwere ndị otu asaa; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọka ikpe akwụkwọ niile nwere ndị otu mitano.<ref name="history"/> Maka ụdị onyinye ọ bụla, ndị ọka ikpe na-eme nhọpụta atọ. Kọmitii ahụ na-ahọrọ onye mmeri site na votu ka ukwuu site na nhọpụta, ma ọ bụ na-agafe nhọpụta ma họrọ ntinye dị iche na-esote votu ka ukwuu nke pasent 75. Kọmitii ahụ nwekwara ike ịtụ vootu ka ọ ghara inye onyinye ọ bụla. A naghị akwụ ndị ọka ikpe na ndị nta akụkọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ ha; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọka ikpe n'akwụkwọ ozi, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-enweta honoraria maka afọ ahụ.<ref name="history" /> === Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-abanye na ndị a họpụtara na njedebe === A na-akpọ onye ọ bụla e nyere ọrụ ya ''onye na-abanye''. Ndị ọka ikpe na-ahọrọ otu ''ndị a họpụtara'' ma kwupụta ha, tinyere onye mmeri maka ụdị ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ na ndị edemede bụ ndị e debere naanị, mana a họpụtabeghị ha dị ka ndị ikpeazụ, ka na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị a họpụtara Pulitzer na ihe nkwalite. Kọmitii Pulitzer dọrọ ndị sonyere aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịsị na ha bụ ndị a họpụtara. Akụkụ Ajụjụ A Na-ajụkarị Ajụjụ nke Pulitzer Prize na-akọwa iwu ha dị ka ndị a: "Ndị Nominating Juries na-ahọrọ ndị Finalists maka ụdị ọ bụla dị ka ndị ikpeazụ na asọmpi ahụ. Kọmitii Pulitzer Prize na-ahọrọ ndị mmeri Pulitzer n'ozuzu ha site na ndị ikpeazụ atọ a họpụtara na nke ọ bụla. A mara ọkwa aha ndị a họpụtara na njedebe naanị kemgbe afọ 1980. A na-akpọ ọrụ nke e nyefere maka ịtụle ihe nrite ma a họrọghị ya dị ka onye ikpeazụ a họpụtara ma ọ bụ onye mmeri ntinye ma ọ bụ ntinye. Enweghị ozi gbasara ndị batara. Kemgbe afọ 1980, mgbe anyị malitere ịkpọsa ndị a họpụtara na ngwụcha, anyị ejirila okwu 'onye a họpụtara' maka ndị sonyere bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị ikpeazụ. Anyị na-akụda mmadụ ume na ọ bụ 'onye a họpụtara' maka Pulitzer naanị n'ihi na e zigara anyị ederede.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/page/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=May 7, 2019|archivedate=November 18, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035305/https://www.pulitzer.org/page/frequently-asked-questions}}</ref> Bill Dedman nke NBC News, onye natara ihe nrite akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 1989, kwuru na 2012 na a kọwara onye nta akụkọ ego Betty Liu dị ka "Pulitzer Prize-Nominated" na mgbasa ozi Bloomberg Television ya na jaket nke akwụkwọ ya, ebe onye edemede National Review Jonah Goldberg kwuru ihe yiri nke ahụ banyere "Pulitzar nomination" iji kwalite akwụkwọ ya. Dedman dere, "Ịkpọ akwụkwọ ahụ Pulitzer 'nomination' dị ka ikwu na [[Adam Sandler]] bụ onye a họpụtara na Oscar ma ọ bụrụ na Columbia Pictures abanye That's My Boy na Academy Awards. Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-achọpụta na Oscars anaghị arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ - ụlọ ọrụ anaghị ahọrọ ndị a họpụtara. Ọ bụ naanị ụzọ isi tinye 'Academy Awards' n'ime akụkọ ndụ. Ndị Pulitzers anaghị arụkwa ọrụ n'ụzọ ahụ, mana mmadụ ole na ole maara nke ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/journalists-please-stop-saying-were-pulitzer-prize-nominated-143519830--finance.html|title=Journalists, Please Stop Saying You Were 'Pulitzer Prize-Nominated'|work=What Matters Now|publisher=The Atlantic Wire|first=Alexander|author=Abad-Santos|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> N'aha, a na-enye Pulitzer Prize for Public Service naanị ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ, ọ bụghị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a na-ahọpụta ndị na-enye aka na ntinye ahụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ndị mmeri n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2000 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The Washington Post, notably for the work of Katherine Boo|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/washington-post-notably-work-katherine-boo|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), for the work of Melanie Sill, Pat Stith and Joby Warrick|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/news-observer-raleigh-nc-work-melanie-sill-pat-stith-and-joby-warrick|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Enwere ike inye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ onyinye; mgbe niile, ndị ọrụ na-enye onyinye na-egosikwa ọrụ nke ndị na-enye aka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Local Reporting: Detroit Free Press Staff, and notably Jim Schaefer and M.L. Elrick|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/detroit-free-press-staff-and-notably-jim-schaefer-and-ml-elrick|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:PupinPulitzer.gif|thumb|asambodo Pulitzer Prize nke Mihajlo Pupin, nke e ji mee ihe na diplọma Mahadum Columbia]] Onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Joseph Pulitzer nyere Mahadum Columbia ego n'ọchịchọ ya iji malite ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma guzobe Pulitzer Prize. O nyere $ 250,000 maka ihe nrite na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Morris|first=James McGrath|title=Pulitzer: A Life in Politics, Print, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgT-H8dKBg8C|accessdate=Sep 12, 2011|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-06-079870-3}}</ref> O kwuru "ihe nrite anọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, anọ na akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nkiri, otu na agụmakwụkwọ, na agụmakọta anọ na-agagharị agagharị".<ref name="history"/> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na October 29, 1911, e nyere Pulitzer Prizes mbụ na June 4, 1917 (a mara ọkwa ha ugbu a na April). The ''Chicago Tribune'' n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Colonel Robert R. McCormick chere na Pulitzer Prize abụghị ihe ọzọ karịa 'òtù na-enwe mmasị' ma ọ bụghị ka a na-ewere ya n'ụzọ siri ike; akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ịsọ mpi maka ihe nrite ahụ n'oge McCormick nọ n'ọkwa ruo 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-06-08-9706300098-story.html|title=A Parade of Pulitzers|first=Patrick T.|author=Reardon|date=June 8, 1997|accessdate=April 27, 2013|work=Chicago Tribune|quote=for more than two decades [...] the Tribune refused to compete for the awards.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Colonel and the Lady|first=Joseph|author=Epstein|authorlink=Joseph Epstein (writer)|date=August 1997|work=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]|url=http://shmacek.faculty.noctrl.edu/Courses/ChicagoMedia/McCormick%20and%20Graham.pdf|quote=He viewed the Pulitzer Prize as a 'mutual admiration society,' and hence not to be taken seriously.|accessdate=2023-09-15|archivedate=2013-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606094757/http://shmacek.faculty.noctrl.edu/Courses/ChicagoMedia/McCormick%20and%20Graham.pdf}}</ref> == Ndị natara ya ==   {| class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing: 1px; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #fff; padding: 5px" ! class="sidebar-title" style="background: #fff" |[[Pulitzer Prize]] |- | class="sidebar-image" |[[File:Pulitzer_Prizes_(medal).png|center|200x200px]] |- | class="sidebar-above" style="background: #efefef; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px" | [[Joseph Pulitzer]] <div class="hlist"> * [[Columbia University]] * [[Template:Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzers by year]] * [[:Category:Pulitzer Prize winners|Winners]] </div> |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px" | Journalism |- | class="sidebar-content" | ''Reporting'' <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting|Breaking News]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting|Investigative]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting|Explanatory]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting|Local]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting|National]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting|International]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting|Audio]] </div> ''Writing'' <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing|Feature]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing|Editorial]] </div> ''Photography'' <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography|Breaking News]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography|Feature]] </div> ''Other'' <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Commentary|Commentary]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism|Criticism]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning|Editorial Cartooning]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Public Service|Public Service]] </div> ''Former'' <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting|Beat Reporting]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence|Correspondence]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Photography|Photography]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Reporting|Reporting]] </div> |- ! class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px" | <div class="hlist"> * Letters * Drama * Music </div> |- | class="sidebar-content" | <div class="hlist"> * [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Biography]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction|Fiction]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|General Nonfiction]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for History|History]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Memoir or Autobiography|Memoir or Autobiography]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry|Poetry]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama|Drama]] * [[Pulitzer Prize for Music|Music]] </div> |- | class="sidebar-below" style="background: #efefef; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px" | [[Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards|Special Citations and Awards]] |- | class="sidebar-navbar" |<templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles> |} == Ụdị == A na-enye onyinye n'ụdị ndị metụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ, nka, akwụkwọ ozi na akụkọ ifo. Akụkọ na foto sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin na ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ dị na United States (gụnyere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ) nke "[na-ebipụta] mgbe niile" ruru eru maka ihe nrite nke ndị nta akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Journalism Submission Guidelines, Requirements and FAQs|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/page/2017-journalism-submission-guidelines-requirements-and-faqs|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Malite na 2007, "a ga-ekwe ka ihe dịgasị iche iche dị n'ịntanetị n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ niile ma e wezụga maka ụdị foto abụọ nke asọmpi ahụ, nke ga-anọgide na-egbochi ntinye na foto ndị dị jụụ". N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2008, a mara ọkwa na maka oge mbụ a ga-atụle ọdịnaya e bipụtara na akụkọ ntanetị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mmeri nwere njikọ magazin (karịsịa Moneta Sleet Jr.) ka a hapụrụ ịbanye n'asọmpi ahụ n'ihi mmekọrịta ruru eru ma ọ bụ mbipụta nke ọrụ ha n'otu oge na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board na Pulitzer Prix Board guzogidere nnabata nke magazin n'asọmpị ahụ, nke mere ka e guzobe National Magazine Awards na Columbia Journalism School na 1966. N'afọ 2015, e nyere magazin ohere ịbanye na nke mbụ ya n'ụdị abụọ (Reporting Investigative na Feature Writing). Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, ndokwa a agbasaala na ụdị atọ ọzọ (International Reporting, Criticism na Editorial Cartooning). N'afọ ahụ, Kathryn Schulz (Feature Writing) na Emily Nussbaum (Criticism) nke The New Yorker ghọrọ ndị mmekọ magazin mbụ natara ihe nrite ahụ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ iru eru gbasaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Pulitzer Prizes|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2016|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, a gbatịkwuru ikike nke magazin na ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ niile. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị akụkọ akụkọ obodo nke akụkọ ọhụrụ, a gbasaa ngalaba Breaking News Reporting iji gụnye ihe omume akụkọ ọhụrụ niile dị n'ime obodo na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/news/pulitzer-board-expands-eligibility-breaking-news-prize-category|title=Pulitzer Board Expands Eligibility in Breaking News Prize Category|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|date=December 4, 2017|accessdate=April 17, 2018}}</ref> Nkọwa nke ụdị Pulitzer Prize dị ka e gosipụtara na Disemba 2017 Plan of Award:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/page/2017-plan-award|title=2020 Plan of Award|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|date=August 2020|accessdate=April 17, 2018}}</ref> * Ọrụ ọha na eze - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị mma site na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin ma ọ bụ saịtị akụkọ site na iji ihe ndị nta akụkọ ya, gụnyere iji akụkọ, nchịkọta akụkọ, eserese, foto, eserese na vidiyo, nchekwa data, multimedia ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. A na-echekarị ya dị ka nnukwu ihe nrite, ma kpọtụrụ ya aha na mbụ na ndepụta nke ihe nrite ndị nta akụkọ, a na-enye naanị nzukọ akụkọ mmeri onyinye Ọrụ Ọha. Naanị ya n'etiti ihe nrite Pulitzer, a na-enye ya n'ụdị ihe nrite ọla edo. * Breaking News Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ mpaghara, steeti ma ọ bụ nke mba nke akụkọ ọhụrụ nke, ngwa ngwa o kwere mee, na-ejide ihe omume n'ụzọ ziri ezi ka ha na-eme, na, ka oge na-agafe, na-eme ka ihe gbara ya gburugburu ma gbasaa na mkpuchi mbụ. * Nnyocha akụkọ - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ nyocha, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Nkọwa akụkọ - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ nkọwa nke na-eme ka isiokwu dị mkpa ma dị mgbagwoju anya, na-egosi ikike nke isiokwu ahụ, ederede doro anya na ngosi doro anya, na iji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Local Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere nsogbu ndị dị mkpa nke nchegbu mpaghara, na-egosi ihe ọhụrụ na nka obodo, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * National Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe omume mba, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * International Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe omume mba ụwa, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Ihe odide pụrụ iche - maka ederede pụrụ iche na-enye echiche dị mkpa maka ogo ederede, ihe ọhụrụ na nkenke, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Nkwupụta - maka nkọwa pụrụ iche, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Nkatọ - maka nkatọ pụrụ iche, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Editorial Writing - maka edemede edemede pụrụ iche, ule nke ịdị mma bụ nghọta nke ụdị, ebumnuche omume, ezi echiche, na ike imetụta echiche ọha na eze n'ihe onye edemede chere na ọ bụ ntụziaka ziri ezi, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ. * Editorial Cartooning - maka ihe osise pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ eserese, nke a na-akọwa site na mmalite, ịdị irè nke nchịkọta akụkọ, ogo nke eserese na mmetụta ihe osise, bipụtara dị ka eserese, animation ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. * Breaking News Photography, nke a na-akpọbu Spot News Photography - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke foto akụkọ na-adịghị mma na oji na ọcha ma ọ bụ agba, nke nwere ike ịnwe foto ma ọ bụ foto. * Foto njirimara - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke foto njirimara na oji na ọcha ma ọ bụ agba, nke nwere ike ịnwe foto ma ọ bụ foto. E nwere ụdị asaa na akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nkiri: * Akụkọ ndụ - maka akụkọ ndụ pụrụ iche, akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye edemede America. * Ihe nkiri - maka egwuregwu pụrụ iche nke onye edemede America, nke kachasị mma na isi iyi ya ma na-emeso ndụ America. * Akụkọ ifo - maka akụkọ ifo pụrụ iche nke onye edemede America, nke kachasị mma na-ekwu maka ndụ America. * General Nonfiction - maka akwụkwọ pụrụ iche na nke edere nke ọma nke na-abụghị akụkọ ifo site n'aka onye edemede America nke na-erughị eru maka ịtụle na ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ. * Akụkọ ihe mere eme - maka akwụkwọ pụrụ iche na nke edere nke ọma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke United States. * Memoir ma ọ bụ Autobiography - maka ihe ncheta pụrụ iche na nke eziokwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke onye edemede America. * Abụ - maka mpịakọta pụrụ iche nke amaokwu mbụ nke onye America na-ede uri. N'afọ 2020, agbakwunyere ụdị akụkọ ọdịyo. E nyere ihe nrite mbụ na ụdị a na "The Out Crowd", ihe omume nke mmemme redio ọha na eze a American Life . N'afọ nke abụọ, e nyere Pulitzer maka NPR podcast No Compromise.<ref>Audio Reporting: Winners 2020–2022, The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</ref> E nwere otu ihe nrite e nyere maka egwu: * Ihe nrite Pulitzer maka egwu - maka egwu egwu pụrụ iche nke onye America nke nwere arụmọrụ mbụ ya ma ọ bụ ndekọ ya na United States n'afọ ahụ. E nweela ọtụtụ ihe nrite na onyinye pụrụ iche: ihe karịrị iri nke ọ bụla na Arts, Journalism, na Letters, na ise maka ọrụ Pulitzer Prize, na nso nso a nye Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. na 1987. Na mgbakwunye na ihe nrite ndị ahụ, a na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ pụtara ìhè nke Graduate School of Journalism dị ka ngalaba ahụ họọrọ Pulitzer Traveling Fellowships. === Mgbanwe n'ụdị === Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, a kwụsịrị inye onyinye ma ọ bụ n'ihi na agbasaala mpaghara nke onyinye ahụ iji gụnye mpaghara ndị ọzọ; a gbanwere aha onyinye ahụ n'ihi okwu a na-ahụkarị gbanwere; ma ọ bụ onyinye ahụ aghọwo ihe mgbe ochie, dị ka ihe nrite maka akụkọ telegraphic. Ihe atụ nke ngalaba edemede nke agbasawo bụ Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (nke enyere 1918-1947), nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ Pulitzer Award for Fiction, nke gụnyekwara akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na uri, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ.{{Chronology of Pulitzer Prize categories}} == Ụgbọ Mmiri == [[Usòrò:Columbia_University,_NYC_(June_2014)_-_01.JPG|thumb|Pulitzer Hall na ogige Columbia]] Ndị otu iri na itoolu Pulitzer Prize Board na-ezukọ kwa afọ, omenala na Joseph Pulitzer World Room na Mahadum Columbia's Pulitzer Hall. Ọ na-agụnye ndị isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na ndị isi mgbasa ozi na mgbakwunye na ndị otu isii sitere na agụmakwụkwọ na nka, gụnyere onye isi oche nke Mahadum Columbia, onye isi nke Mahadim Columbia Graduate School of Journalism na onye nchịkwa nke ihe nrite, onye na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Onye nchịkwa na dean (onye jere ozi na bọọdụ ahụ site na mmalite ya ruo 1954 ma malite ọzọ na 1976) sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ dị ka ndị otu ex officio, mana ha enweghị ike ịtụ vootu. Ewezuga onye isi oche na dean (ndị na-eje ozi dị ka ndị otu na-adịgide adịgide maka oge nhọpụta ha) na onye nchịkwa (onye a na-ahọpụta ọzọ kwa afọ), ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahọrọ ndị otu ya maka afọ atọ; ndị otu nwere ike ije ozi ruo oge atọ. A na-ahọrọ ndị otu na ndị ọka ikpe na nlebara anya "nke a na-enye ndị ọkachamara na njikọ, yana ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara okike, agbụrụ, nkesa ala na nha nke nzukọ akụkọ". A họpụtara onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ Associated Press na ''Los Angeles Times'' bụ Marjorie Miller dịka onye nchịkwa n'ọnwa Eprel 2022. Ọ nọchiri onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''New York Times'' bụ Dana Canedy, onye jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2020. Canedy bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara iji jide ọnọdụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-50|title=The 2001 Pulitzer Prize Winner in National Reporting|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2018}}</ref> A họpụtara Edward Kliment, onye osote onye nchịkwa nke mmemme ahụ ogologo oge, dịka onye nchịkwa na-anọchite anya na Julaị 2020 mgbe Canedy ghọrọ osote onye isi oche na onye na-ebipụta Simon & Schuster. Ọ họọrọ ịghara ịlụ ọgụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ wee laghachi n'ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe a họpụtara Miller. <ref name="auto">{{cite press release |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/news/journalist-marjorie-miller-elected-administrator-pulitzer-prizes |title=Journalist Marjorie Miller is Elected Administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |date=March 31, 2022 |access-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na Canedy, ndị nchịkwa gara aga gụnyere John Hohenberg (onye kachasị nta n'ịnọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo ugbu a; 1954-1976), prọfesọ Graduate School of Journalism Richard T. Baker (1976-1981), onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''Newsweek'' Robert Christopher (1981-1992), onye bụbu nchịkọta ''akụkọ'' ''New York Times'' Seymour Topping (1993-2002), onye bụ onye bụbu editọ Milwaukee Journal Sig Gissler (2002-2014) na onye bụbu Concord Monitor Mike Pride (naanị ''onye'' bụbu onyeisi oche na-ejide n'ọ ọkwa ahụ ruo ugbu ahụ; 2014-2017). Tupu ntinye nke Hohenberg, ndị otu ngalaba nke Journalism School (karịsịa Dean Carl W. Ackerman) na ndị ọrụ na nchịkwa etiti nke Columbia n'okpuru Frank D. Fackenthal jikọrọ aka na-achịkwa mmemme ahụ. Mgbe Joseph Pulitzer Jr. lara ezumike nká (nwa nwa nke onye na-enye onyinye nke jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche na-adịgide adịgide nke bọọdụ ahụ ruo afọ 31) na 1986, oche ahụ na-agbanwekarị onye otu kachasị elu (ma ọ bụ ndị otu, n'ihe gbasara ntuli aka n'otu oge) kwa afọ. Kemgbe afọ 1975, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeela mkpebi niile maka ihe nrite; tupu nke a, a kwadoro aro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kihss|first=Peter|date=1975-05-06|title=Pulitzer Prizes Awarded 2 Biographers and Albee|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/06/archives/pulitzer-prizes-awarded-2-biofraphers-and-albee-contrasting.html|accessdate=2023-09-14}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọfịs onye nchịkwa na ndị ọrụ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Graduate School of Journalism na Pulitzer Hall nke Columbia na ọtụtụ ndị nchịkwa enweela nhọpụta oge niile ma ọ bụ nke enyemaka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Journalism, ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkwa anọwo na-ekewapụ onwe ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kemgbe 1950.<ref name="Boylan-2003">{{Cite book|author=Boylan|first=James|year=2003|title=Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903–2003|oclc=704692556|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-50017-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ6FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref>  == Arụmụka == * 1921 Fiction Prize: Ndị na-ahụ maka Columbia jụrụ aro ndị ọka ikpe ma nye Edith Wharton onyinye ahụ maka The Age of Innocence kama aro Sinclair Lewis maka Main Street.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oehlschlaeger|first=Fritz H.|date=November 1979|doi=10.2307/2925396|issue=3|journal=American Literature|pages=409–414|title=Hamlin Garland and the Pulitzer Prize controversy of 1921|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literature_1979-11_51_3/page/409|volume=51}}</ref> * Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka mwepụ nke onye nta akụkọ Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize. * Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka mwepụ nke onye nta akụkọ William L. Laurence's 1946 Pulitzer Prize. * 1941 Novel Prize: Ndị ndụmọdụ họpụtara ka ha mebie ndị ọka ikpe ma tụọ aro maka ndị na-agba ụtụ ''maka ndị'' Ernest Hemingway. Otú ọ dị, ''onye'' isi oche nke Mahadum Columbia Nicholas Murray Butler rịọrọ kọmitii ahụ ka ha chegharịa echiche, na-ekwu maka njikọ dị n'etiti mahadum ahụ na ọdịnaya mmekọahụ doro anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ; kama nke ahụ, enweghi onyinye: 118 Afọ iri na abụọ ka e mesịrị, e nyere Hemingway ihe nrite Fiction nke 1953 maka The Old Man and the Sea.<ref name="Boylan-2003"/> * 1957 Biography Prize: Onye edemede nke Profiles in Courage, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, kwenyere na o nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ''akwụkwọ'' nke o nwetara Pulitzer Prize in Biography ghostwritten maka ya.<ref name="profilesincourage">{{Cite book|author=Walls|first=Jeannette|title=Dish: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip|year=2000|publisher=Avon Books, Inc., an Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers|location=New York|isbn=0-380-97821-0|pages=29–35}}</ref> Onye nta akụkọ Drew Pearson kwuru n'otu ihe omume nke The Mike Wallace Interview nke gosipụtara na Disemba 1957 na "John F. Kennedy bụ naanị nwoke n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke m maara onye ritere ihe nrite Pulitzer maka akwụkwọ e dere maka ya" nakwa na onye na-ede okwu ya bụ Ted Sorensen bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'ezie, ọ bụ ezie na netwọk ihe ngosi ahụ mechara wepụ nkwupụta ya, mgbe nna Kennedy yiri egwu ịgba akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://solstice.ischool.utexas.edu/tmwi/index.php/Drew_Pearson|title=Drew Pearson|publisher=[[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]], [[School of Information, University of Texas]]|accessdate=December 28, 2014|archivedate=February 12, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212161318/http://solstice.ischool.utexas.edu/tmwi/index.php/Drew_Pearson}}</ref><ref name="profilesincourage" /> Herbert Parmet kpebikwara na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ n'ezie ihe efu, na-ede n'akwụkwọ ya nke 1980 ''Jack'': The Struggles of John F. Kennedy na ọ bụ ezie na Kennedy lekọtara mmepụta ma nye ntụziaka na ozi nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ bụ n'eziokwu Sorensen nyere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị gara na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2478/did-john-f-kennedy-really-write-profiles-in-courage|title=Did John F. Kennedy really write 'Profiles in Courage?'|author=Adams|first=Cecil|authorlink=Cecil Adams|date=November 7, 2003|publisher=[[The Straight Dope]]|accessdate=December 19, 2009}}</ref> Sorenson n'onwe ya ga-emesị kweta na akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2008, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, na o dere n'ezie "ihe odide mbụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime isiakwụkwọ" ma "nyere aka ịhọrọ okwu nke ọtụtụ n" ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Her Story, Their Words: Behind the Scenes of the Best-Sellers|date=June 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/who-wrote-that-political-memoir-no-who-actually-wrote-it/2014/06/09/8e89ccae-f00a-11e3-9ebc-2ee6f81ed217_story.html|title=Who wrote that political memoir? No, who wrote it?|work=The Washington Post|date=June 9, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2014|author=Farhi, Paul}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na esemokwu nke ederede mmụọ, e kpebikwara na abụọ n'ime ndị omeiwu US asatọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ, Edmund G. Ross na Lucius Lamar, adabaghị n'ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ toro ha dị ka.<ref>[[David O. Stewart|Stewart, David O.]] ''Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy''. Simon & Schuster, 2009, pp. 185–86, 188–89, 242, 269, 278–80, 282, 285, 292, 297–99, 309.</ref> * 1960 Fiction Prize: kọmitii ndị ọka ikpe tụrụ aro ka e nye onyinye ahụ na Saul Bellow's ''Henderson'' the Rain King, mana ndị ''ndụmọdụ'' ahụ wepụrụ aro ahụ ma nye ya Allen Drury's Advise and Consent.<ref name="WSJ 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203706604574378842802585268|title=At 50, a D.C. Novel With Legs|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=Scott|author=Simon|authorlink=Scott Simon|date=September 2, 2009|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HP Classic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phil-simon/classic-politics-the-work_b_5403779.html|title=Classic Politics: The Works of Allen Drury Now Back in Print|first=Phil|author=Simon|authorlink=Phil Simon|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=May 28, 2014|accessdate=January 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Heinz Dietrich|author=Fischer|title=Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction|location=Munich|publisher=K.G. Saur|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/11/books/publishing-pulitzer-controversies.html|first=Edwin|author=McDowell|title=Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies|date=May 11, 1984|accessdate=August 20, 2011}}</ref> * 1962 Biography Prize: ''Citizen Hearst'': A Biography of ''William Randolph Hearst'' by W. A. Swanberg bụ nke ndị ọka ikpe na ndị ndụmọdụ tụrụ aro mana ndị na-ahụ maka Mahadum Columbia (nke a na-ebo ebubo na ọ kwadoro ihe nrite ahụ) ka ọ kwụsịrị n'ihi na isiokwu ya, Hearst, abụghị "ihe atụ a ma ama nke nka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ dịka akọwapụtara na nkọwa ihe nrite".<ref>Hohenberg, John. ''The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America's Greatest Prize''. 1997. p. 109.</ref> * 1974 Fiction Prize: Gravity's Rainbow nke Thomas Pynchon tụrụ aro site n'aka ndị ọka ikpe atọ, mana ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ tụgharịrị mkpebi ahụ ma ọ nweghị ihe nrite nke ndị nlekọta nyere.<ref>McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". ''The New York Times'', May 11, 1984: C26.</ref> * N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ natara Special Citation for Roots: The Saga of an American Family n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1977, e boro Alex Haley ebubo na ọ na-ezigara ndị ọzọ ihe n'okwu ikpe dị iche iche site n'aka Harold Courlander na Margaret Walker Alexander. Courlander, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, boro ebubo na e depụtaghachiri Roots n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The African (1967). Walker kwuru na Haley si n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Jubilee'' (1966) nke oge [[Agha Obodo America|Agha Obodo]] nweta ihe ndị ọzọ. E mechiri usoro ikpe na ikpe ọ bụla na ngwụcha afọ 1978. E doziri ikpe Courlander n'èzí ụlọ ikpe maka $ 650,000 (nke ya na $ 2.9 nde na 2022) na nkwenye sitere n'aka Haley na e depụtaghachiri akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime Roots site na The African.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fein|first=Esther B.|title=Book Notes|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FC3E580C708CDDAA0894DB494D81|date=March 3, 1993|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref> Ụlọ ikpe jụrụ ikpe Walker, nke, n'iji ọdịnaya nke Roots tụnyere nke ''Jubilee'', chọpụtara na "ọ dịghị ihe yiri ya n'etiti ọrụ ndị ahụ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bLIvAAAAIBAJ&pg=4642,1207133|title=Judge Rules "Roots" Original|work=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=September 21, 1978|accessdate=August 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3U8xAAAAIBAJ&pg=953,2772990|title=Suit against Alex Haley is dismissed|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=September 22, 1978|accessdate=August 19, 2020}}</ref> * 1981 Feature Writing Prize: Onye edemede ndị ọrụ ''Washington Post'' bụ Janet Cooke weghachiri ihe nrite ahụ mgbe nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na o chepụtara akụkọ ya na-enweta ihe nrite "Jimmy's World," profaịlụ nke onye heroin riri ahụ dị afọ asatọ na Washington, D.C. * 1994 History Prize: Gerald Posner's Case Closed: ''Lee Harvey Oswald'' and the Assassi''na''tion of JFK, Lawrence Friedman's Crime and Punishment in American History na Joel Williamson's ''William Faulkner'' and Southern History ka a họpụtara maka onyinye ahụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị onyinye e nyere.<ref>''Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917–2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories Based on Unpublished Sources'', by Heinz D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer, The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Walter de Gruyer, 2003, p. 325</ref> Mkpebi ịghara inye otu n'ime akwụkwọ atọ ahụ ihe nrite kpatara esemokwu ọha na eze. Otu n'ime ndị otu Pulitzer Board, John Dotson, kwuru na akwụkwọ atọ a họpụtara "dị njọ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ". Mana onye ọzọ so na bọọdụ, Edward Seaton, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Manhattan Mercury, ekwenyeghị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ "ihe mwute" na enweghi onyinye.<ref>"Pulitzer Decision Angers Juror Ignoring Nominations, Panel Didn't Know History Prize," ''San Jose Mercury News'', April 23, 1994, p. 2B</ref> * 2010 Drama Prize: Egwú Tony na-emeri Next to Normal nwetara onyinye ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị a họpụtara site na ndị ọka ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtishows.com/next-to-normal|title=Next to Normal|date=September 16, 2015|publisher=[[Music Theater International]]|accessdate=May 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/la-et-pulitzer-mcnulty-20100413,0,3224899.story|title=Critic's Notebook: On this year's drama award, the Pulitzer board blew it|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 13, 2010|author=Charles McNulty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playbill.com/features/article/138796-playbillcoms-theatre-week-in-review-april-10-april-16-the-pulitzer-paradox|title=Playbill.com's Theatre Week In Review, April 10-April 16: The Pulitzer Paradox|work=[[Playbill]]|date=April 16, 2010|first=Robert|author=Simonson|authorlink=Robert Simonson|accessdate=May 16, 2017}}</ref> * 2020 Feature Photography Prize: Nkwupụta nke Channi Anand, Mukhtar Khan na Dar Yasin nke Associated Press kpatara esemokwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indian-photojournalists-from-j-k-win-pulitzer/story-hN3xlFniHQ9jBH7hk2gUHK.html|title=3 Indian photojournalists from Jammu and Kashmir win Pulitzer Prize|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|date=May 6, 2020|first=Ashiq|author=Hussain|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kashmiri-pulitzer-prize-winners-caught-in-political-debate/1824727|title=Kashmiri Pulitzer Prize winners caught in political debate|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=May 5, 2020|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|title=Pulitzer Prize questions India's legitimacy over Kashmir|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/pulitzer-prize-questions-indias-legitimacy-over-kashmir|work=[[National Herald]]|date=May 5, 2020|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-06}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị weere ya dị ka ịjụ "ikike [[Ndia|India]] nwere n'elu Kashmir" dịka o jiri okwu ahụ bụ "independence" mee ihe n'ihe gbasara iwepụ Akụkụ nke 370.<ref name="auto8" /> * 2020 International Reporting Prize: Onye nta akụkọ Russia Roman Badanin, onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Russia nwere onwe ya Proekt (Project), kwuru na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkọ abụọ nke ''New York Times'' na ntinye ahụ kwughachiri nchọpụta nke akụkọ Proekt bipụtara ọnwa ole na ole tupu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/05/05/russia-slams-nyt-for-russophobia-following-pulitzer-prize-win-a70187|title=Russia Slams NYT for 'Russophobia' Following Pulitzer Prize Win|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=May 5, 2020}}</ref> == Nkatọ na ọmụmụ == Ụfọdụ ndị na-akatọ ihe nrite Pulitzer ebubowo nzukọ ahụ na ọ na-akwado ndị na-akwado ihe ndị nwere nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ na-emegide ihe ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ L. Brent Bozell Jr. kwuru na Pulitzer Prize nwere "ihe nketa nnwere onwe", ọkachasị na ihe nrite ya maka nkọwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/columnists/guests/s_503968.html|title=Pulitzers' liberal legacy|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=April 22, 2007|author=Brent Bozell|accessdate=October 14, 2010}}</ref> O kwuru na afọ iri atọ na otu bụ naanị ndị na-agbaso omenala ise nwetara ihe nrite maka nkọwa. Onye mmeri Pulitzer Prize nke afọ 2010 maka nkọwa Kathleen Parker dere, "Ọ bụ naanị n'ihi na abụ m onye na-agbanwe agbanwe ka a matara m ugbu a. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43074.html|title=Kathleen Parker: 'Smallish-town girl' hits cable|publisher=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]|date=October 4, 2010|author=Keach Hagey|accessdate=October 14, 2010}}</ref> Alexander Theroux kọwara ihe nrite Pulitzer dị ka "ihe nrite nzuzu, [nke] a na-enyekarị ya n'ihi ịdọrọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nke ahụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị aghụghọ na ndị nzuzu kachasị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alexander Theroux|authorlink=Alexander Theroux|title=Einstein's Beets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328|publisher=[[Fantagraphics Books]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-60699-976-9|accessdate=September 26, 2020}}</ref> Nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ nke afọ 2012 nke ndị prọfesọ na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ Yong Volz nke Mahadum Missouri na Francis Lee nke Mahaduma China nke Hong Kong chọpụtara na "naanị pasent iri abụọ na asaa nke ndị mmeri Pulitzer kemgbe afọ 1991 bụ ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ bụ ihe dịka pasent iri atọ na atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Who wins the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting? Cumulative advantage and social stratification in journalism|journal=Journalism|author=Yong Z. Volz|date=August 30, 2012|volume=14|issue=5|pages=587–605|doi=10.1177/1464884912455905}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na ndị mmeri nwanyị nwere ike ịnwe ahụmịhe agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala, dị ka ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Ivy League, ịzụlite obodo, ma ọ bụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ndị ama ama dị ka ''The New York Times''. Nchọpụta ndị ahụ na-atụ aro ọkwa dị elu nke ọzụzụ na njikọ dị mkpa maka onye na-achọ ka e nye ya ihe nrite ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-10-female-pulitzer-prize-winners-require.html|title=Female Pulitzer Prize winners require higher qualifications, study finds|work=[[Phys.org]]|publisher=[[University of Missouri]]|date=October 18, 2012|accessdate=October 18, 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==    . Alfred I.duPont- Columbia University Award for broadcast journalism . Commonwealth Writers Prize . List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times . List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field . The Booker Prize . Miguel de Cervantes Prize . National Book Award . National Magazine Awards . Prix Goncourt == Ntụaka == === Nkọwapụta === {{Reflist}} === Isi mmalite ===   .Auxier,George W.(March 1940)." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Middle Western na Spanish-American War, 1895-1898"(PDF). Nlebanya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ndagwurugwu Mississippi, Òtù Ndị Ọkammụta America.26(4):523-534.doi:10.2307/1896320.JSTOR 1896320.S2CID 165632973. echekwara na mbụ (PDF) na February 7,2020 == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10208560// Nchịkọta Pulitzer Prizes na Mahadum Columbia. Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Ndị Dị Mkpa] * [https://aalbc.com/books/pulitzer-prize-books.php Ndị edemede nke ndị Afrịka iji nweta ihe nrite Pulitzer] {{Pulitzer Prize}}{{Daniel Chester French}}{{Columbia}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aoc89dgekwps24k9cne0xok07xissly 0 30293 697788 194104 2026-08-10T08:19:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Merlin_Lotus_Birth_2006.jpg|thumb|Nne na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ mmiri.]] [[Usòrò:Amarah's_Water_Birth_Story_-_Utah_Full_Time_Birth_Videographer.webm|thumb|Ịmụ nwa n'ime mmiri]] '''Ịmụ nwa n'ime mmiri''' bụ ọrụ na mgbe ụfọdụ ịmụ nwa nke na-eme na mmiri, na-abụkarị ọdọ mmiri ịmụ nwa. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists anaghị atụ aro ịmụ nwa n'ime mmiri n'ihi na enweghi ike ikpebi nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|date=November 2016|title=Clinical Guideline: Immersion in Water During Labor and Delivery|url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2016/11/immersion-in-water-during-labor-and-delivery|accessdate=August 4, 2020}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ya kwenyere na [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]] n'ime mmiri na-ebute ahụmịhe dị jụụ, nke na-adịchaghị mgbu nke na-akwalite ụdị nlekọta nke onye na-amụ nwa.<ref name="Cochrane2009">{{Cite journal|author=Cluett|first=E. R.|year=2009|title=Immersion in water in labour and birth|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD000111|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000111.pub3|pmid=19370552}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na enweghi ihe akaebe sayensị na nchekwa nke ịmụ nwa nakwa na edere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke nwa ọhụrụ, gụnyere mmụba nke ọrịa nne ma ọ bụ nwa na ohere nke mmiri riri nwa ọhụrụ.<ref name="Schroeter">{{Cite journal|author=Schroeter|first=K.|title=Water Births: A Naked Emperor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2004-09_114_3/page/855|doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0145|journal=Pediatrics|volume=114|issue=3|pages=855–858|year=2004|pmid=15342864}}</ref> Nnyocha Cochrane nke puku nari abuo na iri asato nke imikpu mmiri na ọkwa mbụ nke ịmụ nwa chọpụtara ihe akaebe nke obere epidurals na mmetụta ọjọọ ole na ole mana ozi ezughi oke gbasara ịmụ nwa na mmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Cluett|first=Elizabeth R.|date=2018-05-16|title=Immersion in water during labour and birth|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|issue=6|pages=CD000111|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000111.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=29768662}}</ref> Ihe akaebe dị nro na nke na-adịghị ike na-egosi na imikpu mmiri n'oge mbụ nke ịmụ nwa na-ebelata ihe mgbu nke ịmụ nwa.<ref name=":0"/> Nnyocha Cochrane nke afọ puku nari abuo na iri asato chọpụtara na imikpu n'ime mmiri n'oge a na-ebelata ojiji nke epidural analgesia; Otú ọ dị, enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya banyere uru nke imikpu n"ime mmiri maka ọkwa nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa, ya bụ, ịmụ nwa (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ọmụmụ mmiri zuru ezu).<ref name=":0" /> Enweghị ihe akaebe nke mmetụta ọjọọ na-arịwanye elu maka imikpu n'ime mmiri n'oge nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa.<ref name=":0" /> Nnyocha nke afọ puku nari abuo na iri asato kọrọ na imikpu mmiri n'oge nke mbụ nke ịmụ nwa nwere ike belata ogologo nke oge ahụ, ihe mgbu nke ịmụ nwa, na ojiji nke epidural ma ọ bụ spinal analgesia. A na-ejikọkwa ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ịmụ nwa na mgbaàmà nke enweghị ike [[Iba|ịba]] mamịrị ụbọchị iri ano na abuo mgbe ịmụ nwa gasịrị. Nnyocha ahụ kọrọ na imikpu n'ime mmiri n'oge ịmụ nwa apụtaghị na ọ na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa dị elu maka nne ma ọ bụ nwa ahụ, na akara APGAR maka nwa ọhụrụ ahụ yiri nke ọmụmụ nkịtị.<ref name="BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth">{{Cite journal|title=A comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes between water immersion during labor and conventional labor and delivery|author=Yinglin Liu|journal=Research Article|year=2014|volume=14|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2393-14-160|pmid=24886438}}</ref> British Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists na Royal College of Midwives wepụtara nkwupụta jikọrọ aka na puku nari abuo na isi na-akwado ọmụmụ mmiri maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ahụike nwere afọ ime na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya mana anaghị atụ aro ya n'ọnọdụ mgbagwoju.<ref name="RCM_RCOG">{{Cite web|publisher=[[Royal College of Midwives]]/[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]]|year=2006|url=http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/JointStatmentBirthInWater2006.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413130622/http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/JointStatmentBirthInWater2006.pdf|archivedate=2009-04-13|title=Immersion in water during labour and birth|accessdate=2012-08-29}}</ref> Na nkọwa nke afọ puku nari abuo na ise, Kọmitii na nwa ebu n'afọ na A mụrụ ọhụrụ nke American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) wepụtara nyocha nke akwụkwọ sayensị gbasara ọmụmụ n'okpuru mmiri. Kọmitii ahụ kwuru ọtụtụ nyocha dị mma maka ọmụmụ n'okpuru mmiri mana ọ gara n'ihu katọọ ha maka enweghị njikwa sayensị kwesịrị ekwesị, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọnwụ na ọrịa ụmụaka, na enweghị ozi iji kwado ojiji nke ọmụmụ mmiri. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwubiri, sị:<ref name="AAP">{{Cite journal|author=Committee On Fetus Newborn|title=Underwater Births|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2005-05_115_5/page/1413|doi=10.1542/peds.2004-1738|journal=Pediatrics|volume=115|issue=5|pages=1413–1414|year=2005|pmid=15867054}}</ref>   AAP natara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na nzaghachi maka nkwupụta ahụ, ọtụtụ na-azọrọ na ọmụmụ mmiri nwere uru siri ike na obere ihe ize ndụ maka ndị nne na nna na ụmụaka ma na-akatọ AAP maka ịghara ibipụta nyocha dị mma banyere omume ahụ. Na nzaghachi, onye dere nkwupụta ahụ kwuru na nkwupụta ndị e mere enweghị ihe akaebe ma dabere naanị na ihe akaebe, na-enweghị nnwale randomized (RCTs) nke ga-enye ohere nyocha nke nchekwa na uru nke ọmụmụ mmiri. Onye edemede ahụ mechiri site n'ịgba ndị na-akwado ya ume ka ha kwado ikpe dị otú ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịza ajụjụ ahụ. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Pediatrics, ebe e bipụtara nkọwa ahụ, kwuru na ọ dịghị ule dị otú ahụ e nyefere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke nwere iwu megide ibipụta isiokwu ndị na-adabereghị na ihe akaebe sayensị. Azịza ahụ kwubiri na "Enwetabeghị m nkọwa ọ bụla dabere na sayensị site n'aka ndị ị depụtara n'akwụkwọ ozi gị. Anyị enweghị ike ibipụta akwụkwọ ozi ọ bụla, dabere naanị n'echiche, nke anyị natara. "<ref name="AAPResponse">{{Cite journal|author=Hess|first=S.|title=Strong Opinions Versus Science in Water-Birth Controversy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2005-08_116_2/page/522|doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1334|journal=Pediatrics|volume=116|issue=2|pages=522–523; author 523 523|year=2005|pmid=16061620}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọgwụ anaghị anabata ọmụmụ mmiri n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe akaebe dị nro na nke na-adịghị ike na ọmụmụ mmiri na-ebelata ihe mgbu na-enweghị mkpa maka epidural, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe maka ahụike nke mere na nne na-atụ anya ga-eji chọọ ọmụmụ mmiri.<ref name=":0"/> Ọzọkwa, e nwere ibu ọrụ ọzọ nke ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi enweghị ike ịhụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ime site na mmiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Can I Have a Water Birth in a Hospital?|url=https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/vaginal/can-you-have-a-water-birth-in-a-hospital/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Parents|language=EN|archivedate=2021-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925135043/https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/vaginal/can-you-have-a-water-birth-in-a-hospital/}}</ref> Ya mere, a na-amụ ọtụtụ nwa n'ụlọ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ka na-enye ebe ịmụ nwa ọzọ maka ezinụlọ ndị chọrọ ịmụ nwa. [citation needed] Ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ bụ arịa e mere n'ụzọ pụrụ iche nke nwere mmiri maka ụmụ nwanyị iji mikpuo onwe ha maka ibelata ihe mgbu n'oge ịmụ nwa. Ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ụkpụrụ ahụ dị ka ịsa ahụ, mana ha dị iche na ha n'ihi nnwere onwe na-ese n'elu mmiri na nnwere onwe ịkwaga, ihe ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Harper, R.N.|first=Barbara|title=Gentle Birth Choices|date=2005|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=1-59477-067-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gentlebirthchoic00barb/page/175 175]|url=https://archive.org/details/gentlebirthchoic00barb/page/175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tips on encouraging a straightforward birth during labour|url=http://www.nct.org.uk/birth/encouraging-straightforward-birth-what-do-labour|publisher=National Childbirth Trust|accessdate=27 August 2017|archivedate=28 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020837/https://www.nct.org.uk/birth/encouraging-straightforward-birth-what-do-labour}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ na-ebugharị. A na-akpọkarị ịbanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri maka ịmụ nwa n'ihi na ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahọrọ ịnọ n'ime mmiri maka ịmụkwa. Iwu ahụike na England na-ekwu na a ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere ịrụ ọrụ na mmiri site na mbipụta nke ntuziaka nlekọta Intrapartum nke National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) nyere na puku nari abuo na asa Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists na Royal College of Midwives ejikọtala aka kwado ọrụ na ịmụ nwa na mmiri, ma gbaa ụlọ ọgwụ ume iji hụ na ụmụ nwanyị niile nwere ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ.<ref name="RCM_RCOG"/> Tupu ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ dị mfe, e nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ma na-amụ nwa na ngwaahịa ndị yiri ite mmiri gụnyere ite mmiri anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Choosing Waterbirth|author=Bertram|first=Lakshmi|publisher=Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc|year=2000|isbn=1-57174-152-6|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/choosingwaterbir00bert/page/31 31]|url=https://archive.org/details/choosingwaterbir00bert/page/31}}</ref> Ebe ịsa ahụ nkịtị a na-ahụ n'ụlọ ndị Amerika na ndị Britain anaghị enye ohere zuru ezu maka ụmụ nwanyị iji mee ka ha na-agagharị ma nwalee ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'ọrụ, dị ka ịrapara ma ọ bụ ikpere n'ala, ọ dịghịkwa omimi iji mepụta ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iji mepụta mmetụta nke enweghị ibu site na ịwụli elu, ọ dị mkpa ka mmiri kpuchie ara ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ọ nọ ọdụ ma kpuchie afọ ya mgbe ọ na-anọdụ ala, na-adabere n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ na-egbu ikpere n'ala n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-anwụ n'ụkwụ ya. Ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ mbụ nke Michel Odent, onye malitere echiche nke ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ, na ụlọ ọgwụ Pithiviers na [[France]] na mbido afọ puku nari iteghete na asato bụ mita abuo (isi ft asa in) n'obosara na sentimita iri ise (iri abuo na abuo n) miri emi, buru ibu iji nabata mmadụ abụọ ma mee ka o sie ike maka mgbochi usoro ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gentle Birth Choices|author=Harper|first=Barbara|publisher=Inner Traditions|year=2005|isbn=1-59477-067-0|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gentlebirthchoic00barb/page/175 175–176]|url=https://archive.org/details/gentlebirthchoic00barb/page/175}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ọmụmụ nke oge a dị ntakịrị, na dayameta n'etiti 110-150 cm (43-59 in) na ọ dịkarịa ala iri ise cm (iri abuo in), ọkacha mma iri ise na isi cm (iri abuo na abuo in), nke mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Waterbirth Handbook|author=Lichy|first=Dr. Roger|publisher=Gateway Books|year=1993|isbn=0-946551-70-7|location=UK|pages=63, 132}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmírí]] se2yagcus9jpnqvd8cnbemcb4u4zn6f 0 30420 697928 122055 2026-08-10T11:01:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cryptophasia''' bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke asụsụ nke ejima mepụtara (otu ma ọ bụ nwanne) nke naanị ụmụaka abụọ nwere ike ịghọta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=JG|title=The early parenting of twins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_military-medicine_1996-04_161_4/page/233|journal=Military Medicine|volume=161|issue=4|pages=233–235|date=April 1996|pmid=8935514|doi=10.1093/milmed/161.4.233}}</ref> Okwu a sitere n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ nke ụwa na ụdị ke amụta na Greek ''crypto-'', nke pụtara ihe nzuzo, na ''-phasia'', nke pụtara okwu. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ejikọta cryptophasia na idioglossia, nke bụ asụsụ ọ bụla naanị otu, ma ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ụdị nke dị ka onye isi oche nke ọkụ y ụ ole na-eji. Cryptophasia dị iche na idioglossia na-agụnye omume ndị a na-ahụ anya dị ka ije ije abụọ na otu omume. == Nchịkọta == Akụkọ na-ekwu na ihe ruru 50% nke ụmụ ejima ga-enwe asụsụ ejima nke ha na-eji kwurịta okwu naanị na ndị ọzọ enweghị ike ịghọta.<ref name="Bishop">{{Cite web|author=Bishop|title='Twin language': A risk factor for language impairment?|url=http://www.talkingkids.org/2011/05/do-twins-have-secret-language.html|publisher=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|accessdate=2013-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913205126/http://www.talkingkids.org/2011/05/do-twins-have-secret-language.html|archivedate=2019-09-13}}</ref> "N'ọnọdụ niile a maara, asụsụ ahụ nwere okwu onomatopoeic, ụfọdụ neologisms na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị nke gị nọ n'ọrụ njegharị n'afọ nke ụwa, mana maka akụkụ ka ukwuu nke okwu sitere na asụsụ ndị okenye kwekọrọ na ohere phonological nke ụmụaka. Okwu ndị a bụ ndị a na-esiri ike ịmata, asụsụ ahụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-enweghị nghọta nye ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị nne na nna, mana ha yiri ibe ha n'ihi na ha enweghị ọdịdị mgbanwe na usoro okwu ahụ dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị dị irè dị ka ịdị ịrịba ama na oke okwu. A pụghị ịkọwa ọdịdị nke asụsụ ma ọ bụ mmalite ya site na ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọnọdụ. "<ref name="Bakker">{{Cite journal|author=Bakker|first=P|title=Autonomous Language of Twins|pmid=3434134|volume=36|issue=2|year=1987|journal=Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma)|pages=233–8|doi=10.1017/s0001566000004463}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == A na-ekwu na igbu oge na mmepe phonological nke otu ma ọ bụ ejima abụọ (ma ọ bụ ụmụnne abụọ nọ n'otu afọ nke mmepe asụsụ) bụ isi ihe kpatara cryptophasia. Ụmụ ejima nwere ike ịzụlite ikike ikwurịta okwu n'enweghị ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ nne na nna ha, si otú a na-eduga na igbu oge dị mkpirikpi na mmepe asụsụ nke otu ma ọ bụ ejima abụọ.<ref name="Bishop">{{Cite web|author=Bishop|title='Twin language': A risk factor for language impairment?|url=http://www.talkingkids.org/2011/05/do-twins-have-secret-language.html|publisher=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|accessdate=2013-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913205126/http://www.talkingkids.org/2011/05/do-twins-have-secret-language.html|archivedate=2019-09-13}}</ref> Ihe kpatara ya yiri ka ọ bụghị na nnukwu nsogbu tupu na nke perinatal ụmụ ejima nwere ike ịnwe, kama ọ bụ na ihe ndị na-esote ọmụmụ. Ihe ndị a na-eme n'ime gburugburu ezinụlọ ma na-agụnye ma mbelata nke nkwalite okwu na mmekọrịta ya na ụdị asụsụ ndị okenye nke sitere na mkpa ka ukwuu nke nlekọta a na-enye ndị nne na nna nke ejima, na mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ejima nke nwere ike ịbawanye ohere ha nwere ịzụlite cryptophasia na idioglossia na mmefu nke asụsụ omenala.<ref name="Zani">{{Cite journal|author=Zani|first=Bruna|title=Communicative Skills in Childhood: The Case of Twins|url=https://archive.org/details/discourse-processes_july-september-1991_14_3/page/339|journal=Discourse Processes|volume=14|issue=3|pages=339–356|doi=10.1080/01638539109544789|year=1991}}</ref> == Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Otu isiokwu dị na <nowiki><i id="mwJA">Slate</i></nowiki> kwuru banyere ihe a hụrụ banyere mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke cryptophasia n'etiti ejima na otu o si emetụta ọha mmadụ. "Ndị mmadụ chọrọ ụzọ doro anya iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti isiokwu na ihe", ka Bakker na-ekwu. "N'ọnọdụ ejima, enwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị a, mana ọ bụghị n'asụsụ ndị ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa ihe omume ndị na-abụghị ọnọdụ ahụ".<ref>Jon Lackman (August 24, 2011) [http://www.slate.com/articles/life/twins/2011/08/dugon_haus_you_dinikin_duah.html "Dugon, Haus You Dinikin, Du-Ah"], ''Slate''</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya == June na Jennifer Gibbons bụ ụmụnne ejima bi na Wales nke asụsụ ha bụ ihe atụ nke cryptophasia ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke omume ejima ahụ n'otu oge, nke na-egosipụtakarị ibe ha. Grace na Virginia Kennedy, ndị amụrụ na United States na 1970, mepụtara asụsụ nke ha, nke a na-eji ọsọ ọsọ na rhythm staccato mara. == Hụkwa == == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> kvvitey73xi4llewn4efvlfsnt4gnm0 0 30496 697626 194810 2026-08-10T04:19:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Barbara Bates, MD, MA (1928 - December 18, 2002) bụ onye dọkịta America, onye edemede na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. O dere akwụkwọ nkuzi ahụike na-eduga na nyocha ahụike. Bates nọ na ngalaba na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike US, ọ nọkwa na ngalaba ahụike na nke ndị nọọsụ na Mahadum Pennsylvania. O nyere aka zụlite ọrụ onye nọọsụ na nlekọta ahụike America ma dee akụkọ zuru oke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwara nta na Pennsylvania. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ === Bates gara Smith College dị ka onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ ma nweta akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na Mahadum Cornell. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na Cornell.<ref name="Almanac">{{Cite journal|title=Deaths: Dr. Barbara Bates, Nursing|journal=University of Pennsylvania Almanac|date=January 14, 2003|volume=49|issue=17|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v49/n17/deaths.html|accessdate=March 23, 2013}}</ref> Ozugbo e guzobere ọrụ ahụike ya, Bates nwetara nzere masta abụọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, otu site na Mahadum Kansas na otu site na Маhadum Pennsylvania.<ref name="Philly">{{Cite web|author=Downey|first=Sally|title=Barbara Bates, Health-care Developer|url=http://articles.philly.com/2002-12-24/news/25359184_1_nursing-award-health-care-history-of-public-health|publisher=Philly.com|accessdate=March 23, 2013|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062822/http://articles.philly.com/2002-12-24/news/25359184_1_nursing-award-health-care-history-of-public-health}}</ref> === Ọrụ ahụike === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ obibi ya, Bates guzobere ọrụ ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ na Greenwich, Connecticut. O mechara soro Mahadum Kentucky na Mahadum Rochester rụọ ọrụ. N'afọ 1976, ọ gara Mahadum nke Missouri-Kansas City, nke na-eguzobe usoro ọgwụgwọ afọ isii na-esote ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị iji mụbaa ndị dọkịta ime obodo. N'afọ 1980, Bates bịara na Mahadum Pennsylvania, ebe ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba na nọọsụ na ọgwụ.<ref name="Almanac"/> O mekwara nhọpụta na Mahadum MCP Hahnemann .<ref name="Philly"/> A maara Bates maka onyinye karịrị nlekọta na nkuzi ndị ọrịa. E dere ''akwụkwọ'' mbụ ya, A Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, na 1974 ma bipụta ya n'asụsụ iri na otu. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ọnwụ ya, ''The New York Times'' kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ihe odide na-eduga na mpaghara ya". Bates natara ihe nrite Smith College site na alma mater ya na 1980.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|title=Smith College Medalists|url=http://www.smith.edu/about_medalists.php|publisher=Smith College|accessdate=March 23, 2013|archivedate=August 14, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814003146/https://www.smith.edu/about-smith/smith-history/smith-college-medal}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938, meriri Lavinia L. Dock Award site na American Association for the History of Nursing na 1993.<ref name="Dock">{{Cite web|title=Recipients: Lavinia L. Dock Award|url=http://www.aahn.org/recipients/Dock.html|publisher=American Association for the History of Nursing|accessdate=March 23, 2013|archivedate=November 29, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129153240/http://www.aahn.org/recipients/Dock.html}}</ref> === Ndụ e mesịrị === Bates nwụrụ n'ọrịa Alzheimer na Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, n'afọ 2002.<ref name="Almanac"/> Dr. Bates nwụrụ site na enyi ogologo oge Dr. Joan Lynaugh.<ref name="Philly"/> Lynaugh bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi emerita nke Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, ebe nyocha na Mahadum Pennsylvania School of Nurser.<ref name="Symposium">{{Cite web|title=Lynaugh Symposium|url=http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/Pages/Lynaugh-Symposium.aspx|publisher=University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing|accessdate=March 23, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205073154/http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/Pages/Lynaugh-Symposium.aspx|archivedate=2012-02-05}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Bates|first=Barbara|title=A Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking|year=1974|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company}} * {{Cite book|author=Bates|first=Barbara|title=Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938|url=https://archive.org/details/bargainingforlif00bate|year=1992|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}} === Isiokwu === * {{Cite journal|author=Bates|first=Barbara|title=Doctor and Nurse: Changing Roles and Relations|journal=Supervisor Nurse|year=1970|volume=1|issue=5|pmid=5206339|pages=32–4 passim|doi=10.1097/00006247-197010000-00004}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bates|first=Barbara|title=Twelve Paradoxes: A Message for Nurse Practitioners|journal=Nursing Outlook|date=November 1974|volume=22|issue=11|pages=686–689|pmid=4497093|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ105401&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ105401}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bates|first=B|title=Physician and Nurse Practitioner: Conflict and Reward|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1975-05_82_5/page/702|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|year=1975|volume=82|issue=5|pages=702–706|pmid=1137265|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-82-5-702}} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị dọkịta == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} htg463djnc04582l9ihdzi9r00jt3bd 0 30628 697920 538723 2026-08-10T10:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697920 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} Dr. Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu {{Audio|Ig-Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu.ogg|Audio}} // ⓘ<nowiki></link></nowiki> (amuru na September 30, 1968 [1] ) bu dibiabia Naijiria na onye America, onye dibia bekee na neuropathologist bu onye bu onye mbu choputara ma biputa ihe nchoputa aha encephalopathy traumatic na-  adighi ala (CTE) na ndi egwuregwu United States mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe ike Allegheny County coroner na Pittsburgh .  [2] O bụrụ onye mechara bụrụ onye isi ndị na-adị ọhụrụ San Joaquin County, California, ọ bụrụ na prọfesọ na Mahadum California, Davis, ngalaba nke ọrịa na-adị ndụ na ngwaahịa ụlọ.  [3] Ugbu a ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye isi mmalite nke Bennet Omolu Pathology.T == Ndụ mbido == ”. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Concussion|publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks|date=2015-11-24|isbn=9780812987577|first=Jeanne Marie|author=Laskas}}</ref>Omalu bụ onye Igbo, a mind ya na Enugwu Ukwu, Njikoka, Anambra na ndị mụrụ Nigeria na September 30, 1968, [1] nke isii n'ime ike asaa.  Amụrụ ya n'oge agha obodo Naijiria nke mere ka ezinapụta ya gbapụ n'iche ha dị n'ime ime obodo Igbo bụ Enugwu-Ukwu dị na ndị na-ede egwuregwu Naijiria.  Ha lọtara afọ ka a mụchara Omalu.  [2] Nne Omalu bụ onye na-akwa akwa na nna ya bụ onye injinia na-egwupụta ihe na onye isi obodo n'Enugwu-Ukwu.  Aha ezinarọ, Omalu, bụ aha mkpirisi nke aha nna, Onyemalukwube, nke ọnụ “onye mara, na-ekwu” . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Bennet Omalu, The Nigerian Immigrant whose Brilliant Discovery Inspired the Hollywood Blockbuster "Concussion".|url=https://africansabroad.co/meet-dr-bennet-omalu-the-nigerian-immigrant-whose-brilliant-discovery-inspired-the-hollywood-blockbuster-concussion/|work=Africans Abroad|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2020-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192555/https://africansabroad.co/meet-dr-bennet-omalu-the-nigerian-immigrant-whose-brilliant-discovery-inspired-the-hollywood-blockbuster-concussion/}}</ref>Omalu akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ wee banye na Federal Government College Enugu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ wee gụchaa na 16 na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka .  Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) na June 1990, ọ gụchara ụlọ ọgwụ na- ọrịa, na-esote afọ atọ nke ọrụ ọrụ na obodo ugwu nke Jos .  <nowiki></link></nowiki>O nwera Nigeria mgbe onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi onye isi ala Moshood Abiola ma-nyere onye isi ala Naijiria n'oge ime aka na- ebute njedebe na 1993 [1] wee Lincoln okpuru ọchịchị na United States.  Omalu buru ụzọ bịa na Seattle, Washington na 1994 iji mechaa ọrịa na-efe efe na Mahadum Washington .  <nowiki></link></nowiki>Na 1995, ọ na Seattle ga New York City, ebe ọ sonyeere Columbia University's Harlem Hospital Center maka mmemme na anatomic na clinical pathology . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sutori|url=https://www.sutori.com/story/life-and-accomplishments-of-bennett-omalu--nxE59FvziCX6eRK4ZveAtJYb|work=www.sutori.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref>Tupu obibi ya, ọaja azụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa gbasara ọrịa n'okpuru onye ịhọpụta gbasara Cyril Wecht n' image Allegheny County coroner na Pittsburgh.  Omalu nwere nkwado na neuropathology . . <ref name="BENNETOMALUCVUCDAVIS">[https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/pathology/our_team/faculty/OmaluB/BennetIOmaluMD,MBA,MPH,CPE,CurriculumVitaeAndTestimonies,August2015.pdf "CV: Bennet Omalu"], UC Davis Medical Center</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bennet Omalu, M.D., M.B.A., MPH, CPE, DABP-AP, CP, FP, NP|url=http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/pathology/our_team/faculty/OmaluB.html|publisher=University of California, Davis Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine|accessdate=1 September 2015|archivedate=4 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104204505/http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/pathology/our_team/faculty/OmaluB.html}}</ref>Omalu nwere nzere asaa dị elu na ọdụ bọọdụ, [1] wee ikike ibu na pathology na neuropathology site na Mahadum Pittsburgh na 2000 na 2002 n'otu n'otu, nna ukwu nke nsogbu (MPH) na ọrịa na-efe efe na  2004 site na Mahadum Pittsburgh Graduate School of ekiri Ọha, na onye isi ịzụ ahịa (MBA) sitere na Tepper School of Business na Mahadum Carnegie Mellon na 2008 . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Small|first=Julie|title=Autopsy Doctor Quits, Alleges Sheriff Interfered in Death Probes|work=KQED|date=November 27, 2017|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/27/autopsy-doctor-quits-alleges-sheriff-interfered-in-death-probes/|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref>Omalu jere ozi dị ka onye isi egwuregwu nke San Joaquin County, California site na 2007 ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2017 mgbe o bochara onye uwe ojii mpaghara Steve Moore, onye abụọ dị ka onye nwe, na-etinye aka ugboro ugboro na cha cha.  Ọnwụ iji chebe ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu gburugburu.  [1] Osote onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa ọrịa nke ụdị n'ọrụ maka nhọrọ ya na Omalu rụkọrọ ọrụ ụbọchị ole na ole gara aga na-ekwu maka ebubo ndị yiri ya. Omalu bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum California, Davis (UCD) Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. <ref name=":2"/> === Encephalopathy traumatic na-adịghị ala ala === Nnwale Omalu nke onye ọkpụkpọ egwu mbụ nke Pittsburgh Steelers Mike Webster mere na 2002 mere ka ọ pụta ìhè ọzọ maka ọnọdụ akwara ozi na-ejikọta ya na trauma isi na-adịghị ala ala nke a na-akpọ encephalopathy traumatic traumatic, ma ọ bụ CTE, nke akọwara na mbụ na ndị ọkpọ <ref>Sabharwal RK, Sanchetee PC, Sethi PK, Dhamija RM. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxers. J Assoc Physicians India. 1987 Aug;35(8):571-3.</ref> na ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara ndị ọzọ. Webster anwụọla na mberede na na-atụghị anya ya na-esochi afọ nke mgba na mgbaka uche na ọgụgụ isi, ịda ogbenye, ọnọdụ ọnọdụ uche, ịda mbà n'obi, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, na mgbalị igbu onwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ụbụrụ Webster lere anya ka ọ dị mma n'ịchọpụta ihe nrịanrịa, Omalu mere nyocha anụ ahụ nke onwe ya na ego nke onwe ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Game Brain: Football Players and Concussions|url=https://www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions|work=[[GQ]]|author=Laskas|first=Jeanne Marie|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-enyo enyo na Webster nwere ọrịa dementia pugilistica, ụdị nkwarụ na-akpata site na ịpị isi ugboro ugboro, ọnọdụ a hụrụ na mbụ na ndị ọkpọ ọkpọ. N'iji ntụpọ pụrụ iche, Omalu chọtara nnukwu mkpokọta protein tau n'ụbụrụ Webster, nke na-emetụta ọnọdụ, mmetụta uche, na ọrụ ndị isi dị ka ụzọ clumps nke beta-amyloid protein na-enye aka na ọrịa Alzheimer . <ref name=":3" /> Ndị NFL ekwenyeghị n'ihu ọha njikọ dị n'etiti mkparịta ụka na-akwado na football na ogologo oge akwara ozi ruo December 2009, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Timeline: The NFL's Concussion Crisis – League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis - FRONTLINE|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sports/league-of-denial/timeline-the-nfls-concussion-crisis/#2006|work=FRONTLINE|publisher=PBS|accessdate=2015-11-09}}</ref> afọ asaa ka Omalu chọpụtara. Otú ọ dị, dị ka njedebe dị ka 2013, nzukọ kwa afọ nke American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) gụnyere arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkachamara mgbagwoju anya egwuregwu abụọ gbasara nkwado (ma ọ bụ ịdị adị) nke CTE. <ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130619132354.htm "Sports concussions debate: Does CTE really exist?"]. [[Science Daily]]. Loyola University Health System. June 19, 2013.</ref> N'ikpeazụ, na March 2016, onye isi osote onye isi oche NFL maka amụma ahụike na nchekwa, Jeff Miller, gbara akaebe n'ihu nzuko na NFL kwenyere ugbu a na enwere njikọ n'etiti football na CTE. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/sports/nfl-concussions-cte-football-jeff-miller.html|title=N.F.L. Shifts on Concussions, and Game May Never Be the Same|author=Belson|first=Ken|date=2016-03-15|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-01-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2016, American Medical Association nyere Omalu ugwu kachasị elu, Award Service Distinguished, maka ọrụ ya na CTE. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/physician-who-discovered-cte-nfl-players-gets-ama-s-highest-honor|title=Physician who discovered CTE in NFL players gets AMA's highest honor|work=American Medical Association|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> Konstantine Kyros, onye ọka iwu nke nọchitere anya n'elu 60 ọkachamara mgba mgba na klas omume ikpe megide WWE, kwuru na Omalu posthumously chọpụtara isii mgba Kyros nọchitere anya na CTE. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Trammell|first=Kendall|title=Ex-WWE star Ashley Massaro's brain could be donated to research|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/21/entertainment/ashley-massaro-death-trnd/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=May 21, 2019|accessdate=May 23, 2019}}</ref> Mgbalị Omalu na-amụ na ịkpọsa CTE n'ihu mmegide NFL ka a kọrọ na isiokwu magazin ''GQ'' na 2009 site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Jeanne Marie Laskas . <ref name=":3"/> Laskas mechara gbasaa akụkọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ, ''Concussion'' (Penguin Random House, 2015), wee mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ejije nke otu aha . Na ihe nkiri ahụ, Omalu, nke Will Smith gosipụtara, bụ onye bụ isi. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe nkiri ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nanị na ọ “dabere n'ihe mere n'ezie,” a katọrọ ya maka ezighị ezi. <ref>Engber, Daniel (December 21, 2015). [http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2015/12/the_truth_about_will_smith_s_concussion_and_bennet_omalu.html "''Concussion Lies'': The film about the NFL's apparent CTE epidemic feeds the pervasive national myths about head trauma."]. ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''.</ref> <ref>[http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/12/17/concussion-bennet-omalu-nfl/ "'Concussion' Subject Bennet Omalu Exaggerated His Role, Researchers Say"]. [[CBS New York]]. December 17, 2015.</ref> Ka o sina dị, mmepụta ihe nkiri ahụ mere ka e nwee ntọala aha ya bụ Omalu iji kwalite CTE na nchọpụta mgbagwoju anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Foundation {{!}} Bennet Omalu Foundation|url=http://bennetomalufoundation.org/about-the-foundation/|work=bennetomalufoundation.org|accessdate=2015-12-25}}</ref> Otu edemede nke Jenụwarị 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/sports/cte-bennet-omalu/|title=From scientist to salesman: How Bennet Omalu, doctor of 'Concussion' fame, built a career on distorted science|author=Hobson|first=Will|date=January 22, 2020|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> nke Will Hobson, nke e bipụtara na ''The Washington Post'', rụrụ ụka na Omalu "na-ekwubiga okwu ókè na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ma na-ekwupụta ihe egwu ama ama nke CTE na egwuregwu kọntaktị, na-akpali echiche na-ezighị ezi banyere ọrịa ahụ, dịka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ihe karịrị 50 si kwuo. ndị ọkachamara na ọrịa neurodegenerative na mmerụ ụbụrụ, yana nyocha nke akwụkwọ 100 karịa akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike ndị ọgbọ nyochara." Ọzọkwa, "Omalu achọpụtaghị CTE, ọ kpọghịkwa aha ọrịa ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị egwu ọ na-agụ banyere egwuregwu kọntaktị na-agbagọ, dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-emepụta ihe ndị ahụ kwuru. Ọ bụ ezie na Omalu na-azụlite aha dị ka ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ na CTE, amabeghị ma ọ na-enyocha ya nke ọma, dịka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na ọrịa ahụ siri kwuo. " . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hobson|first=Will|title=From scientist to salesman How Bennet Omalu, doctor of 'Concussion' fame, built a career on distorted science|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/sports/cte-bennet-omalu|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 28, 2020 Omalu weputara nkwuputa nke akpọrọ "Anyị na-aghọ mba nke ụgha" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bennetomalu.com/img/Dr%20Omalu%27s%20Response%20to%20the%20Washington%20Post%20Hit-Piece.pdf|title=We are Becoming a Nation of Lies.|author=Omalu|first=Bennet|date=January 28, 2020|accessdate=October 1, 2023|archivedate=January 31, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131010403/https://www.bennetomalu.com/img/Dr%20Omalu%27s%20Response%20to%20the%20Washington%20Post%20Hit-Piece.pdf}}</ref> na edemede ''Washington Post'' . Ọ zaghachikwara na nkwupụta nke akpọrọ "Top 10 Lies Behind Personal Attack Washington Post na Dr. Bennet Omalu" na webụsaịtị ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bennetomalu.com/img/WP_Lies.pdf|title=Top 10 Lies Behind the Washington Post's Personal Attack on Dr. Bennet Omalu|author=Omalu|first=Bennet|date=4 February 2020|accessdate=1 October 2023|archivedate=20 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020074850/https://bennetomalu.com/img/WP_Lies.pdf}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Omalu, ''Eziokwu anaghị enwe akụkụ: nchọpụta m na-atụ egwu banyere ihe ize ndụ nke egwuregwu kọntaktị'', bipụtara na August 2017 site na HarperCollins . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Peterson|first=Gary|title=Why it took a foreign-born doctor to blow the whistle on the NFL's concussion epidemic|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/08/24/bennet-omalu/|work=Bay Area News Group|date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Almond|first=Elliott|title='Concussion' doc's six sports kids should never play|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/08/25/the-concussion-docs-six-sports-kids-should-never-play/|work=Bay Area News Group|date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> O dere na mbụ, ''Play Hard, Die Young: Football Dementia, Depression, and Death'', nke e bipụtara na 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Play Hard, Die Young|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/2920528-play-hard-die-young-football-dementia-depression-and-death|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> Na Septemba 2016, Omalu dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ tụrụ aro na Twitter na Hillary Clinton nwere ike ịbụ nsị ma dụọ ndị otu mgbasa ozi onye isi ala ya ọdụ ka ha "mee nyocha toxicologic nke ọbara Ms. Clinton." Ọ gara n'ihu tweeted, "Enweghị m ntụkwasị obi Mr. Putin na Mr. [[Donald Trump|Trump]] . Na abụọ ahụ, ihe niile ga-ekwe omume." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/09/12/the-man-who-discovered-cte-thinks-hillary-clinton-may-have-been-poisoned/|title=The man who discovered CTE thinks Hillary Clinton may have been poisoned|author=Boren|first=Cindy|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2016-09-13}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Omalu lụrụ Prema Mutiso, onye si [[Kenya]] . Ha bi na Elk Grove, California ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ, Ashly na Mark. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ onye Katọlik na-eme ihe wee bụrụ nwa amaala US na February 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bennet Omalu Foundation launches in Pittsburgh|url=http://www.pghcitypaper.com/Blogh/archives/2015/12/16/bennet-omalu-foundation-launches-in-pittsburgh|work=Pittsburgh City Paper|accessdate=2016-01-05|archivedate=2016-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825092621/http://www.pghcitypaper.com/Blogh/archives/2015/12/16/bennet-omalu-foundation-launches-in-pittsburgh}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bennet,Omalu}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c5al1z9gjygerwvs477fpljyc3glqj5 0 30731 697428 161106 2026-08-09T17:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ademola Okulaja''' (10 Julaị 1975 - 17 Mee 2022) bụ onye Germany na agba bọọlụ.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite news|date=2022-05-20|title=Ademola Okulaja, 46 - Nachruf|language=de|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/basketball/ademola-okulaja-46-nachruf-a-21ed101e-6212-4306-abb5-ad293a179069|accessdate=2022-06-29}}</ref> Ndị otu ikpeazụ ọ gbara bụ Brose Nkata nke Basketball Bundesliga. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọrụ ịgba bọọlụ ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya onye egwuregwu NBA Dennis Schröder.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Whicker: Dennis Schröder makes Lakers more interesting and volatile|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2020/11/30/whicker-dennis-schroder-makes-lakers-more-interesting-and-volatile/|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=GmbH|first=Perform Media Deutschland|date=2015-05-19|title=Bei Dennis hat es klick gemacht|url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/ussport/nba/1505/Artikel/ademola-okulaja-interview-dennis-schroeder-atlanta-hawks.html|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=www.spox.com|language=de}}</ref> Onye 2.06 m (6' 9") n'ihu, Okulaja nwetara 172 okpu maka ndị otu mba Germany, na eje ozi dị ka onyeisi ndị otu ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma merie ọla nchara na 2002 Asọmpi mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mahr.sb-vision.de/dbb/html/herren/spieler/spielespieler.aspx?spnr=21|title=mahr.sb-vision.de/dbb/html/herren/spieler/spielespieler.aspx?spnr=21|author=Mahr|first=Hans-Joachim|work=mahr.sb-vision.de|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ kọleji na United Steeti na North Carolina ma soro NBA mee ihe n'oge na adịghị anya tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na ọrụ na aga nke ọma na Europe. == Oge ọ malitere == Nwa nke nne German na nna Naijiria, a mụrụ Okulaja na Naijiria mana ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Berlin mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. N'afọ 1995, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na John F. Kennedy Ụlọ akwụkwọ na Berlin, tupu ọ banye na Mahadum nke North Carolina. == Ọrụ kọleji == Okulaja gbara bọọlụ kọleji na North Carolina site na 1995 ruo 1999. N'oge oge NCAA nke 1997-98, ọ bụ onye otu onye nkuzi ọhụrụ Bill Guthridge na aga nke ọma na ntụgharị "ndị mbido isii" na [[Antawn Jamison]], Vince Carter, Ed Cota, Shammond Williams na Makhtar N'Diaye. N'oge kachasị elu ya, a kpọrọ ya MVP nke otu egwuregwu basketball Tar Heels ma merie otu ebe na 1998-99 All-Atlantic Ogbako osimiri otu mbụ. Okulaja bụ onye egwuregwu mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke UNC basketball onye duziri ndị otu ahụ n'ịgba goolu, ịgba ọsọ, akara atọ mere na izu ohi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goheels.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=3350&ATCLID=205494159|title=Carolina Basketball Media Notes|work=GoHeels.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Okulaja gbara bọọlụ maka ọtụtụ ndị otu Euroleague, gụnyere ALBA Berlin na oge 1994-95 na emeri FIBA Korać Cup na ọzọ na 1999-00, na mgbe e mesịrị RheinEnergie Köln (2006-07) na Germany; CB Girona (2000-01 na 2003-04), Barcelona (2001-02), Unicaja Malaga (2002-03) na Pamesa Valencia (2004-05) na Spain; na Benetton Treviso na Italy (2004).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002642/http://www.ulebcup.com/ulebcup/home/on-court/players/showplayer?clubcode=khi&pcode=ASB OKULAJA, ADEMOLA - Welcome to ULEB Cup]</ref> Ndị otu ALBA Berlin ya meriri 1999-00 German national (Bundesliga). O meriri ihe nrite "Rookie of the Year" na Girona ma bụrụ onye nhọpụta Otu egwuregwu mbụ niile n'afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uncbasketball.com/stories/061301_blueheaven.shtml|title=UNCbasketball.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010627110849/http://www.uncbasketball.com/stories/061301_blueheaven.shtml|archivedate=27 June 2001}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, ọ meriri ihe nrite maka "Onye egwu kachasị egwu" na Spanish All-Star Game. Okulaja nwere mgbalị atọ dị iche iche ịbanye na NBA; ahụmahụ mbụ ya n'ogige ọzụzụ bụ na Philadelphia 76ers, mgbe ahụ na San Antonio Spurs na n'ikpeazụ Utah Jazz, mana enweghị ike ịme ndepụta NBA. N'afọ 2008, a chọpụtara na Okulaja nwere akpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ ma gaa ọgwụgwọ otu afọ. Mgbe o gosipụtara na ọ na aga nke ọma, ọ gbara otu oge ọzọ maka Brose Baskets. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2010, ọ kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ bọọlụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=10 July 2010|title=Ademola Okulaja beendet Karriere - 'Ich werde nicht mehr spielen'|url=http://crossover-online.de/BBL/Ademola-Okulaja-beendet-Karriere/Ich-werde-nicht-mehr-spielen_8771.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020112132/http://crossover-online.de/BBL/Ademola-Okulaja-beendet-Karriere/Ich-werde-nicht-mehr-spielen_8771.html|archivedate=20 October 2011|work=crossover-online.de|language=de}}</ref> === Ndị otu mba Germany === Okulaja bụkwa onye nwere ahụmịhe n'òtù mba Germany na otu n'ime ndị isi nke otu ahụ, n'akụkụ Dirk Nowitzki na Patrick Femerling. O so ndị otu ahụ gbaa bọọlụ na European Asọmpi na 1995, 1997, 1999 na 2001. O sonyeere ndị otu mba Germany na 2002 FIBA Asọmpi basketball nke ụwa na US, merie ọla nchara, na Japan na 2006 FIBA World basketball Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/18973/sid/3118/tid/288/_/2002_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html|title=Ademola Okulaja profile, World Championship for Men 2002 {{!}} FIBA.COM|work=FIBA.COM|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ na-esote egwuregwu == Okulaja rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na onye na akọwa ihe na Sport1, ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu German.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sport1.de/unternehmen/pressearchiv/2010/10/artikel_305406|title=SPORT1 holt Ademola Okulaja ins Basketball-Team|author=Sport1.de|work=Sport1.de|language=de-DE|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> O guzobere Pro4Pros, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ egwuregwu, wee bụrụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ Germany nke Octagon, ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pro4pros-sports.de/team/|title=pro4pros {{!}} Team|work=pro4pros-sports.de|accessdate=12 November 2016|archivedate=12 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112084803/http://pro4pros-sports.de/team/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.octagonbe.com/portal/our-network/266-german-office|title=German Office|author=themisb|work=www.octagonbe.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Okulaja nwụrụ na 17 Mee 2022 na Berlin.<ref name="spiegel" /> Onye ibe ya bụ Binita Bangura na ụmụ abụọ hapụrụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-05-17|title=Ex-Alba-Star Ademola Okulaja gestorben - B.Z. – Die Stimme Berlins|url=https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/alba-berlin/ex-alba-star-ademola-okulaja-gestorben|accessdate=2022-05-17|work=bz-berlin.de|language=de|archivedate=2022-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517175800/https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/alba-berlin/ex-alba-star-ademola-okulaja-gestorben}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aajixi4sfa7wwcjilvjn1dk5zi0kbl1 0 30892 697665 211627 2026-08-10T05:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697665 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter]] [[Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]]   [[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter]] [[Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]] '''Moses''' ( / ˈ m oʊz ɪz , - z ɪ s / ) <ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moses Moses]." </ref> a na-ewere dị ka onye amụma kachasị mkpa na okpukpe ndị Juu na otu n'ime ndị amụma kacha mkpa na Christianity, Islam, okwukwe Druze, <ref name="Hitti 1928 37">{{Cite book|title=The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings|first=Philip K.|author=Hitti|year=1928|isbn=9781465546623|publisher=Library of Alexandria}}</ref> <ref name="Dana 2008 17">{{Cite book|title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status|first=Nissim|author=Dana|year=2008|isbn=9781903900369|publisher=Michigan University press}}</ref> Bahá'í Faith, na okpukpe ndị ọzọ nke Abraham . Dị ka ma [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ]] na Quran si kwuo, <ref name="oxism">{{Cite web|title=Moses|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1551|work=Oxford Islamic Studies|accessdate=6 December 2020|archivedate=17 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417012515/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1551}}</ref> Moses bụ onye ndu nke ụmụ Israel na onye na-enye iwu bụ onye a na-akpọ onye dere ya, ma ọ bụ "nweta site na eluigwe", nke Torah (akwụkwọ ise mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ). <ref name="Dever 2001">{{Cite book|author=Dever|first=William G.|authorlink=William G. Dever|year=2001|chapter=Getting at the "History behind the History"|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA97|title=[[What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?|What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel]]|location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, U.K.]]|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]]|pages=97–102|isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3|oclc=46394298}}</ref> Dị ka Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ si kwuo, a mụrụ Mozis n'oge ndị ya, ndị Izrel, ndị ohu ole na ole, na-abawanye n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, n'ihi ya, Fero Ijipt na-echegbu onwe ha na ha nwere ike iso ndị iro Ijipt jikọọ aka. Nne Mozis bụ onye Hibru, Jochebed, zoro ya na nzuzo mgbe Fero nyere iwu ka e gbuo ụmụ nwoke Hibru niile a mụrụ ọhụrụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Izrel. Site n'aka nwa nwanyị Fero (nke a maara dị ka Queen Bithia na Midrash), a nabatara nwatakịrị ahụ dị ka nwa si na Naịl ma soro ezinụlọ eze Ijipt too. Mgbe o gbusịrị ohu ukwu Ijipt nke na-eti onye Hibru ihe, Mozis gbagara gafee [[Red Sea|Oké Osimiri Uhie]] gaa Midian, ebe ọ zutere Mmụọ ozi nke Onyenwe anyị, na-agwa ya okwu site n'ime ọhịa na-ere ọkụ oke ohia na-agba e.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Douglas K. Stuart|year=2006|title=Exodus: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|pages=110–13}}</ref> Chineke zigara Mozis n'Ijipt ka ọ chọọ ka a tọhapụ ndị Izrel n'ohu. Moses kwuru na ya enweghị ike ikwu okwu nke ọma, ya mere Chineke kwere ka Aaron, nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, bụrụ ọnụ na-ekwuru ya. Mgbe Ihe otiti Iri ahụ gasịrị, Mozis duuru Ọpụpụ nke ndị Izrel si n'Ijipt gafee Oké Osimiri Uhie, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha guzobere onwe ha n'Ugwu Saịnaị, ebe Mozis natara Iwu Iri ahụ. Mgbe afọ 40 nke ịgagharị n'ọzara gasịrị, Moses nwụrụ n'Ugwu Nebo mgbe ọ dị afọ 120, n'ihu ala nkwa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2018|title=Moses died and the people moved on: A hidden narrative in Deuteronomy|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=191–204|doi=10.1177/0309089217711030|issn=1476-6728}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ahụ Moses nke Bible dị ka onye a ma ama, ebe ha na-ejigide ohere na Moses ma ọ bụ onye yiri Moses dị na narị afọ nke 13 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nigosian|first=S.A.|title=Moses as They Saw Him|url=https://archive.org/details/vetus-testamentum_1993_43_3/page/339|journal=Vetus Testamentum|date=1993|volume=43|issue=3|pages=339–350|doi=10.1163/156853393X00160}}</ref><ref name="Dever2001">{{Cite book|author=William G. Dever|title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA99|year=2001|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3|quote=A Moses-like figure may have existed somewhere in southern Transjordan in the mid-late 13th century s.c., where many scholars think the biblical traditions concerning the god Yahweh arose.}}</ref><ref name="Enclyc Brit Moses">{{Cite web|author=Beegle|first=Dewey|title=Moses|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Hebrew-prophet|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Moses|url=http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t94/e1284|work=Oxford Biblical Studies Online|accessdate=2023-10-01|archivedate=2022-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424145528/http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t94/e1284}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{Cite book|first=Robert D.|author=Miller II|title=Illuminating Moses: A History of Reception from Exodus to the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXZfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|date=25 November 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25854-9|pages=21, 24|quote=Van Seters concluded, 'The quest for the historical Moses is a futile exercise. He now belongs only to legend.' ... "None of this means that there is not a historical Moses and that the tales do not include historical information. But in the Pentateuch, history has become memorial. Memorial revises history, reifies memory, and makes myth out of history.}}</ref> Okpukpe ndị rabaị gbakọrọ oge ndụ nke Mozis kwekọrọ na 1391-1271 BCE; Jerome tụrụ aro 1592 BCE, na James Ussher tụrụ aro 1571 BCE dị ka afọ ọmụmụ ya.<ref>[[Jerome]]'s ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]'' (4th century) gives 1592 for the birth of Moses</ref><ref>The 17th-century [[Ussher chronology]] calculates 1571 BC (''Annals of the World'', 1658 paragraph 164)</ref> A kpọrọ aha ahụ Mozis na akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt oge ochie. <ref>Ushi. (2023). </ref> <ref>Exodus: The history behind the story - TheTorah.com. (n.d.). https://www.thetorah.com/article/exodus-the-history-behind-the-story</ref> Narị afọ nke atọ TOA Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ijipt bụ́ Manetho dere, dị ka Josephus si kwuo, banyere onye ụkọchukwu Ijipt oge ochie na-aghọ aghụghọ, bụ́ Osarseph, bụ́ onye kpọgharịrị aha ya Mozis ma duga n’ọchịchị nke gara nke ọma megide Fero onyeisi oche, na-achị Ijipt ruo ọtụtụ afọ ruo mgbe Fero nwetaraghachi ọchịchị ma chụpụ Osarseph na ndị na-akwado ya. . <ref>Gruen, E. S. (1998). </ref> <ref>Feldman, L. H. (1998). </ref> <ref>Newman, S. A. (2016). </ref> [[Usòrò:Moses_-_Alta-Tadema.jpg|thumb|The Chọta nke Moses, ihe osise nke Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1904]] A na-ahụta mgbọrọgwụ msy nke Egypt ('nwa nke') dị ka usoro okwu nwere ike ime, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mbiri nke aha theophoric, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'aha ndị Ijipt dị ka Thutmose ('nwa Thoth') na Ramesses ('nwa Ra')<ref name="Hays">Hays, Christopher B. 2014. </ref> Otú ọ dị, ọkà mmụta Bible Kenneth Kitchen kwuru na nke a - ma ọ bụ mmalite ọ bụla nke Ijipt maka aha ahụ - o yighị ka ọ ga-abụ, ebe ọ bụ na ụda dị na Hibru m-š-h ekwekọghị na ịkpọpụta nke msy Ijipt n'oge dị mkpa.<ref>Kenneth A. Kitchen, ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament'' (2003), pp. 296–97: "His name is widely held to be Egyptian, and its form is too often misinterpreted by biblical scholars. </ref> Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Abraham Yuda, dabere na mkpụrụ okwu e nyere na Tanakh, na-ekwu na ọ na-ejikọta "mmiri" ma ọ bụ "mkpụrụ" na "ọdọ mmiri, oke mmiri," si otú a na-enye echiche nke "nwa Naịl" (mw-š).<ref>Ulmer, Rivka. 2009. </ref> Ihe ndekọ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ banyere ọmụmụ Mosis na-enye ya akụkọ ọdịnala ndị mmadụ iji kọwaa ihe ezi uche pụtara ìhè aha ya pụtara.<ref name="Hays">Hays, Christopher B. 2014. </ref><ref>Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA5 ''A Concise History of the Jewish People''], Rowman & Littlefield, p. 5.</ref> A na-ekwu na ọ natara ya n'aka nwa nwanyị Fero: "ọ ghọrọ nwa ya nwoke. Ọ kpọrọ ya Moses [מֹשֶׁה, Mōše], na-asị, 'M dọpụtara ya [מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ, mǝšīṯīhū] nke mmiri'.<ref name="Maciá">Maciá, Lorena Miralles. 2014. </ref> Nkọwa a jikọtara ya na mgbọrọgwụ Semitic משׁה, m-š-h, nke pụtara "ịdọrọ". [1]<ref name="Maciá" /> Tosafist nke narị afọ nke iri na otu bụ Isaac b. Asher haLevi kwuru na nwa eze ahụ na-akpọ ya 'dọrọ-out' (מֹשֶׁה, mōše), ọ bụghị 'dọrọ' (נִמְשֶׁלו, nīmše), n'ụzọ dị irè na-ebu amụma na Mozis ga-adọta ndị ọzọ (nke Ijipt); ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta anabatala nke a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riva on Torah, Exodus 2:10:1|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Riva_on_Torah,_Exodus.2.10.1|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Sefaria}}</ref><ref name="Greifenhagen">Greifenhagen, Franz V. 2003. </ref> Nkọwa okwu Hibru dị n'akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nwere ike igosipụta mbọ a na-agba iji kagbuo ihe ndị sitere n'Ijipt sitere n'Ijipt<ref name="Greifenhagen">Greifenhagen, Franz V. 2003. </ref> Ndị edemede ndị Juu oge ochie dị ka Philo na Josephus ghọtara aha ya n'Ijipt.<ref name="Greifenhagen">Greifenhagen, Franz V. 2003. </ref> Philo jikọtara aha Mozis (Grik oge ochie: Μωϋσῆς, romanized: Mōysēs, lit. 'Mōusī') na okwu ndị Ijipt (Coptic) maka 'mmiri' (möu, μῶυ), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta ya na Naịl na etymology ndị mmadụ nke Bible. Josephus, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Antiquities of the Jews, na-ekwu na ''ihe'' nke abụọ, -esês, pụtara 'ndị a zọpụtara'. Nsogbu nke otu nwa eze Ijipt, nke Josephus maara dị ka Thermutis (nke a maara dị ka Thamuth) na 1 Ihe E Mere 4:18 dị ka Bitia, nwere ike ịmara ndị na-akọwa ihe ndị Juu dị ka Abraham ibn Ezra na Hezekiah ben Manoah.<ref name="Maciá">Maciá, Lorena Miralles. 2014. </ref><ref>[[Benjamin Scolnic|Scolnic, Benjamin Edidin]]. 2005. </ref> Hezekaya tụrụ aro na ọ ga-agbanwe ma ọ bụ were ndụmọdụ n'aka Jochebed.<ref name="Salkin">Salkin, Jeffrey K. (2008). </ref><ref>Harris, Maurice D. 2012. </ref> [[Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text]] Ibn Ezra nyere ohere abụọ maka aha Moses, o kwenyere na ọ bụ nsụgharị nke aha Ijipt kama ịsụgharị ya, ma ọ bụ na ada Fero nwere ike ịsụ Hibru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Pharaoh's Daughter Name Moses? In Hebrew?|url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/did-pharaohs-daughter-name-moses-in-hebrew|accessdate=2022-04-18|work=TheTorah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Was Moshe's Real Name?|url=https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/627663/jewish/What-Was-Moshes-Real-Name.htm|first=Y. Eliezer|author=Danzinger|work=Chabad.org|date=2008-01-20<!-- Based on YAML metadata -->|accessdate=5 May 2022}}</ref> == Akuko Bibulu == [[Usòrò:SyriacBibleParisFolio8rrMosesBeforePharaoh.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Moses tupu Fero, obere ihe osise nke narị afọ nke isii sitere na Syriac Bible nke Paris]] === Onye amụma na onye nnapụta nke Israel ===   [[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter]] [[Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]] Ndi Israel ebiriwo n'ala Goshen n'oge Josef na <nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; <nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; N'oge a ka amuru Moses nye nna-ya Amram, nwa-nwoke (ma-ọbu nkpuru) Kehat onye Livai, onye batara n’Ijipt, ya na ulo Jekob;<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; nne ya bụ Jokebed (nakwa Yocheved), onye bụ́ onye ikwu Kehat.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Mosis nwere nwanne nwanyị nke tọrọ (nke dị afọ asaa), Miriam, na otu nwanne nke tọrọ (nke dị afọ atọ), Aron.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Fero enyewo iwu na a ga-erikpu ụmụ nwoke Hibru niile a mụrụ n'osimiri , ma nne Mosis tinyere ya n’ime igbe ma zobe igbe ahụ n’ime ahịhịa  n’akụkụ osimiri ahụ,<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Achọpụtara nwa ahụ ma kuru ya  ada Fero, zụlitere ya dị ka onye Ijipt.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Otu ụbọchị, mgbe Mozis toruru ogo mmadụ, o gburu otu onye Ijipt nke na-eti onye Hibru ihe.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Mosis, ka ọ gbanarị ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ nke Fero, gbagara  (ala ịkpa nke dị n’ebe ndịda Juda), bụ́ ebe ọ lụrụ<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; <nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;Zippora.[39]. N'ebe ahụ, n'Ugwu Horeb, [[God|Chineke]] pụtara n'ihu Mozis dị ka ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ, kpughere Mozis aha ya YHWH (ma eleghị anya a na-akpọ Yahweh) ma nye ya iwu ịlaghachi Ijipt ma kpọta ndị ọ họọrọ (Izrel) n'agbụ wee banye n'Ala Nkwa (Kenan).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schmidt|first=Nathaniel|authorlink=Nathaniel Schmidt|title=Moses: His Age and His Work. II|journal=The Biblical World|volume=7|date=February 1896|pages=105–19 [108]|doi=10.1086/471808}}</ref> N'oge njem ahụ, Chineke nwara igbu Mozis, mana Zipora zọpụtara ndụ ya. Mozis laghachiri iji mezuo iwu Chineke, mana Chineke mere ka Fero jụ, ọ bụkwa mgbe Chineke meriri Ijipt n'ihe otiti iri ka Fero kwetara. Mozis duuru ndị Izrel gaa n'ókè Ijipt, mana n'ebe ahụ, Chineke mere ka obi Fero sie ike ọzọ, ka o wee nwee ike ibibi Fero na ndị agha ya na Oké Osimiri Uhie dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ike ya nye Israel na mba.<ref>Ginzberg, Louis (1909). </ref> Mgbe o merisịrị ndị Amalek na Rephidim, Mozis duuru ndị Izrel gaa Ugwu Saịnaị, ebe e nyere ya Iwu Iri sitere n'aka Chineke, nke e dere na mbadamba nkume.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 2019|title=God's staff and Moses' hand(s): The battle against the Amalekites as a turning point in the role of the divine warrior|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-for-the-study-of-the-old-testament_2019-09_44_1/page/198|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=44|issue=1|pages=198–214|doi=10.1177/0309089218778588|issn=1476-6728}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na Mozis nọrọ ogologo oge n'ugwu ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mmadụ tụrụ egwu na ọ nwere ike ịnwụ, ya mere ha mere ihe oyiyi nke nwa ehi ọla edo ma na-efe ya ofufe, si otú a na-enupụ isi ma na-ewe iwe Chineke na Mozis. Moses, n'ihi iwe, kụwara mbadamba nkume ndị ahụ, ma mesịa nye iwu ka e kpochapụ ndị fere ihe oyiyi ọlaedo ahụ, nke a gbazere ma nye ndị na-efe arụsị nri.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=James Clarke|isbn=978-0-227-17379-4|author=Rad|first=Gerhard von|title=Moses|location=Cambridge|accessdate=2017-06-09|year=2012|url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10634121}}</ref> O dekwara iwu iri ahụ na mbadamba nkume ọhụrụ. Ka e mesịrị n'Ugwu Saịnaị, Mozis na ndị okenye ahụ banyere n'ọgbụgba ndụ, nke Izrel ga-aghọ ndị YHWH, na-erube isi n'iwu ya, YHWH ga-abụ chi ha. Mozis nyere Izrel iwu Chineke, guzobe ọrụ nchụàjà n'okpuru ụmụ nwanne Mozis Erọn, ma bibie ndị Izrel ndị dara n'ofufe ya. N'omume ikpeazụ ya na Saịnaị, Chineke nyere Mozis ntụziaka maka Ụlọikwuu ahụ, ụlọ nsọ na-agagharị agagharị nke ya na Izrel ga-esi gaa n'Ala Nkwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ginzberg|first=Louis|year=1909|title=The Legends of the Jews|series=Vol. III: The Symbolical Significance of the Tabernacle|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|url=http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf}}</ref> <references group="note" responsive="1"></references>   [[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter]] [[Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]] == Edensibia == == Hụkwa zie == * Akwụkwọ nke Isii na nke Asaa nke Mozis * Ndepụta nke ndị amụma nke okpukpe Abraham * Tharbis, dị ka Josephus, nwunye Mozis si kwuo * Akụkọ ifo ndị Juu * Ụmụ Mozis * Ịgba ohu n'Ijipt oge ochie == Ihe edeturu == j095lk887z22s02jknrl7hxc9c6mkht 0 31022 697560 126521 2026-08-10T02:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Hamman Yaji <!-- defaults to article title when left blank -->|birth_name=Muhammad Yaji <!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date={{circa|1863}}|birth_place=[[Madagali]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1929|1863}}|death_place=[[Sokoto]], [[Nigeria]]|era=[[Kamerun]]|known_for=Raiding, slave trading|notable_works=Diary<!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" -->|title=[[Emir]] <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) -->|term=[[1902]]-[[1927]]|predecessor=|successor=|movement=[[Mahdism]]|father=Ardo Bakari Njidda <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Muhammad Hamman Yaji''' (1863-1929) bụ Emir nke [[Madagali]], Nigeria, akụkụ nke Adamawa Emirate.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Van Beek|first=Walter E. A.|date=2012|title=Intensive Slave Raiding in the Colonial Interstice: Hamman Yaji and the Mandara Mountains (North Cameroon and North-Eastern Nigeria)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2012_53_3/page/301|journal=The Journal of African History|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=301–323|doi=10.1017/S0021853712000461|issn=0021-8537}}</ref> A maara ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onwe ya na-edekọ ndụ ya na ọrụ ya kwa ụbọchị site na 1912 ruo 1927, ọ bụ onye Fulbe na-awakpo na onye na-ere ohu na nso ókèala nke [[Ȯra Adamawa|steeti Adamawa]], Nigeria, na Mayo-Tsanaga, Far North Region, Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yaji|first=Hamman|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30779238|title=The diary of Hamman Yaji : chronicle of a West African Muslim ruler|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|others=James H. Vaughan, A. H. M. Kirk-Greene|isbn=0-253-36206-7|location=Bloomington|oclc=30779238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Vaughan|first=James H.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706025122|title=Dictionary of African biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|editor=Gates|location=Oxford|chapter=Yaji, Hamman (1863–1929)|oclc=706025122|chapterurl=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-2150}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke e dere na [[Arabic]], akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-enye echiche dị ụkọ banyere ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke narị afọ nke 20 na mpaghara Sahara n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Slow death for slavery : the course of abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780521374699|location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book|author=Yaji|first=Hamman|title=The Diary of Hamman Yaji|publisher=Indiana University Press|others=A. H. M. Kirk-Greene|year=1995|isbn=978-0-253-36206-3|editor=Vaughan}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} 9s1d2rdesyk5aob3wfroq0it3j1pu8e 0 31237 697823 179207 2026-08-10T08:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Aminu Kano.jpg|thumb|Aminu Kano]] Aminu Kano (9 Ọgọst 1920 — 17 ụgbọ 1983) [1] bụ onye mgbandọrọ ndị Juu si Naijiria eje na Sudawa, Gọọmenti Gwale ma biri na Gwammaja, Ọch ịchị Obodo Dala .  N'afọ 1940, o duuru otu ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ mpaghara na ugwu mba ahụ arọ Britain.  [2] Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Mallam Aminu Kano, ụlọ nkuzi Aminu Kano, na Aminu Kano College of Islamic Studies niile dị na Kano, ka ikiri aha ya.  Ọ bụ onye ikwu nna onye bụbu onye isi ala Murtala Mohammed, onye bụbu Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka nchekwa Inuwa Wada na onye bụbu Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mba ofesi Aminu Bashir Wali . == Ndụ na mmalite ọrụ na == . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Akyeampong|first=Emmanuel Kwaku|title=Dictionary of African Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=New York|pages=289}}</ref>A egwuregwu Aminu Kano 9 Ọgọst 1920 site n' "onye ọkaka Islam, Mallam Yusufu, onye mufti na alkaka dị na Kano, na Rakiya.  1 bi na Yakasai na Kano Municipal ma bụrụ onye akara ngosi bara Aminu gara Katsina College wee gaa mahadum nke London, Institute of Education, mara Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa .  nkuzi nkuzi ya ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Katsina wee bụrụ onye nkuzi;  akụkọ nkuzi na Bauchi training College. . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Falola|first=Toyin|title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria, Second Edition|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5381-1314-1|location=Lanham, MD|pages=72}}</ref>Mgbe ọ nọ na Bauchi, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ n'ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ ma gbatịa agụm akwụkwọ ya site n'itinye aka na ndọr ọ ngwaọrụ na njikọ dị iche iche ọrụ nkuzi ya.  akwụkwọ akụkọ, o dere akwụkwọ nta akwụkwọ na-ese okwu, 'Kano, N'okpuru Hammer nke . Ala.  [1] N'afọ 1943, ọ ntọala ntọala Bauchi General Improvement Union (BGIU) yana Sa'adu Zungur na Balewa.  [2] Otu a sitere na Bauchi Discussion Circle, bụ otu ndị ọrụ ha mechara kpachie n'ihi ihe nke Aminu Kano ụzọ dị iche iche na-enweghị ìhè .  [3] N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị mma, a na-ewere BGIU dị ka otu ndị agha mbụ na ugwu Nigeria.  [4] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Mallam Aminu Kano By Maijama'a Sule Tankarkar - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/5163-remembering_mallam_aminu_kano.html|date=18 May 2012|language=en-GB|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref>N'afọ 1948, ọ na-enye onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nkuzi na Maru, Sokoto ma ifakwa ibu nke otu ndị nkuzi ugwu.  N'ime oge a, o hiwere otu iji kwalite ogo ụlọ akwụkwọ Qur'an na ugwu == Tupu nnwere onwe na mba mbụ == Mgbe ọ nọ na Sokoto, ọ na-enye onye otu Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, otu omenala Northern Nigeria nke mechara ihe otu ndị agha wee bụrụ otu pati na-achị na Northern Nigeria n'oge Nigeria First Republic .  Otú ọ dị, n’afọ 1950, o duziri òtù ndị na-eto eto radicals si Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa, ma guzobe Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU).  N'ụzọ doro anya, afọ ole na ole gara aga, onye Igbira na onye na-azụ, Habib Raji Abdallah nkata ntọala otu òtù a na-akpọ Northern Elements Progressive Association na Kano.  Na hiwere ihe a na-egosi echoes ụgbọ ụkwụ nke Nnamdi Azikiwe .  [1] N'afọ 1949, a na-eme ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-akwado Azikiwe ekiri Abdallah, nke butere nkewa nke ihe a. Ka o sina dị, otu ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu nke Aminu Kano na-edu ma me ndị agha na-aga n'ihu na ụfọdụ [ndị ike isi] dị ka Magaji Dambatta, Abba Maikwaru na Bello Ijumu p ụtara iji me oghere ọ ala na ụgbọ ụkwụ na mpaghara ahụ.  otu ọnụ ọgụgụ na mmegide ha ụzọ usoro nke ndị obodo na Northern Nigeria.  N'afọ 1951, pati ahụ zọọrọ geese na mbụ mbụ nke Kano wee nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.  ụgbọala, na nguzobe Northern People's Congress, Mallam Aminu iche ihe ịma aka dị egwu ihu na-eche ihu aka etiti etiti.  N'afọ 1954, Aminu Kano meri Maitama Sule geese onye ụdị anya etiti na n'afọ 1956, ọnweghị ikike aka zuru oke iji oche na-enweghị mgbagha.  Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe mbụ aka ndị omeiwu 1959 ka o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta nnukwu geese mpaghara.  Omeri geese etiti Kano East dị ka onye na-akwado NEPU, bụ nke na-azụlarị na National Council of Nigeria na Cameroons .  [1] (NCNC) Mgbe ọ nọ na ụlọ omebe iwu Federal, ọ bụ osote Chief Whip. Mgbe ndị agha mebisịrị mba mbụ mba .  Aminu Kano mechara jee ozi na ndị na-agụ nke General Yakubu Gowon dị ka kọmishọna ụgbọala etiti na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ. == Mba nke abụọ == Mgbe afọ 12 gachara, ndị agha ndị agha na September 1978 wepụrụ ikike nke otu ndị agha .  N'ime ụnwayọ sochirinụ, pati ise e hibere ọhụrụ pụta ịpụta: Nigerian People's Party, Unity Party of Nigeria na atọ ndị ọzọ.  Otu n'ime ha bụ People's Redemption Party, nke Aminu Kano, Michael Imoudu, SG Ikoku, na Edward Ikem Okeke, ndị otu pati ndị ọzọ ajụjụ Abubakar Rimi, Sabo Bakin Zuwo, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Sule Lamido na Ghali Umar.  Na'Abba.  So you can have a drink with a populist wee nkwado nke ndị isi ọrụ ama dị ka Michael Imoudu.  [1] N'afọ 1979, otu pati ahụ nyere Aminu Kano ka ọ bụrụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa ọkwa mana ọ nweghị ike ị nweta vootu zuru oke iji merie.  Ka o sina dị, otu ahụ ahụ geọvanọ abụọ. Aminu Kano sonyeere Northern Elements Progressive Union dị ka usoro mgba eji iji maa aka n'ihe ọ chere na ọ bụ omume na nke feudalistic nke Gọọmenti Native Northern.  O jikwa aka ya wakpo ndị isi egwu ndị Emir bụ ndị kacha bụrụ ndị Fulani.  Na wusiri ike nke ikpo okwu ya ike n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'ihi n ike ya.  Nna ya bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Alkali na Kano bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ nke ndị na-akpa àgwà, Aminu Kano obodokwara echiche Islam nha anya n'ụzọ mgbasa ozi ya n'oge mba mbụ.  Ọtụtụ ndị ogbenye ( ndị na-eso ụzọ ) nọ na Kano kwụ n'ahịrị n'azụ ozi ya na ọkwa ndị agha ya tolitere site na Nkwado nke nd ị obodo Kano na ndị na-azụ aja obere ego na-akwaga n'ebe ugwu.  [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị akara ahụ mechara chịkọta ụlọ ọrụ NEPU.  Ọ chọkwara iji ndị agha ndị mee ka ọha mmadụ dị n'ebe ugwu Naịjịrịa nwee nha anya . Echiche ọzọ dị mkpa o nwere na nke mba mbụ bụ nkewa nke pati gbadoro ụkwụ na .  A nabatara nke ọma site na nkwado ya na-link nke ụmụ obere ndị ọrụ na ndị omenkà n'obodo ndị dị n'ụdị okporo ụzọ okporo ụzọ.  Ndị ikom na ndị inyom na- , ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-achọ ịma aha ma nwee obere myirịta na obodo ha nwere.  Ọ tụpụtara usoro agụ ego nke na-akwado ụtụ isi nke ndị na-agụ na mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ọdịiche ọdịiche ole na ole Naijiria ikike nha anya maka ụmụ ekiri. Mallam Aminu Kano bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-akwanyere ùgwù na Northern Nigeria. Ọ nọchiri anya ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Otu ọdụ ụgbọ elu, kọleji na nnukwu okporo ụzọ ka a na-akpọkwa aha ya na Kano. Ụlọ ya ebe o bi ma nwụọ wee lie ya ka ọ bụrụ Center for Democratic Research and Training n'okpuru Bayero University Kano. == Okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==   * Ndị otu mgbapụta mmadụ == Ntụaka == <references /> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|publisher=Vanguard Printers and Publishers|isbn=978-978-2557-32-2|author=Abba|first=Alkasum|title=The Politics of Mallam Aminu Kano: Documents from the Independence Struggle 1950-1960|date=1993}} * {{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Barbara J|date=July 1987|title=Women and Political Participation in Kano City|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_1987-07_19_4/page/379|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=19|issue=4|pages=379–393|doi=10.2307/421813}} * {{Cite book|publisher=Quadrangle|isbn=978-0-8129-0321-8|author=Feinstein|first=Alan|title=African revolutionary;: The life and times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano|location=New York|date=1 January 1973}} * {{Cite journal|author=Feinstein|first=Alan|year=1988|title=African Revolutionary: The Life and Times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano|url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-journal-of-african-studies_1988_22_2/page/347|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=22|issue=2|pages=347|doi=10.2307/485917}} * {{Cite journal|issn=0001-9887|volume=6|issue=4|pages=6–10|author=Jack|first=Homer A.|title=Malam Aminu Kano: A Profile|journal=Africa Today|accessdate=16 March 2023|date=1959|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4184021}} * {{Cite book|publisher=Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Mambayya House, Bayero University|isbn=978-978-2035-15-8|author=Kano|first=Aminu|others=Attahiru Jega (ed.)|title=Malam Aminu Kano: selected speeches and writings, 1950-1982|location=Kano, Nigeria|date=2002}} *   fdnvkyv5vtxkgap5tus4p53q2ldziz5 0 31457 697592 644105 2026-08-10T03:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Babatunde Alo (amụrụ n'April 15, 1950) bụ onye Naijiria prọfesọ nke applied biology, ecosystems, entomology na parasitology. Emmanuel Babatunde Alo Biology Ecosystems Entomology Parasitology == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A maara Alo maka ọrụ nyocha ya na usoro nnyefe nke nje HIV na ụdị ọbara ABO na Rhesus. HIV ABO Rhesus<ref name="indmedica1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=109&articleid=1496&action=article|title=Indmedica - Biomedical Research|work=www.indmedica.com|accessdate=2017-10-20|archivedate=2018-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115175851/http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=12&issueid=109&articleid=1496&action=article}}</ref> Ọrụ nyocha dị ukwuu nke Alo na ụdị Dennettia tripetala fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-adịghịzi adị bụ nke National Science and Technology Library nke Gọọmentị China, Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (INIST) nke French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) na United Kingdom's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Dennettia tripetala Gọọmentị China National Science and Technology Library French National Center for Scientific Research Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs<ref>http://citation.nstl.gov.cn/detail.jsp?internal_id=2606102{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Egwunyenga et al 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Egwunyenga|first=O.A.|title=Laboratory evaluation of the repellency of Dennettia tripetala Baker (Anonaceae) to Dermestes maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-stored-products-research_april-july-1998_34_2-3/page/195|journal=Journal of Stored Products Research|date=April 1998|volume=34|issue=2–3|pages=195–199|id={{INIST|2326113}}|doi=10.1016/S0022-474X(97)00021-0}}</ref><ref name="Egwunyenga et al 1998" /> N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara Alo dị ka Dean mbụ na onye guzobere School of Postgraduate Studies na Federal University of Technology Yola. Mahadum Teknụzụ Federal Yola Ọ gara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi mahadum site na 1996 ruo 2000, na dị ka onye isi oche na-anọchi anya na 2001. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Executive Leadership Board nke Rotary International District 9125. Rotary International<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rotaryintd9125.org/leadership.html|title=Rotaryintd9125.org|accessdate=2010-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727223219/http://rotaryintd9125.org/leadership.html|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * United Nations' Aquatic sciences and fisheries abstracts, Mpịakọta nke 19, (E bipụtara na 1989), njikwa ahụhụ jikọtara ọnụ maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe (Nova Science Publishers, 2007) Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, Mpịaka nke 2 (Wiley-Blackwell; mbipụta 1, Nọvemba 5, 2004), United Nations Aquatic sciencies and fisheries abstractions jikọtara njikwa ahụhụ Nova Science Publishers<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chief|first=Editor In|url=http://www.alibris.com/booksearch.detail?invid=10135329940&qtit=Aquatic+sciences+fisheries+abstracts&qsort=p&page=1|title=Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts: Part 1-Biological Sciences and Living Resources (Volume 19, Number 11) - Editor In Chief R. Needham|publisher=Alibris|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=5553|title=Integrated Pest Management for Developing Countries: A Systematic Overview|publisher=Novapublishers.com|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Golob|first=Peter|title=Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology Volume 2 (9780632057245): Rick Hodges, Graham Farrell: Books|isbn=0632057246}}</ref> * Ọganihu na Nnyocha Nje, Vol. 53 Academic Press; 1 mbipụta (Ọktoba 25, 1999) na Ọrụ Mgbasawanye na Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa: Onye Mgbasa Ozi na Onye Ọrụ Ozi, 22:267-269 Cambridge University Press. Ọganihu na Nnyocha Nje Na Cambridge University Press<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/ISBNInquiry.asp?r=1&EAN=9780120398539&cm_mmc=Google%20Book%20Search-_-k118169-_-j14953980-_-Googe%20Book%20Search%20%28non-B%26N%20Imprint%29&IF=N|title=BARNES & NOBLE &#124; Advances in Virus Research, Vol. 53 by Elsevier Science &#124; Hardcover|publisher=Search.barnesandnoble.com|accessdate=2011-07-15|archivedate=2005-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027230918/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/ISBNInquiry.asp?r=1&EAN=9780120398539&cm_mmc=Google%20Book%20Search-_-k118169-_-j14953980-_-Googe%20Book%20Search%20%28non-B%26N%20Imprint%29&IF=N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alo|first=E.B.|title=Extension Services in Wildlife Conservation: The Extension Agent and Information Worker|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-conservation_autumn-1995_22_3/page/267|journal=Environmental Conservation|date=1995|volume=22|issue=3|pages=267–269|doi=10.1017/S0376892900010699}}</ref> * Ọganihu dị ugbu a na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi 1996, Mpịakọta 22, mbipụta 1-6.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWcbAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Alo+E.B.%22|title=Current advances in ecological ... - Google Books|date=2009-09-29|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> * Mmetụta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na ihe na-eme na nje na-ebute ya Cicadulina spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 10 (2): 77-81. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/listing/zeamays1993.htm|title=zeamays1993|publisher=Newcrops.uq.edu.au|date=2001-01-30|accessdate=2011-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100310/http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/listing/zeamays1993.htm|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref> * Nkwekọrịta nke nyocha HIV na Naijiria: Nzọụkwụ na-efu efu na nchịkwa HIV / AIDS. Abdulazeez AA, Alo EB, Nassar AS. Nig J. Biomed Sci. 2006; 2: 23-26 * Ụdị anwụnta na micro-habitats ha; Ọrịa na nchịkwa vector, 4:254-261 Ogidi, J.A., Muazu, A.D. na Alo, E.B. (2002). * Biochemistry nke larval Stages nke Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda). Teknụzụ na Mmepe (Journal of Scientific and Technological Research) 2: 92-98. * ALO, E.B; S.L ASOMBA na C.O.E ONWULIRI (1986). Nnyocha nke ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ nke ụdị ala dị iche iche n'ime Jos Metropolis. Nzukọ nke iri na itoolu kwa afọ nke Entomological Society of Nigeria na Mahadum Ife, Ile-Ife mere n'ụbọchị nke 5-9 n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1986. * Entomology abstracts, Mpịakọta 30 1999, Mbipụta 1-3 Site na Information Retrieval Limited, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Cambridge Scientific Abstrracts<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-ssAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Alo+E.B.%22|title=Entomology abstracts - Google Books|date=2007-03-06|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alo, Emmanuel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3oczuunp674e0d57v1cjyizmm89chaa 0 31513 697819 516976 2026-08-10T08:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref name="shonaiyalaw.com">{{Cite web|title=HOME|url=https://www.shonaiyalaw.com/|accessdate=2022-06-09|work=Shonaiya & Co.|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519214904/https://www.shonaiyalaw.com/}}</ref>Ayo Shonaiya bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye ọka iwu, [1] ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nkà egwu bụ onye jikwaa ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na Naijiria .  isi onye egwu Fuji Wasiu Ayinde Marshall (K1 De Ultimate), pop star D'banj, onye na-ahụ egwu Don Jazzy na onye rapper Eldee the Don.  Ọ nọchikwara anya eze egwu ịma mma na onye na-agụ Muna na egwu egwu ụwa Akon .  [2] Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi RMG Company na UK na Nigeria, na Managing Partner na Lagos ibu na ụlọ ọrụ iwu Shonaiya & Co. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == . Amụrụ na [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], Ayo Shonaiya tolitere wee akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Lagos, Nigeria n'afọ niile ọ na-etolite.  Ọ echiche ihe nkiri na Television na Fort Lauderdale, Florida, na Iwu na England na Mahadum Westminster.  [1] Ọ bụkwa onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Nigerian Law School na Lagos === Ihe nkiri === Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe nkiri, vidiyo na vidiyo na The Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale na Florida, ọ ọrụ n'efu na ụlọ TV dị na mpaghara iji ikike na-egosi maka ikiri na n'ime ụnwa ole na ole na ole  na-ahụ egwu na ihe omume egwu maka mmemme na-agbasa na mpaghara.  Sunshine Cable Network.  A dụrụ ọdụ ka ọ nọ na akwụkwọ ka ọchụsoo, mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ na ịde ihuenyo maka ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri. Mgbe obere obere mmemme na Los Angeles [[California]] ka ọ gachara ike na London na 1992 ime ihe nkiri maka ndụ, mana kama ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Westminster Law School na 1993 ka ọ zụọ dị ka onye ọka iwu.  N'afọ ikpeazụ nke Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Iwu, o dere, akwado, duzie ma mee ihe mbụ nkiri ya bụ More Blessing [1] gbasara otu pastọ Naijiria na-enyo enyo na London. . Na 1997 Shonaiya ụtụ uche na ọrụ ihe nkiri na n'afọ ahụ o mere ma mee ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Eze nke Mba m, [1] [2] na-egwu onye Naijiria nke gara London iji ọrụ ndị na-adịghị  mma ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ntakiri.  Ihe nkiri a bụ mkpali maka abụ Eze nke obodo m site n'aka onye na-ese ihe na Naijiria bụ Sound Sultan, bụ nke e mechara me ya na Wyclef Jean . Na 1999 o dere, duzie na na ihe nkiri ngosi nke atọ ya Spin .  [1] Akwụsịla ịse ihe nkiri mgbe izu atọ gachara mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri mbụ mbụ ịga ike n'ihu n'ihi ọrịa.  Enwere ezumike nke izu isii ụzọ tupu onye na-eme ihe nkiri nọchiri anya.  Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Britain/Naijirịa bụ Caroline Chikezie bụ onye a tụbara ndị mbụ ya na Spin, bụ nke gosikwara Chebe Azih, Deborah Asante na Femi Houghton na egwu nke onye Britain/Naijirịa na-abụ abụ bụ Ola Onabule.  .  Spin bụ ihe nkiri mbụ onye Naijiria mere ka ewepụtara na sinima na West End nke London na mmemme ihe nkiri International BFM na mbụ na 1999. [2] A Spin maka onye isi kacha mma [3] </link> na 2001  Pan African Film Festival na Los Angeles nakwa maka ihe nrite MICA na FESPACO na Ouagadougou [[Burkina Faso]] n'otu awụ ahụ. Na 2005, Ayo mere ihe nkiri ngosi nke anọ ya na London, na-ede ma na-eduzi ihe nkiri ''Good Evening'', <ref>[http://nigeriacelebrities.blogspot.com/2010/09/jim-iyke.html Biographies Of All Nigerian Celebrities: Jim Iyke]</ref> nke onye [[Nollywood]] kpakpando Jim Iyke mere mere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/browse?jbv=81591183|title=Watch Afrobeats: The Backstory &#124; Netflix|work=[[Netflix]]}}</ref>Na fim 2, 2021, Ayo Shonaiya weputara akwụkwọ ya, Afrobeats: The Backstory na sinima na Lagos Nigeria.  [1] Ekwenyere na ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ mbụ ụdị egwu ahụ sitere na Africa usoro docu bụ ozi nke ọrụ 20 ya na egwu nke dabara na anụ na uto nke ihe a na-akpọ Afrobeats taa.  [2] Esere ya ihe ụmụaka afọ 20, [3] [4] usoro ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ihe onyonyo a na-ahụ ụdị ụdị ya [5] nke ọtụtụ nnukwu ndị taa, ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere n'aka ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'azụ.  ihe nkiri nke ụdị ahụ, egwu Ayo Shonaiya n'onwe ya dị ka onye isi egwu na ihe mere eme nke Afrobeats.  [6] Na 29th nke June 2022, Afrobeats The Backstory usoro ihe nkiri 12 Episode malitere n'ụwa niile na Netflix. Ya na onye egwu Fuji Kwam 1 gachara njem nlegharị anya ụwa, enyi ya Alistair Soyode [1] set Ayo Shonaiya ka o nyere aka guzobe na mmemme izizi maka mmemme, ụlọ ọrụ TV mbụ nwe na UK ihuenyo Bright Entertainment.  Netwọk ( BEN Television ).  Ọ bịanyere aka n'iche awụ 2 iji mmemme maka nhazi oge elekere 24 nke ụgbọ ahụ yana kwa dị ka onye ntụzi mmemme iji ma Easter site na isi ndị ọzọ maka mgbasa ozi.  N'ime afọ 2 (2003-2005) ụlọ ọrụ ya R70 World na-ahụ maka 70% nke ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu mmemme, mmemme mmemme na mgbasa ozi. . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/907/3/dakore-egbuson-the-it-girl-of-nollywood.html|title=DAKORE EGBUSON: THE 'IT GIRL' OF NOLLYWOOD|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref>Na 2003, o kere, nri ma na-edu mmemme egwu a na-akpọ Intro, [1] na-agbasa na London, ya na enyi ya Abass Tijani ( DJ Abass ) dị ka onye na-eweta ya.  Intro bụ maka i elere ndị Africa nọ na Europe vidiyo egwu Naijiria na ndị Africa, na ihe egwu dị ka usoro ihe nkiri kwa awụ Big Nigerian Independence Intro Jam [2] na ihe ngosi Intro Hollywood St iche [3] na-esere na Los  Angeles kwa afọ.  izu ụka Grammy.  Ihe omume TV ya ọzọ, ihe ngosi Black Variety Show [4] bu ụzọ na BEN TV n'August 2003, ihe ngosi ngosi oku na ndị na-egosi 2 (Ronke Apampa na Maria Soyinka).  Edebere ihe ngosi ahụ ka ọ ihe gbasara "ọ dịghị ihe, ihe, ihe ọ jụrụ na ihe niile".  Na mkpokọta, Ayo Shonaiya ma mmemme mmemme 9 maka BEN TV na afọ 2, ịkpọ In Perspective, Pots & Pans, Out & About na Soul Sista na Dakore Egbuson Na 1999 ka ọ na-agbapụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara K1 De Ultimate ma na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu, Ayo Shonaiya bụ onye egwu kpọrọ oku ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ndị otu ya oge niile. O kwetara wee binye aka na nkwekọrịta ka ọ bụrụ K1 De Ultimate's International Manager na ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ịkwalite ihe nkiri "ịbịaghachi" ekeresimesi na London na December nke afọ ahụ. Site n'ebe ahụ, e nyere ya ọrụ ka ya na Biyi Adepegba <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charliegillett.com/playlist.php?date=1May04|title=Charlie Gillett -The Sound of the World Playlist|work=www.charliegillett.com|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> nke Joyful Noise kwalite njem njem UK zuru oke ma mesịa gaa njem United States (na Canada) na otu 17 ibe n'afọ na-esote. Dị ka onye njikwa mba ofesi, ọ ga-emecha jiri Kwam 1 na otu egwuregwu gaa ụwa ugboro atọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 4, na-edekọ ọba ise <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sternsmusic.com/disk_info/SIMKWAM002|title=Sterns Music On-line, World Music On-Line, African Music On-Line. Real Audio/MP3 samples|work=www.sternsmusic.com|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202100234/http://www.sternsmusic.com/disk_info/SIMKWAM002}}</ref> n'oge ahụ. .N'afọ 2001, Ayo Shonaiya Play otu atọ nke Eldee, [1] Freestyle [2] na Kaboom, [3] ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto Naijiria na otu a na-akpọ Trybesmen .  N'agbanyeghị na ọ ka nwere mmetụta na Kwam 1, ọ masịrị ndị Trybesmen ma asụsụ ijikwa ha n'oge na-adịghị anya na ndị na-eme ihe ike ha.  O kwuru otu oge na Njụjụ ọnụ "Ndị Trybesmen na Da Trybe dị ka ụmụ m, m na-eji ego ego nke onye njikwa m sitere na Wasiu na-akwado vidiyo ha" .  Ọ bụ ya duziri vidiyo Trybesmen maka Plenty Nonsense [4] na Oya [5] (nke Da Trybe).  Ayo Shonaiya ga-emesịa soro na/ma ọ bụ jikwaa ọrụ ndị Trybesmen (na ndị otu Da Trybe dị ka Dr SID, Sasha [6] na 2Shotz [7] ) n'ime afọ atọ.  Onye ndu Ayo na Trybe bụ Eldee the Don mechara zukọta na Atlanta US ka nke ikpeazụ album solo ya Return of the King. [[Usòrò:Ayo2face.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|214x214px| Ayo na [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] ka emechara ihe ngosi Mo'Nique na Atlanta.]] Na 2004, Ayo Shonaiya weere onye na-ese ihe na- omume ama D'banj, na onye na-ahụ Don Jazzy, n'okpuru nku ya iji ngwaọrụ na jikwaa ọrụ mbụ ha.  [1] D'banj's album mbụ No Long Thing bụ Don Jazzy akara wee chepụta akwụkwọ iji mee ka duo ahụ banye n'ọgba ndị.  Otu n'ime egwu dị na ọba ahụ bụ Tongolo nwere akara ukwe "mee ka m gwa dem the Koko" (D'banj ga-emesị ete onwe ya Kokomaster ).  Na December 2004 vidiyo Tongolo ka emere na Lagos Nigeria, na January 2005, vidiyo [2] ka ewepụtara dị ka Worldwa ike iche na mmemme ndụ Intro na DJ Abass gbara igwe ọnụ D'banj na Ayo Shonaiya na-eduzi ihe ngosi ahụ.  Emechara wepụta ọba Tongolo na UK ka o wee nwee ike na-achọpụta [3] ma T-Joe na-ere ya na Nigeria.  N'oge na-ahụ anya ka nke ahụ ọma, Ayo Shonaiya kparịtara na-enwe ụdị ya na Obaino Records na Nigeria iji njikwa D'banj maka album remix vidiyo dabere na ịre akara.  E akara vidiyo/ akwụkwọ Tongolo Remix [4] (nke DJ Tee duziri ma R70 World ikpe) na 2005. [[Usòrò:AyoAkonElumelu.jpg|thumb|210x210px| Ayo Shonaiya na UBA MD/CEO Philips Oduoza, Akon na Tony Elumelu na Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship Lecture [1] na Lagos 2015]] Ayo Shonaiya kewapụrụ ya na D'banj na Don Jazzy nke ọma na 2006 na duo ahụ gara n'ihu na Oganiihu dị ukwuu na akara ngosi ha Mo' Hits Records ruo mgbe ọ na-ahụ na 2012. .N'afọ 2006, Ayo Shonaiya gara [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]], Nigeria, ka o duzie ihe ngosi TV n'ezie ịse Creative Academii .  [1] Onye na-ahọ mpi nke bịara nke abụọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na-eto eto a na-akpọ Michael Ojo (nke e ike aha ya Michael Word).  Ayo Shonaiya webatara Michael na onye na-ahụ Puffy T ka ọ dekọọ egwu ụfọdụ (otu n'ime egwu ndị ahụ bụ Who Am by Nigerian omee Jim Iyke featuring 2face Idibia ), [2] ma kpọkwara Michael na Tour na [[Abuja]], Accra Ghana  na United Kingdom . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2012/05/video-muna-honours-modenine-at-industry-nite/|title=TheNET.ng - Nigeria's Top Website for News, Gossip, Comedy, Videos, Blogs, Events, Weddings, Nollywood, Celebs, Scoop and Games|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201419/http://thenet.ng/2012/05/video-muna-honours-modenine-at-industry-nite/|archivedate=4 April 2014}}</ref>N'afọ 2010, Model Munachi Abii (nwanyị mara mma na Nigeria 2007 onye mmeri)[1] bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ Ayo Shonaiya RMG[2] dị ka Muna onye rapper, iji jikwaa ma nọchite anya ya.  N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Ayo Shonaiya kwadoro Munachi Abii ka ọ bụrụ ihu ọhụrụ maka akara ncha Lux [2] nakwa na 2012 ọ kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya ọhụrụ maka ntacha eze Dabur n'etiti ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ.  Na May 2012 Ayo gbachitere Muna n'ihu ọha, mgbe a katọrọ ya nke ukwuu ma wakpoo ya na social media forums mgbe ọ nwesịrị obere okwu ọnụ na Nigerian rap veteran Mode 9.[3]  N'aka nke ya, a katọrọ ya maka otu o si edozi ọnọdụ ahụ, ụfọdụ na-akpọ ya onye mpako, [4] ma n'ime otu ọnwa nke ihe ahụ merenụ, Muna na Mode 9 mere ọnụ n'otu ọkwa ahụ na Industry Nite. Na 2019, Ayo Shonaiya tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ iwu Shonaiya & Co. na Lagos Nigeria na ndị ọka iwu atọ ndị ọzọ, ọkachamara na ntụrụndụ, ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi, mgbasa ozi na iwu egwuregwu. <ref name="shonaiyalaw.com"/> == Ime ihe == N'agbanyeghị na Ayo mere ihe nkiri na fim mbụ ya na 90s, na 2014, ka ọ na-akparịta ụka n'etiti ndị nka D'banj na Akon maka fim egwu na vidiyo, [1] [2] Akon gwara Ayo Shonaiya.  ka ọ otu egwuregwu nke enyi nwoke ekworo na vidiyo maka egwu "Feling The Nigga", [3] na-akara akara ngosighachi ya na ihuenyo ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe afu 15 njikere{{Reflist}} [[Usòrò:AyoJuliusBasketmouth.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Ayo with comedians Julius Agwu & [[Basketmouth]] at the Nigerian Reunion in Atlanta 2006.]] * Nkuku Naijiria na Notting Hill Carnival, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2010/08/9ice-live-on-stage-at-notting-hill.html|title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: 9ice Live on stage at the Notting Hill Carnival|date=27 August 2010|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> London UK 1986–Ugbu a. Onye tọrọ ntọala nke Nigerian Corner na Notting Hill Carnival kwa afọ na London na 1986. Onye nhazi na onye nrụpụta maka telivishọn nke ''Corner'' sitere na 1999 na saịtị Cambridge Gardens (ma e wezụga 2007 & 2008 mgbe e mechiri saịtị ). Ayo bụ akụkụ nke otu ndị kpọlitere ọhụrụ Nigerian Corner na Adela Street, London site na 2009 ruo 2011, emesia onye mmepụta site na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynaija.com/the-nigerian-corner-comes-alive-at-the-notting-hill-carnival/|title=The Nigerian Corner comes alive at the Notting Hill Carnival » YNaija|work=www.ynaija.com|date=23 August 2012|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> ruo ụbọchị. * Femi Kuti Tour documentary 1999. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke njem Afrobeat artiste nke UK na Europe na 1999 gụnyere arụmọrụ na Glastonbury Festival . * Kwam 1 European, US (na Canada) na njegharị ụwa, 1999 – 2003. Onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye njikwa njem. * Nnukwu nnwere onwe Naijiria Intro Jam na usoro Intro Summer Jam, London UK 2003 – 2005. Onye na-emekọ ihe na DJ Abass. * Njem “Spark Party” Gordon maka Guinness Nigeria na DJ Abass na [[DJ Jimmy Jatt]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/dj-nigeria-jatt-studio-jimmy-jatt-dj-profile|title=DJ Nigeria Jatt Studio - Jimmy Jatt - Dj - Profile|accessdate=5 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307022556/http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/dj-nigeria-jatt-studio-jimmy-jatt-dj-profile|archivedate=7 March 2011}}</ref> Abuja, Lagos & Ibadan 2004. Onye njikwa njem. * Intro Independence Tour, Napoli Italy, London UK na Dublin Ireland 2005. Onye na-emepụta ihe na DJ Abass . * Intro Afro-Hip Hop Jam, Atlanta US 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/06/prweb252811.htm|title=Jurassic 5, The Outlawz, Xtaci and Maceo Join International Concert Roster-From the Streets of Lagos, Via London to Atlanta Comes the Rich Blend of Afro Beat and Hip Hop|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> Onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe. * Kanu Heart Foundation UK Charity Gala 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amlappublishing.com/naija/200609/diary.html|title=Welcome to Amlap Publishing|work=www.amlappublishing.com|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2012-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162742/http://www.amlappublishing.com/naija/200609/diary.html}}</ref> Onye na-emekọ ihe * Abalị nke 1001 Ọchị, Njikọta Nigeria <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/ajayi/062806.html|title=Nigeriaworld -- Nigerian Stock Exchange welcomes Nigerian Reunion Extravaganza 2006 for its tenth Anniversary in Atlanta|work=nigeriaworld.com|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2018-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215337/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/ajayi/062806.html}}</ref> Atlanta 2006. Oge izizi maka ndị na-akpa ọchị Naijiria (Julius Agwu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.julius-agwu.com/|title=Julius Agwu|accessdate=5 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727160312/http://www.julius-agwu.com/|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> na Basketmouth <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://basketmouth.tv/about.html|title=Hey! Na My Website Be This {{!}} Basketmouth Comics|accessdate=5 May 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060628/http://basketmouth.tv/about.html|archivedate=12 August 2011}}</ref> ) na-eme egwuregwu na United States. Onye nrụpụta. * Ihe Ngosipụta Eziokwu Eziokwu, Calabar Nigeria 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijarules.com/vb/nollywood-movies-tv-shows/19630-cross-river-hosts-reality-show.html|title=Cross River hosts Reality Show|accessdate=2013-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913130852/http://www.naijarules.com/vb/nollywood-movies-tv-shows/19630-cross-river-hosts-reality-show.html|archivedate=13 September 2012}}</ref> Onye isi nchịkwa. * Kpakpando na Runway, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bellanaija.blogspot.com/2007/07/stars-on-runway-top-models-denrele.html|title=Bella Naija: STARS ON THE RUNWAY + TOP MODELS + DENRELE|author=Naija|first=Bella|date=2007-07-15|work=Bella Naija|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> Lagos Nigeria 2007. 60 Celebrities, 12 Designers, 1 Stage. Ihe ngosi ejiji iji nweta ego maka ọrụ ebere. Onye na-emekọ ihe na onye nrụpụta maka R70 World. * Nwa agbọghọ kacha mma na Nigeria (MBGN) UK auditions 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogafrica.allafrica.com/view/entry/main/main/id/06nPCJjzZQwyq6HA.html|title=allAfrica.com: blogAfrica|work=blogafrica.allafrica.com|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2018-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917181755/http://blogafrica.allafrica.com/view/entry/main/main/id/06nPCJjzZQwyq6HA.html}}</ref> Onye nrụpụta maka nrụpụta Silverbird. * Ee Records Njegharị 2009, Abuja Nigeria, Accra Ghana, Washington DC US na London UK. Onye njikwa njem. * Ihe nkiri StarMix SummerFest, London UK 2010. Onye ndụmọdụ na onye nnọchi anya [[9ice]] . * 9ice Concert Amsterdam 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2010/10/9ice-wows-fans-in-amsterdam.html|title=9ICE wows fans in Amsterdam.|work=www.stelladimokokorkus.com|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> Onye ndụmọdụ na onye nnọchi anya 9ice. * Izu Ejiji Ejiji 2011, Lagos Nigeria. Onye nnọchi anya ihe nlereanya Aminat Ayinde . * Nokia ''Don't Break The Beat'' mpi/tour, Lagos, Enugu, Abuja na Benin (Nigeria) 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85077:tko-wins-nokia-dont-break-the-beat-contest&catid=74:arts&Itemid=683|title=TV and Internet Bundles {{!}} American Main Street|work=www.guardiannewsngr.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-17|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063615/http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85077:tko-wins-nokia-dont-break-the-beat-contest&catid=74:arts&Itemid=683}}</ref> Onye ndụmọdụ YDX. * Dance Afrique Concert Series 2015. Wembley Arena, London na Medan Racetrack, Dubai. Management maka [[Akon]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.viva-naija.com/akon-flavour-awilo-shut-down-dubai-with-dance-afrique-2015/|title=Akon, Flavour & Awilo Shut DOWN Dubai With Dance Afrique 2015|date=2015-10-09|work=Viva Naija|accessdate=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Otu mgbede nke Jazz na State House na Gọvanọ Akinwunmi Ambode, Lagos State 2016. Onye na-emekọ ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/04/jermaine-jackson-to-attend-evening-of.html|title=Jermaine Jackson confirms participation at Lagos Int'L Jazz concert|work=Linda Ikeji's Blog|date=30 April 2016|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> * Nzukọ Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Lagos, London UK 2016. Onye nrụpụta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/08/the-nigeria-corner-presents-lagos-corner-at-the-notting-hill-carnival-2016-monday-august-29th/|title=The Nigeria Corner presents Lagos Corner at the Notting Hill Carnival 2016 {{!}} Monday, August 29th - BellaNaija|work=www.bellanaija.com|date=22 August 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> * Afrobeats: The Backstory - World Premiere nke usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke Ayo Shonaiya mepụtara ma duzie ya. Fraịde, Eprel 2, 2021. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] svirdfiwyo21fd1vv1mvmvy910sguol 0 31650 697706 200391 2026-08-10T06:04:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Francis Abiola Irele (nke a na-akpọkarị Abiola I Rele, 22 Mee 1936 - 2 Julaị 2017) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye isi nke ndị ọkà mmụta edemede Africa n'ụwa niile. Francis Abiola Irele Abiola I Rele<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217191145/https://guardian.ng/art/abiola-irele-dies-at-81/ "Abiola Irele dies at 81"], ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' (Nigeria), 4 July 2017.</ref> Ọ bụ Provost na Kwara State University, nke e guzobere na 2009 na Ilorin, Nigeria. Mahadum Kwara State Ilorin<ref name="kwasu.edu.ng">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwasu.edu.ng/|title=Kwara State University – The University for Community Development|publisher=}}</ref> Tupu ọ laghachi Naijiria, Irele bụ Prọfesọ Nleta nke African na African American Studies na nke Romance Languages and Literatures na Mahadum Harvard. Mahadum Harvard == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Abiola Irele na Igbo-Ora, Naijiria, wee kwaga Enugu n'oge ọ dị obere. Igbo-Ora Enugu Nna ya si Uokha ebe nne ya si Ora ma na mpaghara Owan nke Edo Steeti, asụsụ mbụ ọ mụtara bụ Igbo, nke ọ mụtara site n'aka ndị na-arụrụ nna ya ọrụ ma lekọta ya mgbe ọ na-etolite. Uokha Igbo<ref name="Savory">{{Cite journal|author=Savory|first=E.|year=2009|title=An interview with francis abiola irele|journal=Wadabagei: A Journal of the Caribbean and Its Diaspora|volume=12|issue=1|pages=109–132|id={{ProQuest|200323368}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Mgbe ọ kwagara Lagos na 1940, ọ malitere ikwu Yoruba. Ọdọ Mmiri Yoruba N'afọ 1943, mgbe nne na nna ya lụchara ọgụ, Irele na nne ya laghachiri Ora, ebe ọ malitere ma zụlite asụsụ Ora nke ọma n'ime otu afọ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos na 1944 ka ya na nna ya biri, ọ malitere ịsụ Yoruba ma debe ya dị ka njirimara agbụrụ ya.<ref name="Savory" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Irele gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan na 1960. Mahadum Ibadan Ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara Paris iji mụta French ma mechaa Ph.D na French na Mahadum Paris, Sorbonne, na 1966. Mahadum Paris, Sorbonne Mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Faculty of Languages na Mahadum Lagos, wee gaa na Mahadim Ghana, Legon. Mahadum Lagos Mahadum Ghana Legon<ref name="Vanguard">Nwakanma, Obi, [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/tribute-francis-abiola-irele-1936-2017/ "Tribute: Francis Abiola Irele (1936 – 2017)"], ''Vanguard'', 16 July 2017.</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Black Orpheus, site na 1968 ruo 1975. Black Orpheus<ref name="Vanguard" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nkuzi na Mahadum Ife (nke bụzi Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo), na 1975 na Mahadim Ibadan, ebe ọ bụ Onye isi oche nke Asụsụ. Mahadum Ife Mahadum Ibadan<ref name="Vanguard" /> N'afọ 1989, ọ kwagara Mahadum steeti Ohio na US dị ka Prọfesọ nke African, French na Comparative Literature. Mahadum steeti Ohio Ọ bụ Provost na Kwara State University, nke e guzobere na 2009, na Ilorin, Nigeria. Mahadum Kwara State Ilorin<ref name="kwasu.edu.ng"/> Tupu ọ laghachi Naijiria, Irele bụ Prọfesọ Nleta nke African na African American Studies na nke Romance Languages and Literatures na Mahadum Harvard. Mahadum Harvard == Ọchịchịrị == Irele nyere aka ịkọwa nghọta nke Négritude nke mbụ Aimé Césaire chepụtara na magazin L'Étudiant noir na akwụkwọ ya Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (1939), na isiokwu dị iche iche, dị ka "A Defence of Negritude" na Transition (1964) ma ọ bụ na isiokwu [ebe? Negritude Aimé Césaire Nwa akwụkwọ ojii Akwụkwọ nke ịlaghachi n'ala nna ya Transition __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ebee ka?<ref>Irele, Abiola, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934416?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "A Defence of Negritude"], ''Transition'', No. 13 (March–April 1964), pp. 9–11, ''jstor.org''.</ref>"Gịnị bụ Negritude?" (1977). ]<ref>Later featured in [[Tejumola Olaniyan]] and [[Ato Quayson]]'s ''African Literature: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory'' (2007).</ref> N'isiokwu ya, Irele kọwara Négritude dị ka "usoro edemede na echiche nke ndị isi ojii na-asụ French, nke weere ọdịdị dị ka akụkụ pụrụ iche na nke dị mkpa nke mmeghachi omume zuru oke nke onye isi ojii na ọnọdụ ọchịchị... ". N'ime nchịkọta edemede ya Négritude et condition africaine, Irele na-enyocha ajụjụ nke echiche Africa. Ọchịchịrị na ọnọdụ Afrịka Ọ malitere site n'ịjụ echiche nke ọdịiche echiche n'etiti ndị na-asụ Bekee na ndị na-ekwu French n'Africa. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịgbanyere ọganihu Afrịka mgbọrọgwụ n'oge a, ọ bụghị n'oge gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Négritude et condition africaine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_winter-2009_40_4/page/200|first=J. Michael|author=Dash|date=1 January 2009|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=40|issue=4|pages=200–201|doi=10.2979/RAL.2009.40.4.200}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Irele nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 81 na 2 Julaị 2017 n'ụlọ ọgwụ US.<ref>[http://thenationonlineng.net/abiola-irele-1936-2017/ "Abiola Irele (1936 – 2017)"], ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]'', 14 July 2017.</ref> E nyere ya otuto gụnyere uri nke Wole Soyinka. Ajị Soyinka<ref>Soyinka, Wole, [http://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2017/07/20/for-francis-abiola-irele-olohun-iyo-by-wole-soyinka/ "For FRANCIS ABIOLA IRELE – 'Olohun-Iyo'"], ''Premium Times'', 20 July 2017.</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISORESTMP=results.php&CISOVIEWTMP=item_viewer.php&CISOMODE=thumb&CISOGRID=thumbnail,A,1;title,A,1;photo,A,0;descri,200,0;none,A,0;20;relevancy,none,none,none,none&CISOBIB=title,A,1,N;photo,A,0,N;descri,200,0,N;none,A,0,N;none,A,0,N;20;relevancy,none,none,none,none&CISOTHUMB=20%20(4x5);title,none,none,none,none&CISOTITLE=20;title,none,none,none,none&CISOHIERA=20;photo,title,none,none,none&CISOSUPPRESS=1&CISOTYPE=link&CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=indivi&CISOBOX1=Irele%2C+Francis+Abiola&CISOOP2=exact&CISOFIELD2=photo&CISOBOX2=&CISOOP3=exact&CISOFIELD3=datea&CISOBOX3=&CISOOP4=exact&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOBOX4=&c=exact&CISOROOT=%2Fsie_ebr1 Foto nke Abiola Irele site na nchịkọta dijitalụ EBR African American Cultural Life, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville] * Obi Nwakanma, "Ekele: Francis Abiola Irele (1936 - 2017) ", Vanguard, 16 Julaị 2017. "Ekele: Francis Abiola Irele (1936 - 2017) " Vanguard fhb2rusq6agfh7ifi9p4yvi3b17hc5z 0 31964 697472 696892 2026-08-09T23:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Anezi Okoro''' bụ onye edemede [[Naijiria]] na onye ọrụ ahụike (1929-2024). Anezi Okoro dọkịta A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1972 One Week One Trouble . Otu Izu Otu Nsogbu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/17/renowned-author-prof-anezi-okoro-celebrated-at-90/|title=Renowned author, Prof Anezi Okoro celebrated at 90|work=P.M. News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100247877|title=Anezi Okoro|work=Oxford Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/ana-others-celebrate-prof-anezi-okoro-at-91/|title=ANA, Others Celebrate Prof Anezi Okoro at 91}}</ref><ref name="ENC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/okoro-anezi|title=Okoro, Anezi|work=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Anezi na Arondizuogu nke Imo Steeti, Naịjirịa na 1929. Arondizuogu Imo Steeti Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Anezi Okoro, author of ‘The Village Headmaster' dies at 94|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/prof-anezi-okoro-author-of-the-village-headmaster-dies-at-94/|work=Vanguard News|date=2024-01-20|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB|author=Oboh}}</ref> Dr. Okoro gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Methodist College, Uzuakoli, Abia State, Nigeria. Anezi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'ụlọ, University College Hospital, Ibadan, site na 1957 ruo 1959. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na 1975 dị ka prọfesọ nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka. Mahadum nke Naijiria Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke African Association for Dermatology site na 1986 ruo 1991. Onye nduzi, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation na Lagos site na 1977 ruo 1981. Ụlọ Ọrụ Naịjirịa Naịjirị Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta na 1987, na Mahadum Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1988, Mahadum King Faisal, Dammam Saudi Arabia dị ka prọfesor nke dermatology site na 1989 ruo 1995. Medical College of Georgia Mahadum nke Minnesota Minneapolis King Faisal Mahadum Dammam Saudi Arabia<ref name="ENC" /> Okoro nwụrụ na 20 Jenụwarị 2024 ka ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge. Ọ dị afọ 94.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned author of “One Week, One Trouble” Prof Anezi Okoro is dead - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/01/20/renowned-author-of-one-week-one-trouble-prof-anezi-okoro-is-dead/|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria loses author of The Village Headmaster, Prof Anezi Okoro, at 94|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/nigeria-loses-author-of-the-village-headmaster-prof-anezi-okoro-at-94-2024072623132580412|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2024-01-20|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == *''The Village School'' (1966)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunshinebookseller.com/product/the-village-school/?srsltid=AfmBOorMx3bp8OUsfVRNDwxNxGKhnGdrSLYyurdn8hijp1BmRCgdABGm|title=The Village School (1966)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Village School by Okoro, Anezi: New PAP (1966) {{!}} PBShop.store UK|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Village-School-Okoro-Anezi-Momase/32385519444/bd|work=www.abebooks.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Village School|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Village_School.html?id=50Je0QEACAAJ|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1966|isbn=979-8-89693-025-9|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''The Village Headmaster'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The village headmaster|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_village_headmaster.html?id=yFSoAAAACAAJ|publisher=African University Press|date=1984|isbn=978-0-410-80047-6|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Village Headmaster by Okoro, Anezi: New PAP (1967) {{!}} PBShop.store UK|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Village-Headmaster-Okoro-Anezi-Momase/32385519445/bd|work=www.abebooks.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Village Headmaster book by Anezi Okoro|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/the-village-headmaster_anezi-okoro/52956132/|work=ThriftBooks|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=ThriftBooks}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''Febechi down the Niger'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIBECHI DOWN THE NIGER; By Anezi Okoro by Anezi Okoro on Borg Antiquarian|url=https://www.borgantiquarian.com/pages/books/8991/anezi-okoro/fibechi-down-the-niger-by-anezi-okoro|work=Borg Antiquarian|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US|author=www.bibliopolis.com|archivedate=2023-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924161308/https://www.borgantiquarian.com/pages/books/8991/anezi-okoro/fibechi-down-the-niger-by-anezi-okoro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b10546617?originalUrl=https%3A%2F%2Flegacycatalog.nypl.org%2Frecord%3Db10546617|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-11|title=Febechi down the Niger (1971)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Febechi down the Niger {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/3381902|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''Febechi in Cave Adventure'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Febechi and Group in Cave Adventure by [NIGERIAN LITERATURE] OKORO, Anezi: (1968) First Edition. {{!}} Lorne Bair Rare Books, ABAA|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Febechi-Group-Cave-Adventure-NIGERIAN-LITERATURE/30340132568/bd|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b10083656|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-11|title=Febechi in Cave Adventure (1971)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Febechi and Group in Cave Adventure by NIGERIAN LITERATURE, Anezi OKORO on Lorne Bair Rare Books|url=https://www.lornebair.com/pages/books/44671/nigerian-literature-anezi-okoro/febechi-and-group-in-cave-adventure|work=Lorne Bair Rare Books|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US|author=www.bibliopolis.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''One Week one Trouble'' (1973)<ref>{{Cite web|title=One week one trouble {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/654268958|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=One Week, One Trouble|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/One_Week_One_Trouble.html?id=ocQIAQAAIAAJ|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1972|isbn=978-0-410-80152-7|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=One week one trouble|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL15299648M/One_week_one_trouble|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1972|location=Lagos|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=One Week One Trouble|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36557564-one-week-one-trouble|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> *''Dr. Amadi's Postings'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Alternative Tradition : A Survey Of Nigerian Literature In English Since The Civil War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24351129|journal=Présence Africaine|date=1986|issn=0032-7638|pages=162–184|issue=139|author=Femi Osofisan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Bibliographic Listing of Nigerian Novels: 1952-1990|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/002198949002500211|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|date=1990-06-01|issn=0021-9894|pages=214–227|volume=25|issue=2|doi=10.1177/002198949002500211|language=EN|author=Wendy Griswold, Misty Bastian}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''Pictorial Handbook of Common Skin Diseases'' (1981)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.kmtc.ac.ke/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Okoro%20N.%20Anezi%22|title=Pictorial handbook of common skin diseases/ Okoro N. Anezi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Pictorial handbook of common skin disease|url=https://elibrary.suza.ac.tz/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17093|publisher=Macmillan|date=1981|location=London|isbn=978-0-333-28611-1|author=Okoro A. N}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> *''Education Is Great'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anezi Okoro|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL676498A/Anezi_Okoro|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/anezi-okoro/5343368/?srsltid=AfmBOor_T7vjXUh7qwdkT-ZKRKyqO9a_4ABao_mpJSLncqBnudhk49hs|work=www.thriftbooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Books by Anezi Okoro (Author of One Week One Trouble)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/913080.Anezi_Okoro|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> *''Double Trouble'' (1990)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Double trouble (African reader's library) - Okoro, Anezi: 9789781481314 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9789781481314/Double-trouble-African-readers-library-9781481315/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Double Trouble|url=https://buybooks.ng/product/double-trouble/|work=BuyBooks.NG|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB|archivedate=2025-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813200614/https://buybooks.ng/product/double-trouble/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Double trouble|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1317085M/Double_trouble|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1990|location=Ibadan [Nigeria]|isbn=978-978-148-131-4|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Double Trouble|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Double_Trouble.html?id=YUW4oQEACAAJ|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1990|isbn=978-978-148-131-4|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref> *''Pariah Earth and Other Stories'' (1994)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Books by Anezi Okoro (Author of One Week One Trouble)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/913080.Anezi_Okoro|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pariah Earth and Other Stories by Okoro, Anezi N.: Very Good Paperback (1994) Signed by Author(s) {{!}} R. Rivers Books|url=https://www.abebooks.com/signed/Pariah-Earth-Stories-Okoro-Anezi-N/22392352076/bd|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> *''The Second Great Flood'' (1999)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Second Great Flood: A Novella|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Second_Great_Flood.html?id=r0DooAEACAAJ|publisher=Delta of Nigeria|date=2000|isbn=978-978-2335-88-3|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref> *''New Broom at Amanzu '' (1963)<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Broom at Amanzu (African Library) - Okoro, Anezi N.: 9780602219451 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780602219451/New-Broom-Amanzu-African-Library-0602219450/plp|work=www.abebooks.co.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=New Broom at Amanzu|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/New_Broom_at_Amanzu.html?id=i8QIAQAAIAAJ|publisher=African Universities Press|date=1967|language=en|author=Anezi Okoro}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] ge5nc5t62bshs8usis9ro5iqy2ug7xl 0 32070 697533 142710 2026-08-10T02:13:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 6 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] E. Latunde Odeku (onye amụrụ Emanuel Olatunde Alaba Olanrewaju Odeku; 1927, Lagos, Nigeria - nwụrụ, London, 1974) bụ onye Naijiria mbụ na-ahụ maka ịwa ahụ ụbụrụ zụrụ na United States onye bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ na-ahụ Maka ịwa ahụ n'Africa. E. Latunde Odeku Emanuel Olatunde Alaba Olanrewaju Odeku Lagos, Nigeria London Naijiria dọkịta na-ahụ maka akwara United States<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTTYCgAAQBAJ&q=Latunde+odeku+Neurosurgery&pg=PA822|title=History of Neurology: Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)|author=Sanley Finger|publisher=Elsevier|year=2009|isbn=978-0-702-0354-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=E. Latunde Odeku, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S., 1927-1974. An African pioneer neurosurgeon|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=67|issue=4|pages=319–320|author=Adeloye|year=1975|pmid=1099223}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == N'ihe nketa Yoruba, a mụrụ Latunde na Lagos, Nigeria. Yoruba<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dpcnigeria.net/publications/lectures-seminar-documents/39-challenges-of-a-national-health-policy|title=In the Backyards of Life: Challenges of a National Health Policy|work=Development and Policy Centre|accessdate=February 23, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311044839/http://dpcnigeria.net/publications/lectures-seminar-documents/39-challenges-of-a-national-health-policy|archivedate=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Biographies - JStor}}</ref> Nna ya bụ nwa afọ Awe ebe nne ya bụ onye Lagosian. Egwu Lagosian<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23hsAAAAMAAJ&q=Latunde+Odeku+Father+Awe|title=E. Latunde Odeku, an African neurosurgeon|author=Adelola Adeloye|year=1997|publisher=the University of Michigan|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Methodist Boys, Lagos. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị nke Ụmụ nwoke Metọdist<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ajns.paans.org/article.php3?id_article=233|title=THE NEUROSURGEON AS HUMANIST: THE HUMANISM IN LATUNDE ODEKU'S WHISPERS FROM THE NIGHT|publisher=African Journal of Neurological Sciences|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcp/article/viewFile/11422/75913&ved=0ahUKEwikvsHnw4fLAhWKORoKHQJTDdQ4FBAWCCAwAw&usg=AFQjCNGiBAcHyOTQdshHYIJ2D9jryuDG5A&sig2=mi06bu-aWdKi2Q8kKt7Kiw|title=NEUROSURGERY IN NIGERIA- AN EVALUATION OF THE PERCEPTION OF HEALTH PERSONNEL IN AN EW CENTRE ANDA COMPARISON OF THE NIGERIAN SITUATION WITH THAT OF OTHER AFRICAN STATES.|author=JKC Emejulu (Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|volume=60|issue=4|pages=769–772|doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000255410.69022.E8|pmid=17415215|journal=Neurosurgery|author=McClelland, Shearwood III M.D.|title=E. Latunde Odeku|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurosurgery_2007-04_60_4/page/769}}</ref> wee gaa Mahadum Howard wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na Zoology na 1950. Howard University summa cum laude Zoology E mechara nye ya agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ ọgwụ na Mahadum Howard, nweta MD ya na 1954. MD == Ọrụ ahụike == Mgbe ọ gafere ule ahụike nke Canada, Latunde nọrọ n'afọ sochirinụ na Naijiria dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike na Lagos General Hospital. Ụlọ Ọgwụ Lagos nke Canada N'afọ 1961, ọ laghachiri na United States ma nye ya ọnọdụ obibi, ọzụzụ n'okpuru Dr. Kahn (site na 1956 ruo 1960) na Mahadum Michigan. Mahadum nke Michigan Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ zụrụ na Neurology n'okpuru Dr. Webb Haymaker na Walter Reed Medical Center na Washington, D.C. O mechara gaa n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka ọzọ na Children's Hospital nke Philadelphia n'okpuru Dokta Eugene Spitz, onye mepụtara valvụ Spitz-Holter maka ịgwọ hydrocephalus. Walter Reed Medical Center Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka nke Philadelphia hydrocephalus N'afọ 1961, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi nke Neuroanatomy na Neurosurgery na College of Medicine, Mahadum Howard. Neuroanatomy Neurosurgery College of Medicine, Howard University Ọ bụ ezie na e mechara nye Latunde ọtụtụ nhọpụta gụnyere ọkwa abụọ a ma ama na United States; Otú ọ dị, ọ họọrọ ịlaghachi Naijiria. Latunde bịara na Mahadum Ibadan na 1962 dị ka dọkịta na-ahụ maka akwara nke mbụ na West Africa. Mahadum nke Ibadan N'afọ 1962, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi ngalaba wee bụrụ onye otu American College of Surgeons. N'afọ 1965, a họpụtara ya dị ka Prọfesọ nke Neurosurgery; site na 1968 ruo 1971, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke Ngalaba Ịwa Ahụ na Dean nke Mahadum Ibadan College of Medicine. Mahadum nke Ibadan College of Medicine O guzobekwara National na West African Postgraduate Medical Colleges na usoro mmalite na Mahadum nke Ibadan College of Medicine, nke a na-eme ugbu a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike niile nke Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001544262|title=. Latunde Odeku, an African neurosurgeon /|author=Adeloye, Adelola.|year=1976|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/physicianscoloni0000patt|quote=Latunde Odeku first Nigerian African American Black Neurosurgeon.|title=Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa|author=Adell Patton|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=1996|isbn=978-0-813-0143-26|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://drwoodymc.com/(14)ELO.pdf|title=Legacies of E. LATUNDE ODEKU: THE FIRST AFRICAN‐AMERICAN NEUROSURGEON TRAINED IN THE UNITED STATES|journal=Neurosurgery|author=McClelland, Shearwood III M.D.|year=2007|volume=60|issue=4|pages=769–772|doi=10.1227/01.NEU.0000255410.69022.E8|pmid=17415215|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Site na 1972, ahụike ya malitere ịda site na nsogbu nke ọrịa shuga. Ọrịa shuga Ọ nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1974, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Hammersmith, London ma lie ya na St Peter's Church, Burnham, England. Ụlọ Ọgwụ Hammersmith<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19740903&id=WpclAAAAIBAJ&pg=3302,705362&hl=en|title=Famed Nigerian doctor, Howard Graduate dies|work=Google News|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Latunde+odeku+Neurosurgery&pg=PA30|title=Latunde Odeku|date=October 17, 1974|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company (The weekly source of African American political and entertainment)|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * Ọchịchịrị nke abalị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odeku, E. Latunde.|title=Twilight: out of the night|date=1964|publisher=[Printed by Abiodun Printing Works]|oclc=645142291}}</ref> * Odeku, E. Latunde. (1978). Akwụkwọ nke E. Latunde Akwụkwọ nke E<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odeku, E. Latunde.|title=Publications of E. Latunde Odeku|date=1978|publisher=University of Ibadan|oclc=7134079}}</ref> * E. Latunde Odeku (1975)<ref name="E. Latunde Odeku">{{Cite journal|date=1975|title=E. Latunde Odeku|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=42|issue=3|doi=10.3171/jns.1975.42.3.0364|issn=0022-3085}}</ref> * Ndị na-asụ ude site n'abalị (1969)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odeku, E. Latunde.|title=Whispers from the night.|date=1969|oclc=643893775}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ nke E. Latunde Odeku. Akwụkwọ nke E. Latunde Odeku Ibadan, Nigeria: Mahadum nke Ibadan.<ref name="Odeku 85–98">{{Cite journal|author=Odeku|first=EL|date=2011-03-02|title=Beginnings of Neurosurgery at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria|journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine|volume=5|issue=2|pages=85–98|doi=10.4314/aipm.v5i2.64029|pmid=14320459|issn=1597-1627}}</ref> * Mmalite nke Neurosurgery na Mahadum Ibadan, Nigeria<ref name="Odeku 85–98" /> * Cysts subgaleal ọmụmụ n'elu Anterior Fontanelle na ndị Naijiria<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye|first=A.|date=1971-02-01|title=Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_1971-02_46_245/page/95|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=46|issue=245|pages=95–98|doi=10.1136/adc.46.245.95|pmid=5555494|issn=0003-9888}}</ref> * Adeloye, Adelola Odeku, E. Latunde (1971-02). Cysts Subgaleal amụrụ amụrụ amụọ n'elu Anterior Fontanelle na ndị Naijiria Cysts Subgala amụrụ amụta n'elu Fontanelle amụrụ amị na ndị Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye, Adelola Odeku, E. Latunde|title=Congenital Subgaleal Cysts over the Anterior Fontanelle in Nigerians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_1971-02_46_245/page/95|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|date=1971|volume=46|issue=245|pages=95–8|doi=10.1136/adc.46.245.95|pmid=5555494}}</ref> * Adeloye, A.; Odeku, E. L. (1971-02-01) Epilepsy mgbe mgbọ ogbunigwe merụrụ isi<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye|first=A.|date=1971-02-01|title=Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1971-02_34_1/page/98|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|volume=34|issue=1|pages=98–103|doi=10.1136/jnnp.34.1.98|pmid=4994609|issn=0022-3050}}</ref> * Ọrịa akwụkwụ mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmerụ ahụ mgbọ ogbunigwe n'isi (Book)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye, Adelola Odeku, E. Latunde|title=Epilepsy after missile wounds of the head|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1971-02_34_1/page/98|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|date=1971|volume=34|issue=1|pages=98–103|doi=10.1136/jnnp.34.1.98|pmid=4994609}}</ref> * Atụmanya na Neurosurgery (1971-01-01)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Odeku|first=E. Latunde|date=1971-01-01|title=Perspectives in Neurosurgery|journal=Neurosurgery|volume=18|issue=CN_suppl_1|pages=41–61|doi=10.1093/neurosurgery/18.cn_suppl_1.41|pmid=9015633|issn=0148-396X}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Radiology nke ọnyá isi mgbọ ogbunigwe". Radiology nke ụlọ ọgwụ. Radiology nke ụlọ ọgwụ 22 (3): 312-320. 22 doi:10.1016/s0009-9260 (71) 80079-x. doi ISSN 0009-9260. ISSN<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye|first=Adelola|date=1971|title=The radiology of missile head wounds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-radiology_1971-07_22_3/page/312|journal=Clinical Radiology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=312–320|doi=10.1016/s0009-9260(71)80079-x|pmid=5559101|issn=0009-9260}}</ref> * Akụkọ ndụ - E. Latunde Odeku, onye Africa na-ahụ maka ịwa ahụ ụbụrụ (1976)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adeloye, Adelola.|title=Biography - E. Latunde Odeku, an African neurosurgeon|date=1976|publisher=[publisher not identified]|oclc=4404331}}</ref> * Afọ iri atọ nke nyocha ahụike na College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria 1948 - 1980; ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bipụtara. site n'aka ndị otu College of Med. nke Univ. nke Ibadan site na ntọala ya ruo 1980<ref>{{Cite book|author=Decola, Freya D. Verfasser|title=Three decades of medical research at the College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria 1948 - 1980 ; a list of the papers publ. by members of the College of Med. of the Univ. of Ibadan from its foundation through 1980|date=1984|publisher=Ibadan University Press|isbn=978-121-157-1|oclc=1072308830}}</ref> * E. Latunde Odeku, MD, F.A.C.S., F.I.C.s., 1927-1974. Onye ọsụ ụzọ n'Afrịka na-awa ahụ ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adeloye, A.|title=E. Latunde Odeku, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.I.C.S., 1927-1974. An African pioneer neurosurgeon.|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|year=1975|volume=67|issue=4|pages=319–320|pmid=1099223}}</ref> * Akwụkwọ ozi E. Latunde Odeku<ref name="E. Latunde Odeku" /> * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/113196725 Obituary: Prọfesọ E. Latunde Odeku B.Sc., M.D., L.M.C.C. (Canada), D.A.B.N.S., F.I.C.S., FC (Nigeria) site na A Adeloye Publication: Surgical neurology, 1975 Apr; 3 (4): 187] * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/114936160 11th E. Latunde Odeku ncheta okwu e nyere na 27 Ọktoba 1987.] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} qm0hopls6lb5d1gwwajzybrls509ovn 0 32237 697640 142324 2026-08-10T04:38:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Toker cell bụ mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nwere cytoplasm doro anya na ara nke ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Akpụkpọ ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ Toker<ref name="SaeedShousha2014">{{Cite journal|author=Saeed|first=Duaa|title=Toker cells of the nipple are commonly associated with underlying sebaceous glands but not with lactiferous ducts|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=67|issue=11|year=2014|pages=1010–1012|issn=0021-9746|doi=10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202280|pmid=25086135}}</ref> E kwenyere na mkpụrụ ndụ Toker na-etolite site na gland sebaceous. Akwara abụba<ref name="SaeedShousha2014" /> Ha bụ cytokeratin 7 (CK7) positive, n'adịghị ka squamous epithelium. cytokeratin 7<ref name="SaeedShousha2014" /> N'ụzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, ha nwere ike ịdị ọtụtụ ma bụrụ nke ụwa họrọ ndị na-adịghị mma, ma sie ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ọjọọ nke ọrịa ahụ n'ebe nile ara Paget. Ọrịa ara Paget<ref name="Di TommasoFranchi2008">{{Cite journal|author=Di Tommaso|first=Luca|title=Toker cells of the breast. Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of 40 cases|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-pathology_2008-09_39_9/page/1295|journal=Human Pathology|volume=39|issue=9|year=2008|pages=1295–1300|issn=0046-8177|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2008.01.018|pmid=18614197}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị, immunohistochemistry site na iji CD138 na p53 mee ihe maka ọdịiche, ma na-adịghị mma na mkpụrụ ndụ Toker ma na-enwe ọganihu na ọrịa Paget. immunohistochemistry CD138 p53<ref name="Di TommasoFranchi2008" /> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> egd1nbgacxnlrwmol2bz7mkplw7b8yh 0 32249 697780 191233 2026-08-10T08:02:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Lying-in_scene_after_childbirth,_German,_c._1731_Wellcome_L0036025.jpg|thumb|Etching (Germany, c. 1731) na-egosi adịghị ọcha nke nne mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa, dị ka iwu ndị Juu si kwuo. Akwụkwọ Levitikọs na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nne dị ka onye na-adịghị ọcha ruo ụbọchị 40 mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa nwoke na ụbọchị iri asatọ mgbe ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi nne nọ n'àkwà na-eri nri, ndị inyom na ụmụaka gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ama nwa ya n'ụlọ nkwari akụ. N'ihu, ụmụaka atọ na-asọpụta mmiri site na ite. N'azụ bụ obodo nwere ụlọikwuu.]] Adighị ọcha mgbe amuchara nwa bụ nkwenye okpukpe ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị na nne ọhụrụ nọ n'ọnọdụ adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụ mmetọ, na-achọ ime ka a dị ọcha. Ọ na-ejikọta ya na nnọpụ iche nke atụmanya nke ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara amuchara, na n'ozuzu ya na iwu gbasara ịhụ nsọ na ọbara ọgbụgba. == Iwu akwụkwọ nsọ == == banyere adịghị ọcha mgbe amuchara == Dị ka Levitikọs isi nke iri na abụọ si kwuo, nwanyị na-amụ nwa nwoke na-anọgide na-adịghị ọcha ruo otu izu, ma mesịa mikpuo n'ime mmiri iji mee ka onwe ya dị ọcha. Na nkọwa ndị rabaị nke Levitikọs isi nke iri na abụọ, ọbara ọ bụla ọ hụrụ n'ime ụbọchị iri atọ na atọ sochirinụ ga-ewere ya dị ka ''dam tohar'' (דַּם טׂוהַר - ọbara dị ọcha), na ọbara ahụ anaghị egbochi ya iso di ya nwee mmekọahụ. Iwu maka nwanyị na-amụ nwa nwanyị bụ otu, Otú ọ dị, oge ahụ ji okpukpu abụọ. Nne ahụ na-aghọ ihe na-adịghị ọcha ruo izu abụọ, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọbara ọ bụla ọ hụrụ n'ime ụbọchị iri isii na isii sochirinụ bụ ''dam tohar''. === Nkọwa nke ndị ọkà mmụta === Enweghị nkwekọrịta ndị ọkà mmụta maka iwu Bible, gụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Tikva Frymer-Kensky tụrụ aro na "dị ka onye metụrụ ọnwụ aka, onye amụrụla anọro la na njedebe nke ndụ / na-abụghị ndụ...."<ref>p.&nbsp;401</ref> == Iwu na omume ndị Juu == N'ime ala nke iwu akwụkwọ nsọ na okwu okpukpe ndị Juu na-esote Akwụkwọ nsọ gbara tumah na taharah gburugburu, a na-akpọ adịghị ọcha ahụ na ''tumat yoledet'' Hibru. Halakhah na-emeso ''yoledet'' (nwaanyị na-amụ nwa) n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka nwanyị ọ bụla nwere ọnọdụ niddah. N'obodo ụfọdụ ndị Juu, a na-eme emume na ogo nke nzuzo maka ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere omenala ndị Sana Yimen nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eleta nne n'ime izu anọ ruo abụọ mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa. A ga-eleta nne ahụ n'ime ụlọ pụrụ iche n'ụlọ ya ma ọ ga-anọdụ n'ime igbe akụkụ atọ a chọrọ mma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jewish passages: cycles of Jewish life|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpassagescy00gold|author=Goldberg|first=Harvey|publisher=Univ. of California|year=2003|isbn=9780520206939|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishpassagescy00gold/page/n78 64]–65}}</ref> == Omume Ndị Kraịst == Ụfọdụ ụka ndị mbụ gbasoro omenala ndị Juu nke igbochi ụmụ nwanyị ife ofufe mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa ruo mgbe emume ime ka ha dị ọcha. <ref>Susan K. Roll, "The Old Rite of Churching Women after Childbirth, in {{Cite book|editor=De Troyer|title=Wholly woman, holy blood: a feminist critique of purity and impurity|date=2003|publisher=Trinity Press International|location=Harrisburg, PA|isbn=9781563384004}}</ref><ref>Newell, Rachel C. "The thanksgiving of women after childbirth: a blessing in disguise." ''Exploring the Dirty Side of Women’s Health. London, New York'' (2007): 44-59.</ref>Taa, ọtụtụ Ndị Kraịst na-echeta Candlemas, ememe nke ịdị ọcha nke Veejin Meeri. Ụfọdụ na-aga n'ihu na-eme emume I ga ụka ụmụ nwanyị, nke sitere na ọdịnala ndị Juu mana ọ bụghị na ọ na-egosi adịghị ọcha emume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cressy|first=David|title=Purification, Thanksgiving and the Churching of Women in Post-Reformation England|journal=Past and Present|date=1993|volume=141|issue=1|pages=106–146|doi=10.1093/past/141.1.106}}</ref><ref name="Natalie">{{Cite journal|author=Knödel|first=Natalie|title=Reconsidering an Obsolete Rite: The Churching of Women and Feminist Liturgical Theology|journal=Feminist Theology|date=1997|volume=5|issue=14|pages=106–125|doi=10.1177/096673509700001406}}</ref> == Okpukpe Hindu == == Okpukpe Sikh == Sutak bụ nkwenkwe Hindu nke jikọtara ya na adịghị ọcha nke ụlọ n'ihi ọmụmụ nwa. E kwekwaara na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị adịghị ọcha dị otú ahụ. Guru Nanak katọrọ echiche ndị dị otú ahụ nke mmetọ / adịghị ọcha.<ref name="jagraj_sutak">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/ACompleteGuideToSikhism/#page/n116|title=A Complete Guide to Sikhism|publisher=Unistar Books|author=Singh|first=Jagraj|year=2009|pages=116–117|isbn=9788171427543}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRfkTq1ykSIC&pg=PA72|title=Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices|publisher=Trentham Books|author=Rait|first=S.K.|year=2005|pages=72|isbn=9781858563534}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ebemsi dee == <references responsive="1"></references> * {{Cite journal|author=Cooper|first=Alan|title=A medieval Jewish version of original sin: Ephraim of Luntshits on Leviticus 12|url=https://archive.org/details/harvard-theological-review_2004-10_97_4/page/445|journal=Harvard Theological Review|date=October 2004|volume=97|issue=4|pages=445–459|doi=10.1017/S0017816004000781}} * Goldberg, Harvey E. Akụkụ ndị Juu: okirikiri nke ndụ ndị Juu. Univ nke [[California]] Press, 2003. * Magonet, Jonathan "'Ma Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, ọ bụ onye na-adịghị ọcha maka ụbọchị asaa...": The Riddle of Leviticus 12: 5." Reading Leviticus: A Conversation with Mary Douglas (1996): 144-52. * Tikva Frymer-Kensky, "Mmetọ, Ịdị ọcha, na Ịsacha n'Izrel Akwụkwọ Nsọ," na Okwu Onyenwe anyị ga-aga n'ihu: Essays in Honor of D. N. Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday (ed. C. L. Meyers and M. O"Connor; Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1983), 399-414 cuxhw7bkx1y26f0ga3o0ifvtm0r3lhd 0 32428 697517 213540 2026-08-10T01:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 7 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . <ref name="Pritchard 2012">{{Cite journal|title=Nonword reading: comparing dual-route cascaded and connectionist dual-process models with human data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology_2012-10_38_5/page/1268|journal=J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1268–88|date=October 2012|pmid=22309087|doi=10.1037/a0026703}}</ref> <ref name="coltheart1">{{Cite journal|author=Coltheart|first=Max|title=Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1993-10_100_4/page/589|journal=Psychological Review|date=1 January 1993|volume=100|issue=4|pages=589–608|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.589}}</ref> <ref name="Yamada 1990">{{Cite journal|title=The use of the orthographic lexicon in reading kana words|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-general-psychology_1990-07_117_3/page/311|journal=J Gen Psychol|volume=117|issue=3|pages=311–23|date=July 1990|pmid=2213002}}</ref>Ozizi ụzọ nke abụọ pụtara ihe ka akọwara na ịbụ 1970s.  [1] Ozizi a na-egosi na usoro abụọ dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ụzọ ụzọ isi, na-etinye aka n'ịgụpụta ihe n'olu dara ụkwụ, na-enye aka n'ịkpọpụta ihe mkpali idheer. == Ụzọ == === Ụzọ nkọwa === <ref name="coltheart1" />Ụzọ nkwuwa okwu bụ usoro nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà nwere ike ike okwu ndị ma ama site na anya akụ, site na usoro "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu".  [1] [2] Dị ka ihe dị a si dị, okwu ọ blea onye na-agụ, na-achọ anya ya na nchekwa data nke okwu na mkpọpụta ha nke yiri akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, ma ọ bụ lexicon nke ime.  [3] [2] Mgbe onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà na-ahụ ma na-ahụ anya na-amata okwu idé, ọ na-enwe ike ime akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu maka okwu ahụ wee akwụkwọ ozi nhazi okwu ya.  [4] [5] Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Okwu dị n'ime ɔkɔ okwu ọ lụlịa, okwu okwu ndị dị ka 'colonel' ma ọ bụ 'pint' nke na-akọwa agba ọsọ iwu leta na ụzọ.  Ụzọ a ndị eme ka njikọ mmetụtaokwu na- Aha okwu ( aka 'zuce'), n'agbanyeghị na ike ụfọdụ ike site na ijikọta okwu ahụ na nso nso dị na lexicon (aka 'sare' na-eme ka okwu  ndị a mara anya dị ka 'nlekọta' ma ọ bụ ' mgbu').  [1] [5] Enweghi ihe omume doro anya ma ụzọ lexical na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ ziri ezi na-aga site na ike okwu anya na-aga na ikwu okwu, ma ọ bụ ụzọ dị na-aga site na okwu ike  anya gaa na nhazi nhazi na n'ikpeazụ gaa na echiche okwu. === Ụzọ na-abụghị okwu ma ọ bụ Sublexical === <ref name="coltheart1" /> <ref name="Zorzi Houghton 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Zorzi|first=Marco|title=Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology_1998-08_24_4/page/1131|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=24|issue=4|year=1998|pages=1131–1161|issn=1939-1277|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.24.4.1131}}</ref> <ref name="Coltheart 2005">{{Cite book|author=Coltheart|first=Max|title=Word recognition processes in reading. Modeling reading : the dual-route approach|editor=Margaret J Snowling|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|year=2005|location=Malden, MA|pages=6–23|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~perfetti/PDF/Coltheart%2005.pdf|oclc=57579252|isbn=9781405114882}}</ref> <ref name="behrmann">{{Cite journal|author=Behrmann|first=M.|title=Surface dyslexia and dysgraphia: dual routes, single lexicon|journal=Cognitive Neuropsychology|year=1992|volume=9|issue=3|pages=209–251|doi=10.1080/02643299208252059}}</ref>Ụzọ nonlexical ma ọ bụ subexical, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ usoro nke onye na-agụ nwere ike "ịdapụta" okwu edere.  A na-eme nke a site n'ịchọpụta akara nke okwu ahụ ( akwụkwọ ozi, fọ n'ìmen, graphemes ), wee tinye ihe pọha otu otu ndị a si azụ ibe ha, dịka ọmụmaatụ nke eriri agbata obi na-adakọ ọnụ.  [1] [2] [3] Enwere ike usoro a dị ka usoro iwu mgbaama na-enye nhọrọ ka onye na-agụ nwee ike ike arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụdị ma ahụ okwu ahụ n'olu dara arọ.  [4].  Echiche nke ụzọ nke abụọ nke ihe n'abụla ndị isi aka mgbasa aka na eziokwu dị iche iche iche iche iche na nke na-enweghị mma [[Usòrò:Dual_route_hypothesis_to_reading.jpg|thumb| Usoro ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi ụzọ abụọ, na-esi na nkwenye nke okwu ederede gaa na mmepụta okwu.]] == Nghọta nke iwu phonological == . <ref name="Sprenger-Charolles Siegel 2011">{{Cite journal|author=Sprenger-Charolles|first=Liliane|title=Prevalence and Reliability of Phonological, Surface, and Mixed Profiles in Dyslexia: A Review of Studies Conducted in Languages Varying in Orthographic Depth|journal=Scientific Studies of Reading|year=2011|volume=15|issue=6|pages=498–521|doi=10.1080/10888438.2010.524463|url=http://lpp.psycho.univ-paris5.fr/pdf/2762.pdf}}</ref>Dị ka mkpa e mere, oge a mmetụta iji mara agụ ihe na-adabere n'otú ahụ si agba ọsọ ọsọ olu.  [1] A na-ịhụ akara e dere ede dị ka nke fim mgbe ọ na-akwadosi ike na iwu mkpoputa-ụda ma nwee ikeokwu ole na ole.  N'ihi nke a, a na-ahụta akara bekee (nghọta dị ala) dị ka obere obere French (nghọta ọkara) na Spanish (nghọta dị elu) nke nwere usoro grapheme-phoneme na- agbanwe agbanwe.  Ọdịiche a na-ihe ihe na-eyi na ọ na-ewe oge maka njikwa iji ịgụ Bekee, n'ihi na ọ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma, ma e jiri ya mere French na Spanish.  [1] Ịdabere n'asụsụ Spanish na iwu onye olu nwere ike maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụkpụrụ na-asụrụ Spanish na-ụ ọkwa dị elu nke amị n'agụghị okwu, ma e jiri ya see na-asụ Bekee na French  .  N'otu aka ahụ, dyslexics elu Spanish na- isi obere isi n'ịgụ n'ozuzu ya, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ikike n'ụkpụrụkpụrụ okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe kama ọtụtụ okwu dị iche iche n'ozuzu ya.  na lexicon nke ime.  [1] Usoro ụzọ abụọ si otu a na-enye ụmụ maka ndịiche dị na echeta na ọnụ ọgụgụ dyslexia n'etiti egwuregwu dị iche iche. == Ọsọ ịgụ ihe == Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà na-egosipụta oge mmeghachi omume ogologo oge mgbe ha na-agụpụta okwu na-adịghị mma nke na-adịghị agbaso iwu mkpoputa-ụda ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu nkịtị. <ref name="paap">{{Cite journal|author=Paap|first=Kenneth R.|title=Dual-route models of print to sound: Still a good horse race|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-research_1991-04_53_1/page/13|journal=Psychological Research|year=1991|volume=53|issue=1|pages=13–24|doi=10.1007/BF00867328}}</ref> Mgbe ewepụtara okwu oge niile, a na-eme ka ụzọ mkpọwa okwu na nke na-abụghị nke akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ mana ha na-ewepụta ozi na-emegiderịta onwe ya nke na-ewe oge iji dozie ya. Usoro ime mkpebi nke yiri ka ọ na-ewere ọnọdụ na-egosi na ụzọ abụọ ahụ anọghị kpamkpam n'otu n'otu. <ref name="paap" /> Nke a data n'ihu na-akọwa ihe mere okwu mgbe nile, na ma na-agbaso mkpoputa-ụda iwu na-echekwara na ogologo oge nchekwa, na-agụ ngwa ngwa ebe ọ bụ na ụzọ abụọ ahụ "kwetara" banyere okwu nke ịkpọ okwu. <ref name="Coltheart 2005" /> <ref name="paap" /> == Mkpa nlebara anya nke ụzọ ọ bụla == Dị ka ihe nlereanya ugbu a nke nhazi ụzọ abụọ si dị, nke ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ abụọ ahụ na-eri oke nlebara anya dị iche iche. <ref name="paap" /> A na-eche na ụzọ ndị na-abụghị akwụkwọ nkọwa ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-ewuli elu ka ọ na-agbakọta wee họrọ nkeji okwu subword ziri ezi site na nchikota dị iche iche nwere ike ime. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-agụ okwu "akwukwo", na mkpoputa ya na-agbaso iwu ụda, onye na-agụ ga-agbakọta ma chọpụta mkpụrụedemede abụọ "ea" iji mepụta ụda "ee" dabara na ya. Ọ na-etinye aka na nhazi nke a na-achịkwa ma si otú a na-achọ ikike nlebara anya karịa, nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na ọnụọgụ dabere na mgbagwoju anya nke okwu ndị a na-achịkọta. <ref name="paap" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, nhazi nke a na-eme n'okporo ụzọ lexical na-egosi na ọ na-akpaghị aka, ebe ọ bụ na a na-achịkọta nkeji okwu-ụda dị na ya. N'ihi ya, a na-ewere nhazi nke lexical dị ka ihe na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, na-eri ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe. <ref name="paap" /> == Nsogbu ịgụ ihe == . Echiche nke ụzọ abụọ maka ihe nwere ike inye aka kọwa usoro nke data ejikọrọ na ụfọdụ ụdị ụdị nsogbu, ma na nke enwetara . . <ref name="de Jong 2012">{{Cite journal|title=RD, ADHD, and their comorbidity from a dual route perspective|journal=Child Neuropsychol|volume=18|issue=5|pages=467–86|year=2012|pmid=21999484|doi=10.1080/09297049.2011.625354}}</ref>Njikọ nwere nsogbu akwụkwọ na-adabere na ụzọ sub-lexical mgbe ha na-agụ akwụkwọ.  [1] nwere ihe na-egosi na ngosi ike depụta koodu na- Aha okwu, leta site na leta, nke ọma mana na-eji mmetụta.  marmar, na ọrụ, ha na-enwe nsogbu ndụ dị n'etiti okwu na pseudohomophones ( akwụkwọ okwu ndị na-ada ka ezigbo okwu mana a na-asụpeghị ya), si otú a na-egosi na ha emebiela akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu  nke ime.  [1] N'ihi na akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgụ akwụkwọ (RD) na-enwe ma ọ na-adị ngwa ngwa ihe na ụzọ okwu okwu na-adịghị mma, na-eji aro na otu usoro na-etinye aka n'ụzọ n'ụzọ  na egwu aha ngwa ngwa.  [1] Nchọcha ndị ọzọ akwadokwara echiche a na-eme okwu ngwa ngwa na-enwe njikọ siri ike na ihe metụtara okwu (ụzọ lexical) ụfọdụ n'ụdị ụfọdụ olu (ụzọ sub-lexical).  Ahụrụ ndị a maka ndị ọrịa nwere ADHD .  [1] akwụkwọ na-ekwubi na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ADHD nwere ihe ndị a na- nha: nhazi okwu okwu, akwụkwọ ngwa ngwa na m nhazi ụzọ subxical. . <ref name="Coslett & Turkeltaub 2016">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407794-2.00063-8|chapter=Acquired Dyslexia|title=Neurobiology of Language|pages=791–803|year=2016|author=Coslett|first=H. Branch|isbn=9780124077942}}</ref>Dyslexia dị n'elu, nke Marshall na Newcombe isiokwu nke mbụ, bụ nke akara ike ịgụ okwu ndị na-agbarọghị iwu okwu ọdịnala.  Bekee bụkwa ihe atụ nke nwera ọtụtụ ihe na-enyere aka n'iwu nke mkpa okwu ma si otú a na-enye ndị nwere ọrịa dyslexia n'elu ihe ịma aka.  Ndị ọrịa nwere dyslexia elu nwera ike ịghara ịgụ okwu ndị dị ka "foo mmiri", ma ọ bụ "agwaetiti" dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi na ha ọsọ ọsọ iwu aha nke ihe okwu.  A ga-akpọpụta okwu ndị a site na iji "mmezigharị", dị ka ihe "colonel" dị ka "Kollonel".  [1] Okwu ndị dị ka "steeti", na "afọ", bụ ihe atụ nke okwu ndị nwere n'elu dyslexia ụzọ enwe ike mmepụta, ebe ha na-agba ọsọ iwu ndị amachibidoro mmepụta.  [2] Dyslexics dị n'elu ga-agụ ụfọdụokwuokwu na-adịghị agafe agafe nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ okwu ugboro ugboro dị ka "nwere" na "ụ sị".  [1] Ekwupụtala ya na ndị dyslex dị elu na-enwe ike ịgụ okwu oge niile site n'iweghachite mkpọ okwu site n'ụzọ ntụgharị okwu. A na-eche na usoro dị n'azụ dyslexia dị elu na-etinye aka na mmepụta ụda okwu nke lexicon ma na-ekwukarịkwa na ọ bụ nkwụsị nke semantics. A na-echekwa na mperi atọ na-akpata dyslexia elu. Mwepu nke mbụ bụ n'ọkwa a na-ahụ anya n'ịmata na nhazi okwu na-adịghị mma. Mwepu nke abụọ nwere ike ịdị na ọkwa nke lexicon mmepụta. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ndị ọrịa na-enwe ike ịmata ihe ntụgharị okwu pụtara n'oge ọ bụla ọ bụrụgodị na ha akpọpụta ha ezighi ezi n'okwu ọnụ. Nke a na-egosi na echekwara usoro ụdị okwu a na-ahụ anya na semantic. Mwepu nke atọ nwere ike jikọta ya na mfu semantic. <ref name="Coslett et al 2002">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1212/WNL.59.3.357|title=Knowledge of the human body: A distinct semantic domain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama-neurology_2002-03_59_3/page/357|journal=Neurology|volume=59|issue=3|pages=357–363|year=2002|author=Coslett|first=H. B.|pmid=12177368}}</ref> <ref name="Coslett & Turkeltaub 2016" /> Ọ bụ ebe nwere ike ịhụ dyslexia elu na ndị ọrịa ọnya na lobe oge ha, ọ na-ahụ ya na ndị ọrịa nwere ikike .  Dị ka Alzheimer ma ọ bụ frontotemporal dementia.  Dyslexia dị n'elu bụkwa ihe e ji amata mgbaka semantic, nke ihe ọkụ na-efunahụ ihe gbasara ụwa gbara ha gburugburu. Ọgwụgwọ maka dyslexia elu gụnyere mmezigharị neuropsychological. Ebumnobi ọgwụgwọ a bụ imeziwanye ọrụ nke ụzọ ọgụgụ sub-lexical, ma ọ bụ ikike onye ọrịa nwere ịkpọpụta okwu ọhụrụ. Nakwa ọrụ nke usoro ihe njiri mara okwu a na-ahụ anya, na-abawanye nnabata nke okwu. N'ọkwa dị elu karịa, ọgwụgwọ nwekwara ike ilekwasị anya n'ikike ịkpọpụta mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla tupu onye ọrịa aga n'ihu n'ịbawanye ikike ịkpọpụta okwu niile. Dyslexia phonological enwetara bụ ụdị dyslexia nke na-ebute enweghị ike ịgụpụta okwu na-abụghị okwu na ịchọpụta ụda nke otu mkpụrụedemede. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrịa nwere nkwarụ a nwere ike ịgụ na ịkpọpụta okwu n'ụzọ ziri ezi, n'agbanyeghị ogologo ha, ihe ọ pụtara, ma ọ bụ otú ha si emekarị, ọ bụrụhaala na echekwara ha na ebe nchekwa. <ref name="coltheart1" /> <ref name="Zorzi Houghton 1998" /> A na-eche na ụdị dyslexia dị otú a na-akpata site na mmebi n'ụzọ nke na-abụghị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe ụzọ okwu nkọwa, nke na-enye ohere ịgụ okwu ndị a maara nke ọma, ka dịgidere. <ref name="coltheart1" /> == Mwepụta mgbakọ na mwepụ nke usoro ụzọ abụọ == <ref name="Coltheart 2005" />Ụdị ọdịdị nke ọrụ isi bụ n'ezie mmemme kọmputa nke na-achọ i nhazi nhazi nke mmadụ.  [1] [2] Ụdị ihe a na-enyere aka iwepụta akwụkwọ ozi ziri nke ezi echiche ma na- akwụkwọ ndị ahụ dị anya dị anya anya, n'ihi na ọ bụ ikike nke ozi nke ọma nke nwere ike.  mmemme kọmputa.  Ebumnobi egbochi nke ihe nlere na-ahụ bụ ime ka omume dị ka o kwere mee, ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ nke mmemme ahụ ga-emetụta mmadụ na nke ọzọ.  [2] Ọgụgụ bụ mpaghara a mpaghara nke ọma site na usoro ihe nlere anya.  E akara ihe atụ nke nwere ụzọ (DRC) iji ụzọ ụzọ abụọ esi agụ ihe n'ime mmadụ.  [2] Ụfọdụ ihe na-eche echiche mmadụ na ụdị DRC bụ * A na-agụpụta okwu na-apụtakarị ngwa ngwa karịa okwu ndị na-anaghị apụtakarị. * A na-agụ okwu n'ezie ngwa ngwa karịa nke na-abụghị okwu. * A na-agụpụta okwu na-ada ụda ọkọlọtọ ngwa ngwa karịa okwu ụda oge niile. . <ref name="Coltheart 2001">{{cite journal|last=Coltheart|first=Max|author2=Rastle, Kathleen |author3=Perry, Conrad |author4=Langdon, Robyn |author5= Ziegler, Johannes |title=DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_2001-01_108_1/page/204|journal=Psychological Review|date=1 January 2001| volume=108|issue=1| pages=204–256| doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204 |pmid=11212628}} Ụdị DRC abarala uru dị ka e mekwara ka ọ ọgụe dyslexia.  E RSSri dyslexia dị n'elu site n'imebi akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu orthographic nke mere na mmemme ahụ mehiere iche n'okwu ndị na-emekarị ma ọ bụ nke na- Aha okwu, dị ka a na-ahụ na dyslexia elu.  [1] A kpụrụkwa dyslexia phonological n'otu aka ahụ site n'imebi ụzọ na- sitere nke okwu okwu wee mee ka mmemme ahụ hie ụzọ na- agbụrụ okwu.  nchịkọta ọ dị n nwere ụdị ọ llalla, ụdị DRC oke ụfọdụ yana a na-ịchọ ụdị ọhụrụ a == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} 1j2jpeffwbmrkuiryzaagdqj60pn4eb 0 32433 697944 199405 2026-08-10T11:24:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 12 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:להקת דיסלקציה.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị]] . <ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|title=Developmental dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-26-june-1-2012_379_9830/page/1997|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|date=May 2012|pmid=22513218|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Chris C.|date=November 2012|title=The Co-occurrence of Reading Disorder and ADHD: Epidemiology, Treatment, Psychosocial Impact, and Economic Burden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_november-december-2012_45_6/page/538|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|volume=45|issue=6|pages=538–564|doi=10.1177/0022219411407772|pmid=21757683}}</ref>Dyslexia, nke a na-akpọbu okwu ịsị, bụ nhọrọ ('ịmụ ihe siri ike' na UK [1] ) nke na-emetụta ma ọ bụ ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe.  [2] [3] Ndị dị iche iche na-emetụta ogo dị iche iche.  [4] Nsogbu nwere ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịssụpe okwu, ịgụ ngwa, ide okwu, "ịkpọpụta" okwu n'isi, ihe okwu mgbe ị na-agụpụta ihe na-agụ ihe na- labarin.  [4] [5] Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ahụta ihe isi ike ndị a n'ibu akwụkwọ.  [6] Ihe isi ike ndị a bụ nke a na-ama ụma, ndị nwere nsogbu a na-enwekwa ozi ozi.  [4] Ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nlebara anya dị elu nke nsogbu hyperactivity hyperactivity (ADHD), nsogbu, na ihe isi ike na ọnụọgụgụ . <ref name="Lancet2012" />Ekwenyere na ọ bụ ndị nke mmetụta ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi dyslexia.  [1] ụfọdụ ikpe na-agba na mpaghara.  [2] Dyslexia nke na-etolite n'ihi nkọwa ahụ nke ọma, ọrịa strok, ma ọ bụ dementia mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "dyslexia enwetara" [3] ma ọ bụ alexia .  [2] Usoro akpata dyslexia na-esite na ndịiche dị na aha nna nke ezi.  [2] Ebe nchekwa dyslexia n'ọtụtụ ule nke ebe nchekwa, nchekwa, mkpoputa, na nkatọ.  [4] Dyslexia dị iche na ihe isi ike nke nsogbu ntĩ ma ọ bụ na-akpata ma ọ bụ site na nkuzi zuru oke ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|title=The Advantages of Dyslexia|date=August 2014|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ScientificAmerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|author=Mathew|first=Schneps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804232616/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|archivedate=4 August 2016}}</ref>Ọgwụgwọ egwu egwu ụzọ nkuzi iji gboo mkpa onye ahụ.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ahụta nsogbu dị n'okpuru, ọ nwere ike ibelata ogo ma ọ bụ m nkerị.  [2] Ọgwụgwọ ezubere maka ịrụ ọrụ.  [3] Dyslexia bụ ọrụ a na-ama ma na-eme n'ụdị niile nke ụwa.  [4] Ọ na-emetụta 3-7% nke ndị mmadụ;  [5] [6] Otú ọ dị, ihe ruru 20% nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ akara ike.  [7] Ọ bụ ebe na a na-karị dyslexia n'ime ụmụ nwoke, nke a na-achọta nke ọma site na nhụsianya na- emeju onwe ya n'etiti ndị nkuzi na ndị na-eso.  [5].  [4] ụfọdụ ọrịa na a na-ewere dyslexia dị ka ụzọ dị iche, na-enwe ma uru ma ọ dị njọ.   == Nhazi == <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coslett HB|title=Acquired dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-neurology_2000_20_4/page/419|journal=Semin Neurol|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–26|year=2000|pmid=11149697|doi=10.1055/s-2000-13174}}</ref>Dyslexia na-ekewa n'ime ụdị na nke enwetara.  [1] Dyslexia enwetara na-esote mkparị akwa akwa ozi, dị ka akara ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa strok .  Ndị nwere ike dyslexia na- nọmba ụfọdụ akara ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche nke ike, mana ụzọ ntule dị iche iche na ụzọ ụzọ.  [2] Alexia dị ọcha, nke a asụsụ dị ka agnosic alexia ma ọ bụ okwu kpuru ìsì dị ọcha, bụ otu ụdị alexia nke mebere "otu dyslexia peripheral". == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == . <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}</ref>N'oge nwata, ihe dị iche na-azụ ya na ike nke dyslexia emechara eme okwu okwu n'egbughị oge na ihe mmata ụkwụ .  [1] Akụkọ ifo a na-ama na-akpata dyslexia na ide enyo na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ bụ okwu azụ.  [2] A na-ahụhụ ndị a n'ebe nseka ka ha na- ịgụ na ide, na-ewere ya dị ka ike nke dyslexia. . <ref name="PeerReid2014">{{Cite book|author=Peer|first=Lindsay|title=Multilingualism, Literacy and Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60899-5}}</ref>Aha ndị n'iche nwere akwụkwọ nwere dyslexia ike ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ ike okwu ndị na-ada, ma ọ bụ na-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeokwu n'okwu-ha abụọ dabere na mmata mgbalị.  [1] Ha mmetụta ike igosi ihe isi ike n'ịkewa okwu n'ime ụkwụ onye mgba ( , ike pụta ihie atọ nke k, a, na t na pusi ) ma ọ bụ enwe ike ịgbakọta ịgwakọta, na-egosi mbelata mmetụta.  atụ <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHandlerFiersonSection_onCouncil_on_Children_with2011">Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". ''Pediatrics''. '''127''' (3): e818–56. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670|10.1542/peds.2010-3670]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357342 21357342]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11454203 11454203].</cite></ref>Ihe isi ike na iweghachi okwu ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ya na dyslexia.  [1] : 647 Ndị na-arrịa ọrịa dyslexia na- ndị na-asụrụ dara ogbenye, ihe a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dysorthographia ma ọ bụ dysgraphia, nke dabere na nka nke ike koodu n'asụsụ . . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jarrad|first=Lum|title=Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|date=October 2013|pages=3460–76|pmid=23920029|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.017|volume=34|issue=10}}</ref>Nsogbu na-aga n'ihu n'oge uto na-eso okenye, ọ jagora ihe isi ike n'ịchịkọta , n'isi, PIAPPE, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ e nyere mba ọzọ.  Ndị okenye nwere dyslexia nwere ike iji ike dị mma na-agụkarị ihe, ọ bụ ebe na ha na-eji ntụziaka na-agụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ n'iche ihe isi ike ma na-eme nke ka njọ n'ule mkpoputa.  ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-agụ okwu ndị na- ike isi-ihe e ji mara ike olu === Ọnọdụ emetụtara === Dyslexia na-ebutekarị nsogbu mmụta ndị ọzọ, mana akọwapụtabeghị ihe kpatara nsogbu a. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum|journal=Cortex|volume=47|issue=1|pages=117–27|date=September 2009|pmid=19818437|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.016|author=Nicolson|first=R. I.}}</ref> Ọlụsị ndị a metụtara gụnyere: ; Dysgraphia : Ọgba aghara na-agụnye ihe isi ike na ide ma ọ bụ dee ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi nsogbu na nchikota anya-aka ; ọ nwekwara ike igbochi ntụzịaka- ma ọ bụ usoro dabere n'usoro, dị ka ijikọ eriri ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007">{{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=Cecil R.|title=Encyclopedia of Special Education|date=2 January 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-67798-7}}</ref> Na dyslexia, dysgraphia na-abụkarị multifactorial, n'ihi enweghị ike ide akwụkwọ ozi- akpaghị aka, nhazi nhazi na nkọwa okwu, na enweghị ike ịmepụta okwu anya, nke na-eme ka ọ sie ike iweghachite foto a na-ahụ anya nke okwu achọrọ maka mkpoputa. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007" /> ; Nsogbu hyperactivity nlebara anya (ADHD) : Ọgba aghara nke nwere nsogbu na-edobe nlebara anya, ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ ime ihe n'echeghị echiche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|publisher=NIH: National Institute of Mental Health|accessdate=26 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archivedate=23 July 2016}}</ref> Dyslexia na ADHD na-emekarị ọnụ. <ref name="Koo2013">{{Cite book|author=Kooij|first=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&pg=PA83}}</ref> <ref name="ComerGould2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIc1BcPJu8C&pg=RA1-PA233|title=Psychology Around Us|date=2011|publisher=RR Donnelley|isbn=978-0-471-38519-6|author=Comer, Ronald}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Comorbidity of ADHD and Dyslexia|url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/260009__925867416.pdf|journal=Developmental Neuropsychology|volume=35|issue=5|pages=475–493|doi=10.1080/87565641.2010.494748|pmid=20721770|author=Germanò|first=E}}</ref> Ihe dị ka 15% <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHandlerFiersonSection_onCouncil_on_Children_with2011">Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". ''Pediatrics''. '''127''' (3): e818–56. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670|10.1542/peds.2010-3670]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357342 21357342]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11454203 11454203].</cite></ref> ma ọ bụ 12-24% nke ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ADHD; <ref name="FatemiSartorius2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJOy1vy2RKQC&pg=PA308|title=The Medical Basis of Psychiatry|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59745-252-6|edition=3rd|author=Fatemi, S. Hossein}}</ref> na ihe ruru 35% nke ndị nwere ADHD nwere dyslexia. <ref name="Handler2011" /> ; Ọgba aghara nhazi ihe : Nsogbu ige ntị nke na-emetụta ikike ịhazi ozi anụ ahụ. <ref name="Capellini2007a">{{Cite book|author=Capellini, Simone Aparecida|title=Neuropsycholinguistic Perspectives on Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiEaMQVwyzYC&pg=PA94|year=2007|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-60021-537-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The diagnosis and management of auditory processing disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-speech-hearing-services-in-schools_2011-07_42_3/page/303|journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools|volume=42|issue=3|pages=303–8|date=July 2011|pmid=21757566|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0032)|author=Moore|first=D. R.}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike bute nsogbu na ebe nchekwa ihe na usoro ihe nkiri. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere dyslexia nwere nsogbu nhazi nke ịnụ ihe, ma nwee ike ịmepụta akara ngosi nke ha iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụdị mperi a. Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-egosi na nkà nhazi nke ịnụ ntị nwere ike ịbụ isi ụkọ na dyslexia. <ref name="Pammer2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pammer|first=Kristen|title=Brain mechanisms and reading remediation: more questions than answers.|journal=Scientifica|date=January 2014|pmid=24527259|doi=10.1155/2014/802741|volume=2014|pages=802741}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Law|first=J|title=relationship of phonological ability, speech perception, and auditory perception in adults with dyslexia|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|date=2014|pmid=25071512|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00482|volume=8|pages=482}}</ref> ; Nsogbu nhazi mmepe : Ọnọdụ akwara ozi nke siri ike na-arụ ọrụ oge niile gụnyere nguzozi, njikwa mma na nhazi kinesthetic ; ike n'iji ụda okwu eme ihe; na nsogbu na ncheta oge dị mkpirikpi na nhazi. <ref name="Pickering2012">{{Cite book|author=Susan J. Pickering|chapter=Chapter 2. Working Memory in Dyslexia|editor=Alloway, Tracy Packiam|title=Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoXidOBdNpMC&pg=PA29|year=2012|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-135-42134-2}}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na-agbalị ịchọta ndabere neurobiological nke dyslexia ebe ọ bụ na a chọpụtara ọnọdụ ahụ na 1881. <ref name="Oswald Berkhan ref 1">{{Cite journal|author=Berkhan O|year=1917|title=Über die Wortblindheit, ein Stammeln im Sprechen und Schreiben, ein Fehl im Lesen|language=de|journal=Neurologisches Centralblatt|volume=36|pages=914–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmEsAQAAIAAJ&q=Wortblindheit}}</ref> <ref name="ReidFawcett2008x">{{Cite book|author=Reid, Gavin|title=The SAGE Handbook of Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=937rqz4Ryc8C&pg=PA127|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-84860-037-9}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ agbalịwo ijikọ nsogbu nkịtị nke ndị nwere dyslexia nke enweghị ike ịhụ akwụkwọ ozi nke ọma na mmepe na-adịghị mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ha na-ahụ anya. <ref name="Stein2014">{{Cite journal|first=John|author=Stein|year=2014|title=Dyslexia: the Role of Vision and Visual Attention|journal=Current Developmental Disorders Reports|volume=1|issue=4|pages=267–80|pmid=25346883|doi=10.1007/s40474-014-0030-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sharifi|first=S|title=Neuroimaging essentials in essential tremor: a systematic review.|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|date=May 2014|pages=217–231|pmid=25068111|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.003|volume=5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brandler|first=William|title=The genetic relationship between handedness and neurodevelopmental disorders|journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine|date=February 2014|pages=83–90|pmid=24275328|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.008|volume=20|issue=2}}</ref>Usoro neuroimaging, dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ magnetik resonance imaging ( fMRI ) na positron emission tomography (PET), egosila njikọ dị n'etiti ma ọrụ na nhazi dị iche iche na jide nwere ikike ihe.  [1] ụfọdụ ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi obere ịgbalite n'akwụkwọlụ nke aka ekpe nke ikpe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, dị ka gyrus n'ihu nke dị ala, lobule dị ala, na etiti na ventral temporal cortex .  [2] N'ime awụ iri gara aga, ịgba ịgbalite site na iji PET na-amụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi n'ịghọta ntọala ozi nke akwụkwọ.  Atụpụtala ntọala akwaabọ maka lexicon anya na maka ngwa ngwa nchekwa nchekwa okwu dị ike, [3] na-egosi na egosi akwa ahụ nke dyslexia ike bụ nke nchoputa (ya bụ, na-arụ ọrụ nhazi).  fMRI nke ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi ọrụ ndị nke cerebellum na cerebral cortex yana ngwá ndị ọzọ n'ịgụ ihe. === Genetics === . <ref name="Rosen2013v">{{Cite book|author=Rosen, Glenn D.|title=The Dyslexic Brain: New Pathways in Neuroscience Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHBxBEekGSkC&pg=PA342|year=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-81550-0}}</ref>ihe n'ime ihe nwere ike arata mgbanaka ndụ ihe nketa dyslexia gbanyere ọgwụ na-achọpụta nke mbụ nke ndị nwere dyslexia gachara.  [1] Ndịiche anatomical nke a na-ahụ anya na mpaghara nhọrọ nke ọma ndị dị ndị dị otú ahụ ndị microscopic cortical malformations nke a mara dị ka ectopias, na erughị, vaskụla micro-malformations, na microgyrus - nke dị diẹ ẹka ọ na  -adị maka gyrus.  [2] Ihe ndị kpatara a aha na mbụ na ndị ọzọ [3] na-atụ aro na ntọ cortical na-adịghị mma, nke e chere na ọ ga-eme tupu ma ọ bụ n'ime ụnwa nke isii nke nwa  ebu n'afọ, nwere ike iketa nsogbu ahụ.  A kọwokwa usoro ndị ndụ na-adịghị mma n'ime ndị nwere dyslexia n' Maris na-azụ na ngwaahịa na dhaawac.  [4] Ejikọtala ọtụtụ ndụ ihe nketa na dyslexia, ndị DCDC2 [5] na KIAA0319 [6] na chromosome 6, na DYX1C1 na chromosome 15 Ntinye aka nke mmekọrịta nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịgụ nkwarụ ka enyochala nke ukwuu site na iji ọmụmụ ejima, bụ nke na-eme atụmatụ nha mgbanwe dị na gburugburu mmadụ na oke metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha. Ma ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri ka ọ na-enye aka na mmepe ịgụ akwụkwọ. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka agụmakwụkwọ nne na nna <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Parental Education Moderates Genetic Influences on Reading Disability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2008-11_19_11/page/1124|journal=Psychol. Sci.|volume=19|issue=11|pages=1124–30|date=November 2008|pmid=19076484|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x|author=Friend|first=A}}</ref> na àgwà nkuzi <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Teacher Quality Moderates the Genetic Effects on Early Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-04-23_328_5977/page/n123|journal=Science|volume=328|issue=5977|pages=512–4|author=Taylor|first=J.|year=2010|doi=10.1126/science.1186149|pmid=20413504}}</ref> ekpebiwo na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwado, kama ịbụ ndị na-adịghị mma, gburugburu. <ref name="pmid19209992">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=Bruce F.|date=January 2009|title=Gene × Environment Interactions in Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_2009-01_45_1/page/77|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=77–89|doi=10.1037/a0014549|pmid=19209992}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọnọdụ kachasị mma nwere ike ikwe ka ihe egwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ nweta ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị na nsonaazụ ya n'ihi na ebelatala ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="pmid19209992" /> . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders – a commentary on proposals for DSM-5|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2012-05_53_5/page/593|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|date=1 May 2012|pmid=22141434|pages=593–607|volume=53|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x|first=Margaret J|author=Snowling}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 [[Asụsụ Bekee|Asụsụ bekee]] na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, [[Italy|Ịtali]] na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref name="habi">{{Cite book|author=Habib|first=Michael|title=Pediatric Neurology Part I|chapter=Dyslexia|date=2013|pages=229–235|chapterurl=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444528919000233|accessdate=19 December 2018|language=en|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00023-3|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|isbn=9780444528919}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 Asụsụ bekee na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, Ịtali na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sprenger-Charolles|first=Liliane|title=Prevalence and Reliability of Phonological, Surface, and Mixed Profiles in Dyslexia: A Review of Studies Conducted in Languages Varying in Orthographic Depth|journal=Scientific Studies of Reading|date=2011|pages=498–521|doi=10.1080/10888438.2010.524463|volume=15|issue=6|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00733553}}</ref>Ozizi ụzọ nke abụọ pụtara ihe ka akọwara na ịbụ 1970s.  [1] Ozizi a na-enye echiche na echiche abụọ dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ụzọ abụọ na-etinye aka n'ịgụ ihe n'olu dara ụzọ.  [2] Otu ụzọ bụ ụzọ okwu, nke bụ usoro nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà nwere ike okwu ndị a ma ama site na anya, site na usoro "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu".  [3] Usoro nke ọzọ bụ ụzọ na-azụ nke ma ọ bụ nke na-akpa uche, nke bụ usoro nke onye na-agụ nwere ike "ịkpọpụta" okwu edere.  [3] [4] A na-eme nke a site n'ịchọpụta nke okwu ahụ ( akwụkwọ ozi, fọ n'ìmen, graphemes ) na ekiri ihe pụtara otu onye na-eso ụzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka eriri nke agbataobi ha.  obi na-adakọ ọnụ.  [1] Usoro ụzọ abụọ nwere ike dị iche dị iche iche nke dyslexia na-eme n'etiti ụkpụrụ dị iche iche (ihe atụ, nkwekọ nke iwu arọ olu n'asụsụ Spanish nwere ike kwesịrị maka eziokwu bụ na-eme na-asụ asụsụ).  Spanish na-egosi ọkwa dị elu nke nwunye na-agụghị okwu, ma e jiri ya mere ndị na-asụ Bekee) Dyslexia bụ nsogbu mmụta dị iche iche nke na-emebi agụ na mkpope okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boada|first=Richard|date=2012|title=Understanding the Comorbidity Between Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Topics in Language Disorders|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1097/tld.0b013e31826203ac}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=B|date=September 2006|title=From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cognition_2006-09_101_2/page/385|journal=Cognition|volume=101|issue=2|pages=385–413|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008|pmid=16844106}}</ref> Njirimara—ma ọbụghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ — gụnyere ihe isi ike na mmata ụda olu; adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mgbe mgbe nhazi ụda na-ezighị ezi n'asụsụ ọnụ ( ''nhazi ụda olu'' ); na mbelata ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|date=28 March 2015|title=Developmental Dyslexia|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=283–307|doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842|pmid=25594880}}</ref> <ref name="ninds1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|title=Dyslexia Information Page|date=2 November 2018|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]}}</ref>Dyslexia bụ ọrịa neurodevelopmental ọrịa, nke subcategorized na mgbochi ndị dị ka ike ike nwere ike n'ịgụ ihe (ICD-11 prefixes "mmepe" na "nsogbu were"; DSM-5 na-eji"kpọmkwem").  [1] [2] [3] Dyslexia ndu nsogbu na mbụ isi .  nsogbu nsogbu uche na-ebilite nke abụọ n'ihe isi ike ike.  [4] Ndị ọrụ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke na-enweta dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike na nhazi ọrụ (ịgbanwe mgbanwe), mkpọputa, na/ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ngwa ngwa anya-okwu" . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stahl|first=Steven A.|title=Defining phonological awareness and its relationship to early reading.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-psychology_1994-06_86_2/page/221|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=221–234|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.86.2.221|date=1994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Phonological Awareness and Phonemic Perception in 4-Year-Old Children With Delayed Expressive Phonology Skills|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-speech-language-pathology_2003-11_12_4/page/463|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology|date=1 November 2003|volume=12|issue=4|pages=463–471|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2003/092)|pmid=14658998|author=Rvachew|first=Susan}}</ref>Otu British Dyslexia Association na-ihe dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike ike nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ bụ isi nkà ndị dị n'ịgụ akwụkwọ na mkpoputa okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma" ma e ji "ihe isi ike dị na mmata  ọgụ olu, ebe nchekwa okwu na ọsọ nhazi okwu".  [1] Mmata, olu na-enyere mmadụ aka akara, akara oke, icheta ( ebe nchekwa ọrụ), na n'uche na-achụ olu nke ahia — fọ nhụnanya, onsite-rime, syllables, na okwu. Mụta ịmara nke ọma na afọ ndụ ụmụaka na-erute ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche n'ozuzu ha, yana ọkwa dị iche iche nke ngalaba, dị ka ịma ụda olu (ịmata okwu ndị na-ada ụda; ịmata ụda mbụ n'okwu). <ref>Mather, Nancy and Barbara J. Wendling. ''Essentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Intervention''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.</ref> Atụkwasịla obi na ule naanị. Nleba anya nke ọma nke nwatakịrị n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe obibi, na mmetụta dị nro, ajụjụ ọnụ nke nne na nna dị oke mkpa dị ka ule. <ref>Reid, Gavin and Jennie Guise. ''The Dyslexia Assessment''. London: Bloomsbury, 2017 ("... assessment for dyslexia includes more than tests; it involves comprehensive insights into the student's learning. This requires a full and comprehensive individual assessment as well as consideration of the environment and contextual factors.").</ref> <ref>M. S. Thambirajah, ''Developmental Assessment of the School-Aged Child with Developmental Disabilities: A Clinician's Guide'' (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2011), 74.</ref> Leba anya na nzaghachi nke akwadoro maka ntinye aka (RTI), <ref>Jimerson, Shane R., Matthew K. Burns, and Amanda M. VanDerHeyden. ''Handbook of Response to Intervention: The Science and Practice of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support''. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016.</ref> nke "... gụnyere nyochaa ọganihu nke otu ụmụaka site na mmemme ntinye aka kama ịme nyocha nyocha nke nkà ha ugbu a. Ụmụaka nwere ọtụtụ ihe. mkpa bụ ndị na-anabataghị nkuzi dị irè, a na-achọpụtakwa ha ngwa ngwa site na iji usoro a." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snowling Margaret J|year=2013|title=Early Identification and Interventions for Dyslexia: A Contemporary View|journal=Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs|volume=13|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x|pmid=26290655}}</ref> Enwere ule dịgasị iche iche nke a na-eji na ụlọ ọgwụ na ebe mmụta iji nyochaa ohere nke dyslexia. <ref name="testing">{{Cite web|url=http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|title=Tests for Dyslexia and Learning Disabilities|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=15 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313000802/http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|archivedate=13 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nnwale mbụ na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe dyslexia, a na-agbasokarị ule ndị dị otú ahụ na nyocha nyocha zuru oke iji chọpụta oke na ụdị nsogbu ahụ. <ref name="PeerReid2013p">{{Cite book|author=Peer, Lindsay|title=Introduction to Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-37290-3|pages=35–40}}</ref> Enwere ike ịme ụfọdụ ule site na onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ kọmputa; ndị ọzọ chọrọ ọzụzụ pụrụ iche ma ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-enye ya. <ref name="balexia" /> Ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ule na-egosi otu esi eme usoro nkuzi. <ref name="balexia">{{Cite web|title=Screening and assessment|url=http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|work=British Dyslexia Association|accessdate=11 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330101403/http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|archivedate=30 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="flet">{{Cite journal|author=FLETCHER|first=JACK M.|title=Dyslexia: The evolution of a scientific concept|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society|date=2009|volume=15|issue=4|pages=501–508|doi=10.1017/S1355617709090900|pmid=19573267|issn=1355-6177}}</ref> N'ihi na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ọgụgụ isi, omume, mmetụta uche, na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka n'ịmụta ịgụ ihe siri ike, nyocha zuru oke kwesịrị ịtụle ohere ndị a dị iche iche. Nlele na nlebanya ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye: <ref name="gerd">{{Cite journal|author=Schulte-Körne|first=Gerd|title=The Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dyslexia|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2010|volume=107|issue=41|pages=718–727|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0718|pmid=21046003|issn=1866-0452}}</ref> * Usoro izugbe nke ikike ọgụgụ isi, dị ka Wechsler ọgụgụ isi Scale maka ụmụaka, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, ma ọ bụ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale . Ikike ọgụgụ isi dị ala ga-eme ka ịgụ ihe sikwuo ike. Usoro ikike ọgụgụ isi na-agbalịkwa tụọ usoro ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche, dị ka ikike ikwu okwu, echiche okwu ọnụ na mbara ala, ebe nchekwa ọrụ, na nhazi ọsọ. Enwere ụdị ule dị iche iche maka ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị a niile chọrọ ọzụzụ ọzọ iji nye na akara nke ọma, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-eme ya. Dị ka Mather and Schneider (2015) si kwuo, achọpụtabeghị profaịlụ nkwenye na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ nke akara na nyocha nyocha nke na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nsogbu ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref>Mather, N., & Schneider, D. The use of intelligence tests in the diagnosis of specific reading disability.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylzEBQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Intelligence:+Evolutionary+theory,+historical+perspective,+and+current+concepts|title=Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts|author=Goldstein|first=Sam|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781493915620|pages=415–434|language=en|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref> * Nyochaa ma ọ bụ nyocha maka ọnọdụ ahụike uche: Nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike mejupụta ọkwa ọkwa ma ọ bụ ndepụta omume iji kpokọta ozi gbasara ọrụ mmetụta uche na omume maka ndị na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ ndebanye aha nwere ụdị nsụgharị maka ndị nne na nna, ndị nkuzi, na ndị na-eto eto tozuru oke ịgụ nke ọma (na-abụkarị afọ 11 na karịa) iji mechaa. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Sistemụ Nleba Omume Maka Ụmụaka, yana ajụjụ ajụjụ siri ike na ihe isi ike . Ihe ndị a niile nwere ụkpụrụ nnochite anya nke mba, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji ọkwa mgbaàmà tụnyere ihe ga-adị maka afọ onye na-eto eto na mmekọahụ. Ndepụta ndenye ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta kpọmkwem na nchọpụta ọrịa uche, dị ka Vanderbilt ADHD Rating Scales ma ọ bụ Ihuenyo maka Nsogbu Mmetụta Mmetụta Mmetụta Ụmụaka (SCARED) . Nyochaa na-eji ngwa dị nkenke emebere iji jide ndị nwere nsogbu, mana ha na-enwetakarị akara dị mma maka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu ahụ. Ndị nyocha kwesịrị ka a na-esochi ya site na nyocha ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nyocha n'ihi nke a. Nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi na nsogbu nchekasị dị okpukpu abụọ na atọ karịa ndị nwere dyslexia, na nlebara anya-deficit / hyperactivity na-adịkarị, yana. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Collett|first=Brent R.|title=Ten-Year Review of Rating Scales. V: Scales Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|date=1 September 2003|volume=42|issue=9|pages=1015–1037|doi=10.1097/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6|pmid=12960702|url=https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(09)60999-0/fulltext|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en|issn=0890-8567}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stone|first=Lisanne L|title=The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the parent and teacher version in children aged 4–7|journal=BMC Psychology|date=20 February 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=4|doi=10.1186/s40359-015-0061-8|pmid=25815194|issn=2050-7283}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=G. T.|title=The Clinician's Guide to the Behavior Assessment System For Children|journal=The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review|volume=14|issue=3|pages=90|issn=1716-9119|year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Birmaher|first=B.|title=The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=4|pages=545–553|doi=10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018|pmid=9100430|issn=0890-8567|year=1997}}</ref> * Nlebanya nke mmezu na nka agụmakwụkwọ: Nkezi mkpope/ikike ịgụ ihe maka onye dyslexic bụ ogo pasenti <16, nke dị n'okpuru nkịtị. Na mgbakwunye na inyocha akara ule na ndetu ndị nkuzi, nsonaazụ ule a haziri ahazi na-enye aka n'ịtụle ọganihu. Ndị a na-agụnye ule ndị a na-enye otu, dị ka ule Iowa nke Development Education, na onye nkụzi nwere ike inye otu ma ọ bụ klas dum nke ndị na-eto eto n'otu oge. Ha nwekwara ike ịgụnye ule nke mmezu nke onye ọ bụla na-enye, dị ka Wide Range Achievement Test, ma ọ bụ Woodcock-Johnson (nke gụnyekwara usoro nyocha nke mmezu). Nnwale ndị a na-eme n'otu n'otu chọkwara ọzụzụ pụrụ iche karịa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lindquist|first=E. F.|title=The Iowa tests of educational development: how to use the test results; a manual for teachers and counselors|date=1953|publisher=Science Research Associates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOc9AAAAYAAJ&q=Iowa+Tests+of+Educational+Development|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dell|first=Cindy Ann|title=Test Review: Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test—Fourth Edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. WRAT4 Introductory Kit (includes manual, 25 test/response forms [blue and green], and accompanying test materials): $243.00|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rehabilitation-counseling-bulletin_2008-10_52_1/page/57|journal=Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin|date=1 October 2008|volume=52|issue=1|pages=57–60|doi=10.1177/0034355208320076|language=en|issn=0034-3552}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Semrud-Clikeman|first=Margaret|title=Child Neuropsychology: Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2nd Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387889634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBGSF9Jyg6AC&pg=PT119|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ahụike, onye na-ahụ maka ahụike ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma MS Thambirajah na-ekwusi ike na "[g] n'ihi oke nsogbu mmepe mmepe na ụmụaka na-eto eto, ụmụaka niile a na-ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị iji nlezianya nyochaa maka nsogbu mmepe n'agbanyeghị nsogbu/s na-egosi. " Thambirajah na-atụ aro nyocha maka nsogbu mmepe mmepe, gụnyere dyslexia, site n'ịme akụkọ mmepe dị nkenke, nyocha mmepe mmepe nke psychosocial mbụ, na ịnweta akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Developmental assessment of the school-aged child with developmental disabilities : a clinician's guide|author=Thambirajah, M. S.|date=2011|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9780857003256|location=London|oclc=747410566}}</ref> This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for external academic peer review in 2018 (reviewer reports). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2019). The version of record as reviewed is: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Osmin Anis; et al. (15 October 2019). "Dyslexia" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 6 (1): 5. doi:10.15347/WJM/2019.005. ISSN 2002-4436. Wikidata Q73053061. == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 82udeo16xk866xz7lmbx7wia1r85boj 0 32456 697870 135759 2026-08-10T09:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697870 wikitext text/x-wiki   Usoro '''Orton-Gillingham''' bụ usoro ụdaume dị iche iche maka ntụziaka ọgụgụ nke mepụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. A na-eme ya dị ka ụzọ doro anya, nke doro anya, nghọta, nke na-agbakọta, na nke nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọkarị ya na ịkụzi ndị nwere [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị|dyslexia]], ọ dị nnọọ irè maka ndị mmadụ niile na-amụta ịgụ, ịpị mkpụrụ, na ide. Na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]], ihe karịrị mmemme azụmahịa 15 yana ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị|dyslexia]] na nkwarụ mmụta metụtara ya na-akwalite ya. Academy of Orton-Gillingham, nke a na-akpọbu "The Orton Society", na-enye ndị mmadụ asambodo na-enweta usoro ọzụzụ na OGA Fellow na ndị mechara ọrụ nlekọta. A kwadoro kọmitii a n'okpuru NYS Board of regents. == Orton na Gillingham == Samuel Torrey Orton (1879-1948), onye na-ahụ maka akwara na ọrịa na Mahadum Columbia, mụrụ ụmụaka nwere nsogbu nhazi asụsụ dịka [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị|dyslexia]]. Ya na onye nkuzi na onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Anna Gillingham (1878-1963), mepụtara usoro iji kụzie ịgụ ihe, nke jikọtara usoro mmụta kinesthetic (nke dabeere na mmegharị) na nke a na-emetụ aka (nke dabeare na mmetụta) na nkuzi nke echiche anya na nke ịnụ ihe.<ref name="RoseZirkel2007">{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Tessie E.|title=Orton-Gillingham Methodology for Students With Reading Disabilities: 30 Years of Case Law|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-special-education_fall-2007_41_3/page/171|journal=The Journal of Special Education|date=November 2007|volume=41|issue=3|pages=171–185|id={{ERIC|EJ785952}} {{ProQuest|194716470}}|doi=10.1177/00224669070410030301}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'afọ 1935, Gillingham, ya na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge Bessie Stillman, bipụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka Gillingham-Stillman, Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship. A maara nke a ugbu a dị ka usoro Orton-Gillingham (O-G), "usoro ụdaume dị iche iche maka ntụziaka ọgụgụ. "<ref name="Swarthmore">{{Cite web|url=https://bulletin.swarthmore.edu/fall-2019-issue-i-volume-cxvii/second-looks|title=How a Class of 1900 alumna influenced dyslexia research|work=Swarthmore Bulletin|quote=In 1929, Gillingham met neurologist Samuel T. Orton, a pioneer in the field of learning disabilities, and soon after joined him on a research fellowship. Gillingham collaborated with Bessie W. Stillman to turn some of Orton’s ideas into practical form with the Gillingham–Stillman manual, also known as the Orton–Gillingham method, a multisensory phonics technique for remedial reading instruction.|date=2019|accessdate=March 26, 2020}}</ref> == Mmejuputa == The Institute of Education Sciences (onwe, non-partisan statistics, research, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Department of Education), na-akọwa usoro dị ka ndị a: "Orton-Gillingham bụ usoro sara mbara, nke nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta maka ịkụzi ịgụ na ịpị mkpụrụ nke enwere ike ịgbanwe maka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ otu ntụziaka na ọkwa ọgụgụ niile. Oge nkuzi bụ ihe na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị na-anụ ihe, anya, na kinesthetic na-eme ka ibe ha sikwuo ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/EvidenceSnapshot/528|title=Unbranded Orton-Gillingham-based Interventions, What works clearinghouse, July 2010|accessdate=2023-10-27|archivedate=2023-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626100557/https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/EvidenceSnapshot/528}}</ref> Dị ka Rose na Zirkel si kwuo, mmemme O-G na-ejikarị usoro multi-sensory akụzi echiche ndị bụ isi nke mkpụrụ okwu, ide, na ịgụ ihe ma na-aga n'ihu na-ewulite na nkà ndị a zụrụ. " Variants of O-G "ewere ụdị ihe karịrị mmemme azụmahịa 15 na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nkwarụ. "<ref name="RoseZirkel2007"/> == Nnyocha banyere ịdị irè ya == N'afọ 2000, National Reading Panel gụnyere usoro Orton-Gillingham na ọmụmụ ihe ha, "Kụziaka Ụmụaka Ịgụ: Nnyocha nke Akwụkwọ Nnyocha Sayensị na Ịgụ na Mmetụta Ya maka Ntụziaka Ịgụ. " Panel ahụ kwadoro mkpa ọ dị inye ntụziaka klas na ịmara ụdaume, ụdaume, fluency, okwu, na nghọta.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Langengerg, Ph.D|first=Daniel|title=Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/nrp/documents/report.pdf|work=National Reading Panel|accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref> The Florida Center for Reading Research kọrọ na 2006 na ọ nweghị ike ịchọpụta ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla na-enyocha ịdị irè nke usoro ahụ kpọmkwem dị ka akọwapụtara na ihe ọzụzụ Orton-Gillingham. N'ihi ya, enweghi ihe akaebe nyocha iji chọpụta ịdị irè ya, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọmụmụ dịgasị iche iche nke usoro ndị sitere na ya nke na-agụnye akụkụ nke Orton-Gillingham na njikọta ya na usoro ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Orton-Gillingham Approach|url=http://www.fcrr.org/FCRRreports/PDF/Orton_Gillingham_Approach.pdf|accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke nyocha niile a kọrọ banyere usoro Orton-Gillingham, dị ka Alphabetic Phonics ma ọ bụ Project Read, kpughere naanị ọmụmụ iri na abụọ nwere nsonaazụ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ na ọtụtụ ntụpọ usoro. N'agbanyeghị nkwubi okwu ndị a, isiokwu ahụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke nyocha dịnụ, nke a na-ele anya nke ọma ga-egosi ụfọdụ ihe akaebe nke uru site na iji usoro OG na klas na ndị nọ na klas mbụ, yana iji ya na agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ ntọala ụlọ enyemaka na ụmụaka ndị okenye nwere nkwarụ mmụta.<ref name="Ritchey2006">{{Cite journal|author=Ritchey|first=Kristen D.|title=Orton-Gillingham and Orton-Gillingham—Based Reading Instruction: A Review of the Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-special-education_fall-2006_40_3/page/171|journal=The Journal of Special Education|date=November 2006|volume=40|issue=3|pages=171–183|doi=10.1177/00224669060400030501}}</ref> Dị ka nyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo na 2008, a chọpụtabeghị ịdị irè ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Turner, III|first=Herbert M.|title=This systematic review empirically documents that the effectiveness of Orton-Gillingham and Orton-Gillingham-based reading instruction remains to be determined1|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|date=June 2008|volume=2|issue=2|pages=67–69|doi=10.1080/17489530802037564}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ US Department of Education kọrọ na ọ pụghị ịchọta ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ihe akaebe ya iji kwado ịdị irè nke atụmatụ Orton-Gillingham.<ref name="WWC2010">{{Cite book|title=Orton-Gillingham-based Strategies|date=July 2010|publisher=US Dept of Education|url=https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=WWCIRSLDOG10|quote=Orton-Gillingham is a broad, multisensory approach to teaching reading and spelling that can be modified for individual or group instruction at all reading levels. Teaching sessions are action oriented with auditory, visual, and kinesthetic elements reinforcing one another. The approach targets persons with the kinds of language processing problems (reading, spelling, and writing) associated with dyslexia.}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{dyslexia}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jf5ksrbf1kppjlw9j4v2eomqualzbvz 0 32457 697776 134646 2026-08-10T07:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697776 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mmetụta ụda bụ akụkụ nke mmata ụda nke ndị na-ege ntị nwere ike ịnụ, mata ma gbanwee ụda, obere akụkụ nke ụda nke na-enyere aka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụkụ nke ihe ọ pụtara (morphemes). Ịkewa okwu a na-ekwu "nkịta" n'ime ụdaume atọ dị iche iche, <nowiki><span about="#mwt21" class="IPA nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;IPA&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/k/&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwDQ" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/k/</span></nowiki>, <nowiki><span about="#mwt22" class="IPA nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;IPA&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/æ/&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwDw" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/æ/</span></nowiki>, na <nowiki><span about="#mwt23" class="IPA nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;IPA&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/t/&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwEQ" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/t/</span></nowiki>, chọrọ ịmara ụdaume. National Reading Panel achọpụtala na mmata fonemiki na-eme ka ọgụgụ okwu ụmụaka na nghọta ọgụgụ dị mma ma na-enyere ụmụaka aka ịmụta ịpị mkpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/findings.cfm|title=Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas|work=NICHD|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705194256/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/findings.cfm|archivedate=2008-07-05}}</ref>Ịmata ụdaolu bụ ihe ndabere maka ịmụ ụdaolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.readingonline.org/critical/shanahan/panel.html|title=Critical Issues: The National Reading Panel|work=Reading Online|accessdate=2023-10-27|archivedate=2015-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709202631/http://www.readingonline.org/critical/shanahan/panel.html}}</ref> A na-agbagwoju anya ịmara ụdaolu na ịmara ụda olu ebe ọ bụ na ha na-adabere na ibe ha. Ịmata ụdaolu bụ ikike ịnụ na ịchịkwa ụdaolu ọ bụla. Mmụta ụda na-agụnye ikike a, mana ọ na-agụnyekwa ikike ịnụ na ịchịkwa nnukwu ụda, dị ka mmalite na rims na mkpụrụedemede. == Mmetụta na mmepe ọgụgụ == Nnyocha nke Vickie Snider egosiwo na mmata fonemiki nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ịgụ akwụkwọ ka ha na-etolite. Mmata ụdaolu na-ewu ntọala maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ịghọta iwu nke asụsụ Bekee. Nke a na-enye ohere ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla tinye nkà ndị a n'ọrụ ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma ịgụ ihe na nghọta nke ederede. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snider|first=Vicki E.|title=The Relationship between Phonemic Awareness and Later Reading Achievement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-research_march-april-1997_90_4/page/203|journal=The Journal of Educational Research|volume=90|issue=4|pages=203–211|year=1997|doi=10.1080/00220671.1997.10544574}}</ref>E nwekwara ọmụmụ na-egosi nke a maka mmụta ụmụ akwụkwọ ịgụ n'asụsụ na-abụghị Bekee. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wimmer|first=Heinz|date=1991-09-01|title=The relationship of phonemic awareness to reading acquisition: More consequence than precondition but still important|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277%2891%2990026-Z|journal=Cognition|language=en|volume=40|issue=3|pages=219–249|doi=10.1016/0010-0277(91)90026-Z|pmid=1786676|issn=0010-0277}}</ref> == Ntuziaka maka ịmara ụdaolu == Ịmata ụdaolu na-emetụta ikike ịmata ọdịiche na ịchịkwa ụda nke ọ bụla, dị ka {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, na {{IPA|/t/}} n'ihe gbasara ''ụkwụ''. Ihe ndị na-esonụ bụ nkà mmata phonemic a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ akwụkwọ: * Phoneme isolation: nke chọrọ ịmata ụda nke ọ bụla n'okwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Gwa m ụda mbụ ị nụrụ na okwu ahụ" ({{IPA|/p/}}). * Phoneme njirimara: nke chọrọ ịmata ụda a na-ahụkarị n'okwu dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Gwa m ụda nke bụ otu na igwe kwụ otu ebe, nwa okorobịa na mgbịrịgba" ({{IPA|/b/}}). * Mgbanwe foneme: nke mmadụ nwere ike ịgbanwe otu okwu (dị ka "nkịta") n'ime nke ọzọ (dị ka"okpu") site na dochie otu foneme (dị ka {{IPA|/h/}}) maka nke ọzọ ({{IPA|/k/}}). Mgbanwe ụda nwere ike ime maka ụda mbụ (cat-hat), ụda etiti (cat-cut) ma ọ bụ ụda njedebe (cat-cap). * Nchịkọta ọnụ: Onye nkuzi na-ekwu okwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "bọọlụ," na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu ụda nke ọ bụla, {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, na {{IPA|/l/}}. * Mgbakwunye ọnụ: Onye nkuzi na-ekwu ụda ọ bụla, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "{{IPA|/b/, /ɔː/, /l/}}" na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-azaghachi na okwu, "bọl". * Ihichapụ ụda: Onye nkuzi na-ekwu okwu, mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ kwughachi ya, wee gwa ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha kwughachi okwu ahụ n'enweghị ụda mbụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye nkuzi nwere ike ịsị "gbaa ugbu a kwuo 'akwụkwọ ego' na-enweghị {{IPA|/b/}}", nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị iji "ọrịa" zaghachi. * Onset-rime manipulation: nke chọrọ ikewapụ, njirimara, nkewa, ngwakọta, ma ọ bụ ihichapụ mmalite (otu ụdaume ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke na-esote ụdaume na ụdaume na-eso), dịka ọmụmaatụ, j-ump, st-op, str-ong. E nwere ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-eme ka a mara ụda, dị ka dochie ụda, ebe a na-agwa ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha jiri ụda ọzọ dochie otu ụda; mgbakwunye ụda, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agbakwunye ụda na okwu; na ịgbanwere ụda, ebe ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ na'usoro nke ụda. Ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya karị mana nyocha na-akwado ojiji nke atọ edepụtara n'elu, ọkachasị nkewa ọnụ na ngwakọta ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yopp|first=Hallie K.|title=Developing Phonemic Awareness in Young Children|publisher=The Reading Teacher Vol. 45, No. 9, 1992 A Journal of the International Reading Association|url=http://www.reading.org/}}</ref> == Ndị na-amụ asụsụ Bekee == E gosipụtara ntụziaka Phonemic awareness (PA) iji kwado Bekee dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ na mmụta asụsụ mba ọzọ. Nnyocha Johnson na Tweedie (2010) tinyere ntụziaka PA kpọmkwem na ndị na-eto eto Bekee dị ka asụsụ mba ọzọ (EFL) na ime obodo Malaysia. Ụmụaka ndị e nyere ntụziaka PA kpọmkwem nwetara akara ule dị ukwuu karịa otu nchịkwa. PA mere ka ọ dịkwuo ngwa inweta agụmakwụkwọ na nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ dị mkpa n'okwu a. Nnyocha ahụ tụrụ aro na ntụziaka PA kpọmkwem nwere ike inye aka n'imechi oghere agụmakwụkwọ dị n'etiti ụmụaka nọ n'obodo ukwu na n'ime ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=R. C.|year=2010|title=Could phonemic awareness instruction be (part of) the answer for young EFL learners? A report on the Early Literacy Project in Malaysia.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tesol-quarterly_2010-12_44_4/page/822|journal=TESOL Quarterly|volume=44|issue=4|pages=822–829|doi=10.5054/tq.2010.238131}}</ref> Ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Bekee (ELLs) nwekwara ike irite uru site na ntụziaka PA kpọmkwem. Nnyocha nke ELLs na-asụ Arabic na mmemme Bekee maka ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ (EAP) gosipụtara mmeri dị ukwuu na njirimara ụdaume ma melite akara ule C mgbe agụmakwụkwọ PA gasịrị, n'agbanyeghị nchegbu nke ndị nchọpụta na ELLs toro eto nwere ike ile ntụziaka PA anya dị ka ụzọ "nwatakịrị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tweedie|year=2015|title=Direct phonemic awareness instruction as a means of improving academic text comprehension for adult English language learners.|url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/jet/article/view/44221/31659|journal=Journal of Educational Thought|volume=48|issue=1–2|pages=81–102}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nsogbu nhazi nke ịnụ ihe * Phonics * Ịmata ụdaolu * Mkpịsị okwu ndị e ji emepụta * Spoonerism == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Adams|first=Marilyn McCord|title=Phonemic awareness in young children: a classroom curriculum|publisher=P.H. Brookes|location=Baltimore|year=1998|isbn=978-1-55766-321-4|oclc=36942591}} * {{Cite book|author=Bursuck|first=William D.|title=Teaching Reading to Students Who Are at Risk or Have Disabilities|year=2011|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-0-13-705781-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Fox|first=Barbara J.|title=Phonics and Structural Analysis for the Teacher of Reading: Programmed for Self-Instruction|year=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-0-13-208094-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Kilpatrick|first=David|title=Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties|date=2015|publisher=Wiley|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-1118845240}} * {{Cite book|author=Kilpatrick|first=David|title=Equipped for reading success : a comprehensive, step-by-step program for developing phoneme awareness and fluent word recognition|date=2016|publisher=Casey & Kirsch Publishers|isbn=978-0964690363|edition=Reprinted with text corrections January, 2018}} * {{Cite book|author=Vinita Chhabra|title=The voice of evidence in reading research|publisher=P.H. Brookes Pub|location=Baltimore|year=2004|isbn=978-1-55766-672-7|oclc=53880243}} r3hfn6gork3niqa5ai3hhc3mx3z2arf 0 32458 697544 692452 2026-08-10T02:24:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697544 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma''' na-ezo aka n'ikike ndị nọ n"afọ iri na ise nwere ịgụ na ide. N'oge uto bụ oge nke mmepe ngwa ngwa nke uche na akwara, n'oge ụmụaka na-etolite omume (n'ezie ịghọta ihe si n'omume ha pụta), n'ụzọ nghọta (idozi nsogbu, iche echiche, icheta), na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (na-emeghachi omume na mmetụta, imekọ ihe ọnụ). Ụdị mmepe atọ a niile nwere mmetụta - na ogo dịgasị iche iche - na mmepe nke nkà mmụta. Ọganihu ịgụ na ide nke ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ụlọ na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mmekọrịta ndị nne na nna dị oke mkpa ma nwee mmetụta dị mma na ịzụlite nkà mmụta nwatakịrị. Ụlọ akwụkwọ na-etinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị iche iche iji melite mmepe agụmakwụkwọ nke nwa akwụkwọ dịka nkuzi mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara, ụdị mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ịkwado ezinụlọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-alụ ọgụ na nkà agụmakwụkwọ. == Ịghọta ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma == International Reading Association (IRA) na-ekwu na akparamagwa na akwara pụrụ iche nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, dị iche na mmepe agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị okenye. Ha na-egosi ụkpụrụ asaa na-eduzi mmepe agụmakwụkwọ maka ọgbọ a, nke achọrọ maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ịghọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ndụ: * ịnweta ihe dịgasị iche iche a na-agụ iji kwekọọ na ọdịmma ha * ntụziaka nke na-ewulite ma na-azụlite nkà ọgụgụ ha na mmasị ha n'ịgụ ihe maka ederede ndị dị mgbagwoju anya * nyocha nke na-eme ka ike na mkpa pụta ìhè * ndị nkuzi ọkachamara na-emepụta ma na-enye ntụziaka doro anya n'ofe usoro mmụta * nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara n'ịgụ akwụkwọ (maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enwe nsogbu mmụta) * ndị nkuzi na-aghọta mgbagwoju anya nke ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ * ụlọ, obodo, na mba na-akwado mkpa nke ndị na-eto eto na-amụ ihe == Ịzụlite ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma == Ọganihu ịgụ na ide na-amalite n'oge ọ dị obere, kpọmkwem ụzọ ọ ga-esi mee ga-emetụta ndị mmadụ n'ime okenye. Afọ atọ mbụ nke agụmakwụkwọ bụ ndị kachasị emetụta nkà na nkà ụmụaka na-agụ akwụkwọ. Ọrụ ncheta mepụtara n'ime afọ atọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị mkpa maka usoro mmepe agụmakwụkwọ. Ọrụ ndị a gụnyere icheta ndepụta, ọnụọgụ n'ihu na azụ, na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi. Ikike ndị e mepụtara n'ime afọ atọ mbụ nke agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa iji zụlite nkà mmụta n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abadzi|first=Helen|date=May 31, 2004|title=Strategies and policies for literacy|journal=Literacy for Life}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye mmepe agụ na agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ iji bulie ịdị irè nke nkuzi. Ịgụ na ide ihe na-eme ka ibe ha sikwuo ike ma na-azụlite nkà n'otu n'ime ha nwere ike ịba uru n'ịgụ na ide n'ozuzu. Ụlọ klas ndị na-ejikọta ma ederede na ntụziaka ịgụ ihe mgbe niile karịa ndị ọzọ na-emepụta nkà mmụta dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bitter|first=Catherine|date=2009-02-17|title=What Works to Improve Student Literacy Achievement? An Examination of Instructional Practices in a Balanced Literacy Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-education-for-students-placed-at-risk_january-march-2009_14_1/page/17|journal=Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17–44|doi=10.1080/10824660802715403|issn=1082-4669}}</ref>Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na United States na-etinye mmejuputa mmụta sayensị dị ka ntụziaka jikọtara ọnụ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-etinye aka n'ụdị ntụziaka agụmakwụkwọ a emeela ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ntụziaka asụsụ na sayensị dị iche iche.<ref name=":2" /> Mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na ọha mmadụ taa nwere ike igosipụta na ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị iche iche a na-etinye n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara maka agụmakwụkwọ. Òtù ndị na-enweghị uru, dị ka Reading Partners, na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka na njem mmepe agụmakwụkwọ ha site na nkuzi mpụga na-agbakwunye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ndị nkuzi afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto nwee ọkwa ịgụ na ide site na nkuzi ịgụ na ide. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn how Reading Partners increases literacy in our youth!|url=https://readingpartners.org/about-us/|accessdate=2022-05-02|work=Reading Partners|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521115830/https://readingpartners.org/about-us/}}</ref>Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na United States na-etinye usoro mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ niile iji nweta usoro nhazi maka mmepe agụmakwụkwọ. Ụdị mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ịgụnye mmepe ọkachamara zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ndị nkuzi, ihe agụmakwụkwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na usoro nkuzi, yana ndị nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ a zụrụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dum. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Tivnan|first=Terrence|date=May 2005|title=Comparing Four Literacy Reform Models in High‐Poverty Schools: Patterns of First‐Grade Achievement|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431885|journal=The Elementary School Journal|volume=105|issue=5|pages=419–441|doi=10.1086/431885|issn=0013-5984}}</ref>Ụdị mgbanwe nke ịgụ na ide egosila na ọ dị irè na mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ buru ibu.<ref name=":1" /> Omume mmepe nke ndị na-eto eto nwekwara ike itinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na ndị na-elekọta ha. Ihe ngwọta ụfọdụ maka amaghị akwụkwọ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma sitere n'ịkụziri ndị nne na nna nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dara ogbenye otu esi agụ akwụkwọ na ụmụ ha, na ịgba ndị nne na nne na nna ume isonye n'ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ ha site n'ịga ọmụmụ ihe ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bhattacharya|first=Alpana|date=March 2010|title=Children and Adolescents From Poverty and Reading Development: A Research Review|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573560903547445|journal=Reading & Writing Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|pages=115–139|doi=10.1080/10573560903547445|issn=1057-3569}}</ref>N'ozuzu, atụmatụ ndị metụtara itinye aka na nne na nna na omume ụlọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ezinụlọ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kennedy|first=Eithne|date=2010-10-12|title=Improving Literacy Achievement in a High-Poverty School: Empowering Classroom Teachers Through Professional Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-research-quarterly_october-december-2010_45_4/page/384|journal=Reading Research Quarterly|volume=45|issue=4|pages=384–387|doi=10.1598/rrq.45.4.1|issn=0034-0553}}</ref> Na United States, nkà ịgụ na ide nwere njikọ chiri anya na agụmakwụkwọ na ogo ndụ. <ref name=":0"/>Ịgụ na ide bụ isi ihe na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma na obi ụtọ n'ọdịnihu. Enweghị akwụkwọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na enweghị ọrụ n'oge okenye.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Zaghloul|author=Morsy|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1082192314|title=The challenge of illiteracy : from reflection to action|isbn=978-1-315-04972-4|oclc=1082192314}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma dere * Akụkọ ifo ndị na-eto eto * Akwụkwọ ịhụnanya maka ndị na-eto eto == Ihe odide == <references /> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'etiti. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. * Moore, D. na ndị ọzọ, 1999. Ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma: Nkwupụta Ọnọdụ. Òtù Na-agụ Ihe Mba Nile [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929072339/http://www.reading.org/downloads/positions/ps1036_adolescent.pdf] * Ule agụ na ide nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Ontario. 2006. Ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, ogo na ịza ajụjụ nke Ontario. [http://www.eqao.com] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Agụrụ m ya mana enwetaghị m ya. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061211024703/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/8613-e.htm Iwu Ndị Na-eto Eto Na-eme Ihe Ike na Canada] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwupụta: Gịnị mere ị ga-eji nwee nsogbu ịkọwa agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto n'ịntanetị maka omume na nyocha na klas? Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 52, 8-19. Enwekwara ya na: http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/JAAL.52.1.2&F=JAAL-52-1-Alvermann.html{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ruth Shagoury, Ph.D., Malite na Nghọta: Atụmatụ Ịgụ Ihe Maka Ndị Mmụta Kasị Ntorobịa, Stenhouse Publishers, 200 {{Literacy}} reivgws4ppvbnv1dg56x1xhfo5wpihu 0 32491 697740 541496 2026-08-10T07:00:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lindquist|first=Julie|title=Keywords in Writing Studies|publisher=Utah State UP|year=2015|location=Logan|pages=99–102|chapter=Literacy}}</ref>Ọmụma isi echiche ya sara mbara na-ahụ "ụzọ iche nke iche echiche na ime ihe na ide ihe" [1] n'ebumnobi isi ma ọ bụ ikwupụta echiche ma ọ bụ echiche nke ederede n'ụdị ụfọdụ eche  iji.  [2] N'ikwu ya n'obodo ụzọ ọzọ, ụmụ na ndị nwere ikike isi nwere usoro omume maka iri ihe odide, ha anụmanụ maka omume ndị a.  [3] Ịgụ ihe, n'echiche a, na-agụ ihe mgbe niile maka ihe ụfọdụ;  Ide ihe na-edere mmadụ ihe mgbe niile maka okwu ụfọdụ.  [4] Nkwenye akwụkwọ ịgụ akwụkwọ, ide na uru ha bara maka ọha mmadụ na maka onye ọ àlà na- emetụta mgbe niile ka ụzọ e si agụ agụ, na eme ya . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dijanošić|first=B.|date=2009|title=Prilozi definiranju pojma funkcionalne pismenosti|url=http://www.andragosko.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1-2009.pdf#page=25|journal=Journal of the Croatian Andragogy Society|language=Croatian|pages=25–35}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Réka|first=Vágvölgyi|date=May 2019|title=Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework|journal=Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie|volume=30|issue=2|doi=10.1024/1016-264X/a000255}}</ref>Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme agụ na-atụ aro na a mgbagwoju ikewa ọnwụ nke “agụmagụ” dị ka echiche ụzọ abụọ: oge ​​tupu 1950, mgbe a agụ agụmagụ nkeji dị ka mmuta akwụkwọ akwụkwọ (okwu na ike);  na oge mgbe 1950 ọchịchị, mgbe a na-enwe iji jawaabta na-agụ agụmagụ dị ka echiche na usoro sara mbara, ndị òtù ọha na eze na omenala nke ịgụ na ide [1] na ịgụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ [[Usòrò:World map of literacy rates, age 15+, OWID.svg|thumb| Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye gụrụ akwụkwọ, 2015 ma ọ bụ nleba anya kacha nso nso a <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/literacy-rates-most-recent|accessdate=15 February 2020|work=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg|thumb| Amachaghị akwụkwọ ụwa gbadara ọkara n'etiti 1970 na 2015.]] Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmuta nke ndị NGO, ndị na-eche echiche, na ndị otu nkwado na-eji ụdị 1990 na-atụ aro na mgbanwe a na-site site na "nkà iche iche" gaa na " fluorie na eze  " na-aga n'ihu na nke na-akpa mma.  Nkọwa ụfọdụ ka dabara nke ọma na nwa “ikike ịgụ na ide” ọdịnala, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ele anya nke ọma: * Ntụle mba 2003 nke ọgụgụ ndị okenye (USA) gụnyere “agụmakwụkwọ quantitative” ( [[Ọnụ ọgụgụ|ọnụọgụ]] ) na ọgwụgwọ agụmagụ ya. Ọ kọwara agụmagụ dị ka “ikike iji ozi e biri ebi na nke edere arụ ọrụ n’ime ọha mmadụ, imezu ebumnuche mmadụ, na ịzụlite amamihe na ikike ya”. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL)|url=https://nces.ed.gov/naal/fr_definition.asp|work=nces.ed.gov}}</ref> Ọ gụnyere ụdị ọgụgụ nke ndị okenye atọ: prose (dịka akụkọ akụkọ), akwụkwọ (dịka usoro ụgbọ ala), na ịgụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ iji ọrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na mgbasa ozi ngwaahịa). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Measuring Literacy: Performance Levels for Adults (2005), National Academy of Sciences|url=https://www.nap.edu/download/11267}}</ref> <ref name="Carnegie-2021">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=A Brief History of the Quantitative Literacy Movement, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|url=https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-quantitative-literacy-movement/}}</ref> * Na 2015, United Nations Statistics Division kọwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ntorobịa dị ka "pasent nke ndị nọ n'afọ 15-24 bụ ndị nwere ike ịgụ na ide na ịghọta obere nkwupụta dị mfe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Millennium Goals Indicator, UNSTATS, 2015|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=656|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816003157/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=656|archivedate=16 August 2021|accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref> * Na 2016, ''European Literacy Policy Network'' kọwara mmuta dị ka "ikike ịgụ na ide ... na mgbasa ozi niile (bipụta ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị), gụnyere ịgụ akwụkwọ dijitalụ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|title=EUROPEAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHT TO LITERACY, European Literacy Policy Network|url=http://www.eli-net.eu/fileadmin/ELINET/Redaktion/user_upload/European_Declaration_of_the_Right_to_Literacy2.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234944/http://www.eli-net.eu/fileadmin/ELINET/Redaktion/user_upload/European_Declaration_of_the_Right_to_Literacy2.pdf|archivedate=15 August 2021|accessdate=19 February 2021}}</ref> * Na 2018, UNESCO gụnyere "ihe e biri ebi na nke edere" na "ọnọdụ dị iche iche" na nkọwa ya nke ịgụ akwụkwọ; ntụgharị "ikike ịmata, ịghọta, ịkọwa, imepụta, nkwurịta okwu na ịgbakọ, iji ihe e biri ebi na nke edere jikọtara ya na ọnọdụ dị iche iche". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-18|title=Defining literacy, UNESCO|url=http://gaml.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/4.6.1_07_4.6-defining-literacy.pdf}}</ref> * Na 2019, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), na nyocha nka nka ndi okenye PIAAC, gụnyere "edemede ederede" na nkọwa ya nke mmuta; ya bụ "ikike ịghọta, nyocha, iji na itinye aka na ederede ederede iji sonye na ọha mmadụ, nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmadụ, na ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ikike ya". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Skills matter, PIAAC, OECD|url=http://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/publications/Skills_Matter_Additonal_Results_from_the_Survey_of_Adult_Skills_ENG.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD|date=2019|publisher=OECD|isbn=978-92-64-79900-4}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ewere ọnụọgụgụ na idozi nsogbu site na iji teknụzụ dị ka ihe dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)|url=https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/}}</ref> * Na 2021, Education Scotland na National Literacy Trust na UK gụnyere nkà nkwurịta okwu ọnụ (ige ntị na ikwu okwu) n'okpuru nche anwụ nke ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Literacy and English – Scottish Government|url=https://education.gov.scot/Documents/literacy-english-pp.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=What is literacy – National literacy trust|url=https://literacytrust.org.uk/information/what-is-literacy/}}</ref> * Dị ka nke 2021, International Literacy Association (Newark, Delaware, US) na-eji "ikike ịmata, ịghọta, ịkọwa, mepụta, gbakọọ, na nkwurịta okwu site na iji ihe a na-ahụ anya, nke a na-anụ, na dijitalụ n'ofe ọzụzụ na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Why literacy, International literacy association|url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012454/https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy|archivedate=4 February 2021|accessdate=19 February 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=International literacy association|url=https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012454/https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy|archivedate=4 February 2021|accessdate=19 February 2021}}</ref> * A na-eji okwu a bụ "ịgụ agụmagụ" bụ [[Ọganihu n'Ọmụmụ Ihe Ịgụ Ihe Mba Nile|Ọganihu na Ọmụmụ Ịgụ Ịgụ Mba Nile]] (PIRLS) bụ nke nyochaala usoro mba ụwa n'ịgụ ihe na ọkwa nke anọ kemgbe 2001. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center|url=https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/index.html|work=timssandpirls.bc.edu}}</ref> * Òtù ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye nkà ọnụọgụgụ na nka teknụzụ dị iche iche mana n'akụkụ nka nka agụmagụ; <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Literacy and numeracy – Alberta Education|url=https://education.alberta.ca/literacy-and-numeracy/about-literacy-and-numeracy/}}</ref> ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ntinye aka na-abawanye nke kọmputa na teknụzụ dijitalụ ndị ọzọ na nzikọrịta ozi nke na-achọ nkà ndị ọzọ (dịka ịmekọrịta ihe nchọgharị weebụ na mmemme nhazi okwu, ịhazi na ịgbanwe nhazi faịlụ, wdg). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kress, Gunther R.|title=Literacy in the new media age|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-25356-7|location=New York}}</ref> <ref name="Ontario Human Rights Commission">{{Cite book|author=Commission|first=Ontario Human Rights|url=https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/book/export/html/30871|title=Right to Read inquiry report, Ontario Human Rights Commission|date=2022|publisher=Ontario Human Rights Commission|isbn=978-1-4868-5827-9}}</ref>Echiche nke multiliteracies enwetala ego, akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Bekee Arts curricula, n'ihi na ịgụ "bụ okpukpe na ihe ndị, na-eme na ntọala nkà na ẹzagha na-egbu elu mgbe niile ozi bụ nke oghere, ike,  na ihe ngosi (Rhodes & Robnolt)., 2009).  akụkụ "". * Computer literacy – Skill in using computers and digital technology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of computer literacy|url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/computer-literacy|work=PCMAG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COMPUTER-LITERACY {{!}} English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/computer-literacy}}</ref> * Statistical literacy – Ability to understand and reason with statistics and data<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISLP — Home|url=http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~iase/islp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227065148/http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~iase/islp/|archivedate=27 December 2008|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=www.stat.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref> * Critical literacy – Ability to find embedded discrimination in media<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stuart Selber|title=Multiliteracies for a Digital Age|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8093-2551-1|location=Carbondale}}</ref> * Media literacy – Analyses regarding production agendas, representation, propaganda, censorship, bias<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} National Association for Media Literacy Education|url=https://namle.net/|work=namle.net}}</ref> * Ecological literacy – Ability to understand natural systems and their interactions<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World|date=1991|publisher=S.U.N.Y. Press, NY|isbn=978-0-7914-0874-2}}</ref> * Disaster literacy<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Lisa M.|date=2014|title=A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model|journal=Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness|volume=8|issue=3|pages=267–275|doi=10.1017/dmp.2014.43|issn=1935-7893|pmid=24992944}}</ref>  * Health literacy – Ability to understand healthcare information<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=What Is Health Literacy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/learn/index.html}}</ref><ref name="Zarcadoolas-2006">{{Cite book|author=Zarcadoolas|first=C.|title=Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action|publisher=Jossey-Bass|year=2006|location=San Francisco, CA.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Addressing Difficulties in Literacy Development: Responses at Family School Pupil and Teacher Levels|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-01571-2|editor=Reid|doi=10.4324/9781315015712}}</ref> * Linguistic (i.e. language) literacy<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ravid|first=Dorit|authorlink=Dorit Ravid|date=2002|title=Developing Linguistic Literacy: a Comprehensive Model|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-language_2002-05_29_2/page/417|journal=Journal of Child Language|volume=29|issue=2|pages=417–447|doi=10.1017/S0305000902005111|pmid=12109379}}</ref>  * Social literacy – Literacy gained through social interactions<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=9 Ways to Teach Social Skills in Your Classroom, Reading Rockets|url=https://www.readingrockets.org/article/9-ways-teach-social-skills-your-classroom}}</ref> * Quantitative literacy aka numeracy – Ability to apply numerical concepts<ref name="Carnegie-2021">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=A Brief History of the Quantitative Literacy Movement, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|url=https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-quantitative-literacy-movement/}}</ref> * Visual literacy – the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an imagePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, e.g. body language, pictures, maps, and video<ref name="Zarcadoolas-2006" /> . Echiche echiche nke akwụkwọ akwụkwọ gbasapụrụ ka ọdịiche n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ngosi na ọnwụ ihe na- , egwuregwu, na akara ụmụ mmadụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe na-azụ.  ihe ụfọdụ, ya na-ọka nhọrọ James Paul Gee na-arị ya dị ka "nanị ekwekọghị."  akara ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ "ihe akwụkwọ"), na, mgbe enwetachara akara, oge ọ mgba nke ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ga-abụ.  maka otu akwụkwọ na emume a kapịrị ọnụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị edemede n'uche.  Ya mere, ịgụ na ide ekewapụ onwe ya na ihe omume ọha na eze na omenala.  [2] [3] [4] [5] Otu nkwubi okwu, nke David Barton na Rosalind Ivanić mere, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, bụ na ọzụzụ uche na nke ọha mmadụ nke ịgụ akwụkwọ adị mfe, ebe ọ bụ  na Brian Street kwusiri ike, "ụzọ ndị mmadụ si achọta na ide ihe gbanyere ọgwụgwọ n'onwe ha. n'echiche nke ihe,pò, na ịbụ."  [6] [7] N'ihi ya, dị ka Jack Goody depụtara, agụm akwụkwọ ihe mere eme mmalite nke usoro usoro na eze na-adabere na ịgụ akwụkwọ, na ịkwụsị nke ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ime usoro ndị  na- agbanwe N'agbata afọ 3500 TOA na 3000 TOA, n'ebe ndịda Mesopotemia, ndị Sumer oge ochie chepụtara ihe odide . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Yuval Noah Harari|title=Sapiens|date=2014|publisher=McClelland and Stewart, Penguin Random House|isbn=978-0-7710-3851-8}}</ref> N'oge a, mmuta bụ "ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu, nke mere na mkpa ọ dị ijikwa ọnụọgụ ozi ọhụrụ na ụdị ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke azụmahịa na mmepụta nnukwu mmepụta ihe mere". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Easton|first=P.|title=Sustaining Literacy in Africa: Developing a Literate Environment|publisher=UNESCO Press|location=Paris|pages=46–56|chapter=History and spread of literacy}}</ref> Usoro edemede mbụ pụtara dị ka usoro ndekọ nke ndị mmadụ na-eji akara nwere akara mara mma iji jikwaa azụmaahịa na mmepụta ugbo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schmandt-Besserat|first=D|year=1978|title=The earliest precursor of writing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1978-06_238_6/page/38|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=238|issue=6|pages=38–47|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0678-50}}</ref> Usoro akara ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mmalite nke odide cuneiform mbụ ozugbo ndị mmadụ malitere idekọ ozi na mbadamba ụrọ. Ederede Proto-Cuneiform na-egosipụta ọ bụghị naanị akara ọnụọgụ, kamakwa ideograms na-egosi ihe a na-agụ. <ref name="Chrisomalis-2009">{{Cite book|author=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|editor=Olsen|location=Cambridge|pages=59–74|chapter=The Origins and Coevolution of Literacy and Numeracy}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ọdịnala bụ na ịgụ cuneiform bụ nanị otu ndị odeakwụkwọ, ndị ọkà mmụta assyriologists gụnyere Claus Wilcke na Dominique Charpin ekwuola na ịgụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ bụ nke zuru ebe niile site na oge ochie nke Babilọn . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Charpin|first=Dominique|title=Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia|date=2010-11-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10159-0|pages=7–24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Veldhuis|first=Niek|url=https://melc.berkeley.edu/Web_Veldhuis/articles/Veldhuis_OHCC.pdf|title="Levels of Literacy," The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-174359-7|pages=68–73|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, ọkachamara nke ndị odeakwụkwọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke iwu, ego, ndekọ ego, gọọmentị, nchịkwa, ọgwụ, anwansi, ịgba afa, akwụkwọ, na ekpere. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|editor=Radner|location=Oxford}}</ref> mii6yfjqh2zyzkuhprk69epdj1suvks 0 32535 697736 515806 2026-08-10T06:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stirling|first=Paul|title=Ernest Gellner Obituary|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=9 November 1995}}</ref>Ernest André Gellner FRAI (9 Disemba 1925 - 5 Nọvemba 1995) bụ onye Britain - Czech ọkà ihe na-enyere aka na-asụ asụsụ na ibe ya nke The Daily Telegraph, mgbe ọ nwụrụ, dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi isi kwụsị.  ike n'ụwa, na site na The Independent dị ka "otu-- nwoke crusader maka oké egwu rationalism ".  [1] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=ERIKSEN|first=THOMAS HYLLAND|title=Nationalism and the Internet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nations-and-nationalism_2007-01_13_1/page/1|journal=Nations and Nationalism|date=January 2007|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00273.x}}</ref>Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Okwu na Ihe (1959),akpa onye ndu na Times na akwụkwọ ozi ogologo ọnwa na ibe akwụkwọ ozi ya maka nkà ihe ncheta.  Dị ka Prọfesọ nke Philosophy, Logic na Scientific Method na [[London]] School of Economics maka afọ 22, William Wyse Prọfesọ nke Social Anthropology na Mahadum Cambridge maka apụ, na onye isi nke ọhụrụ Center for Study of Nationalism na Prague, Gellner onye ogụ ná ndụ.  ya niile - n'akwụkwọ ya, nkuzi na-Soso-ukwu --ụka ihe ọ dị ka usoro echiche mechiri emechi, ihe Kọmunist, psychoanalysis, relativism na ụdị aka ike nke eji efu .  [ mkpa ] </link> ọzọ n'echiche nsogbu, usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịhụ mba n'anya bụ isi okwu abụọ ya bụ isi, echiche ya nke na-enye esemokwu ọrụ n'ime isiokwu-okwu nke  nwaanya atọ dị iche iche: Western, [[Àlakụ̀ba|islam]], na Russian .  A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà-akpa na-ahụ maka ịhụ mba n'anya . <ref name="interview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/gellner/InterGellner.html|title=Gellner Interview|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref>A Mased Gellner na Paris [1] nye Anna, née Fantl, na Rudolf, onye ọka iwu, di na eje ozi Juu Austrian na-asụ German na-asụ German si Bohemia (nke, 1918, bụ nke Czechoslovakia e hiwere ọhụrụ)  ).  Julius Gellner bụ nwanne nna ya.  Akụre ya na Prague, na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Czech tupu ya abanye ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi Bekee.  Nke a bụ Franz Kafka's tricultural Prague: antisemitic mana "mara mma nke ukwuu", obodo o mechara gbasaa ọtụtụ awụ na-agụsi agụụ ike Na Balliol, ọ na-akọ Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) na-na nkà ihe.  Ọ  ya ka otu afɔ gachara ije ozi na 1st Czechoslovak Armored Brigade, nke ihe na Siege nke Dunkirk (1944–45), wee wepu Prague ịga ebe ahụ maka ọkara oge. N'ime oge a, Prague na ike ya: n'ịhụhụ na Kọmunist ga-eweghara ya, o alama England.  Otu n'ime ihe na-achọta ya obodo ahụ na 1945 bụ akwụkwọ mmado ndị Kọmunist na-ekwu, sị: "Onye ọ Layer nwere ọta dị ọcha n'ime Party ", nke ere na a nabatara ndị mmadụ ha dị mma n'oge.  ọrụ ahụ.  N'ezie, Gellner kwuru, ọ ụdị ihe dị iche:   Ọ la ọrụ na-abụ Balliol na 1945 ka ọ gụchaa akara ugo nhọrọ ya, na-emeri ihe nrite John Locke wee nweta ụlọ klas mbụ na 1947. N'otu apụ ahụ, ọ ọrụ ọrụ ya na Mahadum Edinburgh dị ka onye-eme Prọfe Johnsọ  Macmurray na Ngalaba Nkà ịgụ Ọmụma.  Ọ kwagara na London School of Economics na 1949, ngalaba na ngalaba sociology n'okpuru Morris Ginsberg .  Ginsberg nwere mmemme na nkà ihe ndị ma kwenye na nkà ihe na-akpa na-akpa na eze dị nnọọ nso. .Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse eburula ụzọ Ginsberg dị ka Martin White Prọfesọ nke Sociology na LSE.  Hobhouse's Mind in Evolution (1901) atụpụtala na a ga-ewere mmadụ dị ka organism,Kekere evolushọn,ya na onye ahụ dị ka ihe ya bụ isi, okwu okwu na ọha mmadụ ga-akawanye mma ka oge na-aga ka ọ  echiche, echiche teleological nke Gellner kwụsiri ike.  mara   * ''Okwu na Ihe, Akaụntụ Dị Mkpa nke nkà ihe ọmụma asụsụ na ọmụmụ ihe na Ideology'', London: Golancz; Boston: Beacon (1959). Hụkwa akwụkwọ ozi na ''The Times'', 10 Nọvemba ruo 23 Nọvemba 1959. * ''Echiche na mgbanwe'' (1964) * ''Populism: Ihe ọ pụtara na njirimara ya'' (1969). Mụ na Ghiță Ionescu [ ro ] . New York: Macmillan. * ''Ndị nsọ nke Atlas'' (1969) * ''Echiche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a'' (1974) * ''Ekwensu na nkà ihe ọmụma ọgbara ọhụrụ'' (1974) * ''Nkwenye nke Nkwenye'' (1974) * ''Ihe nlegharị anya na nsogbu'' (1979) * ''Soviet na Western Anthropology'' (1980) (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) * ''Muslim Society'' (1981) * ''Mba na Nationalism'' (1983) * ''Relativism na Social Sciences'' (1985) * ''The Psychoanalytic Movement'' (1985) * ''Echiche nke Kinship na edemede ndị ọzọ'' (1986) * ''Omenala, njirimara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'' (1987) * ''Ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ na echiche Soviet'' (1988) * ''Ala, Mma agha na Akwụkwọ'' (1988) * ''Postmodernism, Reason and Religion'' (1992) * ''Ihe kpatara na omenala'' (1992) * ''Ọnọdụ nke nnwere onwe'' (1994) * ''Anthropology na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Mgbanwe na Grove Sacred'' (1995) * ''Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honor of José G. Merquior'' (1996) * ''Nationalism'' (1997) * ''Asụsụ na ịnọ naanị ya: Wittgenstein, Malinowski na nsogbu Habsburg'' (1998) {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka == * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E5D91439F933A25752C1A963958260&scp=1&sq=ernest%20gellner&st=cse Obituary Onye Ọkà ihe Ọmụma na Nationalism Ernest Gellner nwụrụ na 69] nke Eric Pace dere ''New York Times'' 10 Nọvemba 1995 * Davies, Jọn. Obituary na ''The Guardian'', 7 Nọvemba 1995 * Dimonye, Simeon. ''Ọmụmụ ihe atụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na Karl Marx na Ernest Gellner'' (Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012) * Ụlọ Nzukọ, John A. ''Ernest Gellner: Akụkọ gbasara ọgụgụ isi'' (London: Verso, 2010) * Hall, John A. na Ian Jarvie (eds). ''The Social Philosophy nke Ernest Gellner'' (Amsterdam: Rodopi BV, 1996) * Ụlọ Nzukọ, John A. (ed.) ''Obodo nke Mba: Ernest Gellner na Theory of Nationalism'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Lesnoff, Michael. ''Ernest Gellner na Modernity'' (Cardiff: Mahadum Wales Press, 2002) * Luke, Steven. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60390 "Gellner, Ernest André (1925-1995)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, eweghachiri 23 Septemba 2005 (chọrọ ndenye aha) * Malesevic, Sinisa na Mark Haugaard (eds). ''Ernest Gellner na Echiche Ọha na Ọha nke Oge'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) * O'Leary, Brendan. Obituary na ''The Independent'', 8 Nọvemba 1995 * Stirling, Paul. Obituary na ''Daily Telegraph'', 9 Nọvemba 1995 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211030637/http://www.nuigalway.ie/ssrc/programmes/conferences.html "The Social and Political Relevance of Gellner's Thinking Today"] akwụkwọ na webcast nke ogbako haziri nke Department of Political Science and Sociology na National University of Ireland, Galway, mere na 21-22 May 2005 (10th ncheta nke ọnwụ Gellner). * Kyrchanoff, Maksym. Natsionalizm: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, Regionalizatsia (Voronezh, 2007) [http://ejournals.pp.net.ua/_ld/0/87_nat_p1.pdf] Nyocha zuru ezu nke ọrụ Gellner maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. N'asụsụ Russian. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/gellner/index.htm Gellner akụ ibe] (na London School of Economics ) * [http://www.ditext.com/gellner/el-frame.html Ụkpụrụ omume na mgbagha], Usoro nke Aristotelian Society LV (1954-1955), 157-178. * [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=GELLNER Katalọgụ nke akwụkwọ Gellner] na [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618035533/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/Default.htm Ngalaba Archives] nke London School of Economics . * [http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Gellner%2C+Ernest Ihe vidiyo Gellner], na Dspace na Cambridge repository (faịlụ MP4 ). * Okwu pụrụ iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Social Evolution &amp;amp; History'' [http://www.socionauki.ru/journal/seh_en/archive/2003_2 "The Intellectual Legacy of Ernest Gellner"] (onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọbịa Peter Skalnik). * Okwu pụrụ iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Thesis Eleven'' Ernest Gellner na Historical Sociology (onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọbịa Sinisa Malesevic). * [http://www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/140485/ ''Okwu na Ihe nke Ernest Gellner'' nke Czeglédy, André P.] * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181208223609/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/20th-november-1959/28/linguistic-philosophy Nkà ihe ọmụma asụsụ]'' 1959 nyocha nke ''Okwu na ihe'' nke AJ Ayer maka ''The Spectator'' [site na [[Wayback Machine|igwe Wayback]] ] * ''[http://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1960V27N2/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/index.html#348 Okwu na echiche]'' nyocha nke ''Okwu na Ihe'' nke Iris Murdoch maka ''Nlebanya Partisan'' * Works by or about Ernest Gellner cc4b7q13t9mtaaih9iktc3hsek49l3j 0 32562 697678 133866 2026-08-10T05:32:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697678 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Echiche dị mfe nke ịgụ ihe''' bụ echiche sayensị na ikike nwa akwụkwọ nwere ịghọta okwu edere na-adabere n'otú ha si ada (ịkọwa) okwu ma ghọta ihe okwu ndị ahụ pụtara. N'ụzọ doro anya, enwere ike ịkọwa nghọta ha na-agụ site n'ịbawanye nkà ha n'ịkọwa okwu ndị e dere site na ikike ha ịghọta ihe okwu ndị ahụ pụtara. A na-egosipụta ya na usoro a: '''Nkọwapụta (D) x (Okwu) Nkọwa Asụsụ (LC) = Nkọwa Ịgụ Ihe (RC) '''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kendeou|first=Panayiota|title=Revisiting the simple view of reading|journal=British Journal of Educational Psychology|date=June 2009|volume=79|issue=2|pages=353–370|doi=10.1348/978185408X369020|pmid=19091164}}</ref> Akụkụ nke usoro a bụ: : (D) Decoding: ikike nke nwa akwụkwọ iji nụ ma ọ bụ kọwaa okwu ndị edere site na iji ụkpụrụ nke phonics (dịka /k - æ - t/= cat). : (LC) ''asụsụ (ige ntị) nghọta'': ikike nwa akwụkwọ nwere ịghọta ihe okwu ndị ahụ pụtara (dị ka a ga-asị na a gwara ha n'olu dara ụda). : (RC) Nghọta ịgụ: ikike nwa akwụkwọ nwere ịghọta ihe okwu ndị ''edere'' pụtara. Iji doo anya, enwere ike ime ihe a niile mgbe ị na-agụ ihe n'olu. Usoro a na-ekwusi ike na ihe ndị a: * Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkọwa (ya bụ, ụda) okwu ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi (ya mere ha nwere ezi uche) ma ghọta ihe okwu ndị ahụ pụtara, ha ga-enwe ike ịghọta okwu ndị edere (ya bụ nghọta ịgụ). * Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkọwa okwu ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, mana ha aghọtaghị ihe okwu ahụ pụtara, ha agaghị enwe nghọta ịgụ ihe. (dịka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke nwere ike ịkọwa okwu ahụ bụ "etymology" mana ọ maghị ihe ọ pụtara, agaghị enweta nghọta ịgụ.) * Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ịkọwa okwu ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ma ha ghọtara ihe okwu ndị ahụ pụtara, ha agaghị enwe nghọta ịgụ ihe. (dịka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke maara ihe tyrannosaurus rex bụ, mana ọ pụghị ịkọwa okwu, agaghị enweta nghọta ịgụ.) Ọ bụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ bụ Philip Gough na William Tunmer kọwara echiche dị mfe nke ịgụ ihe na 1986 ma Wesley Hoover na Philip Gough gbanwere ya na 1990; ọ dugara na ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nghọta anyị banyere nghọta ịgụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=Philip B.|title=Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability|journal=Remedial and Special Education|date=18 August 2016|volume=7|issue=1|pages=6–10|doi=10.1177/074193258600700104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoover|first=Wesley A.|title=The simple view of reading|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-and-writing_1990_2_2/page/127|journal=Reading and Writing|date=1 June 1990|volume=2|issue=2|pages=127–160|doi=10.1007/BF00401799|language=en|issn=1573-0905}}</ref> == Ihe ndabere nyocha == === Mbipụta mbụ === Gough na Tunmer bu ụzọ kọwaa echiche dị mfe na isiokwu nke mbipụta mbụ nke 1986 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Remedial and Special Education . Ebumnuche ha bụ ịtọpụta echiche a na-agbagha agbagha nke ga-edozi arụmụka banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nkà ịkọwapụta na ikike ịgụ ihe. <ref name="Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disa">{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=Philip B.|title=Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability|journal=Remedial and Special Education|date=1 January 1986|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.1177/074193258600700104}}</ref>Ha na-akọwa decoding dị ka ikike ịgụ okwu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ "n'egbughị oge, n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na n'emeghị mkpọtụ" ma dabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na ihe ọmụma nke nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpụrụedemede na ụda ha.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=Philip B.|title=Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability|journal=Remedial and Special Education|date=1 January 1986|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.1177/074193258600700104}}</ref> N'ịtọpụta echiche dị mfe, Gough na Tunmer na-azaghachi esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị nchọpụta na ndị nkuzi banyere enyemaka nke decoding na nghọta ọgụgụ. Ụfọdụ, dị ka Ken Goodman (nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya mepụtara echiche nke Asụsụ Ọ bụla) belatara ọrụ nke decoding na ọgụgụ nke ọma. O kwenyere na ọ bụ naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ maara nke a na-eji eme ihe na "egwuregwu ịkọ nkọ nke asụsụ". Ọ na-ele decoding anya dị ka, n'ụzọ kachasị mma, ihe sitere na ọgụgụ nke ọma ma ọ bụghị na isi nke ọgụgụ nke Gough na Tunmer.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodman|first=Kenneth S.|title=Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game|journal=Journal of the Reading Specialist|date=May 1967|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.1080/19388076709556976}}</ref><ref name="Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disa"/> Esemokwu a bụ otu n'ime ihe a maara dị ka agha ọgụgụ, usoro arụmụka na-adịte aka ma na-ekpo ọkụ banyere akụkụ nke nyocha ọgụgụ, ntụziaka na iwu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ. N'inye ''echiche dị mfe'', Gough na Tunmer nwere olileanya na iji Usoro sayensị ga-edozi arụmụka banyere njikọ dị n'etiti decoding na nghọta.<ref name="Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disa"/> Ewezuga inye uche maka arụmụka banyere decoding, ndị edemede chere na ọhụụ dị mfe nwere nghọta dị mkpa banyere nkwarụ ịgụ. <ref name="ReferenceA"/>Ọ bụrụ na ikike ịgụ ihe sitere na ngwaahịa nke decoding na ige ntị nghọta, nkwarụ ịgụ ihe nwere ike ịkpata ụzọ atọ dị iche iche: enweghị ike ịkọwa (dyslexia), enweghị ike ịghọta (hyperlexia), ma ọ bụ ha abụọ (nke ha na-akpọ "nkwarụ ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche").<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=Philip B.|title=Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability|journal=Remedial and Special Education|date=1 January 1986|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.1177/074193258600700104}}</ref> === Nkwado nke ahụmahụ === Nkwado mbụ maka echiche dị mfe sitere na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi onyinye onwe onye nke decoding na nghọta asụsụ na nghọta ọgụgụ nkịtị. <ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Curtis|first=Mary E.|title=Development of components of reading skill.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-psychology_1980-10_72_5/page/656|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|date=October 1980|volume=72|issue=5|pages=656–669|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.72.5.656}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanovich|first=Keith E.|title=Intelligence, Cognitive Skills, and Early Reading Progress|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-research-quarterly_spring-1984_19_3/page/278|journal=Reading Research Quarterly|date=1984|volume=19|issue=3|pages=278|doi=10.2307/747822}}</ref>Kemgbe e bipụtara ya nke mbụ, a nwalere echiche ahụ n'ihe karịrị 100 ọmụmụ n'ọtụtụ asụsụ na ndị mmụta nwere nkwarụ dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kilpatrick|first=David|title=Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties|date=2015|publisher=Wiley|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-1-118-84524-0}}</ref> Na nyocha ha nke 2018 banyere sayensị nke mmụta ịgụ, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Anne Castles, Kathleen Rastle na Kate Nation dere na "Ihe ezi uche dị na ya maka Simple View doro anya ma na-akpali akpali: Nkọwa na nghọta asụsụ dị mkpa, ọ dịghịkwa nke zuru ezu naanị ya. Nwatakịrị nwere ike ịkọwapụta mbipụta ma ọ pụghị ịghọta ịgụ; n'otu aka ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa nghọta asụsụ, ịgụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ime na-enweghị nkọwa, Nkọwapụta na nghọta asụsụ ọnụ na-akọwapụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdịiche niile dị na mmepe ya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Castles|first=Anne|title=Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=11 June 2018|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1177/1529100618772271|pmid=29890888}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> == Ihe osise == [[Usòrò:Simple_View_of_Reading_quadrant_visualisation.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|The Simple View of Reading na-atụ aro ụdị anọ dị iche iche nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto: ndị na-ede akwụkwọ; ndị na-adịghị mma; dyslexics; na hyperlexics.]] === Quadrants === Site n'itinye usoro ọgụgụ isi abụọ ahụ na axis jikọtara ọnụ, echiche ahụ na-ebu amụma ụdị anọ nke ndị na-agụ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Catts|first=Hugh W.|title=Subgrouping Poor Readers on the Basis of Individual Differences in Reading-Related Abilities|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|date=18 August 2016|volume=36|issue=2|pages=151–164|doi=10.1177/002221940303600208|pmid=15493430|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=specedfacpub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Catts|first=Hugh W.|title=Language Deficits in Poor Comprehenders: A Case for the Simple View of Reading|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|date=April 2006|volume=49|issue=2|pages=278–293|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2006/023)|pmid=16671844|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2802a2d9cb4bf0aaf588c53e375c0dbf8888a482}}</ref> * A ga-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà decoding na-adịghị mma ma nwee nkà nghọta nke ige ntị dị ka 'ndị decoder na-adịghị ike', ma ọ bụ dyslexic. * A na-akpọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ikike nghọta na-adịghị mma 'ndị na-aghọta ihe na-adịghị ike'; * A na-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà na-adịghị mma na nkà na-enweghị nghọta na-adịghị ike dị ka 'ndị na-agụ ihe', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ha 'ndị ogige-dị iche iche'; na * A na-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ezigbo decoding na ige ntị na 'ndị na-agụ ihe'. === Ụdọ a na-agụ === Akara ọgụgụ bụ ihe ngosi nke echiche dị mfe nke onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Hollis Scarborough bipụtara na 2001, na-egosi mmekọrịta nke decoding na nghọta asụsụ (na akụkụ ha) n'ịmepụta nghọta ọgụgụ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Scarborough|first=Hollis|editor=Neuman|title=Handbook of early literacy research|date=2001|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=1-57230-653-X|pages=23–39|chapter=Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice}}</ref>Site n'igosi eriri na-agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta 'ụdọ' nke ọgụgụ ọkachamara, nlele anya na-agbasawanye ọhụụ dị mfe iji tinye akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru ọgụgụ dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa na usoro ọgụgụ ọkachamara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dyslexiaida.org/scarboroughs-reading-rope-a-groundbreaking-infographic/|title=Scarborough's Reading Rope: A Groundbreaking Infographic, International Dyslexia Association|date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ David A. Kilpatrick dere na echiche dị mfe nke ịgụ abụghị naanị maka ndị nchọpụta. Ọ na-enyekwa aka maka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị nkuzi, na ndị nhazi usoro agụmakwụkwọ n'ịghọta usoro ịgụ ihe, ịchọpụta isi iyi nke nsogbu ịgụ ihe, na ịmepụta atụmatụ nkuzi."Ndị ọzọ ekwuola na, site n'ịkewapụta ihe abụọ nke nghọta ọgụgụ, ọhụụ dị mfe na-enyere ndị nkuzi aka site n'igosi na ụmụ akwụkwọ ha nwere ike ịdị iche na ikike ha n'ihe abụọ ahụ ma ya mere chọọ usoro nkuzi dị iche iche iji kwado mmepe ọgụgụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kilpatrick|first=David|title=Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties|date=2015|publisher=Wiley|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-1-118-84524-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kendeou|first=Panayiota|title=Revisiting the simple view of reading|journal=British Journal of Educational Psychology|date=June 2009|volume=79|issue=2|pages=353–70|doi=10.1348/978185408X369020|pmid=19091164}}</ref> === United Kingdom === N'afọ 2006, Independent Review of the Teaching of Early Reading (Rose Report) tụrụ aro ka a nabata echiche dị mfe dị ka usoro echiche dị n'okpuru na-agwa ntụziaka ọgụgụ n'oge na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka ndị na-eme ya na ndị nchọpụta."Nnyocha ahụ tụrụ aro ka e jiri Simple View mee ihe iji "mezigharịa" ihe nlereanya ''searchlights'' (ma ọ bụ cueing) nke gwara 1998 UK National Literacy Strategy, na-ekwu na ọ ga-etinye ma njirimara okwu na nghọta asụsụ dị ka "usoro dị iche iche metụtara ibe ya. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=Jim|title=Independent review of the Teaching of Early Reading|url=https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5551/2/report.pdf|publisher=Department for Education and Skills|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lancsngfl.ac.uk/curriculum/english/download/file/Searchlightsreadingstrategies.pdf|title=Searchlights: Reading strategies, The Lancashire county council, UK|accessdate=2023-10-28|archivedate=2022-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121013632/http://www.lancsngfl.ac.uk/curriculum/english/download/file/Searchlightsreadingstrategies.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=Jim|title=Independent review of the Teaching of Early Reading|url=https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5551/2/report.pdf|publisher=Department for Education and Skills|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref> == Ihe mgbochi == N'afọ 2018, Castles, Rastle na Nation kwuru ihe ndị na-esonụ na-adịghị mma nke echiche dị mfe nke ịgụ ihe:<blockquote>Ọ bụ ezie na Simple View bụ usoro bara uru, ọ nwere ike ịkpọrọ anyị ruo ugbu a. Nke mbụ, ọ bụghị ihe nlereanya: Ọ naghị agwa anyị otú decoding na nghọta asụsụ si arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ otu ha si mepụta. Nke abụọ, n'ịtụle amụma nke Simple View, ubi ahụ ekwekọghị n'otú e si kọwaa ma tụọ isi ihe ndị ahụ. N'ihe gbasara decoding, dịka Gough na Tunmer (1986) n'onwe ha kwuru, ọ nwere ike izo aka na "ịda ụda" nke okwu ma ọ bụ na njirimara okwu nwere nkà, na usoro dịgasị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara nghọta asụsụ, ihe ndị e ji mee ihe sitere na okwu gaa na ịkọ akụkọ, imepụta ihe, na ncheta okwu mkpirikpi. Iji ghọta mmepe ọgụgụ nke ọma, anyị chọrọ ihe nlereanya ndị ziri ezi karị nke na-akọwapụta usoro nghọta na-arụ ọrụ n'ime decoding na asụsụ nghọta nke Simple View.<ref name="auto"/></blockquote> == Hụkwa == * [[Echiche ụzọ abụọ iji gụọ n'olu dara ụda]] * [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị]] * [[Hyperlexia]] * Ịmụta ịgụ == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Catts|first=Hugh W.|title=Language Deficits in Poor Comprehenders: A Case for the Simple View of Reading|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|date=April 2006|volume=49|issue=2|pages=278–293|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2006/023)|pmid=16671844|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2802a2d9cb4bf0aaf588c53e375c0dbf8888a482}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sabatini|first=John P.|title=Relationships Among Reading Skills of Adults With Low Literacy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_march-april-2010_43_2/page/122|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|date=23 February 2010|volume=43|issue=2|pages=122–138|doi=10.1177/0022219409359343|pmid=20179307}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ricketts|first=Jessie|title=Research Review: Reading comprehension in developmental disorders of language and communication|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|date=November 2011|volume=52|issue=11|pages=1111–1123|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02438.x|pmid=21762147|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/27893/1/Ricketts_2011_pre_publication.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ripoll Salceda|first=Juan C.|title=The simple view of reading in elementary school: A systematic review|journal=Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología|date=January 2014|volume=34|issue=1|pages=17–31|doi=10.1016/j.rlfa.2013.04.006}} === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Catts|first=Hugh W.|title=Language Deficits in Poor Comprehenders: A Case for the Simple View of Reading|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|date=April 2006|volume=49|issue=2|pages=278–293|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2006/023)|pmid=16671844|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2802a2d9cb4bf0aaf588c53e375c0dbf8888a482}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sabatini|first=John P.|title=Relationships Among Reading Skills of Adults With Low Literacy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_march-april-2010_43_2/page/122|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|date=23 February 2010|volume=43|issue=2|pages=122–138|doi=10.1177/0022219409359343|pmid=20179307}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ricketts|first=Jessie|title=Research Review: Reading comprehension in developmental disorders of language and communication|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|date=November 2011|volume=52|issue=11|pages=1111–1123|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02438.x|pmid=21762147|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/27893/1/Ricketts_2011_pre_publication.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ripoll Salceda|first=Juan C.|title=The simple view of reading in elementary school: A systematic review|journal=Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología|date=January 2014|volume=34|issue=1|pages=17–31|doi=10.1016/j.rlfa.2013.04.006}} == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.readingrockets.org/article/simple-view-reading Reading Rockets - Echiche Dị Mfe nke Ịgụ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] coiqpmnt2tnvo2fp5oj7xtbvzjkt4sf 0 32579 697618 193813 2026-08-10T04:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''mmụta [[Amamihe|sayensị]]''' ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ edere, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na dijitalụ dịka ha metụtara ịghọta sayensị, usoro ya, nchọpụta, na echiche. Mmụta sayensị na-emetụta nghọta nke Usoro sayensị, nkeji na usoro nke ịtụle, ahụmahụ na nghọta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na njikọ ụfọdụ na nyocha dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, yana nghọta bụ isi nke isi ngalaba sayensị dị ka [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]], chemistry, biology, ecology, geology na mgbakọ. == Nkọwa == OECD PISA Framework (2015) na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka "ikike itinye aka na nsogbu ndị metụtara sayensị, yana echiche nke sayensụ, dị ka nwa amaala na-echebara echiche. " Ya mere, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị njikere itinye aka n'okwu ezi uche dị na ya banyere sayensị na teknụzụ nke chọrọ ikike: * Kọwaa ihe omume sayensị &#x2D; mata, nye ma nyochaa nkọwa maka ọtụtụ ihe okike na teknụzụ. * Nyochaa ma chepụta nyocha sayensị &#x2D; kọwaa ma nyochaa nyocha sayensụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ isi dozie ajụjụ sayensị. * Kọwaa data na ihe akaebe na sayensị &#x2D; nyochaa ma nyochaa data, nkwupụta na arụmụka n'ọtụtụ nnọchiteanya ma nweta nkwubi okwu sayensị kwesịrị ekwesị. Dị ka United States National Center for Education Statistics si kwuo, "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị bụ ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba". A na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị dị ka onye nwere ikike: * Ghọta, nwalee, na ezi uche yana ịkọwa eziokwu sayensị na ihe ha pụtara. * Jụọ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị. * Kọwaa, kọwaa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike. * Gụọ isiokwu na nghọta nke sayensị na Akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ma tinye aka na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere izi ezi nke nkwubi okwu. * Chọpụta okwu sayensị ndị na-eme ka mkpebi mba na nke mpaghara pụta ìhè ma gosipụta ọnọdụ ndị a maara na sayensị na teknụzụ. * Nyochaa ogo nke ozi sayensị dabere na isi iyi ya na usoro eji emepụta ya. * Tinye ma nyochaa arụmụka dabere na ihe akaebe ma tinye nkwubi okwu sitere na arụmụka dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. A pụkwara ịkọwa agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'asụsụ yiri nkọwa nke agụmakwụkwọ oké osimiri, agụmakwụkwọ nke sayensị ụwa na agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe. Ya mere, onye maara nke ọma na sayensị nwere ike: * Ghọta sayensị metụtara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. * Kpọtụrụ okwu n'ụzọ doro anya banyere sayensị. * Mee mkpebi doro anya banyere okwu ndị a. N'ikpeazụ, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị nwere ike ịgụnye àgwà ụfọdụ n'ịmụta ihe na iji sayensị. Ụmụ amaala nwere ọgụgụ isi sayensị nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe ndị mere eme maka onwe ha.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYHQcXVp4F4 Noam Chomsky on what it means to be educated]</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States na-abụkarị ihe ịma aka dị ka mwepụta nke Satellite Sputnik na 1957 na ọganihu akụ na ụba [[Japan]] na 1980s. Paul Hurd mere ka okwu ahụ bụ "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị" bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'afọ 1958, mgbe o boro ebubo na nsogbu dị na agụmakwụkwọ bụ "otu n'ime imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụ na ụba nke ihe sayensị na ịda ogbenye nke ịgụ na ide nke Sayensị na America". <ref name="Feinstein" /><ref name="Hurd">{{Cite journal|author=Hurd|first=P. D.|title=Science literacy: Its meaning for American schools|journal=Educational Leadership|date=1958|volume=16|issue=1|pages=13-16, 52|url=https://files.ascd.org/staticfiles/ascd/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_195810_hurd.pdf}}</ref>Maka Hurd, ihe ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa na sayensị na teknụzụ chọrọ agụmakwụkwọ "kwesịrị ekwesị maka izute ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe sayensị. " Ihe dị n'okpuru oku Hurd bụ echiche "na ụfọdụ nkà sayensị bụ nkwadebe dị mkpa maka ndụ nke oge a".<ref name="Hurd" /><ref name="Feinstein">{{Cite journal|author=Feinstein|first=Noah|title=Salvaging science literacy|journal=Science Education|date=January 2011|volume=95|issue=1|pages=168–185|doi=10.1002/sce.20414|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sce.20414|language=en}}</ref> Nkọwa mbụ nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị gụnyere nkọwa nke ọdịnaya ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ịghọta, na-agbaso usoro ọdịnala (biology, chemistry, [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]]). A kọwapụtara Sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka usoro ala gbasaa. N'ime afọ iri mgbe akwụkwọ ndị mbụ ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi nke [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]] dezigharịrị echiche nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị iji tinye echiche ndị ọzọ nke oge a, nke usoro na-elekwasị anya na ụwa okike, na-eduga na mmemme ịgụ na ide sayensị maka oké osimiri, [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]], sayensị ụwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Kemgbe afọ 1950, agụmakwụkwọ sayensị emeela ka ihe ọmụma sayensị pụta ìhè dị ka nke dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu site na ahụmịhe onwe onye. <ref name="Feinstein"/>A na-ahụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị dị ka [[ikike mmadụ]] na ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke sayensị na ọrụ ya na ọha mmadụ ka a na-ahụ dị ka ihe achọrọ maka ndị otu ọha mmadụ nwere ọrụ, nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mkpebi ka mma ma mee ka ndụ ha baa ọgaranya. <ref name="Schuck">{{Cite journal|author=Schuck|first=Patrick|title=Science Education as a Human Right: A Systematic Review of the Literature|journal=European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education|date=6 April 2022|volume=10|issue=3|pages=338–351|doi=10.30935/scimath/11967|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1353521.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The public understanding of science|date=1985|publisher=The Royal Society|location=London|isbn=0854032576|url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/publications/1985/10700.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Public Understanding of Science: The Royal Society Reports|journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values|date=July 1986|volume=11|issue=3|pages=53–60|doi=10.1177/016224398601100306|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016224398601100306|language=en|issn=0162-2439}}</ref>Na United States, enwere ike ịhụ mgbanwe a na nkwenye na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, site na mbipụta nke Science for All Americans na Benchmarks for Science Literacy. The National Science Education Standards (1996) kọwara ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka "ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba". <ref>{{Cite book|author=National Research Council|title=National Science Education Standards|date=1996|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4962/chapter/4#22|language=en}}</ref>Na mgbakwunye, ọ kwusiri ike na ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụghị naanị ihe gbasara icheta ọdịnaya sayensị. Ọ gụnyere mmepe nke ikike ma ọ bụ nkà dị mkpa. "Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị pụtara na mmadụ nwere ike ịjụ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ pụtara na mmadụ nwekwara ikike ịkọwa, ịkọwa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike. "<ref name="Lombrozo">{{Cite news|author=Lombrozo|first=Tania|title=Scientific Literacy: It's Not (Just) About The Facts|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2015/09/14/440213603/scientific-literacy-it-s-not-just-about-the-facts|work=NPR|date=September 14, 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa "ethos" dị n'okpuru nke na-eme ka o kwe omume isonye na arụmụka sayensị na obodo. Ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa bụ na nchọpụta na echiche nke nchọpụta sayensị bụ akụkụ nke usoro a na-ekerịta; na echiche dị mkpa, ọ bụghị ọnọdụ nke onye na-ekwupụta ha; na ihe dị mkpa bụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị nsonaazụ achọrọ; na nkwupụta ndị karịrị nchọpụta kwesịrị ịnwale.<ref name="Elhai">{{Cite journal|author=Elhai|first=Jeff|title=Science Literacy: a More Fundamental Meaning|journal=Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education|date=10 January 2023|volume=24|issue=1|pages=e00212–22|doi=10.1128/jmbe.00212-22|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jmbe.00212-22}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oku maka "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị" achọpụtala na ozi na-ezighi ezi dị ka ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-atụ aro na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị obodo, agụmakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi sayensị dijitalụ, na agụmakọta sayensị bụ ihe dị mkpa nke agụmakwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ ga-enweta ihe ọmụma sayensị ma tinye aka na mkpebi onwe onye na nke otu na ọha mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref name="Howell">{{Cite journal|author=Howell|first=Emily L.|title=(Mis)informed about what? What it means to be a science-literate citizen in a digital world|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=13 April 2021|volume=118|issue=15|doi=10.1073/pnas.1912436117|url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1912436117|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Ntụnyere nke echiche nke ụmụ amaala na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị site na Pew Research Center na-egosi na ha nwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche na ọtụtụ okwu sayensị, injinia na teknụzụ. Ma ụmụ amaala ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ K-12 STEM na US nke ọma.<ref name="Funk">{{Cite news|author=Funk|first=Cary|title=Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/|work=Pew Research Center Science & Society|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> == Sayensị, ọha mmadụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi == Ịdabere na ibe anyị na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị bụ isi nke mmụta sayensị na usoro ụwa. Dị ka nkwekọrịta mba niile n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi si kọwaa, ịgụ na ide a nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa. Nke mbụ, a na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, n'asụsụ nke na-ekwughachi nkọwa dị n'elu nke mmụta sayensị. Nke abụọ, edepụtara ọtụtụ echiche, nke a haziri n'ime nnukwu echiche isii ruo itoolu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa. A malitere usoro nkọwa a maka ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri, mgbe ahụ maka Great Lakes, estuaries, ikuku, na ihu igwe.Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị ụwa bụ otu n'ime ụdị ịgụ na ide akọwapụtara maka usoro ụwa; àgwà nke onye gụrụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'ụwa na-anọchite anya àgwà maka nkọwa niile nke usoro ụwa. Dị ka Earth Science Literacy Initiative si kwuo, onye maara sayensị nke ụwa: * na-aghọta echiche ndị bụ isi nke ọtụtụ usoro ụwa * maara otu esi achọta ma nyochaa ozi sayensị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi banyere Ụwa * na-ekwurịta okwu banyere sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ bara uru * nwere ike ime mkpebi doro anya na nke ziri ezi gbasara ụwa na ihe onwunwe ya Ụdị ịgụ na ide niile dị na usoro ụwa nwere nkọwa dị ka nke dị n'elu. A na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri dị ka "ịghọta mmetụta anyị na oké osimiri na mmetụta oké osimiri na anyị".N'otu aka ahụ, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe gụnyere ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ime mkpebi; "mmadụ nwere ike ime ihe iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya". Ụdị agụmakwụkwọ nke usoro ụwa ọ bụla na-akọwa echiche ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịghọta mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbalị agụmakwụkwọ dị ugbu a na usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke ụwa na-elekwasị anya na echiche sayensị karịa na akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide, mana omume gburugburu ebe obibi ka dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ekwupụtara. Isiokwu sayensị n'ihe metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-apụta n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara ịgụ na ide sayensị. Echiche ndị na-apụta na sayensị ndụ gụnyere ihe na-ezo aka na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, "obi nke ụwa". Robin Wright, onye edemede maka Cell Biology Education, na-akwa arịrị "mgbagwoju anya [ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ] ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere sayensị ga-etinye ụzọ ndụ anyị na nchekwa mba anyị n'ihe ize ndụ?" Nkwurịta okwu banyere ịgụ na ide na physics gụnyere Nchekwa ike, nkwụsị nke ozone na [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]].Nkwupụta ebumnuche nke Chemistry Literacy Project gụnyere ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi.A na-akọwa agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ n'ime oghere nhazi atọ; na axis ihe ọmụma, a na-ekwu na teknụzụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, nakwa na ọ "na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ na ọdịbendị nke ọha mmadụ".Energy Literacy na-etu ọnụ ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, gụnyere otu metụtara ịgụ na ide na ihu igwe. == Àgwà dị ka akụkụ nke mmụta sayensị == Àgwà banyere sayensị nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị. N'Echiche agụmakwụkwọ, nghọta nke ọdịnaya dị na ngalaba nghọta, ebe àgwà dị na ngalaba mmetụta uche. Ya mere, àgwà ọjọọ, dị ka egwu sayensị, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-emetụta mmetụta na ihe mgbochi maka nghọta na ebumnuche mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Na United States, a maara àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe sayensị nọ ka ọ na-ebelata malite na klas nke anọ ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebe tlase site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nke sekọndndrị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Change in student beliefs about attitudes toward science in grades 6-9|url=https://www.eduhk.hk/apfslt/v11_issue1/akcay/akcay2.htm|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=www.eduhk.hk}}</ref>Mmalite a nke mmetụta ọjọọ banyere sayensị sitere na nkwenye dị ukwuu a na-etinye na akara. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amalite iche na ha na-enweta obere ihe nke na-eme ka ha ghara inwe mkpali na klas na ntinye aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ada. E dekọrọ nke ọma na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere nnukwu mkpali maka mmụta ga-enwe àgwà dị mma n'ebe isiokwu ahụ nọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Şener|first=Nilay|date=2015-05-08|title=Improving Science Attitude and Creative Thinking through Science Education Project: A Design, Implementation and Assessment|url=http://redfame.com/journal/index.php/jets/article/view/771|journal=Journal of Education and Training Studies|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=57–67|doi=10.11114/jets.v3i4.771|issn=2324-8068}}</ref>Nnyocha nke àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji banyere mmụta physics na-atụ aro na enwere ike kewaa àgwà ndị a n'ụdị njikọ ụwa, njikọ onwe onye, njikọ echiche, mgbalị ụmụ akwụkwọ na idozi nsogbu. Akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide sayensị na-atụ aro àgwà ndị ọzọ banyere ọnọdụ ụwa, ibu ọrụ mmadụ maka ọdịmma ya na mmetụta mmadụ nke inye ya ikike ime mgbanwe. Àgwà ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmụta sayensị, dịka akọwapụtara n'ihe gbasara mmụta oké osimiri. N'ime klas K-12, ụkpụrụ mmụta anaghị elekwasị anya na mpaghara mmetụta uche n'ihi ihe isi ike n'ịmepụta usoro nkuzi na n'ịtụle àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ usoro nkuzi nke oge a na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ na sayensị gụnyere iji Ntuziaka na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ akwụkwọ usoro mmụta ọhụrụ na iji usoro nkuzi dịgasị iche iche. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing and Measuring Attitudes in the Science Classroom {{!}} NARST|url=https://narst.org/research-matters/changing-measuring-attitudes-science-classroom|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=narst.org}}</ref>E gosikwara na mmụta dabeere na ọrụ iji melite àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere isiokwu ma melite nkà nhazi sayensị ha.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị nkuzi nwere ike iji Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ Likert ma ọ bụ ihe ọ̀bà dị iche iche chọpụta ma nyochaa mgbanwe n'àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe mmụta sayensị na sayensị dị. == Ịkwalite na ịtụle == Ndị na-akwado ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-amụta site n'oge nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụwo ihe dị mkpa nke usoro ụkpụrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Edere akwụkwọ mmụta sayensị niile na ebumnuche doro anya nke imetụta ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka usoro mmụta, nkuzi, nyocha, na n'ikpeazụ, mmụta mba niile. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/4|title=Read "National Science Education Standards" at NAP.edu|year=1996|doi=10.17226/4962|isbn=978-0-309-05326-6|language=en}}</ref>Ọzọkwa, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-enye ihe ndabere dị mkpa maka ime mkpebi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Sayensị bụ usoro mmadụ na-eme n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa dị ka akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ sayensị anyị. Iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mee mkpebi nwere ihe akaebe, onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịchọ imeziwanye agụmakwụkwọ sayensị ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maienschein|first=Jane|date=1998-08-14|title=Scientific Literacy|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5379.917|journal=Science|language=en|volume=281|issue=5379|pages=917|doi=10.1126/science.281.5379.917|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Nnyocha dị mkpa atụwo aro ụzọ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cetinkaya|first=Ertan|date=2022-03-04|title=Facilitating Middle School Students' Reasoning About Vaccines|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8|journal=Science & Education|volume=32|issue=2|pages=361–380|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8|issn=1573-1901|pmid=35261482}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ortiz-Revilla|first=Jairo|date=2021-08-03|title=A Theoretical Framework for Integrated STEM Education|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x|journal=Science & Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=383–404|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x|issn=0926-7220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ampatzidis|first=Georgios|date=2021-11-25|title=How Did Darwin Prefer His Tea?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00305-z|journal=Science & Education|volume=32|pages=37–56|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11191-021-00305-z|issn=1573-1901}}</ref>Ihe omume iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ jupụtara, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmemme nke ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ kwadoro, yana iko ajụjụ na ngosi sayensị. Ndepụta ụfọdụ nke mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere Global Challenge Award, National Ocean Sciences Bowl na Action Bioscience. Ụfọdụ òtù agbalịwo iji tụnyere agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nke ndị okenye na mba dị iche iche. Òtù na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mmepe chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States abụghị ihe dị iche na nkezi OECD. ''Akụkọ Sayensị'' na-akọ "Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọhụrụ nke US, dabere na ajụjụ ndị e nyere na 2008, bụ pasent asaa n'azụ Sweden, naanị mba Europe karịrị ndị America. Ọnụ ọgụgụ US dịtụ elu karịa nke Denmark, Finland, Norway na [[Netherlands]]. Ọ bụkwa okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụego 2005 na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] (na ọnụego zuru ezu maka European Union). " Ndị nkuzi mahadum na-anwa ịmepụta ngwá ọrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha iji tụọ agụ na ide nke sayensị, ojiji nke ndepụta echiche na-abawanye na ngalaba nke physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology na sayensị ụwa. == Hụkwa == * Sayensị, teknụzụ, ọha na eze na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi * Mgbasa ozi sayensị * Ịgụ na ide nke ahụike * Mmata ọha na eze banyere sayensị * Echiche Banyere Sayensị, na-agba ume usoro dabeere na ihe akaebe maka mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ * [[STIM|Ubi STEM]] == Ihe edeturu == <references responsive="0"></references> == Ihe odide == * {{Cite journal|first=W. 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S.|year=1969|title=Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=978-0-679-30211-7}} * {{Cite web|url=http://chemliteracy.awardspace.info/index.html|title=Chemistry Literacy Project|author=Chemistry Literacy Project|year=2009|accessdate=20 September 2011}} * {{Cite web|author=Climate Literacy Network|url=http://cleanet.org/cln/|title=Climate Literacy|year=2011|accessdate=20 September 2011}} * {{Cite journal|author=Cudaback|first=Cynthia|year=2008|title=Ocean Literacy: There's more to it than content|url=https://archive.org/details/oceanography_2008-12_21_4/page/10|journal=Oceanography|volume=21|issue=4|pages=10–11|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2008.21}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.earthscienceliteracy.org/document.html|title=Earth Science Literacy Principles: The Big Ideas and Supporting Concepts of Earth Science|author=Earth Science Literacy Initiative|year=2009|accessdate=20 September 2011}} * {{Cite book|editor=Gamire|title=Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy|year=2006|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|doi=10.17226/11691|isbn=978-0-309-10183-7|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11691&page=1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hobson|first=Art|year=2003|title=Physics literacy, energy and the environment|journal=Physics Education|volume=38|issue=2|pages=109–114|url=http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/03.03.PEd.pdf|doi=10.1088/0031-9120/38/2/301}} * {{Cite journal|first=J. C.|author=Libarkin|title=Revisiting the Geoscience Concept Inventory: A call to the community|journal=[[GSA Today]]|volume=21|issue=8|pages=26–28|year=2011|doi=10.1130/G110GW.1}} *   *   * {{Cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_msl.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131053418/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_msl.asp|archivedate=31 January 2012|title=International Mathematics and Science Literacy (Indicator 16-2011)|author=National Center for Education Statistics|year=2011|work=The Condition of Education|accessdate=20 September 2011|authorlink=National Center for Education Statistics}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.estuaries.gov/Teachers/Default.aspx?ID=180|title=Estuarine Literacy|work=estuaries.gov|author=NOAA|year=2008|accessdate=20 September 2011|authorlink=NOAA}} * {{Cite web|url=http://oceanliteracy.wp.coexploration.org/|title=Ocean Literacy: Understanding the Ocean‵s influence on you and your influence on the Ocean|year=2011|publisher=Ocean Literacy Network|accessdate=20 September 2011|archivedate=24 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124005109/http://oceanliteracy.wp.coexploration.org/}} * {{Cite web|author=Ohio Sea Grant College Program|url=http://greatlakesliteracy.net/|title=Great Lakes Literacy|year=2010|accessdate=20 September 2011|archivedate=21 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421161231/https://www.greatlakesliteracy.net/}} * {{Cite book|first=F. James|author=Rutherford|title=Science for All Americans: Education for a changing future|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-506771-2|url=https://archive.org/details/scienceforallame00ruth}} *   * {{Cite web|url=http://eo.ucar.edu/asl/|title=Atmospheric Science Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts of Atmospheric Science|author=UCAR|year=2007|accessdate=20 September 2011|authorlink=University Corporation for Atmospheric Research}} * {{Cite journal|first=Robin|author=Wright|journal=Cell Biology Education|title=Undergraduate Biology Courses for Nonscientists: Toward a Lived Curriculum|volume=4|issue=3|year=2005|pages=189–196|doi=10.1187/cbe.05-04-0075|pmid=16220140}} * {{Cite news|author=Raloff|first=Janet|title=Science literacy: U.S. college courses really count|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/56517/title/Science_literacy_U.S._college_courses_really_count|accessdate=9 January 2020|work=Science News|date=March 13, 2010}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == {{Literacy}}{{Science and technology studies}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] exfasv70643etmfypopy2ohkvslgir2 0 32606 697778 142036 2026-08-10T08:00:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Great_Hall_of_the_People_and_Monument_to_the_People's_Heros,_Tiananmen_Square.jpg|alt=|188x188px]]</img></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Japanese_passport_crimson.jpg|alt=|146x146px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Modern_chain_gang.jpg|alt=|167x167px]]</img></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg|alt=|167x167px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"> Ike ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka echiche dị iche iche. '''N'elu aka ekpe''' : [[Great Hall of the People|Nnukwu Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]], ụlọ etiti etiti obodo nke [[Government of the People's Republic of China|gọọmenti ndị mmadụ Republic of China]] (PRC) na-eji eme ihe gbasara iwu na emume emume. '''N'elu aka nri''' : na 2021 [[Henley Passport Index]], [[Japan]] nwere ohere ịnweta visa n'efu nke obodo ọ bụla site na nkwekọrịta [[Japanese passport|paspọtụ]] ha na ebe 193; ihe atụ nke [[Soft power|ike dị nro]] . '''N'ala aka ekpe''' : [[Chain gang|otu]] ndị mkpọrọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'okpuru ikike nke [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice|Ngalaba Mpụ na Texas]] na [[United States]] . '''N'ala-aka nri''' : ihe oyiyi nke [[Barack Obama]] na [[Michelle Obama]] na nso [[Moneygall]], [[Ireland]] ; ihe atụ nke ike omenala.</div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Barnett|first=Michael|date=2005|title=Power in International Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-organization_winter-2005_59_1/page/39|journal=International Organization|volume=59|issue=1|pages=39–75|doi=10.1017/S0020818305050010|issn=0020-8183}}</ref>Na Broka nsogbu na eze na ndị agha, ike bụ ndị ogbenye nke ike nke na-egosi ike, omume, ihe, ma ọ bụ omume nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  [1] Ike ihe ezo aka na iyi egwu ma ọ bụ iji ike ( mmanye ) otu onye na-eme ihe megide ibe ya, mana ọrụ ike tinye ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche (aka ụlọ ọrụ).  [1] [2] Ike see ike were ụdị nhazi, dịka ọ na-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iwu n'ihe gbasara ibe ha (dị ka akwụkwọ dị n'etiti nna ukwu na onye ohu, onye nwe ụlọ na  ndị ikwu ha, onye ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ha, nne na nna, onye ikike ikike ọchịchị na ndị na-eme aka ha, wdg), na ụdị iwu, dị ka edemede na edemede nwere ike ụfọdụ omume na otu  ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ.  [1] A na-eke okwu ikike eme ihe maka ike nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ nke ọha mmadụ site na nhazi ọha .  Enwere ike ịhụ ike dị ka ihe nri ma ọ bụ na- ike ezi ;  Otú ọ dị, a mmetụta ịhụ ike dị ka ihe dị mma na dị ka ihe e ketara ma ọ bụ nye ya maka imezu mmetụta nke ga-enyere aka, adiga, na inye ndị ọzọ ike. === Ntọala ise nke ike === N'ime mkpa ihe dị ugbu a (1959), [1] ndị ọkà n'akparam mmadụ bụ John RP French na Bertram Raven akwụkwọ nri nke isi ihe nke ike iji ka egwu egwu si arụ ọrụ (ma ọ bụ na-enweghị  arụ ọrụ) na otu ndị. Dị ka French na Raven si kwuo, a ike ike dị iche na ụgbọ n'ụzọ ndị a: ike bụ izi ahụ nke na-egosi na nyere e, AB, nke na-eme ka àmà nke A n'elu B na  -eme ka nti A mmetụta na B yiri ka.  .  Atụụrụ ya ụzọ, ike bụ fundamentally ikwu;  ọ dabere na kapịrị ọnụ A na B nke ọ bleba na-emetụta ha ma elele B maka mmalite dị na A nke ga- akpali B atụgharị n'ụzọ A si zubere.  A ga-esetịpụ na 'ndabere' ma ọ bụ nchikota nke ntọala ike dabara adaba na iji rụpụta njirimara.  Ise na isi ike na-ọzọ ezi nwere ike inwe ike ndị a na-ịkọ anya ya, mgbata ike nke A. . French na Raven na-arụ ụka na e nwere ụdị ise dị iche ama nke ike ndị a, na-ụghị ụdị ndị ọzọ.  Edebere ntọala ndị ọzọ, saịtị site na Gareth Morgan n' akwụkwọ 1986 ya, Images of Organization .  [1] ==== Ike ziri ezi ====   A na-akpọkwa "ikike ọnọdụ", ikike ezi bụ ikike nke mmadụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ikwu na ọrụ nke onye na-ejide ọnọdụ n'ime otu.  Ikike ziri ezi bụ ikike a na-enyefe n'aka onye na-ejide ụlọ ahụ.  A na-azụ ya na mgba dị iche iche nke ike, dị ka uwe, aha, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ dị egwu. N'okwu dị mfe, akwụkwọ ike ike  dị ka elu ma ọ bụ ala .  Site na ike ala, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta ndị nọ n'okpuru iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ike elu, ndị nọ n'okpuru na-emetụta nke onye ndu ha ma ọ bụ ndị isi ha. Ike nrụtụ aka bụ ike ma ọ bụ ikike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji dọta ndị ọzọ na wulite ekele obi .  Ọ na dabere amara na nka nke onye na-achị ya.  Enwere ike inwe inwe na ndị mmadụ n'ihi otu ụzọ onwe onye,mpaka a na-ahụ ụzọ maka ọkọlọtọ ndị na ibe ya.  N'ebe a, onye nọ n'okpuru na-achọ ndọrọ ndọrọ onwe onye ndị a ma na-enye afọ ojuju site n'ịbụ onye na-eso ụzọ a nabatara.  Ịhụ mba n'anya na ịhụ mba n'anya na-adabere n'ụdị ike na-ama atụ.  Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị agha na-alụ agha iji chebe obodo.  Nke a bụ ike doro anya nke abụọ ma ọ kacha dị ike.  Ndị mgbasa ozi ejirila ike nrụtụ aka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ egwuregwu maka nkwado nkwado, dịka ọmụmaatụ.  Mmasị egwuregwu nke egwuregwu chere na ọ na-eduga na nke nke nkwado ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na onye ahụ nwere ike inwe obere obere obi n'egwuregwu egwuregwu.  [1] Enwere ike ime ihe ike mgbe onye a masịrị ma na-Monson iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-eme aka ɔtɔ bilitere n' ,-etinye na-etinye ya n' taimakawa iji uru onwe ya n'ihi ozi otu.  Ikike nrụtụ aka bụ ihe na-achọ Nchebe Nchebe ya na-ama oke maka onye ndu ogologo ndụ na njikere.  Otú ọ dị, mgbe eji agwa ya na isi iyi ndị ọzọ nke ike, ọ inyere mmadụ aka inwe nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. Ikike ndị chere bụ ike mmadụ na-enweta site na nka ma ọ bụ nka nke onye ahụ mkpa na ihe ahụ maka nka na nka ndị ahụ.  N'akpa ka ndị ọzọ, ụdị ike a na-ese nke ukwuu ma na-ejedebe na mpaghara ebe a ịkpa àgwà na iru eru.  Mgbe ha nwere ihe na-akpa na nkà ndị na-enyere ha aka ọchịchị ikike, na-atụ aro ihe, jiri akara siri ike mee ihe, na n'ozuzu ndị ọzọ, mgbe ahụ ndị mmadụ na-ege ha ntĩ.  Mgbe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu n'aka nka, ndị mmadụ na- jawaabtakarị ha obi ma kwanyere ihe ha na-ekwu ihe.  Dị ka ndị dị n'ihe gbasara isiokwu, echiche ha ga-aba uru uru, ndị ọzọ ga-elegara ha anya maka idu ndú na mpaghara ahụ. Ike nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-adabere n'ikike nke onye na-eji ike inye ugwo ọrụ bara uru;  ọ na-ezo aka n'ókè nke onye ahụ nwere ike inye ndị ọrụ ozi n'ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka uru, oge ezumike, nkwalite, ma ọ bụ onyinye nke ma ọ bụ ọrụ.  Ike a doro anya, mana ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na emegbu ya.  Ndị na-eji ikike iwere eme ihe n'ụzọ na- USB ezi nwere ike onye na-ama jijiji ma ọ bụ baara ha mba maka ụmụaka na-azụ ma ọ bụ 'na-eme ihe ngwa ngwa'.  Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ na-atụ anya na a ga- echere maka ime ihe mmetụta, ọ ga-abụ na ha ga-eme ya.  Nsogbu na ndabere nke ike a bụ na onye na- nnaghachi-azụ nwere ike ọ-eji enwe ike ፈልጉ ọrụ.  Ndị nkọwa na-abụghị enwe njikwa oke maka nke na-egosi, na ndị njikwa enwe mmetụta ike omume niile na iche;  Charles onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ikike site na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ maka omume ụfọdụ.  Mgbe mmadụ na-eji elele ọrụ dịnụ ma ọ bụ paying ọrụ ya akara uru nke ọma maka ndị ọzọ, ike ha na-enwebe.  Otu n'ime nkụda nke ike iji ọrụ bụ na ha na-achọkarị ibu ibu oge ọ ALA ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-enwe otu ike mkpali.  icon mgbe ahụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ọrụ ugboro ugboro, ndị mmadụ nwere ike inwe afọ ojuju site na-arụ ọrụ ọ na-efunahụ ihie ya. . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/sep/02/academic-exposing-ugly-reality-high-fashion-giulia-mensitieri|title=Chanel shoes, but no salary: How one woman exposed the scandal of the French fashion industry|work=The Guardian|date=2 September 2018|author=Marsh|first=Stefanie|accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref>Ike mmanye bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-adịghị mma.  Ọ ikike ikike ibugharị ma ọ bụ jide ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  Ọchịchọ maka ọrụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa ma ọ bụ egwu nke ịbụ ndị e ji chie ha nwere ike hụ na nrubeisi nke ndị n'okpuruokpuru na-erubere isi.  Ike mmanye na-ahụ ụdị ike mgbapụta ìhè ma ọ dị ike ree, ebe ọ na-ewulite iwe na n'ibu site n'aka ndị na-ahụ ya.  Ihe iyi egwu na bụ ngwa mmanye a na-eme ihe.  Na-ekwu ma ọ bụ na-eyi egwu na a ga- phopụ mmadụ, wetu ya ala, jụ ya ihe ndina, ma ọ bụ nye ọrụ na-enweghị mma - ndị nwere ike nke iji ike mmanye.  Iji ike mmanye eme ihe n'iche ebe ka mma na nhazi nhazi, na ngwaahịa n'ụdị ike ndị a naanị ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo onye ndu, nke dara ogbenye.  Nke a bụ ụdị ike a na-ama na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji site na ijikọta ike ziri ezi;  A na-akpọ ya na akwụkwọ ndị ụlọ ọrụ dị ka "ịma mma nke nchọpụta na nrigbu * '''Ike dị ka nghọta''' : Ike bụ nghọta n'echiche na ụfọdụ ndị nwere ike inwe ikike ebumnobi ma ka nwere nsogbu na-emetụta ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-eji akara ike ma na-eme ihe ike na nke ọma na-abụkarị ndị ọzọ na-ahụta dị ka ndị siri ike. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta n'agbanyeghị na ha anaghị eji akparamagwa ike eme ihe nke ọma. * '''Ike dị ka echiche mmekọrịta''' : Ike dị na mmekọrịta. Ihe na-esekarị okwu ebe a bụ ókè ike mmadụ nwere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ibe ya. Ndị mmekọ na mmekọrịta chiri anya na nke na-eju afọ na-emetụtakarị ibe ha n'oge dị iche iche n'ọgbọ dị iche iche. * '''Ike dị ka ihe dabere na akụrụngwa''' : Ike na-anọchi anya mgba maka akụrụngwa. Ka akụ na ụba dị ụkọ na ọnụ ahịa, ka ike na-agbasi ike na ogologo oge. Echiche ụkọ ahụ na-egosi na ndị mmadụ nwere ike kachasị mgbe ihe onwunwe ha nwere siri ike ịbịa ma ọ bụ na-achọsi ike. Agbanyeghị, akụrụngwa ụkọ na-eduga n'ike naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ha kpọrọ ihe n'ime mmekọrịta. * '''Ụkpụrụ nke mmasị kacha nta na ike ịdabere''' : Onye nwere obere ihe na-efunahụ nwere ike dị ukwuu na mmekọrịta ahụ. Ikike ịdabere na-egosi na ndị na-adabere na mmekọrịta ha ma ọ bụ onye òtù ọlụlụ ha adịchaghị ike, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha maara na onye òtù ọlụlụ ha enweghị ntụkwasị obi ma nwee ike ịhapụ ha. Dị ka echiche nke ịdabere na ya, àgwà ndị ọzọ na-ezo aka na ụdị mmekọrịta na ohere ndị mmadụ nwere ike inwe ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọghị na mmekọrịta ha ugbu a. Ụkpụrụ nke mmasị kacha nta na-egosi na ọ bụrụ na ọdịiche dị n'ịdị ike nke mmetụta dị mma n'etiti ndị mmekọ, onye mmekọ nke na-eche na ọ kachasị mma bụ ike na-adịghị mma. Enwere mmekọrịta na-agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti mmasị na mmekọrịta yana ogo ike mmekọrịta. * '''Ike dị ka enyere ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ''' : Ike nwere ike ịme ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ. Nnyocha </link> egosila na ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndị ọzọ nọ mgbe ha na-eme omume na-achịkwa nke na-egosipụta nkà mmekọrịta ọha na eze kama iyi egwu . Ike onwe onye na-echebe megide nrụgide na oke mmetụta nke ndị ọzọ na/ma ọ bụ nrụgide ọnọdụ. Ndị mmadụ na-ekwurịta okwu site na ntụkwasị obi onwe ha na nkwuwa okwu, omume ndị mejupụtara na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'imezu ebumnuche ha na ịnọgide na-enwe ezi mmekọrịta. Ike nwere ike imebi mgbe ọ na-eduga n'ụdị nkwurịta okwu na-emebi emebi. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmetụta na-akụda mmụọ, ebe onye na-adịchaghị ike na-enwekarị oge ikwusa enweghị afọ ojuju, yana usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke bụ mgbe otu onye na-achọ ihe ma onye nke ọzọ na-agbachitere ma wepụ (Mawasha, 2006). Mmetụta abụọ a nwere nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka afọ ojuju mmekọrịta. * '''Ike dị ka ikike''' : Ụkpụrụ ikike na-ekwu na onye mmekọ nwere ike karịa nwere ike ime ma mebie iwu. Ndị dị ike nwere ike imebi ụkpụrụ, mebie iwu mmekọrịta, ma jikwaa mmekọrịta na-enweghị ntaramahụhụ dị ka ndị na-enweghị ike. Omume ndị a nwere ike ime ka ntụkwasị obi onye dị ike sie ike. Na mgbakwunye, onye ka ike nwere ikike ijikwa ma mkparịta ụka ọnụ na nke enweghị ọnụ. Ha nwere ike ịmalite mkparịta ụka, gbanwee isiokwu, kwụsịtụ ndị ọzọ, malite imetụ aka, ma kwụsị mkparịta ụka n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa ndị na-adịghị ike. (Lee okwu nke ịchịisi .) 54661djgjjzn253ru06ujsg7gmfx9pc 0 32622 697653 198817 2026-08-10T04:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters|influencesJohn Mueller Anderson]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''John Mueller Anderson''' (July 29, 1914 - December 3, 1999) bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=obituaries|url=https://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_2000/Feb17/obits.html|work=www.psu.edu|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref>A maara ya maka nka ya na Nkà ihe ọmụma post-Kantian, [[Aesthetics|nkà ihe ọmụma nke nka]] na arụmụka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kalish|first=Donald|title=John M. Anderson and Henry W. JohnstoneJr., Natural deduction. The logical basis of axiom systems. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont, California, 1962, xii + 418 pp.|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|date=June 1964|volume=29|issue=2|pages=93–94|doi=10.2307/2270418|language=en|issn=0022-4812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Welch|first=Cyril|title=The Realm of Art. By John M. Anderson, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London. 1967. Pp. xiv & 190. $8.75 or 70s.|url=https://archive.org/details/dialogue-cpa-acp_1968-06_7_1/page/122|journal=Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review|date=June 1968|volume=7|issue=1|pages=122–125|doi=10.1017/S0012217300044486|language=en|issn=1759-0949}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Truth of Freedom: An Essay on Mankind", by John M. Anderson (Book Review)|journal=[[Southwestern Journal of Philosophy]]|url=https://search.proquest.com/openview/29e6bf85ff76fb9dd962d46f27872b7a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817116|accessdate=18 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>Anderson bụ Evan Pugh Prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Pennsylvania State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evan Pugh Professors|url=https://www.research.psu.edu/ovpr/faculty-honors/evan-pugh|work=Office of the Vice President for Research at Penn State, Neil A. Sharkey|accessdate=18 January 2019|language=en|date=30 August 2016|archivedate=13 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013220306/https://www.research.psu.edu/ovpr/faculty-honors/evan-pugh}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Anderson nwetara Bachelor of Arts (1935) na Master of Arts (1936) na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na Doctor of Philosophy (1939) na Mahaduma California, Berkeley. == Akwụkwọ ==   * ''Okwu banyere iche echiche'' * ''Nkọwapụta nke okike: ntọala ezi uche dị na ya nke usoro axiom'' * ''Onye ọ bụla na ụwa ọhụrụ'' * ''Mpaghara nka'' * ''Eziokwu nke Nnwere Onwe: Otu edemede Banyere Ụmụ Mmadụ'' * ''Nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2k19fuzkr3bqxapou7ee3p4gjhzo1oc 0 32644 697956 149506 2026-08-10T11:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 12 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697956 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ịgụ maka mkpa pụrụ iche''' aghọwo ebe na-adọrọ mmasị ka nghọta nke ịgụ ihe emeela ka ọ dị mma nke ukwuu. Ịkụziri ụmụaka nwere mkpa pụrụ iche otu esi agụ ihe abụghị ihe a na-agbaso n'akụkọ ihe mere na mgbe gara-aga n'ihi echiche nke ihe nlereanya njikere ịgụ ihe <ref name="van Kleeck, 2010">{{Cite journal|title=Historical perspectives on literacy in early childhood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-speech-language-pathology_2010-11_19_4/page/341|journal=Am J Speech Lang Pathol|volume=19|issue=4|pages=341–55|date=November 2010|pmid=20581109|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0038)}}</ref>Ihe nlereanya a na-eche na onye na-agụ ga-amụta ịgụ ihe na usoro dị elu nke mere na a ga-amuta otu nkà tupu á mụta nkà ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụrụ ịtụ anya na nwatakịrị ga-amụrụ aha mkpụrụedemede na mkpụrụedemede n'usoro ziri ezi tupu a kụziere yá otu esi agụ aha ya). <ref name="Copeland, Keefe, 2007"/>Usoro a na-edugakarị ịkụzi obere nkà nke ịgụ ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi. Ụdị nkuzi a bunyere ụmụ áká ihe ị màkà n'ihu maka ụmụaka ịmụta nkà ndị a, n'ihi yá, ọ naghị aga n'ihu na nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ dị élú ma na-anọgide na-enweta ntụziaka na-ekwesịghị ekwesị (dịka, ịbụ abụ mkpụrụ édémédé). N'etiti afọ ndị 1970s, ụsoro agụmakwụkwọ gbanwere iji lèkwasị anya na nkà ọrụ nke dị afọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ndị nwere mkpa dị iche. <ref name="Browder, Flowers,2004">{{Cite journal|author=Browder|first=D.|title=The Alignment of Alternate Assessment Content with Academic and Functional Curricula|journal=The Journal of Special Education|volume=37|issue=4|year=2004|pages=211–223|issn=0022-4669|doi=10.1177/00224669040370040101|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/195456bb47956b8996879c74fc68f90bedffa667}}</ref><ref name="BrownBranston1979">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=L.|title=A Strategy for Developing Chronological-Age-Appropriate and Functional Curricular Content for Severely Handicapped Adolescents and Young Adults|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-special-education_spring-1979_13_1/page/81|journal=The Journal of Special Education|volume=13|issue=1|year=1979|pages=81–90|issn=0022-4669|doi=10.1177/002246697901300113}}</ref>Nke a dụgara n'ịkụzi okwu ana ahụ ányá nke a na-ele anya dị ka ihe dị mkpà màkà itinye áká n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọbọdọ (dịka, "ọpụpụ", "ihe ize ndụ", "nsí", "ga"). Ụzọ a bụ mmélite na omume ndị gara aga, mana ọ na-egbochi ụdị nkà ịgụ na ide nke ndị nwere mkpá pụrụ iche mepụtara.<ref name="Copeland, Keefe, 2007"/> Ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ maka mmepe ịgụ ihe, ọkachasị maka mmepe ọgụgụ isi n'oge, bụ ịgụ na ide na-apụta, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya ịgụ na ide n'oge. Ihe nlereanya a sị na ụmụaka na-amalite ịgụ ihe site na ọmụmụ, nakwa na ịmụ ịgụ ihe bụ usoro mmekọrịta dabere na ụmụaka na ọmume ihe ịgụ na ide. Ọ bụ n'okpuru ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ a ka a na-ewere ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ mmepe na mkpa pụrụ iche ka ha nwee ike ịmụta ịgụ ihe. <ref name="Erickson">{{Cite journal|author=K.A. Erickson|title=All children are ready to learn: An emergent versus readiness perspective in early literacy assessment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-speech-and-language_2000_21_3/page/193|year=2000|volume=21|issue=3|pages=193-202; quiz 202-3|journal=Seminars in Speech and Language|doi=10.1055/s-2000-13193|pmid=10958428}}</ref><ref name="Koppenhaver, Erickson, 2003">{{Cite journal|author=D.A. Koppenhaver|title=Natural emergent literacy supports for preschoolers with autism and severe communication impairments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_topics-in-language-disorders_october-december-2003_23_4/page/283|journal=Topics in Language Disorders|volume=23|issue=4|pages=283|year=2003|doi=10.1097/00011363-200310000-00004}}</ref> Buru na uche na enwere nyocha dị nta gbàsàrà ịgụ ihe na mkpa pụrụ iche, mana isiokwu a na-anwa ịnọchite anya ihe akaebe kachasị ugbu a na isiokwu a. == Ịgụ na ide == Ịgụ na ide na-ezo aka na ọgụgụ isi na nkà ide ihe, ide ihe ịgụ ihe nnọchianya nke asụsụ, na ịgụ usoro nghọta nke ịkọwa na ịghọta usoro akara ederede. Ndị a bụ nkọwa sara mbara na nke bụ isi dịka nkọwa nke okwu ndị a na-pukari iche dabere na ihe nlereanya ma ọ bụ ụzọ. == Ụzọ na ihe nlereanya nke ịgụ == E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị na ụzọ ịgụ ihe. A na-atụle ụfọdụ ha n'okpuru ebe a. === Echiche Dị Mfe nke Ịgụ Ihe === Gough na Tunmer kọwara Simple View of Reading na 1986 ma Hoover na Gough gbanwere ya na 1990. <ref name="Gough, Tunmer, 1986">{{Cite journal|author=Gough|first=P. B.|title=Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_remedial-and-special-education_january-february-1986_7_1/page/6|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=7|issue=1|year=1986|pages=6–10|issn=0741-9325|doi=10.1177/074193258600700104}}</ref><ref name="Hoover, Gough, 1990">{{Cite book|author=W.A. Hoover|title=The Simple View of Reading|year=1990|publisher=Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal|url=http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy338K/Gough/Chapter7/simple_view.pdf|accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref>The Simple View na-atụ aro na ebumnuche kachasị nke nghọta ịgụ ihe, na iji nwee nghọta ịgụ ihe dị mma, mmadụ kwesịrị inwe ikike nkowaputa dị nma (dịka, ikike ịkọwa akara) na nghọta dị mma nke ige ntị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikike mmadụ ịghọta asụsụ ọnụ). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Revisiting the simple view of reading|journal=Br J Educ Psychol|volume=79|issue=Pt 2|pages=353–70|date=June 2009|pmid=19091164|doi=10.1348/978185408X369020}}</ref>Ihe nlereanya a na-ebu amụma ụdị mmadụ anọ nke na-agụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Catts, Hogan, 2003">{{Cite journal|title=Subgrouping poor readers on the basis of individual differences in reading-related abilities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_march-april-2003_36_2/page/151|journal=J Learn Disabil|volume=36|issue=2|pages=151–64|year=2003|pmid=15493430|doi=10.1177/002221940303600208}}</ref><ref name="Catts, Adlof, 2006">{{Cite journal|title=Language deficits in poor comprehenders: a case for the simple view of reading|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-speech-language-and-hearing-research_2006-04_49_2/page/278|journal=J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res.|volume=49|issue=2|pages=278–93|date=April 2006|pmid=16671844|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2006/023)}}</ref>A ga-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà decoding na-adịghị mma ma nwee nkà nghọta nke ige ntị dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ bụ ndị decoder na-adịghị ike, ma ọ bụ dyslexic. A na-akpọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị nghọta dị mma dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-aghọta ihe na-adịghị mma. A na-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà na-adịghị mma na nkà na-enweghị nghọta na-adịghị mmá dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ha ndị na-enweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ. A na-ewere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ezigbo decoding na ige ntị dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ dị mmá. === Ihe nlereanya njikọ nke mmepe ọgụgụ === Ìhè nlereanya ụdị njikọ emeela ka usoro njikọ na mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okwu ndị e biri ebi (orthography), ụda / okwu a na-ekwuputa (phonology), na nkọwa okwu (semantics). <ref name="Seidenberg, McClelland, 1989">{{Cite journal|title=A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1989-10_96_4/page/n4|journal=Psychol Rev|volume=96|issue=4|pages=523–68|date=October 1989|pmid=2798649|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.523}}</ref><ref name="Bishop&Snowling">{{Cite journal|author=Bishop DV, Snowling MJ|title=Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different?|journal=Psychol Bull|volume=130|issue=6|pages=858–86|date=November 2004|pmid=15535741|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.858|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6d98c68cc3fd0f4948606befc58d575109a8b9f7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Seidenberg MS|chapter=Connectionist models of reading|editor=Gaskell, Gareth|title=The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-856897-1|oclc=104836761|chapterurl=http://lcnl.wisc.edu/publications/archive/118.pdf}}</ref>A chọrọ ngụkọta nke koodu atọ a (okwu ndị e bírí ebi, ụda, na nkọwa okwu) maka ịgụ. Dị ka Seidenberg na McClelland si kwuo, otu usoro na-etinye aka n'ịgụ ihe (gụnyere ịgụ okwu nkịtị, okwu ndị dị iche, na okwu ndị na-abụghị okwu). <ref name="Seidenberg, McClelland, 1989" />Site na mmepe, ahụmịhe na okwu ndị nwere isi na nkwekọrịta ụda na-enye ohere ka a gbanwee nnọchiteanya nke semantics, orthography, na phonology. Ịmepụta nnọchiteanya nke orthography, phonology, na semantics bụ usoro mmekọrịta ebe mmepe nke otu akụkụ na-emetụta ma na-emetụ n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ. [[Echiche ụzọ abụọ iji gụọ n'olu dara ụda|Uzo i gbo mkpa á nà akpọ Ụzọ abụọ]] na-egosi na enwere ike iji usoro abụọ dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ụzọ, na ọgụgụ okwu. <ref name="Coltheart, Curtis, 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Coltheart|first=Max|title=Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1993-10_100_4/page/589|journal=Psychological Review|volume=100|issue=4|year=1993|pages=589–608|issn=0033-295X|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A dual-route perspective on brain activation in response to visual words: evidence for a length by lexicality interaction in the visual word form area (VWFA)|journal=NeuroImage|volume=49|issue=3|pages=2649–61|date=February 2010|pmid=19896538|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.082}}</ref>A na-edozi okwu ndị na-agbaso iwu ụda iche (gụnyere okwu nkịtị na okwu ndị na'abụghị okwu ndị na na-agbaso iwu mkpụrụedemede na ụda) site na ụzọ na-abụghị okwu. Ụzọ na-abụghị okwu na-agbaso usoro iwu na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpụrụ edemede na ụda iji dozie okwu nke ọma. N'aka nke ọzọ, okwu ndị pụrụ iche, ma ọ bụ okwu ndị na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị agbaso iwu ụda na-edozi site na ụzọ okwu. Enwere ike iche ụzọ okwu dị ka usoro nyocha akwụkwọ nkowaputa okwu.<ref name="Coltheart, Curtis, 1993" /> Ịgụ ihe bụ ihe omume dị na asụsụ. Site na nke a, ụfọdụ etinyela nkà ihe ọmụma asụsụ dum na ntụziaka ịgụ ihe. Na mbido afọ 1990, otu mmegharị maka asụsụ dum gbara ndị nkụzi n'ile ume ịmụ ịgụ ihe anya dị ka ịmụ ikwu okwu mà ọbu isu asụsụ. <ref name="Rayner, 2002">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/reading.pdf|title=How Should Reading be Taught? by K. Rayner, B.R. Foorman, C.A. Perfetti, D. Pesetsky, M.S. Seidenberg (2002)|work=Scientific America inc.|accessdate=2023-10-28|archivedate=2017-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420114649/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/reading.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Norris">{{Cite book|author=J.A. Norris|title=Some Questions and Answers about Whole Language|year=1992|publisher=American Journal of Speech Language Pathology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Norris, Janet|title=Whole language intervention for school-age children|year=1993|publisher=Singular Pub. Group|location=San Diego, Calif.|isbn=978-1-56593-070-4|oclc=469305849}}</ref>Nkà ihe ọmụma a na-ekwusi ike n'ịmụta asụsụ na nkà ịgụ ihe site na ahụmịhe bara uru kama site na nkuzi iwu na-enweghị isi. Okwu ndị ọzọ maka usoro ntụziaka a na-agụnye ntụziaka dabeere na akwụkwọ na ntụziaka ntụziaka. Iji mezuo ebum uche ma ọbu ịrụ ogo nke obosara na omimi nke ntụziaka ịgụ na ide nke National Reading Panel (2000) setịpụrụ, ọtụtụ mmemme ịgụ na ide gụnyere ihe anọ dị mkpa: Ịgụ ihe na okpúru onye nduzi nke na-elekwasị anya na nkà nghọta ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ahụ ọtụtụ ahụmịhe akwụkwọ; ọmụmụ okwu, nke na'agụnye ụdaume, mmata ụdaume, na ntụziaka okwu; ọgụgụ onwe onye, nke na-enye ụmụaka ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị n'oge ọgụgụ onwe ya; na ederede, nke na itinye uche na usoro nke ide ihe na nkwurịta okwu n'ụzọ dị irè maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche (Foley & Stables, 2007).<ref name="NRP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/findings.cfm|title=Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read|publisher=NIHCD|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705194256/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/nrp/findings.cfm|archivedate=2008-07-05}}</ref><ref name="Copeland, Keefe, 2007">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth B. Keefe|title=Effective literacy instruction for students with moderate or severe disabilities|publisher=Paul H. Brookes Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55766-837-0|oclc=77011619|url=https://archive.org/details/effectiveliterac0000cope}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ụkwuu == Ụmụaka nwere nsogbu asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka nsogbu ịgụ ihe ma ọ bụ nsogbu nke nwere ike ịpụta n'oge ha nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ma gaa n'ihu ogologo ndụ ha n'iie. <ref name="Skibbe">{{Cite book|author=L.E. Skibbe|title=Reading Trajectories of Children with Language Difficulties from Preschool Through Fifth Grade|year=2008|publisher=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools}}</ref>Ndị a gụnyere ụmụaka nwere ikike asụsụ nke dabanye n'okpuru atụmanya maka afọ ha, na ọkwa ahụike ma ọ bụ nwere adịghị ike n'asụsụ nke na-adịghị njọ iji mezuo ụkpụrụ maka nchọpụta ahụike nke nsogbu asụsụ á nà akpọ dyslexia na okwu bekee.Ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike ịnwe nkwarụ asụsụ nke nwere ike ịkpata ohere dị ukwuu nke inwe nsogbu ịgụ ihe. Nkwarụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere (ma ọ bụghị nanị): Nkwarụ asụsụ, nsogbu ụda olu, Nsogbu Asụsụ, nkwarụ mmepe, nsogbu ọdịdị autism, Ọrịa Down, Fragile X syndrome, na Cerebral paralysis. Ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu siri ike nwere ike iji ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu na nkwurịta Okwu ọzọ (AAC). Mkpa na nsonaazụ dị mma nke ịgụ na ide maka ndị nwere nsogbu asụsụ na ndị ọrụ AAC enweghị ọgwụgwụ. Dị ka ọ dịrị onye ọ bụla, ịgụ na ide na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ nkè agụmakwụkwọ, ọrụ, ma na-enye ohere "ndị mmadụ dị iche iche Ina-agbanwerịta ozi, na-enwe nkwurịta okwu n'etiti mmadụ, na-ebute mkpa na ọchịchọ na ịzụlite ọwa nke nkwupụta onwe onye". <ref>Light, J., & Kelford Smith, A. (1993). Home literacy experiences of preschoolers who use AAC systems and of their nondisabled peers. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 9, 10–25 p. 10.</ref>Otú ọ dị, maka ndị ọrụ AAC, nkà ịgụ na ide nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa karị ka ịgụ na ide "na-enye ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu siri ike ohere ịmalite isiokwu, ịzụlite echiche, inye nkọwa, ikwurịta okwu n'onwe ha, iso ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche na-emekọrịta ihe, echiche, na mmetụta. " N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọbụna nyere mkpa nke nkà ịgụ na ede ndị na-eji AAC anaghị enye ndị "ezi ohere mmụta" iji mụta nkà. <ref>Light, J., & Kelford Smith, A. (1993). Home literacy experiences of preschoolers who use AAC systems and of their nondisabled peers. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 9, 10–25 p.10</ref><ref>Janet M. Sturm Associate Professor, Stephanie A. Spadorcia, James W. Cunningham, Kathleen S. Cali, Amy Staples, Karen Erickson, David E. Yoder & David A. Koppenhaver (2006) What happens to reading between first and third grade? Implications for students who use AAC, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 22:1, 21-36 p. 21, DOI: 10.1080/07434610500243826</ref>A chọrọ nnyocha ndị ọzọ banyere otu esi amụba nkuzi ịgụ na ide nye ndị nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu siri ike na ndị ọrụ AAC. == Ìgwè na-etinye aka == A na-atụ anya ka ndị nkuzi klas tinye aka na iroputa ngwa orụ nke ntụziaka ịgụ ihe maka ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="NEA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nea.org/home/19027.htm|title=NEA'S Official Reading Policy|accessdate=2011-12-20|archivedate=2012-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125231414/http://www.nea.org/home/19027.htm}}</ref>Ndị nkuzi Agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịgbakwunye ntụziaka klas na ọgụgụ na ide ihe dabere na arụmọrụ onwe onye nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ha. <ref name="NASET">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naset.org/highlyqualiedteacher.0.html|title=Highly Qualified Teachers|accessdate=2011-12-20|archivedate=2012-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102022226/http://www.naset.org/highlyqualiedteacher.0.html}}</ref>Ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkachamara n'ịgụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa asụsụ, onye na'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na onye na-agwọ ọrịa n'ọrụ nwekwara ike inye nkwado ịgụ na ide maka ndị nwere nsogbu ịgụ na ide.<ref name="IRAscope">{{Cite web|url=http://www.reading.org/General/AboutIRA/PositionStatements/ReadingSpecialistPosition.aspx|title=Role of the reading specialist position statement|date=January 2000|publisher=International Reading Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103205940/http://reading.org/General/AboutIRA/PositionStatements/ReadingSpecialistPosition.aspx|archivedate=2012-01-03}}</ref><ref name="NASP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasponline.org/standards/practice-model/domains.aspx|title=NASP model: 10 domains of practice|year=2010|publisher=National Association of School Psychologists}}</ref><ref name="AOTA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aota.org/Consumers/consumers/Youth/Handwriting.aspx|title=Handwriting|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.}}</ref> == Obere ìgwè nke nsogbu ịgụ ihe == N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, a na-akpọ ndị nwere ihe ịma aka n'ihu na decoding dị ka ndị decoder na-adịghị mma. Dyslexia bụ nkwarụ a kapịrị ọnụ pụrụ iche ebe ndị mmadụ na-egosi ihe isi ike na decoding. Ndị na-emebi ihe na-adịghị mma enwetabeghị ihe ọmụma bụ isi nke iwu ederede ụda, ọkachasị nkà phonological (nkà nke gụnyere ịchọpụta na ịchịkwa okwu, mkpụrụedemede, mmalite, rimes, na phonemes - ụda ọ bụla). Na mgbakwunye, ikike asụsụ na-egosipụtakarị ihe ọmụma ọdịdị na syntactic na-adịghị mma. <ref name="Catts, Fey, 2002">{{Cite journal|title=A longitudinal investigation of reading outcomes in children with language impairments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-speech-language-and-hearing-research_2002-12_45_6/page/1142|journal=J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res.|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1142–57|date=December 2002|pmid=12546484|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2002/093)}}</ref><ref name="Catts, Kamhi, 2011">{{Cite book|author=Catts, Hugh William|title=Language and Reading Disabilities (3rd Edition) (Allyn & Bacon Communication Sciences and Disorders)|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston, Mass|year=2011|isbn=978-0-13-707277-4|oclc=707726486}}</ref>Ntinye aka nke na-elekwasị anya na ikike decoding nwere ike ịgụnye ntụziaka na ụda, mmata phonological, na mmata phonemic (lee Dyslexia intervention). === Nsogbu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ === Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike inwe nsogbu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ, ebe ha nwere nghọta ziri ezi na ikike nghọta dị mma, mana ọsọ ọgụgụ nke na-abụkarị otu afọ na ọkara n'okpuru ọkwa.<ref name="Catts, Kamhi, 2011"/>Atụmatụ ndị nwere ike inyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ áká gụnyere: ọgụgụ / onye mmekọ, ọgụgụ nduzi, ọgụgụ ugboro ugboro, na ọgụgụ nkịtị, ige onye ọzọ ntị nke ọma (National Reading Panel, 2000;).<ref name="Wiebe Griffith">{{Cite book|author=L. Wiebe Griffith|title=A focus on Fluency: How One Teacher Incorporated Fluency with her Reading Curriculum|year=2004|publisher=The Reading Teacher}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ dị iche iche nwekwara nsogbu ịgụ ihe nke ọma, ma ọ bụ ịgụ ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nke dị nro, na nke kwesịrị ekwesị na nkwupụta ziri ezi.Atụmatụ: ịkekọrịta / onye mmekọ ịgụ, ịgụ akwụkwọ, ịgụ ugboro ugboro, na ịgụ ihe n'olu, ige onye ọzọ ntị nke ọma (National Reading Panel, 2000).<ref name="Wiebe Griffith"/> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe nkà dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'elu mana ha ka nwere nsogbu na nghọta ịgụ ihe. A na-akpọkarị ndị a ndị na-aghọta ihe na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nghọta na ezughi oke. Atụmatụ ndị a pụrụ iji melite nghọta ịgụ ihe gụnyere: iwulite nkà asụsụ na-anụ ihe, gụnyere nkà na: ihe ọmụma okwu, akụkọ, nghọta ige ntị, na asụsụ ihe atụ. <ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book|author=P.J. Clarke|title=Ameliorating Children's Reading-Comprehension Difficulties: A Randomized Controlled Trial|year=2010|publisher=Psychological Science}}</ref>Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ iji mụbaa nghọta ọgụgụ maka ederede ụfọdụ, mmadụ nwere ike ịkọwa okwu okwu ma kwurịta ihe ọmụma gara aga na isiokwu metụtara ederede ma ọbu edemede tupu ịgụ wa ya. (Hụkwa nghọta ọgụgụ maka atụmatụ na ozi ndị ọzọ.) === Nsogbu ịgụ ihe dị iche iche === Ụmụaka nwere ike inwe nsogbu n'ihe karịrị otu n'ime ihe ndịị edepụtara na mbụ. == Ịgụ ihe n'etiti ndị mmadụ pụrụ iche == Nsogbu ịgụ ihe n'etiti ndị mmadụ pụrụ iche dị ka Downs syndrome, autism, na cerebral palsy na-agbaso nzomukwu yiri nke mmepe ịgụ ihe na nsogbu ịgụ ihe dịka akọwapụtara na mpaghara nke nsogbu ịgụ ihe. === Ọrịa Down === Achọpụtala eziokwu maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche, dị ka ụmụaka nwere Down syndrome, na nkà ịmara ụda olu na-enwekarị nkwarụ ma chọọ nkuzi a kapịrị ọnụ. <ref name="Kay-Raining Bird">{{Cite book|author=E. Kay-Raining Bird|title=Reading and Phonological Awareness in Children with Down Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study|year=2000|publisher=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology}}</ref>Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnyocha achọpụtala na ụmụaka nwere Down syndrome na-egosi ụkọ n'ịmara ụdaolu, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịzụlite nkà dị otú ahụ, na-adabere na ihe ọmụma okwu anya karịa nkà ịmara ụdaolu iji kọwaa okwu. <ref name="Snowling">{{Cite book|author=M.J. Snowling|title=A Deficit in Rime Awareness in Children with Down Syndrome|year=2002|publisher=Reading and Writing}}</ref>N'iburu nke a n'uche, a na-atụ aro ka a kụziere nkà mmụta ụdaolu n'ụzọ a haziri ahazi na ntụziaka doro anya banyere otu esi eji nkà ndị a mgbe ị na-agụ. Ụmụaka nwere nsogbu autism spectrum (ASD) amátala na ha nwere nsogbu ụfọdụ na nghọta ịgụ ihe n'agbanyeghị ikike decoding. <ref name="O’Connor">{{Cite book|author=N. O’Connor, and P.D. Klein|title=Exploration of Strategies for Facilitating the Reading Comprehension of High-Functioning Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders|year=2004|publisher=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders}}</ref><ref name="O’Connor & Hermelin">{{Cite book|author=N. O’Connor, and B. Hermelin|title=Two Autistic Savant Readers|year=1994|publisher=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders}}</ref><ref name="Huemer&Mann">{{Cite journal|author=S.V. Huemer|title=A comprehensive profile of decoding and comprehension in autism spectrum disorders|year=2010|volume=40|issue=4|pages=485–93|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|doi=10.1007/s10803-009-0892-3|pmid=19915968}}</ref>N'akụkọ ihe mere eme sị te na mbido, a na-ewere ndị ahụ dị mma karịsịa na decoding ma ha enweghị nghọta dị ala na ha nwere hyperlexia. <ref name="Nation">{{Cite journal|author=K. Nation|title=Reading skills in hyperlexia: A developmental perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1999-05_125_3/page/338|year=1999|volume=125|issue=3|pages=338–55|journal=Psychological Bulletin|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.338|pmid=10349355}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ndị niile nwere autism bụ ndị na-aghọta ihe na-adịghị mma n'ihi na enwere ikike dịgasị iche iche n'ime ụmụaka nọ n'ụdị. <ref name="Nation2">{{Cite book|author=K. Nation|title=Patterns of reading ability in children with autism spectrum disorders|year=2006|publisher=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders}}</ref>N'agbanyeghị ụdị onye na-agụ akwụkwọ onye nwere autism nwere ike ịbụ, a ga-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ịmụta ịgụ ihe.<ref name="Mirenda">{{Cite book|author=P. Mirenda|title="He's not really a reader...": Perspectives on supporting literacy development in individuals with autism|year=2003|publisher=Topics in Language Disorders}}</ref>Ọmụmụ ihe ole na ole enyochawo ịdị irè nke ntinye aka maka ịgụ ihe maka ndị nwere ASD.<ref name="Whalon">{{Cite book|author=K.J. Whalon|title=Evidence-based reading instruction for individuals with autism spectrum disorder|year=2009|publisher=Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities}}</ref>Iji ntụziaka enyemaka kọmputa iji mejuputa mmemme maka ndị nwere ASD nke na-elekwasị anya na nkà na decoding nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè iji nyere aka melite nkà ndị a na ndị a. <ref name="Heimann">{{Cite book|author=M. Heimann|title=Increasing reading and communication skills in children with autism through an interactive multimedia computer program|year=1995|publisher=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders}}</ref><ref name="Basil&Reyes">{{Cite book|author=C. Basil|title=Acquisition of literacy skills by children with severe disability|year=2003|publisher=Child Language Teaching and Therapy}}</ref><ref name="Tjus">{{Cite book|author=T.Tjus, M. Heimann|title=Gains in literacy through the use of a specially developed multimedia computer strategy|year=1998|publisher=Autism}}</ref><ref name="Coleman-Martin">{{Cite book|author=M.B. Coleman-Martin|title=Using computer assisted instruction and the nonverbal reading approach to teach word identification|year=2005|publisher=Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities}}</ref>Ọrụ nhazi usoro dị ka ajụjụ tupu ịdepụta, ịdọ aka ná ntị anaphoric, ma ọ bụ ọrụ cloze nyere aka melite nghọta ịgụ ihe na ọrụ ịdọ akaebe anaphoric bụ ọrụ kachasị dị irè.<ref name="O’Connor" /> === Ọrịa ụbụrụ === Ụmụaka nwere Ọrịa ụbụrụ (CP) nwere ike ma ọ bụ enwéghị ike inwe nkwarụ ikwu okwu na / ma ọ bụ nkwarụ asụsụ, nke nwere ike iduga na nsogbu ịgụ ihe. <ref name="Hustad">{{Cite journal|author=K.C. Hustad|title=Classification of Speech and Language Profiles in 4-year-old Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective Preliminary Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-speech-language-and-hearing-research_2010-12_53_6/page/1496|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|year=2010|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1496–513|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0176)|pmid=20643795}}</ref>Ọtụtụ mgbe, a pụrụ ịhazi ụmụaka nwere CP dị ka ndị nwere oke nsogbu okwu na nkwarụ anụ ahụ (SSPI), mana ụmụaka nwere nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike ịdaba na nsogbu nke a. Ụmụaka nwèrè nsogbu SSPI nwere ike ịnwe ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka nsogbu ịgụ akwụkwọ ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịnata nkwarụ asụsụ, kamakwa n'ihi ete ha nwere ike inwe obere ahụmịhe akwụkwọ na obere ntụziaka ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Mike">{{Cite book|author=D.G. Mike|title=Literacy and cerebral palsy: factors influencing literacy learning in a self-contained setting|year=1993|publisher=Journal of Literacy Research}}</ref><ref name="Koppenhaver&Yoder">{{Cite book|author=D.A. Koppenhaver|title=Classroom literacy instruction for children with severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI): what is and what might be|year=1993|publisher=Journal of Literacy Research}}</ref>Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịnwe atụmanya dị ala banyere ikike nwatakịrị nwere ịghọ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, nke nwere ike imetụta ahụmịhe na ederede ma metụta ntụziaka ịgụ na ide. <ref name="Light&McNaughton">{{Cite book|author=J. Light|title=Literacy and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): the expectations and priorities of parents and teachers|year=1993|publisher=Topics in Language Disorders}}</ref>Enwere ike iji teknụzụ enyemaka (nke a na-akpọkwa Alternative and Augmentative Communication devices; AAC) merie ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ iji chịkwaa akwụkwọ, na iji bulie nsogbu okwu na asụsụ (dịka, dee, ma ọ bụ họrọ akara iji mata okwu na-ada ụda), na nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi (iji nye nkwado achọrọ maka inweta nkà) (Copeland & Keef, 2007, lee isi nke 9). <ref name="Copeland, Keefe, 2007"/>N'ezie, ịnweta ngwaọrụ enyemaka ezughị maka mmepe ọgụgụ. A chọrọ ntụziaka agụmakwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị (dịka, ntụziaka na nkà ịmara ụdaolu, nkà ịmara fonemiki, ụdaolu, ịdị mma, okwu, nghọta ederede, na mgbakọ akwụkwọ), na-eduzi oge ọgụgụ akụkọ mgbe niile, iji AT / AAC na-ewuli elu iji lekwasị anya na nkà ịgụ na ide, atụmanya dị elu nke mmụta ụmụ akwụkwọ, na gburugburu ebe ederede bara ọgaranya dị mkpa maka ịzụlite nkà ịgụ na ịgụ na ide n'ime ụmụaka nwere CP.<ref name="Mike" /> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> fdwl2kyy82p2bey22ythk3h1erebx49 0 32759 697424 657755 2026-08-09T16:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Two 4 One bụ Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke Canada nke afọ 2014 nke na-egosi mmalite nke [[British Columbia]]">Victoria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na British Columbia Maureen Bradley. <ref name="xtra">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112204/http://dailyxtra.com/vancouver/news/two-4-one-and-the-accidental-pregnancy "Two 4 One and the accidental pregnancy"]. ''[[Xtra!]]'', September 29, 2014.</ref><ref name="timescolonist">[http://www.timescolonist.com/victoria-filmmaker-aims-to-transcend-transgender-clich%C3%A9-1.705882 "Victoria filmmaker aims to transcend transgender cliché"]. ''[[Victoria Times-Colonist]]'', November 21, 2013.</ref>Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Gavin Crawford dị ka Adam, nwoke na-agbanwe agbanwe nke kwetara ka ya na onye bụbu enyi ya nwanyị Miriam (Naomi Snieckus) nọrọ otu abalị n'oge ọ na-eji ihe eji eme ihe n'ụlọ iji tinye ya ọbara ọcha. <ref name="xtra" />Otú ọ dị, ihe mberede n'oge ha zutere na-ahapụ ma Adam na Miriam dị ime, na-amanye Adam, onye na-emechabeghị akụkụ ịwa ahụ nke mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị ya, iji chee ụzọ ime ahụ ga-esi metụta mmetụta ya banyere nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="xtra" /> Mgbe emesịrị ya na Septemba 21, 2014 na Calgary International Film Festival., ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara mmasị n'etiti ndị LGBT ma gbasaa ngosipụta ya na mmemme ihe nkiri LGBT na North America na UK. Ọ natara ọtụtụ nhọpụta maka 2015 Leo Awards ma merie ihe nrite ihe nkiri atọ kachasị mma n'otu afọ ahụ. == Mmepụta == === Ọganihu === ''Abụọ 4 Otu'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Thomas Beatie, nwoke trans nke mụrụ ụmụ atọ n'etiti afọ 2008-2010 n'ọnọdụ nwunye ya na-adịghị amụta. Mgbe a wasịrị ya maka mgbanwe mmekọahụ n'akụkụ obi ya, mana ọ na-edebe akụkụ ahụ ya dị n'ime, Beatie na nwunye ya jiri insemination aka mee ma nye ọbara ọcha iji mee ka Beatie dị ime na 2007. Bradley jiri afọ ime Beatie mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere sayensị nke iji wuo akụkọ ifo nke Two 4 One, na-agbakwunye na akụkụ nke ime ime na ''mberede'' iji mee ka isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ahụ nke njirimara mmekọahụ dị iche. === Ihe nkiri === Telefilm Canada, National Screen Institute, na BC Arts Council nyere nkwado ego maka ihe nkiri ahụ, yana mkpọsa ego na Indiegogo. <ref name="timescolonist" />N'ihi mmefu ego pere mpe na windo ihe nkiri ụbọchị iri na ise, nhọrọ Bradley maka ihe nkiri n'obodo ya bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ihe na-atọ ụtọ, ebe ndabere osimiri Victoria bụ isi ihe na isiokwu ihe nkiri nke ajụjụ ọnụ. == Nnakwere == === Nzaghachi nkatọ === Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche, ụfọdụ na-eto Bradley maka ịmepụta ngosipụta ziri ezi na nke siri ike nke ọgụ ndị transgender na-eche ihu, na ndị ọzọ na-akatọ ojiji ya nke ọchị dị ka ụgbọ ala maka ịkọwa nsogbu transgender siri ike. N'ide akwụkwọ maka National Post, Rebecca Tucker na-ekwu na site n'itinye ihe nkiri ahụ na akụkọ ịhụnanya Adam na Miriam, karịa ịwa ahụ Adam maka mgbanwe mmekọahụ, bụ "ihe na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ rụọ ọrụ ... Omume [nke ihe nkiri] ilekwasị anya kpọmkwem na mgbanwe -na imeso ahụ" nke ndị trans dị ka ihe na-achọ ịmata ihe na-emeghe maka mkparịta ụka - ọ bụ ajọ omume nke onye na-achọghị ka Brad na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ dị n'ime "nnukwu ihe omume nke obi ụtọ, ọ na-eme bụ naanị na-emebi ihe nkiri ahụmịhe, ọ dị mkpa" ka ndị mmadụ na-eme na-eme dị na-eme, na-emezi dị mkpa dị ka ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite magazine |last=Tucker |first=Rebecca |date=July 23, 2015 |title='Two 4 One' garners understanding by showing the human experience, not just trans experience |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/two-4-one-garners-understanding-by-showing-the-human-experience-not-just-trans-experience |magazine=[[National Post]] |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> Susan G. Cole, onye edemede ụmụ nwanyị maka NOW Magazine, kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka nke nwere nsogbu na ụda, na-ekwu, sị: "nke a kwesiri ịbụ ihe ọchị, mana ọgụ nke ndị transgendered bụ ihe dị adị ma ọ bụghị ihe ọchị. Onye edemede / onye nduzi Bradley na-enye anyị njedebe dị mfe nke na-eme ka ọ dị ka transphobia adịghị adị". === Ndị a nabatara === Na 2015 Leo Awards, Two 4 One nwetara nhọpụta 5, gụnyere: Best Motion Picture, Best Director (maka Bradley), Best Screenplay (maka Bradley).Na 2015 Available Light Film Festival, Victoria Film Festival, na Vancouver International Film Festival, ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Best Feature / Canadian Fiction Film. <ref name="two4onefilm.com">Two 4 One (Retrieved on March 28, 2018). “Awards”, Retrieved from http://two4onefilm.com/awards/</ref>Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ gụnyere Outstanding Performance, Male Category, maka Gavin Crawford na ACTRA Toronto Awards, na nhọpụta maka Best Emerging BC Filmmaker maka Maureen Bradely na Vancouver International Film Festival.<ref name="two4onefilm.com" /> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nkwado mba ụwa site na ngosipụta gafee North America na UK, na-enweta nhọpụta na mmeri na: Pittsburgh LGBT Film Festival (Audience Award for Best Comedy), Chicago International LGBTQ+ Film Festival (Special Jury Prize), na Translations: The Seattle Transgender Film Festival (Audience Award maka Best Feature Film).<ref name="two4onefilm.com"/> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ihe nkiri LGBT nke ụmụ nwanyị duziri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|3516184}} * ''[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=filvidandsou&id=493450&lang=eng Abụọ 4 Otu]'' na Library and Archives CanadaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ na Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie Canada gnohbq9pv9ykhhgxi58e4entsab61j0 0 32901 697799 624028 2026-08-10T08:34:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:White_menbo.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Ihe owuwu]] Cotton swabs (American English) ma ọ bụ cotton buds (British English) bụ ụgbụ owuwe ihe ubi a na-ekpuchi gburugburu mkpara dị mkpirikpi nke e ji osisi, akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị atụgharị, ma ọ bụ plastik mee. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka ihicha ntị, ọ bụ ezie na ndị dọkịta anaghị atụ aro nke a. Ojiji ndị ọzọ maka akwa owu na-ama gụnyere Enyemaka mbụ, itinye ihe ntecha, ihicha, nlekọta ụmụaka na ọrụ aka. Mba ụfọdụ amachibido ụdị osisi plastik iji kwado ihe ndị ọzọ na-emebi emebi n'ihi nchegbu banyere [[Mmetọ mmiri]]. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Q_Tips_plain_BG.jpg|thumb|Akara nke 54 Q-tips]] Onye Poland-America Leo Gerstenzang mepụtara ihe owuwu owuwe ihe ubi mbụ a na-emepụta n'ọtụtụ n'afọ 1923 mgbe ọ hụchara nwunye ya ka ọ na-etinye ihe owuwe ihe nkiri na mkpịsị ezé iji sachaa ntị nwa ọhụrụ ha. <ref name="howproductsmade">{{Cite web|work=How Products are Made|year=1996|first=Randy|author=Schueller|title=Cotton Swab|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1996/ai_n19124735|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831153827/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1996/ai_n19124735|archivedate=31 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="About-Q-tips">{{Cite web|publisher=Unilever United States|year=2007–2018|title=About: A Q-Tips® Cotton Swabs History|url=https://www.qtips.com/about/}}</ref>A na-akpọ ngwaahịa ya "Baby Gays" na mbụ iji kwado na a na-ezube ha maka ụmụ ọhụrụ tupu a gbanwee aha ya "Q-tips Baby Gays", na "Q" na-anọchite anya "àgwà". Ngwaahịa ahụ mechara bụrụ nke a maara dị ka "Q-tips", nke gara n'ihu bụrụ aha a na-ere n'ọtụtụ ebe nke swabs owuwe ihe ubi na North America. A na-ejikarị okwu "Q-tip" eme ihe dị ka akara ahịa maka swab owuwe ihe ubi na United States na Canada. <ref name="About-Q-tips" />Unilever nwere akara Q-tips ma nwee ihe karịrị $ 200 nde na ahịa US na 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fitzgerald|first=Dennis|title=How a household staple became the source of doctor's office swab stories|url=http://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20160124/282389808497281/TextView|accessdate=24 January 2016|work=[[The Toronto Star]]|date=24 January 2016}}</ref>"Johnson's buds" bụ nke Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson mere. Otú ọ dị, dị ka United States Patent Case (C-10,415) ''Q-Tips, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson, 108 F. Supp. '' ''845 (D.N.J. 1952) '', ọ ga-apụta na onye mbụ na-emepụta ihe eji eme ihe eji emepụta ihe eji eme ákwà bụ Mrs. Hazel Tietjen Forbis, onye rụrụ ha n'ụlọ ya. O nwekwara ikike ikike n'isiokwu ahụ, nke nọmba ya bụ 1,652,108, nke e dere na Disemba 6, 1927, ma ree ngwaahịa ahụ n'okpuru aha Baby Nose-Gay. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5c/d4/a8/adc758d0b34505/US1652108.pdf|title=Patent filed : No: 1,652,108 : H. T. Forbis|date=December 6, 1927|publisher=Patentimages.storage.googleapis.com|accessdate=July 23, 2022}}</ref>N'afọ 1925, Leo Gerstenzang Co., Inc. zụrụ ọrụ nke patent ngwaahịa site n'aka Mrs. Forbis. Na Jenụwarị 2, 1937, onye isi oche Q-Tips, Inc, Maazị Leo Gerstenzang, na nwunye ya Oriakụ Ziuta Gerstenzanga guzobere mmekọrịta ma zụta n'aka Oriakụ Forbis "Ihe niile, igwe na ngwa dị ugbu a n'ụlọ 132 W. 36th Street ma jiri Q-Tips, Inc., mee ihe maka imepụta Q-Typ ma ọ bụ swabs ọgwụ na akaụntụ ndị a na-enweta nke Q-Tipu, Inc.<ref name="law.justia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/108/845/1417414/|title=Q-Tips, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson, 108 F. Supp. 845 (D.N.J. 1952) |publisher=Law.justia.com|access-date=20 July 2022}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Na mbụ, mgbe Mrs. Forbis mere ndị na-achọ ihe owuwu, a na-ere ha n'okpuru aha Baby Nose-Gays. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meyersohn|first=Nathaniel|date=2022-06-25|title=How we got addicted to using Q-tips the wrong way|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/25/business/q-tips-ears-wellness-history/index.html|accessdate=2023-07-02|publisher=CNN Business|language=en}}</ref>N'afọ 1925, mgbe The Leo Gerstenzang Co., Inc. zụrụ ọrụ nke patent ngwaahịa site n'aka Mrs. Forbis, a na-akpọ ngwugwu nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ Baby-Gays. N'afọ 1926, a gbanwere akụkọ ahụ ka ọ gụọ "Q-Tips Baby Gays", na 1927 e mere ngwa iji debanye aha akara "Q- Tips Baby Gay". Oge ụfọdụ mgbe 1926, e wepụrụ okwu "Baby Gays" ma nchegbu ahụ malitere ịzụlite "Q-Tips" dị ka akara njirimara ya, na-etinye akwụkwọ maka ndebanye aha ya na Septemba 14, 1933. A na-eji akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ emepụta ngwugwu na foto nke ndị na-etinye akwụkwọ abụọ n'elu ha, atụmatụ ndị bụ ihe ndabere maka akara Q Tips kemgbe oge ahụ. E mere atụmatụ nke crossed applicators site na ịtọpụ ha wee see foto nke a na-emepụta. "Q" na Q-Tips nọchiri anya "àgwà", ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ iji mee ka ọ dị ka "ọnụ dị mma".<ref>{{Cite web|date=<!-- 5:51 AM PDT --> October 24, 2018|title=Why are they called q-tips when they don't look like the letter Q|url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/outreach/why-guy/why-are-they-called-q-tips-when-they-dont-look-like-the-letter-q-why-guy/103-607493269|accessdate=2023-07-02|publisher=abc10.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Benson Smith|first=Sam|date=2021-03-29|title=What Exactly Does the 'Q' in 'Q-tips' Stand For?|url=https://www.rd.com/article/meaning-of-q-in-qtips/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=Reader's Digest|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkọwa == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> Ogwe owuwe ihe ubi ọdịnala nwere otu isi na aka osisi, a ka na-ejikarị ha eme ihe, ọkachasị na ntọala ahụike. Ha na-adịkarị ogologo, ihe dị ka sentimita iri. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị a eme ihe na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ aka plastik. Uru nke aka akwụkwọ na aka osisi bụ na enwere ike ịpị ngwugwu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha (aka plastik ma ọ bụ aka ga-agbaze na autoclave). Ogwe aka a na-emepụta maka iji ya eme ihe n'ụlọ na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ, ihe dị ka 2.5 sentimita (6.4 n'ogologo, ma na-enwekarị isi abụọ. A na-eji osisi eme ihe mbụ, mgbe ahụ, e ji akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị atụgharị mee ya, nke ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị (ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa plastik tubular eme ihe). A na-erekarị ha n'ụba, 100 ma ọ bụ karịa na akpa. == Jiri == [[Usòrò:Earwax_on_swab.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị wax na-ede mmiri na swab owuwe ihe ubi]] Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka akwa owuwe ihe ubi bụ iji kpochaa ọwa ntị site n'iwepụ wax ntị. A na-ejikarị akwa owuwe ihe ubi eme ihe maka itinye na iwepu ihe ntecha, yana maka iji ụlọ eme ihe dị ka ihicha na nka na ọrụ aka. Ha dịkwa mfe maka imetụ mbọ na-egbuke egbuke nke na-abanye na akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ejikarị ụdị swabs ọgwụ eme ihe iji were microbiological cultures. A na-agbanye swabs n'elu ma ọ bụ n'ime ebe butere ọrịa, wee hichaa ya n'ofe ihe ọkụkụ, dị ka efere agar, ebe nje bacteria sitere na swab nwere ike itolite. A na-ejikwa ha were ihe nlele DNA, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe site na ịkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ site na ntì dị n'ime n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ. Enwere ike iji ha tinye ọgwụ na mpaghara a chọrọ, iji wepụ ihe site na mpaghara a kara aka, ma ọ bụ itinye ihe nhicha dị ka Betadin. A na-ejikwa ha dị ka ihe na-etinye ihe ntecha dị iche iche, mmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara metụtara ya bụ iji swabs maka nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi. Ozugbo e were ya, enwere ike itinye swab ahụ n'elu efere agar, ma ọ bụ ihe dị n'ọnụ ya wepụrụ site na ịfụ ụfụ ma ọ bụ ịgbasa ya n'ime broth. Enwere ike ịsacha broth ma ọ bụ incubate ma nyochaa ya maka uto microbial.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sandle, T.|title=A study of a new type of swab for the environmental monitoring of isolators and cleanrooms|journal=European Journal of Parenteral & Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=16|issue=2|pages=42–48|date=July 2011}}</ref> A na-ejikarị akwa akwa na-abụghị nke ịdị ọcha onwe onye: * A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ịrụ ihe nlereanya plastik, maka ngwa dị iche iche n'oge itinye decals ma ọ bụ eserese. Ụdị pụrụ iche nke akwa akwa dị maka nzube a, nke a na-eji isi owuwe ihe ubi siri ike na ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche nke isi ndị ahụ mara. * Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe na ule dyne maka ịlele ike elu. Ojiji a bụ nsogbu, ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe dị iche na njikọ ha na-eji edozi ogho na ogwe osisi, na-emetụta nsonaazụ nke ule ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pffc-online.com/magazine/1065-paper-taking-measure-surface/|title=Taking the measure of surface treatment is a learning process|publisher=PFFC: Paper, Film & Foil Converter|date=1 September 1996|author=Edward Boyle|accessdate=20 March 2010}}</ref> * A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka ịsacha anya laser diode nke anya na njikọ ya na ịfụ ụfụfụ. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-eji ha eme ihe maka ihicha akụkụ kọmputa buru ibu dị ka kaadị vidiyo na ndị na-akwado ya. A na-ejikwa ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge gara aga iji kpochaa cartridges egwuregwu vidio. == ihe ize ndụ ahụike == [[Usòrò:Cotton_swabs_(or_cotton_buds)_-in_round_container.jpg|thumb|Ihe eji akwa akwa n'ime akpa dị gburugburu]] Ojiji nke akwa ogho n'ime ọwara ntị enweghị uru ọgwụgwọ metụtara ya ma na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ọgwụgwọ doro anya. <ref name="AAFP">{{Cite journal|author=American Academy of Family Physicians|title=Information from Your Family Doctor—Earwax: What You Should Know|journal=American Family Physician|date=May 2007|volume=75|issue=10|pages=1530|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0515/p1523.html|pmid=17555145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/11/q-tips-ears-danger|title=Why You Really, Truly Should Not Put Q-Tips Into Your Ears|work=commonhealth|accessdate=6 March 2016|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303043728/http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/11/q-tips-ears-danger}}</ref>Cerumen (mkpụrụ ntị) bụ ihe na-apụta n'okike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, nke na-echebe akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime ntị, na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ na nhicha bara uru, ma na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ pụọ na nje bacteria, fungus, ụmụ ahụhụ, na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarter|first=Daniel F.|title=Cerumen Impaction|journal=American Family Physician|date=May 2007|volume=75|issue=10|pages=1523–1528|pmid=17555144|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0515/p1523.html|accessdate=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130210075904/http://american-hearing.org/disorders/ear-wax/#whatis Earwax] at the American Hearing Research Foundation. Chicago, Illinois 2008.</ref> Mgbalị iji wepụ cerumen na akwa ogho nwere ike ịkpata Mmetụta cerumen, mkpokọta ma ọ bụ mgbochi nke cerumen na ọwara ntị, nke nwere ike ịta mgbu, nsogbu ịnụ ihe, ụda na ntị, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa, ma nwee ike ịchọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ iji dozie. <ref name="AAFP"/>Ojiji nke akwa ogho n'ime ọwara ntị bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-akpata oghere oghere, ọnọdụ nke na-achọ ịwa ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ iji dozie.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Matthew|title=Otologic complications of cotton swab use: One institution's experience|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_2012-02_122_2/page/409|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=February 2012|volume=122|issue=2|pages=409–411|doi=10.1002/lary.22437|pmid=22241624}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2004 chọpụtara na "iji ihe na-etinye ihe na-eme ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ehicha ntị yiri ka ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata otitis externa n'ime ụmụaka ma kwesịkwa izere ya. " Kama nke ahụ, iji ákwà ịsa ahụ kpochaa wax site na ntị mgbe ịsa ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị ọcha otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọwa ntị, ebe a na-eme wax ntị. <ref name="Nussinovitch">{{Cite journal|author=Nussinovitch|first=Moshe|title=Cotton-tip applicators as a leading cause of otitis externa|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology|date=April 2004|volume=68|issue=4|pages=433–435|url=http://www.ijporlonline.com/article/S0165-5876(03)00484-1/abstract|accessdate=5 September 2012|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.11.014|pmid=15013609}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 2018|title=Don't use cotton-tipped swabs to clean inside your ears, experts urge|language=en-CA|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/eardrum-perforations-cotton-swabs-1.4479551|accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref>Na US n'etiti afọ 1990 na 2010, e mere atụmatụ na ụmụaka 263,338 gara n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka mmerụ ahụ na-eme ka ụmụaka 13,167 nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ameen|first=Zeenath S.|title=Pediatric Cotton-Tip Applicator-Related Ear Injury Treated in United States Emergency Departments, 1990–2010|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=186|pages=124–130|date=1 May 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.03.049|pmid=28473166|url=http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(17)30461-4/fulltext|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == A na-agbakarị akwa akwa plastik n'ime ụlọ mposi, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke [[Mmetọ mmiri]] dịkwuo elu. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ere ahịa akwụsịla mmepụta na ire swabs plastik ma na-ere naanị ụdị akwụkwọ biodegradable.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/johnson-johnson-cotton-buds-plastic-half-world-marine-pollution-sea-life-a7577556.html|title=Johnson & Johnson will stop selling plastic cotton buds in half the world to help cut marine pollution|accessdate=26 November 2006|date=13 February 2017|first=Ian|author=Johnston|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> The European Union instated a ban on the use of pla.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ciwm-journal.co.uk/european-parliament-approves-law-to-ban-single-use-plastics/|title=European Parliament Approves Law To Ban Single-Use Plastics|date=28 March 2019|first=Darrel|last=Moore|work=CIWM Journal Online|access-date=28 March 2019|accessdate=30 October 2023|archivedate=30 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075031/https://ciwm-journal.co.uk/european-parliament-approves-law-to-ban-single-use-plastics/}}</ref> Italy had previously instated a ban in 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Italy to ban microplastics used in rinse-off cosmetics products|url=https://chemicalwatch.com/67533/italy-to-ban-microplastics-used-in-rinse-off-cosmetics-products?q=microbead|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143337/https://chemicalwatch.com/67533/italy-to-ban-microplastics-used-in-rinse-off-cosmetics-products|archive-date=19 July 2018|access-date=19 June 2018|website=ChemicalWatch.com}}</ref> a20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=Combating Plastics in Monaco: On 1 January, Plastic Cotton Buds, Cups, Cutlery and Plates wereBanned|url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/news/latest-news/combating-plastics-in-monaco-on-1-january-plastic-cotton-buds-cups-cutlery-and-plates-were-banned/}}</ref> England,<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 May 2019|title=Ban on plastic straws in England pushed back to October 2020|language=en-GB|website=Edie.net|url=https://www.edie.net/news/5/Ban-on-plastic-straws-in-England-pushed-back-to-October-2020/|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Scotland,<ref>{{cite news|date=12 October 2019|title=Plastic-stemmed cotton buds now banned in Scotland|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-50016878}}</ref>,<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Wales unveils plans to ban single-use plastics from 2021|url=https://www.edie.net/news/11/Straws--stirrers-and-cutlery--Wales-unveils-plans-to-ban-single-use-plastics-from-2021/|website=Edie.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2019|title=Manx government proposes ban on single-use plastics|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-49103294?|access-date=1 August 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ogwe owuwe ihe ubi * Ntị ntụrụndụ == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gaq10y9u4lgzzswuxl2fjymz22ognaj 0 32949 697563 141982 2026-08-10T02:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Main_and_University,_Charlottesville,_during_flash_flood_(comparison).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|266x266px| Oghere ụzọ dị na Charlottesville, VA n'oge ọnọdụ nkịtị (elu) na mgbe nkeji iri na ise nke oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị (nke dị ala)]] [[Usòrò:Driving_through_flash_flood.jpg|thumb| Ịkwọ ụgbọ ala n'okporo ụzọ ide mmiri juru]] [[Usòrò:GobiFlood.JPG|thumb| Oke idei mmiri ka égbè biri mechara na Gobi, Mongolia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/phi/FlashFloodingDefinition|title=Flash Flooding Definition|publisher=National Weather Service|accessdate=August 31, 2017|archivedate=September 1, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901031820/http://www.weather.gov/phi/FlashFloodingDefinition}}</ref>Iju mmiri na-egosi bụ iju mmiri ngwa ngwa nke mpaghara ndị dị ala: ịsa mmiri mmiri, osimiri mmiri, ɔdɔ mmiri ịkpa nkụ na ịma mbà n'obi .  Ọ nwere ike bute ya site na oke mmiri mmiri ozuzo ya na oke égbè , ajụrụ ifufe, ma ọ bụ oke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ site na mmirika gbazere nke sitere na ice ma ọ bụ snow na-asọfe n'elu ice ma.  ọ bụ ebe snow.  Oke idei mmirika ike ime mgbe ice ma ọ bụ ihe na-agụ aro daa, ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu mmadụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama, dị ka e mere tupu Iju Mmiri Johnstown nke 1889. A na-amata oke idei mmiri dị iche iche site  na idei mmiri oge niile site n'inwe oge na- ụmụaka awa isii n'etiti mmiri ozuzo na mmepụta nke idei mmirika Oke idei mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe egwu, na-ebute ọrịa na US n'ime nkezi afọ ụfọdụ àmụmà, oké ifufe, ma ọ bụ ajị ifufe .  Oke idei mmirika ike na-edobe nnukwu sedimenti n'ala idei mmiri ma nwee ike ibibi ihe ndepụta na-egosi na ọnọdụ idei mmiri na-emekarị. [[Usòrò:Minor_Flood.jpg|thumb| Okporo ụzọ idei mmiri gbara ọkụ na Northern Mexico, ka égbè tere awa 3–5 nke mere n'oge ụkọ mmiri mmiri nke mere ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ.]] <ref name="srh.noaa.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php|title=Definitions of flood and flash flood|author=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office [[Morristown, Tennessee]]|publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Southern Region Headquarters|date=2006-03-07|accessdate=2009-09-09|archivedate=2006-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929072411/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php}}</ref>Idei mmiri na- Mal , na-emekarị na mpaghara akọrọ na nso a natara mmiri ozuzo, ma ike ịhụ ha n'ebe ọ elala site na isi iyi nke mmiri ozuzo, ekiri ọtụtụ kilomita na isi iyi.  N'ebe dị n'egwu ugwu mgbawa ma ọ bụ n'ugwu ugwu, oke idei mmiri emeekwa mgbe mgbawa, mgbe oke ọkụ gbazeela glaciers .  Amara oke idei mmiri na-eme n'ugwu mgbakwasị elu na United States ma bụrụ nke a na-ama na mbara ala kunna nkụ nke ndị na-ama egwuregwu United States.  Enwere ike iketa oke idei mmiri site na oke mmiri ozuzo nke ajọ ifufe na oke mmiri ozuzo ndị ọzọ na-ebute, yana mgbaze na ike nke mmiri mmiri ice .  [1] [2] Ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ ike ime ka oke idei mmiri mee.  Mgbe mmiri mmiri dara, ọrụ ike ike nnukwu mmiri ma mebie ihe niile dị n'ụzọ ya. ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tadd/|title=Turn Around Don't Drown|accessdate=2007-06-25|archivedate=2018-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129140316/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tadd/}}</ref>ọrụ ihu igwe nke United States na-enye ụmụaka "Tụ ndị ọchịchị, Adịla mmiri" maka idei mmiri;  ya bụ, ọ na-atụ aro ka ndị mmadụ n'ebe iju mmiri nwere, kama ịnwa ịgafe ya.  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-elelị ihe egwu dị na idei mmiri.  Ihe na-eme ka idei mmiri na-ebu ibu dị ize ndụ bụ ike ha na mmiri na-agba ọsọ ọsọ.  ikike ala na-enye obere ihe ikike n'ịbụ ndị a ga-ebupụ;  ọ nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike obi gabigara ókè ma ghara ịgbanarị iju mmiri ahụ.  Ihe ọkara nke ọnwụ nke ndị ekwuru n'ihi oke idei mmiri bụ ndị mmadụ ji ụgbọ ala tufuo mgbe ha na-achọ ịgafe n'okporo ụzọ mmiri mmiri juru.  [1] Ihe dị ka 2 feet (0.61 m) mmiri zuru ezu iji buru ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala SUV.  [2] Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nke United States kọrọ na 2005 na, n'iji nkezi afọ 30 nke mba, ọtụtụ mmadụ na-anwụ kwa afọ na idei mmiri, 127 na nkezi, ụfọdụ site na àmụmà (73)  , oké ifufe (65), ma ọ bụ ifufe (16 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jahns|first=R.H.|year=1949|title=Desert floods|journal=Engineering and Science|volume=12|issue=8|pages=10–14|url=https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/990/1/Desert.pdf|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref>N'ime nwere ikike, oke idei mmiri ike ịnwụ nke ukwuu maka ọtụtụ ihe eserese ya.  Nke mbụ, oké ifufe na mpaghara ala ngwá agha , mana ha nwere ike ibunye nnukwu mmiri n'ime obere oge.  Nke abụọ mmiri mmiri ndị a na-ada ụda n'ala nke na-ama ndịịkọrọ ọnụ, na-achọkwa ụrọ, bụ nke na-eme ka mmiri na-apụ nke osimiri na ọwa mmiri ndị ọzọ na-aghaghị ime.  [1] mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịghị enwe mmetụta mpaghara mmiri mmiri ga- መሪ mmiri site na ihe owuwu na ụzọ, dị ka mmiri mmiri mmiri, olulu mmiri, na ebe a na-edebe mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ihi ọnụ.  dị nta ma ọ bụ obere ogbenye, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ndị bi na ya ike na ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri na-adịghị.  oke zuru oke iji kwado ahụ.  N’ezie, n’ebe ụfọdụ, okporo ụzọ okporo na-esikarị n’osimiri ịkụ nkụ na àkwà mmirika ndị na-anya àkwà mmiri.  Site n'echiche onye akwọ ụgbọ ala, ọrụ ike ihu igwe doro anya, mgbe osimiri na- Seen anya ya na-etolite n'ihu ma ọ bụ gburugburu ụgbọ ahụ n'ime ihe dị ka akpa.  [2] N'ikpeazụ, Medi mmiri ozuzo mgbe niile iji ndị ọwa mmiri nwere ike ime ka idei mmiri dị n' akara buru ibu buru ibu, dị ka nkume, alaka, na osisi. . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=James A.|title=The Paroxysmal Precipitation of the Desert: Flash Floods in the Southwestern United States|journal=Water Resources Research|date=December 2019|volume=55|issue=12|pages=10218–10247|doi=10.1029/2019WR025480}}</ref>Ọdọ mmiri dị omimi nwere ike ekiri mmiri ize ndụ nye ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na oke nke na-eme na mesa kilomita nwere ike iju ha.  Iju-miri na-agabiga n'osimiri;  Ɔdɔ mmirika na-eme ka o sie ike ịrịgo na n'ụzọ iji zere idei mmiri ahụ.  ọmụmaatụ, igwe ojii gbawara n'ebe ndịda Utah na 14 September 2015 butere ogbunigwe 20 na-egbu egbu, nke ọnwụ asaa n'ime ha mere na Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Zayọn mgbe mmiri idei mmiri jidere ndị hikers na oghere oghere. Idei mmiri na-egbuke egbuke na-ebute mmetụta siri ike na ma ụlọ wuru na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmetụta nke idei mmiri nwere ike ịbụ ọdachi ma gosipụta oke dị iche iche, sitere na mmebi nke ụlọ na akụrụngwa ruo mmetụta na ahịhịa, ndụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ. Mmetụta na-esiri ike ịkọwapụta n'ime obodo mepere emepe. <ref name="Diakakis et al 2020">{{Cite journal|title=Proposal of a flash flood impact severity scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts|author=Diakakis M.|journal=Journal of Hydrology|date=2020|volume=590|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125452}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ejirila datasets dị ka Nnyocha nyocha na nyocha nke siri ike (SHAVE) na US National Weather Service (NWS) Datasets ''Storm Datasets'' iji jikọọ mmetụta nke idei mmiri na usoro anụ ahụ na-etinye aka na idei mmiri. Nke a kwesịrị ịbawanye ntụkwasị obi nke ụdị amụma mmetụta idei mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Calianno|first=Martin|title=Supplementing flash flood reports with impact classifications|journal=Journal of Hydrology|date=January 2013|volume=477|pages=1–16|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.036}}</ref> Nnyocha nke idei mmiri dị na United States n'etiti 2006 na 2012 na-egosi na mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ na-adịkarị na obere obere obodo ntanye, na ihe ndị kacha dị mkpụmkpụ bụkwa nke kachasị dị ize ndụ, na ihe ize ndụ na-akawanye njọ ma mgbe abalị gasịrị, nakwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ukwuu. nke mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ metụtara ụgbọ ala. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Špitalar|first=Maruša|title=Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012|journal=Journal of Hydrology|date=November 2014|volume=519|pages=863–870|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004}}</ref> ...... Oke idei mmiri nwere ike ibute mbuze ala ngwa ngwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brilly|first=Mitja|title=The Integrated Approach to Flash Flood Management|journal=Coping with Flash Floods|date=2001|pages=103–113|doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0918-8_12}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri na-agbapụta n'osimiri Naịl nwere ike ịpụta site na idei mmiri dị n'ime ọzara nke na-asọba n'Osimiri Naịl . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Labib|first=Tarik M.|title=Soil erosion and total denudation due to flash floods in the Egyptian eastern desert|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|date=September 1981|volume=4|issue=3|pages=191–202|doi=10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31560-X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, idei mmiri na-adịru nwa oge na-emepụta ntakịrị ihe mkpofu ụlọ ma ọ bụ na-agbasawanye ọwa, na-enwe mmetụta kasịnụ site na sedimentation na ala idei mmiri ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marchi|first=Lorenzo|title=Upper limits of flash flood stream power in Europe|journal=Geomorphology|date=November 2016|volume=272|pages=68–77|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.11.005}}</ref> A na-emegharị ụfọdụ osisi ala mmiri, dị ka ụdị osikapa ụfọdụ, ka ha nagide idei mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hattori|first=Yoko|title=Rice growth adapting to deepwater|journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology|date=February 2011|volume=14|issue=1|pages=100–105|doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2010.09.008|pmid=20934370}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, iju mmiri nwere ike imerụ osisi ndị na-eto eto n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ, n'ihi na nnukwu mmiri nwere ike ime ka osisi ahụ nwee nrụgide. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Perata|first=Pierdomenico|title=Plants and flooding stress: Commentary|journal=New Phytologist|date=April 2011|volume=190|issue=2|pages=269–273|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03702.x|pmid=21443603}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tamang|first=Bishal|title=Plant Adaptation to Multiple Stresses during Submergence and Following Desubmergence|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|date=17 December 2015|volume=16|issue=12|pages=30164–30180|doi=10.3390/ijms161226226|pmid=26694376}}</ref>{{Clear}}  == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * {{Cite journal|author=Schmittner|first=Karl-Erich|date=August 1996|title=Modelling and application of the geomorphic and environmental controls on flash flood flow|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geomorphology_1996-08_16_4/page/337|journal=Geomorphology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=337–47|doi=10.1016/0169-555X(96)00002-5}} {{Commons category|Flash floods}}   74pe660r3f4p8w2z5beizfj60ppexd8 0 33079 697814 139644 2026-08-10T08:46:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Robert 'Bob' E. Goodin''' (amụrụ na 30 Nọvemba 1950) <ref name="LCCN">{{Cite web|title=Goodin, Robert E.|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79151210.html|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=4 January 2015|quote=pub. info. (Robert Edward Goodin; b. 11/30/50)}}</ref> bụ Prọfesọ nke Gọọmentị na Mahadum Essex ma bụrụ ugbu a Prọfesụ A Mahadum nke Nkà Mmụta na Social na Political na Mahadum Mba Australia. <ref name="RSA">{{Cite web|title=Robert E Goodin|url=http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin|publisher=[[Royal Society of Arts|Royal Society of Arts (RSA)]]|accessdate=4 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072425/http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin|archivedate=4 January 2015}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Goodin gara Mahadum Oxford, ebe ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1975. <ref name="RSA">{{Cite web|title=Robert E Goodin|url=http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin|publisher=[[Royal Society of Arts|Royal Society of Arts (RSA)]]|accessdate=4 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072425/http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin|archivedate=4 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150104072425/http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin "Robert E Goodin"]. [[Royal Society of Arts|Royal Society of Arts (RSA)]]. Archived from [http://www.thersa.org/events/speakers-archive/g/robert-e-goodin the original] on 4 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ Fellow nke Academy of the Social Sciences na Australia na Corresponding Fellow nke British Academy. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Robert Goodin|url=https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/goodin-re?term=bob%20goodin|publisher=Australian National University|accessdate=3 March 2018}}</ref>'afọ 2009, o ritere ihe nrite Stein Rokkan maka nyocha sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke International Social Science Council nyere. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Journal of Political Philosophy <ref name="JPP">{{Cite journal|title=Journal of Political Philosophy|journal=Journal of Political Philosophy|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1467-9760}}</ref> na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''British Journal of Political Science'' . <ref name="BJPS">{{Cite web|title=British Journal of Political Science|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JPS|publisher=Cambridge Journals|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, e nyere Goodin Ihe nrite Johan Skytte na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka "ịga n'ihu na ihe ịga nke ọma ya gbalịrị ịgwakọta nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mee ka nghọta nke otu esi eme ka ọha mmadụ dị mma na nke dị ùgwù.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skytteprize.com/|title=Home|work=skytteprize.com}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Manipulatory politics|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|year=1980|isbn=9780300024630|url=https://archive.org/details/manipulatorypoli00goodrich}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Protecting the vulnerable|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|year=1985|isbn=9780226302997}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Reasons for welfare: the political theory of the welfare state|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=1988|isbn=9780691022796}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=No smoking: the ethical issues|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1989|isbn=9780226303017|url=https://archive.org/details/nosmokingethical00good}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Green political theory|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge, UK Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA|year=1992|isbn=9780745610276|url=https://archive.org/details/greenpoliticalth00good}} * {{Cite book|author=Barry|first=Brian|title=Free movement: ethical issues in the transnational migration of people and of money|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|year=1992|isbn=9780271008875}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Utilitarianism as a public philosophy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge New York|year=1995|isbn=9780521468060}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=A companion to contemporary political philosophy|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1998|isbn=9780631227540}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=The real worlds of welfare capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/realworldsofwelf00robe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, U.K. New York|year=1999|isbn=9780521596398}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Reflective democracy|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2005|isbn=9780199279746}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=The Oxford handbook of contextual political analysis|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford New York|year=2006|isbn=9780199270439}} * {{Cite book|author=Brennan|first=Geoffrey|title=Common minds: themes from the philosophy of Philip Pettit|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, UK|year=2007|isbn=9780199218165}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=[[Discretionary Time|Discretionary time: a new measure of freedom]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, U.K.|year=2008|isbn=9780521709514}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Innovating democracy : democratic theory and practice after the deliberative turn|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-954794-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=The Oxford handbook of political science|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford New York|year=2009|isbn=9780199562954}} * {{Cite book|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=On settling|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=2012|isbn=9780691148458}} * {{Cite book|author=Lepora|first=Chiara|title=On complicity and compromise|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford United Kingdom|year=2013|isbn=9780199677900}} === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Regimes on pillars: alternative welfare state logics and dynamics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-administration_2001_79_4/page/n4|journal=[[Public Administration (journal)|Public Administration]]|volume=79|issue=4|pages=769–801|doi=10.1111/1467-9299.00280|date=Winter 2001}} * {{Cite journal|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Choose your capitalism? (review)|journal=[[Comparative European Politics]]|volume=1|issue=2|pages=203–213|doi=10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110009|date=July 2003}} * {{Cite journal|author=Goodin|first=Robert E.|title=Double voting|journal=[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy]]|volume=92|issue=4|pages=743–758|doi=10.1080/00048402.2014.913300|date=October 2014}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Profaịlụ peeji: Bob Goodin, School of Philosophy, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n2pmvy38ab2m01hvdrzcy1ym2wqf805 0 33129 697615 198483 2026-08-10T04:10:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697615 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Usòrò:Preprint_postprint_published.svg|thumb|Ụdị ọrụ mbipụta maka edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ (preprint, postprint, na bipụtara) na ikike ịkekọrịta ohere site na SHERPA / RoMEO.]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Kemgbe afọ 1991, a na-ekesa akwụkwọ ndị e biri ebi n'[[Intanet|Ịntanetị]], kama ịbụ akwụkwọ. Nke a emeela ka e nwee nnukwu nchekwa data dị ka arXiv na HAL (ebe nchekwa mepere emepe) wdg na Ebe nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ikekọrịta nke preprints laghachiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1960, mgbe National Institutes of Health kesara preprints nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cobb|first=Matthew|title=The prehistory of biology preprints: A forgotten experiment from the 1960s|journal=PLOS Biology|date=16 November 2017|volume=15|issue=11|pages=e2003995|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003995|pmid=29145518}}</ref> afọ isii gasịrị, a kwụsịrị iji ndị otu mgbanwe ozi ndị a, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwụsịrị ịnabata ntinye aka a na-ekerịta site na ọwa ndị a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/we-now-accept-preprints-grant-applications|title=We now accept preprints in grant applications|publisher=Wellcome|work=wellcome.ac.uk|date=10 January 2017|accessdate=2017-01-10|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101655/https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/we-now-accept-preprints-grant-applications}}</ref>'afọ 2017, Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike malitere ịkwado ntinye nke preprints na ngwa enyemaka na mkpakọrịta, [1] na Wellcome Trust malitere ịnabata preprints na akwụkwọ enyemaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukri.org/councils/mrc/guidance-for-applicants/policies-and-guidance-for-researchers/preprints/|title=The MRC supports preprints|publisher=Medical Research Council|date=2017-01-03|work=www.mrc.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asapbio.org/asapbio-newsletter-vol-7|title=ASAPbio newsletter vol 7 – Funders sign onto principles for preprint development, RFA released, scientific society town hall {{!}} ASAPbio|work=asapbio.org|date=14 February 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-02-14}}</ref>'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, otu njikọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike gụnyere National Institutes of Health, Medical Research Council na Wellcome Trust malitere atụmatụ maka ebe dị mkpa maka ndụ-sayensị preprints. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=Heavyweight funders back central site for life-sciences preprints|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-02-16_542_7641/page/283|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7641|pages=283–284|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21466|pmid=28202994|date=2017-02-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asapbio.org/principles|title=Principles for establishing a Central Service for Preprints: a statement from a consortium of funders {{!}} ASAPbio|work=asapbio.org|date=13 February 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-02-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.scielo.org/en/2017/02/22/scielo-preprints-on-the-way/#.WK2Q6jsrI2w|title=SciELO Preprints on the way|date=2017-02-22|work=SciELO in Perspective|accessdate=2017-02-22|language=en-US}}</ref>'ọnwa Febụwarị 2017, SciELO kwupụtara atụmatụ ịmepụta ihe nkesa preprints - SciELO Preprints . [1] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-enables-investigators-include-draft-preprints-grant-proposals|title=NIH enables investigators to include draft preprints in grant proposals|date=2017-03-24|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|accessdate=2017-03-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-17-050.html|title=NOT-OD-17-050: Reporting Preprints and Other Interim Research Products|work=grants.nih.gov|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-03-25}}</ref>'ọnwa Machị 2017, National Institutes for Health wepụtara iwu ọhụrụ na-agba ume itinye akwụkwọ nyocha. [1] [2] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.io/blog/public-goods-infrastructure-preprints-and-innovation-scholarly-communication/|title=Public Goods Infrastructure for Preprints and Innovation in Scholarly Communication|work=cos.io|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-19}}</ref>'ọnwa Eprel 2017, Center for Open Science kwupụtara na ọ ga-amalite ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ isii. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Kerry|author=Dhakal|title=Unpaywall|journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association|date=15 April 2019|volume=107|issue=2|pages=286–288|doi=10.5195/jmla.2019.650}}</ref> ngwụcha afọ 2010, ọbá akwụkwọ na ngwaọrụ nchọpụta na-ejikọta data Unpaywall, nke na-edepụta ọtụtụ nde preprints na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-emeghe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na-ejikwa ozi karịa ọkara nke arịrịọ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị mkpa maka ndebanye aha. N'ime ọnwa ndị mbụ nke ọrịa COVID-19, mkpa maka nyocha e bipụtara banyere ọrịa ahụ kpaliri ọtụtụ isiokwu nyocha a na-ewepụta dị ka preprints, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Heidary|first=Fatemeh|date=2021-05-31|title=COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics|url=https://www.mehdijournal.com/index.php/mehdiophthalmol/article/view/901|journal=Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.51329/mehdiophthal1414|issn=2322-3219}}</ref> na-agafe usoro nyocha na mbipụta nke ndị ọgbọ, nke na-egosi na ọ dị nwayọ n'ihe gbasara ọrịa na-efe efe. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-09-08|title=No revolution: COVID-19 boosted open access, but preprints are only a fraction of pandemic papers|url=https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/science.acx9058/abs/|language=en|doi=10.1126/science.acx9058|journal=Science}}</ref> nke isiokwu ndị metụtara COVID, yana isiokwu ndị ọzọ metụtara COVID nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala bipụtara, nyere aka na mmụba kachasị ukwuu n'otu afọ na isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta. == Ọrụ == === Omume agụmakwụkwọ === Mbipụta nke ihe odide n'akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ na-ewe izu, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ site n'oge mbido mbụ, n'ihi oge ndị editọ na ndị na-enyo enyocha ma katọọ ihe odide, na oge ndị edemede chọrọ iji dozie nkatọ. Mkpa ọ dị ịgbasa ngwa ngwa nsonaazụ dị ugbu a n'ime obodo ndị ọkà mmụta emeela ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta kesaa akwụkwọ ndị a maara dị ka preprints, nke bụ ihe odide ndị ka na-enyochabeghị. Ikesa ngwa ngwa nke preprints <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/absolutely-maybe/2016/05/01/breaking-down-pros-and-cons-of-preprints-in-biomedicine/|title=Breaking Down Pros and Cons of Preprints in Biomedicine|date=2016-05-01|work=Absolutely Maybe|accessdate=2018-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref>-enye ndị edemede ohere ịnata nzaghachi n'oge site n'aka ndị ọgbọ ha, nke nwere ike inye aka n'ịtụleghachi na ịkwadebe isiokwu maka ntinye. A na-ejikwa preprint iji gosipụta ihe nchọpụta ndị ahụ na ụzọ isi chebe ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi (a pụrụ iji nnweta ngwa ngwa nke nchọpụta ahụ gbochie ikike ma ọ bụ mee ka ndị na-asọmpi ghara ịsọ mpi). Ọtụtụ ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na-enye ohere ka e bipụta ọrụ na sava pre-print tupu nnyefe. Obere ndị <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21694990-old-fashioned-ways-reporting-new-discoveries-are-holding-back-medical-research|title=Taking the online medicine|work=The Economist|accessdate=2016-03-23}}</ref>-ebipụta akwụkwọ na-ekpebi n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ kọwaa Iwu Ingelfinger iji wepụ ikike nrubeisi. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-amachibido ma ọ bụ na-egbochi iji preprints na ntinye aka n'ihi na a naghị ele ha anya dị ka isi mmalite a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. Ụfọdụ ọrụ nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ (Peerage of Science, Peer Community In, Review Commons, eLife Preprint Review) na-enye nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ na preprints. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asapbio.org/comparing-review-services|title=Comparing journal-independent review services|publisher=ASAPbio|work=asapbio.org|date=24 July 2020|accessdate=2021-01-22}}</ref> Ndụ e bụ ma ọ bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ tupu e bipụta ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ (Peerage of Science, Review Commons, eLife Preprint Review) ma ọ bụ mee ka mkpebi nchịkọta akụkọ (Pear Community In) ghara igbochi itinye akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. === Nzọụkwụ nke ibipụta === Ọ bụ ezie na preprint bụ isiokwu nke na-enwetabeghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ, postprint bụ isiokwu nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara na nkwadebe maka mbipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ma pre-print na post-print nwere ike ịdị iche na mbipụta ikpeazụ e bipụtara nke isiokwu. A na-akpọ preprints na postprints ọnụ dị ka e-prints ma ọ bụ eprints. <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170606223246/http://eprints.org/openaccess/self-faq/#What-is-Eprint Self-archiving FAQ]". EPrints.</ref> Okwu re-print na-ezo aka na mbipụta siri ike nke akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtarala; onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ike ịmepụta re-print, mana enwere ike ịmepụta ya site na nsụgharị dijitalụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na nchekwa data eletrọniki nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara), ma ọ bụ site na eprints nke ndị dere ha debere n'onwe ha na ebe nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ ha. === Ọchịchị na nkwalite === <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2016-02-18|title=Biologists urged to hug a preprint|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-02-18_530_7590/page/265|journal=Nature|volume=530|issue=7590|pages=265|doi=10.1038/530265a|pmid=26887471}}</ref>'ime agụmakwụkwọ, o yighị ka a ga-atụle akwụkwọ ndị e biri ebi mgbe a na-enyocha onye ọkà mmụta maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ nkwalite, ọ gwụla ma akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara na mbụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka mbipụta ndị ọgbọ. === Ọghọm nke pre-print === Enwere ike ịchịkọta uru nke pre-print <ref name="auto"/> ka: mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke nsonaazụ, na-enye aka na-agafe n'efu nke ozi, na-abawanye ohere nke nzaghachi na nkọwa, na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntinye aka, ohere nke mmekorita agụmakwụkwọ, na-eme ka ndị edemede nwee ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, nwere ike belata mbipụta na esemokwu, nwere ike ịnata [[Digital object identifier|DOI]], njikọ na ORCID, nyocha nke ihe ndị ọzọ, ohere ịnata onyinye na onyinye, nkwalite nke ndị na-eto eto, otuto, ezigbo ebe maka nchọpụta mmalite nke sayensị. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọghọm nke preprints <ref name="auto"/> ka: enweghị nyocha ndị ọgbọ, enweghị àgwà (n'ime esemokwu), nchegbu banyere data mbido, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-egosighị n'ụzọ ziri ezi ejighị n'aka nke preprints, <ref name="BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020">{{Cite journal|author=Besançon|first=Lonni|title=Open Science Saves Lives: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=BMC Medical Research Methodology|year=2020|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12874-021-01304-y|pmid=34090351}}</ref> ihe ize ndụ nke ntinye aha abụọ (site na ibipụta isiokwu a nyochara, enwere ike ịkọwapụta preprint), nke ụkpụrụ omume na ọnụ ọgụgụ, enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka COPE ma ọ bụ ICMJE ha na-emebi iwu ọgụgụ isi na mba ụfọdụ, imebi iwu mgbagha, imebi akwụkwọ akụkọ na nyocha dị ala iji gbasaa ozi gbasara onwe ya na nyocha dị nta == Ụdị sava ndị a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ == Enwere ike ịhazi sava ndị a n'ụdị atọ: n'ozuzu (na-anabata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ niile, na-enwekarị ajọ mbunobi maka isiokwu ụfọdụ, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ dịka Authorea), mpaghara (dịka bioRxiv, ChemRxiv) na mpaghara (dị ka AfricArxiv, Arabi). Tụkwasị na nke a, onye nwe ya nwere ike ịhazi akwụkwọ ndị mbụ (ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ onwe dịka ''PeerJ PrePrints,'' ọbá akwụkwọ dịka [[arXiv]]" id="mwmA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EarthArXiv">EarthArXiv, mahadum dịka arXiv ma ọ bụ òtù ndị na-enweghị uru dịka HAL). Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ sava pre-print pụtara, a kwụsịrị ụfọdụ. Ndị ọrụ a kagburu na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa site na ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta uru (dịka Nature Publishing Group mechiri Nature Precedings ma ọ bụ O'Reilly&SAGE mechiri PeerJ PrePrints) ma ọ bụ bụ bụ mpaghara (dịka [[INArxiv]] na-ejedebe na Indonesia). Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ usoro ederede (dịka Authorea) mepụtara sava preprint dị iche iche dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ha. Maka ndepụta zuru ezu (ihe karịrị 60 preprints servers) lee: Ndepụta nke preprint repositories. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * Eysenbach G. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060315212206/http://www.yi.com/home/EysenbachGunther/scans/Eysenbach2000e_CurrOpImmunol_preprint_servers.pdf Mmetụta nke sava preprint na mbipụta elektrọnik na nyocha biomedicine]". ''Ọ bụ Opin Immunol ka ọ na-agba ọsọ'' 2000 Ọktoba;12 (5):499-503 * Eysenbach G. "Ihe ịma aka na mgbanwe ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike n'oge cyberspace: Electronic pre-prints na e-papers". ''J Med Internet Res'' 1999;1 (2):e9 * [https://web-archive.southampton.ac.uk/cogprints.org/3019/ Electronic Preprints na Postprints], na Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Marcel Dekker * Inefuku, Harrison W. "Pre-Print, Post-Print ma ọ bụ Offprint? A Guide to publication versions, permissions and the digital repository. " Ames, IA: Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, 14 Jenụwarị 2013. * Iwu akwụkwọ akụkọ na preprints site na Nature Precedings forum. * Preprint, Postprint dị ka Crossref si kọwaa. * [http://asapbio.org/preprint-info/preprint-faq Preprint FAQ] site na ASAPbio. qe4rb26rfqdlme8gvvb0rzi6eg9g0nj 0 33137 697822 182796 2026-08-10T08:52:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ayodeji Oladimeji Olukoju|url=https://nalonline.org.ng/ayodeji-oladimeji-olukoju/|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=Nigerian Academy of Letters|language=en-US}}</ref>'''Ayodeji Oladimeji Olukoju''' (Yoruba: Ayọ̀ọ́dèjì Ọládiméjì Olúkòjú; amụrụ na June 9, 1959, na Oka Akoko) bụ [[Prọfesọ a ma ama|Ọkammụta Naijiria pụrụ iche a ma ama]] na ngalaba nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], Naijiria . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Distinguished Professor Ayodeji Olukoju {{!}} Staff Profile|url=http://staffprofile.unilag.edu.ng/?emd_person=distinguished-professor-ayodeji-olukoju|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=University of Lagos|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103133831/http://staffprofile.unilag.edu.ng/?emd_person=distinguished-professor-ayodeji-olukoju}}</ref> Ọ bụbu osote chancellor nke [[Caleb University|Mahadum Caleb]], [[Imota]] ugboro abụọ n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2016. Mmasị Olukoju na nnyocha <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Bayreuth|first=Universität|title=DAAD-Professor African Economic History|url=https://www.wirtschaftsgeschichte.uni-bayreuth.de/en/DAAD-Professor-African-Economic-History/index.html|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=www.wirtschaftsgeschichte.uni-bayreuth.de|archivedate=2022-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807013439/https://www.wirtschaftsgeschichte.uni-bayreuth.de/en/DAAD-Professor-African-Economic-History/index.html}}</ref> bụ na mpaghara nke mmiri, ime njem, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọrụ bekee na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naijiria. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ Ya == Olukoju nwetara nzere bachelọ (nke ógó First Class Honours) na Mahadum Naịjirịa, [[Nsukka]] na Jun afọ 1980, na nzere masta na nke ọ̀kankụzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadim Ibadan n'afọ 1982 na 1991 n'otu n'otu. Site na 1984 ruo 1987, Olukoju kụziri ihe na Mahadum Ogun State (nke bụzi Mahadum Onabanjo ugbua). <ref name=":0"/> Na Septemba 1987, ọ sonyeere ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọmụmụ atụmatụ nke Mahadum Lagos. N'afọ 1998, a họpụtara Olukoju ka ọ bụrụ ọkà mmụta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nwa mgbe, ma bụrụ ọkà mmụta ama ama la afọ iri abụo gasịrị. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'afọ 2001 ruo 2004, wee bụrụ onye isi nke faculty of arts site n'afọ 2005 ruo 2009. <ref name=":1"/> bụ onye DAAD Guest Professor nke Economic History na Mahadum Bayreuth, Germany site na Mee ruo Ọgọstụ 2022. N'oge dị iche iche n'ọrụ ya, Olukoju enwetala ikike ịbụ onye òtù Postdoctoral Visiting Research nke Japan Foundation, British Academy, DAAD, Institute of Developing Economies, ya na nke Henry Charles Chapman Foundation na AG Leventis Foundation na Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London. O nwetakwara ebe obibi nke West African Research Association (WARA) na Mahadum Emory, Atlanta. Olukoju bụbu onye kachasị mee nnyocha na Mahadum Lagos na ngalaba nka / ihe gbasara mmadụ na 2006 na na 2009. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ayodeji Olukoju|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/ayodeji-olukoju-1018937|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> Olukoju <ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Board {{!}} Journal of Global History|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/information/about-this-journal/editorial-board|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=Cambridge Core|language=en}}</ref> so na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ ndị na-edezi akwụkwọ nke Journal of Global History ugbu a. N'oge dị iche iche n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Journal of African History, African Economic History, ''Afrika Zamani: Journal of the Association of African Historians'', na History in Africa. <ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye Afrịka mbụ nọ na kọmitii nduzi nke International Maritime History Association . [1] A nabatara Olukoju dị ka Fellow nke Nigerian Academy of Letters n'afọ 2011. <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Atueyi|first=Ujunwa|date=2020-02-20|title=JAMB and the quest to end admission fraud in varsities|url=https://guardian.ng/features/jamb-and-the-quest-to-end-admission-fraud-in-varsities/|accessdate=2022-08-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807013438/https://guardian.ng/features/jamb-and-the-quest-to-end-admission-fraud-in-varsities/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado onye isi oche na onye isi oche, kansụl na-achịkwa Mahadum Chrisland . [1] == Akwụkwọ ndị o bipụtachara == Olukoju bụ naanị onye dere akwụkwọ ise. Ha bụ: ** ''The Fourteenth Commissar of Works: The Life and Labour of Rauf Aregbesola'' (Lagos & Winnipeg: Bluesign, 2007)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/503299318|title=The Fourteenth Commissar of Works: The Life and Labour of Rauf Aregbesola|date=2007|publisher=Bluesign|isbn=978-978-34175-1-9|oclc=503299318}}</ref> ** ''Culture and Customs of Liberia'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|title=Culture and Customs of Liberia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2006|isbn=9780313038457|location=Westport, CT}}</ref> ** ''The Liverpool of West Africa: The Dynamics and Impact of Maritime Trade in Lagos, 1900-1950'' (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004)<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ayodeji|last=Olukoju|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/694905194|title=The "Liverpool" of West Africa : the dynamics and impact of maritime trade in Lagos, 1900-1950|date=2004|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=1-59221-291-3|oclc=694905194}}</ref> ** ''Infrastructure Development and Urban Facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000'' (Ibadan: IFRA-Nigeria, 2003)<ref>{{Citation|last=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|title=Infrastructure Development and Urban Facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000|date=2003|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.ifra.827|publisher=IFRA-Nigeria|doi=10.4000/books.ifra.827|access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref> and ** ''Maritime Trade, Port Development and Administration: The Japanese Experience and Lessons for Nigeria'' (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1996)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/43160623|title=Maritime Trade, Port Development, and Administration: The Japanese experience and Lessons for Nigeria|date=1996|publisher=Institute of Developing Economies|oclc=43160623}}</ref> Olukoju edezigharịala n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ ya na ndị ọzọ, mpịakọta isii, nke gụnyere: ** ''Nigerian Peoples and Cultures'' (1997)<ref>Akinjide, O., & Olukoju, A. (2005). ''Nigerian Peoples and Cultures.'' Lagos: University of Lagos.</ref> ** ''Fundamentals of Economic History'' (2003)<ref>Olukoju, A., Lawal, A. A., & Faluyi, E. K. (eds.). (2003). ''Fundamentals of Economic History''. Lagos: First Academic Publishers.</ref> ** ''Northeast Yorubaland: Studies in the History and Culture of a Frontier Zone'' (2003)<ref>Olukoju, A., Apata, Z. O., & Akinwumi, O. (Eds.). (2003). ''Northeast Yorubaland: Studies in the History and Culture of a Frontier Zone''. Rex Charles Publication.</ref> ** ''Global Understanding in the Age of Terrorism'' (2008)<ref>Olukoju, A., & Falaiye, M. (Eds.). (2008). ''Global Understanding in the Age of Terrorism''. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.</ref> ** ''Security Challenges and Management in Modern Nigeria'' (2018)<ref>Olukoju, A., Adesina, O., Adesoji, A. & Amusa, S. (2019, eds.). ''Security Challenges and Management in Modern Nigeria''. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019.</ref> and ** ''African Seaports and Maritime Economics in Historical Perspective'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite book|date=2020|editor-last=Olukoju|editor-first=Ayodeji|editor2-last=Castillo Hidalgo|editor2-first=Daniel|title=African Seaports and Maritime Economics in Historical Perspective|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41399-6|series=Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41399-6|isbn=978-3-030-41398-9|s2cid=229265200|issn=2662-6551}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1997|title=Nigeria's Colonial Government, Commercial Banks and the Currency Crisis of 1916-1920|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221229|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=30|issue=2|pages=277–298|doi=10.2307/221229|issn=0361-7882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1992|title=The Development of the Port of Lagos, c. 1892–1946|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002252669201300105|journal=The Journal of Transport History|volume=13|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1177/002252669201300105|issn=0022-5266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1992|title=Background to the Establishment of the Nigerian Ports Authority: The Politics of Port Administration in Nigeria, c. 1920–1954|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149200400208|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|volume=4|issue=2|pages=155–173|doi=10.1177/084387149200400208|issn=0843-8714}}</ref> O deekwala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị a na-enyocha dịka ''African Affairs'''','''' African Studies Review, African Economic History,'' The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Journal of Global History, Journal nke Third World Studies, Journal of Transport History, International Journal of Maritime History, International Review of Social History, The Magazine of African History, International Magazine of African Historical Studies, ''Afrika Zamani,'' n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=A.|date=2004-01-01|title='Never Expect Power Always': Electricity consumers' response to monopoly, corruption and inefficient services in Nigeria|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adh004|journal=African Affairs|volume=103|issue=410|pages=51–71|doi=10.1093/afraf/adh004|issn=0001-9909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1992|title=Elder Dempster and the Shipping Trade of Nigeria during the First World War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032230|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=33|issue=2|pages=255–271|doi=10.1017/s0021853700032230|issn=0021-8537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1992|title=Maritime Trade in Lagos in the Aftermath of the First World War|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601633|journal=African Economic History|issue=20|pages=119–135|doi=10.2307/3601633|issn=0145-2258}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=2009|title=The United Kingdom and the political economy of the global oils and fats business during the 1930s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809002976|journal=Journal of Global History|volume=4|issue=1|pages=105–125|doi=10.1017/s1740022809002976|issn=1740-0228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1995|title=Anatomy of Business-Government Relations: Fiscal Policy and Mercantile Pressure Group Activity in Nigeria, 1916-1933|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525472|journal=African Studies Review|volume=38|issue=1|pages=23–50|doi=10.2307/525472|issn=0002-0206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=1996|title=Race and access to liquor: Prohibition as colonial policy in Northern Nigeria, 1919–45|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086539608582977|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=24|issue=2|pages=218–243|doi=10.1080/03086539608582977|issn=0308-6534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=2002|title="Nigeria or Lever-ia?": Nationalist Reactions to Economic Depression and the "Menace of Mergers" in Colonial Nigeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45194016|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=173–194|issn=8755-3449}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=2020|title=African seaports and development in historical perspective|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|volume=32|issue=1|pages=185–200|doi=10.1177/0843871419886806|issn=0843-8714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olukoju|first=Ayodeji|date=2000|title=Self-Help Criminality as Resistance?: Currency Counterfeiting in Colonial Nigeria|journal=International Review of Social History|volume=45|issue=3|pages=385–407|doi=10.1017/s0020859000000225|issn=0020-8590}}</ref> Olukoju <ref name=":2"/>na-emekwa ntinye edemede echiche banyere nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a na Naijiria, ọkachasị gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na usoro mahadum, na usoro mbipụta dị iche iche dị ka The Conversation, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2013, n'emume Inweta agụmakwụkwọ n'efu nke Olukoju, [[Saheed Aderinto]] na Paul Osifodunrin bipụtara festschrift edepụtara nke akpọrọ The Third Wave of Historical Scholarship on Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Ayodeji Olukoju.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] agj5bncggolqew8c85sd6sa4xivx60v 0 33168 697471 477544 2026-08-09T23:25:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Andrew Dari Chiwitey''' (amụrụ na 27 Septemba 1970) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu nke asaa nke Republic nke anọ nke Ghana na-anọchite anya Sawla-Tuna Kalba Constituency na Northern Region na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5311|title=Ghana MPs – List of MPs|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2019-02-15|archivedate=2019-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212084112/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5311}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=238|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328063244/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PROFILE: Hon. Andrew Dari Chiwitey|url=https://www.ghstandard.com/profile-hon-andrew-dari-chiwitey/|accessdate=2022-11-10|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610142417/https://ghstandard.com/profile-hon-andrew-dari-chiwitey/}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Chiwitey si Nakoiyiri na mpaghara ugwu nke Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-22|title=Hon. Andrew Dari Chiwitey Sponsors Mock Exams for BECE Candidates.|url=https://yagbonradioonline.com/hon-andrew-dari-chiwitey-sponsors-mock-exams-for-bece-candidates/|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=Yagbon Radio Online|language=en-US}}</ref>B.A. nwere HND na Sec / Management Studies site na Tamale Polytechnic, Masters na Human Resource Development na BA, Master of Arts site na Mahadum Cape Coast . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=238|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328063244/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=238}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Dari Chiwitey, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Andrew-Dari-Chiwitey-2509|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiwitey, Dari Andrew|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/andrew-dari-chiwetey/|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Chiwitey bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (Ghana) . === Nhọrọ 2016 === O sonyere na ntuli aka Ghanian nke afọ 2016 na tiketi o National Democratic Congress wee merie oche ndị omeiwu nke Sawla-Tuba Kalba. O meriri ntuli aka ahụ na 17, 209 n'ime ngụkọta vootu na-anọchite anya 66.68%. <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Sawla / Kalba Constituency Results - Election 2016|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/savannah/sawla_kalba/|accessdate=2023-10-10|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209172607/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/savannah/sawla_kalba/}}</ref> meriri onye omeiwu karịa onye omeiwu nke New Patriotic Party bụ Jame Kpibo Suuyehzi onye nwetara vootu 8, 301 na-anọchite anya 32.16%, Ibrahim Yakubu na-asọ mpi maka oche omeiwu na tiketi nke PPP ma nweta vootu 202 na-anọchi anya 0.78% na onye omeiwu maka pati Convention People's bụ Albert Iddisah nwere vootu 98 nke ya na 0.38% nke ngụkọta vootu. ==== Nhọrọ 2020 ==== A họpụtara Chiwitey ọzọ dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu maka mpaghara Sawla-Tuba Kalba n'oge ntuli aka Ghanian nke 2020 na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress na votu 21, 382 nke ya na 65.9%. <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Sawla / Kalba Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/savannah/sawla_kalba/|accessdate=2023-10-10|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012072739/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/savannah/sawla_kalba/}}</ref> meriri onye omeiwu nke New Patriotic Party Banasco Seidu Nuhu onye nwetara 10, 780 vootu na-anọchite anya 33.2% nke ngụkọta vootu na Yakubu Ibrahim onye bụ onye omeiwu NDP nwere vootu 308 na-anọchi anya 1.0% nke ngụcha vootu. === Kọmitii === Chiwitey <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-02|title=Government masterminded looting of Saglemi - Sawla-Tuna-Kalba MP - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/government-masterminded-looting-of-saglemi-sawla-tuna-kalba-mp/|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> onye otu kọmitii mmesi obi ike nke gọọmentị na osote onye otu na kọmitii ọrụ na ụlọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=238|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328063244/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=238}}</ref> == Ndụ mmadụ == Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pyreueb8gqbww9erds1y1setcp6t5j8 0 33227 697584 134213 2026-08-10T03:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697584 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|pre-nominals=[[The Reverend]]|name=R.&nbsp;T. France|image=Dick France on Bird Rock, Gwynedd.jpg|alt=|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1938|04|02}}|birth_place=[[Derry]], Northern Ireland|death_date={{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|2012|02|10|1938|04|02}}}}|death_place=[[Llangelynnin, Gwynedd|Llangelynin]], Wales|nationality=British|spouse=Barbara<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2012 |title=R.&nbsp;T. France |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/r-t-france-zkbk0zwsr93 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Times |location=London |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>|awards=|module={{Infobox clergy |child=yes | church = [[Church of England]] | ordained = 1966<ref>{{cite magazine |last=May |first=Alex |year=2012 |title=Obituaries |url=https://issuu.com/oxfordalumni/docs/oxford_today_tt2012/47 |magazine=Oxford Today |volume=24 |issue=3 |location=Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford |page=47 |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> | congregations = | offices_held = | title = }}|module2={{Infobox academic |child=yes | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list | [[Balliol College, Oxford]] | [[University of London]] | [[Tyndale Hall]]}} | thesis_title = | thesis_year = | school_tradition = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]] | influences = <!--must be referenced from a third party source--> | era = | discipline = [[Biblical studies]] | sub_discipline = [[New Testament]] | workplaces = {{unbulleted list | [[University of Ife]] | [[Tyndale House (Cambridge)|Tyndale House]] | [[Ahmadu Bello University]] | [[London Bible College]] | [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford]]}} | doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | notable_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | main_interests = | notable_works = | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third party source--> }}|signature=|signature_alt=}} <ref>{{Cite news|date=17 April 2012|title=Canon Dick France|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/9209984/Canon-Dick-France.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref>'''Richard Thomas France''' (1938-2012), nke a maara dị ka '''R. T. France&nbsp;''' ma ọ bụ '''Dick France''', bụ onye ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ na onye ụkọchukwu Anglịkan . <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2012|title=Obituary: The Revd Dr R.&nbsp;T. France|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2012/16-march/gazette/obituary-the-revd-dr-r-t-france|work=Church Times|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Isi nke Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, site na 1989 ruo 1995. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na London School of Theology. == Akụkọ ndụ ==   A mụrụ Richard T. (Dick) France na 2 Eprel 1938. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bradford Grammar School na Balliol College, Oxford (BA, 1960; MA 1963). Ọ nwetara BD ya na Tyndale Hall, Mahadum London (1963), na PhD ya na Tyndale Hall, Bristol (1967). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ụkọchukwu n'England na Wales site na 1995 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1999. Ọ nwụrụ na 10 Febụwarị 2012. * Onye nkuzi na Bible Studies, Mahadum Ife, Nigeria (1969-1973) * Onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, Tyndale House, Cambridge (1973-1976) * Onye nkuzi dị elu na ọmụmụ okpukpe, [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] (1976-1977) * Onye nlekọta ụlọ, Tyndale House (1978-1981) * Onye nkuzi dị elu, Ọmụmụ Agba Ọhụrụ (1981-1988); Onye isi oche (1983-1988) London Bible College * Onye isi, Wycliffe Hall, Mahadum Oxford (1989-1995) * Rector nke Wentnor, Ratlinghope, Myndtown, Norbury, More, Lydham na Snead (1995-1999) * Hon Canon Theologian nke [[Ibadan]] Cathedral, Nigeria (1994-2012) * Hon. Research Fellow, Mahadum Bangor (2004-2012) Ọ bụ onye otu (site na 1989; osote onyeisi oche kemgbe 2005) nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Nsụgharị Bible nke New International Version of the Bible (NIV), na maka Today's New International Version (2005). == Ọrụ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Living God|url=https://archive.org/details/livinggod00fran|location=London|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1970|isbn=0-87784-697-9}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission|edition=1st|location=London; Downers Grove, IL|publisher=Tyndale Press; Inter-Varsity Press|date=1971|isbn=0-85111-727-9}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Man They Crucified: a Portrait of Jesus|location=London/Chicago|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1975}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=I Came to Set the Earth on Fire: a Portrait of Jesus|location=Downers Grove, IL|publisher=InterVarsity Press|date=1975|isbn=0-87784-642-1}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Gospel Perspectives, vols 1-3|location=Sheffield, UK|publisher=Sheffield: JSOT Press|date=1980–1983|isbn=978-1-59244-289-8}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Baker Book House|date=1982|isbn=0-8010-3508-2 <!--|edition=1st -->|edition=re-issue}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary|series=Tyndale New Testament Commentary|location=Leicester, UK|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1985|isbn=0-8028-0063-7}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Evidence for Jesus|url=https://archive.org/details/evidenceforjesus00fran|location=London; Downers Grove, IL|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton; InterVarsity Press|date=1986|isbn=0-340-38172-8}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Matthew: Evangelist and Teacher|location=Exeter, UK|publisher=Paternoster|date=1989|isbn=1-59244-936-0}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Man They Crucified: a Portrait of Jesus|location=Vancouver, BC|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1989|isbn=1-57383-236-7|edition=revised}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Divine Government: The Kingship of God in the Gospel of Mark|location=London|publisher=SPCK|date=1990|isbn=0-281-04471-6}} * {{Cite book|editor=France|page=J. Alec Motyer|title=The New Bible Commentary: 21st-Century Edition|location=Leicester, UK; Downers Grove, IL|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1994|isbn=978-0851106489|edition=revised}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Women in the Church's Ministry: a Test-case for Biblical Interpretation|series=Didsbury Lectures|location=Carlisle, UK|publisher=Paternoster Press|date=1995}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Women in the Church's Ministry: a Test-case for Biblical Interpretation|series=Didsbury Lectures|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|date=1997|isbn=0-8028-4172-4|edition=reissue}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Mark|edition=1st|series=Doubleday Bible Commentary series|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday|date=1998|isbn=0-385-49017-8}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission|location=Vancouver, BC|publisher=Regent College Publishing|date=2000|isbn=1-57383-006-2<!--|edition=1st -->|edition=republication}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Mark: A Commentary on the Greek Text|series=[[New International Greek Testament Commentary]]|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|date=2002|isbn=0-8028-2446-3}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Divine Government: The Kingship of God in the Gospel of Mark|location=Vancouver, BC|publisher=Regent College Publishing|date=2003|isbn=1-57383-244-8|edition=re-issue}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=The Gospel of Matthew|series=[[New International Commentary on the New Testament]]|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Mark|location=Peabody, MA|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|date=2007|isbn=978-1-59856-186-9}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary|series=[[Tyndale New Testament Commentaries]]|location=Downers Grove, IL|publisher=InterVarsity Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8308-2980-4|edition=reissue}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Timothy, Titus, and Hebrews|location=Peabody, MA|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|date=2007|isbn=978-1-59856-195-1}} * {{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Luke|series=Teach the Text Commentary Series|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Baker Academic|date=2013|isbn=978-0-8010-9235-0}} === Isiokwu na isiakwụkwọ === *  ——— (1965). "Henry Martyn". Ndị ozi ala ọzọ ise. London: Banner of Truth Trust. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-851-51117-7</nowiki>. - Ntinye mmeri nke asọmpi bipụtara na nchịkọta akụkọ ndụ.{{Cite book|author=France|first=R. T.|chapter=Henry Martyn|title=Five Pioneer Missionaries|location=London|publisher=Banner of Truth Trust|date=1965|isbn=978-0-851-51117-7}} * {{Cite journal|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Inerrancy and New Testament Exegesis|url=https://archive.org/details/themelios_autumn-1975_1_1/page/12|journal=Themelios|volume=1|issue=1|date=Autumn 1975|pages=12–18}} * {{Cite journal|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Matthew's Gospel in Recent Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_themelios_january-february-1989_14_2/page/41|journal=Themelios|volume=14|issue=2|date=January 1989|pages=41–46}} * {{Cite journal|author=France|first=R. T.|title=Development in New Testament Christology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_themelios_1992-10_18_1/page/4|journal=Themelios|volume=18|issue=1|date=October 1992|pages=4–8}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == IVP; Library of Congress; WorldCat.org; Bookfinder.com{{s-start}} {{s-aca}} {{succession box|title=Principal of [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford]]|years=1989–1995|before=Geoffrey Shaw|after=[[Alister McGrath]]}} {{s-end}}{{London School of Theology}}{{Authority control}} e9qenxawytubx2aqmd1vws9gxsfd8fe 0 33314 697763 693179 2026-08-10T07:43:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abosede George''' nwetara B.A. ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Rutgers na 1999. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://worldhistory.columbia.edu/content/abosede-george|title=Abosede George {{!}} MA/MSc in International and World History|work=worldhistory.columbia.edu|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> gara Mahadum Stanford ebe ọ nwetara nzere MA na Ph.D. na akụkọ ihe mere eme na 2002 na 2006 n'otu n'otu. George malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na 2003 na Mahadum Stanford dị ka onye nkuzi. N'afọ 2006, ọ kwagara na Trinity College dị ka osote prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọmụmụ mba ụwa. George sonyeere ngalaba nke Barnard College na Mahadum Columbia na 2007. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://history.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george|title=Abosede George {{!}} Barnard History|work=history.barnard.edu|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> Nnyocha <ref name=":0" /> na mmasị nkuzi ya dị na mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ukwu Afrịka, akụkọ ihe mere anya nke nwata na ndị ntorobịa n'Afrịka, na ụmụ nwanyị, okike, na mmekọahụ na akụkọ ihe mere n'Afríku. Site <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/news/newsroom/faculty/1084-post-doctoral-and-new-faculty-fellows-enrich-research-and-teaching|title=Post-Doctoral and New Faculty Fellows Enrich Research and Teaching|author=Witek|first=Anna|work=Rutgers University, School of Arts and Sciences|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-01-17|archivedate=2022-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928195452/https://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/news/newsroom/faculty/1084-post-doctoral-and-new-faculty-fellows-enrich-research-and-teaching}}</ref> Jenụwarị ruo Mee 2011, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nleta na alma mater ya, Rutgers College - Mahadum Rutgers . [1] George ebipụtala ọtụtụ ihe na isiokwu ndị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Africa / colonial, obodo na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na colonial Africa, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Akụkọ ya apụtala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa mbụ, ndị ọgbọGeorge ebipụtala ọtụtụ ihe na isiokwu ndị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Africa / colonial, obodo na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na colonial Africa, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Akụkọ ya apụtala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa mbụ, ndị ọgbọ Akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ nyochara ndị ọgbọ, gụnyere Journal of Social History, Women's Studies Quarterly, na Ọkà mmụta na Feminist Online. George bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme asaa tinyere aka na AHR isiokwu ya bụ "Ọgbọ ọ bụla na-ede akụkọ nke ọgbọ nke ya". Akwụkwọ ya, Ime Girls Modern: A History of Girlhood, Labour, and Social Development, nke e bipụtara na 2014, meriri ya 2015 Aidoo George na-ejikọta ngalaba na Africana Studies Program na Barnard, Institute for African Studies na Columbia (IAS), Barnard Center for Research on Women (BCRW), na Center for the Critical Analysis of Social Difference (CCASD). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heymancenter.org/people/abosede-george/|title=People {{!}} Abosede George {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University|work=heymancenter.org|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> bụ onye otu ndị ọkachamara na-esonụ: African Studies Association, Society for the History of Childhood and Youth, na Nigerian Studies Association ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lagosstudies.wcu.edu/?page_id=158|title=Board of Directors and Committees|date=2017-03-23|work=Lagos Studies Association|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> bụkwa onye otu Board of Directors nke Lagos Studies Association, nke ya na [[Saheed Aderinto]] na Ademide Adelusi-Adeluyi, ọ bụ onye otu ntọala. E wezụga agụmakwụkwọ, Abosede George emeela ọtụtụ ọrụ okike, akụkọ ihe mere eme. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmemme foto Lagos nke afọ 2018 gosipụtara ihe ngosi ihe nkiri George nke na-emegharị ebe nchekwa o. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Abosede George, "Taling Walls: The Work of Brazilian Architecture and Identity in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Lagos," Journal of West African History 6, no. 2 (2020, na-abịa) * Abosede George, "Introduction: The Imaginative Capital of Lagos," Comparative Studies in South Asia, Africa, and Middle East 38, no. 3 (2019): 439-442.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=George|first=Abosede|date=2018-12-01|title=IntroductionThe Imaginative Capital of Lagos|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-abstract/38/3/439/137144/IntroductionThe-Imaginative-Capital-of-Lagos|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=439–442|doi=10.1215/1089201x-7208779|issn=1089-201X}}</ref> * <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=George|first=Abosede|date=2018-12-01|title=AHR Conversation: Each Generation Writes Its Own History of Generations|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=123|issue=5|pages=1505–1546|doi=10.1093/ahr/rhy389|issn=0002-8762}}</ref> George, et al., "''AHR'' Conversation: Ọgbọ ọ bụla na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọgbọ," The American Historical Review 123, nr. 5 (2018): 1505-1546. [1] * Abosede George, "Saving Nigerian Girls: A Critical Reflection on Girl-Saving Campaigns in the Colonial and Neoliberal Eras," Meridians 17, no. 2 (2018): 309-324.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=George|first=Abosede|date=2018-11-01|title=Saving Nigerian GirlsA Critical Reflection on Girl-Saving Campaigns in the Colonial and Neoliberal Eras|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=309–324|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176461|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> Onye mmeri nke 2019 Paula <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://sophia.smith.edu/meridians/paula-j-giddings-best-article-award/2019-best-article-recipient/|title=2019 Best Article Recipient – Meridians|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17|archivedate=2020-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810091810/https://sophia.smith.edu/meridians/paula-j-giddings-best-article-award/2019-best-article-recipient/}}</ref>. Giddings Best Article Award. [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feministpress.org/books-a-m/la-bastarda|title=La Bastarda|work=Feminist Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> George, Afterword to Trifonia Melibea Obono, La ''Bastarda,'' nke Lawrence Schimel sụgharịrị (New York: The Feminist Press, 2018) [1] * Abosede George, "A Philosopher with a Plan: Reflections on Ifi Amadiume, Female Di, Male Daughters: Gender and Sex in an African Society," Journal of West African History 3, no. 2 (2017): 124-130.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=George|date=2017|title=A Philosopher with a Plan: Reflections on Ifi Amadiume's Male Daughters, Female Husbands|journal=Journal of West African History|volume=3|issue=2|pages=124–130|doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.3.2.0124}}</ref> * Abosede George, Corinne T. Field, et al., "Roundtable: The History of Black Girlhood: Recent Innovations and Future Directions" Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 9, no. 3 (2016): 383-401.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Field|first=Corinne T.|date=2016|title=The History of Black Girlhood: Recent Innovations and Future Directions|journal=The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=383–401|doi=10.1353/hcy.2016.0067|issn=1941-3599}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmDGBAAAQBAJ|title=Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in ... – Abosede A. George – Google Books|date=2014-11-15|accessdate=2020-01-16|isbn=9780821445013|author=George|first=Abosede A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Making+Modern+Girls|title=Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos · Ohio University Press / Swallow Press|publisher=Ohioswallow.com|date=|accessdate=2020-01-16|archivedate=2020-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116000131/https://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Making%2BModern%2BGirls}}</ref> George, Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in 20th Century Colonial Lagos (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, New African Histories series, 2014). [1] [2] Onye mmeri nke 2015 Aidoo-<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asawomenscaucus.com/post/2015-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-for-scholarly-work|title=2015 Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize for Scholarly Work|author=|first=|date=May 7, 2018|work=asawomenscaucus|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115225318/https://www.asawomenscaucus.com/post/2015-aidoo-snyder-book-prize-for-scholarly-work|archivedate=2020-01-15|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref> Book Prize nke African Studies Association Women's Caucus. [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|author=George|first=Abosede A.|url=http://sfonline.barnard.edu/gender-justice-and-neoliberal-transformations/getting-the-hang-of-it|title=Getting the Hang of It|publisher=Sfonline.barnard.edu|date=|accessdate=2020-01-16}}</ref> George, "Getting the Hang of It," Scholar and Feminist Online: Gender, Justice, and Neoliberal Transformations, 11, nos. 1&2 (2013). [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011|title=Within Salvation: Girl Hawkers and the Colonial State in Development Era Lagos|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2011_44_3/page/837|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=44|issue=3|pages=837–859|author=George|first=Abosede|doi=10.1353/jsh.2011.0034|pmid=21853619}}</ref> George, "N'ime Nzọpụta: Girl Hawkers na Colonial State na Development Era Lagos," ''Journal of Social History,'' 44, no. 3 (Spring 2011): 837-859. * Abosede George, "Feminist Activism and Class Politics: The Example of the Lagos Girl Hawker Project," Women's Studies Quarterly 35, nos. 3&4 (2007): 128-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Feminist Activism and Class Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-quarterly_fall-winter-2007_35_3-4/page/128|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=35|issue=3/4|pages=128–143|date=2007|author=George|first=Abosede A.}}</ref> == Edensibịa== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:George, Abosede}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0jvfse0pkbd8oec4u7hdcsm1uab8e79 0 33394 697597 209948 2026-08-10T03:42:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dr. Oyeleye Oyediran''' bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na Naijiria. Onye bụbu Onye ọkà mmụta Fulbright, na nwa amaala Ogbomosho na Oyo Steeti, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian political scientists famous people|url=https://famous-scientist.com/nigerian-political-scientists-famous-people/|date=2020-03-31|work=Famous Scientists|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> o dezigharịrị akwụkwọ dịka, Gọọmentị Naịjirịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-1979 na Nnyocha nke Okwu Naịjiria, 1973-1977 na 1978-1979. <ref name="ly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Transition_Without_End_Nigerian_Politics_and_Civil_Society_Under_Babangida|title=ABOUT THE AUTHOR}}</ref> <ref name="us">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231104024125/https://www.usip.org/grants-fellowships/jennings-randolph-senior-fellowship-program/former-jennings-randolph-senior-fello#O Former Senior Fellows - United States Institute for Peace] ''[[United States Institute of Peace]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/archives/facultyo.cfm|title=ECU University Archives - Faculty O|work=www.ecu.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-20|archivedate=2017-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191321/http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/archives/facultyo.cfm}}</ref> nọgidere na-abụ ngalaba na Center for International Studies, na Mahadum East Carolina, [1] na Senior Fellow na United States Institute of Peace, (1999-2000). [2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara Baptist Boys High School na [[Abeokuta]], isi obodo Ogun State na South West Nigeria, wee nweta PH ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oyeleye Oyediran - InfoHub|url=https://infohub.xyz.ng/oyeleye-oyediran|work=infohub.xyz.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> sitere na Mahadum Pittsburgh. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2464864|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|volume=29|date=June 1991|pages=213–235|author=Oyeleye Oyediran|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|doi=10.1017/S0022278X0000272X|accessdate=December 9, 2013}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] <ref name="ly"/> ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi na Mahadim Ibadan . N'oge a, ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Journal of Business and Social Studies'' ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri. <ref name="us"/> bụ onye otu 1975 Nigerian Constitution Drafting Committee, ma site na Ọktoba 1999-July 2000, ọ bụ onye isi na United States Institute for Peace, na Washington D.C. Ọ bụkwa onye mbụ nwere oche Distinguished River Endowed na Mahadum East Carolina. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere: * Mahadum nke North Carolina * Mahadum California dị na Los AngelesMahadum California na Los Angeles * Mahadum Duke * Institut de Sciences Politique na Switzerland. * Ụlọ Ọrụ Hoover na Agha, Mgbanwe na Udo == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Ụlọ omebe iwu Naijiria, olee ụzọ?'. Mahadum nke Ibadan Consultancy Unit, 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|title=Nigerian legislative houses, which way?|date=1980|publisher=University of Ibadan Consultancy Unit|oclc=988194892}}</ref>'' * Oyediran, O. (1979). ''Gọọmentị Naijiria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-79''. Macmillan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whitaker|first=Jennifer Seymour|date=1980|title=Nigerian Government and Politics under Military Rule, 1966-1979|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_summer-1980_58_5/page/1205|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=58|issue=5|pages=1205|doi=10.2307/20040643|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> * Essays on Local Government and Administration in Nigeria, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria, Project Publications, 1988.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|title=Essays on local government and administration in Nigeria|date=1988|publisher=Project Publications|oclc=18530652}}</ref> * Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida, nke Larry Diamond, Anthony Kirk-Greene na Oyeleye Oyediran dezigharịrị, Lynne Rienner Publishers (1997) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Transition without end : Nigerian politics and civil society under Babangida|date=1997|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|others=Diamond, Larry Jay., Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard), Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=1-55587-591-2|location=Boulder, Colo.|oclc=36705789}}</ref>  * ''Naịjirịa: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe na ọchịchị, 1986-1996 '', nke Oyeleye Oyediran na Adigun A.B. Agbaje dezigharịrị. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigeria : politics of transition and governance, 1986-1996|date=1999|publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye., Agbaje, Adigun A. B., 1957-, Codesria.|isbn=2-86978-071-0|location=Dakar, Senegal|oclc=47209003}}</ref>, Senegal, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (c1999) [1]  * Gọọmentị Naịjirịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-1979. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-333-26898-9|0-333-26898-9]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian government and politics under military rule, 1966-79|date=1979|publisher=Macmillan|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=0-333-26897-0|location=London|oclc=5919509}}</ref>&nbsp; * ''Nnyocha nke Naịjirịa, 1973-1977 na 1978-1979''. Nigerian Institute of International Affairs na mmekorita ya na Macmillan Nigeria Publishers, 1981.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2276-49-9|978-2276-49-9]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Survey of Nigerian affairs, 1976-1977|date=1981|publisher=Published by the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs in co-operation with Macmillan Nigeria Publishers|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=978-2276-41-3|location=Lagos|oclc=9309985}}</ref>&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1999). ''Naịjirịa: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe na ọchịchị, 1986-1996''. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oyediran|first=Oyeleye|date=1991|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1991-06_29_2/page/213|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=213–235|doi=10.1017/s0022278x0000272x|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Africa Collective. [1] == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110011806/http://www.usip.org/specialists/bios/archives/oyediran_oyeleye.html Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo nke United States] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3uowy6qjkakve6lu6qvh9at1omi9c3f 0 33427 697717 207104 2026-08-10T06:27:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697717 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Sir '''Alexander Oppenheim''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] FRSE KT PMN (4 Febụwarị 1903 - 13 Disemba 1997) bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka mgbakọ na mwepụ na onye nchịkwa mahadum. Na nsonye Diophantine na tiori nke ụdị quadratic, ọ tụrụ aro echiche Oppenheim.. == Ndụ Mbido na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Oppenheim na 4 February 1903 na Salford. Asụsụ mbụ ya bụ Yiddish. O tolitere na Manchester wee gaa Manchester Grammar School, ebe a matara ya dị ka onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ndị nkuzi ya lere ya anya na ọ ka dị obere ịga mahadum wee gbuo oge ịbanye na asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ruo 1921, mgbe ọ nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta na kọleji Balliol, Oxford. N'ime afọ atọ ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Oxford, Oppenheim bụ ọkà mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Oxford. Ọ bụkwa onyeisi ndị otu chess mahadum. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klaasị mbụ na 1924 ma bụrụ onye ọka mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ na 1926. {{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> Enyere ya otu Commonwealth Fellowship ka ọ mụọ na Mahadum Princeton na Mahadum Chicago. Ọ gụchara PhD na Mahadum Chicago na 1930 n'okpuru nlekọta L.E. Dickson nwere tesis akpọrọ Minima of Indefinite Quadratic Forms", nke e bipụtara na 1920 Proceedings of National Academies of Sciences . [1] [2] ''Minima of Indefinite Quadratic Quaternary Forms", nke e bipụtara na 1920 Proceedings of National Academies of Sciences. {{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}</ref> <ref name="Guardian" /> nwetara nzere doctorate nke abụọ, DSc, site na Mahadum Oxford na 1954 maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe e mesịrị n'ọrụ ya. <ref name="Independent" />'' == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbido === Mgbe <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Oppenheim nọrọ otu afọ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Edinburgh . <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Independent" /> hapụrụ Edinburgh na 1931 maka prọfesọ na Raffles College na Singapore. === Onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'agha === <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref>N'oge ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ na Singapore, o jere ozi na Singapore Reserve Army na ọkwa nke lance-bombardier. Nwunye ya na nwa ya nwanyị gbapụrụ Singapore n'oge a. Ndị Japan jidere ya na 1942 ma jide ya dị ka onye mkpọrọ nke agha na Changi Camp. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Changi Camp, Oppenheim nyere aka guzobe "Mahadum POW" na ndị nkuzi 29 ndị ọzọ e jidere ma ndị mkpọrọ ibe ya họpụtara ya dị ka Dean. <ref>{{Cite book|series=[[Australia in the War of 1939–1945]]: Series One: Army|title=The Japanese Thrust|chapter=Chapter 23: Changi, Bicycle Camp, and other Main Centres|first=A. J.|author=Sweeting|editor=Long|year=1957|publisher=Australian War Memorial|quote=During this period Colonel Sugita and his Intelligence officers controlled the inhabitants of Changi and the civilian internees in the Changi Gaol, the link between Sugita and the prisoners being Lieutenant Okazaki, the Camp Commandant.}}</ref> mere ka onye isi ndị agha <ref name="Independent" /> Lieutenant Okazaki kwe ka ha chịkọta akwụkwọ site na Raffles College, nwee ọmụmụ ihe na klas iri na abụọ, ma hazie ìgwè mkparịta ụka. <ref name="Guardian" /> Ahụike Oppenheim kara <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> mgbe ọ nọ n'ogige Changi ma na-arịa ọrịa siri ike ugboro ugboro. A kwụsịrị itinye aka na mahadum na-abụghị nke gọọmentị mgbe a kpọfere ya ịrụ ọrụ na Siam-Burma Railway. Site na 1945 ruo 1949, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka Prọfesọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Raffles College . <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>'afọ 1947, ọ bụ osote onye isi, onye isi na-anọchite anya, na Dean nke Faculty of Arts . <ref name="Guardian" /> Oppenheim keere òkè <ref name="Independent" /> mkpa na njikọta nke Raffles College na King Edward VII College of Medicine na 1949 iji guzobe Mahadum nke Malaya . <ref name="Guardian" /> <ref name="Independent" /> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi ala n'afọ 1955 ma mesịa bụrụ osote onyeisi ala n'ọnwa 1957, ọ nọgidekwara n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1965. <ref name="Guardian" /> N'oge ọ bụ osote onye isi ala, ọ lekọtara nguzobe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ Kuala Lumpur nke mahadum ahụ. <ref name="Guardian" /> Mgbe <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> hapụsịrị Mahadum nke Malaya, Oppenheim jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Reading ruo 1968. <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Guardian" /> oku nke Alexander Kwapong, ọ kụziri na Mahadum nke Ghana site na 1968 ruo 1973. <ref name="Independent" /> <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Independent" /> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Benin na Naijiria ruo 1977, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> biri na Henley-on-Thames ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ na 13 Disemba 1997 mgbe ọ dị afọ 94. <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Nnyocha == Ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke Oppenheim <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> na nkuzi nke Ụdị quadratic. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=A.|title=The minima of indefinite quaternary quadratic forms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1929-09-15_15_9/page/724|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=15|issue=9|pages=724–727|year=1929|pmid=16577226|doi=10.1073/pnas.15.9.724}}</ref>'afọ 1929, ọ tụpụtara Echiche Oppenheim banyere nnọchiteanya nke ọnụọgụ site na ezigbo ụdị quadratic n'ọtụtụ mgbanwe. == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> lụrụ Beatrice Templer Nesbit (nwụrụ n'afọ 1990) na 1930. <ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị ma kewaa alụmdi na nwunye ha na 1977.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="Guardian" /> <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Independent" />'afọ 1982, ọ lụrụ Margaret Ng, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ. == Nsọpụrụ == <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi|author=Miller|first=Eric|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 January 1998}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiller1998">Miller, Eric (23 January 1998). "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim: Maths lessons in Changi". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|date=15 December 1997|first=Richard|author=Greenfield|accessdate=11 March 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGreenfield1997">Greenfield, Richard (15 December 1997). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html "Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323023222/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html Archived] from the original on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>'afọ 1955, a họpụtara Oppenheim ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Order of the British Empire, ma mee ya Knight of the Order of the Thistle site n'aka Eze Ukwu Elizabeth nke Abụọ. <ref name="Guardian" /> họpụtara Oppenheim ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society of Edinburgh na 1956. <ref name="Independent" /> <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Independent" /> mere ya knighted n'afọ 1961. E nyere ya ihe nrite Distinguished Alumni Medal site na Mahadum Chicago na 1977. Ọ natara nzere doctorate nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Hong Kong, Mahadum Leeds, na Mahaduma Mba Singapore. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962.}}</ref>'afọ 1962, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Order of the Defender of the Realm, na-enye ya utu aha "Tan Sri" site n'aka Sultan nke Malaysia. <ref name="Independent" /> <ref name="Guardian" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=A.|year=1926|title=On an Arithmetic Function|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1112/jlms/s1-1.4.205|journal=[[Journal of the London Mathematical Society]]|language=en|volume=s1-1|issue=4|pages=205–211|doi=10.1112/jlms/s1-1.4.205}} * {{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=A.|year=1927|title=On an Arithmetic Function (II)|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1112/jlms/s1-2.2.123|journal=[[Journal of the London Mathematical Society]]|language=en|volume=s1-2|issue=2|pages=123–130|doi=10.1112/jlms/s1-2.2.123}} * {{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=A.|title=The minima of indefinite quaternary quadratic forms|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=15|issue=9|pages=724–727|year=1929|pmid=16577226|doi=10.1073/pnas.15.9.724}} * {{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=Alexander|year=1931|title=The Minima of Indefinite Quaternary Quadratic Forms|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968191|journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=271–298|doi=10.2307/1968191}} * {{Cite journal|author=Opponheim|first=A.|year=1971|title=Representations of real numbers by series of reciprocals of odd integers|url=http://www.impan.pl/get/doi/10.4064/aa-18-1-115-124|journal=[[Acta Arithmetica]]|language=en|volume=18|pages=115–124|doi=10.4064/aa-18-1-115-124|issn=0065-1036}} * {{Cite journal|author=Oppenheim|first=A.|year=1972|title=The representation of real numbers by infinite series of rationals|journal=[[Acta Arithmetica]]|language=en|volume=21|pages=391–398|doi=10.4064/aa-21-1-391-398|issn=0065-1036}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0Z6WBs7JLsC&q=Oppenheim|title=Reminiscence of a Roving Scholar: Science, Humanities, and Joseph Needham|isbn=9789812565884|author=Ho|first=Peng Yoke|year=2005|publisher=[[World Scientific]]}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103014600/http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/nusbiodata/biovcOppenheim2.htm Nchịkọta Akụkọ Ndụ] * [http://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/OTHERS/oppenheim.html Akụkọ ọnwụ] * Oppenheim Lectures at the National University of Singapore E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://alumniandfriends.uchicago.edu/s/info-alumni-awards-past-winners] * [https://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/graduates/obe-ma-dsc-phd-frse-alexander-oppenheim-sir-alexander-oppenheim] * [https://www.nus.edu.sg/registrar/administrative-policies-procedures/graduate/nus-statutes-and-regulations/honorary-degree-recipients] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n3qm8wnmjmdscep5y6fcwtskf0vcu7k 0 33513 697422 672897 2026-08-09T15:35:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Ganiyu Ambali''' (amụrụ na 29 Nọvemba 1957) bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria, onye nchịkwa na onye bụbu osote chancellor nke Mahadum Ilorin . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Prof. Abdulganiyu Ambali pagesepsitename%%|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/prof-abdulganiyu-ambali/|accessdate=12 August 2017|work=Channels Television}}</ref> bụkwa onye isi oche nke Association <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdulganiyu Ambali – Google Scholar Citations|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xJ-QUz4AAAAJ&hl=en|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=12 August 2017|archivedate=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513085940/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xJ-QUz4AAAAJ&hl=en}}</ref> West African Universities (AWAU), na onye natara otu n'ime nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke Naịjirịa, CON.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/index.php/the-vice-chancellor|work=www.unilorin.edu.ng|accessdate=14 May 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute to Prof. AbdulGaniyu Ambali, an uncommon leader @ 59. By Kunle Akogun {{!}} #Ilorin, #Kwara News {{!}} @IlorinInfo|url=http://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=19411|work=www.ilorin.info|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/prof-ambali-15782240/?ppe=1|title=LinkedIn|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Abdul Ganiyu Ambali na Ilorin, Kwara State n'ezinụlọ Mall. Ambali Gidado na Oriakụ Husseina Angulu. Ambali gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Pakata Primary School, Ilorin, ọ gara McBride Secondary School Jalingo, (nke bụzi Government Secondary School, Jalingo) na Taraba State, Nigeria.E nyere Abdul agụmakwụkwọ site n'aka gọọmentị Borno Steeti iji nweta akara ugo mmụta na ọgwụ anụmanụ na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] nke ọ gụsịrị na 1981. O nwere nzere masta na nzere doctorate na Mahadum Liverpool, United Kingdom.Ambali ghọrọ onye otu College of Veterinary Surgeons of Nigeria, (MCVSN) na 2004 na Fellow of College of Veterinaary Surgeones of Nigeria (FCVSN). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau-aiu.net/Abdul-Ganiyu-AMBALI|title=Abdul Ganiyu AMBALI – IAU|work=www.iau-aiu.net|accessdate=2019-04-17|archivedate=2019-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417140827/https://www.iau-aiu.net/Abdul-Ganiyu-AMBALI}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abdul Ganiyu malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka na Mahadum Maiduguri ozugbo ọ rụchara ọrụ mba ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ministry of Rural & Community Development, Kano na 1982. Ambali ghọrọ Prọfesọ n'afọ 1995. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu National Universities Commission (NUC), Veterinary Council of Nigeria (VCN), Department of Livestock Services of the Federal Livestock Department, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, na-enyocha ikikere nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ.Dị ka osote chancellor nke Mahadum nke Ilorin, o kwuru na "ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya maka mahadum ahụ bụ ka ọ bụrụ otu egwuregwu na Africa". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Our target is to become Africa's best varsity – UNILORIN VC -|url=http://www.theeagleonline.com.ng/our-target-is-to-become-africas-best-varsity-unilorin-vc/|accessdate=14 May 2017|work=www.theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chancellor, University of Ilorin, Prof. AbdulGaniyu Ambali|url=http://akahitutors.org/entries/unilorin-2/vice-chancellor-university-of-ilorin-prof-abdulganiyu-ambali|work=akahitutors.org|accessdate=12 August 2017|archivedate=13 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813054943/http://akahitutors.org/entries/unilorin-2/vice-chancellor-university-of-ilorin-prof-abdulganiyu-ambali}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba == Ambali jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ nchịkọta maka ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2015 na Naịjirịa na onye ọrụ na-alaghachi maka ntuliaka Gọvanọ maka steeti Niger. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/global-performers-standard-of-education-is-not-falling-in-nigeria-prof-ambali/69tb718|title=Standard of education is not falling in Nigeria — Prof Ambali|date=27 July 2015|work=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-18|archivedate=2019-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418124416/https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/global-performers-standard-of-education-is-not-falling-in-nigeria-prof-ambali/69tb718}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == Ambali bụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere * Ihe nrite Veterinarian, 2013, site na Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association (NVMA) * '''Onye otu sayensị nke Naịjirịa (SAN) ''' * '''Onye otu Institute of Corporate Administration of Nigeria''' * '''Onye otu Solar Energy Society nke Naịjirịa''' * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ambali-professor-abdul-ganiyu/|title=National Merit Award|author=Admin|date=17 April 2019|work=Biography Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref>'''National Merit Award of Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) ''' site na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naijiria. == Arụmụka == Legit kọrọ na House of Representatives Standing Committee on Tertiary Education and Services chụpụrụ ya mgbe ọ na-akọwaghị ego e kenyere maka ọtụtụ ọrụ na 2015. Kọmitii ahụ jụrụ ileba anya na mmefu ego nke mahadum nke afọ 2016 na-ekwu na nke afọ 2015 jupụtara na esemokwu. E hotara otu onye otu kọmitii ahụ Hon. Kehinde Odeneye ka ọ na-ekwu "Ụbọchị ole ka a nọrọ na họtel na ndị bụ ndị ọbịa ị kwadoro? Mgbe ahụ, nde N100 ọzọ maka enyemaka maka ngalaba ọhụrụ n'agwaghị anyị n'ezie ole ha dị na ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ọpụpụ. Ọzọkwa, nde N50 na ụlọ ọrụ na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe. A na-enweta nke a na-enweghị nkọwa zuru ezu. " Mgbe ahụ, a na-arụzi ụlọ nke na-enweghịkwa nkọwa. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ambali lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ, ihe ntụrụndụ ya bụ ịgba bọọlụ, ikiri ihe nkiri anụ ọhịa na ige egwu. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi dị ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ambali,Abdul Ganiyu}} 6vz0dkpbie5mbotn9u0djo2e7cb5xg0 0 33542 697432 181822 2026-08-09T17:12:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}}{{Infobox person|name=Adewole Adebayo|image=ADEWOLE ADEBAYO.jpg|birth_date={{birth date and age|1972|01|08|df=y}}|nationality=Nigerian}} '''Adewole Adebayo''' (amụrụ na 8 Jenụwarị 1972) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria na onye guzobere [[KAFTAN TV]]. Ọ na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ugbu a n'okpuru Social Democratic Party (Nigeria). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/my-fears-between-now-and-2023-adebayo-third-force-presidential-aspirant/|title=My fears between now and 2023 - Adebayo, Third Force presidential aspirant}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adewole na Ondo City, Ondo State, na Jenụwarị 8, 1972. N'agbata afọ 1978 na afọ 1983, ọ gara St. Stephen Primary School na Ondo. Site na 1983 ruo 1989, ọ gara St. Joseph College na Ondo. Site na 1991 ruo 1997, ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]], ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu. A nabatara ya na Naijiria Bar na 2000 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nigerian Law School na Lagos ma gafee ule ya. Adebayo mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na United States of America, ebe ọ gafere New York Bar Exams. Adebayo nwere ikikere ịrụ ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawyer.com/adewole-adebayo.html|title=Adebayo Ebenezer Adebayo, Attorney}}</ref> Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, California, New York, na ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer/adewole-ebenezer-adebayo-1549072|title=Adebayo Ebenezer Adebayo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opengovny.com/attorney/5097241|title=Adebayo Ebenezer Adebayo Attorney Overview}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Adewole Adebayo malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ọka iwu na Tunji Abayomi and Co na Lagos, Nigeria. Mgbe afọ abụọ nke ọrụ iwu gasịrị, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke ya, Adewole Adebayo & Co., House of Law, na 2002. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Lawyers-in-Nigeria-Adewole-Adebayo-and-Co.-Abuja|title=Adewole Adebayo & Co. Abuja Contact Details|accessdate=2023-11-04|archivedate=2023-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202418/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Lawyers-in-Nigeria-Adewole-Adebayo-and-Co.-Abuja}}</ref> Otu n'ime ikpe ndị ụlọ ọrụ iwu ya na Naịjirịa na-ahụ maka ya bụ ikpe dị n'etiti [[Femi Falana]] na Gọọmentị etiti, ebe Femi Falane (SAN) gbara mbọ maka nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta dị n'agbata Ministri nke Interior, Naịjirị Immigration Service, na Continental Transfert Technique Limited maka ịnakọta ụgwọ Combined Expatriate na Residence Permit Aliens Card (CERPAC). Adebayo nọchitere anya Continental Transfert Technique Limited <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/14/lawyer-faults-falana-over-alleged-diversion-of-remittance-on-cerpac-project/|title=Lawyer Faults Falana over Alleged Diversion of Remittance on CERPAC Project}}</ref> ikpe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/court-grants-stay-of-execution-over-increase-in-expatriate-fees/|title=Court grants stay of execution over increase in expatriate fees|accessdate=2023-11-04|archivedate=2023-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309152416/https://guardian.ng/features/law/court-grants-stay-of-execution-over-increase-in-expatriate-fees/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/court-grants-stay-of-execution-order-on-current-2000-cerpac-fees/|title=Court Grants Stay Of Execution Order On Current $2,000 CERPAC Fees}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Adebayo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/01/unraveling-the-enigma-of-adewole-adebayo-50/|title=Unraveling the Enigma of Adewole Adebayo @ 50}}</ref>-akwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ okorobịa Naijiria 2,000 na ụlọ akwụkwọ tertiary nke Naijiria na nke mba ọzọ, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ndị o nyere ike ego na mba ahụ. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Adebayo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/adewole-adebayo-segun-mimiko-others-speak-at-tanko-yinusas-50th-birthday-lecture/|title=Adewole Adebayo, Segun Mimiko, others speak at Tanko Yinusa's 50th birthday lecture}}</ref> onye na-akọwa ihe gbasara ọha na eze nke na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara okwu mba n'oge ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/impact-positively-on-nigerians-before-leaving-office-adewole-tells-buhari/|title=Impact positively on Nigerians before leaving office, Adewole tells Buhari}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/nigeria-61-adebayo-proffers-solution-to-nations-electoral-challenges-at-national-political-summit/|title=Nigeria @ 61: Adebayo proffers solution to nation's electoral challenges at National Political Summit}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.empiregist.com/barrister-adewole-adebayo-charges-nigerians-for-collective-fulfillment-as-key-solution-to-challenges/|title=Barrister Adewole Adebayo charges Nigerians for collective fulfillment as key solution to chalenges|accessdate=2022-01-28|archivedate=2023-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209130036/https://www.empiregist.com/barrister-adewole-adebayo-charges-nigerians-for-collective-fulfillment-as-key-solution-to-challenges/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/10/07/jega-moghalu-agbakoba-ezekwesili-utomi-other-prominent-nigerians-launch-political-coalition/|title=2023: Jega, Moghalu, Agbakoba, Ezekwesili, Utomi, Other Prominent Nigerians Launch Political Coalition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/12/ncf-ll-offer-viable-solutions-to-get-nigeria-out-of-the-woods-says-adewole-adebayo/|title=NCF'll offer viable solutions to get Nigeria out of the woods, says Adewole Adebayo}}</ref> sonye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria dị ka onye otu Third Force. [1] [2] [3] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/2023-abuja-based-tv-ceo-declares-for-presidency/?amp|title=2023: Abuja-based TV CEO declares for Presidency}}</ref> Jenụwarị 15, 2022, Adewole Adebayo kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penangle.com/2023-build-up-ondo-born-prince-adewole-adebayo-declares-ambition-for-president/|title=2023 BUILD-UP: Ondo-Born Prince Adewole Adebayo Declares Ambition For President}}</ref> Ọ na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke Naijiria na Ntuli aka nke Naijiria na 2023 n'okpuru Social Democratic Party (Nigeria). == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k7hxi72obdoe6d6wry1s3ji1rc82301 0 33637 697950 515784 2026-08-10T11:29:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697950 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Gail Fine''' bụ prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma emerita na Mahadum Cornell . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://philosophy.cornell.edu/people/philosophy-faculty.cfm|title=Faculty|publisher=Philosophy.cornell.edu|date=2012-04-03|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-gail-fine|title=Professor Gail Fine|publisher=Merton.ox.ac.uk|date=|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> bụkwa prọfesọ nleta nke nkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie na Mahadum Oxford, na onye isi nchọpụta na Merton College, Mahadumford . [1] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Fine nwetara B.A. ya na Mahadum [[Michigan]] (1971); na MA ya (1973) na PhD ya na Machị Harvard (1975). O nwekwara MA na Mahadum Oxford (2009). Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Cornell kemgbe 1975 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Ọ bụ onye natara fellowships site na NEH na ACLS. N'afọ 1992, ọ meriri Cornell's Clark Award maka nkuzi pụrụ iche. <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philosophy.cornell.edu/people/upload/GailFineCV2013.pdf|title=Gail Fine Curriculum Vitae|publisher=Philosophy.cornell.edu|accessdate=2015-03-01}}</ref> Gail Fine lụrụ Terence Irwin, onye bụ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Oxford na onye otu Keble College, Oxford. N'afọ 2013, ụlọ akwụkwọ Sage School of Philosophy na Cornell nwere nzukọ iji sọpụrụ Gail Fine na Terence Irwin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/09/conference-lauds-ancient-philosophy-fine-and-irwin|title=Conference celebrates ancient philosophy, Fine and Irwin &#124; Cornell Chronicle|publisher=News.cornell.edu|date=2013-09-10|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/2009-04-07/legendary-professor-sidney-fine-dies-age-88|title=Legendary professor Sidney Fine passes away at the age of 88|work=The Michigan Daily|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> bụ nwa nwanyị nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme America Sidney Fine . [1] == Ọrụ nkà ihe ọmụma == Fine bụ ọkachamara na Nkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie. Akwụkwọ mbụ Fine, On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms, <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198235491.do|title=On Ideas: Paperback: Gail Fine - Oxford University Press|publisher=Ukcatalogue.oup.com|date=1995-08-24|accessdate=2014-04-20|isbn=9780198235491}}</ref> bụ akwụkwọ mbụ zuru oke n'asụsụ Bekee iji kwurịta edemede furu efu nke Aristotle ''Peri Ideôn (On Ideas) ''. Edemede ahụ dị naanị na iberibe nke onye na-akọwa ihe [[Greece|Gris]] Alexander chebere, na nkọwa ya na Metaphysics nke Aristotle. N'ime ya, Aristotle na-ahazi ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ arụmụka maka ịdị adị nke ụdị Plato. Fine na-enyocha arụmụka Aristotle na-ekwu maka Plato ma na-enyochaa nkatọ ya banyere ha, na-ajụ ma ọ na-akọwa arụmụka Plato n'ụzọ ziri ezi na echiche banyere ọdịdị na ịdị adị nke ụdị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-metaphysics_1995-09_49_1/page/132|first=Michael L.|author=Morgan|date=1 January 1995|journal=The Review of Metaphysics|volume=49|issue=1|pages=132–134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of On Ideas--Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-and-phenomenological-research_1996-06_56_2/page/489|first=Jonathan|author=Barnes|date=1 January 1996|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=56|issue=2|pages=489–491|doi=10.2307/2108541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Doctrine of Forms under critique|publisher=Oxford Scholarship|date=2008-07-13|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639984.001.0001|author=Primavesi|first=Oliver|isbn=9780199639984|editor=Steel}}</ref> na-atụle akụkụ nke echiche ọzọ nke Aristotle, ma na-ejikọta ma echiche ya na Plato na nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na metaphysics, dị ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ, na ma ha nwere ike ịdị adị n'enweghị ihe atụ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199245598.do|title=Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Paperback: Gail Fine - Oxford University Press|publisher=Ukcatalogue.oup.com|date=2003-10-02|accessdate=2014-04-20|isbn=9780199245598}}</ref> nke abụọ nke Fine, Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays, chịkọtara isiokwu iri na ise gbasara metaphysics na epistemology nke Plato.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/24849-plato-on-knowledge-and-forms-selected-essays|title=Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays // Reviews // Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews // University of Notre Dame|publisher=Ndpr.nd.edu|date=2005-08-18|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref>'etiti isiokwu ndị edemede ndị a na-atụle bụ mgbagwoju anya Meno; ihe ọmụma na nkwenye na ''Republic'' 5-7; ''Theaeteteus''; nkewa nke ụdị; ma ụdị dị n'ime; na ụdị dị ka ihe kpatara ya. O deela ihe karịrị edemede 50. <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philosophy.cornell.edu/people/upload/GailFineCV2013.pdf|title=Gail Fine Curriculum Vitae|publisher=Philosophy.cornell.edu|accessdate=2015-03-01}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iryronfpjsbzjy78dtjdclw3x6jp37q 0 33648 697692 138716 2026-08-10T05:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=The Directory of Research and Researchers at Brown: Mary Louise Gill|url=https://research.brown.edu/myresearch/Mary_Louise_Gill|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref>'''Mary Louise Gill''' bụ David Benedict Prọfesọ nke Classics na Philosophy na Mahadum Brown . <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ <ref name="cv" /> lekwasịrị anya na [[Plato]], Aristotle, na ndị ọzọ (karịsịa ndị Gris) ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Gill nwetara nzere bachelọ na okpukpe na 1972 site na Barnard College na nzere masta na okpukpe site na Mahadum Columbia na 1974. <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175 "Curriculum Vitae"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="cv" /> natara nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cambridge na nkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie na 1976, na nzere masta na doctorate na nkà ihe ike oge ochie na Cambridge, ma na 1981. Gill <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175 "Curriculum Vitae"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> onye nkuzi nke classics na Mahadum nke Pittsburgh site na 1979 ruo 1981 tupu ọ nabata nhọpụta dị ka onye enyemaka Prọfesọ nke Classics na Philosophy n'ebe ahụ site na 1981 ruo 1988. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ n'afọ 1988, prọfesụ zuru oke n'afọ 1994, ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site n'afọ 1994 ruo afọ 1997. <ref name="cv" /> Gill si na Pittsburgh kwaga Mahadum Brown dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma na ihe ochie na 2001, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ David Benedict Prọfesọ of Classics and Philosophy na 2013. <ref name="cv" /> <ref name="cv" /> mgbakwunye na nhọpụta ya na-adịgide adịgide, Gill enwekwara ọkwa nleta dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere na Dartmouth College, Mahadum Stanford, UCLA, UC Davis, Mahadum Harvard, na Mahadum Paris. <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175 "Curriculum Vitae"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> rụburu ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Faculty nke Mahadum Brown, Onye isi oche of Classics na Mahadum Pittsburgh, yana na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ. == Ọrụ nkà ihe ọmụma == Ọrụ Gill lekwasịrị anya <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=The Directory of Research and Researchers at Brown: Mary Louise Gill|url=https://research.brown.edu/myresearch/Mary_Louise_Gill|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref> nkà ihe ọmụma Gris oge ochie, ọkachasị [[Plato]] na Aristotle. <ref name="aos1">{{Cite journal|author=Halper|first=Edward C.|title=Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-philosophy_1992-07_30_3/page/444|journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy|year=1992|volume=30|issue=3|pages=444–446|doi=10.1353/hph.1992.0047}}</ref> dere akwụkwọ abụọ na otu mmeghe sara mbara - Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity (1991), ogologo mmeghe nye ''Plato: Parmenides'' (1994,) na Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue (2012.) [1] Aristotle on Substance: The Paradọx of Unidad na-anwa idozi nsogbu ahụ site na itinye ihe Aristotle chọrọ na ihe ndị bụ isi nwere ịdị n'otu na ọdịdị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. <ref name="cv">{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://research.brown.edu/pdf/10037.pdf?nocache=680322175|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref> <ref name="pp1" /> Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue, Gill na-anwa ịkọwa enweghị ''Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma'', mkparịta ụka nke Plato kwuru ugboro ugboro na ''Theaetetus'', Sophist, na Statesman, mana nke ọ dịghị ihe ndekọ dị na Plato dere n'ezie. <ref name="pp1" /> ndị gara aga maka enweghị ''Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma'' ahụ gụnyere enweghị oge n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke Plato, ọ na-emepụta otu n'ime ozizi Plato na-edeghị ede, ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị mkpa n'ihi na Sophist gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ chọrọ. Gill <ref name="pp2">{{Cite journal|author=Aufderheide|first=J.|title=Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue|journal=The Philosophical Quarterly|date=22 October 2013|volume=64|issue=254|pages=154–156|doi=10.1093/pq/pqt001|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/philosophos(4a066308-651f-43d6-9b4c-e0177e76d292).html}}</ref>-atụ aro nhọrọ nke anọ - na Plato kpachapụrụ anya zere ide ''''''Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma'''''' ahụ na ebumnuche na onye gụrụ nke ọma ''Theaetetus'', Sophist, na Statesman nwere ike iji ihe nduzi nkuzi dị na mkparịta ụka ndị ahụ iji wughachi onye ọkà ihe atụ ahụ furu efu (mgbe ha na-aghọ ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma n'onwe ha na usoro ahụ.) <ref name="pp1">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Jong Hwan|title=Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue by Mary Louise Gill|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-philosophy_2013-10_51_4/page/675|journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy|year=2013|volume=51|issue=4|pages=675–676|doi=10.1353/hph.2013.0082}}</ref> A katọrọ nkọwa Gill banyere onye ọkà ihe ọmụmụ ahụ maka ịdabere n'ụzọ gabigara ókè n'echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma Plato niile mechara bụrụ nke ọma, mana ọtụtụ mkpuchi akwụkwọ ya dị nso. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Aristotle na ihe: mgbagwoju anya nke ịdị n'otu '', 1989 * Self-motion: site na Aristotle ruo Newton, 1994 * ''Enyi nke nkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie'', 2005 * ''Philosophos: mkparịta ụka na-efu efu nke Plato '', 2010 * ''Ịgagharị Onwe Onye'', 2017 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0wddkztjacae60wktgzr02gd0det6fb 0 33660 697934 577575 2026-08-10T11:06:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Rebecca Newberger Goldstein''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 23, 1950) bụ onye [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]] America, onye edemede, na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze. O dere akwụkwọ iri, ma akụkọ ifo ma ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo. <ref name="Schillinger">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/books/review/Schillinger-t.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Schillinger, Liesl|title=Prove It|accessdate=29 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/15/arts/design/15LIGH.html|title=Art That Transfigures Science|first=Alan|author=Lightman|work=The New York Times|date=15 March 2003}}</ref> nwere Ph.D. na nkà ihe ọmụma nke sayensị site na Mahadum Princeton, mgbe ụfọdụ, ya na ndị edemede dịka Richard Powers na Alan Lightman, bụ ndị na-emepụta akụkọ ifo nke a maara, ma nwee ọmịiko na sayensị. N'ime ọrụ atọ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, o gosipụtara nkwenye maka echiche nkà ihe ọmụma, yana nkwenye na nkà ihe ọmụma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Is-Philosophy-Obsolete-/145837|title=How Philosophy Makes Progress|first=Rebecca Newberger|author=Goldstein|date=14 April 2014}}</ref> Na ọganihu sayensị na-akwado onwe ya site na arụmụka nkà ihe ọmụma . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/19/rebecca-newberger-goldstein-interview-science-philosophy-plato-googleplex|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: "Science is our best answer, but it takes a philosophical argument to prove that"|first=Andrew|author=Anthony|work=The Observer|date=19 October 2014}}</ref> O mesịkwara ike ọrụ nke echiche nkà ihe ọmụma ụwa mere na ọganihu omume. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehumanist.com/magazine/september-october-2014/features/the-machinery-of-moral-progress-an-interview-with-rebecca-newberger-goldstein|title=The Machinery of Moral Progress: An Interview with Rebecca Newberger Goldstein – TheHumanist.com|date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/3769|title=Feminism, Religion, and 'Mattering'|work=www.secularhumanism.org}}</ref>'ụzọ na-arịwanye elu, n'okwu ya na ajụjụ ọnụ ya, ọ nọ na-enyocha ihe ọ kpọrọ "ozizi ihe" dị ka ihe ọzọ na utilitarianism ọdịnala. Echiche a bụ ịga n'ihu n'echiche ya nke "map mattering", nke mbụ a tụrụ aro ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Mind-Body Problem . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Loewenstein, Meine|first=G., K|title="On Mattering Maps" in Understanding Choice, Explaining Behavior: Essays in Honour of Ole-Jørgen Skog, Jon Elster, Olav Gjelsvik, Aanund Hyland, and Karl Moene (Eds.)|publisher=Oslo Academic Press|location=Oslo, Norway|pages=153–175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kashak|first=Ellyn|title=The Mattering Map: Integrating The Complexities of Knowledge, Experience and Meaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2013-12_37_4/page/436|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|date=2013|volume=37|issue=4|pages=436–443|doi=10.1177/0361684313480839}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Grossberg|first=Lawrence|title=Cultural Studies in the Future Tense|date=2010|publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Grossberg|first=Lawrence|title=We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/wegottagetoutoft0000gros|date=1992|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> nabatara echiche nke map mattering n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche dị ka nkatọ ọdịbendị, nkà mmụta uche, na akụ na ụba omume. Goldstein bụ MacArthur Fellow, ma nata National Humanities Medal, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/rebecca-newberger-goldstein|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein|date=2 September 2015|work=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> National Jewish Book Award, na ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Goldstein, onye amụrụ Rebecca Newberger, tolitere na White Plains, New York. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Ndị Juu Ọtọdọks. O nwere otu nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, onye bụ onye rabaị Ọtọdọks, na nwanne nwanyị nke ọ tọrọ, Sarah Stern. Nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Mynda Barenholtz, nwụrụ na 2001. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya na City College of New York, UCLA, na Barnard College, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Lab {{!}} Barnard Year of Science|url=https://yearofscience.barnard.edu/our-lab|accessdate=2022-08-16|work=yearofscience.barnard.edu}}</ref> ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu n'afọ 1972. Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch|url=https://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/biocv|accessdate=2021-01-08|work=www.rebeccagoldstein.com|language=en|archivedate=2011-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929210644/https://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/biocv}}</ref> nwetasịrị Ph.D. ya na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na Mahadum Princeton, ebe ya na Thomas Nagel gụrụ akwụkwọ ma dee edemede akpọrọ "Reduction, Realism, and the Mind", ọ laghachiri Barnard dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1983, Goldstein bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Mind-Body Problem, akụkọ na-atọ ọchị banyere esemokwu dị n'etiti mmetụta na ọgụgụ isi, jikọtara ya na echiche banyere ọdịdị nke ọgụgụ isi mgbakọ na mwepụ, ihe ịma aka ndị inyom nwere ọgụgụ isi na-eche ihu, na ọdịnala na njirimara ndị Juu. Goldstein kwuru na o dere akwụkwọ ahụ iji "tinye 'ezi ndụ' n'ime ọgụ ọgụgụ isi. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, achọrọ m ide akwụkwọ akụkọ a kpaliri na nkà ihe ọmụma". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/Goldstein_bio.htm|title=Rebecca Goldstein web site|accessdate=2006-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212223302/http://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/Goldstein_bio.htm|archivedate=2006-12-12}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-21-bk-1024-story.html|title=Of Jews and Germans: The Conflict Unresolved : THE LATE-SUMMER PASSION OF A WOMAN OF MIND|author=Reichel, Sabine|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 21, 1989}}</ref> nke abụọ, The Late-Summer Passion of a Woman of Mind (1989), ka edepụtara na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na o nwere ụda gbara ọchịchịrị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke atọ, The Dark Sister (1993), bụ ihe dị iche iche: akụkọ ifo nke ezinụlọ na nsogbu ọkachamara na ndụ William James. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/publications/strange-attractors-stories|title=Strange Attractors: Stories|first=Rebecca|author=Goldstein|year=1993}}</ref> sochiri ya na nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, Strange Attractors (1993), nke bụ National Jewish Honor Book na New York Times Notable Book of the Year . [1] <ref name="Past Winners">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30754|title=Past Winners|work=Jewish Book Council|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Lore|author=Dickstein|title=World of Our Mothers|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 29, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/books/world-of-our-mothers.html}}</ref>, nwa nwanyị, na nwa nwa nwanyị e gosipụtara na akụkọ abụọ dị na nchịkọta ahụ ghọrọ ndị isi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Goldstein ọzọ, ''Mazel'' (1995), nke meriri National Jewish Book Award na 1995 Edward Lewis Wallant Award. == Onyinye na mkpakọrịta == * 2014 National Humanities Medal (presented September 10, 2015, at the White House by President [[Barack Obama]]) <ref name="neh.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2015-09-03#.Vei700EU4GY.twitter|title=President Obama Awards 2014 National Humanities Medal|date=2 September 2015|work=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> * 2014 Richard Dawkins Award * 2013 Montgomery Fellow, Dartmouth College<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/rebecca-goldstein|title=Rebecca Goldstein {{!}} The Montgomery Fellows|work=montgomery.dartmouth.edu|date=5 January 2017|accessdate=2020-01-28|archivedate=2017-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112140610/https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/rebecca-goldstein}}</ref> * 2013 Moment Magazine Creativity Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein|url=https://momentmag.com/symposium-2013rebeccanewbergergoldstein/|work=Moment Magazine - The Next 5,000 Years of Conversation Begin Here|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2012 Franke Visiting Fellow, Whitney Humanities Center, [[Yale University]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romancing Spinoza {{!}} Whitney Humanities Center|url=https://whc.yale.edu/podcast/romancing-spinoza|work=whc.yale.edu|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2011 Humanist of the Year awarded April 2011 by the American Humanist Association<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-06-10|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: secular humanist with a soul|work=The Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2011/0610/Rebecca-Newberger-Goldstein-secular-humanist-with-a-soul|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2011 Freethought Heroine awarded October 2011 by the Freedom from Religion Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein – Freedom From Religion Foundation|url=https://ffrf.org/outreach/awards/freethought-heroine-award/item/20328-rebecca-newberger-goldstein|author=Seering|first=Lauryn|work=ffrf.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2011 Miller Scholar, Santa Fe Institute<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Miller Scholarship {{!}} Santa Fe Institute|url=https://www.santafe.edu//research/initiatives/miller-scholarship|work=www.santafe.edu|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2018-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514183155/https://www.santafe.edu//research/initiatives/miller-scholarship}}</ref> * Best Fiction Book of 2010 ("36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction"), Christian Science Monitor<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2010/1201/Best-books-of-2010-fiction/36-Arguments-for-the-Existence-of-God-by-Rebecca-Newberger-Goldstein|title=Best books of 2010: fiction|first=Marjorie|author=Kehe|date=1 December 2010|journal=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> * Honorary Doctorate, Emerson College, 2008{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} * Humanist Laureate, awarded by the International Academy of Humanism, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=iah&page=index|title=Redirect|work=www.secularhumanism.org|accessdate=2023-11-04|archivedate=2008-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101318/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=iah&page=index}}</ref> * Fellow, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, 2006–2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/fellowship-program/fellows?keys=&year%5B%5D=2006&items_per_page=25|title=Fellows – Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study|date=2018|work=Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study|accessdate=January 25, 2018|archivedate=January 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070804/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/fellowship-program/fellows?keys=&year%5B%5D=2006&items_per_page=25}}</ref> * Guggenheim Fellow, 2006–2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/rebecca-newberger-goldstein/|title=Jim Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation – Fellows|date=2017|work=Jim Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=January 25, 2018|archivedate=January 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070630/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/rebecca-newberger-goldstein/}}</ref> * Koret Jewish Book Award in Jewish Thought,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koretfoundation.org/|title=Koret Foundation -|work=Koret Foundation}}</ref> 2006, for ''Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew who Gave Us Modernity'' * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2005<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter G|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterG.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> * Honorary Doctorate, Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} * MacArthur Fellow, 1996<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/534/|title=Rebecca Goldstein – MacArthur Foundation|work=www.macfound.org|accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref> * National Jewish Book Award, 1995, for ''Mazel''<ref name="Past Winners"/> * Edward Lewis Wallant Award, 1995, for ''Mazel''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edward Lewis Wallant Award {{!}} University of Hartford|url=https://www.hartford.edu/academics/schools-colleges/arts-sciences/academics/departments-and-centers/greenberg-center-for-judaic-studies/edward-Lewis-Wallant-award.aspx#|work=www.hartford.edu|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * National Jewish Book Award for her book of short stories, ''Strange Attractors''{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} * Graduated summa cum laude from Barnard College, receiving the Montague Prize for Excellence in Philosophy{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} * While at Princeton University, she was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellowship{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} * Whiting Award, 1991<ref name="awards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/Goldstein_bio.htm|title=Rebecca Newberger Goldstein bio|accessdate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013152/http://www.rebeccagoldstein.com/Goldstein_bio.htm|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p9dvvlel5y1ynrrje1zajuwddbsuhau 0 33674 697781 139866 2026-08-10T08:06:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697781 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite news|author=Biodun Oyeleye|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/ebola-time-to-reactivate-surveillance-for-infections-says-virologist/|title=Ebola: Time to reactivate surveillance for infections, says virologist|work=New Telegraph|date=September 18, 2014|accessdate=2014-10-26}}</ref>'''Oyewale Tomori''' (amụrụ na 3 Febụwarị 1946, Osun State, Nigeria) bụ onye [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] prọfesọ nke virology, onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ, na onye bụbu osote chancellor nke Mahadum Redeemer . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianyoungacademy.org/index.php/members-area/advisors-profiles/56-professor-oyewale-tomori|title=PROFESSOR OYEWALE TOMORI|publisher=Nigerian Young Academy|accessdate=2014-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026204003/http://www.nigerianyoungacademy.org/index.php/members-area/advisors-profiles/56-professor-oyewale-tomori|archivedate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to ...|publisher=[[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0309128186}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/redeemers-universitys-5th-convocation/|title=Redeemer's University's 5th Convocation|author=Jide Osuntokun|publisher=The Nation Online Nigeria|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref> {{Databox}} == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Tomori na Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria na 3 Febụwarị 1946. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/oct/07/nigeria-ebola-experience-teach-world|title=What can Nigeria's Ebola experience teach the world?|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 7, 2014|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/ebola-nigeria-woods-yet-prof-oyewale-tomori-president-nigeria-academy-science/|author=Akintayo Eribake|title=Ebola: Nigeria is not out of the woods yet — Prof. Tomori|work=Vanguard News|date=July 30, 2014|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/bio/oyewale-tomori|title=Oyewale Tomori|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> natara Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) site na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria yana nzere Doctorate, Ph.D na virology site na Machịum Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria ebe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke virology na 1981, n'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ natara United States Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Certificate maka onyinye nye Lassa Fever Research. Afọ atọ (1984) mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka prọfesọ nke virology, a họpụtara ọ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Ngalaba Virology. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/editorial/tomoris-appraisal-of-nigerian-scientists/|title=Tomori's appraisal of Nigerian scientists|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|date=May 23, 2013|accessdate=2014-10-26|archivedate=October 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026200510/http://www.punchng.com/editorial/tomoris-appraisal-of-nigerian-scientists/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian virologist delivers scathing analysis of Africa's response to Ebola|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nigerian-virologist-delivers-scathing-analysis-africas-response-ebola|author=Kupferschmidt|first=Kai|date=2014|work=|accessdate=May 30, 2020}}</ref> Mahadum nke Ibadan, mmasị nyocha Tomori na-elekwasị anya na nje virus gụnyere Ebola hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, Lassa fever. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_tomori/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026194107/http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_tomori/en/|archivedate=October 26, 2014|title=WHO - Professor Oyewale Tomori|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK208004/|title=Committee Biographies - Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin - NCBI Bookshelf|year=2008|publisher=National Academies Press (US)}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Regional Virologist maka World Health Organization Africa Region (1994-2004) tupu a họpụta ya dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Redeemer, Ogun State, Nigeria, oge nke gwụrụ na 2011. [1] [2] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals|url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_tomori/en/|author=Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE)|date=September 1, 2010|work=WHO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026194107/http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_tomori/en/|archivedate=October 26, 2014|accessdate=May 30, 2020}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == * Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), Onye otu Kọmitii Nnyocha Polio (PRC) * International Consortium on Anti-Virals (ICAV), Onye otu Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba Nile * Kọmitii Nnyocha Ndị Nnyocha Naịjirịa na Ịkwụsị Ọrịa Polio na Ịgba Ọrịa Onwe, Onye isi oche * Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa, Onye otu Strategic Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) * Gavi Alliance, Onye otu 2017 Ọ bụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye na onye otu ọtụtụ òtù agụmakwụkwọ mba ụwa. Otu n'ime ndị ọzọ bụ; * Nigeria National Order of Merit (NNOM) (2002), ihe nrite kachasị elu nke mba ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ dị mma. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Nigerian Academy of Science <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/tomori-takes-over-as-nigerian-academy-of-science-president/|title=Tomori takes over as Nigerian Academy of Science president|work=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper|accessdate=2014-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026213442/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/tomori-takes-over-as-nigerian-academy-of-science-president/|archivedate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> * United States Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Certificate * Onyinye Merit nke Ngalaba Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ nke Mba Naịjirịa maka ịdị mma na nyocha ahụike * Onye otu Academy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/news/prof-tomori-advocates-one-health-workforce|title=Prof. Tomori advocates for One Health Workforce|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=2014-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026210152/http://unn.edu.ng/news/prof-tomori-advocates-one-health-workforce|archivedate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> Science nke Nigeria . [1] * Onye otu College of Veterinary Surgeons of Nigeria * Onye otu Royal College of Pathologists nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-79-new-members/|title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 79 New Members {{!}} National Academy of Medicine|work=nam.edu|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref> otu mba ụwa nke United States National Academy of Medicine [1] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/astmh-fellows|title=Fellows of ASTMH (FASTMH)|accessdate=2019-09-16}}</ref> otu American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2013) [1] == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Mpụta ọzọ nke Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Ali S.|date=1999-02-01|title=The Reemergence of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=179|issue=Supplement_1|pages=S76–S86|doi=10.1086/514306|pmid=9988168|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robertson|first=Susan E.|date=1996|title=Yellow Fever: a decade of reemergence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1996-10-09_276_14/page/1157|journal=JAMA|volume=276|issue=14|pages=1157–62|doi=10.1001/jama.1996.03540140045025|pmid=8827969|issn=0098-7484}}</ref> fever: afọ iri nke ịpụta ọzọ [1] * Nnyocha nke ọrịa nosocomial Lassa fever na Naijiria: ọnụahịa dị elu nke ọrụ ahụike na-adịghị mma <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fisher-Hoch|first=S P|date=1995-09-30|title=Review of cases of nosocomial Lassa fever in Nigeria: the high price of poor medical practice|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=311|issue=7009|pages=857–859|doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7009.857|issn=0959-8138|pmid=7580496}}</ref> * Map nke ihe ize ndụ nke yellow fever zuru ụwa ọnụ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jentes|first=Emily S|date=2011|title=The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010: consensus of the Informal WHO Working Group on Geographic Risk for Yellow Fever|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=11|issue=8|pages=622–632|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70147-5|pmid=21798462}}</ref> aro maka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, 2010: nkwekọrịta nke Òtù Ọrụ WHO na-abụghị nke na-ahụ maka ihe ize ndụ ala maka Yellow [1] * Monoclo<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buchmeier|first=Michael J.|date=1981|title=Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis and pichinde viruses: Generation, characterization, and cross-reactivity with other arenaviruses|url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1981-08_113_1/page/73|journal=Virology|language=en|volume=113|issue=1|pages=73–85|doi=10.1016/0042-6822(81)90137-9|pmid=6267791}}</ref> antibodies na lymphocytic choriomeningitis na nje pichinde: ọgbọ, njirimara, na cross-reactivity na arenaviruses ndị ọzọ [1] ==== Ndị ọzọ ==== * Ọrịa yellow fever: ihe otiti na-apụta ugboro ugboro <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomori|first=Oyewale|date=2004|title=Yellow Fever: The Recurring Plague|journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences|volume=41|issue=4|pages=391–427|doi=10.1080/10408360490497474|pmid=15487593|issn=1040-8363}}</ref> * Ule a na-achịkwa na mberede maka Ebola: nsogbu bara uru na nke omume <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adebamowo|first=Clement|date=2014|title=Randomised controlled trials for Ebola: practical and ethical issues|journal=The Lancet|volume=384|issue=9952|pages=1423–1424|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61734-7|pmid=25390318|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> * Ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa ọbara <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bausch|first=Daniel G.|date=2003|title=Risk Factors for Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=12|pages=1531–1537|doi=10.3201/eid0912.030355|pmid=14720391|issn=1080-6040}}</ref>-agbapụta na Marburg, Democratic Republic of the Congo [1] * Mgbanwe mgbasa ozi <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fasina|first=F O|date=2014-10-09|title=Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria, July to September 2014|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=19|issue=40|doi=10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.40.20920|pmid=25323076|issn=1560-7917}}</ref> nchịkwa nke ntiwapụ nke ọrịa Ebola na Naịjirịa, July ruo September 2014 [1] * Ọtụtụ ihe mberede onwe <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Burns|first=C. C.|date=2013-02-13|title=Multiple Independent Emergences of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses during a Large Outbreak in Northern Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2013-05_87_9/page/4907|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=87|issue=9|pages=4907–4922|doi=10.1128/jvi.02954-12|pmid=23408630|issn=0022-538X}}</ref> nke ụdị 2 ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa poliovirus n'oge nnukwu ntiwapụ na ugwu Naịjirịa [1] * Nje ndị <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomori|first=Oyewale|date=1988-03-01|title=Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Antibodies in Nigerian Populations|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=38|issue=2|pages=407–410|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.407|pmid=3128130|issn=0002-9637}}</ref>-alụso ọrịa ịba n'ahụ ọgụ na ndị Naijiria [1] * Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa yellow fever na ime ime: nyocha afọ anọ * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nasidi|first=A.|date=1989|title=Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=83|issue=3|pages=401–406|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(89)90518-x|pmid=2617590|issn=0035-9203}}</ref> nke ọrịa yellow fever n'obodo ukwu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa, 1987 [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carroll|first=Dennis|date=2018-02-22|title=The Global Virome Project|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-02-23_359_6378/page/872|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6378|pages=872–874|doi=10.1126/science.aap7463|pmid=29472471|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> nje virus zuru ụwa ọnụ [1] * Nweghachi nke are<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=K. M.|date=1981-11-01|title=Recovery of a Lassa-Related Arenavirus in Zimbabwe|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=30|issue=6|pages=1291–1293|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.1291|pmid=7034562|issn=0002-9637}}</ref> metụtara Lassa na Zimbabwe [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gostin|first=Lawrence O.|date=2016-05-19|title=Toward a Common Secure Future: Four Global Commissions in the Wake of Ebola|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=13|issue=5|pages=e1002042|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002042|pmid=27195954|issn=1549-1676}}</ref>'ihu n'ọdịnihu dị nchebe: ọrụ anọ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi Ebola [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Siddle|first=Katherine J.|date=2018|title=Genomic Analysis of Lassa Virus during an Increase in Cases in Nigeria in 2018|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=18|pages=1745–1753|doi=10.1056/nejmoa1804498|pmid=30332564|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> genomic nke nje Lassa n'oge mmụba nke ndị na-arịa ya na Naịjirịa na 2018 [1] * Mmetụta nke yellow fever <ref>{{Cite book|title=Advances in virus research. Volume 53|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|others=Maramorosch, Karl., Murphy, Frederick A., Shatkin, Aaron J.|isbn=0-12-039853-2|location=San Diego|oclc=646758896}}</ref> mba ndị na-emepe emepe [1] * Monoclo<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buchmeier|first=Michael J.|date=1980|title=Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus react with pathogenic arenaviruses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1980-12-04_288_5790/page/486|journal=Nature|volume=288|issue=5790|pages=486–487|doi=10.1038/288486a0|pmid=6160402|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> antibodies na lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus na-emeghachi omume na pathogenic arenaviruses [1] * Mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrịa meningococcal <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sridhar|first=Shruti|date=2015|title=Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=15|issue=11|pages=1334–1346|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00217-0|pmid=26453240|issn=1473-3099}}</ref>-awakpo serogroup B: nyocha usoro [1] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị osote chancellor na Naịjirịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jjj6dyjxptjiag7oqnufjp04unhwwzk 0 33795 697553 199897 2026-08-10T02:34:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joan Breton Connelly''' bụ onye America na-amụ banyere ihe ochie na Prọfesọ nke Classics na Art History na Mahadum New York . <ref name="NYU">{{Cite web|url=http://classics.as.nyu.edu/object/io_1257099802590.html|title=Joan Breton Connelly Profile at NYU|work=NYU Classics Faculty|publisher=New York University|accessdate=20 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yeronisos.org/Yeronisos_Field_Expedition/Yeronisos_Island_Excavations_and_Field_School,_Cyprus.html|title=Yeronisos Island Excavations and Field School, Cyprus|work=www.yeronisos.org}}</ref> bụ onye nduzi nke Yeronisos Island Excavations and Field School na Saịprọs. E nyere Connelly MacArthur Fellowship na 1996. Ọ natara Archaeological Institute of America Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award na 2007 ma nwee oche Lillian Vernon maka Teaching Excellence na Mahadum New York site na 2002 ruo 2004. Ọ bụ nwa amaala nsọpụrụ nke obodo Peyia, Republic of Cyprus.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Mmụta nke Connelly <ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFDB173CF937A35754C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print "New Analysis of the Parthenon's Frieze Finds It Depicts a Horrifying Legend"] by John Noble Wilford, ''The New York Times'', July 4, 1995.</ref>-elekwasị anya na nka, akụkọ ifo, na okpukpe ndị [[Greece|Gris]], ma na-agụnye nkọwa ọhụrụ nke Parthenon na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1996-01_100_1/page/53|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=100|issue=1|pages=53–80|author=Connelly|first=Joan B|doi=10.2307/506297|year=1996}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Connelly|first=Joan Breton|title=The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780307476593|url=https://archive.org/details/parthenonenigma0000conn|year=2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/parthenonenigma/|title=The Parthenon Enigma - Joan Breton Connelly|work=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://joanbretonconnelly.com/|title=Hairstyle: Fashionista - Change yourself, change your hairstyle|work=Hairstyle: Fashionista|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120090352/https://www.joanbretonconnelly.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307476596/ref=s9_psimh_gw_p14_d0_i1?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=desktop-1&pf_rd_r=00CCB4EX21NVAG8K8FH9&pf_rd_t=36701&pf_rd_p=2079475242&pf_rd_i=desktop|title=The Parthenon Enigma: a New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It.: Connelly, Joan Breton: 9780307476593: Amazon.com: Books|date=4 November 2014|publisher=Vintage|isbn=9780307476593}}</ref> The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It, Connelly gosipụtara ọgụgụ ya nke mmemme ihe osise nke Parthenon n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme, akụkọ ifo, na okpukpe ya zuru ezu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/books/review/100-notable-books-of-2014.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|title=100 Notable Books of 2014|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>''The New York Times Book Review'' kpọrọ The Parthenon Enigma akwụkwọ ama ama nke afọ 2014. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/December-2013/Top-Books-of-2013/|title=The Top Architecture and Design Books of 2013 - Point of View - December 2013|accessdate=2015-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053200/http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/December-2013/Top-Books-of-2013/|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Daily Beast kpọrọ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/14/the-best-nonfiction-books-of-2014.html|title=The Best Nonfiction Books of 2014|work=The Daily Beast|date=14 December 2014|author=O'Connor|first=William}}</ref> otu n'ime ọrụ iri kachasị elu nke nonfiction maka afọ 2014 na Metropolis Magazine kpọrọ ya otu nke Top Ten Books nke afọ na Architecture na Design. [1] [2] Phi Beta Kappa Society sọpụrụ The Parthenon Enigma <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keyreporter.org/PbkNews/PbkNews/Details/1643.html|title=The Key Reporter - 2015 ΦBK Book Award Winners Announced|work=www.keyreporter.org|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2017-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731034734/http://www.keyreporter.org/PbkNews/PbkNews/Details/1643.html}}</ref> 2015 site na Ralph Waldo Emerson Award maka enyemaka dị ịrịba ama ya na ụmụ mmadụ. [1] Onye na-Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịbendị, Connelly enyochawo isiokwu sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nwanyị, na oghere ememe, ala, usoro ndụ, njirimara, nnabata, na mgbagwoju anya. <ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8368.html ''Portrait of a Priestess'' Profile] at Princeton University Press</ref>'akwụkwọ ya Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece, Connelly na-agbagha nkwenkwe ndị e nwere ogologo oge banyere "adịghị ahụ anya" nke ụmụ nwanyị na Gris oge ochie ma na-achịkọta ihe akaebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala maka ọrụ ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na ndụ okpukpe nke obodo ahụ. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/books/review/Coates-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=5e16305e29883c68&oref=slogin "Keepers of the Faith"] by Steve Coates, ''The New York Times'', July 1, 2007.</ref> <ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=20335 "The Women and the Gods"] by Peter Green, ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 54, No. 11, June 28, 2007.</ref> <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/books/review/notable-books-2007.html "100 Notable Books of the Year"] from ''The New York Times''</ref> kpọrọ Portrait of a Priestess dị ka otu n'ime 100 Notable Books of the Year maka 2007 site na New York Times Book Review, [1] na Association of American Publishers kpọrọ ya akwụkwọ kachasị mma na Classics and Ancient History maka 2007. N'afọ 2009, Portrait of a Priestess meriri Archaeological Institute of America's James R. Wiseman Book Award. Onye na-amụ banyere ihe ochie, Connelly arụwo ọrụ na Kọrịnt, Athens, na Nemea na Gris, na Paphos, Kourion, na Ancient Marion na Saịprọs, na agwaetiti Failaka n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kuwait. N'afọ 1985, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka imewe na ntinye nke ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri Hellenistic na Kuwait National Museum. Kemgbe afọ 1990, Connelly duziri NYU Yeronisos Island Excavations and Field School dị nso na ọdịda anyanwụ Saịprọs. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://yeronisos.org/Yeronisos_Field_Expedition/Publications_files/Yeronisos.%20Twenty%20Years%20on%20Cleopatra%27s%20Isle.pdf|title=20 Years on Cleopatra's Isle|first=J.B|author=Connelly|journal=Explorers Club Journal|date=December 2010|accessdate=2020-06-20}}</ref>'ebe a, ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na-amụ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eme nnyocha okooko osisi na anụmanụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ kwa afọ, na ịmepụta ntuziaka na-emetụta ụzọ ndị na-amụba ihe ochie si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yeronisos.org/Yeronisos_Field_Expedition/Yeronisos_Island_Excavations_and_Field_School,_Cyprus.html|title=Yeronisos Island Excavations and Field School, Cyprus|work=yeronisos.org}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140103121804/http://www.departures.com/articles/cleopatras-secret Cleopatra's Secret] in "Departures Magazine" July/August 2008.</ref> Ọrụ ubi ya lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe ọdịbendị na Hellenized East n'ime narị afọ ndị sochiri ọnwụ Alexander the Great. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ ọrụ == Connelly nwetara A.B. na Classics na Mahadum Princeton. Ọ natara M.A. na PhD ya na Classical na Near Eastern Archaeology site na Bryn Mawr College, ebe o mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka Assistant Dean nke Undergraduate College, Lecturer na Classiical Archaeology, na dị ka onye otu ndị nlekọta. Connelly enweela mkpakọrịta nleta na All Souls College, Magdalen College, New College, na Corpus Christi College, Mahadum Oxford, ma bụrụkwa onye nleta na Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Mahadim Harvard. O nwere Norbert Schimmel Fellowship na Classical Fellowships na Metropolitan Museum of Art ma bụrụ onye ọkà mmụta nleta na Anthropology na Field Museum of Natural History na Chicago. Connelly bụ Hetty Goldman Member na School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, na 2010-11 na onye nleta nke Institute na 2015. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ Nleta na Ngalaba Altertumswissenschaften, Mahadum Basel, [[Switzerland]], n'afọ 2012. Ọ laghachiri na All Souls, Oxford, dị ka onye nleta na 2016. Connelly bụ onye otu Society of Antiquaries nke [[London]], Royal Geographical Society, Explorers Club, na Society of Woman Geographers. Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke Association of Members of the Institute of Advanced Study, Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute, Society for the Preservation of the Greek Heritage, na Pharos Arts Foundation. Connelly jere ozi na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke ihe onwunwe ọdịnala, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, U.S. Department of State, site na 2003 ruo 2011. Ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ, Prọfesọ Connelly akụziwo otu ihe ọmụmụ a ma ama na NYU nke akpọrọ "Ancient Art at Risk: Conservation, Ethics, and Cultural Heritage Policy" ya na onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ, Prọfọfesọ Norbert Baer nke Institute of Fine Arts Conservation Center. Na mmekorita ya na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Demetri Porphyrios, Connelly tinyere aro maka asọmpi ncheta World Trade Center na 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wtcsitememorial.com/ent/entI=683466.html|title=World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition Entry for Joan Connelly|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2005-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315194816/http://www.wtcsitememorial.com/ent/entI=683466.html}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == <references responsive="1"></references> * Caroline Alexander, "If It Pleases the Gods," ''The New York Times Book Review'' (23 Jenụwarị 2014).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/books/review/the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|first=Caroline|author=Alexander|title='The Parthenon Enigma,' by Joan Breton Connelly|date=January 23, 2014}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/2014/3/decoding-the-parthenon|title=Decoding the Parthenon|work=newcriterion.com}}</ref>.J. Pollitt, "Decoding the Parthenon," The New Criterion (1 March 2014). [1] * Brunilde <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/features/rethinking-the-wests-most-iconic-building/|title=Rethinking the West's Most Iconic Building - Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin|work=bulletin.brynmawr.edu|accessdate=2015-08-20|archivedate=2015-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034047/http://bulletin.brynmawr.edu/features/rethinking-the-wests-most-iconic-building/}}</ref>. Ridgway, "Rethinking the West's Most Iconic Building," ''Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin'' (August, 2014).[1] * Spivey, Greece & Rome (October, 2014).[1] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/deep-frieze-meaning_803982.html?nopager=1|title=Deep Frieze Meaning &#124; the Weekly Standard|work=www.weeklystandard.com|accessdate=13 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901150330/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/deep-frieze-meaning_803982.html?nopager=1|archivedate=1 September 2014}}</ref>.E. Stallings, "Deep Frieze Meaning," The Weekly Standard (8 Septemba 2014). [1] * Daisy Dunn, Literary Review, August 8, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daisydunn.co.uk/articles/review-of-the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly/|title=Daisy Dunn &#124; Author & Classicist » Review of the Parthenon Enigma by Joan Breton Connelly|accessdate=2015-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210357/http://www.daisydunn.co.uk/articles/review-of-the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly/|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2014/01/26/the-secret-history-of-the-parthenon/|work=New York Post|first=Larry|author=Getlen|title=The secret history of the Parthenon|date=January 26, 2014}}</ref> Getlen, ''New York Post'' (January 26, 2014).[1] * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/the-parthenon-enigma-by-joan-breton-connelly/2014/01/23/416efe32-829e-11e3-9dd4-e7278db80d86_story.html|work=The Washington Post|first=Eric|author=Wills|title='The Parthenon Enigma,' by Joan Breton Connelly|date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> Wills, The Washington Post (Jenụwarị 25, 2014). [1] * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/evaggelos-vallianatos/greek-piety-patriotism-and-beauty_b_4844159.html|work=Huffington Post|title=Greek Piety, Patriotism and Beauty in the Parthenon|date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> Vallianatos, The Huffington Post (February 25, 2014). [1] * <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/12/virgin-sacrifice-and-the-meaning-of-the-parthenon.html|title=Virgin Sacrifice and the Meaning of the Parthenon|work=The Daily Beast|date=12 February 2014|author=Romeo|first=Nick}}</ref> Romeo, The Daily Beast (February 12, 2014). [1] * Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, "Times Higher Education's Books of 2014"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/times-higher-educations-books-of-2014/2017537.article|title=Times Higher Education's Books of 2014|date=December 18, 2014|work=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref> * Mendelsohn, 'Deep Frieze' The New Yorker [1]' * Mary Beard, 'The Last Scheme for the Parthenon, The New York Review of Books''Ntụle Akwụkwọ nke New York'' * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303848104579312393245527588|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=James|author=Romm|title=Book Review: 'The Parthenon Enigma' by Joan Breton Connelly|date=January 24, 2014}}</ref> Romm, 'The Parthenon Enigma,' The Wall Street Journal. ; Foto nke onye ụkọchukwu * {{Cite journal|author=Green, Peter|authorlink=Peter Green (historian)|date=June 28, 2007|title=The women and the gods|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-review-of-books_the-new-york-review-of-books_2007-06-28_54_11/page/32|journal=The New York Review of Books|volume=54|issue=11|pages=32–35}} * Steve Coates, "Ndị na-elekọta okwukwe," ''The New York Times Book Review'' (1 Julaị 2007).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/books/review/Coates-t.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|first=Steve|author=Coates|title=Keepers of the Faith|date=July 1, 2007}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mdoprz57in8ee4u97e8xruz0zxqgu12 0 33935 697704 515686 2026-08-10T06:02:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Myra L. Uhlfelder''' (1923-2011) bụ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Bryn Mawr . <ref name="Gordon 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9191-uhlfelder-myra-l|title=UHLFELDER, Myra L.|author=Gordon|first=Laura|work=Database of Classical Scholars, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-09-20}}</ref> A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na Latin oge ochie na nke oge ochie. == Ọrụ == Uhlfelder gụrụ akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brynmawr.edu/ggacha/dissertations-list-0|title=Dissertations List {{!}} Bryn Mawr College|work=www.brynmawr.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195846/https://www.brynmawr.edu/ggacha/dissertations-list-0}}</ref> Mahadum Cincinnati (A.B. 1945, MA 1946), wee mechaa PhD na Bryn Mawr na 1952 n'okpuru nlekọta nke Berthe Marie Marti . <ref name="Gordon 2018"/> <ref name="B 1956">{{Cite journal|author=B|first=Corbett, Philipp|date=1956|title=Myra L. Uhlfelder. De Proprietate Sermonum vel Rerum. A Study and Critical Edition of a Set of Verbal Distinctions (= Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome, Volume XV)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/scrip_0036-9772_1956_num_10_1_2670_t1_0138_0000_2|journal=Scriptorium|language=fr-FR|volume=10|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9191-uhlfelder-myra-l|title=UHLFELDER, Myra L.|author=Gordon|first=Laura|work=Departmental Web Site Template {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-09-20}}</ref> bipụtara edemede ya dị ka 'De proprietate sermonum uel rerum. A Study and Critical Edition of a Set of Verbal Distinctions' na usoro Papers and monographs of the American Academy in Rome. <ref name="Gordon 2018" /> kụziri na Sweet Briar College maka 1950-2 na Mahadum steeti nke Iowa, 1952-63, ebe ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/history/history-latin-department|title=History of the Latin Department {{!}} Bryn Mawr College|work=www.brynmawr.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2137&context=bmc_collegenews|title=The College News, 1963-03-27, Vol. 49, No. 18}}</ref>'afọ 1963, ọ laghachiri na ngalaba Latin na Bryn Mawr, [1] ebe ọ kụziri ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1991. [2] Mgbe <ref name="Uhlfelder 2016">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQjwjwEACAAJ|title=The Consolation of Philosophy as Cosmic Image|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=2016|publisher=ACMRS|isbn=9780866985277|language=en}}</ref> lara ezumike nká, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Boethius, e bipụtakwara akwụkwọ banyere isiokwu ahụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 2016. <ref name="Gordon 2018" /> [2] == Onyinye na mkpakọrịta == Uhlfelder natara Rome Prize na American Academy na Rom maka afọ 1948-50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aarome.org/fellows-affiliated-fellows-residents-1950%E2%80%9369|title=Fellows - Affiliated Fellows - Residents 1950–69 {{!}} American Academy in Rome|work=www.aarome.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195804/https://www.aarome.org/fellows-affiliated-fellows-residents-1950%E2%80%9369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1799&context=bmc_collegenews|title=The College News, 1948-03-24, Vol. 34, No. 19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/myra-l-uhlfelder/|title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Myra L. Uhlfelder|work=www.gf.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-20|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234413/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/myra-l-uhlfelder/}}</ref> bụ onye Guggenheim fellow na 1958-9 . [1] == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * 'Mahadum nke Michigan Latin Workshop,' The Classical Weekly 46 (1952) 3-5<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=1952|title=The University of Michigan Latin Workshop|journal=The Classical Weekly|volume=46|issue=1|pages=3–5}}</ref> * ''De proprietate sermonum vel rerum: Nnyocha na mbipụta dị oke egwu nke usoro ọdịiche okwu.'' Akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ edemede nke American Academy na Rome, mpịakọta 15. Roma: American Academy na Rome. 1954.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Browne|first=R. A.|date=1956|title=De proprietate sermonum vel rerum edited by Myra L. uhlfelder (book review).|journal=Medium Aevum|volume=25|id={{ProQuest|1293412170}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="B 1956"/> * 'Further Thoughts on Caesar and Latinity,' Classical Journal 50 (1954) 65-6<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=1954|title=Further Thoughts on Caesar and Latinity|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=50|issue=2|pages=65–66}}</ref> * 'Medea, Ariadne na Dido,' Classical Journal 50 (1955) 310-12<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=1955|title=Medea, Ariadne, and Dido|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-journal_1955-04_50_7/page/310|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=50|issue=7|pages=310–312}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=1963|title=The Romans on Linguistic Change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-journal_1963-10_59_1/page/23|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=59|issue=1|pages=23–30}}</ref>'The Romans on Linguistic Change,' Classical Journal 59 (1963) 23-30 [1] * <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Uhlfelder|first=Myra L.|date=1966|title="Nature" in Roman Linguistic Texts|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|volume=97|pages=583–595|doi=10.2307/2936031}}</ref>'"Nature" na Roman Linguistic Texts,' Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 97 (1966) 583-95 [1] * ''John the Scot, Periphyseon: On the Division of Nature'' (trans.) na nchịkọta nke Jean A. Potter, Library of Liberal Arts 157 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1976) * ''The Dialogues of Gregory the Great: Book Two, Saint Benedict.'' New York: Macmillan 1986.   * ''Nkasi obi nke nkà ihe ọmụma dị ka onyinyo mbara igwe.'' Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, Mpịakọta. 474. Oge mbido, AZ: ACMRS. 2016. <ref name="Uhlfelder 2016"/> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> supyf18v30p2bh4k9gadr2rhklfhdb2 0 33948 697912 163745 2026-08-10T10:38:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Twibill Clark''' RSCJ (Ọktoba 23, 1913 - Septemba 1, 2014) bụ onye nọn Roman Katọlik nke America, ọkà mmụta, na Onye na-akwado ikike obodo. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye ọkà mmụta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma, a na-ejikọkwa ya na [[Augustine nke Hippo|Saint Augustine]]. == Ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, na Francis S. na Regina Holland (née Twibill) Clark, Mary Clark banyere na Society of the Sacred Heart na June 5, 1939 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Manhattanville College. Ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya mechara nọrọ na kọleji ebe ọ kụziri nkà ihe ọmụma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mville.edu/alumni/alumni-events/past-events/2012.html|title=2012 Alumni Events, Manhattanville College|accessdate=September 8, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017021415/http://www.mville.edu/alumni/alumni-events/past-events/2012.html|archivedate=October 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="mville">{{Cite web|url=http://search.mville.edu/?q=Mary+T.+Clark|title=Mary T. Clark profile|publisher=mville.edu|accessdate=March 5, 2015|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031809/http://search.mville.edu/?q=Mary+T.+Clark}}</ref> isi Oche nke Nkà ihe ọmụma Ndị Kraịst na kọleji, nke ọ lara ezumike nká na 2011, bu aha ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smrphil.org/society.html|title=Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy - Society|accessdate=September 8, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328113525/http://www.smrphil.org/society.html|archivedate=March 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.press.georgetown.edu/book/georgetown/augustine|title=Augustine|publisher=Georgetown University Press|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke American Catholic Philosophical Association na 1977, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acpaweb.org/about/2|title=American Catholic Philosophical Association website|publisher=acpaweb.org|accessdate=March 5, 2015|archivedate=November 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113160917/http://www.acpaweb.org/about/2/}}</ref> nke Metaphysical Society of America, na nke Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy. Clark jere ozi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ralston.ac|title=Collegium Ralstonianum apud Savannenses|publisher=ralston.ac|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke Eastern Division nke American Philosophical Association, na njedebe nke ndụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi nleta na Ralston College. Clark so na ndị ndụmọdụ mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Dionysius</i></nowiki>, nke o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka banyere mkpa nke nkà mmụta okpukpe [[Augustine nke Hippo|Augustine]] nke Atọ n'Ime Otu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/faculty/arts/classics/journals/dionysius/i-xix.html|title=Department of Classics|work=Dalhousie University|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye otu Board of Editorial Consultants nke Personalist Forum. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://secure.pdcnet.org/persforum/Editorial-Team|title=Editorial Team - The Personalist Forum - Philosophy Documentation Center|accessdate=March 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516070301/http://secure.pdcnet.org/persforum/Editorial-Team|archivedate=May 16, 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere ''Augustine'', An Aquinas Reader, Augustine: Philosopher of Freedom (ya na Vernon J. Bourke), Logic: a Practical Approach (ya na Helen Casey), Augustinian Personalism, Discrimination Today: Guidelines for Civic Action, Augustine of Hippo: Selected Writings, na The Problem of Freedom. nyekwara otu isi na Augustine's De Trinitate na The Cambridge Companion to Augustine ma sụgharịa Theological Treatises on the Trinity of Marius Victorinus . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521650186_CCOL0521650186A009|title=The Cambridge Companion to Augustine Cambridge Companions Online - Cambridge University Press|accessdate=September 8, 2014|archivedate=March 27, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327092057/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521650186_CCOL0521650186A009}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Nwanne nwanyị Mary Clark nwụrụ na Septemba 1, 2014, mgbe ọ gbara afọ 100. Ụmụnne <ref name="obituary">[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesunion-albany/obituary.aspx?pid=172351222#sthash.BvvwVQx5.dpuf Obituary], legacy.com; accessed March 5, 2015.</ref>, Rev. James D. Clark, George A. Clark, na Regina (Mrs. James P.) McGraney nwụrụ tupu ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120904185020/https://www2.bc.edu/~blackta/Master's%20Comps/DeTrinitateSummary.pdf Mary T. Clark na De Trinitate nke Augustine], bc.edu; nwetara na Machị 5, 2015. * {{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=Mary T.|title=R.S.C.J. : Augustine on justice|url=https://archive.org/details/revue-etudes-augustiniennes-et-patristiques_1963_9_1-2/page/87|journal=Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques|date=January 1963|volume=9|issue=1–2|pages=87–94|doi=10.1484/J.REA.5.104055}} * The Synthesis Tradition, books.google.com; nwetara na Machị 5, 2015. * Neoplatonism and Christian Thought, sunypress.edu; nwetara na Machị 5, 2015. * Personalism Revisited, rodopi.nl; nwetara na Machị 5, 2015. 8oml06zmxm4pnua3aou8qp9cmxbqqhj 0 33968 697945 207046 2026-08-10T11:25:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Amy Ellen Richlin''' (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1951) bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Classics na Mahadum California Los Angeles (UCLA). Mpaghara ndị ọkachamara <ref name="UCLA profile" />{{Cite web|title=Amy Richlin|url=http://classics.ucla.edu/person/amy-richlin/|work=Department of Classics, UCLA|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> gụnyere akwụkwọ Latin, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọahụ, na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Hackensack, New Jersey na Disemba 12, 1951, nne na nna ya bụ Samuel Richlin na Sylvia Richlin, nne na nna nna ya niile si Lithuania na Belarus kwaga US. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị mụrụ ya nọ n'ọhịa ochie na nna ya na-achụso ọrụ na egwu, uri na igbu anụ na nne ya bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ na odeakwụkwọ, ọkachasị Manie Sacks. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Richlin gụrụ akwụkwọ na Smith College, wee gaa na Mahadum Princeton na 1970, <ref name="Wyles&Hall">{{Cite book|author=Wyles|first=Rosie|title=Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198725206}}</ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1973 dị ka akụkụ nke klas mbụ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ebe ọ gara n'ihu guzobe The Princeton University Women's Crew wee gụọ maka PhD ya na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na-ede akwụkwọ edemede ya na "Sexual Terms and Themes in Roman Satire and Related Genres". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Richlin|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Arguments with Silence: Writing the History of Roman Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yh3zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472035922}}</ref> <ref name="UCLA-CV">{{Cite web|title=Amy Richlin CV|url=http://classics.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/vita_richlin_long_form.pdf|work=UCLA|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref> 1977, ọ kụziri na Mahadum Rutgers (1977-1979), Mahadum Dartmouth (1979-1982), Mahadum Lehigh (1982-1989), na Mahadum nke Southern California (1989-2005), tupu ọ kwaga Mahadum California na Los Angeles . [1] Ọ lara ezumike nká na Mahadum California dị na Los Angeles mgbe afọ 45 nke nkuzi gasịrị na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classics.ucla.edu/event/on-outgroups-and-muted-groups-a-conference-in-honor-of-amy-richlin/|title=On Outgroups and Muted Groups: A Conference in Honor of Amy Richlin}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == Akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (1983; rev 1992). <ref name="Garden">{{Cite book|author=Richlin|first=Amy|title=The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198023333}}</ref> <ref name="IAChrist">{{Cite web|title=The 2008 Spring Public Lecture Series|url=http://iac.cgu.edu/deslecspr08.html|work=Institute for Antiquity and Christianity|accessdate=23 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425183828/http://iac.cgu.edu/deslecspr08.html|archivedate=25 April 2016}}</ref> mepụtara isiokwu ahụ na ọrụ ndị a chịkọtara gụnyere Pornography na Representation na Greece na Rome (1992), na Feminist Theory and the Classics (nke ya na Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz dezigharịrị, 1993). [1] <ref name="UCLA profile">{{Cite web|title=Amy Richlin|url=http://classics.ucla.edu/person/amy-richlin/|work=Department of Classics, UCLA|accessdate=23 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://classics.ucla.edu/person/amy-richlin/ "Amy Richlin"]. ''Department of Classics, UCLA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Richlin|first=Amy|title=Arguments with Silence|date=2013|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> kwuru n'ihu ọha na onye ọkà mmụta ọdịnala Australia [[Suzanne Dixon]] dị ka nnukwu mmetụta n'ịkpụzi ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Calder III and Hallett|first=William M., and Judith P.|date=1996|title=Introduction: Six North American Women Classicists|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_november-1996-february-1997_90_2-3/page/83|journal=The Classical World|volume=90|issue=2/3|pages=83–96|doi=10.2307/4351923}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richlin|first=Amy|date=January 1981|title=The Meaning of Irrumare in Catullus and Martial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1981-01_76_1/page/40|journal=Classical Philology|volume=76|pages=40–46|doi=10.1086/366597}}</ref> onye mbụ bipụtara okwu 'fuck' na akwụkwọ akụkọ Classical Philology. [1] [2] [[Usòrò:Plautus.gif|thumb|Plautus]] Na Rome na Mysterious Orient, Richlin sụgharịrị ọrụ atọ - ''Curculio'', ''Peasia'' na ''Poenulus'' - site n'aka onye edemede egwuregwu Rom Plautus (karịsịa site na iji "ihe ndị e wepụrụ na omenala pop America" iji mee ka Plautus bụrụ ihe ndị na-ege ntị nke oge a ga-aghọta).<ref name="HNN2006">{{Cite web|title=UCLA classics professor spikes her version of the Roman Plautus with shots of American culture (1 June 2006)|url=http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/26020|work=History News Network|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ederede a sụgharịrị n'ụzọ omenala: == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5vpps3xniovfgkcnac59fdqsyxv8bw3 0 34115 697734 141383 2026-08-10T06:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697734 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} '''Eva Matthews Sanford''' (6 Julaị 1894 - 26 Machị 1954) bụ onye ọkà mmụta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ochie na nke oge ochie yana osote prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe eme na Sweet Briar College. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJSdT_4NWTMC&q=eva+matthews+sanford&pg=PA198|title=American Women Historians, 1700s-1990s: A Biographical Dictionary|author=Scanlon|first=Jennifer|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313296642|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gordon 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9092-sanford-eva-matthews|title=SANFORD, Eva Matthews|author=Gordon|first=Laura|work=Departmental Web Site Template {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-07-19}}</ref> maara Sanford maka ọrụ ya na isi mmalite oge ochie maka ederede oge ochie, ọkachasị ọrụ Juvenal na [[Augustine nke Hippo|Augustine]]. == Ezinụlọ == Nna Sanford bụ Edgar L. Sanford, onye ụkọchukwu nke Episcopal Church na Trenton, New Jersey. Nwanne <ref>{{Cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=1945-11-04|title=Edgar L. Sanford, Priest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3vkAAAAMAAJ|journal=Living Church|volume=111|issue=19|pages=20–21|accessdate=2021-04-11}}</ref> nwanyị [[Vera Sanford]] bụ prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na onye dere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na State Teachers College na Oneonta, New York. == Ọrụ == Sanford nwetara AB ya na Radcliffe College na 1916. Mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] (1917-1919), Sanford nwetara MA na PhD ya na Mahadum Harvard na 1922 na 1923 na thesis "Quibus rationibus auctorum Latinorum opera in libris manuscriptis collecta sint".<ref name="Gordon 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9092-sanford-eva-matthews|title=SANFORD, Eva Matthews|author=Gordon|first=Laura|work=Departmental Web Site Template {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-07-19}}</ref> Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ Whitney Travelling Fellow na American Academy na Rom na 1923-4. Sanford bụ onye otu ngalaba nke Mather College na nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke Western Reserve University na Cleveland ruo 1937 mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sweet Briar College. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgImnQEACAAJ|title=The Mediterranean World in Ancient Times|author=Sanford|first=Eva Matthews|date=1951|publisher=Ronald Press Company|language=en}}</ref>'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Sanford bipụtara akwụkwọ nkuzi ya The Mediterranean World in Ancient Times (New York 1938) nke ghọrọ ihe atụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bipụta mbipụta e degharịrị na 1951. [1] Ọrụ Sanford lekwasịrị anya na ntụgharị, nghọta, na nnyefe nke isi mmalite oge ochie maka akwụkwọ ọdịnala. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ngalaba maka nkọwa nke ndị edemede Latin 1300-1600 na Bibliographical Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Commentaries and Translations of Classical Authors yana onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Corpus of Roman Law . <ref name="Gordon 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9092-sanford-eva-matthews|title=SANFORD, Eva Matthews|author=Gordon|first=Laura|work=Departmental Web Site Template {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-07-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libraries.uark.edu/SpecialCollections/FulbrightDirectories/|title=Fulbright Scholar Grantee Directories {{!}} University of Arkansas Libraries|work=libraries.uark.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-23}}</ref> ka Fulbright Scholar na 1950, Sanford gara Ịtali na France na-achọ nkọwa oge ochie banyere Juvenal. [1] Sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kairos.laetusinpraesens.org/handed_m_h_14|title=Finger signs and finger notation {{!}} Kairos @ Laetus-in-Praesens.org|work=kairos.laetusinpraesens.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-20}}</ref> tinyekwara aka n'ọrụ mbụ na akara mkpịsị aka na ngụkọta n'oge ochie ma bipụta ederede banyere isiokwu ahụ na 1928. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sanford|first=Eva Matthews|date=1928|title=De Loquela Digitorum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-journal_1928-05_23_8/page/588|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=23|issue=8|pages=588–593}}</ref> Tupu ọ nwụọ, Sanford nọ na-asụgharị De Civitate Dei nke [[Augustine nke Hippo|Augustine]] maka Ọbá Akwụkwọ Loeb Classical. Willia<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Henri-Irénée|first=Marrou|date=1966|title=Eva Matthews Sanford et William McAllen Green, Saint Augustine. The City of God against the Pagans|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1966_num_35_1_1477_t1_0317_0000_2|journal=L'Antiquité Classique|language=fr-FR|volume=35|issue=1}}</ref> M. Green mechara rụchaa ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ XVI-XVIII ma bipụta ya dị ka LCL 415 na 1965. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/abstract/augustine-city_god_pagans/1957/pb_LCL415.207.xml?rskey=fg1SLa&result=8&mainRsKey=xOqno3|title=AUGUSTINE, The City of God against the Pagans {{!}} Loeb Classical Library|work=Loeb Classical Library|accessdate=2018-07-20|language=en}}</ref> E bipụtara akụkọ ọnwụ Sanford na American Historical Review na July 1954. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1954|title=Historical News|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1954-07_59_4/page/1065|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=59|issue=4|pages=1065–1082|doi=10.1086/549063}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == * 'Honorius, Presbyter and Scholasticus' Speculum 23 (3): pp.397-425 (1948) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sanford|first=Eva Matthews|date=1948|title=Honorius, Presbyter and Scholasticus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-07_23_3/page/397|journal=Speculum|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=397–425|doi=10.2307/2848428|issn=0038-7134}}</ref> * The Mediterranean World in Ancient Times (New York 1938) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trever|first=A. A.|date=1939|title=The Mediterranean World in Ancient Times. Eva Matthews Sanford|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1939-07_34_3/page/291|journal=Classical Philology|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=291–293|doi=10.1086/362275|issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mallowan|first=M. E. L.|date=1939|title=THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN ANCIENT TIMES. By Eva Matthews Sanford. New York: The Ronald Press Company. pp. 618, 64 plates and 11 maps. Price 4 dollars 50 cents.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/mediterranean-world-in-ancient-times-by-sanford-eva-matthews-new-york-the-ronald-press-company-pp-618-64-plates-and-11-maps-price-4-dollars-50-cents/E065DD4D115E72FA89ACEB0E35846A23|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=13|issue=50|pages=252–253|doi=10.1017/S0003598X0002799X|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> * ''Salvian: Na Gọọmentị nke Chineke'' (1930) == Ihe odide == mh5gt6yzpn169zd4y3fxg3ctzjomi9d 0 34608 697639 687495 2026-08-10T04:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi. Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe. === Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya === ==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ==== Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).<ref name =":1">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} </ref> Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,<ref name=":16">{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}</ref> ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}</ref> Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].<ref name=":40" /> Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.<ref name=":16" />}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954). N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].<ref name=":33" /> N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], <ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}</ref> onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.<ref name=":40" /> {{rp|27}}<!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--> Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .<ref name=":8" /> N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}</ref> wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}</ref> Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":3" /> ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.<ref name=":0"/>}} <!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--> Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.<ref name=":25" /><ref name= ":40" />{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}}<ref name=":25" /> Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe "ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ", n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka "onye nke ọzọ".<ref name=":25">{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}</ref><ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}</ref> Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21">{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}</ref> Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na "Freedom Square" n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.<ref name= ":40" />{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu "na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike."<ref name=" :40" />{{rp|37}} Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}</ref>}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.<ref name=":19" />Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}</ref> wee dee "Monica Wilson Science Journal" dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1966-06_1_2/page/269 |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}</ref> otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/canadian-journal-of-african-studies_1976_10_2/page/307 |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}</ref> je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.<ref name=":0" /> Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].<ref name=":40" />{{rp|50}} Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23" /> E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23" /> A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.<ref name = ":8" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}</ref> Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,<ref>{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} </ref> 1968,<ref>{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research & Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}</ref> ma ọ bụ 1969.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":23" />}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}</ref> mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|33}}'' Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, "Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' <ref name=":0" /> |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya".<ref name=" : 0" />}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.<ref name=":0" /> Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:<ref name=" :0" />{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}} === Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) === {{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}} <!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--> Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ bụ otu olu <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /> nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}</ref>Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 "Mafeje Affair" nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&slide=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''<ref name=":4">''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''</ref>''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.<ref name=":22" /> Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.<ref name=":22" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na "ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe". Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}</ref> Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a "kacha mkparị".'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, "Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a."<ref name=": 9" />|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ "adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ"<ref name=":6" /> Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ <ref>{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail & Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}</ref> Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.<ref>{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.<ref name=":22" /> N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":22" /> N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. <ref name=":10">{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ==== <!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--> Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,<ref name=":8" /> mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref ><ref name=":8" /> Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]<ref name=":40" />{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}</ref> Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.<ref name=":3" />'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}</ref>| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":15" /> Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na "ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. <ref name=":15" /> Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.<ref name=": 40" />{{rp|72}} Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":15" /> N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).<ref name=":40" />{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].<ref name=":8" /> O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.<ref name=":8" /> === Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya === Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 <ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} </ref><ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name=" :40" />{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, "Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!" Ka Mafeje jụrụ "Ọ nwụrụ?" ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.<ref name=":40">{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}</ref>{{rp|65}} Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye "ihe siri ike" n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye "na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, "Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke." Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|69}} Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, "Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị"<ref name=":46">{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}</ref> Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,<ref name=":1" /> e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|76}} === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}</ref> O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.<ref name=":8" /> N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}</ref> UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.<ref>{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].<ref name=":40" />{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.<<ref>{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}</ref> Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}</ref><ref>{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia<nowiki>. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}</nowiki></ref> === Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara === * {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}} === Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama === {{reflist|group=note}} === Edensibia === <references /> === Ịgụrụ Gawa === * {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}} * {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}} === Njikọ Mpụga === {{Commons}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}} [[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]] [[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]] [[Category:South African activists]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]] [[Category:American university and college faculty deans]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]] [[Category:South African anthropologists]] [[Category:Ndị Xhosa]] m6m6oau5gevy2nrminrx6jodc6iuvoe 0 34643 697511 197538 2026-08-10T01:36:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697511 wikitext text/x-wiki A weather drone, ma ọ bụ weather-sensing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Pinto|first=James O.|date=2021-11-01|title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=EN|volume=102|issue=11|pages=E2121–E2136|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1|issn=0003-0007}}</ref> - bụ ụgbọ elu a na-akwọ ụgbọ elu nke dị n'ebe dị anya nke na-erughị 25 kg <ref>{{Cite web|author=United States Department of Transportation|first=Federal Aviation Administration|date=2016-06-21|title=Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems|url=https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/rin_2120-aj60_clean_signed.pdf|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=www.faa.gov}}</ref> ma na-ebu ihe mmetụta nke na-anakọta data thermodynamic na kinematic site na etiti na ala ikuku (dịka ruo 6 km).&nbsp;&nbsp; <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|first=MétéoFrance|date=2022-11-16|title=Workshop on Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Operational Meteorology|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9951|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=World Meteorological Organization|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020192146/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9951}}</ref> naghị eji drones ihu igwe akwado National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) n'ihi mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu na ohere UAVs na ikuku na ịgbaso iwu ikuku na mmepe teknụzụ dị mkpa iji mezuo ihe World Meteorological Organization chọrọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/|accessdate=2022-11-16}}</ref>, a na-etinye drones ihu igwe iji kwado ọrụ nyocha sayensị na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Atụmatụ mbụ === UAV mbụ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Konrad|first=T. G.|date=November–December 1970|title=A Small, Radio-Controlled Aircraft As A Platform For Meteorological Sensors|url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/APL-V10-N02/APL-10-02-Konrad.pdf|journal=APL Technical Digest|volume=10|pages=11–19}}</ref> dekọrọ maka ịlele usoro ikuku bụ na 1970, mgbe "obere ụgbọ elu na-achịkwa redio [eji] dị ka ikpo okwu nlele" maka ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nlele ihu igwe. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ nwetara nkwado site na Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory na NASA, Wallops Station. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka "usoro dị mfe, nke akụ na ụba, nke a na-achịkwa, na nke na-agbake iji na-ebu ihe mmetụta meteorological na ngwá ọrụ" ma gosipụta na iji obere ụgbọ elu nke redio na-anakọta data ihu igwe bụ ma bara uru. Ihe ịrịba ama nke abụọ na mmepe nke drones ihu igwe bụ ihe atụ nke otu ndị nchọpụta wuru na Mahadum Colorado, nke US Office of Naval Research (ONR) kwadoro na 1993.[6] Ebumnobi nke drone nku a kapịrị ọnụ akpọrọ Aerosonde bụ ime ka nnakọta data ihu igwe na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na enweghị ike ịnweta n'ụwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Holland|first=G. J.|date=2001-05-01|title=The Aerosonde Robotic Aircraft: A New Paradigm for Environmental Observations|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society_2001-05_82_5/page/889|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=en|volume=82|issue=5|pages=889–902|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0889:TARAAN>2.3.CO;2|issn=0003-0007}}</ref> . N'afọ 1995, e mere mmepe ndị ọzọ na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] site na Environmental Systems and Services (ES&S) Pty Ltd. nwere Australian Bureau of Meteorology na Insitu Group dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Peck|first=Abe|date=2021-10-27|title=Beyond the Shadow: FTUAS Competition's Next Phase|url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/beyond-the-shadow-ftuas-competitions-next-phase/|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=Inside Unmanned Systems|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=staff|first=Defense Industry Daily|title=Textron Buys UAV Makers AAI Aerosonde|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/textron-buys-uav-makers-aai-aerosonde-03968/|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=Defense Industry Daily}}</ref>'afọ 1999, ọrụ na mmepe niile malitere site na Aerosonde Ltd nke dị na Australia. Kemgbe afọ 2007, Aerosonde LTD. bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke America Textron Inc. . [1] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, Aerosonde aghọwo ụgbọelu nzuzo, nlekota na nyocha (ISR) maka ọrụ agha na njirimara nchịkọta data ihu igwe ya, nke abụọ. === Ọganihu e mesịrị === N'afọ 2009, American National Research Council bipụtara akụkọ "Nleba anya na ihu igwe site na Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks", na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị maka usoro nyocha mesoscale zuru oke karịa radiosondes nke ikuku ikuku na-ebute - usoro bụ isi eji anakọta data site na ikuku ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Council|first=National Research|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12540/observing-weather-and-climate-from-the-ground-up-a-nationwide|title=Observing Weather and Climate from the Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks|date=2008-11-20|isbn=978-0-309-12986-2|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> ahụ, mmemme nyocha na-elekwasị anya na drones ihu igwe anọwo na-abawanye. The Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling na Mahadum Oklahoma bụ otu kachasị arụ ọrụ na ngalaba a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drones could be the future of weather forecasting|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_6d9a7b22-5713-11e9-b618-0759326ac5d9.html|accessdate=2022-11-16|work=The Virginian-Pilot}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Chilson|first=Phillip B.|date=January 2019|title=Moving towards a Network of Autonomous UAS Atmospheric Profiling Stations for Observations in the Earth's Lower Atmosphere: The 3D Mesonet Concept|journal=Sensors|language=en|volume=19|issue=12|pages=2720|doi=10.3390/s19122720|issn=1424-8220}}</ref>-eme nchọpụta ya anọwo na-emepe CopterSonde ma mepụta echiche 3D Mesonet, netwọk nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke a na-ebupụ drones ihu igwe kwa awa ma ọ bụ abụọ iji chịkọta data sitere na mesoscale. N'afọ 2022, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) wepụrụ ụgbọ elu ihu igwe, Area-I Altius-600, n'ime ajọ ifufe (Hurricane Ian) na nke mbụ. Drone nwere nku kwụ ọtọ fegara n'ogo dị ala (900 m - 1.3 km) n'ime anya nke ajọ ifufe ahụ wee banye na nku anya iji nakọta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide na oke mmiri.&nbsp; Drones ihu igwe dị n'ahịa dị ụkọ, ebe ụlọ ọrụ [[Switzerland]] Meteomatics AG na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ahịa, <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Steven E.|date=2018-11-01|title=On the Use of Unmanned Aircraft for Sampling Mesoscale Phenomena in the Preconvective Boundary Layer|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|language=EN|volume=35|issue=11|pages=2265–2288|doi=10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0101.1|issn=0739-0572}}</ref> onye nrụpụta na onye nrụpụta Meteodrones kemgbe 2013. Na 2020, ụlọ ọrụ Britain Menapia batara n'ahịa na MetSprite. == Ụdị == === Nnụnụ kwụ ọtọ === Drones ihu igwe mbụ jiri nku kwụ otu ebe mee ihe <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Bell|first=Tyler M.|date=2020-07-16|title=Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere|url=https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/13/3855/2020/|journal=Atmospheric Measurement Techniques|language=English|volume=13|issue=7|pages=3855–3872|doi=10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020|issn=1867-1381}}</ref> ọ na-enye ndị nchọpụta ohere itinye ọganihu teknụzụ site na ngalaba ụgbọ elu na-akwọ ụgbọelu na ikpuchi mpaghara buru ibu n'ihi ikike ya ife ogologo oge. === Rotary wing === Rotary-wing weather drones <ref name=":4"/>-ewu ewu karị n'ihi na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị mfe ịrụ ọrụ, ma dabara adaba maka profaịlụ kwụ ọtọ karịa radiosondes nke na-apụ. == Uru na njedebe == N'afọ 2019, na mmekorita ya na ọrụ ihu igwe nke mba [[France]] Météo-France, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) haziri "WMO Workshop on Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Operational Meteorology Report", <ref name=":1"/> ogbako mbụ iji kwurịta ngwa nke drones ihu igwe. N'ime ndị sonyere na ya, e nwere ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ meteorological nke mba, otu nyocha mahadum, na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe. Mkparịta ụka ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwubiri na drones ihu igwe bara uru iji nakọta nha n'ime ọnọdụ site na oyi akwa oke, na-emechi oghere data na imeziwanye amụma ihu igwe ọnụọgụgụ. Mana ndepụta ihe mgbochi dị mkpa ka edoziri tupu drones ihu igwe enwee ike ịkwado ọrụ meteorological nke mba, gụnyere: * Enweghị iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ikuku * Ọnọdụ dị oke ala nke imepụta ụgbọ elu, mmanụ, na mmezi nke ọkwa mmanụ Ọzọkwa, idozi ice ikuku na-efe efe na oke ikuku na-eguzogide iji hụ na nchekwa nke drones ihu igwe na igbochi ọnwụ. <ref name=":2"/> mmepe nke Aerosonde mbụ, na 1990s, emeela nnyocha iji dozie nsogbu nke ice, nke kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụgbọelu. <ref name=":0"/>'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Meteomatics bụ nzukọ mbụ mepụtara usoro deicing nke na-ekpo ọkụ rotor blades mgbe ọ bụla a chọpụtara ihe ize ndụ iceing. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eszh2vonz1sup94kd8juob1v9ampc0m 0 34654 697481 193906 2026-08-10T01:04:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697481 wikitext text/x-wiki   <references responsive="1"></references> . <ref name="oxford-def">{{Cite web|title=zodiac|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zodiac|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926223903/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zodiac|archivedate=26 September 2016|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=19 September 2017}}</ref>Zodiac bụ mpaghara nwere eriri eriri nke mbara igwe nke gbatịrị ihe dịka 8 Celsius n'ebe ugwu na ndịda (dị ka ike na [[latitude]] celestial ) nke eklips, nke bụ ụzọ ndụ ọkụ n'ofe mbara igwe n'ime afọ.  Ụzọ orbital nke ụnwa na mbara ala ndị bụ isi dị n'ime eriri zodiac . Na ịgụ akwụkwọ n'Ebe Ọdịda, na n'oge gara aga, a na-ekewa zodiac n'ime akara iri na abụọ ndị a: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn  , Aquarius, na Pisces.  Nke ọ blea nwere 30° nke መስo longitude ma kwekọọ n'ụkpụrụ nke mbara igwe nwere otu aha.  [1] [2] Ihe ama ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-etolite usoro nhazi nke ọnụnọ, ma ọ bụ akụkụ kpọmkwem usoro nhazi nke ecliptic, nke na-ewe ecliptị dị ka akụkụ nke latitude na ọnọdụ Sun na vernal equinox dị.  ka akụkụ nke lonjituudu Okwu bekee zodiac na-enweta site na zōdiacus, [1] ụdị Latinized nke Greek ochie zōdiakòs kýklos ( ζῳδιακός κύκλος ), [2] nke ihe "ahụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ".  Zōdion ( ζῴδιον ) bụ mbelata nke zōon ( ζῷον, "anụmanụ").  [3] Aha ahụ na- rie ama ama nke anụmanụ (na ụdị ngwakọ nto ifo ) n'etiti akara iri na abụọ ahụ. [[Usòrò:Zodiac_(PSF).png|thumb| Wheel zodiac ọgbara ọhụrụ na-egosi akara iri na abụọ e ji mee ihe n'ịgụ akwụkwọ]] A na-eji zodiac mee ihe n'oge ndị Rom, dabere na echiche ndị Hellenistic na-egosi mbara igwe ketara site na mbara igwe nke nche nke oge Kaldea (n'etiti mbụ afụ nke mbụ BC), nke, n'aka nke  ya, sitere na usoro nke mbụ nke ndepụta n'ụdị eklips.  [1] A ndị owuwu nke zodiac na ọrụ Ptolemy zuru oke na ike afụ nke AD, Almagest . .Ọ bụ ezie na zodiac ka bụ ihe ndabere nke usoro nhazi nke eklips nke a na-eji na mbara igwe ma e wezụga nke equatorial, [1] [2] okwu ahụ na aha akara iri na abụọ na-ejikọta ya na ịgụ kpakpando.  Okwu ahụ bụ "zodiac" nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na mpaghara nke mbara igwe na-agụnye okporo ụzọ nke mbara ala kwekọrọ na band nke ihe dị ka ogo 8 arc n'elu na n'okpuru eklips.  Zodiac nke mbara ala e nyere bụ ìgwè nke nwere ụzọ nke ahụ kpọmkwem;  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "zodiac nke ọnwa" bụ eriri 5 Celsius n'elu na n'okpuru eklips.  Site na ndọtị, "zodiac of the comets" nwere ike na-ezo aka na band nke na-agụnye ọtụtụ comets obere oge.   . N'ihe dị ka afọ nke 14 BC, e debere ndepụta zuru oke nke decan 36 nke Ijipt n'etiti hieroglyphs na-achọ ili Seti I ;  ha tụ ụzo ụzo nszọ nke Ramesses nke obodo, ma-eji ihe ngbaa ozi nke Ijipt.  Ma zodiac ndị a ma ama nke Dendera na- akara akara ha, nke Karl Richard Lepsius agha. Nkewa nke eklips n'ime akara zodiacal sitere na mbara igwe nke nche n'ime ọkara mbụ nke mbụ nke mbụ BC .  Zodiac na- ugboro ugboro na katalọgụ ịgụ mbụ mbụ, dị ka MUL.  APIN katalọgụ, nke achị gburugburu 1000 BC.  Enwere ike ụfọdụ ụfọdụ igwe ndị ọzọ n'ihu azụ, ruo oge Bronze Age ( ndị ukwu ochie ochie ) Gemini "The Twins", sitere na ( Sumerian <nowiki></link></nowiki> "The Great Twins", Cancer "The Crab", si  💀𒀠𒇻<nowiki></link></nowiki> "The Crayfish", n'etiti ndị ọzọ[ a ọgwụ ]. <nowiki></link></nowiki> . N'ihe dị ka n'ọgwụgwọ awụ nke ise BC, ndị na-egosi mbara igwe nke Babịlọn kewara eklips n'ime “akara ngosi” nhata iri na abụọ, site na ntụnyere ọnwa 12 nke ụbọchị 30 nke ọ gbala.  Ihe akara ama nke ọ na-enwe nwere 30° nke celestial longitude, si otú a na-eke usoro nhazi nke ndekọ mara nke mbụ.  Dị ka ngụkọ nke astrophysics ọgbara ọhụrụ si kwuo, e webatara zodiac n'etiti 409 na 398 BC, n'oge dị Peshia, [1] na mini anya n'ime afọ ole na ole nke 401 BC.  [2] N'adịghị ka ndị na-agụ nke oge a, bụ ndị na-etinyeghị nke akara Aries na ọnọdụ nke Sun na vernal equinox na Northern Hemisphere ( March equinox ), ndị na- na- ማንም mbara igwe nke doziri zodiac.  n'ihe ntụgharị nke, na-etinye nke echiche Cancer na " Rear Twin Star" ( β Geminorum ) na akụkụ nke Aquarius na "Rear Star of the Goat-Fish" ( δ Capricorni ) A na-ekwu na ihe see zodiac nke na- aha na Bible Hibru;  EW Bullinger ihe ndị e kere ekerịta n'abụ Ezikiel dị ka akara etiti nke ajụjụ anɔ nke zodiac, [1] [2] na ọdụm dị ka Leo, Bull bụ Taurus, Nwoke na- TV anya Aquarius na Ugo na-5  anya Scorpio.  [3] Ụfọdụ edemede ebo iri na abụọ nke [[Israel]] na otu akara ma ọ bụ kalenda ụnwanyi Hibru nwere ụnwanyi iri na abụọ n'ime otu afọ .  Martin na ndị isi ajụjụ na onye nhazi nke ebo dị nọ n'ụlọikwuu (nke a kọrọ na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Ọọka) ahụ n'usoro zodiac, na Juda, Reuben, Ifrem, na Dan na-anya anya akara etiti nke Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, na  Scorpio, n'otu n'otu.  Thomas Mann welitere njikọ dị otú ahụ, onye n'akwụkwọ ozi ya bụ Joseph na ụmụnne Ya na-achọta nke akara akara zodiac nye ebo ọ là na akwụkwọ ya nke Ngọzi nke njikọ. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbakọ na mwepụ Montucla si kwuo, zodiac Hindu sitere na zodiac Gris site na nzikọrịta ozi n'etiti [[Ndia|India]] oge ochie na alaeze Gris nke Bactria . <ref name="Mill1817">{{Cite book|author=James Mill|title=The History of British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA402|year=1817|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy}}</ref> Zodiac Hindu na-eji usoro nhazi nke sidereal, nke na-ezo aka na kpakpando edobere. A na-ekewa zodiac okpomọkụ (nke sitere na Mesopotamian) site na nkwụsị nke ecliptic na equator, nke na-agbanwe n'ihe gbasara azụ nke kpakpando a kapịrị ọnụ na ọnụego 1 Celsius kwa afọ 72, na-emepụta ihe a maara dị ka precession nke equinoxes. Zodiac Hindu, n'ịbụ onye dị n'akụkụ, anaghị akwado nhazi oge a, mana a ka nwere myirịta n'etiti usoro abụọ a. Akara zodiac Hindu na akara Greek kwekọrọ na-ada nke ukwuu, ịbụ na Sanskrit na Grik n'otu n'otu, mana akara ha fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. <ref name="Schmidt">{{Cite web|author=Schmidt|first=Robert H.|title=The Relation of Hellenistic to Indian Astrology|url=http://www.projecthindsight.com/articles/vedic.html|publisher=Project Hindsight|accessdate=4 July 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703034617/http://www.projecthindsight.com/articles/vedic.html}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''dhanu'' pụtara "ụta" kwekọrọ na Sagittarius, "onye na-agba ụta", na ''kumbha'' pụtara "mmiri-piti" na kwekọrọ na Aquarius, "onye na-ebu mmiri". <ref name="Dalal2010">{{Cite book|author=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA89|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref>   == Na mbara igwe nke oge a == N'ihe gbasara mbara igwe, zodiac na-akọwa eriri oghere na-agbatị 8° <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Zodiac|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1914-11_22_9/page/547|author=Holmes|first=Charles Nevers|journal=Popular Astronomy|volume=22|pages=547–550|date=November 1914}}</ref> ma ọ bụ 9° na latitude celestial n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke eklips, n'ime nke orbits nke ọnwa na mbara ala ndị bụ isi ka dị. <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{Cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Zodiac|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657680/zodiac|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=7 May 2015|archivedate=2 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502230613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657680/zodiac}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro nhazi nke ecliptic - usoro nhazi nke eluigwe gbadoro ụkwụ n'elu ecliptic (ụgbọ elu nke ụwa orbit na ụzọ anyanwụ pụtara ìhè), nke a na-atụle ogologo ogologo nke eluigwe na ogo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke vernal equinox (nrịgo mgbago nke vernal equinox). Ecliptik na equator). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Ecliptic|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178159/ecliptic|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=7 May 2015|archivedate=28 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428114741/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178159/ecliptic}}</ref> Zodiac dị warara n'akụkụ akụkụ n'ihi na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mbara ala anyanwụ nwere okirikiri nke nwere ntakịrị mmasị na mbara igwe nke ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zodiac|work=Cosmos|publisher=Swinburne University of Technology|url=https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Z/Zodiac|accessdate=2021-05-31|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803201018/https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Z/Zodiac}}</ref> Kpakpando dị n'ime zodiac nọ n'okpuru mmụọ ọnwa na akụkụ sistemụ anyanwụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe omume ndị a nwere ike ịba uru, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji nyochaa akụkụ nke akụkụ nke obere mbara ala, ma ọ bụ lelee kpakpando maka ezigbo enyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://occultations.org/|accessdate=6 March 2018|title=International Occultation Timing Association|date=18 December 2017|archivedate=13 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313142744/http://occultations.org/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Zodiacal_Light_Seen_from_Paranal.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ìhè zodiacal lere anya site na Cerro Paranal]] Ndobe anyanwụ n'elu vernal equinox, nke na-eme kwa afọ na gburugburu 21 Maachị, na-akọwa mmalite mmalite maka nha, ogo nke mbụ bụ nke a maara dị ka " isi ihe mbụ nke Aries ". Nke mbụ 30° n'akụkụ eklips ka ahapụtara dị ka akara zodiac Aries, nke na-adịghịzi ada n'ime nso nke ìgwè kpakpando Aries ebe mmetụta nke precession bụ ịkwaga vernal n'ókè site na azụ nke ìgwè kpakpando a na-ahụ anya. Ọ dị ugbu a n'akụkụ njedebe nke ìgwè kpakpando Pisces, ebe ọ nọ n'ime ìgwè kpakpando ahụ kemgbe narị afọ nke abụọ AD. <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Astronomical map|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52787/The-ecliptic-system|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=7 May 2015|archivedate=18 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065355/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52787/The-ecliptic-system}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa akara zodiac Taurus na 30 Celsius na-esote, na ihe ndị ọzọ site na akara zodiac iri na abụọ ka onye ọ bụla wee nọrọ.  30°) nke nnukwu okirikiri zodiac. Ejibeghị akara zodiac iji chọpụta ókèala nke igwe kpakpando nke dị na nso zodiac, bụ nke na-adịbu mgbe niile, n'ogo na ọdịdị ha. <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{Cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Zodiac|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657680/zodiac|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=7 May 2015|archivedate=2 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502230613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657680/zodiac}}</ref> Ojiji nke zodiac dị ka ụzọ iji chọpụta nha mbara igwe ka bụ ụzọ bụ isi maka ịkọwa ọnọdụ eluigwe site n'aka ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo oge Renaissance, n'oge ahụ mmasị kwagara na usoro nhazi nke equatorial, nke na-atụ ọkwa mbara igwe site na nrịgo ziri ezi na mbelata karịa. Nkọwa dabere na eklips nke ogologo eluigwe na latitude eluigwe . Ntuzi aka nke nhazi nke equatorial kwekọrọ na axis nke ntụgharị ụwa, karịa ụgbọ elu nke orbit mbara ala gburugburu anyanwụ. <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Astronomical map|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52787/The-ecliptic-system|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=7 May 2015|archivedate=18 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065355/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52787/The-ecliptic-system}}</ref> A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "zodiac" na-ezo aka n'ígwé ojii nke zodiacal nke uzuzu nke na-agagharị n'etiti mbara ala, na ìhè zodiacal nke sitere na mgbasasị ha nke ìhè anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Unveiling the Milky Way: A New Technique for Determining the Optical Color and Luminosity of Our Galaxy|author=Licquia|first=Timothy C.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=809|issue=1|id=96|pages=19|date=August 2015|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/96}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na aha ya sitere na zodiac, ìhè zodiacal na-ekpuchi mbara igwe abalị dum, yana nkwalite n'akụkụ ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Observing Comets, Asteroids, Meteors, and the Zodiacal Light|first=Stephen J.|author=Edberg|date=October 6, 1994|isbn=9780521420037|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTPkq1CHlIQC&pg=PA151|accessdate=20 March 2023}}</ref> == Ụmụ agwa Unicode == Na Unicode, edobere akara nke akara zodiac na ngọngọ "Akara ngosi dị iche iche". Enwere ike ịmanye ha ka ha yie ederede site na itinye U+FE0E, ma ọ bụ dị ka emojis site na itinye U+FE0F: <ref name="Unicode Standard">{{Cite web|title=Zodiacal symbols in Unicode block Miscellaneous Symbols|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf#search=Zodiacal|work=The Unicode Standard|date=2010|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=22 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052003/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf#search=Zodiacal}}</ref> == Ntụaka == * [https://www.loc.gov/item/2008401701 "Ngwọta na akara Zodiacal na ìgwè kpakpando: ọla pụrụ iche na uru nke idobe oge"] bụ ihe odide nke malitere na 1831 na-elekwasị anya na kalenda Arabic, Coptic na Syriac. * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/ Otu kpakpando nke zodiac na ntuziaka igwe] asxol0h0b8pmwc41aj8cin5b77i11m1 0 34664 697605 587870 2026-08-10T03:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697605 wikitext text/x-wiki , site na ;  akpọ:  )[1] bụ obere ìgwè kpakpando.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime 48 nke onye na-enyocha mbara igwe nke narị afọ nke abụọ Ptolemy depụtara, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụyọkọ kpakpando 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ nke International Astronomical Union ghọtara.  A na-egosipụtakarị Lyra na maapụ kpakpando dị ka udele ma ọ bụ ugo na-ebu ude, ya mere a na-akpọkarị Lyra Vultur Cadens ma ọ bụ Aquila Cadens ("Falling Vulture"[2] ma ọ bụ "Ugo na-ada ada"), n'otu n'otu.  Malite n'ebe ugwu, Lyra dị n'akụkụ Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, na Cygnus.  Lyra fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'elu ugwu dị oke ọkụ n'ebe ugwu obere oge ka etiti abalị gachara na mmalite oge okpomọkụ.  Site na equator ruo ihe dị ka 40th parallel south, a na-ahụ ya ka ọ dị ala na mbara igwe dị n'ebe ugwu n'otu oge ahụ (dịka oyi) ọnwa.. Vega, mgbasa na Lyra, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ na- ndị na-ekiri na mbara igwe, ma ebute nke asterism Summer Triangle a ma ama.  Beta Lyrae bụ ihe atụ nke klaisa ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ mara dị ka Beta Lyrae variables .  Kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ ndị a dị nso na ibe ha nke na ha na-aghọ akwa akwa na ihe na-esi n'otu n'otu gaa na nke ọzọ.  Epsilon Lyrae, nke a na-akpọkarị dị ka Double Double, bụ usoro dị ka anya.  Lyra na-anabatakwa mgbanaka Nebula, nke abụọ mgbaàmà na nke kacha mara amara na mbara ala nebula. . [[Usòrò:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania's_Mirror_-_Lacerta,_Cygnus,_Lyra,_Vulpecula_and_Anser.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|300x300px|Enwere ike ịhụ Lyra n'aka nri nke c.  Maapụ kpakpando 1825 sitere na Urania's Mirror.]] Na ndị ifo ndị Gris, Lyra na- ማጣሪያ anya ụbọ Orpheus .  E kwuru na ụda Orpheus dị nnọọ ukwuu nke na egwu ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ dị ka nkume ịma mma.  N'ịbanye Jason na Argonauts, egvu ya nwera ike ekiri olu nke Sirens dị ize ndụ, bụ ndị na-abụ abụ na-nna-echeta nye ndị Argonauts. <ref name="Ridpath">{{Cite web|author=Ridpath|first=Ian|title=Star Tales - Lyra|work=Star Tales|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lyra.html|publisher=self-published|accessdate=3 September 2021}}</ref> There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus. According to Eratosthenes, Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to Dionysus due to his regard for Apollo as the supreme deity instead. Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart. Ovid tells a rather different story, saying that women, in retribution for Orpheus's rejection of marriage offers, ganged up and threw stones and spears. At first, his music charmed them as well, but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears. Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by Zeus and Orpheus's bones were buried by the muses.<ref name="Ridpath" /> Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures. The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a vulture or an eagle diving with folded wings.<ref name="Ridpath" /> In Wales, Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (''Talyn Arthur''), and King David's harp. The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah. It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris.<ref name="Allen1963">{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Richard Hinckley|title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning|isbn=0-486-21079-0|publisher=Dover Publications, Inc|date=1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8V2DY3tQMgC|origdate=1899}}</ref> In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World_Archaeological_Congress.pdf|work=The Astronomy of the Boorong|url=http://bdas.fastmail.fm/astronomers/JohnMorieson/documents/World_Archaeological_Congress.pdf|accessdate=2007-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326231644/http://bdas.fastmail.fm/astronomers/JohnMorieson/documents/World_Archaeological_Congress.pdf|archivedate=March 26, 2009}}</ref> Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Richard Hinckley|title=Star Names and Their Meanings|origdate=1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GUDis0bETgC&pg=PA532|publisher=Kessenger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-4028-8|date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=D'Altroy|first=Terence N.|title=The Incas|series=The Peoples of America|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|location=[[Oxford]]|isbn=978-0-631-17677-0|chapter=The Inca Pantheon|date=2002|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/149}}</ref> Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south, Hercules to the west, Draco to the north, and Cygnus to the east. Covering 286.5 square degrees, it ranks 52nd of the 88 modern constellations in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's summer, and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42°S.<ref name="tirionconst">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations2.html|title=Constellations: Lacerta–Vulpecula|work=Star Tales|author=Ridpath|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> Its main asterism consists of six stars, and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5.<ref name="tirionconst" /> The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a 17-sided polygon. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|18|14}} and {{RA|19|28}}, while the declination coordinates are between {{dec|+25.66}} and {{dec|+47.71}}.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite journal|title=Lyra, Constellation Boundary|journal=The Constellations|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#lyr|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Lyr" for the constellation in 1922.<ref name="pa30_469">{{Cite journal|author=Russell|first=H. N.|title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469|journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]]|volume=30|pages=469–71|year=1922}}</ref> eikf2il4p00s8g72on0rh2stbkus1x8 0 34674 697926 496368 2026-08-10T10:58:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:PiscesCC.jpg|thumb|Foto nke ìgwè kpakpando Pisces, azụ]]   .Pisces bụ nke nke zodiac .  Nnukwu nnukwu ya – na asterism bụ isi a na-ele anya n'alọ omenala ndị Europe kwa oge ochie nke [[Greece|Gris]] na Rom dị ka azụ dị anya n'azụ n'otu eriri nke ọ ALA na-akpata na elu – dị na Northern Celestial Hemisphere  .  Akara mbara igwe ochie ya bụ<nowiki></img></nowiki> (♓︎).  Aha ya bụ Latin maka "azụ".  Ọ dị n'etiti Aquarius, nke yiri nha, na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na Aries, nke dị egwu, n'ebe ọmụmụ.  Eclipti na ndị equator na-agbakọta n'ime m ikemịka na Virgo .  Nke a ụmụaka na-enwe na-agafe ụzọ n'elu equator, na nkezi, n'ihe dị ka ebe a na mbara igwe, na March equinox . The March equinox dị ugbu a na Pisces, n'ihi na ndịda nke ω Psc, na, n'ihi precession, ji izi ozi drifting n'ihi anọ, dị nnọọ n'okpuru ọchịchị azụ kwupụta Aquarius. * Alrescha ("ụdọ"), ma ọ bụghị Alfa Piscium (α Psc), 309.8 lightyears, klas A2, ịdị ukwuu 3.62. Kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. <ref name="wraight2011">{{Cite journal|title=A photometric study of chemically peculiar stars with the STEREO satellites - I. Magnetic chemically peculiar stars|author=Wraight|first=K. T.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|year=2012|volume=420|issue=1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20090.x}}</ref> * Fumalsamakah <ref name="IAU-LSN">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/|title=Naming Stars|publisher=IAU.org|accessdate=8 August 2018|archivedate=11 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411104839/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/}}</ref> ("ọnụ azụ"), ma ọ bụghị Beta Piscium (β Psc), 492 lightyears, klas B6Ve, ịdị ukwuu 4.48 * Delta Piscium (δ Psc), afọ ọkụ 305, klas K5III, ịdị ukwuu 4.44. Dị ka kpakpando ndị ọzọ dị nso na eklips, Delta Piscium nọ n'okpuru mgbaasị ọnwa. * Epsilon Piscium (ε Psc), 190 lightyears, klas K0III, ịdị ukwuu 4.27. Nwere onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi exoplanet. * Revati <ref name="IAU-LSN" /> ("ọgaranya"), ma ọ bụghị Zeta Piscium (ζ Psc), 148 lightyears, klas A7IV, ịdị ukwuu 5.21. Sistemụ kpakpando quintuple. * Alpherg ("na-efu"), <ref name="IAU-LSN" /> ma ọ bụghị Eta Piscium (η Psc), 349 lightyears, klas G7 IIIa, ịdị ukwuu 3.62. Ọ bụ mgbanwe Gamma Cassiopeiae nwere oghere ndọta na-adịghị ike. * Torcular ("eriri"), <ref name="IAU-LSN" /> ma ọ bụghị Omicron Piscium (ο Psc), 258 lightyears, klas K0III, ịdị ukwuu 4.2. Ọ bụ nnukwu kpakpando na-acha uhie uhie n'alaka kwụ ọtọ . * Omega Piscium (ω Psc), afọ ọkụ 106, klas F4IV, ịdị ukwuu 4.03. Ọ bụ ụdị F-kpakpando nke bụ ma subgiant ma ọ bụ na isi usoro. * Gamma Piscium (γ Psc), afọ ọkụ 138, ịdị ukwuu 3.70. Kpakpando ahụ na-akwado exoplanet nke achọpụtara na 2021. <ref name="Teng2021">{{citation|arxiv=2112.07169|year=2022|title=Regular radial velocity variations in nine G- and K-type giant stars: Eight planets and one planet candidate|doi=10.1093/pasj/psab112 |last1=Teng |first1=Huan-Yu |last2=Sato |first2=Bun'ei |last3=Takarada |first3=Takuya |last4=Omiya |first4=Masashi |last5=Harakawa |first5=Hiroki |last6=Izumiura |first6=Hideyuki |last7=Kambe |first7=Eiji |last8=Takeda |first8=Yoichi |last9=Yoshida |first9=Michitoshi |last10=Itoh |first10=Yoichi |last11=Ando |first11=Hiroyasu |last12=Kokubo |first12=Eiichiro |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume=74 |pages=92–127 }}</ref> Ọ nwere ụdị spectral nke G8 III. <ref name="Baines2018">{{Cite journal|title=Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer|author=Baines|first=Ellyn K.|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=155|year=2018|issue=1|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b}}</ref> * Kpakpando Van Maanen bụ dwarf ọcha naanị anyị kacha ama ama, nke nwere oke nchara. Ọ dị ihe dị ka 2° n'ebe ndịda kpakpando Delta Piscium, na-enwe mmegharị ahụ kwesịrị ekwesị dị elu nke 2.978″ kwa afọ n'akụkụ ọnọdụ 155.538°. Ọ dị nso na anyanwụ karịa dwarf ọcha ọ bụla ọzọ nọ naanị ya. Ọ na-agwụkwa ike ka e jiri anya gba ọtọ hụ ya . <ref name="burham1978">{{citation | first=Robert | last=Burnham | year=1978 | title=Burnham's celestial handbook: an observer's guide to the universe beyond the solar system | volume=3 | series=Dover books explaining science | edition=2nd | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | isbn=0-486-23673-0 | pages=1474–1477 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJzIt3SIlkUC&pg=PA1474 | postscript=. }}</ref> Dị ka dwarfs ndị ọzọ na-acha ọcha, ọ bụ kpakpando dị oke oke: a na-eme atụmatụ na oke ya dị ihe dịka 67% nke Sun's, ma ọ nwere nanị 1% nke radius anyanwụ . Igwe ikuku dị n'èzí nwere okpomoku dị ihe dịka 6,110&nbsp;K, <ref name="Limoges2015">{{citation | title=Physical Properties of the Current Census of Northern White Dwarfs within 40 pc of the Sun | display-authors=1 | last1=Limoges | first1=M. -M. | last2=Bergeron | first2=P. | last3=Lépine | first3=S. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=219 | issue=2 | id=19 | pages=35 | date=August 2015 | doi=10.1088/0067-0049/219/2/19 | arxiv=1505.02297 | bibcode=2015ApJS..219...19L | s2cid=118494290 | postscript=. }}</ref> nke dịtụ mma maka dwarf ọcha. Ka dwarf niile na-acha ọcha na-ekpochapụ ọkụ ha ka oge na-aga, enwere ike iji ọnọdụ okpomọkụ a tụọ afọ ya, chere na ọ dị ihe dịka 3.&nbsp;ijeri afọ. A na-eche na mbụ dị ka kpakpando ụdị F tupu amata njirimara nke dwarfs ọcha. . <ref> {{Cite book|author=R. B. Tully|date=1988|title=Nearby Galaxies Catalog|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-35299-4}}</ref>M74 bụ ọnya na-adịghị mma (ụdị Sc) gburugburu mkpọ na Pisces, nke a imera n'ebe dị anya nke nde afọ 30 ( redshift 0.0022).  O ọtụtụ nwere ike ndị na-eto eto na nebulae ndị mgbasa ya, na-egosi nnukwu mpaghara ozi .  Onye [[France]] na-ekiri mbara igwe bụ Pierre Méchain emechira ya na 1780. Achọpụtara ụdị supernova II-P na mpaghara mpụta nke M74 site n'aka Robert Evans na June 2003;  Ozi nke mere supernova ka e ihu mara dị ka onye na-acha uhie nke nwere oke ihe 8. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-akpa nke otu M74 <ref name="garcia1993"> {{Cite journal|author=A. Garcia|date=1993|title=General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement]]|volume=100|pages=47–90}}</ref> <ref name="giuricinetal2002"> {{Cite journal|author=G. Giuricin|date=2000|title=Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2000-11-01_543_1/page/178|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=543|issue=1|pages=178–194|doi=10.1086/317070}}</ref> n4873zn6gsmimi483ahwx9yjqxej3n3 0 34713 697831 145269 2026-08-10T09:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Record of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London for the 205th Session (1992-93)|url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean-9-3-1993.pdf?mtime=20170605151657|journal=The Linnean|volume=9|issue=3|pages=34}}</ref>'''Mary Mendum''' (1945-2004), nke a mụrụ '''Caroline Mary Bates''', bụ onye British botanist, taxonomist na botanical illustrator. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Index of Botanists Harvard University Herbaria and Libraries|url=https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_index.html|accessdate=21 November 2020|work=Harvard University Herbaria and Libraries}}</ref> Ọ kọwara ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ma nye ha aha, yana ndị ọzọ aha iji cheta ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Botanical Images Scotia|url=https://thecaley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/biscot-regulations-oct2018.pdf|work=Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society|accessdate=2023-12-12|archivedate=2021-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202155028/https://thecaley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/biscot-regulations-oct2018.pdf}}</ref> na-enye Mary Mendum Medal iji sọpụrụ ya maka ihe osise botanical pụrụ iche. == Ọrụ == Mendum bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, onye na-akọwa ihe na onye na-ese ihe osise; ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Philippines na Indonesia na-anakọta ụdị, na-ebipụta ha ma na-akpọ ha aha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jill Smythies Award|url=https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-jill-smythies-award#_reahcx9bq0|accessdate=22 November 2020|work=The Linnean Society}}</ref>'afọ 1993, e nyere Mendum, n'okpuru aha ya bụ Caroline Mary Bates, onyinye Jill Smythies maka ihe osise botanical. <ref name=":0"/> == Ụdị ndị a kpọrọ aha ma ọ bụ iji sọpụrụ Mary Mendum == Ebe e si nweta ya: <ref>{{Cite web|title=ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN EDINBURGH FLORILEGIUM: List of Plants|url=https://www.rbge.org.uk/media/5591/florilegium-species-list.pdf|accessdate=21 November 2020}}</ref> * ''Aeschynanthus arctocalyx'' Mendum & Madulid. Nkọwapụtara <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mendum|first=M.|date=November 1995|title=Aeschynanthus arctocalyx, a new species from the Philippines|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S096042860000202X|journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany|volume=52|issue=3|pages=343–345|doi=10.1017/S096042860000202X}}</ref> aha nke Mendum na Madulid bipụtara na 1995. * ''Aeschynanthus argentii'' Mendum. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Mendum|first=M|date=July 1999|title=Three new species of Aeschynanthus(Gesneriaceae)|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburgh-journal-of-botany_1999-07_56_2/page/265|journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany|volume=56|issue=2|pages=265–272|doi=10.1017/S0960428600001128}}</ref> kọwara ya na aha ya site na Mendum na 1999. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus batakiorum'' Mendum & Madulid. <ref name=":2" /> kọwara ya na aha ya site na Mendum na 1999. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus batesii'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=International Plant Names Index (IPNI): Mendum, Mary (1945-2004)|url=https://www.ipni.org/a/36882-1|accessdate=22 November 2020|work=International Plant Names Index (IPNI)}}</ref> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2003. * ''Aeschynanthus burttii'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2003. * ''Aeschynanthus citrinus'' Mendum & S.M. Scott. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum, Scott na Galloway bipụtara na 2006. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus curvicalyx'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2001. * ''Aeschynanthus elmeri'' Mendum. <ref name=":1" /> na-ebufe ya na ụdị ''aeschynanthus'', Mendum gbanwere aha ya ma bipụta ya na 2001. * ''Aescyhnanthus lobaticalyx'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2003. * ''Aeschynanthus flavidus'' Mendum & P. Woods. Nkọwapụtara <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mendum|first=M|date=July 1997|title=Aeschynanthus flavidus (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Sarawak|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600004066|journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany|volume=54|issue=2|pages=254–257|doi=10.1017/S0960428600004066}}</ref> aha nke Mendum na Woods bipụtara na 1997. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus intraflavus'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mendum|first=M|date=November 1998|title=Notes on Aeschynanthus(Gesneriaceae) from Seram|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600003255|journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany|volume=55|issue=3|pages=359–365|doi=10.1017/S0960428600003255}}</ref> aha ya site na Mendum na 1998. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus madulidii'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2001. * ''Aeschynanthus mendumiae'' D.J.Middleton * ''Aeschynanthus oxychlamys'' Mendum * ''Aeschynanthus pseudohybridus'' Mendum. <ref name=":2" /> kọwara ya na aha ya site na Mendum na 1999. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus roseoflorus'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":3" /> aha ya site na Mendum na 1998. [1] * ''Aeschynanthus sojolianus'' Mendum & L.E.R.Galloway. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum, Scott na Galloway bipụtara na 2006. [1] * ''Begonia mendumae'' M.Hughes * ''Callicarpa mendumiae'' Bramley. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Callicarpa mendumiae Bramley|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77118742-1|accessdate=22 November 2020|work=Plants of the World Online}}</ref> na-akpọ ya iji cheta Mary Mendum. [1] * ''Henckelia corrugata'' Mendum. Nkọwapụtara <ref name=":1" /> aha nke Mendum bipụtara na 2001. * ''Nepenthes maryae'' Na ncheta nke Mary Mendum. * ''Rhododendron mendumiae'' Argent. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Argent|first=G.C.G.|date=2004|title=New species and comments on Rhododendron (Ericaceae) from the island of Palawan, Philippines|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/4-4-56-1-2-06-y2004-v56-p1-p2-gbs-pg-79.pdf|journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore|volume=56|pages=82}}</ref> na-akpọ ya iji cheta Mary Mendum. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Isiokwu ''Edinburgh Journal of Botany'': * M. Mendum na D. Madulid, November 1995, 'Aeschynanthus arctocalyx, a new species from the Philippines', 52:3, pp. 343-345&nbsp; * M. Mendum, November 1995, '[[doi:10.1017/S0960428600002067|''Aeschynanthus oxychlamys'' Mendum, aha. Nov. (''Gesneriaceae'') ']], 52:3, peeji nke 362-363&nbsp; * M. Mendum na P.J.B. Woods, July 1997, '[[doi:10.1017/S0960428600004066|''Aeschynanthus flavidus'' (''Gesneriaceae''), ụdị ọhụrụ sitere na Sarawak]]', 54:2, peeji nke 254-257&nbsp; * M. Mendum, November 1998, 'Notes on Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) from Seram, 55:3, pp. 359-365&nbsp; * M. Mendum, July 1999, 'Ụdị ọhụrụ atọ nke Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) ', 56:2, peeji nke 265-272&nbsp; * M.H. Rashid, K. Jong, na M. Mendum, March 2001, 'Ihe nchọpụta cytotoxonomic na ụdị Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) ', 58:1, peeji nke 31-43 * M. Mendum, November 2001, 'Three new Gesneriaceae from Palawan, Philippines', 58:3, pp.435-441 * M. Mendum na H.J. Atkins, Nọvemba 2003, 'The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi I: mmeghe', 60:3, peeji nke 299-304 * M. Mendum, November 2003 (ebipụtara n'ịntanetị Eprel 2004), 'The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi III: atọ ọhụrụ ụdị nke Aeschynanthus', 60:3, pp.323-330 * M. Mendum'','' S.M. Scott, na L.E.R.Galloway, March 2006, 'The Gesneriaceae of Sulawesi IV: ụdị ọhụrụ abụọ nke Aeschynanthus', 63:1, peeji nke 67-72 == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/985660-1 ''Aeschynanthus arctocalyx'' Mendum & Madulid] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1008211-1 ''Aeschynanthus argentii'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1008213-1 ''Aeschynanthus batakiorum'' Mendum & Madulid] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/60431173-2 ''Aeschynanthus batesii'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60431174-2 ''Aeschynanthus burttii'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77077857-1 ''Aeschynanthus citrinus'' Mendum & S.M. Scott] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/20001694-1 ''Aeschynanthus curvicalyx'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/20001697-1 ''Aeschynanthus elmeri'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:996471-1 ''Aeschynanthus flavidus'' Mendum & P. Woods] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1004408-1 ''Aeschynanthus intraflavus'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/60431175-2 ''Aescyhnanthus lobaticalyx'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/20001696-1 ''Aeschynanthus madulidii'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77080963-1 ''Aeschynanthus mendumiae'' D.J.Middleton] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:985667-1 ''Aeschynanthus oxychlamys'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1008212-1 ''Aeschynanthus pseudohybridus'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1004409-1 ''Aeschynanthus roseoflorus'' Mendum] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77077858-1 ''Aeschynanthus sojolianus'' Mendum & L.E.R.Galloway] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77075037-1#source-HC ''Begonia mendumae'' M.Hughes] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77118742-1 ''Callicarpa mendumiae'' Bramley] * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/20001700-1 ''Henckelia corrugata'' Mendum] Aha ọzọ nke [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77133261-1 Codonoboea corrugata (Mendum) D.J. Middleton]. * [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60437810-2 ''Rhododendron mendumiae'' Argent] gyl5nh0t6habtoaj3m4bhpvb8cn5kxg 0 34720 697476 595046 2026-08-10T00:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697476 wikitext text/x-wiki Ịchụ nta nke ụgbụgbọ mmiri na-agụnye ịchụ nta ọ bụla nke ụgbụrụ ọ bụla. <ref name="Maron 2020">{{Cite web|author=Maron|first=Dana Fine|title=Exclusive: Inside Florida's alleged flying squirrel smuggling operation|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/09/florida-flying-squirrels-smuggled-abroad-exotic-pets|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917043609/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/09/florida-flying-squirrels-smuggled-abroad-exotic-pets/|archivedate=September 17, 2020|work=[[National Geographic]]|language=en|date=15 September 2020}}</ref> mụrụ squirrels na [[Flórídạ|Florida]] ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama dị ka anụ ụlọ. <ref name="Maron 2020" /> nwere azụmahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị na squirrels na-efe efe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Maxouris|first=Christina|title=Florida officials say several people charged in flying squirrel trafficking operation|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/20/us/florida-flying-squirrel-trafficking-arrests-trnd/index.html|work=CNN|date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission|title=FWC uncovers a transnational wildlife trafficking operation in Florida|url=https://myfwc.com/news/all-news/trafficking-case-1020/|work=Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission|language=en|date=19 October 2020|accessdate=12 December 2023|archivedate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212085000/https://myfwc.com/news/all-news/trafficking-case-1020/}}</ref>'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa azụ na anụ ọhịa nke Florida mebiri nnukwu ịchụ nta na-efe efe na ọrụ mbubata. Caucasian squirrel <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matsinos|first=Yiannis G.|title=Investigating the Viability of Squirrel Populations; A Modeling Approach for the Island of Lesvos, Greece|journal=Natural Resource Modeling|date=28 June 2008|volume=17|issue=4|pages=423–444|doi=10.1111/j.1939-7445.2004.tb00144.x}}</ref> onye a na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na [[Greece|Gris]]. Ịchụ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=S. Joseph|title=Poachers Alter Mammal Abundance, Seed Dispersal, and Seed Predation in a Neotropical Forest|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2000-02_14_1/page/227|journal=Conservation Biology|date=February 2000|volume=14|issue=1|pages=227–239|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98333.x}}</ref> n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na-emetụta omume squirrel nke ikesa mkpụrụ n'oké ọhịa na Panama. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vanitharani|first=Juliet|title=Conservation Status and Guidelines for the Maintenance of Endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura in Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary|journal=Indian Hotspots|date=2018|pages=297–307|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joshua|first=Justus|title=Impact of biotic disturbances on the habitat and population of the endangered grizzled giant squirrel Ratufa macroura in south India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1994_68_1/page/29|journal=Biological Conservation|date=1994|volume=68|issue=1|pages=29–34|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(94)90543-6}}</ref> n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị so n'ime nsogbu ndị Grizzled giant squirrel na-eche ihu na Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary na South India. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mishra|first=A. T.|title=Nesting and Feeding Behaviour of Indian Giant Squirrel ( Ratufa indica ) in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)|journal=Indian Forester|date=1 October 2011|volume=137|issue=10|pages=1155–1159|url=http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/12237|issn=2321-094X}}</ref>Nnukwu squirrel nke India na-eche ịchụ nta ihu na Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary na Jharkhand, India. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ig5sbijxwwypnyqrupxbq323448ur5j 0 34826 697907 451646 2026-08-10T10:31:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|name=Australian wood duck|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chenonetta jubata'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22680111A92844188 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680111A92844188.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>|image=Chenonetta jubata female 2.jpg|image_caption=Adult female|image2=Australian wood duck - male.jpg|image2_caption=Adult male|genus=Chenonetta|species=jubata|authority=([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801)|range_map=Chenonetta jubata distribution map.png|range_map_caption=Range in red}} [[File:Australian Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata) 1080p.ogv|thumb|right|Ọbọgwụ osisi nke]] '''Ọbọgwụ osisi nke [[Ostraliya|Australia]]''', ọbọgwụ na-agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ ọbọgwụ ('''''Chenonetta jubata''''') bụ ọbọbọgwụ na'ebe dị iche iche n'Australia. Ọ bụ naanị ụdị dị ndụ na ụdị ''Chenonetta''. A na-etinye ya na subfamily Anatinae (ndị ọbọgwụ), ọ nwere ike ịbụ nke subfamily Tadorninae (shelducks); <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sraml|first=M.|title=Molecular Relationships Within Australasian Waterfowl (Anseriformes)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_australian-journal-of-zoology_1996_44_1/page/47|doi=10.1071/ZO9960047|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=44|pages=47–58|year=1996}}</ref> teal nwere mgbanaka nwere ike ịbụ onye ikwu ya kacha nso. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Kevin P|date=July 1999|title=Phylogeny and Biogeography of Dabbling Ducks (Genus: ''Anas''): A Comparison of Molecular and Morphological Evidence|url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/research/louse_lab/pdf/Auk.1999.pdf|journal=The Auk|volume=116|pages=792–805|doi=10.2307/4089339}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ọ bụ onye Bekee na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ bụ John Latham kọwara ọbọgwụ osisi nke Australia na 1801 n'okpuru [[Binomial nomenclature|aha abụọ]] ''Anas jubata'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Latham|first=John|authorlink=John Latham (ornithologist)|year=1801|title=Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae|location=London|publisher=Leigh & Sotheby|language=la|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33261443}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Worthy|first=Trevor H.|title=Relationships, adaptations, and habits of the extinct duck'' 'Euryanas' finschi''|journal=Notornis|volume=49|pages=1–17|year=2002|url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_49_1_1.pdf|accessdate=2017-07-19}}</ref> [[New Zealand]] na-adịghị efe efe ''''Chenonetta'' finschi'' (Finsch's duck) nke e kwenyere na ọ bụ otu ụdị (''Euryanas'') ka e kpebiri na ọ bụ nke Chenonetta. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tennyson|first=A|year=2006|title=Extinct Birds of New Zealand|publisher=Te Papa Press|location=Wellington|isbn=978-0-909010-21-8}}</ref> lara n'iyi tupu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị enwee ike nyochaa ụmụ nnụnụ nke New Zealand n'ụzọ ziri ezi, mana ikekwe na 1870 (dabere na akụkọ nke nko na-adịghị efe efe nke e jidere na Ōpōtiki). [1] ) === Okwu mmalite === ''Chenonetta'': {{lang-gr|χην}} ''khēn'', χηνος ''khēnos'' "goose"; νηττα ''nētta'' "duck".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jobling|first=J.A.|year=2017|chapter=Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology|chapterurl=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/chenonetta|editor=del Hoyo|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive|url=https://www.hbw.com/|location=Barcelona|publisher=Lynx Edicions}}</ref> ''jubata'': {{Lang-la|iubatus}} "maned, crested", from ''iuba'' "mane, crest"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jobling|first=J.A.|year=2017|chapter=Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology|chapterurl=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/jubata-jubatus|editor=del Hoyo|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive|url=https://www.hbw.com/|location=Barcelona|publisher=Lynx Edicions}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ọbọgwụ a dị sentimita 45-51 dị ka obere nkoi, ọ na-erikarị nri site n'ịkpa anụ n'ìgwè.&nbsp; Nke oké na-acha ntụ ntụ na isi na-acha nchara nchara na ara nwere ntụpọ. Nwanyị ahụ nwere akara ọcha n'elu na n'okpuru anya na ntụpọ n'okpuru. Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere nku na-acha ntụ ntụ na primaries ojii na speculum ọcha. Ụmụaka yiri ụmụ nwanyị toro eto, mana ha dị arọ ma nwee ara na-acha uhie uhie. == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == Ọbọgwụ osisi Australia jupụtara na Australia, gụnyere Tasmania. A na-ahụ ọbọgwụ osisi Australia n'ala ahịhịa, ala ọhịa mepere emepe, ala mmiri, ebe ịta nri na-asọ asọ na n'akụkụ osimiri n'ọnụ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ala ugbo nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri, yana gburugburu ubi osikapa, ọdọ mmiri nsị na ogige ntụrụndụ ndị dị n'obodo ukwu. A ga-ahụkarị ya gburugburu ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba maka nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-eri nri, ebe ọ na-ahọrọ iri nri n'ala. Edere <ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Wood Ducks breed in Mapua, Tasman|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/news/79513069/wanted-tasman-spotters-of-australian-wood-ducks|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=2 May 2016|accessdate=14 January 2019}}</ref> dị ka onye na-awagharị agagharị na [[New Zealand]], ọ bụ ezie na n'afọ 2015 na 2016 ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzụlite ebe ahụ. == Omume == === Ọkpụkpọ === Mkpọ a na-ahụkarị bụ ụda na-ada ụda nke ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name="pizzey">Pizzey, G. and Knight, F. (1997). </ref> na mkpu nwoke bụ otu ma e wezụga nke dị nro, dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị elu karịa ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="pizzey" /> na-ahụkwa mkparịta ụka Staccato n'ìgwè. === Nchebe === Ọbọgwụ osisi Australia jupụtara n'ebe niile ma nwee ike ịhụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ụdị a eritewo uru site na ọrụ ugbo na mmepe obodo n'ihi ọtụtụ isi iyi mmiri dị ọcha. N'iji ya tụnyere ụdị ọbọgwụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Australia, Australian Wood Duck bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'obodo ukwu, ọkachasị n'akụkụ isi iyi mmiri na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ihe mgbochi mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ ruwa na ebe ahịhịa a na-agba mmiri dị ka ụlọ egwuregwu, ogige ntụrụndụ dị n'obodo na ebe obibi. A na-ekewa Australian Wood Duck dị ka nnụnụ egwuregwu na steeti na mpaghara ebe a na-ekwe ka ịchụ nta ntụrụndụ ma ewezuga Australian Capital Territory, ndị na-achụ nta nwere ikikere nwere ike iwepụta Australian Wood Dux n'ebe niile ọ dị na steeti niile na mpaghara ma ọ bụ dị ka anụ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ n'oge oge ịchụ nta. [[Usòrò:Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg|thumb]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=SSAA Western Australia|title=What can you int in WA|url=https://www.ssaawa.org.au/faq/what-can-you-hunt-in-wa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation|title=Guidance note on the status of Wood Duck's in WA|url=https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/922922.pdf|accessdate=2023-12-13|archivedate=2020-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312152227/https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/922922.pdf}}</ref> Western Australia, Australian Wood Duck bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ọrụ ugbo na South West Land Division nke WA n'okpuru ndokwa nke Akụkụ 35 nke Iwu Nchebe Ọrụ Ugbo na Ihe Ndị metụtara ya 1976 ma nwee ike iwepụta ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ala onwe onye n'etiti 1st Jenụwarị na 30th June, dịka ọkwa a machibidoro oge, na-enweghị mkpa inweta ikikere mmebi site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchekwa nke Western Australia <ref>{{Cite web|title=Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976|url=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_27548.pdf/$FILE/Agriculture%20and%20Related%20Resources%20Protection%20Act%201976%20-%20%5B04-b0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> . Na New South Wales, a na-ewepụta Australian Wood Duck tinyere ụdị 9 ndị ọzọ nke Australian duck n'okpuru NSW Native Game Bird Management Program na ihe onwunwe onwe onye site n'aka ndị nwe ala na ndị na-achụ nta ntụrụndụ ndị gafere 'Waterfowl Identification Test' (WIT) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Game Management Authority|title=Waterfowl Identification Test|date=9 December 2019|url=https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/waterfowl-identification-test}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=NSW Department of Primary Industries|title=Waterfowl Identification Test (WIT)|year=2017|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/hunting/game-and-pests/native-game-birds/waterfowl-identification-test-wit}}</ref> ma jide ikikere New South Wales Game kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=NWS Department of Primary Industry|title=Don't Wing It|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/748655/dont-wing-it-booklet.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Queensland Department of Environment and Science|title=Licences and Permits: Plants and Animals|date=9 April 2003|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/licences-permits/plants-animals}}</ref> Queensland, a na-ewepụta Australian Wood Ducks tinyere ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ikike mmebi kwesịrị ekwesị (DMP) maka igbu na ịgbasa anụ ọhịa a chọpụtara na ọ na-eweta ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi na ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ mmepụta ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berry|first=Marion|title=Indigenous Hunting and Fishing in Queensland: A legislative overview|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UQLJ/1995/11.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Australian Government|first=Australian Law Reform Commission|title=Traditional Hunting, Fishing and Gathering in Australia|url=https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/33-traditional-hunting-fishing-and-gathering-practices/traditional-hunting-fishing-and-gathering-in-australia/}}</ref> mgbakwunye na ntụrụndụ na mmebi ihe ubi, Australian Wood Duck ('Ngawurk' n'asụsụ Dja Dja Wurrung <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matthews|first=R.H|title=The Native Tribes of Victoria: Their languages and Customs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1904-01_43_175/page/54|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|year=1904|volume=43|issue=175|pages=54–70}}</ref>) na ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere ike iwepụta site na ndị nwe obodo ọdịnala site na iji usoro ọdịnala na nke oge a na steeti na mpaghara niile.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Game Management Authority|title=Game Licence exemptions for Traditional Owners|date=6 May 2021|url=https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/traditional-owners}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine|title=Traditional Aboriginal Hunting in Australia: A cultural heritage issue|date=19 March 2010|url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/traditional-aboriginal-hunting-australia-cultural-heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=NSW Aboriginal Land Council|title=Accessing Country|date=17 December 2019|url=https://alc.org.au/accessing-country/}}</ref> A naghị eyi ụdị a egwu ma n'ihi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ya, a na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị ka nke na-arị elu. === Ịmụ nwa === [[Usòrò:Chenonetta_jubata_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.17.4.jpg|thumb| ''Chenonetta jubata'' - MHNT]] Ọbọgwụ osisi Australia na-akpa akwụ́ n'ime oghere dị n'osisi ma ọ bụ n'ime igbe akwụ́ dị n'elu ma ọ bụ nso mmiri. A na-eji ọtụtụ ihe eme akwụ́. === Ịzụlite === <ref name="pizzey">Pizzey, G. and Knight, F. (1997). </ref>ọbọgwụ a na-akpa akwụ́ ya n'ime oghere osisi na-eyi àkwá 9-11 na-acha ọcha, nke yiri Ọbọgwụ Mandarin. Nwanyị na-ekpuchi ha mgbe nke oké na-eche nche. Ozugbo ụmụ ọbọgwụ dị njikere ịhapụ akwụ́ ha, nke nne na-efega n'ala ma nwa ọbọgwụ ahụ ga-awụli elu n'ala wee soro ndị mụrụ ha. Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọkwa ụmụ ha. == Nri == Ọbọgwụ osisi Australia na-eri ahịhịa, ọka, clover na ahịhịhịa ndị ọzọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ, ụmụ ahụhụ. A naghị ahụkarị ya na mmiri mepere emepe, na-ahọrọ ịnya nri site na ịnya na mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ma ọ bụ na ala ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ. == Ụdị ndị yiri ya == Enwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọbọgwụ osisi Australia na agụ owuru, ''Nettapus'' spp., nke dị obere, nwere akara ihu na-acha ọcha ma na-ahụkarị na mmiri. Ọbọgwụ na-afụ ụfụ, ''Dendrocygna'' spp., nwere ụkwụ na olu dị ogologo, nnukwu, ọnụ yiri ọbọgwụ ma na-agagharị n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ. Mgbe ọ na-efe efe, ọbọgwụ osisi Australia bụ naanị ọbọgwụ nwere ábụ́bà na-acha ọcha na nku ojii. == Ihe ngosi == == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} * Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): Wildfowl: nduzi njirimara maka ọbọgwụ, geese na swans nke ụwa. Christopher Helm, London  <small> </small><small>[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7470-2201-1|0-7470-2201-1]]</small> * Marchant, S. na Higgins, P.J. (ed.). 1993. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke nnụnụ Australia, New Zealand na Antarctic. Mpịakọta 1B (Ratites to Ducks), Oxford University Press, Sydney. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ntuziaka ubi maka nnụnụ nke Australia, 6th Edition. Penguin Books, Australia. Handbook of the Birds of the World mpịakọta 1 nke Josep del Hoyo-Andrew Elliot-Jordi Sargatal - Lynx Edicions - <nowiki>ISBN 84-87334-10-5</nowiki><small> </small> Guide De Canards, des oies et des cygnes - nke Steve Madge - Delachaux et Niestlé - <nowiki>ISBN 2-603-01376-9</nowiki><small> </small> == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraChenonetta jubatana Wikimedia Commons * [http://birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=185 Mpempe akwụkwọ data nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Australia] * [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/maned-duck-chenonetta-jubata Akwụkwọ akụkọ Banyere Ndụ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 590tacy2czoxz2kcf5xh4bnql47odmw 0 34861 697689 205602 2026-08-10T05:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697689 wikitext text/x-wiki    {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Leslie Leiserowitz</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1934 (afọ 88&#x2D;) &nbsp;<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Johannesburg]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onyinye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Prelog Medal|Ihe nrite mmalite]] <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span> * Ihe nrite Gregori Aminoff <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span> * Ihe nrite Israel <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span> * Ihe nrite EMET <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span> * Ihe nrite Wolf na Chemistry <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Chemistry, Crystallography |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Leslie Leiserowitz''' (Hebrew, amụrụ na 1934 na Johannesburg) bụ onye [[Israel]] chemist na crystallographer. Leiserowitz gụrụ injinia eletrik na Mahadum Cape Town na nzere bachelọ, wee rụọ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka injinia ọkụ eletrik wee nweta nzere masta na physics (X-ray crystallography, n'okpuru Reginald William James). N'afọ 1959, ọ sonyeere ngalaba X-ray crystallography na Weizmann Institute n'okpuru Gerhard Schmidt, nwa akwụkwọ Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin. Otu ahụ dị na Weizmann Institute nwere aha mba ụwa na kemịkalụ siri ike. Site na 1966 ruo 1968 o guzobere ngalaba kemịkalụ X-ray crystallography na Mahadum Heidelberg na oku nke Heinz Staab. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mepụtara ma tinye mmemme kọmputa site na iji usoro nke ndị Nobel Laureates Herbert Hauptman na Jerome Karle. Laa azụ na Weizmann Institute, Leiserowitz rụrụ ọrụ na njikọ nke molecules maka nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke molecules site na iji X-ray crystallography (injinia crystal). Na mmekorita ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Danish, o jikwa X-ray diffraction nyochaa ihe nkiri dị nro nke nwere radiation synchrotron na DESY na Hamburg. Ya na Meir Lahav anọwo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ na njikwa stereochemical nke mmepụta kristal na uto na ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na nyocha nke [[Iba|ịba]], na-amụ ihe na-akpata ịba site na iji X-ray microscopy (ihe oyiyi nke iron mgbe X-ray gosipụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie) na-amụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dịka quinoline compounds. Pathogen nke ịba na-emebi hemoglobin, na-emepụta heme na-egbu egbu nke na-abanye na kristal hemozoin. Quinolines na-egbochi uto nke kristal hemozoin. Leiserowitz na Ronit Buller gosipụtara uto nke kristal hemozoin site na iji simulation kọmputa wee chọpụta na elu kristal ha dị mma maka nkwụsị nke quinolines. <ref name="Buller Peterson Almarsson Leiserowitz 2002 pp. 553–562">{{Cite journal|author=Buller|first=Ronit|title=Quinoline Binding Site on Malaria Pigment Crystal: A Rational Pathway for Antimalaria Drug Design|journal=Crystal Growth & Design|volume=2|issue=6|year=2002|doi=10.1021/cg025550i|pages=553–562}}</ref> <ref>[https://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/chemistry/malarias-achilles-heel Malaria's Achilles' Heel], Weizmann Institut, 1. Oktober 2003</ref> kọwara ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ ma nye ntụziaka maka imeziwanye usoro ọgwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolffund.org.il/2021/02/09/leslie-leiserowitz/|title=Leslie Leiserowitz|date=9 February 2021|accessdate=14 December 2023|archivedate=25 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225132122/https://wolffund.org.il/2021/02/09/leslie-leiserowitz/}}</ref>'afọ 1987, ọ natara ihe nrite Prelog na nkuzi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chab.ethz.ch/forschung/institute-und-laboratorien/LOC/prelog-lecture/fruehere-prelog-lektoren.html|title=Frühere Prelog-Lektoren und deren Laudatien|work=chab.ethz.ch|accessdate=2023-12-14|archivedate=2020-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716235831/https://chab.ethz.ch/forschung/institute-und-laboratorien/LOC/prelog-lecture/fruehere-prelog-lektoren.html}}</ref> na 2002 Gregori Aminoff Prize <ref>[https://www.kva.se/en/priser/gregori-aminoffs-pris/pristagare Gregori Aminoff Prize 2002]</ref> ya na [[Meir Lahav]]">Meir Lahav, Israel Prize na 2016, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Weizmann professors claim Israel Prize in chemistry and physics|work=haaretz.com|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.701921|format=|accessdate=2 September 2017|archiveurl=|archivedate=|author=|date=7 February 2016|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref> EMET Prize na 2018 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180730081018/http://www.emetprize.org/ EMET Prize 2018] (in Hebrew)</ref> na Wolf Prize na Chemistry <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israel-prize-winners|title=Israel Prize Winners|work=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> na 2021 ya na Mear Lahav. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mitgliederverzeichnis|work=leopoldina.org|url=https://www.leopoldina.org/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/608/|format=|accessdate=24 June 2018|archiveurl=|archivedate=|author=|date=|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>'afọ 1997, a họpụtara Leiserowitz ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leopoldina. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=Addadi|first=L.|title=Resolution of conglomerates by stereoselective habit modifications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1982-03-04_296_5852/page/21|journal=Nature|volume=296|issue=5852|year=1982|doi=10.1038/296021a0|pages=21–26}} * {{Cite journal|author=Berkovitch-Yellin|first=Z.|title=Absolute configuration of chiral polar crystals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1982-03-04_296_5852/page/27|journal=Nature|volume=296|issue=5852|year=1982|doi=10.1038/296027a0|pages=27–34}} * {{Cite journal|author=VAIDA|first=M.|title=The Structure and Symmetry of Crystalline Solid Solutions: A General Revision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-09-16_241_4872/page/1475|journal=Science|volume=241|issue=4872|date=16 September 1988|pmid=17790041|doi=10.1126/science.241.4872.1475|pages=1475–1479}} * {{Cite journal|author=Vaida|first=M.|title=Absolute asymmetric photochemistry using centrosymmetric single crystals. The host/guest system (E)-cinnamamide/E-cinnamic acid|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_1989-02-01_111_3/page/1029|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=111|issue=3|year=1989|doi=10.1021/ja00185a036|pages=1029–1034}} * {{Cite journal|author=WEISSBUCH|first=I.|title=Molecular Recognition at Crystal Interfaces|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-08-09_253_5020/page/637|journal=Science|volume=253|issue=5020|date=9 August 1991|pmid=17772367|doi=10.1126/science.253.5020.637|pages=637–645}} * {{Cite journal|author=Weissbuch|first=Isabelle|title=Toward Stereochemical Control, Monitoring, and Understanding of Crystal Nucleation|journal=Crystal Growth & Design|volume=3|issue=2|year=2003|doi=10.1021/cg0200560|pages=125–150}} == Akwụkwọ == • Ajụjụ ọnụ Akụkọ Mmekọrịta na Ute Deichmann, Jacques Loeb Centre for History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion Universität, 2013 == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s5z0c3gn3pgk4t1wcobujt13k98vadq 0 34937 697777 645403 2026-08-10T08:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=|image=<!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)-->|caption=|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1964|02|21}}|birth_place=[[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=<!--{{death date and age |YYYY|MM|DD |YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date)-->}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Wilhelm Johannes Verwoerd''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 21, 1964) <ref name="bw">{{Cite web|url=http://beyondwalls.co.uk/who-we-are/wilhelm-verwoerd|title=Beyond Walls: Wilhelm Verwoerd|accessdate=December 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231132648/http://beyondwalls.co.uk/who-we-are/wilhelm-verwoerd|archivedate=December 31, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://beyondwalls.co.uk/who-we-are/wilhelm-verwoerd "Beyond Walls: Wilhelm Verwoerd"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171231132648/http://beyondwalls.co.uk/who-we-are/wilhelm-verwoerd Archived] from the original on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> bụ onye na-ahụ maka nhazi na onye nchọpụta na Mahadum Stellenbosch na onye na-eme ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="bw" /> nwa Hendrik Verwoerd, nke a maara dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Verwoerd agọnahụla echiche ndị ezinụlọ ya na ha nwere njikọ zuru oke wee sonye na ANC. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Pretoria na Wilhelm na Elise (née Smit) Verwoerd na 21 Febụwarị 1964, Wilhelm bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Afrikaner a ma ama. Nna nna ya bụ Praịm Minista South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd. Ọ bụ ezie na a zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-adịghị anabata njikọta agbụrụ, ọ gbanwere echiche ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Netherlands]] na Mahadum Oxford. O nwere MA na nkà ihe ọmụma site na Mahadum Stellenbosch na 1989, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/66893?show=full|title=MA thesis|accessdate=January 2, 2018|year=1989}}</ref> MA na PPE site na Machị Oxford na PhD na Applied Ethics site na Maazị Johannesburg. <ref name="bw" /> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ ya == Nnyocha Verwoerd na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ime udo, mgbaghara na mgbaghara, nke o dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na ya. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mmemme na onye nhazi na Ireland, n'ime Glencree Center for Peace and Reconciliation's Survivors na ndị bụbu Combatants Programme n'etiti afọ 2002 na 2011. Ọ bụbu onye nduzi nke Beyond Walls Ltd. Site na 2019 ọ bụ onye nchọpụta dị elu na onye nhazi n'ime Studies in Historical Trauma and Transformation, Stellenbosch University. <ref name="sah">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/verwoerds-grandson-joins-anc|title=Verwoerd's grandson joins ANC|accessdate=December 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231125955/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/verwoerds-grandson-joins-anc|archivedate=December 31, 2017|date=March 16, 2011}}</ref>'afọ 1992, Verwoerd sonyeere ANC n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, nke mere ka ọtụtụ nkatọ na egwu sitere n'aka ndị Afrikaners na-alụ ọgụ - n'ihi agbụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Nke <ref name="ind">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/interview-young-verwoerd-is-wrestling-with-sins-of-the-grandfather-the-grandson-of-apartheids-1453137.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231131500/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/interview-young-verwoerd-is-wrestling-with-sins-of-the-grandfather-the-grandson-of-apartheids-1453137.html|archivedate=December 31, 2017|title=Young Verwoerd is wrestling with sins of the grandfather|accessdate=December 25, 2017|date=April 3, 1993}}</ref> wetara esemokwu na ezinụlọ ya. == Ndụ onwe onye == Verwoerd lụrụ Melanie Fourie na 1987, onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Wilmé (amụrụ na 1990) na Wian (amụrụ 1992). <ref name="Noseweek242">{{Cite news|url=https://www.noseweek.co.za/article/4315/Deep-reconciliation|title=Deep Reconciliation: Wilhelm Verwoerd and his calling to 'transform apartheid'.|work=Noseweek|date=December 2019|accessdate=December 14, 2019}}</ref> Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 2005. Wilhelm mechara lụọ nwunye <ref>{{Cite news|first=Jane|author=Flanagan|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/apartheid-founders-grandson-fights-own-battle-for-reconciliation-k3xbzndd2|title=Apartheid architect’s grandson fights own battle for reconciliation|work=The Times|date=10 October 2019|accessdate=5 June 2023}}</ref> nke abụọ Sharon, onye bụ onye Australia. == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * Wilhelm Verwoerd (1996). Verwoerd dị ndụ?: kronieke van 'n'ị. Human & Rousseau. * Wilhelm Verwoerd (2018). Bloedbande: 'n Donker tuiskoms. Tafelberg * Wilhelm Verwoerd (2019). Verwoerd: Njem m site na aghụghọ ezinụlọ. Tafelberg === Akwụkwọ ndị edepụtara edepụtara === * {{Cite book|editor=Wilhelm Verwoerd|title=Looking Back Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|year=2000|pages=344|isbn=9781856498197|url=https://www.zedbooks.net/shop/book/looking-back-reaching-forward}} === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Trudy Govier|year=2002|title=The Promise and Pitfalls of Apology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-philosophy_spring-2002_33_1/page/67|journal=[[Journal of Social Philosophy]]|volume=33|pages=67–82|doi=10.1111/1467-9833.00124}} * {{Cite journal|author=Trudy Govier|title=Trust and the Problem of National Reconciliation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-of-the-social-sciences_2002-06_32_2/page/178|year=2002|volume=32|issue=2|pages=178–205|journal=[[Philosophy of the Social Sciences (journal)|Philosophy of the Social Sciences]]|doi=10.1177/004931032002003}} * {{Cite journal|author=Trudy Govier|year=2002|title=Forgiveness: The Victim's Prerogative|journal=South African Journal of Philosophy|volume=21|issue=2|pages=97–111|doi=10.4314/sajpem.v21i2.31338|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajpem/article/view/31338}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OsfGSOAVfc Oge eruola ịgbaghara? - Dr Wilhelm Verwoerd] * [https://vimeo.com/139609712 Dr. Wilhelm Verwoerd na-ekwu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ngwọta esemokwu] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 71wi7d72wn9y7tx6w42gge887619t82 0 34948 697643 451695 2026-08-10T04:41:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Clinical geropsychology <ref>[http://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/gero.aspx APA]</ref> itinye n'ọrụ site n'aka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba (nkà mmụta uche, ndụmọdụ akparamà mmụta uche) nke "ihe ọmụma na usoro nke nkà mmụta uche iji ghọta ma nyere ndị agadi na ezinụlọ ha aka ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịmma, merie nsogbu ma nweta ikike kachasị elu n'oge ndụ ha". == Mmalite na nkọwa == Ndị bi n'ụwa na-aka nká ngwa ngwa. N'ụwa nile, ndị gbara afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị nde 962 na 2017, ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye na 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Ageing 2017|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf|author=|first=|date=|work=un.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122184711/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf|archivedate=2019-01-22}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agadi ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, mgbe a na-atụle na ọ ga-eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ 2.1. <ref name=":0" />'ụwa niile, a na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 80 ma ọ bụ karịa ga-abawanye karịa okpukpu atọ n'etiti afọ 2017 na 2050, na-arị elu site na nde 137 ruo nde 425. Maka oge mbụ <ref name=":0" />'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ụwa nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa ndị dị afọ 5 na n'okpuru. Nchịkwa na Aging na-akọ na ndị mmadụ dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa mejupụtara ihe dị ka 15.6% nke ndị bi na US na 2017, a na-atụkwa anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a ga-eto nke ukwuu. Site <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2018 profile of older Americans|url=https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2018OlderAmericansProfile.pdf|date=April 2018|work=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> 2007-2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa hụrụ mmụba 34%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmụba 4% maka ndị na-erubeghị afọ 65. <ref name=":1" /> ọ na-erule afọ 2040, a ga-eme atụmatụ na a ga-enwe nde mmadụ 80.8 toro eto na US, nke mejupụtara ihe dịka 21.6% nke ndị bi na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization, (2017). Mental health of older adults.|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430140059/http://www.who.int:80/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults|archivedate=2018-04-30|accessdate=}}</ref> ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ihe karịrị 20% nke ndị okenye dị afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere nsogbu uche ma ọ bụ nke akwara (ewepu nsogbu isi ọwụwa), na 6.6% nke nkwarụ niile (afọ ndụ nkwarụ gbanwere nkwarụ-DALYs) n'etiti ndị karịrị afọ 60 na-ekwu na ọ bụ nsogbu uche na nke akwara. Na mgbakwunye, ndị okenye na-enwekarị ọtụtụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha, gụnyere mbelata ahụike, ọnwụ nke ndị ha hụrụ n'anya, mgbanwe ọrụ, mgbanwe na ebe obibi, na enweghị nnwere onwe, na ụzọ ọnwụ ha si abịa. N'iburu n'uche mmụba a na-atụ anya ya nke ndị okenye, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ga-emecha soro ndị okenye rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ya mere ndị ọkà n"akparamá mmadụ niile kwesịrị ịmara nsogbu ndị metụtara ịka nká na ọnọdụ ha. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị okenye nwere ike irite uru site n'ịhụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na ịka nká, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists, ndị a na-azụ iji dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike uche na omume a na-ahụkarị na ndụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists enweela ọzụzụ pụrụ iche iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, nchegbu, Nsogbu ụbụrụ (dịka, dementia, obere nkwarụ [MCI]) nke nsogbu ndị dị na Ọrịa Alzheimer, nrụgide onye nlekọta, iru uju na ọnwụ, nsogbu nlekọta njedebe nke ndụ, na nsogbu ahụike anụ ahụ (dịka Nsogbu ụra, Ọrịa shuga, Ọrịa obi). Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-emetụtakwa nsogbu ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ịka nká na ọrụ ahụike, nyocha, na iwu (gerodiversity). Ndị Geropsychologists na-enye nyocha uche na ntinye aka nye ndị okenye na ezinụlọ ha, yana ọrụ ndụmọdụ nye ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ. A na-enye ọrụ ndị a na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ onwe onye, ahụike uche obodo, ntọala ahụike jikọtara ọnụ (dịka, nlekọta mbụ), nlekọta mmezigharị, ntọala uche, nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ, nlekọta obibi, nlekọta ogologo oge, mmemme ahụike ụbọchị ndị okenye, na ọtụtụ ntọala ndị ọzọ. A na-azụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-arụ ọrụ na mahadum, ụlọ ọgwụ agụmakwụkwọ na ntọala ahụike, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, na ntọala iwu ọha na eze. == Akụkọ mmalite == Na 1946, Sydney Pressey, PhD., na njikọ nke ndị na-akwado nyere aka guzobe Ngalaba Mmepe na Aging nke American Psychological Association (APA) raara onwe ya nye ọmụmụ nke ndị okenye na mmepe ndị okenye. <ref name="Birren96"/> APA kwadoro Ngalaba Mmepe <ref name="Birren96" /> Nká Ndị Ntorobịa na votu nke 20 na 3, si otú a guzobe ya dị ka mgbasawanye mbụ metụtara nká nke APA. N'afọ 1946, e nwere nzukọ mbụ nke Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká nke ndị okenye na mmadụ iri na atọ bịara. <ref name="Birren96"/>'agbanyeghị mmalite ya dị ala, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1952, e jikọtara nzukọ kwa afọ nke Adult Development and Aging Division na Gerontological Society na Washington, D.C. Na nzukọ a, Harold Jones, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye nduzi nke California-based Institute of Child Welfare, kwuru okwu na nnọkọ ahụ ma kwuo maka nguzobe nke "A national institute on the problems of aging". Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ afọ 22 ọzọ tupu e guzobe National Institute of Aging (NIA), n'ime naanị afọ isii, Adult Development and Adging Division nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ ya dị ukwuu iji guzobe. Na nzukọ 1953 nke Adult Development and Aging Division, Nathan Shock, PhD., onye guzobere otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe mbụ gbasara ịka nká, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blazer|first=D. G.|date=2004-11-01|title=Longitudinal Studies on Aging and the Development of Geriatrics in North America|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1155–1156|doi=10.1093/gerona/59.11.1155|pmid=15602061|issn=1079-5006}}</ref> gwara ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nọ ebe ahụ ka ha tụlee nsogbu "dị irè" nke ntozu okè na ịka nkụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Busse|first=E. W.|date=1993|title=Duke University Longitudinal Studies of Aging|journal=Zeitschrift für Gerontologie|volume=26|issue=3|pages=123–128|issn=0044-281X|pmid=8337904}}</ref> Nke <ref name="Birren96">Birren, B., and Morrow, L (1996, August). The Development of Division 20. Division 20: Past and Future Perspectives. Retrieved from http://apadiv20.phhp.ufl.edu/d20hist.pdf</ref> bụ nke mbụ a maara na a na-ezo aka n'ụzọ a na-etinye n'ọrụ na nke ahụike maka nkà mmụta uche nke ịka nká n'èzí ngalaba ahụike. N'afọ 1959, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) guzobere ngalaba a raara nye ịka nká, wee họpụta James Emmett Birren, PhD, dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba a. Nnyocha Birren lekwasịrị anya <ref name="Birren96"/> ọrụ akwara, mmetụta, nghọta na nghọta na ịka nká, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye nyocha mbụ nke oge a. Dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ịka nká na NIMH, ọ bụ ihe enyemaka dị ka onye nhazi na onye na-akwalite mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|date=2000|editor=Birren|title=A history of geropsychology in autobiography.|doi=10.1037/10367-000|isbn=1-55798-631-2}}</ref> mepụtara ma dezie Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, <ref name="Birren96" /> ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal Gerontology, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke Gerontological Society of America. 'afọ 1971, Nzukọ White House na Aging chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-arụ ọrụ na ndị okenye bụ ihe dị mkpa ngwa ngwa. Nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro <ref>{{Cite web|title=S.775 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Research on Aging Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/775|author=Eagleton|first=Thomas F.|date=1974-05-31|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2020-05-15}}</ref> e mepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-eme agadi, na 1971 ka ewepụtara Iwu Nnyocha na Aging . <ref name="Binstock2010">Binstock, R (2010, March). 1974: GSA Plays Major Role in NIA's Development. Gerontology News. Gerontological Society of America. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20211102180740/https://www.geron.org/images/stories/newsletters/gerontology_news/March_2010.pdf</ref>'afọ 1974, Iwu Nnyocha Banyere Ịka Nká gafere na Congress, Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na iwu ahụ wee mepụta National Institute on Aging (NIA). [1] Nke <ref>{{Cite web|title=APA Integrated Health Care for an Aging Population Project|url=https://www.apa.org/pi/aging/programs/integrated/overview|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> bụ oge dị mkpa na mpụta nke geropsychology dị ka ngalaba dị iche iche nke omume. == Ọzụzụ ahụike na nzukọ mba == Dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke National Institute of Aging, Robert Butler, MD, mere ọrụ mbụ ya iji bulie agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike n'ọhịa ịka nká. N'ịghọta ụkọ ohere ọzụzụ maka ndị dọkịta na ndị nchọpụta, Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká Ndị Ntorobịa, na nkwado sitere na APA na ego sitere na NIA, kpọkọtara otu ọrụ na Nọvemba 1977 iji "na-enyocha mkpa uche Nkume ndị okenye ma nye aro gbasara itinye aka nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na ọrụ ahụike uche nye ndị agadi. Nke a setịpụrụ ọkwa maka nzukọ mbụ nke nzukọ atọ dị egwu na geropsychology: nzukọ 1981 na Training Psychologists for Work in Aging, nke a maara dị ka "Boulder" (Boulder) "Old, nzukọ General Conference of the General" (Bockologists for the General Conference) Na nnọkọ a, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ malitere ikwurịta ihe ọmụma nke geropsychology na otu esi akụziri ndị ọkà n"akparamá ọhụrụ ozi a. Ebumnuche nke Older Boulder bụ "ịchọpụta ihe onwunwe anyị nwere ike iji zụlite ma gbasaa ọzụzụ na ịka nká maka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ... [na] zụlite usoro ndụmọdụ iwu. " <ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-ahazi Older Bould kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị usoro dị iche iche maka ọzụzụ ịka nketa, ya mere, ha gbara ndị ọkà n"àgwà mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa gerontology, ndị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịga nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":2" />'ozuzu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 100 sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ. A kọwapụtara nsonaazụ nke nzukọ Older Boulder na mbipụta Psychology and the Older Adult: Challenges for Training in the 1980s <ref>{{Cite book|date=1982|editor=Santos|title=Psychology and the older adult: Challenges for training in the 1980s.|doi=10.1037/10557-000|isbn=0-78370-490-9}}</ref> yana akụkọ zuru ezu sitere na nzukọ ahụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na isiokwu dị iche iche. Nke kachasị mkpa, Older Boulder bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ dị mkpa iji mepụta ihe nlereanya ọzụzụ maka ikike maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. E mere nzukọ mba nke abụọ, "Older Boulder II", na Washington DC na 1992. Na nnọkọ a, a na-elekwasị anya na ọzụzụ nkà yana ọtụtụ ọkwa ọzụzụ ahụike. Nzukọ <ref>{{Cite book|date=1995|editor=Knight|title=Mental health services for older adults: Implications for training and practice in geropsychology.|doi=10.1037/10184-000|isbn=1-55798-334-8}}</ref> lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwa ntọala ihe ọmụma maka ọrụ geropsychology ọkachamara, na-akọwa ọkwa atọ nke ikike geropsycology: Ikpughe, Ahụmahụ, na Ọkachamara. E mere nzukọ nke atọ nke mba ahụ na 2006 na Colorado Springs, Colorado, nke Prọfesọ Bob Knight na [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Karel Michele Karel] haziri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Knight|first=Bob G.|date=2009|title=Pikes Peak model for training in professional geropsychology.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2009-04_64_3/page/205|journal=American Psychologist|volume=64|issue=3|pages=205–214|doi=10.1037/a0015059|pmid=19348521|issn=1935-990X}}</ref> nnọkọ a, e guzobere ụdị ọzụzụ "Pikes Peak" maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. Ihe nlereanya Pikes Peak jikọtara ozi a maara banyere ndị okenye ma tinye ya n'ọrụ iji guzobe ebe ikike maka ọzụzụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. <ref name=":3" /> ọmụmaatụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka mmemme ọzụzụ iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha nwee ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịka nká dị mma na nke ọrịa, mgbanwe ndị metụtara ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, mmetụta cohort, ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu banyere mmepe ndị okenye, na ntọala nlekọta dị iche iche maka ndị okenye, ọkachasị nlekọta interdisciplinary. == Society of Clinical Geropsychology (American Psychological Association Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ) == N'afọ 1993, Ngalaba 12 (Clinical Psychology) nke American Psychological Association haziri ngalaba (Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ) nke a ga-emesị kpọgharịa [https://geropsychology.org Society of Clinical Geropsychology]. Emere nke <ref>{{Cite book|author=Routh|first=Donald K.|chapter=Introduction|date=1994|title=Clinical Psychology Since 1917|pages=3–12|publisher=Springer US|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9712-1_1|isbn=978-1-4757-9714-5}}</ref> na mbido nke kọmitii na-eduzi nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ mejupụtara, gụnyere: George Niederehe, Barry Edelstein, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Margaret Gatz, Alfred Kaszniak, Norm Abels, Michael A. Smyer, George Stricker, na Linda Teri. Ebumnuche nke Society bụ ịkwalite ahụike uche na ahụike nke ndị okenye site na sayensị, omume, agụmakwụkwọ na nkwado na site n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọkachamara geropsychology. Society <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://geropsychology.org/officers-and-information/|work=geropsychology.org|accessdate=2020-05-15}}</ref>-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite na ịkwado ọzụzụ na geropsychology na ọkwa doctoral, internship, na postdoctoral, na-akwado geropsycology na iwu ọha na eze, yana ịkwalite nyocha ịka nká nke na-eme ka ọrụ ahụike mara. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Society mere emume ncheta afọ 25 ya na 2018. == Nkwado nke ebe pụrụ iche == Ndị American Psychological Association kwetara na ọ bụ ebe ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychology na 1997, APA kwetara na ya bụ ebe pụrụ iche na 2010. Tụkwasị na nke a, na 2013, e guzobere geropsychology dị ka mpaghara pụrụ iche na-apụta site na American Board of Professional Psychology, na-enye ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ohere inweta asambodo ụlọ ọrụ na Geropsychologie site na Disemba 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216102434/https://abgero.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ABGERO-Procedures-Manual.pdf akwụkwọ ntuziaka] ule dị n'ịntanetị. Mgbe nyocha mbụ na nyocha dị mma nke ihe nlele, ndị na-achọ ọrụ na-anọdụ ala maka nyocha ọnụ nke nwere akụkụ atọ: nyocha nke Practice Sample, nyocha nke Professional Self-Study Statement, na nyocha nke Ezi Omume. N'afọ 2014, Forrest Scogin, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum Alabama, natara onyinye M. Powell Lawton maka onyinye pụrụ iche na Clinical Geropsychology. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a7497sogtl6nh7hfywytlirnp4s9khj 0 34963 697757 644257 2026-08-10T07:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Nazira Karodia</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline-block;"><span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;">[[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]&#x20;[[Chartered Chemist|CChem]]&#x20;[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry|FRSC]]</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Prof_Nazira_Karodia.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Natal|Mahadum nke Natal]] Mahadum St Andrews (PhD) <br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Mmụta STEM Organic synthesis<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mahadum Florida Mahadum Bradford Mahadum Wolverhampton<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Akwụkwọ edemede | class="infobox-data" |[[hdl:10023/15005|''Nkwadebe, ọdịdị na mmeghachi omume nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke ylides phosphorus kwụsiri ike'']]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:97%;">(1996)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye ndụmọdụ doctoral | class="infobox-data" |Alan Aitken |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190704035530/https://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/nazira-karodia/ www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/nazira-karodia/]</span> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nazira Karodia''' MBE CChem FRSC bụ onye na-emepụta kemịkal, Prọfesọ nke Mmụta Sayensị na osote onye isi ala na Mahadum Edinburgh Napier (2021- ugbu a). Ọ bụbu onye isi oche maka Regional Engagement na Mahadum Wolverhampton.<ref name="wolves">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/nazira-karodia/|title=Nazira Karodia - University of Wolverhampton|work=www.wlv.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-06|archivedate=2019-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704035530/https://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/nazira-karodia/}}</ref> na-arụ ọrụ na organic synthesis, green chemistry, heterocyclic compounds na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Pain|first=Elisabeth|title=Battling inequality for herself and others|journal=Science|year=2017|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.caredit.a1700018}}</ref> mụrụ Karodia ma too na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe, ọ tara ahụhụ site na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'oge ọ na-aga akwụkwọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/parent-carer-scientist/nazira-karodia/|title=Professor Nazira Karodia|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|work=royalsociety.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref> nwere ike ịmụ kemịkalụ na Mahadum Natal, nke bụ naanị maka ndị ọcha, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1990. <ref name=":1" /> hapụrụ South Africa na 1992. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aitken|first=R. Alan|date=2016|title=Synthesis, structure and pyrolysis of stabilised phosphonium ylides containing saturated oxygen heterocycles|journal=Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry|language=en|volume=14|issue=5|pages=1794–1804|doi=10.1039/C5OB02467F|pmid=26751733|issn=1477-0520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aitken|first=R. Alan|date=2000|title=The solid state conformation of oxo stabilised ylides: X-ray structures of four new polyoxo phosphorus ylides|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2|language=en|issue=2|pages=333–340|doi=10.1039/A905747A|issn=1470-1820}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aitken|first=R. Alan|date=1994|title=Flash vacuum pyrolysis of stabilised phosphorus ylides. Part 5. Selective extrusion of PH3PO from β,γ,β′-trioxo ylides to give diacylalkynes|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1|language=en|issue=17|pages=2467–2472|doi=10.1039/P19940002467|issn=0300-922X}}</ref> gụsịrị PhD.D. ya na Mahadum St Andrews, [1] na-arụ ọrụ na phosphorus Yilede nke Alan Aitken lekọtara na 1995. [2] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aitken|first=R. Alan|date=2002-01-21|title=Flash vacuum pyrolysis of stabilised phosphorus ylides. Part 17.1 Preparation of aliphatic amino acid derived γ-alkoxycarbonylamino-β-oxo ylides and pyrolysis to give α,β-acetylenic γ-amino acid and GABA analogues|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1|language=en|issue=4|pages=533–541|doi=10.1039/B110243E|issn=1472-7781}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Karodia sonyeere Mahadum Florida <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1997|title=Facile Synthesis of Benzotriazines and Indoles by Ring-Scissions of α-Benzotriazol-1-yl Hydrazones|url=https://archive.org/details/synthetic-communications_1997_27_22/page/3963|journal=Synthetic Communications|language=en|volume=27|issue=22|pages=3963–3976|doi=10.1080/00397919708005918|issn=0039-7911}}</ref> ka onye otu na Centre for Heterocyclic Chemistry ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Benzothiazines na Benzotriazoles mepụtara. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katritzky|first=Alan R.|date=1997|title=A Novel Transformation of Esters to Alkynes with 1-Substituted Benzotriazoles|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|language=en|volume=62|issue=12|pages=4142–4147|doi=10.1021/jo962291t|issn=0022-3263}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> họpụtara Karodia ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Bradford ma mee ya onye nduzi STEM na 1998. [1] N'ebe a, Karodia zụlitere mmasị ya na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na mmemme mgbasa ozi sayensị nke na-achọ ịba uru na obodo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.educationopportunities.co.uk/dr-nazira-karodia/|title=Dr Nazira Karodia - NEON|work=NEON|accessdate=2018-09-06|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hestem.ac.uk/node/958|title=National HE STEM Programme - University of Birmingham|work=www.hestem.ac.uk|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref> bụ onye isi otu Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) STEM program, ebe e mere ya Regional Director (Yorkshire, Humber na North East) nke National HE STEM program. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2006-11-27|title=The ionic liquid ethyltri-n-butylphosphonium tosylate as solvent for the acid-catalysed hetero-Michael reaction|journal=Tetrahedron|language=en|volume=62|issue=48|pages=11039–11043|doi=10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.052|issn=0040-4020|author=Karodia|first=Nazira}}</ref> kemịkal <ref>{{Cite journal|author=El Mansoury|first=Ahmed|date=2012|title=Triphenylene-based discotic liquid crystals: star-shaped oligomers and branched-chain polymers|journal=Liquid Crystals|language=en|volume=39|issue=10|pages=1222–1230|doi=10.1080/02678292.2012.707691|issn=0267-8292}}</ref> lekwasịrị anya na mmiri ionic na mmiri crystalline polymers. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genovate.eu/dissemination/genovate-international-conference/speakers/nazira-karodia/|title=Nazira Karodia|work=www.genovate.eu|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-06|archivedate=2018-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032247/http://www.genovate.eu/dissemination/genovate-international-conference/speakers/nazira-karodia/}}</ref> <ref name="wolves"/> akụkụ nke ọrụ GENOVATE nke European Union kwadoro: ''Ịgbanwe ọdịbendị nhazi maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na nyocha na ihe ọhụrụ''. [1] [2] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/student-ambassador-training|title=Disseminating student ambassador top-up training in engineering in Yorkshire and the Northeast region|author=Karodia|first=Nazira|accessdate=2018-09-06|archivedate=2017-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721105111/http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/student-ambassador-training}}</ref> na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmemme iji kwalite ọrụ na sayensị na injinia, ọkachasị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'akụkụ ndị na-anọchite anya ha. Kemgbe afọ 2021 ọ nọ n'ọkwa osote onye isi ala na Mahadum Edinburgh Napier . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leadinglearning.co.uk/professor-nazira-karodia/|title=Professor Nazira Karodia - Leading Learning|work=Leading Learning|accessdate=2018-09-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> nke , ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Wolverhampton ebe ọ bụ Pro Vice Chancellor Regional Engagement (February 2020 - July 2021), Dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering (Februory 2016 -January 2020) na Prọfesọ nke Science Education. <ref name="Midlands Enterprise Universities">{{Cite news|url=http://midlandsenterpriseuniversities.co.uk/new-partnership-healthcare-course-launched|title=New partnership healthcare course launched - Midlands Enterprise Universities|date=2018-04-27|work=Midlands Enterprise Universities|accessdate=2018-09-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> na-arụkọ ọrụ na Doaba Group of Colleges . [1] <ref name="Midlands Enterprise Universities" />'afọ 2018 ọ malitere usoro sayensị ahụike ọhụrụ. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Karodia <ref name=":2"/> otuto site na National Educational Opportunities Network (NEON) na 2015 maka onyinye pụtara ìhè maka ịgbasawanye ohere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/dr-nazira-karodia-cchem-frsc/|title=Dr Nazira Karodia CChem FRSC {{!}} 175 Faces of Chemistry|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806021426/http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/dr-nazira-karodia-cchem-frsc/|archivedate=6 August 2020|work=www.rsc.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime Royal Society of Chemistry's Top 175 Faces of Chemistory na 2016. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/news-and-events/latest-news/2017/april-2017/dean-honoured-for-achievements-in-the-field-of-science.php|title=April 2017 - Dean honoured for achievements in the field of science - University of Wolverhampton|work=www.wlv.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref>'afọ 2017, e nyere ya ihe nrite Women-in-Science na ShruthiUK Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival. <ref name=":1"/>'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). [1] họpụtara Karodia ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|Onye otu Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) na 2022 New Year Honours maka ọrụ na sayensị kemịkal. == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref name=":0"/> nwere ụmụ ejima, ha abụọ gụrụ physics na mahadum. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2012/06/19/memorial-service-held-in-physics-for-%E2%80%9Csorely-missed%E2%80%9D-james-student/|title=Memorial service held in Physics for "sorely missed" James student|author=Banning-Lover|first=Rachel|date=2012-06-19|work=Nouse|accessdate=2018-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> tụfuru otu ejima n'ihi ọrịa sickle cell n'afọ 2012. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/physics/undergraduate/ug-academic-awards/|title=UG Academic Awards - Physics, The University of York|work=www.york.ac.uk|language=EN|accessdate=2018-09-06}}</ref> York, ebe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, nwere onyinye iji sọpụrụ ya. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n05jxq9ojlmctedqr39gesz1p6c5nzc 0 35183 697810 146355 2026-08-10T08:42:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697810 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Sir Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland''' OMG [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] FRS <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|author=Allibone|first=T. E.|authorlink=Thomas Allibone|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1973.0023|title=Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland. 1896-1972|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=19|pages=628–653|year=1973}}</ref> (2 Febụwarị 1896 - 24 Nọvemba 1972) bụ onye a ma ama maka nyocha ya gbasara àmụ̀mà, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Obituary: Sir Basil Schonland|url=https://archive.org/details/physics-today_1973-02_26_2/page/66|journal=Physics Today|date=February 1973|volume=26|issue=2|pages=66–67|doi=10.1063/1.3127962}}</ref> itinye aka na mmepe nke Radar n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] na ịbụ onye isi oche mbụ nke South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Austin|first=Brian|title=Schonland: Scientist and Soldier: From lightning on the veld to nuclear power at Harwell: the life of Field Marshal Montgomery's scientific adviser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9scQqYDtbhsC&pg=PA1|year=2001|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-3357-1}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ na nne na nna == A mụrụ ya na Grahamstown, Cape Colony na Selmar Schonland (onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na onye guzobere Mahadum Rhodes) na Flora MacOwan, nwa nwanyị Peter MacOwan. == Mmụta == N'afọ 1910, Schonland debara aha ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ na St. Andrew's College dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kachasị elu na Cape Province. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rhodes na Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge n'afọ 1914-15 na 1919-20. == Ọrụ Agha Ụwa Mbụ == N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Schonland wepụtara onwe ya maka ọrụ ma rụọ ọrụ na Signal Service nke Royal Engineers na France 1915-18. A merụrụ ya ahụ na Arras, a kpọtụrụ ya aha na despatches ma nye ya [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]. == Nnyocha mbụ == Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ na-eme nchọpụta na Cavendish Laboratory, Mahadum Cambridge ebe ọ mụrụ gbasara mgbasa nke beta particles. N'afọ 1922, Schonland laghachiri South Africa wee were ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town dị ka onye nkuzi ma mesịa bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Physics. == Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ == Na 1923, Schonland lụrụ Isabel Craib ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. == Ụlọ Ọrụ Bernard Price == Ọ hapụrụ [[Cape Town]] na 1937 ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Bernard Price Institute of Geophysics na Mahadum Witwatersrand ebe o nyere aka dị ukwuu na ọmụmụ nke ọkụ eletrik ikuku, na-ese foto àmụ̀mà ma na-enyocha ubi eletrik nke igwe ojii na-emepụta. highveld nke South Africa nwere nnukwu égbè eluigwe nke nyere ọtụtụ ihe maka ọrụ ya. N'oge a, ọ nọrọ otu afọ agụmakwụkwọ na Cavendish Laboratory, 1927-28. == Ọrụ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Dị ka Lt Col, Schonland nyere iwu ka South African Special Signals Services malite mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] malitere ma duzie mmepe nke usoro radar nke South Africa. N'afọ 1941, ọ gara England iji nwetakwuo ngwá ọrụ maka South Africa mana Sir John Cockcroft rịọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Army Operational Research Group nke Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (AORG) na Richmond, Surrey 1941-44. N'okpuru idu ndú ya, AORG nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, ọkachasị n'iji radar eme ihe site n'aka ndị agha. Ka ọ na-erule 1944 ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị nke Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery na 21st Army Group na England, France na Belgium. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha agha ahụ, o nwere ọkwa brigadier. == Ọrụ sayensị mgbe agha gasịrị == N'afọ 1945, Schonland laghachiri South Africa na nkwenye nke General Jan Smuts, praịm minista, iji guzobe Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nduzi nke Bernard Price Institute na Mahadum Witwatersrand, na 1951 ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke Mahadum Rhodes, na-ejigide ọnọdụ a ruo 1962. N'afọ 1954, Schonland ghọrọ osote onye nduzi na onye nduzi nke Atomic Energy Research Establishment na Harwell, Oxfordshire. == Ịbụ onye isi == Queen Elizabeth nke Abụọ mere ya knight na 1960 dị ka Knight Bachelor maka ọrụ ya na sayensị Britain. == Ịla ezumike nká na ọnwụ == Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ ezinụlọ dị nso na Winchester, na Hampshire, ma nwụọ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge na 24 Nọvemba 1972. == Onyinye == E nyere ya OBE (agha), 1919; CBE (agha), 1944; na knighthood, 1960. E nyere ya Ihe nrite Chree na ihe nrite na 1943, Ihe nrite Hughes na 1945, Ihe nrite Elliott Cresson na 1950, gosipụtara Bernard Price Memorial Lecture na 1951 ma kpọọ ya ka ọ nye Wilkins Lecture na 1955. Ọ bụ onye na-asọpụrụ na Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge, 1959-72. N'afọ 1999, a họpụtara ya dị ka "Scientist of the Century" nke South Africa ma n'afọ 2002 e nyere ya Order of Mapungubwe - Gold class (OMG) maka ọrụ ya na sayensị na South Africa. == Ebe Nnyocha Schonland == The Nuclear Physics Research Unit nke Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, nke Friedel Sellschop, onye na-esote Prọfesọ Schonland, guzobere, a gbanwere aha ya na Schonland Research Centre na 1984. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Eletrik ikuku (1932)   * ''Ụgbọelu nke Thunderbolts'' (1950)   * Ndị Atomist 1805-1933 (1968)   Lady Schonland nyere akwụkwọ nyocha Schonland na Churchill Archives Centre na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Papers of Sir Basil Schonland {{!}} ArchiveSearch|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1830|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Harwell Synchrocyclotron == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1830 Akwụkwọ nke Sir Basil Schonland] * Akụkọ ndụ Basil SchonlandnaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8wqqqgsskqlg8jg89yqco4y0l9b61he 0 35202 697641 206824 2026-08-10T04:40:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref name="obit2">{{Cite journal|date=1979|title=Obituaries|journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=20}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"Obituaries". ''[[Quarterly Journal nke Royal Astronomical Society|Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]''. '''20'''. 1979.</cite></ref>'''Andrew David Thackeray''' (19 June 1910 - 21 February 1978), <ref name="obit">{{Cite journal|date=1978|title=A.D. Thackeray|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=73-4}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"A.D. Thackeray". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''73–4'''. 1978.</cite></ref> bụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe nke a zụrụ na Mahadum Cambridge . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory ruo afọ 23. == Ọrụ == Thackeray gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Eton College, ebe ọ hụrụ meteors maka British Astronomical Association. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoritehistory.info/BAAMS/VIEWFH/FH84.HTM|title=Raw observations plus Analysis J.P.M. Prentice Notebook (1903-1981)|work=www.meteoritehistory.info|accessdate=2017-02-01}}</ref> <ref name="obit2" /> gara n'ihu na-amụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na King's College, Cambridge . [1] Ọ natara PhD na spectroscopy kpakpando na 1937 site na Solar Physics Laboratory na Cambridge. <ref name="radcliffe">{{Cite journal|author=Glass|first=I.S.|date=2009|title=Andrew David Thackeray at the Radcliffe Observatory|journal=Transactions of Royal Society of South Africa|volume=64|issue=1|pages=76–8|doi=10.1080/00359190909519240|url=http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/thack.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-20}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGlass2009">Glass, I.S. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212338/http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/thack.pdf "Andrew David Thackeray at the Radcliffe Observatory"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Transactions of Royal Society of South Africa''. '''64''' (1): 76–8. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190909519240|10.1080/00359190909519240]]. Archived from [http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/thack.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref>'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mount Wilson Observatory na California site na 1934 ruo 1936. [1] <ref>Stratton, F.J.M. "The History of the Cambridge Observatories" Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge Vol. I (1949)</ref> bụ osote onye nduzi nke Solar Physics Observatory na Cambridge Observatory site na 1937 ruo 1948. [1] <ref name="radcliffe" /> bụ onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria site na 1951 ruo mgbe e jikọtara ya na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope na 1974 iji guzobe South African Astronomical Observatory. <ref name="radcliffe" /> ghọrọ prọfesọ nsọpụrụ nke Mahadum Cape Town na, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya, onye mmekọ nke Royal Astronomical Society. == Nnyocha == Ọ bụ ọkachamara na kpakpando spectroscopy. Na nnọkọ nke International Astronomical Union na Rome na 1952, o gosipụtara nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ nke kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe na Magellanic Clouds, na-egosi na a ga-eji okpukpu abụọ gbasaa afọ na ogo nke eluigwe na ala. Ọ bụ onye chọpụtara Thackeray's Globules na 1950. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some southern stars involved in nebulosity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1950_110_6/page/524|author=Thackeray|first=A. D.|volume=110|issue=6|date=1950|pages=524–530|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|doi=10.1093/mnras/110.6.524}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref name="radcliffe" /> mụrụ ya na 19 June 1910 na Chelsea, London. Nna <ref name="obit2" /> bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Henry St. John Thackeray . [1] <ref name="obit" /> nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na 21 Febụwarị 1978. [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Mary Acworth Evershed. == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Thackeray|first=A.D.|title=Astronomical spectroscopy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fm1AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Eyre & Spottiswood|location=London|date=1961|pages=256}} * {{Cite journal|author=Feast|first=M. W.|title=The Brightest Stars in the Magellanic Clouds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1960_121_4/page/n10|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=121|issue=4|year=1960|pages=337–385|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/121.4.337}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119212917/http://assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-astr-thackeray_ad.html A. David Thackeray] sfrev64lxnl1jdlknx0gr8g5ws278be 0 35215 697526 631335 2026-08-10T02:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[Usòrò:10 Largest Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOS).png|thumb|[[Obere mbara ala]]]] Obere '''mbara ala dị obere''' ihe dị na mbara ala nke dị na Usoro Anyanwụ nke na agba gburugburu anyanwụ, buru ibu nke ukwuu iji bụrụ nke gbara gburugburu, mana ezughị iji nweta ikike okirikiri dị ka mbara ala asatọ. Mbido mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ bụ Pluto, nke a na ewere dị ka mbara ala dị mma tupu ewebata echiche "dwarf" na agụmakwụkwọ na 2006. Mmasị nke mbara ala ndị dị mkpụmkpụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ala bụ na ha nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị na arụ ọrụ na ala, atụmanya nke e gosipụtara na 2015 site na ọrụ Dawn na Ceres na ọrụ New Horizons na Pluto. Ndị na enyocha mbara igwe kwenyere n'ozuzu ha na ọ dịkarịa ala itoolu kachasị ukwuu bụ mbara ala ndị dị obere n'usoro siri ike, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Sedna, Ceres, na Orcus - ọ bụ ezie na enwere obi abụọ maka Orcus. N'ime itoolu ndị a tinyere onye nke iri kachasị ukwuu Salacia, ụgbọ mbara igwe eletawo abụọ (Pluto na Ceres) na ndị ọzọ asaa nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu ọnwa a maara (Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, na Salacia), nke na enye ohere ka a chọpụta ịdị arọ ha ma si otú a chọpụta atụmatụ nke njupụta ha. A pụrụ itinye ịdị arọ na njupụta n'ime ụdị geophysical na mgbalị iji chọpụta ọdịdị nke ụwa ndị a. Naanị otu, Sedna, a na eletaghị ma ọ bụ nwee ọnwa ọ bụla a maara, na eme ka atụmatụ ziri ezi nke ịdị arọ sie ike. Ụfọdụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na agụnye ọtụtụ obere ihe, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta na ndị a nwere ike ịbụ obere mbara ala. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka mbara ala bụ Alan Stern chepụtara okwu ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke nhazi ụzọ atọ nke ihe ndị dị na mbara ala na usoro anyanwụ: mbara ala oge ochie, mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ, na Mbara ala Satellite. N'ihi ya, a tụpụtara mbara ala ndị dị mkpụmkpụ dị ka otu ụdị mbara ala. Otú <ref name="finalresolution" /> dị, n'afọ 2006, [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) nabatara echiche ahụ dị ka otu ụdị ihe ndị dị na mbara ala, akụkụ nke ụzọ atọ nke ihe ndị na agba anyanwụ gburugburu: mbara ala, mbara ala ndị dị obere na obere ihe ndị dị n'usoro anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Philip T. Metzger|date=1 March 2022|title=Moons Are Planets: Scientific Usefulness Versus Cultural Teleology in the Taxonomy of Planetary Science|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768|journal=Icarus|volume=374|accessdate=May 30, 2022}}</ref> mere, Stern na ndị ọzọ na amụ banyere ala na ewere mbara ala dị obere na nnukwu satellites dị ka mbara ala, mana kemgbe afọ 2006, IAU na ikekwe ọtụtụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe ewepụla ha na ndepụta nke mbara ala. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche a == [[Usòrò:Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Pluto na ọnwa ya Charon]] [[Usòrò:Vesta_in_natural_color_(cropped).jpg|thumb|4 Vesta, asteroid nke bụbu obere mbara ala <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth|title=In Depth &#124; 4 Vesta|work=NASA Solar System Exploration|accessdate=February 29, 2020|archivedate=February 29, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229050949/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth/}}</ref>]] Malite na 1801, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe chọpụtara Ceres na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti Mars na Jupiter nke a na ewere dị ka mbara ala ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3418/|author=Mauro Murzi|title=Changes in a scientific concept: what is a planet?|date=2007|accessdate=April 6, 2013|journal=Preprints in Philosophy of Science}}</ref>'agbata mgbe ahụ na gburugburu 1851, mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbara ala ruru 23, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe malitere iji okwu Asteroid (site na Grik, nke pụtara 'dị ka kpakpando' ma ọ bụ 'dị ka mbara igwe') maka obere ihe ma malite ịmata ha dị ka ''Obere mbara ala'' karịa nnukwu mbara ala. Site na nchọpụta nke Pluto na 1930, ọtụtụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe weere usoro anyanwụ ka ọ nwere nnukwu mbara ala itoolu, yana ọtụtụ puku obere ihe (Asteroids na [[Comet|Comets]]). Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 50, a na eche na Pluto buru ibu karịa Mercury, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pluto Revealed|url=http://www.discoveryofpluto.com/pluto06.html|first=Brad|author=Mager|accessdate=January 26, 2008|publisher=discoveryofpluto.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004610/http://www.discoveryofpluto.com/pluto06.html|archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Pluto a planet?|url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=624|date=September 14, 2007|author=Cuk, Matija|publisher=Cornell University, Astronomy Department|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225232/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=624|archivedate=October 12, 2007}}</ref> mana site na nchọpụta na 1978 nke ọnwa Pluto bụ Charon, ọ bịara nwee ike ịlele ịdị arọ Pluto n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma chọpụta na ọ dị obere karịa atụmatụ mbụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2006-07_132_1/page/290|journal=The Astronomical Journal|date=2006|issue=1|pages=290–298|doi=10.1086/504422|first=Marc W.|author=Buie|volume=132}}</ref> &nbsp;Ọ bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri abụọ nke ịdị arọ nke Mercury, nke mere ka Pluto bụrụ mbara ala kacha nta. <ref>{{Cite book|first=David|author=Jewitt|title=The Solar System Beyond The Planets in Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/3-540-37683-6|isbn=978-3-540-37683-5|date=2006|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf|accessdate=February 10, 2008}}</ref> bụ ezie na ọ ka dị ihe karịrị okpukpu iri karịa ihe kachasị ukwuu na belt asteroid, Ceres, ọ nwere naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ịdị arọ nke [[Ọnwa]] ụwa. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Is Pluto a Planet? A Historical Journey through the Solar System|first=David A.|author=Weintraub|date=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isplutoplanethis00wein/page/1 1–272]|isbn=978-0-691-12348-6|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|url=https://archive.org/details/isplutoplanethis00wein/page/1}}</ref>, inwe ụfọdụ njirimara ndị a na adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka nnukwu eccentricity orbital na nnukwu inclination orbital, ọ bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ụdị ihe dị iche na nke ọ bụla n'ime mbara ala ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Much Ado about Pluto|publisher=PlutoPetition.com|first=Tony|author=Phillips|date=September 4, 2006|url=http://www.plutopetition.com/unplanet.php|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125225956/http://www.plutopetition.com/unplanet.php|archivedate=January 25, 2008}}</ref>'afọ ndị 1990, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe malitere ịchọta ihe n'otu mpaghara nke mbara igwe dị ka Pluto (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka belt Kuiper), na ụfọdụ ọbụna karịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwekọrọ ọtụtụ njirimara okirikiri nke Pluto, a malitekwara ịhụ Pluto dị ka onye kachasị ukwuu n'ime klas ọhụrụ nke ihe, plutinos. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the definition of a planet?|date=2004|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/sedna/index.html#planets|first=Michael E.|author=Brown|publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719160217/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/sedna/index.html#planets|archivedate=July 19, 2011}}</ref> doro anya na ma ọ bụ nke ka ukwuu n'ime ihe ndị a ga abụkwa nke a ga ekewa dị ka mbara ala, ma ọ bụ Pluto ga-agbanwe, dịka Ceres ka a gbanwere mgbe a chọtara asteroids ndị ọzọ.Nke a mere ka ụfọdụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe kwụsị ịkpọ Pluto dị ka mbara ala. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2004/news-2004-14.html/|date=April 14, 2004|title=Hubble Observes Planetoid Sedna, Mystery Deepens|publisher=NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site|accessdate=January 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eicher|first=David J.|authorlink=David J. Eicher|title=Should Pluto Be Considered a Planet?|url=https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2007/07/32-should-pluto-be-considered-a-planet|work=[[Astronomy (magazine)|Astronomy]]|accessdate=28 November 2022|language=en|date=2007-07-21|archivedate=November 28, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128115033/https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2007/07/32-should-pluto-be-considered-a-planet}}</ref> malitere iji ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere subplanet na ''planetoid'', mee ihe maka ihe ndị a maara ugbu a dị ka obere mbara ala. Ndị <ref>{{Cite news|title=War of the Worlds|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Brown, Mike|date=August 16, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/opinion/16brown.html|accessdate=February 20, 2008}}</ref>-enyocha mbara igwe nwekwara obi ike na a ga achọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ buru ibu dị ka Pluto, ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara ala ga amalite ito ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na Pluto nọgide na ahazi ya dị ka mbara ala. A chọpụtara Eris (nke a maara n'oge ahụ dị ka 2003 UB313) na Jenụwarị 2005; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/|title=California Institute of Technology, Retrieved 4-12-2015|accessdate=April 12, 2015|archivedate=May 17, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517130215/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/}}</ref> a na-eche na ọ dị ntakịrị karịa Pluto, ụfọdụ akụkọ na ezo aka na ya dị ka ''[[Mbara ala ndị gafere Neptune|Mbara ala nke iri]]''. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Astronomers Measure Mass of Largest Dwarf Planet|publisher=NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/24/full/|date=June 14, 2007|accessdate=January 26, 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=What makes a planet?|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/whatsaplanet/|first=Michael E.|author=Brown|publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archivedate=May 16, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516023200/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/whatsaplanet/}}</ref>'ihi ya, okwu ahụ ghọrọ okwu arụmụka siri ike n'oge Nzukọ Ezumezu IAU n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2006. Atụmatụ mbụ nke IAU gụnyere Charon, Eris, na Ceres na ndepụta nke mbara ala. Mgbe ọtụtụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe jụrụ atụmatụ a, ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe na [[Uruguay]] Julio Ángel Fernández na Gonzalo Tancredi chepụtara ihe ọzọ: Ha tụrụ aro maka ihe ndị buru ibu iji bụrụ gburugburu mana nke ahụ emeghị ka ha kpochapụ usoro ha nke planetesimals. <ref name="19aug" /> wezụga iwepụ Charon na ndepụta ahụ, atụmatụ ọhụrụ ahụ wepụrụ Pluto, Ceres, na Eris, n'ihi na ha ewepụbeghị usoro ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a na enwe nchegbu banyere nkewa nke mbara ala ndị na agba kpakpando ndị ọzọ gburugburu, <ref name="Draft Resolution 5">{{Cite web|title=The IAU draft definition of "planet" and "plutons"|url=http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0601/|publisher=International Astronomical Union|date=August 16, 2006|accessdate=May 17, 2008|archivedate=April 29, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050716/http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0601/}}</ref> a naghị edozi nsogbu ahụ; a tụụrụ ya aro ka e kpebie nke a naanị mgbe a malitere ịhụ ihe ndị dị ka mbara ala. <ref name="19aug">{{Cite web|date=August 19, 2006|first=Robert Roy|author=Britt|title=Details Emerge on Plan to Demote Pluto|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=August 18, 2006|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html|archivedate=June 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232939/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBritt2006">Britt, Robert Roy (August 19, 2006). [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html "Details Emerge on Plan to Demote Pluto"]. Space.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232939/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html Archived] from the original on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2006</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Stern" />'oge na adịghị anya mgbe nkọwa IAU nke obere mbara ala gasịrị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gosipụtara enweghị nkwekọrịta ha na mkpebi IAU. Mgbasa ozi gụnyere mkpado ụgbọ ala <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-25-pluto-memorabilia_x.htm|title=Online merchants see green in Pluto news|first=Alicia|author=Chang|publisher=USA Today|date=August 25, 2006|accessdate=January 25, 2008}}</ref> T-shirts. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Eight Planets|first=Michael E.|author=Brown|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/|publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162512/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/|archivedate=July 19, 2011}}</ref>Mike Brown (onye chọpụtara Eris) kwenyere na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara ala ruo asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title={{Sic|hide=y|Hotly|-}}Debated Solar System Object Gets a Name|publisher=NASA press release|url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/erisf-20060914.html|date=September 14, 2006|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archivedate=June 29, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155731/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/erisf-20060914.html}}</ref> kwupụtara na 2006 na ọ ga eji ntuziaka ọhụrụ nke IAU guzobere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Unabashedly Onward to the Ninth Planet|first=Alan|author=Stern|date=September 6, 2006|publisher=New Horizons Web Site|url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspectives/piPerspective_09_06_2006.php|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207024954/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspectives/piPerspective_09_06_2006.php|archivedate=December 7, 2013}}</ref>Alan Stern, onye nduzi nke Ọrụ NASA na Pluto, jụrụ nkọwa IAU nke mbara ala ugbu a, ma n'ihe gbasara ịkọwa mbara ala dị mkpirikpi dị ka ihe ọzọ karịa ụdị mbara ala, yana iji njirimara okirikiri (kama njirimara intrinsic) nke ihe iji kọwaa ha dị ka mbara ala dị obere. <ref name="News.discovery.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html|first=Mike|author=Wall|publisher=Space.com|title=Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern|date=August 24, 2011|accessdate=December 3, 2012|archivedate=August 14, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814212232/http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html}}</ref> mere, na 2011, ọ ka na ezo aka na Pluto dị ka mbara ala, [1] ma nabata mbara ala ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ obere dị ka Ceres na Eris, yana ọnwa ndị buru ibu, dị ka mbara igwe ndị ọzọ. [2] afọ tupu nkọwa IAU, o jiri njirimara orbital kewaa "überplanets" (nke kachasị asatọ) site na "unterplanets" ("planets ndị dị obere), na atụle ụdị "planets" abụọ ahụ. == Aha ya == [[Usòrò:Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Euler na-egosi echiche nke IAU Executive Committee nke ụdị ihe dị na usoro anyanwụ (ma e wezụga anyanwụ) ]] Aha maka nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mbara ala gụnyere obere mbara ala, ''planetoid'' (okwu zuru oke), ''Meso-planet'' (nke a na eji eme ihe maka nha dị n'etiti Mercury na Ceres), ''ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mbara ala'' na (n'ógbè transneptunian) ''plutoid''. Otú ọ dị, e chepụtara mbara ala dwarf dị ka okwu maka mbara ala ndị kasị nta, ọ bụghị nnukwu mbara ala, ọtụtụ ndị na enyocha mbara igwe ka na ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ahụ. Alan Stern chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ dwarf planet, nke yiri okwu ahụ bụ Dwarf Star, dị ka akụkụ nke nhazi okpukpu atọ nke mbara ala, ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya na aga n'ihu na ekewa mbara ala dị ka klas nke mbara ala. IAU kpebiri na a gaghị ele mbara ala ndị dị obere anya dị ka mbara ala, mana ha debere okwu Stern maka ha. Okwu ndị ọzọ maka nkọwa IAU nke nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mbara ala nke na enweghị nkọwa ma ọ bụ ojiji na emegiderịta onwe ha gụnyere quasi planet <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tom Service|title=Sounds of the solar system: probing Pluto's predicted score|work=The Guardian|date=July 15, 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/jul/15/sounds-pluto-new-horizons-colin-matthews-holst|accessdate=December 26, 2019}}</ref> na okwu ochie ''planetoid'' ("inwe ọdịdị nke mbara ala"). <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Karttunen|series=etal|title=Fundamental Astronomy|publisher=Springer|date=2007|edition=5}}</ref> <ref name="killed">{{Cite book|first=Mike|author=Brown|title=How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming|publisher=Spiegel & Grau|date=2010}}</ref>Michael E. Brown kwuru na ''planetoid'' bụ "okwu zuru oke" nke ejirila mee ihe maka ihe ndị a ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nakwa na ojiji nke okwu dwarf planet maka ihe na abụghị mbara ala bụ "dumb", mana na ọ bụ mgbalị nke IAU division III plenary session iji weghachite Pluto dị ka mbara ala na mkpebi nke abụọ. <ref name="finalresolution">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf|title=Definition of a Planet in the Solar System: Resolutions 5 and 6|date=August 24, 2006|work=IAU 2006 General Assembly|publisher=International Astronomical Union|accessdate=January 26, 2008|author=IAU}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIAU2006">IAU (August 24, 2006). [http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf "Definition of a Planet in the Solar System: Resolutions 5 and 6"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''IAU 2006 General Assembly''. International Astronomical Union. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090620102000/http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dos uruguayos, Julio Fernández y Gonzalo Tancredi en la historia de la astronomía:reducen la cantidad de planetas de 9 a 8 ...&Anotaciones de Tancredi|language=es|publisher=Science and Research Institute, Mercedes, Uruguay|url=http://www.ici.edu.uy/perfilASTRO.htm|accessdate=February 11, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220063342/http://www.ici.edu.uy/perfilASTRO.htm|archivedate=December 20, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comments & discussions on Resolution 5: The definition of a planet – Planets Galore|first=Mark E.|author=Bailey|url=http://astro.cas.cz/nuncius/appendix.html|work=Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, Series Tertia – official newspaper of the IAU General Assembly 2006|publisher=Astronomical Institute Prague|accessdate=February 9, 2008|archivedate=July 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030946/http://astro.cas.cz/nuncius/appendix.html}}</ref>'ezie, atụmatụ nke Mkpebi 5A kpọrọ ihe ndị a dị n'etiti planetoids, [1] [2] mana nnọkọ zuru ezu ji otu olu tie vootu iji gbanwee aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ''mbara ala,'' dị mkpụmkpụ. [3] Mkpebi nke abụọ, 5B, kọwara ''mbara ala ndị dị obere'' dị ka ụdị mbara ala, dị ka Stern bu n'obi na mbụ, dị iche na asatọ ndị ọzọ a ga akpọ "planets ochie". N'okpuru ndokwa a, a ga echekwa mbara ala iri na abụọ nke atụmatụ a jụrụ na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbara ala asatọ na mbara ala anọ dị mkpụmkpụ. <ref name="killed" /> meriri mkpebi 5B n'otu nnọkọ ahụ e mere 5A. <ref>IAU (2009). [http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1743921308025398 Reports on Astronomy 2006–2009]. ''Transactions of the IAU'', vol. XXVII-A</ref>'ihi enweghị nkwekọrịta nke mbara ala dị mkpirikpi na abụghị mbara ala n'ihi ọdịda nke Resolution 5B, a tụlere okwu ndị ọzọ dị ka ''Nanoplanet'' na subplanet, mana enweghị nkwekọ n'etiti CSBN iji gbanwee ya. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e mepụtara okwu ndị yiri ya site na ịsụgharị mbara ala dwarf karịa ma ọ bụ karịa n'ụzọ nkịtị: French planète naine, Spanish planeta enano, German ''Zwergplanet'', Russian karlikovaya planeta (karlic planet), Arabic ''kaukab qazm'' (كوكب قزم), Chinese ǎixíngxīng (矮行星), Korean ''waesohangseong'' (Wesohangsoong) ma ọ bụ ''waehangseong'' (Lishishish-Chipeni), mana n'asụsụ Japanese a na akpọ ha "planets" (Cost). IAU Resolution 6a nke 2006 <ref name="Resolution Result">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/|title=International Astronomical Union &#124; IAU|work=www.iau.org|accessdate=August 10, 2021|archivedate=April 29, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429212224/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/}}</ref> ghọtara Pluto dị ka "ihe nlereanya nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke ihe trans-Neptunian". <ref name="finalresolution"/> kọwaghị aha na ọdịdị ziri ezi nke ụdị a mana hapụrụ IAU ka ọ guzobe n'oge ọzọ; na arụmụka na eduga na mkpebi ahụ, a na akpọ ndị otu ahụ dị ka ''''pluton'''' na ihe plutonian mana ọ dịghị aha ọ bụla ka a na aga n'ihu, ikekwe n'ihi mmegide sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ala na nke a ga akpata mgbagwoju anya na pluton ha. <ref name="IAU2008" /> June 11, 2008, Kọmitii Nchịkwa IAU kwupụtara okwu ọhụrụ, ''plutoid'', na nkọwa: mbara ala niile dị obere na agafe Neptune bụ plutoids. Ngalaba ndị ọzọ nke IAU ajụla okwu ahụ:   Ụdị nke 'plutoid' weghaara ihe dị iche na mbụ n'etiti 'terrestrial dwarf' Ceres na 'ice dwarfs' nke sistemụ mbara igwe dị n'èzí, akụkụ nke echiche nke akụkụ atọ nke sistemụ anyanwụ n'ime mbara ala dị n'ime, ndị dike gas na etiti. dwarfs dị n'èzí, nke Pluto bụ onye isi. 'Ice dwarf' hụkwara ụfọdụ eji dị ka nche anwụ okwu maka niile trans-Neptunian obere mbara ala, ma ọ bụ maka ice asteroids nke mpụta anyanwụ System; Otu nwara nkọwa bụ na ice dwarf "bụ ibu karịa nucleus nke a nkịtị comet na icier karịa a ahụkarị asteroid." Kemgbe ọrụ Dawn, a ghọtara na Ceres bụ ihe na-ajụ oyi nke yiri ọnwa ndị na ajụ ice nke mbara ala ndị dị n'èzí na TNOs dị ka Pluto karịa ka ọ dị na mbara ala ndị nọ n'ụwa, na-eme ka ọdịiche ahụ ghara ịdị, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/33934-dwarf-planet-ceres-ice-volcano-discoveries.html|title=Ice Volcanoes and More: Dwarf Planet Ceres Continues to Surprise|work=[[Space.com]]|date=September 2016|accessdate=December 19, 2019|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012004925/https://www.space.com/33934-dwarf-planet-ceres-ice-volcano-discoveries.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dawn at Ceres: What Have we Learned?|first=J. C.|author=Castillo-Rogez|url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_183286.pdf|publisher=Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science|date=12 September 2017|accessdate=October 12, 2019|archivedate=October 8, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008123813/http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_183286.pdf}}</ref> ma kemgbe a na akpọ Ceres ice dwarf. <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ceres: The First Known Ice Dwarf Planet|title=Ice Worlds of the Solar System|author=Michael Carroll|date=2019}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji mara == {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:center; width: 330px;" |+Ndị na-eme ihe gbasara mbara ala<ref name="soter" /> !Ahụ ! style="font-weight: normal;" |{{Érèkọbalà|'''{{sfrac|{{mvar|m}}|{{Earth mass}} }}''' {{sup|[†]}}}} ! style="font-weight: normal;" |'''Λ'''&nbsp;[‡] ! style="font-weight: normal;" |'''μ'''&nbsp;[§] ! style="font-weight: normal;" |'''Π'''&nbsp;[#] |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Mercury |0.055 |×.95×103 |×.1×104 |×.3×102 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Venus |0.815 |×.66×105 |×.35×106 |×.5×102 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |[[Àlà|Ụwa]] |1 |×.53×105 |×.7×106 |×.1×102 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Mars |0.107 |×.42×102 |×.8×105 |×.4×101 |- style="background: #E8E0FF;" | align="left" |Ceres |0.00016 |×.32×10−4 |0.33 |×.0×10−2 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Jupiter |317.7 |×.30×109 |×.25×105 |×.0×104 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Saturn |95.2 |×.68×107 |×.9×105 |×.1×103 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Uranus |14.5 |×.85×105 |×.9×104 |×.2×102 |- style="background: #FFF;" | align="left" |Neptune |17.1 |×.73×105 |4×.4×104 |×.0×102 |- style="background: #E8E0FF;" | align="left" |Pluto |0.0022 |×.95×10−3 |0.077 |×.8×10−2 |- style="background: #E8E0FF;" | align="left" |Eris |0.0028 |×.13×10−3 |0.10 |×.0×10−2 |- style="background: #E8E0FF;" | align="left" |Sedna |0.0002 |×.64×10−7 | < 0.07[lower-alpha 2] |×.6×10−4 |- ! colspan="5" style="font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; padding: 4px;" |Ndị na-akọwa mbara ala nke mbara ala (acha ọcha), na nke mbara ala dwarf kachasị ukwuu a maara (na-acha odo odo) na ndị ọ bụla na-agba gburugburu (asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, diski gbasasịrị agbasa, sednoids). Ihe ndị ọzọ a maara n'etiti ndị a nwere obere ihe na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mara karịa nke egosiri. |- ! colspan="5" | {| style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 4px" | valign="top" |[†] |Mass na MEarth, unit nke mass hà ka nke MỤwa (5.97 × 1024 kg). {{Érèkọbalà|( {{math|5.97 × {{10^|24}} kg}} ).}} |- | valign="top" |[‡] |<nowiki>a about="#mwt317" class="texhtml mvar" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"mvar","href":"./Template:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":" a "}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAdI" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">a about="#m" class="texhtml" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"math","href":"./Template:Math"},"params":{"1":{"wt":" Λ "}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAcY" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Λ bụ ikike iji kpochapụ agbata obi (karịa 1 maka mbara ala) site na Stern & Levison (2002): [1] Λ = k m2 a− + 3 /2, ebe k = 0.0043 maka m na nkeji nke yottagrams (10 metric tọn) na a na nkeji nke mbara igwe (AU), ebe a bụ ọkara isi axis nke ahụ. [2]</nowiki>   |- | valign="top" |[§] |<ref name="soter" /><nowiki>M" class="texhtml mvar" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"mvar","href":"./Template:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":" m "}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAd0" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">m" class="texhtml mvar" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"mvar","href":"./Template:Mvar"},"params":{"1":{"wt":" µ "}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAds" style="font-style:italic;" typeof="mw:Transclusion">μ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mbara ala nke Soter, nke ọ na-ahụ karịa 100 maka mbara ala. </nowiki>{{Érèkọbalà|{{math|  ''µ'' {{=}} {{sfrac|''m''| ''M'' − ''m'' }} }},}} ebe m bụ ịdị arọ nke ahụ, na M bụ ngụkọta nke ihe ''niile'' na-anọ na mpaghara ya. |- | valign="top" |[#] |<ref name="Margot 2015" /> Π bụ ikike iji [[Na-ekpochapụ agbata obi|kpochapụ agbata obi]] (karịa 1 maka mbara ala) site na Margot. Π = k m a ± 9/8, ebe {{Érèkọbalà|{{math|  ''k'' {{=}} 807 }}}} maka nkeji nke ịdị arọ nke ụwa na [[Otu ihe na-enyocha mbara igwe|AU]]. |} |} Ụdị mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ sitere na esemokwu dị n'etiti echiche dị ike na nke ala banyere ihe echiche bara uru nke mbara ala ga abụ. N'ihe gbasara ike nke usoro anyanwụ, nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị na achịkwa agbata obi ha (Mercury site na Neptune) na ndị na adịghị (dị ka asteroids na Kuiper belt objects). Ihe dị n'eluigwe nwere ike ịnwe ọdịdị ala dị ike (planetary) na ihe dịka oke achọrọ maka mkpuchi ya ka ọ bụrụ plastik n'okpuru ịdị arọ ya, nke na eme ka ahụ nweta ọdịdị gburugburu. N'ihi na nke a chọrọ ịdị arọ dị ala karịa ikike ndọda na achịkwa mpaghara nke mbara igwe dị nso na usoro ha, enwere ọtụtụ ihe buru ibu iji nwee ọdịdị ụwa na ọdịdị mbara ala, mana ọ bụghị oke iji kpochapụ agbata obi ha. Ihe atụ <ref name="planetarysociety" /> Ceres na belt asteroid na Pluto na belt Kuiper. <ref>{{Cite web|first=David|author=Jewitt|title=Classification of Pluto|work=ess.ucla.edu|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]|url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/pluto_classification.html|accessdate=August 19, 2021|archivedate=August 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819074719/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/pluto_classification.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|first=Mike|author=Brown|title=The eight planets|work=gps.caltech.edu|publisher=[[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archivedate=July 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162512/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/}}</ref>-ahụ maka ihe ndị na eme n'ike na-ahọrọ iji ikike ndọda dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka planethood, n'ihi na site n'echiche ha, obere ihe na ndị agbata obi ha na ejikọta nke ọma, dịka Ceres dị ka nnukwu asteroid na Pluto dị ka nnukwu ihe Kuiper belt. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ahọrọ okirikiri dị ka ọnụ ụzọ, n'ihi na site n'echiche ha, ọdịdị ala nke ihe dị ka Ceres na eme ka ọ dị ka mbara ala dị ka Mars, karịa obere asteroid nke na enweghị ọdịdị ala. Nke <ref name="planetarysociety">{{Cite web|first=Emily|author=Lakdawalla|date=21 April 2020|title=What is a planet?|work=planetary.org|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]|url=https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet|accessdate=August 19, 2021|archivedate=January 22, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLakdawalla2020">Lakdawalla, Emily; et&nbsp;al. (April 21, 2020). [https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet "What is a planet?"]. ''planetary.org''. [[Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ala|The Planetary Society]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet Archived] from the original on January 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> mere ka e mepụta ụdị ''mbara ala ndị dị obere'' iji kọwaa klas a dị n'etiti. === Ọchịchị Orbital === Stern & Levison (2000) webatara parameter Λ (elu okwu lambda), na egosipụta ohere nke izute na akpata ntụgharị nke orbit. Uru nke parameter a na ihe nlereanya Stern kwekọrọ na square nke oke ahụ ma kwekọọ na oge ahụ. Enwere ike iji uru a mee atụmatụ ikike nke ihe iji kpochapụ agbata obi nke orbit ya, ebe Λ > 1 ga-emecha kpochapụ ya. <ref name="soter">{{Cite journal|first=S.|author=Soter|authorlink=Steven Soter|date=August 16, 2006|title=What is a Planet?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2006-12_132_6/page/2513|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=132|issue=6|pages=2513–2519|doi=10.1086/508861}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSoter2006">[[Steven Soter|Soter, S.]] (August 16, 2006). "What is a Planet?". ''The Astronomical Journal''. '''132''' (6): 2513–2519. [[ArXiv (ihe njirimara)|arXiv]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[arxiv:astro-ph/0608359|astro-ph/0608359]]</span>. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132.2513S 2006AJ....132.2513S]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/508861|10.1086/508861]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14676169 14676169].</cite></ref> chọtara oghere nke usoro ise nke ịdị ukwuu na Λ n'etiti obere Mbara ala na nnukwu asteroids na ihe Kuiper belt. N'iji paramita a, Soter na ndị ọzọ na enyocha mbara igwe rụrụ ụka maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbara ala na mbara ala dwarf dabere na enweghị ike nke ikpeazụ iji "kpochapụ agbata obi gburugburu ha": mbara ala na enwe ike iwepụ obere ozu n'akụkụ ha site na nkukota, ijide, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndọda (ma ọ bụ guzobe resonances orbital nke na egbochi nkukota), ebe mbara ala dwarf enweghị oke ime ya. Soter gara n'ihu wepụta usoro ọ kpọrọ ịkpa oke mbara ala, nke ejiri akara µ (mu), nke na anọchite anya nnwale nnwale nke ogo ịdị ọcha nke mpaghara orbital (ebe a na agbakọ µ site n'ikewa oke nke ahụ onye nyocha). site mkpokọta uka nke ihe ndị ọzọ na ekere òkè ya orbital zone), ebe Àtụ:Math e deemed to be cleared. Jean-Luc Margot nụchara echiche Stern na Levison iji mepụta ihe yiri nke ahụ Π (okwu elu Pi). <ref name="Margot 2015">{{Cite journal|first=Jean-Luc|author=Margot|date=15 October 2015|title=A quantitative criterion for defining planets|journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]|volume=150|issue=6|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMargot2015">Margot, Jean-Luc (October 15, 2015). "A quantitative criterion for defining planets". ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronomical|The Astronomical Journal]]''. '''150''' (6): 185. [[ArXiv (ihe njirimara)|arXiv]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[arxiv:1507.06300|1507.06300]]</span>. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..185M 2015AJ....150..185M]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185|10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51684830 51684830].</cite></ref> Λ.  dabeere na nchepụta, na ezere data nke Λ ji mee ihe. {{Érèkọbalà|{{math|  Π &gt; 1  }}}} na egosi mbara ala, na enwere ọzọ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọtụtụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu n'etiti mbara ala na mbara ala ndị dị obere. E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na anwa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbara ala na mbara ala ndị dị obere, <ref name="Stern">{{Cite news|first=Paul|author=Rincon|date=August 25, 2006|title=Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm|accessdate=January 26, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRincon2006">Rincon, Paul (August 25, 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm "Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt"]. [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi nke Britain|British Broadcasting Corporation]]. [[Akụkọ BBC|BBC News]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723033823/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm Archived] from the original on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> mana nkọwa 2006 na eji echiche a. <ref name="finalresolution"/> === Nkwado mmiri === {{Image frame|content={{Graph:Chart | width=200 | height=200 | type=rect | x = Eris, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Charon, Quaoar, Ceres, Orcus, Salacia | y1 = 16.6, 13.03, 4.01, 3.1, 1.75, 1.586, 1.4, 0.938, 0.61, 0.492 | showValues=offset:1,format:.2 | xAxisAngle = 45 }}|width=240|caption=Comparative masses of the likeliest dwarf planets, with [[Charon (moon)|Charon]] for comparison. The unit of mass is ~{{10^|21}} kg. [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] and Pluto dominate. Unmeasured [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] is excluded, but is likely on the order of Ceres. The Moon in contrast is 73.5×{{10^|21}}, over four times more massive than Eris.|border=no}}Mmetụta zuru oke n'ime, nke ikike ndọda ahụ kpatara, ga agbanwe plastik ahụ, na plasticity zuru oke ga eme ka elu dị elu banye na oghere jupụta, usoro a maara dị ka ntụsara ike ndọda. Ihe ndị dị obere karịa kilomita ole na ole na achịkwa ike ndọda ma na enwekarị ọdịdị na adịghị mma ma nwee ike ịbụ mkpokọta mkpọmkpọ. Ihe ndị buru ibu, ebe ikike ndọda dị ịrịba ama ma ọ bụghị nke kachasị, nwere ọdịdị poteto; ka ahụ buru ibu, ka nrụgide dị n'ime ya dị elu, ka ọ siri ike karị ma gbaa gburugburu ọdịdị ya, ruo mgbe nrụgide zuru ezu iji merie ike ya ma nweta nguzozi hydrostatic. Mgbe ahụ, ahụ dị gburugburu dị ka o kwere omume, n'ihi ntụgharị ya na mmetụta ya, ọ bụkwa ellipsoid n'ọdịdị. Nke bụ njedebe na akọwa nke obere mbara ala. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nọ na nguzozi hydrostatic, mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ n'elu ya ga eme ka otu ọdịdị ahụ dị ka ahụ, ma e wezụga obere ihe ndị dị n'elu dị ka craters na fissures. Ahụ ga enwe ọdịdị okirikiri ma ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị agbagharị na ellipsoidal ma ọ bụrụ. Ka ọ na agbagharị ngwa ngwa, otú ahụ ka ọ na aghọwanye oblate ma ọ bụ ọbụna scalene. Ọ bụrụ na a na eme ka ihe dị otú ahụ na agbagharị dị ọkụ ruo mgbe ọ gbazee, ọdịdị ya agaghị agbanwe. Ihe atụ kachasị njọ nke ihe nwere ike ịbụ scalene n'ihi ntụgharị ngwa ngwa bụ Haumea, nke dị okpukpu abụọ karịa ogologo ya dị ka ọ dị na poles. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ nwere nnukwu enyi dị nso, mgbe ahụ, ike mmiri na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na ebelata ntụgharị ya ruo mgbe ọ na emechi; ya bụ, ọ na enye otu ihu ahụ mgbe niile na enyi ya. Ozu ndị e mechiri emechi na mmiri na abụkwa scalene, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụ ntakịrị. [[Ọnwa]] nke ụwa na emechi, dị ka satellites niile gbara gburugburu nke nnukwu gas. Pluto na Charon na ejikọta ibe ha, dị ka Eris na Dysnomia, ma eleghị anya Orcus na Vanth. Enweghị oke ma ọ bụ oke nke mbara ala ndị dị obere, ebe ọ bụ na ndị ahụ anaghị akọwapụta ihe ndị dị. Enweghị oke elu doro anya: ihe dị anya na usoro anyanwụ nke buru ibu karịa Mercury nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe oge iji kpochapụ ndị agbata obi ya; ihe dị otú ahụ ga adaba na nkọwa nke mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ karịa mbara ala. 'ezie, Mike Brown malitere ịchọta ihe dị otú ahụ. A na ekpebi njedebe dị ala site na ihe achọrọ iji nweta ma jigide nguzozi hydrostatic, mana nha ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ihe na enweta ma na ejigide nguzoji ma dabere na ihe mejupụtara ya na akụkọ okpomọkụ ya, ọ bụghị naanị ịdị arọ ya. [1] Ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] mere atụmatụ na ihe ndị nwere oke karịrị 0.5 × 1021 kg na radius karịrị 400 km<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> ga anọ na nguzozi mmiri (ọdịdị ... ga ekpebi site na ikike onwe ya), mana na ikpe niile ga ekpeba. Nke <ref name="Grundy2019" /> dị nso na ihe ka ọ dị na 2019 ka a kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe dị ka njedebe maka ihe ndị karịrị Neptune nke zuru oke, ihe siri ike, na Salacia (r = 423±11 km, {{Érèkọbalà|{{mvar|m}} {{=}} {{val|0.492|0.007|e=21|u=kg}} )}} bụ ihe dị n'ókè maka atụmanya 2006 Q&A na nyocha ndị ọzọ na adịbeghị anya, yana Orcus dị n'elu oke a tụrụ anya ya. Enweghị ihe ọzọ nwere oke a tụrụ anya ya dị nso na oke a tụrụ aro ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị oke a tụrụ atụ na eru nso na oke oke a tụrụ. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbara ala ndị dị obere == [[Usòrò:TheTransneptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke nha, albedos, na agba nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị ukwuu trans-Neptunian]] {{TNO imagemap}}Enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere ihe mejupụtara mbara ala dị mkpirikpi, na ma ịhazi ihe dị ka mmadụ dị n'aka ndị na enyocha mbara igwe. Ya mere, a maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbara ala ndị dị obere na usoro anyanwụ. Ihe atọ a na atụle n'oge arụmụka na eduga na 2006 IAU nabatara ụdị mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ - Ceres, Pluto na Eris - n'ozuzu ha nabatara dị ka mbara ala dị obere, gụnyere ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na aga n'ihu na ekewa mbara ala dị ka mbara igwe. <ref name="Nimmo2017"> {{Cite journal|author=Nimmo|first=Francis|title=Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images|journal=Icarus|date=2017|volume=287|pages=12–29|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027}}</ref> otu n'ime ha - Pluto - ka a hụla n'ụzọ zuru ezu iji chọpụta na ọdịdị ya ugbu a dabara na ihe a ga atụ anya ya site na nguzozi mmiri. Ceres <ref name="EPSC" /> nso na nguzozi, mana ụfọdụ nsogbu ike ndọda ka na enweghị nkọwa. A na ewere Eris dị ka mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi na ọ buru ibu karịa Pluto. N'usoro nchọpụta, ahụ atọ a bụ: # <ref name="EPSC">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf|author=Raymond, C.|date=September 2018|chapter=Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution|title=European Planetary Science Congress|accessdate=July 19, 2020}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRaymond,_C.Castillo-Rogez,_J.C.Park,_R.S.Ermakov,_A.2018">Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et&nbsp;al. (September 2018). [https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf "Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''European Planetary Science Congress''. Vol.&nbsp;12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200130111631/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Ceres - chọpụtara na Jenụwarị 1, 1801 ma kwupụta Jenụwarụwarị 24, afọ 45 tupu [[Neptune]]. A na ewere ya dị ka mbara ala ruo ọkara narị afọ tupu a gbanwee ya dị ka asteroid. IAU weere ya dị ka obere mbara ala kemgbe a nabatara Resolution 5A na August 24, 2006. A na echere nkwenye.[[Usòrò:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=⚳|20px|Ọdịdị]]&nbsp; # <ref>'Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects'</ref>Pluto - chọpụtara na February 18, 1930 ma kwupụta na March 13. A na ewere ya dị ka mbara ala ruo afọ 76. N'ụzọ doro anya, IAU weputara ya dika obere mbara ala na mkpebi 6A na August 24, 2006. [1] Afọ ise a ma ama.[[Usòrò:Pluto_monogram (fixed width).svg|alt=♇|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Pluto_symbol_(large orb, fixed_width).svg|alt=⯓|20px|Ọdịdị]]&nbsp; # Eris (2003 UB313) - chọpụtara na Jenụwarị 5, 2005 ma kwupụta na Julaị 29. A na akpọ ya "planet nke iri" na akụkọ mgbasa ozi. IAU weere ya dị ka obere mbara ala kemgbe a nabatara mkpebi 5A na August 24, 2006, ma kọmitii aha obere [[Mbara ala ndị gafere Neptune|Mbara ala nke iri]] kpọrọ ya aha na September 13 nke afọ ahụ. Otu ọnwa a maara.[[Usòrò:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=⯰|20px|Ọdịdị]] IAU guzobere ntuziaka nke kọmitii <ref name="IAU2008">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/|title=International Astronomical Union &#124; IAU|work=www.iau.org|accessdate=August 10, 2021|archivedate=November 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162642/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/ "International Astronomical Union &#x7C; IAU"]. ''www.iau.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162642/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/ Archived] from the original on November 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>-ahụ maka aha nke mbara ala ndị dị obere: ihe ọ bụla a na akpọghị aha trans-Neptunian nke nwere oke ọkụ karịa +1 (ya mere, obere dayameta nke 838 km na oke geometric albedo nke 1) <ref name="bruton">{{Cite web|title=Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets|publisher=Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University)|author=Dan Bruton|url=http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html|accessdate=June 13, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323180835/http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html|archivedate=March 23, 2010}}</ref> ga akpọ aha site na kọmitii jikọtara ọnụ nke mejupụtara Minor Planet Center na ìgwè ọrụ mbara ala nke IAU. &nbsp;N'oge ahụ (ma ka na erule 2023), naanị ndị ruru eru a bụ Haumea na Makemake. <ref name="Dunham2019"> {{Cite journal|title=Haumea's Shape, Composition, and Internal Structure|author=Dunham, E. T.|date=April 2019|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=877|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab13b3}} </ref><ref name="Ortiz2017">{{Cite journal|author=Ortiz|first=J. L.|title=The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation|url=http://www.astrosurf.com/sogorb/occultations/nature24051.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=550|issue=7675|year=2017|pages=219–223|doi=10.1038/nature24051|pmid=29022593|accessdate=January 14, 2022}}</ref> na ewere ihe ndị a dị ka mbara ala ndị dị obere, ọ bụ ezie na egosighi na ha nọ na nguzozi mmiri, ma enwere ụfọdụ nghọtahie maka Haumea:{{ordered list|{{dp|Haumea}} [[File:Haumea symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🝻]] ({{mp|2003 EL|61}}) – discovered by Brown et al. December 28, 2004 and announced by Ortiz et al. on July 27, 2005. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on September 17, 2008. Two known moons.|{{dp|Makemake}} [[File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🝼]] ({{mp|2005 FY|9}}) – discovered March 31, 2005 and announced July 29. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on July 11, 2008. One known moon.|start=4}}Ihe ise <ref name="WGPSN">{{Cite web|date=July 11, 2008 <!--11:42:58 -->|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems|publisher=Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets|accessdate=September 12, 2019|archivedate=July 14, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225312/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets}}</ref> - atọ a na atụle na 2006 (Pluto, Ceres na Eris) gbakwunyere abụọ a kpọrọ aha na 2008 (Haumea na Makemake) - a na egosikarị dị ka mbara ala ndị dị obere nke usoro anyanwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe na egbochi (albedo) abụghị ihe na-akọwa ihe dị ka mbara igwe dị obere. Ndị <ref name="Pinilla-Alonso">{{Cite book|author=Pinilla-Alonso|first=Noemi|date=November 22, 2019|chapter=Surface properties of large TNOs: Expanding the study to longer wavelengths with the James Webb Space Telescope|title=The Transneptunian Solar System|editor=Dina Prialnik|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>-enyocha mbara igwe na ezo aka na TNOs ndị ọzọ buru ibu dị ka mbara ala ndị dị obere. Ọ dịkarịa ala ihe anọ ọzọ na emezu ụkpụrụ mbụ nke Brown, nke Tancredi et al., na nke Grundy et al. maka ịchọpụta mbara ala ndị dị obere, ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na akpọkwa ha mbara ala ndị pere mpe:{{ordered list|{{dp|Quaoar}} [[File:Quaoar symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🝾]] ({{mp|2002 LM|60}}) – discovered June 5, 2002 and announced October 7 of that year.<!--per Govert Schilling, ''The Hunt for Planet X: New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto'', p. 289, autocorrected? to "Quasar"--> One known moon.|{{dp|Sedna}} [[File:Sedna symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|⯲]] ({{mp|2003 VB|12}}) – discovered November 14, 2003 and announced March 15, 2004.<!--per Govert Schilling, ''The Hunt for Planet X: New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto'', p. 289-->|{{dp|Orcus}} [[File:Orcus symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🝿]] ({{mp|2004 DW}}) – discovered February 17, 2004 and announced two days later.<!--per Govert Schilling, ''The Hunt for Planet X: New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto'', p. 289--> One known moon.|{{dp|Gonggong}} [[File:Gonggong symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🝽]] ({{mp|2007 OR|10}}) – discovered July 17, 2007 and announced January 2009. One known moon.|start=6}}Dịka ọmụmaatụ, JPL / NASA kpọrọ Gonggong obere mbara ala mgbe ọ chọpụtara na 2016, <ref name="OR10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6509|title=2007 OR10: Largest Unnamed World in the Solar System|work=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|first=Preston|author=Dyches|date=May 11, 2016|accessdate=September 12, 2019|archivedate=November 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123155324/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6509}}</ref> na Simon Porter nke Southwest Research Institute kwuru banyere "nnukwu mbara ala asatọ [TNO] obere" na 2018, na ezo aka na Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Sedna na Orcus. <ref name="PorterTwitter">{{Cite web|first=Simon|author=Porter|url=https://twitter.com/AscendingNode/status/978592143626375169|title=#TNO2018|publisher=Twitter|date=March 27, 2018|accessdate=March 27, 2018|archivedate=October 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133130/https://twitter.com/AscendingNode/status/978592143626375169}}</ref> IAU <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/f/division-f-annual-report-2022-2023.pdf|title=Report of Division F “Planetary Systems and Astrobiology”: Annual Report 2022-23|author=|first=|date=2022–2023|work=|publisher=International Astronomical Union|accessdate=8 December 2023|quote=|archivedate=December 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112824/https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/f/division-f-annual-report-2022-2023.pdf}}</ref>'onwe ya akpọwo Quaoar obere mbara ala na akụkọ kwa afọ 2022-2023. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheppard|first=Scott S.|date=16 November 2018|title=The Albedos, Sizes, Colors, and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=156|issue=6|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a}}</ref> tụwo aro ndị ọzọ, dị ka Salacia na 2002 MS4 site na Brown, Varuna na Ixion site na Tancredi et al., na 2013 FY27 site na Sheppard et al. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị buru ibu nwere ọnwa, nke na eme ka a chọpụta ịdị arọ ha ma si otú a nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, nke na'eme atụmatụ ma ha nwere ike ịbụ obere mbara ala. TNO ndị kachasị ukwuu a na amaghị na ha nwere ọnwa bụ Sedna, 2002 MS4, 2002 AW197 na Ixion. Karịsịa, Salacia nwere oke na dayameta a maara nke ọma na etinye ya dị ka ikpe dị n'ókè site na ajụjụ na azịza IAU nke afọ 2006. <ref name="Brown" />'oge a kpọrọ Makemake na Haumea aha, a na-ignore="true" typeof="mw:Entity">- na ihe ndị trans-Neptunian (TNOs) nwere ice ga achọ naanị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (250 mi), ma ọ bụ 3% nke nha ụwa - nha ọnwa Mimas, ọnwa kachasị nta nke gbara gburugburu, na Proteus, nke kachasị ukwuu nke na abụghị - iji zuru ike n'ime nguzozi ike ndọda. &nbsp;&nbsp;    Ndị -eme nchọpụta chere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị ka 200 na belt Kuiper, na ọtụtụ puku ndị ọzọ karịa. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite web|authorlink=Michael E. Brown|title=The Dwarf Planets|first=Michael E.|author=Brown|publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/|accessdate=January 26, 2008|archivedate=July 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719164447/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/}}</ref> Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya (ịnọgide na ndepụta nke 'planets' na ọnụ ọgụgụ ezi uche dị na ya) na e weghachiri Pluto na mbụ. Nnyocha kemgbe ahụ emeela ka obi abụọ dịrị na echiche ahụ bụ na ihe ndị dị obere nwere ike iru ma ọ bụ nọgide na enwe nguzozi n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke Kuiper belt na karịa. Ndị na enyocha mbara igwe n'otu n'otu amatala ọtụtụ ihe dị ka mbara ala ndị dị obere ma ọ bụ dị ka ha ga abụ mbara ala ndị pere mpe. N'afọ 2008, Tancredi et al. dụrụ IAU ọdụ ka ha nabata Orcus, Sedna na Quaoar dị ka mbara ala ndị dị obere (a maghị Gonggong), ọ bụ ezie na IAU emeghị okwu ahụ n'oge ahụ ma ọ bụghị kemgbe ahụ. <ref name="Tancredi2008">{{Cite journal|author=Tancredi|first=G.|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020|title=Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?|journal=Icarus|volume=195|issue=2|pages=851–862|year=2008}}</ref> tụlekwara TNOs ise Varuna, Ixion, 2003 AZ84, 2004 GV9, na 2002 AW197 ka ha bụrụkwa mbara ala ndị dị obere. <ref name="free">{{Cite web|title=Free the Dwarf Planets!|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html|publisher=Michael Brown|date=August 24, 2011|accessdate=August 24, 2011|archivedate=October 5, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005064654/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html}}</ref> afọ 2011, Brown edebewo ndepụta nke ọtụtụ narị ihe, site na "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe doro anya" ruo "ihe nwere ike" obere mbara ala, dabere naanị na nha e mere atụmatụ. ọ na erule 13 Septemba 2019, ndepụta Brown na-akọwa ihe iri trans-Neptunian nwere obosara nke e chere na ọ karịrị 900 km (nke anọ IAU kpọrọ aha tinyere Gonggong, Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, 2002 MS4 na Salacia) dị ka "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ" ka ọ bụrụ obere mbara ala, na ndị ọzọ 16, nke nwere obosata karịa 600 km, dị ka "nke nwere ike ịbụ". &nbsp;&nbsp;N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, Gonggong nwere ike ịnwe obosara buru ibu (1230±50 km) karịa ọnwa gbara gburugburu nke Pluto bụ Charon (1212 km).&nbsp; Mana n'afọ 2019 Grundy et al. tụrụ aro, dabere na ọmụmụ ha banyere Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà, na ihe gbara ọchịchịrị, nke dị ala karịa ihe dị ka 900-1000 kilomita n'obosara, dị ka Salacia na Varda, adaghị kpamkpam n'ime ihe ndị siri ike nke mbara ala ma na ejigide oghere dị n'ime site na mmepụta ha (n'ọnọdụ ahụ ha enweghị ike ịbụ obere mbara ala). &nbsp;Ha na-anabata na Orcus na Quaoar na-egbuke egbuke (albedo > ≈0.2) ma ọ bụ na-eguzogide (> ≈1.4 g/cc) ma eleghị anya siri ike: <ref name="Grundy2019">{{Cite journal|first=W.M.|author=Grundy|title=The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ({{mp|(229762) 2007 UK|126}})|url=http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/abstracts/2019.G-G.html|journal=Icarus|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037|year=2019|volume=334|pages=30–38}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrundyNollBuieBenecchi2019">Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407045339/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf "The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà (<span class="nowrap">(229762) 2007 UK₁₂₆</span>)"]. ''Icarus''. '''334''': 30–38. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037|10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126574999 126574999]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407045339/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 7, 2019.</cite></ref>   E mechara chọpụta na Salacia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu, nke a pụrụ iji tụnyere nke Orcus, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka nwere oke ọchịchịrị. <ref name="Grundy-orbits">{{Cite journal|title=Mutual Orbit Orientations of Transneptunian Binaries|url=http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.TNB_orbits.pdf|first=W. M.|author=Grundy|journal=Icarus|volume=334|pages=62–78|year=2019|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035|issn=0019-1035|accessdate=2019-10-26}}</ref>'agbanyeghị mkpebi siri ike a, Grundy et al. na akpọ ya "nke dị ka mbara ala", mgbe ọ na akpọ Orcus mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ. Nnyocha ndị <ref name="Souami2020">{{Cite journal|first=D.|author=Souami|date=August 2020|title=A multi-chord stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=643|pages=A125|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202038526}}</ref> mere mgbe e mesịrị na Varda na atụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya nwekwara ike ịdị elu, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ike iwepu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala. N'afọ 2023, Emery et al. dere na spectroscopy nke James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) na 2022 na atụ aro na Sedna, Gonggong, na Quaoar nwere agbaze n'ime, ọdịiche, na mgbanwe kemịkal, dị ka nnukwu mbara ala Pluto, Eris, Haumea, na Makemake, mana n'adịghị ka "obere KBOs niile". Nke a bụ n'ihi na hydrocarbons dị n'elu ha (dịka ethane, acetylene, na ethylene), nke na egosi na a na-aga n'ihu na-enyeghachi methane, nakwa na methane ga esi na geochemistry dị n'ime. N'aka nke ọzọ, elu Sedna, Gonggong, na Quaoar nwere obere CO na CO₂, yiri Pluto, Eris, na Makemake, mana n'adịghị ka obere ahụ. Nke na-egosi na ọnụ ụzọ maka obere planethood na mpaghara trans-Neptunian dị ihe dị ka 1000 km n'obosara (ya mere gụnyere naanị Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Sedna, Gonggong, na Quaoar), nakwa na ọbụna Orcus na Salacia nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ obere mbara ala. &nbsp;<ref name="Rommel2023">{{Cite journal|first=F. L.|author=Rommel|title=A large topographic feature on the surface of the trans-Neptunian object (307261) 2002 MS4 measured from stellar occultations|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|date=October 2023|volume=678|id=A167|pages=25|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202346892}}</ref> 2023 nke 2002 MS4 na egosi na o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwere nnukwu oghere, nke omimi ya na ewe 5.7% nke dayameta ya: nke a buru ibu karịa oghere Rheasilvia na Vesta, nke bụ ihe mere na a naghị ele Vesta anya dị ka obere mbara ala taa. === O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ mbara ala ndị dị obere === Ihe trans-Neptunian dị na tebụl ndị a, ma e wezụga Orcus na Salacia, Brown, Tancredi et al., Grundy et al., na Emery et al. kwenyere na ha nwere ike ịbụ mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ, ma ọ bụ dị nso na ya. A gụnyere Orcus na Salacia dị ka TNOs kachasị ukwuu nke a na ekwenyeghị na ha bụ mbara ala ndị dị obere; ha bụ ihe ndị dị n'ókè site n'ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ. Charon, ọnwa nke Pluto nke IAU chepụtara dị ka obere mbara ala na 2006, gụnyere maka ntụnyere. Ihe ndị ahụ nwere oke oke karịa +1, wee zute ọnụ ụzọ nke kọmitii aha mbara ala&#x2D; mbara ala nke IAU, na egosipụta, dị ka Ceres, nke IAU chere na ọ bụ obere mbara ala kemgbe ha rụrịtara ụka banyere echiche ahụ. A na edepụta ịdị arọ nke mbara ala ndị dị obere maka usoro ha (ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere satellites) ma e wezụga Pluto na Orcus. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Àgwà ndị na-agba gburugburu !Aha ya !Ógbè nke Usoro Anyanwụ<br /> !Orbital radius ([[Otu ihe na-enyocha mbara igwe|AU]]) <br /> !Oge okirikiri (afọ) <br /> !Nkezi ọsọ okirikiri (km/s) <br /> !Mmetụta nke ecliptic<nowiki><br id="mwA1A"></nowiki> !Orbital eccentricity<nowiki><br id="mwA1M"></nowiki> !Onye na-akpa ókè mbara ala<nowiki><br id="mwA1Y"></nowiki> |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Ceres |Asteroid belt |2.768 |4.604 |17.90 |10.59° |0.079 |0.3 |- ! style="text-align: left" |Orcus |Kuiper belt (na-ada ụda - 2:3) |39.40 |247.3 |4.75 |20.58° |0.220 |0.003 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Pluto |Kuiper belt (na-ada ụda - 2:3) |39.48 |247.9 |4.74 |17.16° |0.249 |0.08 |- align="center" ! style="text-align: left" |Salacia |Kuiper belt (cubewano) |42.18 |274.0 |4.57 |23.92° |0.106 |0.003 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Haumea |Kuiper belt (na-ada ụda - 12:7) |43.22 |284.1 |4.53 |28.19° |0.191 |0.02 |- ! style="text-align: left" |Quaoar |Kuiper belt (cubewano) |43.69 |288.8 |4.51 |7.99° |0.040 |0.007 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe |Kuiper belt (cubewano) |45.56 |307.5 |4.41 |28.98° |0.158 |0.02 |- ! style="text-align: left" |Gonggong |Diski gbasasịrị agbasa (resonant - 3:10) |67.49 |554.4 |3.63 |30.74° |0.503 |0.01 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Eris |Diski gbasasịrị |67.86 |559.1 |3.62 |44.04° |0.441 |0.1 |- ! style="text-align: left" |Sedna |Ndị a tọhapụrụ |506.8 | data-sort-value="11400" |≈ 11,400&nbsp; | data-sort-value="1.3" |≈ 1.3&nbsp; |11.93° |0.855 | data-sort-value="0.06" |< 0.07 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Other attributes ! width="54" |Name !Diameter <br /><br /> relative to <br /><br /> the [[Ọnwa|Moon]] !Diameter <br /><br /> (km) !Mass <br /><br /> relative to <br /><br /> the [[Ọnwa|Moon]] !Mass <br /><br /> ({{e|21}} kg) ![[Density]] <br /><br /> (g/cm³) !Rotation <nowiki><br id="mwA-k"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> period <br /><br /> (hours) !Moons !Albedo !H |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Ceres |27% |{{val|939.4|0.2}} |1.3% |{{val|0.93835|0.00001}} |{{val|2.16}} |{{val|9.1}} |0 |{{val|0.09}} |3.33 |- ! style="text-align: left" |{{dp|Orcus}} |26% |{{val|910|50|40}} |0.8% |{{val|0.55|0.01}} |{{val|1.4|0.2}} |{{val|13|4}} |1 |{{val|0.23|0.02|0.01}} |2.19 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Pluto |68% |{{val|2377|3}} |17.7% |{{val|13.03|0.03}} |{{val|1.85}} | data-sort-value="{{val|153.3}}" |6d 9.3h |5 | data-sort-value="{{val|0.575}}" |{{val|0.49|to|0.66}} |−0.45 |- ! data-sort-value="Charon" style="text-align: left" |(Charon) |35% |{{val|1212|1}} |2.2% |{{val|1.59|0.02}} |{{val|1.70|0.02}} | data-sort-value="{{val|153.3}}" |6d 9.3h |– | data-sort-value="{{val|0.35}}" |{{val|0.2|to|0.5}} |1 |- align="center" ! style="text-align: left" |{{dp|Salacia}} |24% |{{val|846|21}} |0.7% |{{val|.49|0.01}} |{{val|1.50|0.12}} |{{val|6.1}} |1 |0.04 |4.27 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |{{dp|Haumea}} | data-sort-value="45%" |≈&nbsp;45% | data-sort-value="{{val|1560}}" |≈&nbsp;1560<ref name="Dunham2019" /> |5.5% |{{val|4.01|0.04}} | data-sort-value="{{val|2.02}}" |≈&nbsp;2.02<ref name="Dunham2019" /> |{{val|3.9}} |2 | data-sort-value="{{val|0.66}}" |≈&nbsp;0.66 |0.23 |- ! style="text-align: left" |{{dp|Quaoar}} |32% |{{val|1086|4}} |1.9% |{{val|1.2|0.05}} |{{val|1.7|0.1}} |{{val|17.7}} |1 |{{val|0.11|0.01}} |2.42 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Makemake |41% |{{val|1430|38|22}} | data-sort-value="4.2%" |≈&nbsp;4.2% | data-sort-value="{{val|3.1}}" |≈&nbsp;3.1 |{{val|1.9|0.2}} |{{val|22.8}} |1 |{{val|0.81|0.03|0.05}} |−0.20 |- ! style="text-align: left" |Gonggong |35% |{{val|1230|50}} |2.4% |{{val|1.75|0.07}} |{{val|1.74|0.16}} |{{val|22.4|0.2}}? |1 |{{val|0.14|0.01}} |1.86 |- style="background: #E5E5FF;" ! style="text-align: left" |Eris |67% |{{val|2326|12}} |22.4% |{{val|16.47|0.09}} |{{val|2.43|0.05}} | data-sort-value="{{val|378.864}}" |15d 18.9h |1 |{{val|0.96|0.04}} |−1.21 |- ! style="text-align: left" |{{dp|Sedna}} |26% |{{val|906|314|258}} | data-sort-value="1%" |≈&nbsp;1%? | data-sort-value="{{val|1}}" |≈&nbsp;1? | ? |{{val|10|3}} |0? |{{val|0.41|0.393|0.186}} |1.52 |} === Ihe nnọchianya === Ceres <ref name="bode-1801">{{Cite book|editor=Bode|date=1801|title=Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch führ das Jahr 1804|pages=97–98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GElAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA98|accessdate=October 19, 2022}}</ref> na Pluto nwetara akara mbara ala, ebe a na ewere ha dị ka mbara ala mgbe a chọpụtara ha. [[Usòrò:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=⚳|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Pluto_monogram (fixed width).svg|alt=♇|20px|Ọdịdị]]Ka ọ na erule oge a chọtara ndị ọzọ, akara mbara ala anaghịzi eji ya eme ihe n'etiti ndị na enyocha mbara igwe. <ref name="Unicode-1F700">{{Cite web|title=Alchemical Symbols|date=2022|work=unicode.org|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf|accessdate=October 19, 2022|archivedate=April 2, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402042357/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DPU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf|title=Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols|author=Miller|first=Kirk|date=26 October 2021|work=unicode.org|accessdate=October 19, 2022|archivedate=March 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323174107/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf}}</ref><ref name="anderson">{{Cite web|url=http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html|title=Out of this World: New Astronomy Symbols Approved for the Unicode Standard|author=Anderson|first=Deborah|date=4 May 2022|work=unicode.org|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|accessdate=6 August 2022|archivedate=August 6, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806075352/http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html}}</ref>Unicode gụnyere akara maka mbara ala ndị dị obere Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, na Gonggong nke ndị na agụ kpakpando na ejikarị eme ihe: ọ bụ Denis Moskowitz, onye injinia ngwanrọ na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] chepụtara ha. [[Usòrò:Quaoar_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=🝾|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Sedna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=⯲|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Orcus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=🝿|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Haumea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=🝻|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=⯰|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Makemake_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=🝼|20px|Ọdịdị]][[Usòrò:Gonggong_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|alt=🝽|20px|Ọdịdị]]<ref name="DPU" /><ref name="DP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet|author=JPL/NASA|date=April 22, 2015|work=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|title=What is a Dwarf Planet?|accessdate=2021-09-24|archivedate=December 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208181916/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet}}</ref> ejirila akara Haumea, Eris, na Makemake ya, yana akara kpakpando ọdịnala maka Pluto [1] mgbe ọ na ezo aka na ya dị ka obere mbara ala. [2] [[Usòrò:Pluto_symbol_(large orb, fixed_width).svg|alt=⯓|20px|Ọdịdị]]<ref name="DPU" /> tụwo aro ihe nnọchianya maka ndị ọzọ a kpọrọ aha, mana ha enweghị ojiji n'etiti ndị na agụ kpakpando. <ref name="DPU" /> Unicode maka Quaoar, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, na Gonggong kpọtụrụ aha akara ndị a maka ihe ndị a kpọrọ aha karịrị kilomita 600 n'obosara: Salacia ma ọ bụ, Varda, Ixion ma ọ bụ, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà, na Varuna. [[Usòrò:Salacia_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|20px]][[Usòrò:Varda_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|20px]][[Usòrò:Ixion_symbol_(Latin,_fixed_width).svg|20px]]~[[Usòrò:Ixion_symbol_(Greek,_fixed_width).svg|20px]][[Usòrò:Gǃkunǁʼhomdima_symbol.svg|20px]][[Usòrò:Varuna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg|20px]] == Nnyocha == [[Usòrò:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg|thumb|Obere mbara ala Ceres, dị ka ụgbọ mbara igwe NASA Dawn si see]] <ref name="NASA-20150306">{{Cite web|author=Landau|first=Elizabeth|title=NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf Planet|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503|date=March 6, 2015|work=[[NASA]]|accessdate=March 6, 2015|archivedate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307062258/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503}}</ref> Machị 6, 2015, ụgbọ mbara igwe Dawn banyere gburugburu Ceres, na aghọ ụgbọ mbara igwe mbụ letara mbara ala dị obere. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, Pluto na ọnwa ise ya gbara ụgbọ elu New Horizons. Ceres na egosipụta ihe akaebe dị otú ahụ nke geology na arụ ọrụ dị ka [[Ńnú|nnu]] na cryovolcanos, ebe Pluto nwere ugwu mmiri-ice na agagharị na nitrogen-ice glaciers, yana ikuku dị ịrịba ama. O doro anya na Ceres nwere nnu na abanye n'okpuru ala ya, ebe enwere ihe akaebe na Pluto nwere oke osimiri dị n'okpuru. Dawn agbaala gburugburu asteroid Vesta n'oge gara aga. Ọnwa Saturn bụ Phoebe ka Cassini sere na tupu nke ahụ site na Voyager 2, nke zutekwara ọnwa Neptune bụ Triton. Ihe atọ ahụ niile na egosi ihe akaebe nke ịbụ obere mbara ala, nchọpụta ha na enyere aka mee ka evolushọn nke obere mbara ala doo anya. New Horizons ejidewo foto ndị dị anya nke Triton, Quaoar, Haumea, Eris, na Makemake, yana obere ndị Ixion, 2002 MS4, na 2014 OE394. <ref name="Verbiscer2022">{{Cite journal|first=Anne J.|author=Verbiscer|title=The Diverse Shapes of Dwarf Planet and Large KBO Phase Curves Observed from New Horizons|journal=The Planetary Science Journal|date=April 2022|volume=3|issue=4|id=95|pages=31|doi=10.3847/PSJ/ac63a6}}</ref>Otu <ref name="SpaceNews">{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Andrew|title=China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system|url=https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/|accessdate=29 April 2021|work=SpaceNews|publisher=SpaceNews|date=16 April 2021}}</ref>'ime nyocha abụọ ''Interstellar Express'' nke China National Space Administration atụwo aro ileta Quaoar na 2040. [1] == Ihe ndị yiri ya == Ọtụtụ ihe yiri mbara ala ndị dị obere. Ndị a gụnyere mbara ala ndị dị obere, nke nwere ike ịnwe ọdịdị nguzozi ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke geology na arụ ọrụ; ọnwa ndị dị na mbara ala, nke na ezute nkọwa anụ ahụ ma ọ bụghị nkọwa nke okirikiri maka mbara ala dị obere; na Charon na usoro Pluto-Charon, nke nwere obi abụọ na abụ mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ. Ụdị ndị a nwere ike ikwekọ: Triton, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ ma mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ na ọnwa dị mkpụikpi. === Mbara ala ndị dị obere n'oge gara aga === [[Usòrò:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg|thumb|Triton, dị ka Voyager 2 si see ya. A na eche na Triton bụ obere mbara ala e jidere.]] <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Peter C.|author=Thomas|title=Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images|journal=Icarus|volume=128|pages=88–94|date=1997|issue=1|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5736}}</ref>Vesta, ihe na esote nke kachasị ukwuu na belt asteroid mgbe Ceres gasịrị, nọ na nguzozi hydrostatic ma bụrụ ihe dị gburugburu, na agbagọkarị n'ihi nnukwu mmetụta nke mepụtara craters Rheasilvia na Veneneia mgbe ọ siri ike. <ref name="Russel 2012">{{Cite journal|author=Russel|first=C. T.|title=Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm|journal=Science|date=2012|volume=336|issue=6082|pages=684–686|doi=10.1126/science.1219381|url=http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~wmwv/Classes/A1122/Literature/Science-2012-Russell-684-6.pdf|pmid=22582253|accessdate=July 15, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Asmar 2012">{{Cite journal|author=Asmar|first=S. W.|title=The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure|journal=43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|issue=1659|date=2012|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2600.pdf|accessdate=July 15, 2015}}</ref> ekwekọghị na ọ nọ ugbu a na nguzozi mmiri.<ref name="Agnor06">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature04792|url=http://extranet.on.br/rodney/curso2010/aula9/tritoncapt_hamilton.pdf|title=Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter|journal=Nature|volume=441|issue=7090|pages=192–194|year=2006|author=Agnor|first=C. B.|pmid=16688170|accessdate=August 29, 2015}}</ref>Triton buru ibu karịa Eris ma ọ bụ Pluto, nwere ọdịdị nguzozi, a na eche na ọ bụ mbara ala dị mkpụmkpụ (ma eleghị anya ọ bụ onye otu usoro abụọ), mana ọ naghịzi agba anyanwụ gburugburu. Phoebe bụ centaur e jidere nke, dị ka Vesta, anaghịzi na nguzozi hydrostatic, mana a na eche na ọ dị na mbido akụkọ ihe mere eme ya n'ihi okpomọkụ radiogenic. Ihe akaebe sitere na 2019 na egosi na Theia, mbara ala mbụ nke zutere ụwa na Echiche nke nnukwu mmetụta, nwere ike ịmalite na usoro anyanwụ dị n'èzí karịa usoro anyanwụ dị na ya nakwa na mmiri nke ụwa malitere na Theia. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Budde|first=Gerrit|date=2019-05-20|title=Molybdenum isotopic evidence for the late accretion of outer Solar System material to Earth|journal=Nature Astronomy|volume=3|issue=8|pages=736–741|language=en|doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0779-y|issn=2397-3366}}</ref> === Ọnwa ndị dị na mbara ala === Ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa iri na itoolu nwere ọdịdị nguzozi site na izu ike n'okpuru ikike ndọda onwe onye n'oge ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ejirila kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ ma gharazi na nguzozi. asaa buru ibu karịa Eris ma ọ bụ Pluto. Ọnwa ndị a abụghị ihe dị iche na mbara ala ndị dị obere, mana ha adabaghị na nkọwa IAU n'ihi na ha anaghị agba anyanwụ gburugburu. (N'ezie, ọnwa Neptune bụ Triton bụ obere mbara ala e jidere, na Ceres guzobere n'otu mpaghara nke usoro anyanwụ dị ka ọnwa nke Jupiter na Saturn.) Alan Stern na akpọ ọnwa ndị dị na mbara ala "planets satellite", otu n'ime ụdị atọ nke mbara ala, tinyere obere mbara ala na mbara ala oge ochie. <ref name="News.discovery.com">{{Cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html|title=Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?|publisher=News.discovery.com|date=May 14, 2010|accessdate=November 4, 2011|archivedate=May 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221146/http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. News.discovery.com. May 14, 2010. Archived from on May 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Okwu ahụ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basri|first=Gibor|date=2006|title=Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?|url=http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/A/Annual%20Review%20Earth%20Planetary%20Sciences_vol.34_2006_pp.193-216.pdf|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=34|pages=193–216|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058}}</ref> ''planemo'' ("ihe dị na mbara ala") na ekpuchi ndị mmadụ atọ ahụ. ==== Charon ==== Enweela arụmụka ụfọdụ gbasara ma a ga ewere usoro Pluto-Charon dị ka mbara ala dwarf abụọ. Na a draft mkpebi maka IAU definition nke mbara ala, ma Pluto na Charon e weere mbara ala na a ọnụọgụ abụọ usoro.[lower-alpha 3] The IAU ugbu a na ekwu Charon na adịghị na ewere a dwarf planet kama a Satellite nke Pluto, ọ bụ ezie na echiche. na Charon nwere ike iru eru dị ka mbara ala dwarf nwere ike ịtụle n'oge ọzọ. Ka o sina dị, o dochaghị anya na Charon nọ n'usoro hydrostatic. Ọzọkwa, ebe ebe barycenter na adabere ọ bụghị nanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ikwu nke anụ ahụ, kamakwa n'ebe dị anya n'etiti ha; Barycenter nke Sun–Jupiter orbit, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị na mpụga anyanwụ, mana anaghị ewere ha dị ka ihe ọnụọgụ abụọ. Ya mere, a ga emerịrị nkọwapụta nke ihe mejupụtara mbara ala ọnụọgụ abụọ (dwarf) tupu Pluto na Charon akọwapụta nke ọma dị ka mbara ala dwarf ọnụọgụ abụọ. == Hụkwa ==   {{Clear}} == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] axjmap11cbo7rotu95dq4bzo2d2ypfj 0 35276 697713 595107 2026-08-10T06:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}}'''Alan Christoffels''' bụ onye sayensị bioinformatics, agụmakwụkwọ, na onye edemede. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delgeme.org/en/news/professor-alan-christoffels-director-sanbi-visits-delgeme|title=Professor Alan Christoffels, Director SANBI, visits DELGEME|work=delgeme.org|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2022-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121345/http://delgeme.org/en/news/professor-alan-christoffels-director-sanbi-visits-delgeme}}</ref> bụ Prọfesọ nke Bioinformatics, na onye nduzi nke South African National Bioinformatics Institute na Mahadum nke Western Cape. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eanbit.icipe.org/?page_id=1317|title=Prof. Alan Christoffels|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2023-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095043/https://eanbit.icipe.org/?page_id=1317}}</ref> na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Pathogen genomics & Partnerships na DSI / NRF Research Chair na Bioinformatics na Public Health Genomics. Ọrụ nchọpụta Christoffels <ref name="iui">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0S4EdhcAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Alan Christoffels|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> na mpaghara mmekọrịta onye na-ebute ọrịa, evolushọn mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, pathogen genomics, na Biobank LIMS. Christoffels bụ onye guzobere Global Emerging Pathogens Consortium, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icreid.com/speakers/alan-christoffels-phd/|title=Alan Christoffels, PhD « ICREID|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2023-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095044/http://www.icreid.com/speakers/alan-christoffels-phd/}}</ref> onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Academy of Science of South Africa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2014/06/05/members-list/|title=Members – ASSAf}}</ref> na onye isi oche nke African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology site na 2020 ruo 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/news-and-announcements/news/uwc-professor-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-south-africa|title=UWC Professor elected to the Royal Society of South Africa}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Royal Society of South Africa na 2022. == Mmụta == Christoffels gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BSc. na Microbiology na Biochemistry na 1992 na BSc (Hons.) na Pharmacology site na Mahadum Cape Town na 1993. N'agbata afọ 1995 na 1997, ọ debara aha ya na Mahadum Stellenbosch maka MSc. na Genetics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10566/1882|title=Prof. Alan Christoffels|work=repository.uwc.ac.za|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2023-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095146/https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10566/1882}}</ref> Nnyocha hiwere isi na nchọpụta nke akara ọhụrụ na eserese dị mma nke ọrịa obi na-efe n'ógbè (PFHB1). [1] Ọ gara n'ihu na Ph.D. na bioinformatics na South African National Bioinformatics Institute University of the Western Cape. Isiokwu edemede bụ, "Ọgbọ nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ na itinye ya n'ọrụ na ọrịa". [1] == Ọrụ == Christoffels malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1994 dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Genetics na Biochemistry na Mahadum Stellenbosch. N'agbata afọ 2001 na afọ 2004, o nwere postdoctoral fellowship na Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology na Singapore. N'ịbụ onye nhọpụta a sochiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka Prọfesọ na Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ Nanyang nke dị na Singapore. Ka oge na-aga, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2007 ruo 2012 na South African National Bioinformatics Institute na Mahadum nke Western Cape . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://h3africa.org/h3africa.old/images/PDF/H3Africa%20Conference%20participant%20details1.pdf|title=H3Africa Conference participant details1.|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2022-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121343/https://h3africa.org/h3africa.old/images/PDF/H3Africa%20Conference%20participant%20details1.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="asd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.samrc.ac.za/people/prof-alan-christoffels|title=Prof Alan Christoffels|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2022-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121348/https://www.samrc.ac.za/people/prof-alan-christoffels}}</ref> kwalitere ya n'ọkwa Prọfesọ n'afọ 2013 ma na-ejide nhọpụta a ugbu a. Site na 2009, Christoffels na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke South African National Bioinformatics Institute na Mahadum nke Western Cape . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idia.ac.za/prof-alan-christoffels/|title=Prof. Alan Christoffels – Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy|date=11 February 2019}}</ref> N'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị nduzi maka International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). Ọ nọ na-ejide nhọpụta nke SA Medical Research Council Unit Director na Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit kemgbe afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanbi.ac.za/sanbi-director-prof-alan-christoffels-appointed-as-a-senior-advisor-at-the-africa-cdc/|title=SANBI Director, Prof Alan Christoffels appointed as a Senior Advisor at the Africa CDC|work=South African National Bioinformatics Institute}}</ref> oge na-aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpirikpi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke South African Society for Bioinformatics . [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-affiliates-africa|title=Africa|work=www.iscb.org|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2023-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095042/https://www.iscb.org/iscb-affiliates-africa}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke African Society of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology na 2020 maka afọ abụọ. N'ịbụ nke nzukọ ndị metụtara ya nke Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation kpọrọ, Christoffels na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa malitere atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ a na-akpọ Public Health Alliance for Genomic Epidemiology <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pha4ge.org/|title=Public Health Alliance for Genomic Epidemiology}}</ref> n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019 na nzukọ GrandChallenges na Ethiopia. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchọpụta nke atụmatụ a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanbi.ac.za/alan-christoffels/|title=Prof Alan Christoffels – SANBI – South African National Bioinformatics Institute}}</ref> na-ejikọta prototypes nyocha ndị e mepụtara na ụlọ nyocha ahụ n'ime ìgwè ndị ọrụ n'ime njikọ ahụ. == Nnyocha == Christoffels nwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 400 n'okpuru aha ya. <ref name="iui"/> Nnyocha <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan-Christoffels|title=Research Gate Profile}}</ref> na-agụnye mmekọrịta onye na-ebute ọrịa, pathogen genomics, evolushọn nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-elekwasị anya na nkọwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na nyocha data usoro. === Bioinformatics nke ahụike ọha na eze === Christoffels <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-how-scientists-unlocked-sas-sars-cov-2-virus/|title=The Genetic Fingerprint: How scientists unlocked SA's SARS-CoV-2 virus|first=Kathryn Cleary for|author=Spotlight|date=April 14, 2020|work=Daily Maverick}}</ref> otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụlọ nyocha ya nke dị na South African National Bioinformatics Institute gosipụtara usoro mbụ nke SARS-CoV-2, nje na-akpata COVID-19, nke a chọtara na South Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Accelerating genomics-based surveillance for COVID-19 response in Africa|first=Sofonias K|author=Tessema|date=October 1, 2020|journal=The Lancet Microbe|volume=1|issue=6|pages=e227–e228|doi=10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30117-8|pmid=32838350}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/how-genome-sequencing-helps-in-tackling-covid-19-variants-who/|title=How genome sequencing helps in tackling COVID-19 variants -WHO|date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ọ na-eme nchọpụta banyere ịgbasa usoro nlekota ọrịa na kọntinent Afrịka. Christoffels mepụtara teknụzụ maka itinye bioinformatics na ahụike ọha na eze. O mepụtara usoro nyocha maka data usoro ụkwara nta a na-akpọ COMBAT-TB. Enwere ike itinye ngwá ọrụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The COMBAT-TB Workbench: Making Powerful Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bioinformatics Accessible|year=2022|pmid=35138128|author=Van Heusden|first=P.|journal=mSphere|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e0099121|doi=10.1128/msphere.00991-21}}</ref> na ntọala ndị a kpaara ókè. === Biobank LIMS === <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baobablims.org/bafrica/|title=BAfrica|accessdate=2023-12-26|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021724/https://baobablims.org/bafrica/}}</ref> na otu ndị nchọpụta, Christoffels mepụtara usoro njikwa maka biobanking, Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) na South African National Bioinformatics Institute. Ebumnuche nke usoro njikwa bụ ịnakọta, chekwaa, nhazi na, jikwaa ihe nlele nke ọma. Usoro nchekwa ihe n<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpgr.org.za/south-africas-centre-for-proteomic-genomic-research-cpgr-to-implement-baobab-lims-to-boost-lab-quality-control-and-operational-performance/|title=South Africa's Centre for Proteomic & Genomic Research (CPGR) to implement Baobab LIMS to boost lab quality control and operational performance|first=Dr Reinhard|author=Hiller|date=October 19, 2017|work=CPGR|accessdate=December 26, 2023|archivedate=December 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095045/https://www.cpgr.org.za/south-africas-centre-for-proteomic-genomic-research-cpgr-to-implement-baobab-lims-to-boost-lab-quality-control-and-operational-performance/}}</ref> dị ndụ nke mmadụ a dabere na usoro njikwa ọdịnaya weebụ Plone. === Ihe na-ebute ọrịa === Christoffels lekwasịrị anya na nyocha nke genomics ya na nje na-ebute ọrịa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Identification and characterization of microRNAs expressed in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus life stages using high throughput sequencing|first=Mushal|author=Allam|date=November 8, 2016|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=15|issue=1|pages=542|doi=10.1186/s12936-016-1591-0|pmid=27825380}}</ref>'afọ 2016, ọ kọwara RNA na-abụghị koodu (miRNA) na Anopheles funestus, ma kwuo ọrụ nke obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a na nghọta nke njikwa parasitic site na anwụnta na-amị ọbara. O duziri ọrụ tsetse fly genome n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2014 ebe ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya mụrụ ụzọ nnụnụ si achịkwa usoro ahụike nke ya ma chebe onwe ya megide nsị iron. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=microRNA profile of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) and its implications on mass rearing|first=Sarah|author=DeRaedt|date=March 17, 2022|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=17|issue=3|pages=e0265492|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0265492|pmid=35298540}}</ref> mechara jiri usoro nyocha ya kọwaa usoro RNA na-abụghị koodu na Black soldier fly. === Usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrụ nkọwa (2004-2016) === Nnyocha mbụ Christoffels lekwasịrị anya na nhazi, nkọwa, na nyocha nke genomes. Ọ nyochara nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nkọwa nke rubripes Fugu. Site na ihe karịrị 95% nke usoro, a na-egosi na 80% nke nzukọ ahụ dị na ọtụtụ scaffolds. Nnyocha ahụ kọrọ na na na genome, DNA na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na-ewe ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ isii nke usoro ahụ, ebe loci nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ewe otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke genome. O gosikwara na mmepe protein kemgbe 450 nde afọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke protein mmadụ nwere ma ọ bụ enweghị homologs pufferfish. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072104|title=Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes|first=Samuel|author=Aparicio|date=August 23, 2002|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5585|pages=1301–1310|doi=10.1126/science.1072104|pmid=12142439}}</ref>'inye usoro dị ịrịba ama nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, njikọ echekwara n'etiti Fugu rubripes na ụmụ mmadụ na-egosi ichekwa nke akụkụ nke chromosomes jikọtara ya na nna nna ya. E mere ntụnyere dị n'etiti usoro usoro nke Fugu na ụmụ mmadụ maka ịchọpụta mpaghara chromosomal paralogous na Fugu. E gosipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa abụọ na Fugu mgbe ejiri nyocha phylogenetic nke Fugu, usoro mmadụ na nke na-enweghị azụ. Nnyocha ahụ gosipụtara ihe akaebe maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 425 nke azụ na Fugu ma gosipụta na ọ dịkarịa ala 6.6% nke genome na-anọchite anya paralogons nke azụ. Nnyocha ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/6/1146/1050753|title=Fugu Genome Analysis Provides Evidence for a Whole-Genome Duplication Early During the Evolution of Ray-Finned Fishes}}</ref>-atụkwa aro n'ụzọ siri ike na duplication zuru oke n'oge mgbanwe azụ ray-finned, nke nwekwara ike ime tupu mmalite nke teleosts. N'afọ 2013, Christoffels kọrọ nyocha nke African coelacanth genome. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-05-10-00-coelacanths-genes-get-sequenced-qa-with-chris-amemiya/|title=The people's fish: Coelacanth genes get sequenced|date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> Usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nyere mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe okike nke <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130417113926.htm|title=Coelacanth genome informs land vertebrate evolution|work=ScienceDaily}}</ref>-ekwu maka mgbanwe site na gburugburu mmiri gaa n'ala. E mere nnyocha ahụ iji nweta nghọta banyere evolushọn tetrapod. Nnyocha phylogenomic gosipụtara njikọ dị nso nke azụ lungfish na tetrapod kama coelacanth. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein nke Coelacanth kpughekwara ọganihu <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2013-04-18_496_7445/page/n60|first=Chris T.|author=Amemiya|date=April 29, 2013|journal=Nature|volume=496|issue=7445|pages=311–316|doi=10.1038/nature12027|pmid=23598338}}</ref> nwayọ karịa nke tetrapod. N'afọ 2013, Christoffels dechara nkọwa nke coelacanth genome na ụlọ nyocha ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106203/|title=Taste and odorant receptors of the coelacanth--a gene repertoire in transition|first=Barbara|author=Picone|date=September 29, 2014|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume=322|issue=6|pages=403–414|doi=10.1002/jez.b.22531|pmid=24106203}}</ref> oge na-aga, e mere nyocha na ndị na-anabata ihe na coelacanth ma gosipụta na ndekọ nke ndị na-anata ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ GPCR (CRs) nke Coelacanth na-akwado ọnọdụ ya dị n'etiti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/news-and-announcements/news/tsetse-fly-genome-1294|title=Tsetse Fly Genome|work=www.uwc.ac.za}}</ref> Tsetse were ihe fọrọ nke nta <ref>{{Cite journal|title=International Glossina Genome Initiative 2004–2014: A Driver for Post-Genomic Era Research on the African Continent - PMC|year=2014|author=Christoffels|first=A.|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e3024|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003024|pmid=25144472}}</ref> ọ bụrụ afọ iri. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=TSS seq based core promoter architecture in blood feeding Tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) vector of Trypanosomiasis|first=Sarah|author=Mwangi|date=September 22, 2015|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=16|issue=1|pages=722|doi=10.1186/s12864-015-1921-6|pmid=26394619}}</ref><ref name="rer">{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensory receptors in tsetse flies provide link between chemical and behavioural ecology - PMC|year=2014|author=Masiga|first=D.|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=30|issue=9|pages=426–428|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2014.06.007|pmid=25017128}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Computational characterization of Iron metabolism in the Tsetse disease vector, Glossina morsitans: IRE stem-loops|first=Zahra Jalali Sefid|author=Dashti|date=August 8, 2016|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=17|issue=1|pages=561|doi=10.1186/s12864-016-2932-7|pmid=27503259}}</ref> n'òtù ndị isi na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụike, [1] ma duzie nyocha sayensị site n'ilekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ Ph.D. ndị nyochara mpaghara dị iche iche nke ahụike n'ụzọ zuru ezu dịka ọ metụtara nchedo ebumpụta ụwa megide pathogen (Trypanosome), [2] Trypanosomatid SNAREs ntụnyere, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=A comparative analysis of trypanosomatid SNARE proteins|first=Edwin|author=Murungi|date=April 1, 2014|journal=Parasitology International|volume=63|issue=2|pages=341–348|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.002|pmid=24269876}}</ref> mgbaàmà kemịkal ịchọta onye ọbịa, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=African labs win major role in tsetse-fly genome project|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-01-29_427_6973/page/384|first=Declan|author=Butler|date=January 1, 2004|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6973|pages=384|doi=10.1038/427384b|pmid=14749791}}</ref> na ụlọ nkwalite na Tsetse. N'ịbụ onye ọrụ nhazi ya na coelacanth na Tsetse genomes sochiri, Christoffels duziri nzukọ nke genome na nkọwa nke Asian Seabass na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanbi.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2015-SANBI-AR_15-Final_Web.pdf|title=SANBI – 2015 Annual report}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ jikọtara maka ogologo oge mbụ (PacBio) na obere oge (illumina) usoro data iji jikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-abụghị ihe nlereanya eukaryotic n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chromosomal-Level Assembly of the Asian Seabass Genome Using Long Sequence Reads and Multi-layered Scaffolding|first=Shubha|author=Vij|date=April 15, 2016|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=12|issue=4|pages=e1005954|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005954|pmid=27082250}}</ref> duziri ndị otu mgbakọ na nkọwa na South Africa na Singapore. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inferring bona fide transfrags in RNA-Seq derived-transcriptome assemblies of non-model organisms|first=Stanley Kimbung|author=Mbandi|date=February 21, 2015|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|volume=16|issue=1|pages=58|doi=10.1186/s12859-015-0492-5|pmid=25880035}}</ref> kọwakwara parameters maka ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe nlereanya. === Mmekọrịta obodo === O dere akwụkwọ atọ, nke akpọrọ How to be a Health Activist: Teacher's Guide, How to Be a Health Activists: A Life Orientation Workbook, na How to Be an Health Activist, A life skills workbook for grades 7-9 learningers. N'oge niile ọ na-eme nchọpụta, Christoffels agbakwunyere akụkụ nke itinye aka na obodo n'ọrụ ya. O nwetara nke a na mbụ site na itinye mmata banyere ụkwara nta n'ime ọrụ ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sajbl.org.za/index.php/sajbl/article/view/619|title=Understanding biobanking: An assessment of the public engagement speaking book intervention Biobanking and Me|date=2019|doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2019.v12i2.691|author=Bedeker|first=A.|journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law|volume=12|issue=2}}</ref> mechara mepụta akwụkwọ ọdịyo maka ịkọrọ uru nke biobanks n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 2014 - Onyinye ọlaọcha nke Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike nke South Africa * 2015 - Hamilton Naki Award, National Research Foundation <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-top-researchers-honoured|title=SA's top researchers honoured|date=August 28, 2015|work=SAnews}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/institution/broad-institute|title=Broad Institute &#124; Fulbright Scholar Program|work=fulbrightscholars.org}}</ref> - Fulbright Visiting Scholar Award [1] * 2017 - Onyinye Alumnus pụtara ìhè, Mahadum nke Western Cape == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Otu esi abụ onye na-ahụ maka ahụike: Onye nkuzi'' (2013) ISBN 978-0-86808-745-0 * Otu esi abụ onye na-ahụ maka ahụike: A Life Orientation Workbook (2014) ISBN 978-0-86808-748-1 * Otu esi abụ onye na-ahụ maka ahụike: Akwụkwọ ọrụ nkà ndụ maka ndị mmụta 7-9 (2014) ISBN 978-0-620-51650-1 === Isiokwu ndị a họọrọ === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta nke ogbunigwe zuru oke na nyocha nke genome nke Fugu rubripes. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha Fugu genome na-enye ihe akaebe maka duplication zuru oke n'oge mmalite nke azụ ray-finned. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21 (6), 1146-1151. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] African coelacanth genome na-enye nghọta banyere tetrapod evolution. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nzukọ nke ọkwa Chromosomal nke Asian seabass genome site na iji usoro ogologo na-agụ na ọtụtụ akwa. PLoS genetics, 12 (4), e1005954. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchọpụta na njirimara nke microRNAs gosipụtara na African malaria vector Anopheles funestus ndụ stages site na iji usoro nhazi dị elu. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke maka nghọta ka mma banyere ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ nketa n'etiti ndị South Africa. Nkwurịta okwu okike, 8 (1), 1-12. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] COMBAT-TB-NeoDB: ịkwalite nyocha ụkwara nta site na nyocha njikọta site na iji teknụzụ nchekwa data eserese. Bioinformatics, 36 (3), 982-983. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] COMBAT-TB Workbench: Ime ka Mycobacterium dị ike nke ụkwara nta Bioinformatics dị mfe. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0y8uo0tcjcuvidzu0fekge4k23q2qc7 0 35722 697418 150410 2026-08-09T14:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697418 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name="Da">{{Cite web|url=https://dawodu.com/aluko50.htm|title=What Happened in the South-West – The Myth of Massive Repudiation & Enthusiastic Acceptance|author=Aluko, Mobolaji E.|date=May 25, 2003|publisher=Dawodu.com|accessdate=May 19, 2021}}</ref> <ref name="AU">{{Cite journal|url=https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd11-4.html|title=The 2003 Elections in Nigeria: Views from a Policy Maker|author=Akinyele, T. A.|journal=Africa Update|volume=XI|issue=4|date=Fall 2004|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html|title=PDP captures 27 states; ANPP-7; AD-1 l Obasanjo set for victory|date=April 22, 2003|publisher=Biafra Nigeria World.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327221428/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html|accessdate=May 20, 2021|archivedate=March 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|title=Nigerian States|publisher=World Statesmen|accessdate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|archivedate=28 May 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series|volume=40|issue=4|pages=15255–15290|title=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, April 1st-30th 2003 Published May 29th 2003|date=May 23, 2003|doi=10.1111/1467-825X.00177|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-825X.00177|accessdate=May 23, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/politics/for-southwest-pdp-its-time-to-repeat-2003-victories/amp/|title=For Southwest PDP, it's time to repeat 2003 victories|author=Bello, Niyi|date=July 20, 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=May 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/this-is-how-ondo-election-will-be-shaped-by-group-politics-and-numbers/|title=This is how Ondo election will be shaped by group politics, and numbers|date=October 8, 2020|author=Amzat, Ajibola|publisher=ICIR Nigeria|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/opinion/ondo-2020-the-trouble-in-apc-and-the-fate-of-pdp/|title=Ondo 2020: The trouble in APC and the fate of PDP|author=Olumide, Akinrinlola|date=June 9, 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/lessons-from-the-ondo-governorship-election|title=Lessons From The Ondo Governorship Election|date=December 4, 2016|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/factors-that-will-shape-ondo-poll/amp/|title=Factors that will shape Ondo poll|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002100164.html|title=Nigeria: Can PDP Overturn the Existing State of Affairs in Ondo?|date=February 10, 2020|publisher=This Day|author=Okon-Ekong, Nseobong|work=All Africa|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/ondo-guber-race-edo-resonates-as-ondo-decides-today/amp/|title=ONDO GUBER RACE: Edo resonates as Ondo decides today|date=October 10, 2020|author=Johnson, Dayo|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olusegunagagufoundation.org/program/5th-memorial-lecture-2018/|title=5th Memorial Lecture 2018|date=September 13, 2018|work=Olusegun Agagu Foundation|accessdate=May 26, 2021|archivedate=June 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111307/https://olusegunagagufoundation.org/program/5th-memorial-lecture-2018/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/os1165.html|title=Agagu's Government, The Worst In Ondo State - Labour Party|publisher=Point Blank News|accessdate=May 26, 2021}}</ref>Nhọpụta mmetụta Ondo steeti n'afọ 2003 mere na mbụ 19, 2003. [1] [2] [3] [4] Olusegun Agagu nke PDP, onye bụbu osote Gọvanọ Bamidele Olumilua, [5] meriaka maka oge mbụ, meri Gọvanụ.  nọ n'ịbụ, AD's Adebayo Adefarati na atɔ ndị ọzọ. . <ref name="AU"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/states/governors2003.html|title=Nigerian State Elected Governors 2003|publisher=Nigeriaworld|date=September 6, 2003|editor=Odili, Chuck E.|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61586.htm|title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005|date=March 8, 2006|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/53451/Nyam_Analysis_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2003 AND 2007 ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA|author=Aondowase, Nyam|year=2015|format=PDF|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Onoja, Adoyi|title=Nature, Character and Outcomes of Post Election Challenges in Nigeria|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=18|date=2009|pages=79–104|format=JSTOR|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854929|accessdate=May 23, 2021}}</ref>Ngụkọta ndị mmadụ ise debanyere aha ha na ngalaba nke aka nke Independent National Electoral Commission ka ha so na ọhụrụ ahụ.  [1] Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi PDP bụ Olusegun Agagu meriaka nke mbụ, meri AD Gọvanọ nọchitere anya, Adebayo Adefarati na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/ondo-decides-obasanjo-mimiko-others-in-closed-door-meeting/amp/|title=ONDO DECIDES: Obasanjo, Mimiko, others in closed-door meeting|date=September 30, 2020|author=Johnson, Dayo|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2008/08/25/updated-tribunal-sacks-ondo-state-governor-olusegun-agagu-declares-mimiko-winner|title=UPDATED: Tribunal Sacks Ondo State governor, Olusegun Agagu, Declares Mimiko winner|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/segun-agagu-five-years-after/|title=Segun Agagu : Five years after|date=September 25, 2018|author=Teniola, Eric|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://litcaf.com/olusegun-agagu/|title=Olusegun Agagu|date=January 24, 2016|publisher=Litcaf|accessdate=May 25, 2021|archivedate=May 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525225545/https://litcaf.com/olusegun-agagu/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/144685-agagus-ibadan-residence-deserted-politicians-mourn.html|title=Agagu's Ibadan residence deserted as politicians mourn|publisher=News Agency of Nigeria|date=September 14, 2013|work=Premium Times|accessdate=May 25, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/ondo-state-ex-gov-olusegun-agagu-is-dead/|title=Ondo State Ex-Gov, Olusegun Agagu is dead-|date=September 14, 2013|publisher=ICIR NIGERIA|accessdate=May 26, 2021}}</ref> i5l1kvjwvcqpm9b8j0dzu6kcnhrzity 0 35809 697419 577778 2026-08-09T14:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697419 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Members Of Abia House Of Assembly – (2011 – 2014)|url=http://www.earlyface.com.ng/political-issues/list-of-members-of-abia-house-of-assembly-(2011-2014)/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=Earlyface|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216235953/http://www.earlyface.com.ng/political-issues/list-of-members-of-abia-house-of-assembly-(2011-2014)/}}</ref>Emere mbụaka ụlọ omebe iwu Abia steeti n'afọ 2011 n'April 26, 2011, iji họpụta ndị otu ụlọ omebe iwu Abia steeti na ụgbọ.  Oche iri abụọ na anọ bụ maka mbụaka n'icheomeiwu steeti Abia steeti <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=PDP Primaries: 17 Abia Incumbent Lawmakers Fail To Get Return Tickets {{!}} African Examiner|url=https://www.africanexaminer.com/pdp-primaries-17-abia-incumbent-lawmakers-fail-to-get-return-tickets/|accessdate=2021-12-16|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216235951/https://www.africanexaminer.com/pdp-primaries-17-abia-incumbent-lawmakers-fail-to-get-return-tickets/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Godwin|first=Ameh Comrade|date=2014-12-03|title=PDP primaries: 17 incumbent lawmakers fail to grab return tickets in Abia State|url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/12/03/pdp-primaries-17-incumbent-lawmakers-fail-grab-return-tickets-abia-state/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> 2m7hgzoxtl8dm31jvv5fnsg82vma55g 0 36524 697656 151292 2026-08-10T05:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''''The Battle of Algiers''''' ({{lang-it|'''La battaglia di Algeri'''}}; {{lang-ar|معركة الجزائر|Maʿrakat al-Jazāʾir}}) bụ ihe nkiri agha Italy na Algeria nke 1966 nke Gillo Pontecorvo dere na duziri ya. Ọ dabere na omume ndị nnupụisi mere n'oge ndị Algeria War (1954–1962) against the French government na North Africa, nke kacha pụta ìhè bụ agha a ma ama nke Algiers, isi obodo Algeria. A gbagburu ya na ọnọdụ na ụdị akụkọ akụkọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Roberto Rossellini: na oji na ọcha nwere ụdị akwụkwọ edezi iji gbakwunye n'echiche nke izi ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara bụ ndị birila ndụ n'ezie n'agha ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ Ihe nkiri ahụ lekwasịrị anya na onye agha mgbanwe Ali La Pointe n'ime afọ ndị dị n'etiti 1954 na 1957, mgbe ndị agha guerrilla nke FLN banyere Algiers. Ndị France na-agba ọsọ na-agbapụ n'ala zutere omume ha na-anwa iweghachite ala ha. Ihe nkiri a dị egwu bụ maka nhazi nke òtù ndị agha na ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, dị ka ịta ahụhụ, nke ndị France ji kwụsị ya. Algeria <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/the-battle-of-algiers|title=Gillo Pontecorvo: The Battle of Algiers|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta nnwere onwe site na ndị France, nke Pontecorvo kwuru okwu ya na njedebe nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara otuto mba ụwa, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile. Ọ meriri Golden Lion na 27th Venice Film Festival n'etiti onyinye na nhọpụta ndị ọzọ. A họpụtakwara ya maka onyinye Academy maka ihe nkiri asụsụ mba ọzọ kacha mma. Isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France, emeghị ihe nkiri ahụ na mba ahụ ruo afọ ise. Òtù ndị nnupụisi na ndị ọchịchị steeti ewerela ya dị ka nkọwa dị mkpa banyere Agha ndị agha okpuru n'obodo ukwu. Na ntuli aka Sight and Sound nke 2022 nke ihe nkiri kachasị ukwuu n' niile, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 45 na ndepụta ndị nkatọ na nke 22 na ndị nduzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/08_febbraio_28/elenco_cento_film_d83cacd8-e5ce-11dc-ab61-0003ba99c667.shtml|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=www.corriere.it}}</ref>'afọ 2008, e tinyere ihe nkiri ahụ na ihe nkiri 100 nke Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage ga-echekwa, ndepụta nke ihe nkiri 100 "gbanwere ncheta nke mba ahụ n'etiti 1942 na 1978." == Isiokwu == ''Agha nke Algiers'' na-eweghachi ihe omume ndị mere n'isi obodo French Algeria n'etiti Nọvemba 1954 na Disemba 1957, n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Algeria. Akụkọ ahụ malitere site na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ mgbanwe na Kasba. N'ihi agha dị n'etiti ndị obodo Algeria na Pied-Noir, nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-eme omume nke ime ihe ike na-arịwanye elu, France zigara Ndị agha France na obodo ahụ iji lụso ma jide ndị otu National Liberation Front (FLN). A na-egosi ndị paratroopers dị ka ndị na-egbochi ndị ndu FLN niile site na igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ ijide. Ihe nkiri ahụ <ref name="Guardian"/> coda na-egosi ngagharị iwe na ọgba aghara mechie, na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ezie na France meriri n'Agha nke Algiers, ọ meriri n"Agha Algeria. A na-egosipụta usoro nke nnupụisi FLN na nnupụise French, na ihe ndị jọgburu onwe ha nke agha ahụ. Ma ndị na-achị ala ma ndị na-eme ihe ike megide ndị nkịtị. FLN weghaara Casbah site na igbu ndị omempụ Algeria na ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha na ndị France na-arụkọ ọrụ; ha na-eme iyi ọha egwu, gụnyere omume dị ka bọmbụ Milk Bar Café, iji kpagbuo ndị Europe. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-egbu egbu na ime ihe ike na-enweghị isi megide ndị mmegide. <ref name="Guardian"/> na-egosi ndị agha France dị ka ndị na-ịta ahụhụ, egwu, na igbu ọchụ. Pontecorvo na Solinas mepụtara ọtụtụ ndị isi na ihe nkiri ha nke dabeere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha. Akụkọ ahụ malitere ma mechie site n'echiche nke Ali La Pointe ([[Brahim Haggiag]]), obere onye omekome nke na-eme ihe ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. <ref>Benjamin Stora, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AnWDLE23YwQC&pg=PA20 ''Les Mots de la Guerre d'Algérie''], Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2005, p. 20.</ref> bụ onye isi FLN bụ El-hadi Jafar, onye Saadi Yacef, onye bụ onye isi nke FLN, mere ya. Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu, onye isi ndị agha paratroop, bụ onye isi French. Ndị ọzọ bụ nwa okorobịa Petit Omar, onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá bụ onye ozi FLN; Larbi Ben M'hidi, onye isi FLN nke na-enye echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nnupụisi ahụ; na Djamila, Zohra, na Hassiba, ụmụ nwanyị FLN atọ na-eme mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu. ''Agha nke Algiers'' gosipụtakwara ọtụtụ puku ndị Algeria. Pontecorvo <ref name="SlowLooking">{{Cite journal|title=Slow Looking: The Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005); Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne, ''Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain'' (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Gillo Pontecorvo, director, ''The Battle of Algiers'' (Criterion: Special Three-Disc Edition, 2004)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_millennium-journal-of-international-studies_2008-08_37_1/page/181|first=Michael J.|author=Shapiro|date=1 August 2008|journal=[[Millennium: Journal of International Studies]]|volume=37|pages=181–197|doi=10.1177/0305829808093770}}</ref> n'obi ka ha gosipụta "Casbah-as-chorus", na-ekwurịta ukwe site n'ịbụ abụ, ịkwa ákwá, na mmetụta anụ ahụ. == Mmepụta na ụdị == === Ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:Alger_algiers_casbah_1900.jpg|thumb|Kasba, ebe e sere ihe nkiri ahụ]] <ref>"The Source". ''The Battle of Algiers'' booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 14.</ref>''Agha nke Algiers'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke akwụkwọ 1962 Souvenirs de la Bataille d'Alger, akụkọ onye isi ndị agha FLN banyere mkpọsa ahụ, nke Saadi Yacef dere. Yacef dere akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe a na-ejide ya dị ka onye mkpọrọ nke ndị France, ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji bulie mmụọ maka FLN na ndị agha ndị ọzọ. Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, ndị France tọhapụrụ Yacef, onye ghọrọ onye ndu na gọọmentị ọhụrụ ahụ. Gọọmentị Algeria kwadoro ime ka akwụkwọ ncheta Yacef bụrụ ihe nkiri. [[Salash Baazi]], onye ndú FLN nke ndị France chụpụrụ, gakwuuru onye nduzi Itali Gillo Pontecorvo na onye edemede Franco Solinas na ọrụ ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Iji gboo ihe nkiri chọrọ, ''Agha nke Algiers'' na-eji ihe odide dị iche iche ma gbanwee aha ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ. <ref>Arun Kapil, "Selected Biographies of Participants in the French-Algerian War", in ''The Battle of Algiers'' booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 50.</ref> ọmụmaatụ, Colonel Mathieu bụ ihe mejupụtara ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mgbochi nnupụisi nke France, ọkachasị Jacques Massu. Saadi Yacef kwuru <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/058/article_31407.asp|title=Cinquantenaire de l'insurrection algérienne La Bataille d'Alger, une leçon de l'histoire|publisher=Rfi.fr|date=2004-10-29|accessdate=2010-03-07|archivedate=2021-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126002530/http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/058/article_31407.asp}}</ref> Mathieu dabere na Marcel Bigeard, ọ bụ ezie na agwa ahụ na-echetara Roger Trinquier. N'ịbụ onye a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-egosi Mathieu dị ka onye mara mma ma dị mma, onye na-ede ihe nkiri bụ Solinas gọnahụrụ na nke a bụ ebumnuche ya. <ref>Pier Nico Solinas, "An Interview with Franco Solinas", in ''The Battle of Algiers'' booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 32.</ref> kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na Colonel bụ "onye mara mma ma nwee ọdịbendị, n'ihi na mmepeanya ọdịda anyanwụ abụghị onye na-enweghị ọdịbendị ma ọ bụ onye na-amaghị ọdịbendị". [1] === Ụdị ihe a na-ahụ anya === Maka ''Agha nke Algiers'', Pontecorvo na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Marcello Gatti mere ihe nkiri na oji na ọcha ma nwalee usoro dị iche iche iji nye ihe nkiri ahụ ọdịdị akụkọ na ihe nkiri. Mmetụta ahụ mere <ref>J. David Slocum, ''Terrorism, Media, Liberation.'' [[Rutgers University Press]], 2005, p. 25.</ref> o kwenye nke na mbipụta ndị America bu ọkwa na "ọ bụghị otu ụkwụ" nke akụkọ e ji mee ihe. Ojiji Pontecorvo ji eme ihe n'eziokwu na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ "na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ ka ọ na-agwa ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche okwu". Ihe nkiri ahụ na-eji telivishọn eme ihe pụrụ iche iji jikọta ndị na-ekiri ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe oyiyi ha na-eche ihu mgbe niile na-ekwusi ike iji gosipụta "eziokwu". Ihe nkiri ahụ yiri ka a na-ese ya site n'echiche nke onye nta akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ, dịka a na-eji anya telephoto na igwefoto aka, ebe "na-egosi ọgụ site na 'nchebe' na ndị agha France nọ n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ na igwefoto" <ref>Barr Burlin, ''Lyrical Contact Zones: Cinematic Representation and the Transformation of the Exotic.'' [[Cornell University Press]], 1999, p 158.</ref> === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mahmoud, Halima, Little Omar, na Ali La Pointe n'ebe zoro ezo]] Pontecorvo họọrọ ịtọ ndị Algeria na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara. Ọ họọrọ ndị ọ zutere, na-ahọrọ ha karịsịa na ọdịdị na mmetụta uche (n'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ọtụtụ n'ime ahịrị ha). <ref>Peter Matthews, "The Battle of Algiers: Bombs and Boomerangs", p. 8.</ref> Nanị onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ Jean Martin, onye mere Colonel Mathieu; Martin bụ onye France na-eme egwuregwu nke rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Pontecorvo chọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, mana onye na-agaghị ama ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị, ebe nke a nwere ike igbochi ihe nkiri ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A chụpụrụ Martin ọtụtụ afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na Théâtre National Populaire maka ịbịanye aka na nkwupụta nke 121 megide Agha Algeria. Martin bụ onye agha gara aga; ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị agha paratroop n'oge Agha Indochina ma sonye na French Resistance. Nkọwa ya nwere omimi akụkọ ndụ ya. Dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Franco Solinas si kwuo, mmekọrịta ọrụ dị n'etiti Martin na Pontecorvo adịghị mfe mgbe niile. <ref>PierNico Solinas, "An Interview with Franco Solinas", in ''The Battle of Algiers'' booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD, </ref>'amaghị ma ụdị ime ihe nkiri nke Martin ga-adị nnọọ iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara, Pontecorvo rụrụ ụka banyere nhọrọ ime ihe nkiri Martin. Saadi Yacef, onye na-eme El-Hadi Jaffar, na Samia Kerbash, onye na na-eme Fathia, bụ ndị otu FLN ma a na-ekwu na Pontecorvo sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ukwuu na akụkọ ha. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a na-ekwu maka ha bụ: * Jean Martin dị ka Colonel Philippe Mathieu * Saadi Yacef dị ka El-Hadi Jafar * [[Brahim Haggiag]] dị ka Ali La Pointe * Tommaso Neri dị ka Captain Dubois * Samia Kerbash dị ka Fathia * Ugo Paletti dị ka Captain * Fusia El Kader dị ka Halima * Franco Moruzzi dị ka Mahmoud * Mohamed Ben Kassen dị ka Little OmarObere Omar === Ụda na egwu === Ụda &#x2D; ma egwu ma mmetụta - na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri ahụ. A na-anụ ụda ndị Algeria, kama mkparịta ụka, n'oge ihe nkiri ebe ụmụ nwanyị FLN na-akwadebe maka bọmbụ. Na mgbakwunye, Pontecorvo jiri ụda égbè, helikọpta na injin gwongworo mee ihe iji gosipụta usoro agha French, ebe mgbawa bọmbụ, Ululation, ịkwa ákwá na ịbụ abụ na-egosipụta usoro Algeria. Gillo Pontecorvo dere egwu maka Agha Algiers, mana n'ihi na a kpọrọ ya "onye na-ede egwu" na Ịtali, a chọrọ ka ya na onye ọzọ na-ede egwú rụkọọ ọrụ; ezigbo enyi ya Ennio Morricone sooro ya rụkọọ ihe. Onye ma ama na-akụ ọkpọ n'Ịtali bụ Pierino Munari na-akụ ụbọ akwara, nke a na-anụ n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ. == Hụkwa == * ''Jamila, onye Algeria'', ihe nkiri azụmahịa na otu isiokwu ahụ wepụtara na 1958. * Lost Command, ihe nkiri azụmahịa n'otu isiokwu ahụ wepụtara n'otu afọ ahụ. * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afọ Ọkụ, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Algeria nke afọ 1975 nke Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina duziri. Ọ na-egosi Agha nke Nnwere Onwe Algeria dị ka a hụrụ ya site n'anya onye ọrụ ugbo. * ''Ọdụm nke Ọzara'', ihe nkiri yiri nke ahụ banyere nguzogide Libya nke Omar al-Mukhtar megide ndị Itali. * Ndepụta nke ntinye na 39th Academy Awards maka Best Foreign Language Film * Ndepụta nke ntinye Italian maka Academy Award maka Best Foreign Language Film == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Ndị isi ala, General Paul. ''Agha nke Casbah: iyi ọha egwu na mgbochi iyi ọha egwu n'Algeria, 1955-1957'' (New York, Enigma Books, 2010). .  * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Agha nke Algiers'' (Milan, Mimesis International, 2019).   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-6977-079-1|978-88-6977-079-1]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0058946}} * Agha nke AlgiersnaEbe nchekwa data ihe nkiri TCM * Agha nke AlgiersnaAmerican Film Institute Catalog * Agha nke AlgiersnaAllMovie * Agha nke AlgiersnaTomato rere ure * Agha nke AlgiersnaIhe Ndị Na-egosi Ihe Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa * [http://www.rialtopictures.com/catalogue/the-battle-of-algiers Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị na Rialto Pictures] * [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/342-the-battle-of-algiers-bombs-and-boomerangs ''Agha nke Algiers: Bọmbụ na Boomerangs''] edemede nke Peter Matthews na Criterion CollectionNchịkọta Criterion [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1b5mzhmrdju3giw4edr674q6busmah3 0 36623 697859 212374 2026-08-10T09:37:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ndị Kru na-asụ '''Asụsụ Kru''' site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Liberia]] ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]. == Nchịkọta == Dị ka Güldemann si kwuo (2018), Kru enweghị ihe yiri ya na aha yiri ya iji mechie mmekọrịta ya na Niger-Congo. Glottolog na-ewere Kru dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ya. == Okwu mmalite == Okwu ahụ bụ "Kru" enweghị mmalite a na-amaghị ama. Dị ka Westermann si kwuo (1952) ndị Europe jiri ya mee ihe iji gosipụta ọtụtụ agbụrụ na-asụ asụsụ ndị yiri ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Breitbonde|first=L. B.|title=City, Countryside, and Kru Ethnicity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-uk_1991_61_2/page/186|journal=Africa|volume=61|issue=2|pages=186–201|year=1991|doi=10.2307/1160614}}</ref> (1989) na-ekwu eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Europe kpọrọ dị ka "ndị ọrụ"; "aha homonymy na ndị ọrụ doro anya, ọ dịkwakarịa ala otu isi iyi nke mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ndị Europe na e nwere agbụrụ Kru / ndị ọrụ". == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Andrew Dalby kwuru na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa nke asụsụ Kru maka ọnọdụ ha na nkuku ụzọ nke mmekọrịta Afrịka na Europe. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Languages|publisher=Columbia UP|location=New York|year=1998}}</ref> dere na "Kru na asụsụ ndị metụtara ya so n'ime ndị mbụ ndị njem Europe zutere n'ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Pepper Coast, ebe mmepụta na mbupụ nke Guinea na melegueta pepper; azụmaahịa ụgbọ mmiri Africa". A maara asụsụ Kru maka ụfọdụ n'ime usoro ụda olu kachasị mgbagwoju anya n'Africa, nke nwere ike ịbụ naanị [[Omotic languages|Asụsụ Omotic]]. == Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a == Ih<ref name="EMW">{{Cite book|editor=Bahl|title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim World|publisher=Ammol Publications|year=2003|location=New Delhi|pages=24–25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilJtDm5mm5gC&pg=PA24|id=|isbn=9788126114191}}</ref> odide ndị e dere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya kwuru na "A pụrụ ịchọta ndị Krau ugbu a n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Monrovia, [[Liberia]] ruo Osimiri Bandama na [[Côte d'Ivoire]]". <ref name="EMW" />"Obodo nta na-anọgide na-enwe njikọ ha dabere na ndị a na-eche na ha bụ otu, nke mgbanwe na onyinye ememe mere ka ọ sikwuo ike". <ref name="EMW" /> na-ekwu na ndị Kru na asụsụ ha, ọ bụ ezie na ugbu a ọtụtụ na-asụ Bekee (na Liberia) ma ọ bụ French (na Côte d'Ivoire) dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, "na-achịkwa mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ebe mpaghara ọhịa ahụ ruru ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri". Ndị Kru na-adabere n'oké ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo, na-agbakwunye site na ịchụ nta maka ndụ ha. == Obere ìgwè na asụsụ ndị metụtara ya == Asụsụ Kru gụnyere ọtụtụ subgroups dị ka Kuwaa, Grebo, Bassa, Belle, Belleh, Kwaa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McEvoy|first=Frederick|title=Understanding Ethnic Realities among the Grebo and Kru People of West Africa|journal=Africa|volume=47|issue=1|pages=62–80|year=1997|doi=10.2307/1159195}}</ref> ka Breitbonde si kwuo, nkewa nke obodo ndị dabere na ọdịiche ọdịbendị, akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, na nnwere onwe mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "ọ nwere ike iweta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke asụsụ Kru dị iche iche; "Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ amaala ahụ yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ n'ụdị na agbụrụ, obodo ọ bụla bụ steeti nwere onwe ya; e nwekwara obere nkwurịta okwu". Breitbonde na-ekwu na a na-ekewa ndị Kru dabere na ọdịiche ọdịbendị ha, ọdịiche akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, na nnwere onwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Nke a bụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ subgroups nke asụsụ Kru. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Fisiak|first=Jacek|title=Historical Syntax|publisher=Mouton|location=New York|year=1984}}</ref> ka Fisiak si kwuo, e nwere obere akwụkwọ gbasara asụsụ Kru na asụsụ ndị metụtara ya. <ref name="Marchese1989">Marchese, Lynell. 1989. Kru. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), ''The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family'', 119-139. Lanham MD, New York & London: Lanham: University Press of America.</ref> nke asụsụ Kru nke Marchese (1989) dị ka ndị a: Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ ndị a bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ ma na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ karịa otu asụsụ.   Ethnologue na-agbakwunye [[Asụsụ Neyo|Neyo]], nke nwere ike ịdị nso na Dida ma ọ bụ Godie. == Asụsụ == Usoro okwu Kru bụ isi isiokwu-okwu-ihe (SVO), mana ọ pụkwara ịbụ isiokwu-ihe-okwu (SOV). <ref name="Marchese1989">Marchese, Lynell. 1989. Kru. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), ''The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family'', 119-139. Lanham MD, New York & London: Lanham: University Press of America.</ref> == Okwu ntụnyere == Nkọwa okwu bụ isi nke asụsụ 12 Kru site na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Asụsụ !anya !ntị !imi !ezé !ire !ọnụ !ọbara !ọkpụkpụ !osisi !mmiri !Iri nri !aha |- |Tepo |jê |Nω̂â |mɪ̂jã́ |Nri |Mmanụ ala |wũ̂t |Ọchịchọ |Ihe a na-akpọ |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ochie |Nịdị |iri na otu |Ọrịa na-atọ ụtọ |- |Jrwe |ɟró |Nω̃̂ã̂ |mɪ̃̂ã̂ |Ịnọkwa |Mmanụ ala |Uzo di na-eju anya |klώω̂ |Ihe a na-akpọ |Gị |Nnukwu |Ọ bụ n'abalị iri |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịkwuo |- |[[Asụsụ Guere|Guere]] |ɟrííē |Onye a na-akpọ ya |mlâ |ɲnɪ̃̂ɛ̄̃ |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |Ịmara |ɲmɔ̃ |kpâ |tū |ní |iri na otu |ɲnɪ̃̂ |- |Wobé |ɟríɛ́ |Onye a na-akpọ ya |mlã̂ |ɲnə̃̂ |M̀̀̀̀ |ŋwɔ̄̃ |nmɔ̄ |kpâ |tū |Ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ka a na-akpọ |Di |ɲnẽ̂ |- |Niaboua |ɟîrî |Lọk |Manaa |ɲéɲé |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |ŋwɔ̄̃ |ɲēmō |kpá |tū |Nịlị |Di |ɲéɲé |- |[[Asụsụ Bété|Bété (Daloa)]] |ɟi |jûkûlî |mlə̂ |Glei |mɪ́́́́ɔ́ |ŋō |drú |kwâ |sū |ɲû |lí |ŋʉnɪ̂ |- |[[Asụsụ Bété|Bété (Guibéroua)]] |jiri |júkwɨlí |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |gʌ̂lʌ̂ |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |n'ihi ya |Ihe siri ike |kwá |O doro anya |ɲú |Di |ŋʉɲɪ́ |- |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |jɪ́ |ɲúkwlí |mlé |Gọọmenti |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |amụrụ |Dọshị |feē |Sulu |ɲú |li |Ọdịdị |- |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |jɨdí |ɲūkúlú |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |N'oge na-adịghị anya |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |drù |Fairy |sū |ɲú |ɗɨ̄ |N'oge a, ọ bụ |- |Koyo |jɪjē |ɲúkiwí | - |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |Dolu |féjē |Sulu |ɲú |lɨ̄ |ŋɨ́nɨ́́́́ |- |Dida |Ci |ɲúkwlí |mné |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |nɪ̄ |dólū |kwíjè |sū |ɲú |lî |ŋlɪ́ |- |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |Cere |lωkɔ |mωvɔ |ɲɪ |mọkwa |mu |ɲre |Kra |ke |nrɪ |li | - |} Ihe atụ ọzọ nke asụsụ Kru 21 sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Asụsụ !anya !ntị !imi !ezé !ire !ọnụ !ọbara !ọkpụkpụ !mmiri !Iri nri !aha |- |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |Cere |lωkɔ |mωvɔ |ɲɪ |mọkwa |mu |ɲre |Kra |nrɪ |li | |- |Vata |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |ɲêflú |Mênê |GLA |Meɔ̄ |nɪ̄ |dūlū |Ọrịa |ɲú |lî | |- |Dida |Ci |ɲúkwlí |mné |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |nɪ̄ |Dọshị |kwíjè |ɲú |lî |ŋlɪ́ |- |Koyo |jíjē |ɲúkwlí |N'oge a, ọ bụ |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |Dolu |féjē |ɲú |lɨ̄ |ŋɨ́nɨ́́́́ |- |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] | |ɲūkúlú |N'ihi ya, |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |ebe |Fairy |ɲú |ɗɨ̄ |N'oge a, ọ bụ |- |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |jɪ́ |ɲúkwlí |mlé |Gọọmenti |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |amụrụ |Dọshị |feē |ɲú |li |Ọdịdị |- |[[Asụsụ Bété|Bété (Guibéroua)]] |jiři |júkwɨlí |N'ihi ya, |gʌlâ |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |n'ihi ya |O yighị ka ọ ga-eme |kwá |ɲú |li |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |- |[[Asụsụ Bété|Bété (Daloa)]] |ɟi |jûkûlî |mlə̂ |Glei |mɪ́́́́ɔ́ |ŋō |dřú |kwâ |ɲú |lí |N'nɪ̂ |- |Niaboua | |Lọk |N'oge a |ɲéné |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |ŋwɔ̃̄ |ɲēmō |kpá |Nịlị |Di |ɲéné |- |Wobé |ɟríɛ́ |Onye a na-akpọ ya |mlã̂ |ɲnẽ̂ |Mgbakwunye na nke ọzọ |ŋwɔ̃̄ |nmɔ̄ |kpâ |Ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ka a na-akpọ |Di |ɲnẽ̂ |- |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |ɟrííē |Onye a na-akpọ ya |mlâ |ɲnɪ̃̂̄ |mẽ̄õ̀ |Ịhụnanya |ɲmɔ̃̄ |kpâ |ní |Oge m |ɲnɪ̃̂ |- |Konobo |jidɔ |Na-enweghị |mlan | |Mọ | |Ebe obibi |kla |Fisi |di |Isi iyi |- |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |jīrō |nōā |Ọmụmụ | | |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ọzọ ka a na-eme ihe n'oge a |Ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ |kala |Nri |Obere |Ọdịdị nke afọ |- |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Bakwe]] |ɲʉ |ɲákúlú |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |glɛ̀ |MMA |mʌ́ |Tuzi |kɔ̄ō |nē |ɟɨ |nrɪ |- |Tépo |jê |Nω̂â |mɪ̂jã́ |Nri |Mmanụ ala | |Ọchịchọ |Ihe a na-akpọ |Nịdị |iri na otu |Ọrịa na-atọ ụtọ |- |Grebo |j |agafe |Meá | |MMA |N'oge a na-eme ya |ɲénɔ́ |klã́ |Ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ka a na-akpọ |di |ɲéné |- |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |ɟí |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |MNA | |MMA |Iwe |ɲnɔ̄ |kpã́ |Ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ka a na-akpọ |Di |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |- |Bassa |ɟélé | |Manaa | |mɔ́tɔ |Iwe |N'ebe a na-akpọ Nork |kpá |anyị |Obi adịghị ya mma |ɲeni |- |Dewoin |Gbanwee | |Malan | |Mgbasa ozi |Ingi |ɲimo |gba gba gba gba |ní |Uche |ŋɛ́lɛ́ |- |Kuwaa |Ọ bụ ya mere e ji ebi ya |nɔi |ɲũ | |M̀wũ |Iwe ya bụ |Ya na ya |kwa |Nimi |ɟì |ɲɛlɛ̃ |- |Sɛmɛ |Ụdị |tasjẽ |Oké Osimiri |ɲen |ee |Ọ bụ |N'ebe ahụ |kpar |ọhụrụ |di |jĩ |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: <ref name="ChanNumeralsNC">{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|author=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa (Belleh) |dee |sɔ̃r |Ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụ |ɲìjɛ̀hɛ |wàyɔɔɔɔ |Iorfɔlɛ́ (5 + 1) |N'ihi ya (5 + 2) |Katanã̀ (5 + 3) |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'oge a. |kowaa |- |Mkpụrụ osisi |Seme (Siamou) (1) |site n'aka |Nnukwu |tyáār |yūr |kwɛ̃̄l |kpã̄â |Kị |kprɛ̄n̂ |Mkpụrụ osisi |fú |- |Mkpụrụ osisi |Seme (Siamou) (2) |dyuɔ̃15 |15 N'ihi ya |t t t tr15 |yur3 |kwɛ̃l3 |k͡pa4a34 |kyi4ĩ34 |k͡prɛ4ɛ̃34 |kal3 |fu1 |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] |ɗôː |sɔ̂ː |tʌ̄ː |mɾɔ̄ː |ɡ͡bə̀ə̄ |ŋǔːɗō (5 + 1) |ŋǔːsɔ̄ (5 + 2) |ŋǔːtʌ̄ (5 + 3) |ŋǔːmɾɔ̄ (5 + 4) |Pʊ̀ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Wané|Wané]] |ime 3 / ime 3 |sɔ2 |ta3 |ihɪɛ̃4 |ŋwũ42 |ŋwũ42 kloː24 (5 + 1) |ŋwũ42 sɔ2 (5 + 2) |ŋwũ42 ta3 (5 + 3) |ŋwũ42 ihɪɛ̃4 (5 + 4) |ŋwũ42 bu4 ma ọ bụ bu4 |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Bété|Daloa Bété]] |ɓlʊ̄ |Ọrịa na-atọ ụtọ |tá |mʊ̄wana |ŋ́ɡ͡bɨ́ |ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) |ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) |ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) |ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) |kʊ́ɡ͡ba |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Bété|Guiberoua Bété]] |ɓlʊ̄ |Ọrịa na-atọ ụtọ |tá |mʊ̄wana |ŋ́ɡ͡bɨ́ |ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) |ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) |ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) |ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) |kʊ́ɡ͡ba |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |ɓlóō |Saịdoro |tāā |ŋ́mɔ́ɔnā́ |ŋ̀ɡ͡bɨ́ |ŋ̀ɡ͡bóplóo (5 + 1) |ŋ̀ɡ͡bɔ́ɔ́sɔ́ (5 + 2) |ŋ̀ɡ͡bàátā (5 + 3) |ŋ̀vɔ́ɔnā́ |kʊ́ɡ͡bá |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete, Ebe Ọwụ |[[Asụsụ Bété|Gagnoa Bété]] |Akara na-eme |Ọrịa na-atọ ụtọ |Juy |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ mɔ́tɔ |ŋ͡m̩̄.ɡ͡bú |ɡ͡be.pó̯ó (5 + 1) |ɡ͡bɔ́ɔ́.sɔ̋ (5 + 2) |ɡ͡bɔ̋ɔ́.tā (5 + 3) |Fụụụụ. |ko.ɡ͡bɔ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete, Ebe Ọwụ |[[Asụsụ Bété|Guébie Bété]] |ɡ͡bɔlɔ2.³ |so4 |ta31 |mɔna1.³¹ |mŋɡ͡be2 |mŋɡ͡beɡ͡bɔlɔ². ².³ (5 + 1) |mŋɡ͡boso3.⁴ (5 + 2) |mŋɡ͡bata3.³¹ (5 + 3) |mŋɡ͡bɔfɛna3.¹.³¹ (5 + 4) |kɔɡ͡ba2.³ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete, Ebe Ọwụ |Kouya |ɓlò |Ahịa |tā |Mnùà |ɡ͡bu |ɡ͡beliɓlò (5 + 1) |ɡ͡besɔ́ (5 + 2) |ɡ͡betā (5 + 3) |ɡ͡bomnʊ̀à (5 + 4) |kuɡ͡bua |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Yocoboué Dida |bóló |mwɔsɔ |Mutaa |Mọnha |ɛŋɡ͡bɪ́ |ɛŋɡ͡bʊ́frɔ (5 + 1) |Queen's Day (5 + 2) |Queenɓáta (5 + 3) |Queenvwaná |kóɡ͡ba |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Neyo]] |ɓɔɔɔɔló |Ahịa |tāā |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |ɡ͡bɪ́ |ɡ͡bɪ́flɔ́ (5 + 1) |ɡ͡básɔ́ (5 + 2) |ɡ͡bátā (5 + 3) |Fanaā (5 + 4) |kʊ́ɡ͡bá |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Kwadia |Kodia |ɡ͡bɤl32 / ɓɤl32 |sɔː2 |taː2 |mɔna43 |nɡ͡bɤ3 |Nɡ͡bɤw 333 (5 + 1) |nɡ͡bɔː43sɔ3 (5 + 2) |nɡ͡baː43ta3 (5 + 3) |nɡ͡bɤmɔna343 (5 + 4) |kʊɡ͡ba33 |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ ya. |N'ihi ya |Ọ ga-abụ |hĩinyɛ |M̀m̌ |mɛ́nɛ̌ìn-ɖò (5 + 1) |Mọọọvù-nọvù (5 + 2) |Mọọọvùù-ka (5 + 3) |M̀nɛ̌ìn-bíinyɛ (5 + 4) |Ọ bụ otú e si agụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Dewoin (Dewoi) |ɡ͡bǒ |N'ihi ya |ta |hĩinyɛ |M̀m̌ |Nkwupụta (5 + 1) |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'otu n'otu |Atụmatụ (5 + 3) |Hafuola (5 + 4) |ebe |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Gbasei (Gbii) (1) |dɔ̀ː / ɗɔ̀kái |N'ihi ya |Ọ ga-abụ |ɲ̀ ụyọkọ |m̀ḿ |__ibo____ibo__ m̀m̀̀̀̀m̀m̀ (5 + 1) |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịkarị mma (5 + 2) |m̀m̀tã́ (5 + 3) |__ibo____ibo__ m̀m̀̀̀̀́́́́̀̀̀̃ (5 + 4) |Bacha anụnụ anụnụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Gbii (Gbi-Dowlu) (2) |dòò, dyúáɖò |N'ihi ya |Ọ ga-abụ |Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ dị na ya |hm̀m̀ |mɛ̀nɛɛ̄n-ɖò (5 + 1) |M̀nɛɛ̄n-nsọọ (5 + 2) |Met̀nɛɛ̄n-tə̃ (5 + 3) |M̀nɛɛ̄n-Ibē (5 + 4) |figabùè |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Glio-Oubi |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Glio-Oubi]] |dō |hwə̃ |Ka ọ dị |Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |ɡ͡bə̀ |Ugboro ise (5 + 1) |hṹsɔ́ (5 + 2) |Mmanụ ala (5 + 3) |Mmetụta (5 + 4) |ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-adị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Ivorian |Pye (Piè) Krumen |dò |Ya mere |tā |N'ihi ya |hý̌ |hũ̀jārō [hũ̀jāɾō] ('isii na otu') |hũ̀jāhʋɛ__tir____tir____tir__ ('five plus two') |hũ̀jātā ('isi na atọ') |Hũ̀jāhɛ ('five plus four') |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Ivorian |Tepo Krumen (1) |dò |Ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri |tā |N'ihi ya |hý̌ |huõ̀nɔ̀ (5 + 1) |nɪ́pātā (litː 'ọ bụghị/bụ/atọ') |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri |sēlédò (litː 'ndị fọdụrụ / ebe/otu') |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Ivorian |Tepo Krumen (2) |Dome |Ọdịdị |tā |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |Ọ bụ n'oge |ùmnɔ̄dô (5 + 1) |ùmnɔ̄ɔ̄ɛ́n (5 + 2) |blɛ̄nbìɛ́n |ùmīyándō |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Liberia |Central Grebo (Barrobo) |duo |Ọ bụ n'afọ |taan |N'ezie |jieun |wùnɔ̀dǒ (5 + 1) |jetan (4 + 3)? |jiinhɛ̀n (4 + 4)? |sǒndò (litː 'ịnọ otu' tupu 10) |Fụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo, Liberia |Northern Grebo |mee |sɔ̃̌ |Ọ ga-abụ |N'ihi ya |m̀m |Mgbe (5 + 1) |nyiɛtã (4 + 3) |N'ihi ya (4 + 4) |siědo (litː 'ịnọ otu' tupu 10) |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |Dome |Saịn |tan |Sọnarọ |mù |mùné́do (5 + 1) |mùné́sɔ́n (5 + 2) |mùnéɛtan (5 + 3) |sopádo (10 - 1) |puè |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |Tajuasohn |nne |sun nn = ? |tan |hin |hoom |ḿhon doe (5 + 1) |ḿhon sun (5 + 2) |hinin (4 + 4) |siɛrdoe (litː 'na-anọgide na-abụ otu') |punn |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee, Guere-Krahn |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Krahn |tòò |N'oge ochie |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |Sọnwa |m̀m̌ |M̀o̓ (5 + 1) |Mmekọahụ (5 + 2) |Mkpụrụ osisi̓ǹ (5 + 3) |Menyìɛ̓ (5 + 4) |Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee, Guere-Krahn |Akpụkpọ ahụ |duě / tòò |Ihe omuma ohuru |tan |Sọnwa |m̀m̌ |Mmanụ (5 + 1) |N'elu (5 + 2) |Methan (5 + 3) |Mọnye (5 + 4) |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee, Nyabwa |Nyabwa (Nyaboa) |do4 |sɔ̃2 |Ọ ga-abụ na 3 |шalanɛ33 |mu4u1 |M4ɛ1lo4 (5 + 1) |M4ɛ1sɔ̃2 (5 + 2) |M4ɛ1 ụgbọ ala3 (5 + 4) |mɛ4ɛ1ɲiɛ33 (5 + 5) |44 bu |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee, Wobe |Northern Wè (Wobe) |kwa 3 / n'ihi 1 |sɔɔn2 / n'ebe ahụ2 |taan3 |nyiɛ43 |mm41 |M41-3 (5 + 1) |Afọ anọ na iri anọ na otu (5 + 2) |M411na3 (5 + 3) |mɛ41nyiɛ3 (5 + 4) |puue3 |} Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ Kru site na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !otu !abụọ !atọ !anọ !ise !isii !asaa !asatọ !itoolu !iri !iri abụọ !otu narị |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ lan |na-adị |tyar |yiro |Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ na-eme |Kpaa |kyii |prɛ |kal |fu |kar |Karkwụ |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |mī na ya; yre |Iʃɪ |ita |unu na-achị |yugbo |Foto |friʃi |patɛ |fi |Mmanụ |gu |juyugbo |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |dee |Ahịa |Nke a bụ ihe a na-akpọ |ɲì̀ |wààyò |folɛ́̀ |Gilo |kwata na |Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ na-adị |Kuwa |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya |Glílɛlú |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |mblò |Ọkụ ọkụ |Ọka |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ |N'anya |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'WWW |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ N'Anya |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |kʊgbā |grʊ̄ |gwlīǹgbī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata |ɓlɔ́́ |Ahịa |tā |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ |Agbụrụ | |gbò́sɔ́ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-akpọ | |Kọgbụ |golō | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |ɓʊ̀lʊ̀ |Ahịa |tá |Mʊ̀nà |ńgbɨ́ |ńgbʊ́lʊ́́ |ńgbísɔ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |ńgbɨ́mʊnà̀ |kúgbɨ́á |Gʊ́lʊ́ |gʊ́lúgbɨ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |ɓʊ̀lʊ̀ |Ahịa |tā |mʊʌ̀nā |n̄gbɨ́ |N'afọ Gọmbụ |N'afọ ndị ọzọ |gbʊʌ́tā |N'afọgbɨ mʊʌ̀nā |kʊ̄gbʌ |Gʊ'lʊ' |Gwww's Marb's Mar |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |ɓʉ̄lʉ̄ |Ahịa |tā |mʊ̀nʌ̄ |ʌ̀gbʉ̄ |ʌ̀gbʉ̄pʉ̄lʉ̄ |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |N'egwuregwu |Kʊgbʌ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |gwʌ̀lɪgbʉ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |ɓɔ́́́́lɔ́ |sɔ̄ |tā |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |ŋgbɨ́ |ŋ̀gbópló |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |ŋgbátā |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'Anya |Ihe osise |gʊ̄lʊ̄ |gʊ̀lɪ̀ɲ́gbɨ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |ɓʊ̄lʊ́ |Ahịa |tāā |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |gbɪ́ |gbɪ́flɔ́́́ |gbásɔ́ |gbátā |N'ihi ya |Ihe osise |Glʊ́ |gwlɪgbɪ́ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |dòò |sʊ́́ |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na |ɲɛ́̀ |mù ebe |ŋmìɛ̀dò |ŋmìɛ́sɔ́́ |ŋmìɛ́tā |sɛpáádō |Puɪ̄ |Ọ bụ n'oge a na-anọ |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Ọ bụ ya mere e ji nwee obi ụtọ |sɔ̄ |gị |Ihe ndị a na-eme n'oge gara aga |hm̀m̀ | | | | | | |musikụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |gbò |Ahịa |tà |ɲìɛ̄ |m̀m̄ |Melekgbō |M̀lēslɔ́́́́ |M̀lēá |M̀le's |ebe | | |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |mee ka ọ bụrụ |musikị |Ịdị gị |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |m̄ |hwɔ̀nɔ̀ |N'asụsụ Bekee |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ya |pu na-aga |A na-akpọ ya |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |dō |Ahịa |na-adị |Nke a bụ ihe a na-akpọ |Hmú | | |__ibo__ Ọdịdị |sīe̍dō |Punɔdo |wōdó |húbū |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |dō |Nwaanyị |na-adị |N'oge a na-eme egwuregwu |gbə̀ |__ibo__ Ọdịdị |Ọdịdị |Mmanụ ala |Ihe omuma di nma |ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-adị |gōrō |gòléhm̄ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Ụzọ gị |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |M̀m̍ |M̀m's's'h |__ibo__ M̀m'hʊɛ́́́́ |M̀m'a'a't |HMMMM-JM-J |pu na-aga |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Ọdịdị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |dòò |N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a na-eme |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na |ɲīɛ̄ ~ ɲīɛ́̄; ɲīɛā̄ ~ ɲā̀̄ |m̄ḿ |M̀̀̀̀h̀h̀ |Mkpụrụ osisi |M̀̀̀̀) |Ọ bụ ihe mere e ji mara ya |Ebe e si nweta ya |Klāsɔ |Km̀̀̀̀h̀h̀ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |dʊ̀ |Ahịa |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ |ɲìɛ̄ |Mpu |M̀̀̀̀ |M̀̀̀̀h̀h̀ |M̀̀̀̀ |Mụl |Mbido |GLOLUE |N'oge a na-adịghị anya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |tòò |N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a na-eme |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na |ɲìɛ̄ |m̄ḿ |Mmanụ ala |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ya |Mkpụrụ ndụ |Ihe omuma nke mbu |Ebe e si nweta ya |Klāsɔ |Km na-aga n'ihu |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |dʊ |buwɛ |A na-akpọ ya |Isi iyi |mm | |Ịkụziri |Mella | |buwɛ |kwalaso |Mkpụrụ osisi |} === Akụkụ ahụ (isi) === Akụkụ nke isi site na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !isi !ntutu isi !anya !ntị !imi !ezé !ire !ọnụ |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |gmel |fleɲi |Ụdị |Tasy na-eme |Oké Osimiri |ɲen |ee |ko |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |drʊ |lɪfɪ |Cere |lʊkɔ |mʊvɔ |ɲɪ |mọkwa |mu |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |Olu |Ọ bụ n'ihi na |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ |nɔi |ɲ na-acha | |Ọdịdị |Igo |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nwa |ɲwee |ɲʉ |ɲákúlú |mló |glɛ̀ |MMA |mʌ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |wlú |ɲɪ̄ |Ci |ɲūklwí |mné |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |nɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata | |ɲe |Ya |ɲe-flú |m na-aga |GLA |Meɔ̄ |nɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |Wu-lu-kpèlè |ɲúkō |ji |yu-ku-ku |mlə̍ |Glei |mɪ́́́́ɔ́ |ŋō |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |Wukpəlé |ɲū-kwə̄ |yiɾi |yúkwɨlí |N'ihi ya |Gʌ-la |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |N'ihi na ọ bụ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |Olu |ɲɪ̄ |naɨdí |ɲūkúlú |N'ihi ya |N'oge na-adịghị anya |mɪɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |Olu |ɲɪ́ī |yɪyē |ɲūklwí |ŋʉ́́ |GLA |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] | |ɲɪ́ |yɪ́ |ɲúkwlí |mlé |Gọọmenti |mɪ̄ɔ̄ |amụrụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |N'ihi ya |ji |Nkọwa |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | |MMA |Igo |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Duo |m |jélé | |Manaa | |mɔ́tɔ |Igo |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |Duulu | |Gbanwee | |Mkpụrụ okwu | |Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị |Igo |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |Yu |pupu na-eto eto |Yise |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |mɪ̍yá |Nri |Mị na-eto ~ mị na-eso |na-ekwu |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |na-agụ | |unu na-ekwu |agafe |Meá | |MMA |N'oge a na-eme ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] | |m |yīrō |nōā |Ọdịda Anyanwụ | | |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ọzọ ka a na-eme ihe n'oge a |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |le |Ọ bụ n'asụsụ na-adịghị mma |jró |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Mɪ na-ekwu |Nri na-eme ihe |Mkpụrụ osisi |na-adị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |drú |míī |jrííē |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |ɓʊ̄ |djūlɛ̀ |M̀̀̀̀ |Ịmara |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |Ọchịchị |n'oge na-adịghị anya |Yiddish |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ |N'oge a |ɲéné |Ọdịdị |ŋwɔ̄ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |jrú |m na-ekwu maka m; m na-akọwa |jríɛ́́ |__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |Mkpụrụ osisi |__ibo__ Ọdịdị |Mkpụrụ osisi |ŋwɔ̄ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |drɔ |m |Yedo |Na-enweghị |Mkpụrụ osisi | |Mọ | |} === Akụkụ ahụ (n'okpuru) === Akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !olu !aka !ara !eriri afọ !ụgbọ mmiri !ụkwụ !ọkpụkpụ !ọbara !akpụkpọ ahụ |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |kwa |Mmanụ |Na-adịbeghị anya | |ɲēfū | |kpar |na-aga | |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |hụrụ |sʊ |drɪ |mɪ |mʊkʊ |pɪ |Kra |ɲre |kʊkɔ |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |Fụl | |ɲàlì | |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ |Mmanụ ala |kwa |na-aga n'ihu |Ọ bụ na-adị |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |Pịlị |Daɾó |ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ |mī |mʊ̄kwɛ̄ |ɓɔō |kɔ̄ō |Tuɾú | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |brɪ̀ ~ bɾɪ̀; bɾɪ́ ~ brɪ̀ |sɔ̄ |ɲētī |mɪ̄ |mʊ́kʊ̄díè |ɓō |kwíyè |Dọshị |kpʊ̄kpā |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata | |sɔ̄ | |m na-aga |Mkpụrụ ndụ |ɓɔ̄gʊ̀ |fa na-aga |dūlū |Ọdịdị |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |blʊ̀ |Ahịa |ɲɪ́tɪ́ |Ọdịdị |dàī |Ọchịchọ |kwa |dɾú | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |bʊ̀lʊ́ |Ahịa |ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ |mɪ́ |Chaya |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |kwá |site na afọɾu |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |bʌlɛ̄ |sɔ̄ |ɲītì |mɪ́ |Nke iri afọ |ɓʉ̄ |Fairy |dɾe ebe |kpʊ̄kpʌ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |blɛ̀ |sɔ̄ɔ̄ |ɲītīyē |mɪ́ |mákɔ̄lʊgbā |ɓɔɔ́́́́ |féyē |Dolu | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |blɛ̄ |sɔ̄ɔ́́ | |Ọkụ ọkụ |ɲúkōlíé |ɓɔɔ́́́́ |feē |Dọshị |kpʊ̄kpā |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ |sʊ̄ |ɲītī |Ọkụ |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |bʊ̄ |Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ dị |ɲnɔ̄ |kū |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |ebe | |Aha a na-akpọ ya |MMA |Zìì |ɓo |kpá |N'ebe a na-akpọ Nork |ku |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |būnū | |na-adị | | |ɓō |gba gba gba gba |ɲimo | |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |plʊ̀ |na-abịa |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na a na-akpọ 'Afaananyere' |ŋmí |nɛ́́ ~ nɛ́; nɛ́ ~ nɛú́ |Bʊ̍ |Ihe a na-akpọ |da'blʊ́ |kɔ̀ ~ kɔ̍; kɔ̍ ~ kɔ̀ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |na-akọ akụkọ ifo |naanị |ɲínē |Kúdíde |na-abụghị nke a |bó |klaị |ɲénɔ́ |na-eme |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |pòlo |ho | |muə̄gli |O nwere ike ịbụ onye |bo |kala |Ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ | |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |plʊ̀ |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Afịhịa | |Nkọwa |Bʊ̍ |Ihe a na-akpọ |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |Gí̀ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |blönn |sō |__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |ɓóà |Bʊ̍ |Kịrịkịrịkịrị |ɲmɔ̄ |kū |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |būlū |sʊ̄ |ɲētì̀ |m |zànɛ̍ɛ |ɓʊ̄ |kpá |ɲēmō |Udo |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |Ọdịdị |sō |__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |bʊ̄ |Kịrịkịrịkịrị |nmɔ̄ |kū |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo | |sʊ |Ọkpụkpụ abụọ | |gbolo |bo |kla |Ebe obibi |ku |} === Aha ndị ọzọ === Aha ndị ọzọ sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !agwọ !àkwá !mpi !ọdụ !eriri !nna !nne !nwanyị !nwa !aha |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |jàl |Kyã |Gọh | |ɲan |ton |Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ mgbe a ga-eji |mel |ɓisyā |yị |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |srɪ |ji |Gbeli |Ya mere | |zuzo |kekya |lapɛ |jɪ | |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |Onye na-eto eto |Mkpụrụ osisi |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-akpọ |ɲídewúlé |Ya na ya | |ọtọ |Aha a na-akpọ ya |jí |ɲɛlɛ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |tɾɔ̄ |sàpɨgē | | | |Tọ |yuo |ŋwɔ́lɔ́́́ |yəyie |ɲrɪ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |trɛ̄ |jīè |gwɪ́ |Ọganihu |ɓlū |na-aga na-aga |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ |ŋwnɔ́ |Cile na-eto eto |ŋlɪ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata |__ibo__ N'afọ ndị ọzọ |~ na-aga n'ihu |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | | |co- |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ |ŋonoro |otú ahụ | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |tɪmɛ́ |Gʉyī |Ịnọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike | |li-kpə́ |tɓà |ka |Isiokwu |gu na-aga |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |Mkpụrụ osisi |gʉ |gʊ́ |gwə̀yi |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |dɪ̄bà |ka |Makesa |yú |ŋʉ́lɪ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |trɛ̄ |gɪ̀ |vɪ̄ |Ihe omuma di nma |ɓɨlɨkpə̄ |tʉ́ |ka |ŋwɔ́lɔ́́́ |yɪ́ |N'oge a, ọ bụ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |Owuuru na-eme |gɪ̀yē |gó | |ɓlíyē |isi |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ |Isiokwu |Ọ dị |ŋɨ́nɨ́́́́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |__ibo__ N'afọ ndị ọzọ |Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa |Vʊ́ | |ɓlú |tʊ́ |Ọgba |ŋwló |yʊ́ |Yylɪ́ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |slɛ̄ |Isiokwu |Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ na-eme |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |Duuzpu |Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị |De |Nkọwa |جام |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Ọ bụ |Ya mere |gmɛ̀ |Ọ na-ekwu okwu |Lulu |Ọ bụ onye na-amaghị | |màa |jú |ɲeni |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |N'ihi ya |ge | | |Ebe a na-akpọ ɓúlū |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |Maị |ɲiro; makesa |Wu |Ụgbala |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |A na-akpọsa ya |ŋmʊ̄ |bà |patà |Buu na-aga |kwuo ~ kwuo; kwuo ~ kwuo |ɲnɔ |yú |dʊ́ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |síde |ŋēyē | | |ludu |Buu-Où |na-adị |ɲénɛ́ |Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akpọ |ɲéné |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |ebe a |Hawɛŋɨnɛ |ŋwɛ |ba |wūlū |Onye na-ekwu okwu |di |ɲīrō |yu |ɲíró |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |Oge o si aga |na-eme ihe |bà |lúrū |bó |De |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |yú |ɲl |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ekwu na |ŋm̄ɔ |gō |dbú |Ba |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ya |Jọ na-adị |ɓāò |ɲnɪ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme |gō |ɓlu̍kū |Isi |lótō |ɲə́nɔ́ |yuị |ɲéné |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |ya mere |ŋmɛ̀ |Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ na-adị |dbū ~ dbú; dbú ~ dbū |bó |__ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya |ɲnɔ̍ kpāo |jú sǎā |__ibo__ Ọdịdị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |Sir |ɲie |gbochie ya |Ihe a na-eme |dru |ba |nke |ɲɪnɪ |jowe |Isi iyi |} === Okike === Okwu metụtara okike sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !ụbọchị !anyanwụ !ọnwa !mmiri !ọkụ !anwụrụ ọkụ !oké osimiri !uzuzu !nnu |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |yef na-agụ |unu |Fwi |na-adị |Niɛ | | | | |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |zi |ze |cu |nrɪ |isi |jru |magri |ɓʊɓʊ |trʊ |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |Somvolt |Ka ọ dị |kewu |Nimi |Ka ọ dị |koo |Ihe omuma di iche iche |Onye |Nke ahụ bụ ihe |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |Srè |jró |sɨple |nē |Kapupu |bru |tánīē |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |cɾɪ̄ |Ọnyụlọn |cʊ́ |ɲú |Agba nke ọma |jlū |__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |ịṅụ mmiri |glī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata | | |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |ɲú |kōsū | |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ |ŋúŋu | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |yɪ̍ɾɪ |yʊ̍ɾʊ́ |na-eme ka ọ dị |ɲu |Agba nke ọma |جیۆ |gɨ-n'ihi |ɓu-kwu |Gʉ́ɓɨ́ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |yɪ́ɾɪ́ |yʊ́ɾʊ́ |cʊ́ |ɲú |Agba nke ọma |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |jīē |ɓūù-kwə̍ |gɨ's̍ɓɨ's |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |yʊ̀ɾʊ̀ |yʊɾʊ́ |cʊ̄ |ɲú |Agba nke ọma |jùɾù |jīyē |ɓàɓū |gɨ̀ɗɨ̀ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya |cʊ́ʊ̄ |ɲú |Agba nke ọma |jùrù |jīyē |ɓūɓú |Gʉ̀lʉ̀ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |zlì |Ọnyụlọn |cʊ́ |ɲú |kōsū |jlù |gɨ̄ē |mʊ mɪ̄ɪ́ |Ohere dị mma |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] | |Ọdịdị |cʊ̄ |Ọnyà |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka ọ dị mma |jluị |jló |Pupuí |na-eme |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga |jóló |Ọ bụ gị |anyị |Ọdịdị dị mfe |anyị |Iio |Pupu |gị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga |gú |N'ihi ya |ní |Naì | | | |gị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |ɲnɔ̀wo |afọ iri na ụma |musik̀pɔ |ma ọ bụ na-adị |na-aga n'ihu |jrù |yrú |Pupu |tá |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo | |ŋwɛ́́́́ |musik̀bō |Ọnyà |ná |jūdú |yúdá |Ọmụmụ ihe |Nke a bụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |ɲìrò |jīrō |musikliɛ |Nri |n onye na-ahọrọ |jùrù |tápɛ̀ |Mkpụrụ osisi | |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |ɲlɔ́wò |jrʊ́ |Ọganihu |Nkọwa |na-adị |jrù |Ịdị elu |Ọnyà |tá |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |Ọdịdị |jru |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |ní |snow |Ọdịdị |na-aga n'ihu |djɛ́̀ |Ịdị elu |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |wɪ́ |na naoro |cʊ́ |ma ọ bụ na-aga |Snow |jurū |gɨ̄ɨ̄ |pīpèlè |tonnes |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |Ọdịdị |jru |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |na-ekwu |snow |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |na-aga n'ihu |pu na-aga |Ịdị elu |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |Igo |jɨdo |co |Fisi |nani |jlu |ọ bụrụ na |Ịnyịnya ibu |ta |} === Ngwaa (1) === Ụfọdụ ngwaa ndị bụ isi sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !Iri nri !ihe ọṅụṅụ !ịta !ịgbọ agbọ !nwụọ !gbuo !ịga ije !bịa |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |di |namu |nuo ahụ | |ko (klo) |ko (N'ihi ya) |koel |Ọchịchị (nke ojii) |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |li |ma |Ụzọ mbido |gwra |Gí |Ebe ọ ga-aga |na |ya |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |Ọnyà |Onye ọ bụla |ɲìmì |Ọchịchị |fa na |Java |namu |yì |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |jɨ |ml na-aga |ml ọ bụla |Igo |jʌ |ɓlá |Nri |jī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |gi na-aga |mlá |mni̍ |Mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-akpọ "Liz" |kú |ɓlá |Na-eto eto |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata |li na-eme |N'ihi na ọ bụ |Nkọwa |Site n'oge ahụ |fú | |N'oge na-adịghị anya |na-aga n'ihu |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |li |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-akpọ |N'ihi ya, |N'ihi ya, |tɾɪ |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |N'afọ |jí |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |Di |nɪmʌ́ |nīmɨ̄ |N'ihi ya, |kú |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe |yī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |ɗɨ̄ |mʌ́nʌ́ |mɨ̄lɨ̄ |gwʌ̄sɛ̀ |kú |Akpịrị ọnụ |n'oge na-adịghị anya |yī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |lɨ̄ |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |miɨ̄ |N'oge na-adịghị anya |kú |ɓlá |Naị. |yī |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |li |mlá |miī |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |kú |Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọ |nāà |yī |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |Di |na-adị |nmī |wlà |Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme |Ahịa ~ |na-adị |jí |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |Obi adịghị ya mma |ná |numu |hwala |Mmanụ ala |láɓá |na-aga n'ihu |ji |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |Uche |ná | | |ku |ta; laawá | |ya |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |di na-ekwu |ná |na-adị |wlà |kʊ́ |Laị ~ laị; Laị ~ |Na |di na-eme |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |di |na-adị |mlí |wōdá |kō (ɛ́) | | |di |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |Obere |ná | |Iola |kʊ |Ibuli |na |Ọ bụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |Ọ bụ n'oge ochie ka a na-akpọ |ná |Nkọwa |wlà | |na-eme |na-adị |di na-eme |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |Jere |na-aga n'ihu |nmū |gwlà |ɗrē |dbā |na-adị |jī |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |Di |ná |Mpu na-adịghị mma |Mgbe ị ga-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma | |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri |Na |yī |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |Di |na-aga n'ihu |nmū |Ọchịchị |Mụl |dba |na-adị |jī |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |di |na |na-ekwu na ọ bụ |Gulaị |Mọ |draịvụ |na |jlo |} === Ngwaa (2) === Ngwaa ndị ọzọ sitere na Marchese (1983): <ref name="Marchese">Marchese, Lynell. 1983. ''Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition''. Abidjan: [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT).</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !nye !gwuo !ụra !ịkwanye !ịgba égbè !na-abụ abụ |- |Siamou |Mkpụrụ osisi |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya | |ee; |Ugboro abụọ | |Ọdịda Anyanwụ |- |Aizi |[[Asụsụ ndị Aizi|Aïzi]] |Fisi |ɓru |mɔ namʊ |gị |جیọ | |- |Kuwaa |Kuwaa |N'ihi ya |Bií |wa na |ruo na ọ bụ |Nkwupụta |ilu |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bakwe |[[Asụsụ Bakwé|Baku]] (Soubré) |ɲe | |Ọnyà | |kwɛ́́ɛ́ | |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Dida (Lozoua) |Nri |ɓlí |Mmekọrịta |Ọ bụ |jri̍ ~ jɾi̍ |ɓlɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Dida |Vata | |ɓlí |Oge mbu nke mbu |na-esote | |ɓlɪ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Daloa) |Fushiị |wlù |Azụmaahịa |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Tɪtɾɪ́ |blɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Bété (Guibéroua) |Nri |ɓúlú |Mmiri na-eto eto |N'ihi ya |jiɾi ~ jīɾi |ɓʉ̄lɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Godié|Godié]] |Nri |ɓɨ́dɨ́́ |ŋwɔ́ɔ́́́́ɔ́ |Ọ bụ |jri |ɓʉ̄lɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |Koyo |Nri |Nkwupụta |Makesa |zɛ́ |jrɨ̄ |ɓlɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Bete |[[Asụsụ Neyo|Néyo]] |Nri |wlúū |Isiokwu |Ọ bụ |jri ~ jrī |ɓlɪ̄ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Klao |[[Asụsụ Klao|Klao]] |ɲî |acha anụnụ anụnụ | |na-adị |jlì |blē |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Bassa |ɲí |ɓúlú |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ |Ebe a na-akpọ | |ɓele |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Bassa |Ihe a na-eme na ya |na-agụ egwú |ɓúlú |Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ |Shia |gbī |ɓēlē |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Tépo |Maazị |gblú |ŋmò |Ị na-eto | |bre na-adị |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Grébo |na-adị |Budu |móɔ́ |__ibo__ Ọdịdị | |ọka wit |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |[[Asụsụ Glio-Ubi|Ubi]] |ɲé |búlọs |ŋmo |tūɛ̄ |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |bəlɛ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Grebo |Jrwe |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eme ihe |blú |__ibo____ibo__ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |gị | |bre'wlà |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |[[Asụsụ Guere|Ọgwụgwọ]] |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |ɓlú |Mkpụrụ ndụ |Ọdịda Anyanwụ | |acha anụnụ anụnụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Nyabwa |ɲe |Bulu |mó na-eme |Ebe |jīrī |ɓlē |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Wobé |Ọdịdị |blú |Mkpụrụ ndụ |pō |Cree na-ekwu na ọ bụ |acha anụnụ anụnụ |- |Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Wee |Konobo |unu |blo |mo |Tuị |jidiɛ |acha anụnụ anụnụ |} == Ihe owuwu ==   Dị ka Marchese Zogbo si kwuo (2012), Proto-Kru nwere: * ụdaume na-eme ka ọ dị n'ime * ụda anọ * *CVCV- (C) V na ikekwe *CVV syllable structure. * Mkpụrụ okwu CCV, na ikekwe * Mkpụrụedemede CVV, sitere na * CVCV mgbọrọgwụ. * Usoro okwu SVO, mana nwere ọtụtụ ụdị OV * ọdịdị nke nsonaazụ * akụkụ zuru oke na nke na-ezughị oke Mkpụrụ okwu Proto-Kru (Marchese Zogbo 2012): {| class="wikitable" |p |t |k |kp |- |b |d |g |gb |- |ɓ | | | |- |m |n |ŋ (?) | |- | |s | | |- | |l |w | |} Mkpụrụ okwu ndị e si na ya nweta: * /ɟ/ nwere ike ịpụta site na palatalization (*g > ɟ), dịka *gie > ɟie. * *c, *ɲ, *kw, *gw, *ŋw sitere na ụdaume alveolar ma ọ bụ velar na-esote ụdaume dị elu ma ọ bụ dị elu n'ihu. * /ɗ/ nwere ike isite na *l. Mkpụrụedemede Proto-Kru (Marchese Zogbo 2012): {| class="wikitable" |ɪ |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ |- |na |o |- |Ọ bụ |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |- |a | |} E nwere nkewa doro anya nke abụọ n'etiti Western na Eastern Kru nke a na-ahụ site na ọdịiche phonological na lexical. Ụfọdụ isoglosses n'etiti Western Kru na Eastern Kru: {| class="wikitable" !Nkọwa !Proto-Western Kru !Proto-Eastern Kru |- |osisi |{{Lang|kro|*tu}} |{{Lang|kro|*su}} |- |nkịta |{{Lang|kro|*gbe}} |{{Lang|kro|*gwɪ}} |- |ọkụ |{{Lang|kro|*nɛ}} |{{Lang|kro|*kosu}} |- |ezé |{{Lang|kro|*ɲnɪ}} |{{Lang|kro|*gle}} |} == Edensibia == <references /> * Westerman, Diedrich Hermann (1952) ''Asụsụ nke West Africa'' (Nkebi nke Abụọ). London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070223100945/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/KruBassa PanAfrican L10n peeji na Kru/Bassa] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o9ss2j59vggd8r3t1p3klmmjgmr745y 0 36783 697784 443004 2026-08-10T08:12:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Asụsụ '''Dani''' ma ọ bụ Baliem Valley bụ ezinụlọ nke Asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ndị Dani na ndị yiri ya na-asụ na Baliem Valley na Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003) na-ewere ọnọdụ asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ha ka e guzobe.  Ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Paniai, mana nke a edoghị anya. Capell (1962) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Capell|first=Arthur|year=1962|title=Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific|edition=New and revised|series=South Pacific Commission Technical Paper|location=Noumea|publisher=South Pacific Commission}}</ref> kwuru na ndị ikwu ha kacha nso bụ Asụsụ Kwerba, nke Ross (2005) jụrụ. == Asụsụ == Larson (1977) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Larson|first=Gordon F.|year=1977|title=Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications|journal=Irian|volume=VI|issue=2|pages=3–40}}</ref> kewara ezinụlọ ahụ n'ime alaka atọ dabere na lexicostatistics, e mesịkwara tinye Nggem dị ka nke anọ. Asụsụ Ngalik enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike. * '''Ezinụlọ Dani''' ** Wano ** Nggem ** Central Dani: Grand Valley Dani (elu, ala, na etiti), Hupla, Western Dani-Walak ** Ngalik: Nduga, Silimo, Yali (ìgwè asụsụ) <ref name="ngw">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016052905/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley|archivedate=2020-10-16|url=https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/west-papuan-highlands/balim-valley|title=Balim Valley|work=New Guinea World|author=Usher|first=Timothy}}</ref> (2020) na-eweghachi ndepụta ụdaume dị ka ndị a: Nke a yiri nke nrụzigharị nke Bromley (1966-1967) <ref name="Bromley-1967">{{Cite journal|author=Bromley|first=Myron H.|date=June 1967|title=The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1967-06_37_4/page/286|journal=Oceania|volume=37|issue=4|pages=286–305|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBromley1967">Bromley, Myron H. (June 1967). "The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification". ''Oceania''. '''37''' (4): 286–305. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x|10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40329608 40329608].</cite></ref> ma e wezụga ịgbakwunye ụdaume ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe *pw, *mbw, na ụdaume ọzọ *ɐ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |*m | |*n | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Kwụsị !Enweghị olu |*p |*pw |*t | |*k |*kw |- !Tupu a mụọ ya |*mb |*mbw |*nd | |* Mmetụta |*ŋgw |- !Implosive |*bi | |*ɗ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |*w | |*l |*j | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |*i | |*u |- !Ihe dị nso |*ɪ | |*ʊ |- !N'etiti |*e |[*ɐ] |*o |- !Emeghe | |*a | |} Na diphthongs *ei, *ou, *ai, *au. == Aha nnọchiaha == Ross (1995) na-eweghachi nnọchiaha ndị nweere onwe ha na prefixes nke Central Dani dị ka:  == Ntụnyere nke okwu == Okwu ndị na-esonụ sitere na Bromley (1967) <ref name="Bromley-1967" /> na Voorhoeve (1975), <ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-0-85883-128-5|doi=10.15144/PL-B31|date=2015|author=Voorhoeve|first=C.L.|title=Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists|publisher=Pacific Linguistics}}</ref> dị ka e depụtara na nchekwa data Trans-New Guinea: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/?subset=D|title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea|author=Greenhill|first=Simon|date=2016|accessdate=2020-11-05}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" !ịma mma !Dani, Lower Grand Valley (asụsụ Hitigima) !Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) !Dani, Lower Grand Valley !Dani, Mid Grand Valley !Dani, Upper Grand Valley !Dani, Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ<ref name="Clouse-LakesPlain">{{Cite book|author=Clouse|first=Duane A.|year=1997|chapter=Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya|title=Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|isbn=0858834421|editor=Karl Franklin|pages=133&ndash;236|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf}}</ref> !Walak !Silimo (Asụsụ Ndịda Ngalik) !Silimo !Yali, Angguruk !Yali, Ndagwurugwu |- !isi |mʊkkʊl-oak |mʊkkʊl-oak |nukul-oaq |nʊgʊl-oak |nanupah |aneb; anobak |nalupak |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |nagʊl |nʊgʊl |hou |- !ntutu isi |Nisi |Nisi |Nisi |Nisi |Neeti |eeɾuwak; neti |Mmalite |nenasu |nke ya |notuk |hoŋ |- !ntị |nesakko |nesakko | |nasuk |Nku [nařuk] |aɾuk |Nku [nařuk] | |Neso |nɪsago | |- !anya |Niko-ken |Niko-ken |Nico-eken |na-ejupụta |neneken |enegen; negen |nil |nələŋgen |nɪlegen |nɪl |Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |- !imi |Nchịkọta |namisaŋ | |nakouwak-oak |nakapak |ogobak |nokopak | |Ọrụ |nabijaŋ | |- !ezé |Naịkụ |Naịkụ |Naịkụ |Naịkụ |nɪk |Neik |Naịkụ |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe |nɪak; olu |najek |ọ bụrụ na |- !ire |aha |Naịl | |na∂i |namɪlɪ |amela |natði | |nemake |nabilikagen | |- !ụkwụ | | |Nesoq | | |iyok; owak | | | | |Yan saŋ |- !louse |Nkwụsị |Nkwụsị |Ụgbọ mmiri |Nkwụsị |Nkwụsị |Aṅụ |Nkwụsị | |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |pɪ |am |- !nkịta |Jọk |Jọk |Ọ bụ ya |Ogwe osisi |Ọ bụ onye |N'ihi ya, onye ọ bụla |Ọ bụ onye |yeŋge |Onye ndu |Onye ndu |kam |- !Ezì |wam |wam |wam |wam |wa:n |wam |wam |wam |wam |wam |Mkpụrụ osisi |- !nnụnụ |sʊe |sʊe |sue |tʊe |ị na-eme ihe |ịnyịnya ibu; ụmụ irighiri |ị na-eme ihe |N'ihi ya |sʊe |June |Ịnọ |- !àkwá |sʊe-kken |sʊe-kken |Sue-ken |tʊe-gen |tewe-gen |eko |tewe-gen |Ọmụmụ ihe |sʊe-egen |June- |winaŋ meriri |- !ọbara |mep |mep |mep |mep |mep |amiya; muya |mep | |mep |gete; mep |mmalite |- !ọkpụkpụ |noak |noak |noaq |noak |nowakano |Owak |nowak | |Nʊak |noak |yok |- !akpụkpọ ahụ |noat |nakap |naxap |noatðo |Mmanụ ala |agabelo |Ntinye aka | |nakap |nakap |pok |- !ara |Neilak |Neilak | |Niðak |Nelak |elak |neðak | |nakamʊ |nak | |- !osisi |o |na |na |o |Ọmụmụ ihe |ebe ahụ |o |bene |na |na | |- !nwoke |ap |ap |ap | |ap |ap | |ap |ap |ap |Nymnya |- !nwanyị |ya; hɪmɪ |ya; hʊmɪ | |ya |kwe | |kwe | |kwamɪ |keap | |- !Eluigwe | | | | | |mbogut | | | | | |- !anyanwụ |mo |mo |mo |mʊlɪgɪ |mo |onegen; yawo |Mo; o-il | |mo |mo |hin |- !ọnwa |Ọkwọ ụgbọala |Ọkwọ ụgbọala | |tʊt |tʊt |tut |tʊt | |Ihe onwunwe |Bikkalem | |- !mmiri |i |i |i |i |ji |nke m; níu; nke m | |i; bụ |ik |ik |tin |- !ọkụ |hettouk |ettu |etu |[hɪʊ] |ɪd [ʊɪndʊ] |endo; kani |Ebe a na-aga |enduk |odʊk |idok |uk |- !nkume |helep |helep |helep |helegit [helekit] |jʊkum |yugum; yukum |git [ŋgit] |Kịlịp |Kep |Kep |kirik |- !okporo ụzọ, ụzọ |ke; kwe |kwe | |holak-aðem |tuwan | |tuwan | |epela |pʊgalem | |- !aha |ettake |ettake |oge ochie |edaka [etaga] |edaka [Gena] |oghere; oghere |edaka | |onuk |unuk |Nymnya |- !Iri nri | | | | |namen |namen!; ne-; nengge | |Nənəm- |emen |namɪn (ɪs ?) | (kwaniŋ) etiŋ |- !otu |makke-at; pakke-at |oppakke-at |opake-at |bagɪ-at |Abɪ |Uwe elu; ihe mgbaru ọsọ |omagi-at |ambui |mesik |mɪsɪk |Ime ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe |- !abụọ |mpempe akwụkwọ; pɪte |peeji nke:ie |Nna |bete [peře] |bete [mbeře] |Ber; mbeɾe |Bete |Nna |ịta ya |ịta ya |phenep |} == Ọdịdị == Mmetụta Dani nke proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma bụ: <ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{Cite book|author=Pawley|first=Andrew|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Trans New Guinea family|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=21–196|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> Asụsụ Grand Valley Dani: * {{transl|dni|ap}} 'man' < {{transl|dni|*ambi|italic=no}} * {{transl|dni|meli}} 'tongue' < {{transl|dni|*me(l,n)e|italic=no}} * {{transl|dni|n-esi}} 'hair' < {{transl|dni|*iti[C]|italic=no}} ({{transl|dni|n-}} is 1sg possessor) * {{transl|dni|me(m)}} 'come' < {{transl|dni|*me-|italic=no}} * {{transl|dni|ket}} 'new' < {{transl|dni|*kVndak|italic=no}} Asụsụ Western Dani: * ap 'nwoke' < *ambi * (n) (n) ti < *iti[C] * meli 'asụsụ' < *me (l,n) e*m (l,n) na * nweta 'ihe ọhụrụ' < *kVndak * Okpu 'ụkwụ' < *k (a,o) gi[V]*k (a,o) ọdịda[V] * kat (lo) 'akpụkpọ ahụ' < * (ŋg,k) a (nd,t) apu * idu 'osisi' < *inda Asụsụ Ngalik: * idu (k) etu 'osisi' < *inda * (nak) amu 'obi' < *amu * tokon 'jupụtara' < *tVkV[ti] * kopu 'smoke' < *kambu == Edensibia == aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie {{Reflist}}{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}{{Papuan languages}}{{Authority control}} 02lm3qd9u8krngjw4lmbm4p5lwpwemu 0 36812 697587 692704 2026-08-10T03:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 7 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Child_using_sign_language.jpg|thumb|Nwatakịrị na-etinye aka n'echiche nke "nnụnụ"]] {{Databox}}<ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/><ref name="ParentingScience.com"/>ndị ogbi ụmụaka bụ iji aka mee ihe na-enye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụntakịrị ohere ịgwa mmetụta, ọchịchọ, na ihe tupu mmepe asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu. Site <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow"/> nduzi na agbamume, ịbịanye aka na-etolite site na ọkwa okike na mmepe nwa ọhụrụ a maara dị ka mmegharị ahụ. <ref name="Capone McGregor"/> na-akụzi mmegharị ahụ ndị a na okwu maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe, ha abụghịkwa otu ihe ahụ dị ka Asụsụ ndị ogbi. <ref name="wanting the best"/> uru ndị <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda"/>na-ahụkarị nke a chọtara site na iji mmemme akara nwa gụnyere nkekọ nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu, [1] mbelata nkụda mmụọ, [2] na ùgwù onwe onye ka mma maka nne na nna ma nwatakịrị. <ref name="Nelson White Grewe">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|date=2012|title=Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}</ref><ref name="Kirk Howlett et al">{{Cite journal|author=Kirk|first=K. E.|date=2013|title=To sign or not to sign? The impact of encouraging infants to gesture on infant language and maternal mind-mindedness.|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83741/1/To_Sign_or_Not_to_Sign._Kirk_Pine_Howlett_Fletcher..docx|journal=Child Development|volume=84|issue=2|pages=574–590|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01874.x|pmid=23033858}}</ref> <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" />-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala na akara nwa anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru ma ọ bụ mebie mmepe asụsụ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ngwaahịa nkwalite <ref name="Nelson White Grewe" /> ịdị mfe nke ịnweta ozi emeela ka nlebara anya nke akara nwa na-enweta, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa na ndị na-elekọta ha ga-agụ akwụkwọ tupu ha emee mkpebi iji akara nwa. [1] <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Eat_finish_en.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama maka "eri" na "ịcha"]] Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="ParentingScience.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html|title=Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent|work=www.parentingscience.com|accessdate=2016-02-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html "Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent"]. ''www.parentingscience.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>-agụnye mmegharị ahụ ka mma na ihe ịrịba ama gbanwere na a na-akụziri ụmụ ọhụrụ na okwu a na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa bara ọgaranya. <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier"/>Ź<ref name="wanting the best">{{Cite journal|author=Howlett|first=N.|date=2011|title=Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=20|issue=4|pages=437–445|doi=10.1002/icd.705}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHowlettKirkPine2011">Howlett, N.; Kirk, E.; Pine, K.J. (2011). [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc "Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety"]. ''Infant and Child Development''. '''20''' (4): 437–445. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/icd.705|10.1002/icd.705]]. [[Hdl (ihe njirimara)|hdl]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F6402 2299/6402]</span>.</cite></ref> ihe mere ndị nne <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref> nna ji eji akara nwa bụ na-enwe olileanya na ọ ga-ebelata nkụda mmụọ na-emetụta ịnwa ịkọwa mkpa nwa ha tupu ha ekwuo okwu. <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review"/><ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro">{{Cite book|title=The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children|author=Volterra|first=V.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|editor=Schick|location=New York: New York|pages=Chapter 3}} [[Otú:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]</ref> ike iwere <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/>{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzpatrickThibertGrandpierreJohnston2014">Fitzpatrick, E. M; Thibert, J; Grandpierre, V; Johnston, J. C (2014). "How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months". ''First Language''. '''34''' (6): 486–509. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0142723714562864|10.1177/0142723714562864]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143811768 143811768].</cite></ref> dị ka usoro nkwurịta okwu bara uru na mmalite mmepe, ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta okwu na-agbaso ikike ụmụaka nwere ikwupụta onwe ha site na mmegharị ahụ. [1] [2] [3] Ihe ịrịba ama nwa dị iche na Asụsụ ndị ogbi. <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon">{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}</ref> nne <ref name="Capone McGregor" /> nna na-anụ ihe na ụmụaka na-eji akara nwa eme ihe iji melite nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/>ndị ogbi, gụnyere ASL, BSL, ISL na ndị ọzọ, bụ asụsụ okike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndị ogbi. Asụsụ ndị ogbi <ref name="Porpora guide">{{Cite book|title=The Complete Guide to Baby Sign Language|author=Porpora|first=T|publisher=Atlantic Publishing Group Inc.|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60138-393-8|location=Ocala:Florida}}</ref>-ejigide ụtọ asụsụ nke ha, na nhazi ahịrịokwu. [1] <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref>'ihi na asụsụ ndị ogbi dị mgbagwoju anya ịmụta dị ka asụsụ ọ bụla a na-asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCaponeMcGregor2004">Capone, N. C.; McGregor, K.K. (2004). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document "Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices"]. ''Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research''. '''47''' (1): 173–186. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15072537 15072537]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7244799 7244799].</cite></ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ ndị ogbi nweta ma gbanwee ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe maka nwa ọhụrụ ịzụlite. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị ahụ na ihe ịrịba ama nwa ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ezighi ezi. <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow">{{Cite journal|author=Iverson|first=J. M.|date=2005|title=Gesture paves the way for language development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2005-05_16_5/page/367|journal=Gesture and Language Development|volume=16|issue=5|pages=367–371|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|pmid=15869695}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIversonGoldin-Meadow2005">Iverson, J. M.; Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). "Gesture paves the way for language development". ''Gesture and Language Development''. '''16''' (5): 367–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869695 15869695]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877963 16877963].</cite></ref>Omume Ihe atụ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu nke ụmụaka na-eji tupu ha enwee ike ịmepụta asụsụ a na-ekwu. Nke a na-agụnye ịkọwa ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụ iji mmegharị aka na okwu nke na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu ka ukwuu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/teaching-your-baby-sign-language-can-benefit-both-of-you/|title=Teaching Your Baby Sign Language Can Benefit Both of You {{!}} Psych Central|date=2016-05-17|work=Psych Central|accessdate=2017-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref>'ide banyere isiokwu ahụ, Jane Collingwood na-ekwu na "Ụmụaka site na ihe dị ka ọnwa isii nwere ike ịmalite ịmụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi, nke na-ekpuchi ihe na echiche ndị dị ka "agụụ", "mmiri", "agụụ"", "ụra", "onye udo", "karịa", "ọkụ", "egwuri egwu", "sa ahụ", "sa". [1] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ụmụaka na-eto eto ga-emepụta mmegharị mbụ ha n'etiti afọ 9 na 12 n'enweghị ihe mkpali ma ọ bụ enyemaka ọ bụla site n'aka onye nlekọta. Ụmụaka na-amụta otu esi eji asụsụ ahụ ha, anya, na mmegharị aka dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow" /> ụmụaka nwetara ụfọdụ mmepụta asụsụ, ha ga-ejikọta asụsụ na mmegharị ahụ iji gaa n'ihu na-ekwurịta okwu. Mmetụta ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ime mmadụ niile n'afọ ọ bụla nke bụ ihe dị iche na akara nwa. == Uru na ọghọm == === Uru ndị a tụrụ aro === <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review"/>ịrịba ama nwa <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro">{{Cite book|title=The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children|author=Volterra|first=V.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|editor=Schick|location=New York: New York|pages=Chapter 3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVolterraIversonCastrataro2006">Volterra, V.; Iverson, J M.; Castrataro, M. (2006). Schick, B.; Marschark, M.; Spencer, P. E. (eds.). ''The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children''. New York: New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;Chapter 3.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;work=</code> ignored ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]</ref>-akwalite nkwurịta okwu tupu nwatakịrị enwe ike ịgwa ndị ọzọ okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke okwu nkịtị, ịkụziri ụmụaka akara na-enye ohere ịmụta akụkụ nke nkwurịta okwu nke a na-eji asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.babycentre.co.uk/baby/development/stimulatingdevelopment/babysigning/#4|title=Baby Signing|date=September 2014|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow">{{Cite journal|author=Iverson|first=J. M.|date=2005|title=Gesture paves the way for language development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2005-05_16_5/page/367|journal=Gesture and Language Development|volume=16|issue=5|pages=367–371|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|pmid=15869695}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIversonGoldin-Meadow2005">Iverson, J. M.; Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). "Gesture paves the way for language development". ''Gesture and Language Development''. '''16''' (5): 367–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869695 15869695]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877963 16877963].</cite></ref> dị, emeghị ya iji dochie asụsụ. <ref name="Daniels - effect of" /> <ref name="Seal DePaolis">{{Cite journal|author=Seal|first=B. C.|date=2014|title=Manual activity and onset of first words in babies exposed and not exposed to baby signing|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=444–465|doi=10.1353/sls.2014.0015}}</ref> na-egosi na ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta mmegharị ahụ tupu ha amụta nkà ikwu okwu. [1] [2] <ref name="Daniels - effect of">{{Cite journal|author=Daniels|first=M.|date=1994|title=The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_communication-education_1994-10_43_4/page/n34|journal=Communication Education|volume=43|issue=4|pages=291–298|doi=10.1080/03634529409378987}}</ref> mere, ndị na-amụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị a dị mfe nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nghọta ha site n'inweta nkà asụsụ site na ụzọ anya na nke ịnụ ihe. <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/>'otu edemede dị na The Psychologist, Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon atụlewo n'ụzọ zuru ezu echiche dị n'azụ uto nke ihe omume a na ụfọdụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị na-akwado ya. Doherty-Sneddon <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon" />-ekwu na akara nwa abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome.|journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}</ref>-agwọ okwu na asụsụ ejirila ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na okwu ha, ikike nghọta, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-aghọta n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkwurịta okwu bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka nwee nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmetụta uche, na omume. Ihe ịrịba ama <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mind in Society|author=Vygotsky|first=L. S.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1978|location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> nwere ike inye aka n'imeziwanye ọrụ mmepe ndị a dị mkpa. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown"/>-eme ka nne na nna na nwa ahụ mara ibe ha nke na-eduga n'ịkọwapụta ihe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-ekwurịta okwu. <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda" /> anakọtara akụkọ onwe onye site n'aka ndị nne na-etinye aka na nkuzi ọzụzụ ụmụaka, iji mee ka o doo anya ma ịbịanye aka na nwa ha ga-eme ka nrụgide nne na nna gbakwunye na / ma ọ bụ melite nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa. N'ozuzu, ndị nne na nna egosighi mmetụta siri ike ma ọ bụ nkụda mmụọ site na usoro ọzụzụ ụmụaka kama ha kọrọ ikike ka ukwuu ịghọta nwa ha. <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier"/><ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref> chọpụtara na nkwurịta okwu a bara ọgaranya na-eduga na mmekọrịta dị mma karị na nwa ha nke na-abara uru n'ozuzu site na nguzobe nke njikọ nne na nna na nwa mbụ. Ụmụa<ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> ndị mụtara mmegharị ahụ ka mma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nyocha okwu na-ekwupụta ma na-anabata ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-agbaghị ume ịmụta mmegharị ahụ dị otú ahụ. Asụsụ <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" />-anabata ihe pụtara inwe ike ịmata okwu na ihe ịrịba ama, ebe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe na-agụnye usoro nke ịmepụta okwu ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịbaanya. Nnyocha egosiwo <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro"/ mmegharị ahụ ka mma maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'iji mmegharị ahụ eme ihe, yana iji ụdị nnọchiteanya na ọrụ nkwurịta okwu ihe atụ. Omume ihe atụ <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" /> mma nwere ike inye aka na mmepe asụsụ site n'inye ụmụaka ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere echiche site n'ịkọwa ọrụ nke ihe ndị ha na-ahụ. <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" />'ịkwado mmepe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe egosila na ịmụ ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ nwere ike iduga na mmepe okwu dị elu na nnweta asụsụ ngwa ngwa. <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" /> Nkwurịta okwu nke nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="Effects on development">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller|first=V.|date=2014|title=The effects of baby sign training on development|journal=Early Child Development and Care|volume=184|issue=8|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.854780}}</ref> irè mekwara ka e meziwanye ọtụtụ ebe mmepe site n'iji nsonaazụ nwatakịrị ahụ tụnyere tupu na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ụfọdụ <ref name="Effects on development" />'ime mpaghara ndị a gụnyere nkwurịta okwu, nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, omume mgbanwe, mmepe nke anụ ahụ, na nke ọma nke ụmụaka. Otú <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" /> dị, ọganihu a dị mkpụmkpụ (site n'agbata ọnwa 12 na 15). [1] Doherty-Sneddon <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/>{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDoherty-Sneddon2008">Doherty-Sneddon, G. (2008). "The great baby signing debate". ''The Psychologist''. '''21''' (4): 300–303.</cite></ref>-ekwu, Otú ọ dị, na oge a na-anọchite anya naanị ụkpụrụ zuru oke. Ọganihu na uru dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-adịghị ekwu okwu ruo mgbe ha gachara ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke abụọ. Doherty-Sneddon kwukwara <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/> otu isi okwu bụ ijide n'aka na nyocha zuru oke na nke a haziri nke ọma dị iji kwado nkwupụta ndị e mere n'ihe gbasara ntinye aka nwa. Nnyocha akwụkwọ kwubiri <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ uru na 13 n'ime 17 ọmụmụ, adịghị ike dị iche iche na usoro eji eme ihe maka ọmụmụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-ahapụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị nkwado. N'ezie, nyocha banyere mmetụta nke ịbịanye aka nwa chọrọ ìgwè nchịkwa ka mma, dị ka ụmụaka na-etinye aka na ihe omume na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-atọ ụtọ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ ndị okenye na ụmụaka, mana ọ bụghị ịbịanye aha nwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome|journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}</ref><ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> a maka nyocha ọzọ na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa n'onwe ha na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mfe kama uru dị n'okpuru na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nlebara anya jikọtara ọnụ nke ihe ịrịbaanya nwa na-akpali. <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> mere, nlebara anya anya nke ọma n'oge mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na-enye nwa ọhụrụ ike ilekwasị anya n'isiokwu na ihe gbara ya gburugburu, mee ka echiche doo anya, ma mepụta omume agbakwunyere na mmekọrịta ihe atụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ndị a dị n'okpuru akara nwa iji mepụta uru maka nwa ọhụrụ dịka; ịkwalite okwu, ịkwalite mmepe ọgụgụ isi, belata iwe na nkụda mmụọ, na imeziwanye mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Child psychology|author=Balter|first=L|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=116–139}}</ref><ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" />, a na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mma site n'ịkwalite nghọta, ịkwalite ịgụ na ide na ikwe ka nwa ọhụrụ kwupụta mkpa ha ka nne na nna wee bụrụ onye na-emeghachi omume ma na-edebe nwa ha. Ụmụaka na-ele onye na-elekọta ha anya n'oge omume na ọnọdụ kwa ụbọchị. Nchọpụt<ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita">{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=X|date=2009|title=Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions|journal=Infant Behavior and Development|volume=32|issue=2|pages=216–225|doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011|pmid=19233477}}</ref> a na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ mụta akara site na ịgbaziri omume site na usoro a hụrụ. Njikọ sitere n'okike na-eme n'etiti ihe ịrịba ama na ihe, na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ nyochaa ma kwupụta echiche ọhụrụ tupu mmepe asụsụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ga-amụta ijikọ okwu na mmegharị ha na-eme mgbe ha na-eji ihe, dị ka ịtụ bọọlụ. Mgbe njikọ a gasịrị, ụmụaka na-amalite ijikọ okwu na mmegharị naanị, n'ọnọdụ a, mmegharị ahụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ugbu a nwere ike ime ihe ngosi iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ha mara na ha chọrọ ịtụ bọọlụ, si otú a na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu ha na-abụghị okwu dịkwuo ukwuu. Ụmụ ọhụrụ <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita" />-ejikwa ikike nnọchiteanya dị ka ndị a iji gosipụta mmetụta mmetụta uche ka ha na-ejikọta mmegharị ma ọ bụ akara na mmetụta. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro"/>-egosi na ịbawanye ojiji nke mmegharị ahụ, ọ bụghị iji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe, nwere ike ịbawanye ọgaranya nke mmepe asụsụ nwatakịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bonvillian|first=J. D.|date=2000|title=Young children's acquisition of the formational aspects of American Sign Language: Parental report findings.|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=45–64|doi=10.1353/sls.2000.0002}}</ref> na-atụ aro na ihe ịrịba ama mmụta na-eme n'ime oge, na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka nwee ndidi n'ihi na ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị mkparịta ụka dị mkpirikpi n'etiti nne na nna na nwatakịrị. Mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dị mkpa maka mmụta nke akara nwa ebe ọ bụ na nwa ọhụrụ na-ele onye na-elekọta ya anya maka nduzi. Site n'iji nlezianya gosipụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ nye nwa ọhụrụ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya na nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-echekwa uche jikọrọ aka nke na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu dịkwuo elu. Mgbe ndị <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of evidence|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340|pages=235–251}}</ref>-elekọta ụmụaka na-enyere aka iji aka mepụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ, ha na-arịwanye elu agbamume, ikwughachi, na nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita">{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=X|date=2009|title=Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions|journal=Infant Behavior and Development|volume=32|issue=2|pages=216–225|doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011|pmid=19233477}}</ref> bụ ọrụ onye na-elekọta ya ọ bụghị naanị ịkụziri ụfọdụ akara aka, karịa ihe ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enweta, kamakwa inye nkwado na nzaghachi nye ụmụ ọhụrụ mgbe a na-emepụta akara n'ụzọ ziri ezi. <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita" /> <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review" />'ime njikọ, na agbamume nne na nna maka njikọ ahụ, ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta ma na-etinye aka na asụsụ ndị ogbi ụmụaka. N'afọ 1998, Kimberlee Whaley duziri mmemme na A. Sophie Rogers Infant-Toddler Laboratory School na Mahadum [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] State. A kụziiri ụmụ ọhụrụ ihe ịrịba ama ụfọdụ eji eme ihe na American Sign Language, tinyere ndị nkuzi ha, iji chọpụta ma enwere ike iji ihe ịrịbaanya ndị a mee ka ha na ụmụaka na-ekwurịta okwu dị irè. Site n'ihe dị ka ọnwa 9, ụmụaka malitere iji ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara; ndị a gụnyere okwu ndị dị ka "eri", "juice", "more", "now", na "sleep". Ihe omume ahụ chọpụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|title=Infants Use Sign Language to Communicate At Ohio State School|author=Grabmeier|first=Jeff|date=25 January 1999|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.-->|accessdate=2 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614041005/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|archivedate=14 June 2010}}</ref> ụmụaka ga-ejikwa ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara na klas na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị nne na nna n'ụlọ. Dabere na nyocha a, ịmụ akara nwa yiri ka ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ụmụaka ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na nlekọta ụbọchị. == Mmetụta mgbasa ozi na Ịntanetị == <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier">{{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|date=2007|title=Bringing up a baby with baby sign: Language ideologies and socialization in hearing families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}}</ref>'ihi ngwaahịa nkwalite, ịnweta vidiyo nkuzi akara ụmụaka, na nnọchiteanya na omenala a ma ama, mbọ ndị nne na nna na-agba ịbịanye aka na nwa ha nwere ike ilekwasị anya na akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kama ebumnuche ịkwalite nkà nkwurịta okwu nwa ha. Nnyoch<ref name="Nelson White Grewe" /> nyochara ogo nke ozi gbasara akara nwa a hụrụ na ịntanetị dabere na nyocha. Nsonaazụ chọpụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ iri atọ na atọ nke niile kwalitere akara nwa na uru ndị metụtara ya. Ihe karịrị 90% nke ozi na-ezo aka na isiokwu echiche ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nkwalite na-agba ndị nne na nna ume ịbịanye aka, na-enweghị ihe ndabere na nyocha. <ref name="Nelson White Grewe">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|date=2012|title=Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}</ref> bụ ezie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-ekwu na iji akara nwa ga-ebelata iwe, mee ka ùgwù onwe onye, afọ ojuju, mmetụta nke mmezu nwa, mee ka mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dịkwuo elu, ma belata nkụda mmụọ, saịtị ndị ahụ anaghị enye ihe akaebe zuru ezu dabere na nyocha iji kwado nkwupụta ndị a. Nnyocha ọzọ nyochara ozi ịntanetị achọtara site na iji [[Google]] Scholar yana nchekwa data agụmakwụkwọ ole na ole. Ndị <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al">{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}</ref>-eme nchọpụta nyochara ma nsonaazụ na-ekwu na akara nwa na-agba ume mmepe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nghọta, na nkà asụsụ ka ha na-enweta njikọ ka ukwuu n'etiti nne na nna na nwa. Ebumnuche nke ịjụ ajụjụ a bụ ịchọta ozi nke na-enye ndị nne na nna, ndị na-elekọta, ndị nkụzi ụmụaka, na ndị dọkịta ohere ime mkpebi doro anya banyere oke nkwenye a ga-etinye na akara nwa. Mgbe <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> chịkọtara ihe niile a kpọtụrụ aha, e nwere isiokwu 1747 nwere naanị isiokwu 10 na-enye nyocha gbasara nsonaazụ mmepe nwa ọhụrụ n'ihe metụtara akara nwa. Nkwekọrịta e nwetara site na isiokwu 10 ndị a na-ekwu na akara nwa, dị ka ngwaahịa a na-akpọsa na-eji eme ihe nke Acredolo na Goodwyn dere, anaghị aba uru na mmepụta asụsụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa. Otú <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> dị, enweghi ihe akaebe sitere na isiokwu ndị a na akara nwa ọhụrụ na-emerụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Site na ọmụmụ abụọ a, a na-egosi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ozi 100% dabere na nyocha. Ndị na-achọ ozi gbasara uru na ọghọm nke iji akara nwa kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ha na-enweta saịtị ndị nyocha kwadoro ọ bụghị echiche. Ngwaahịa ndị nne <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340}}</ref> nna na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ ihe akara ụmụaka ma ọ bụ na-etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ, na-achọpụta na ha nwere ike iji ya tụnyere ogo nke ngwaahịa eji eme nchọpụta. <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom" /> na-atụ aro ka ndị nne na nna kpachara anya maka ngwaahịa akara nwa n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike nyochaa ntụkwasị obi nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere maka ime ka akara nwa dị mfe. == Ihe osise == <gallery> Usòrò:Mom_dad_en.jpg Usòrò:More_drink_en.jpg Usòrò:Play_now_en.jpg Usòrò:Tired_sleepy_hurt_en.jpg Usòrò:Yes_no_en.jpg Usòrò:Young_boy.jpg|alt=Young boy asking for food|Nwa okorobịa na-arịọ maka nri </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ọganihu ụmụaka * The Connected Baby (ihe nkiri) * Ịmụta asụsụ * ''Oge ịbịanye aka!'' * Ịkụ mkpu aka * Mmetụta aka n'ịmụta asụsụ * Nkwurịta okwu nwa == Edensibia == asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor2">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}</ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor3">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}</ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   * {{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S. W.|year=2000|title=Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}} * {{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|year=2012|title=Evidence for Website Claims about the Benefits of Teaching Sign Language to Infants and Toddlers with Normal Hearing|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|year=2007|title=Bringing up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.signingtime.com/ ''Oge ịbịanye aka'' - PBS Show Teach Signs to Children] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ga1o8xxrejdmtgejr3837awrnsh77aq 0 37165 697709 151738 2026-08-10T06:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Penutian''' bụ otu ìgwè nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị American Indian nke ọdịda anyanwụ North America, nke a na-asụkarị n'otu oge na British Columbia, [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], na [[California]]. Ịdị adị nke Penutian stock ma ọ bụ phylum abụwo isiokwu nke arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkachamara. Ọbụna ịdị n'otu nke ụfọdụ ezinụlọ ndị mejupụtara ya enweela esemokwu. Ụfọdụ <ref>Campbell 1997; but see Delancey & Golla 1997, Golla 2007:81–82</ref>'ime nsogbu ndị dị na ọmụmụ ihe nke asụsụ dị n'ime phylum bụ nsonaazụ nke mkpochapụ ha n'oge na obere akwụkwọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime subgroupings ndị a tụrụ aro na nso nso a nke Penutian egosila n'ụzọ doro anya. <ref>Callaghan 1967</ref>Catherine Callaghan agbakọtawo asụsụ Miwokan na asụsụ Costanoan n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Utian. <ref>Callaghan 2001</ref><ref>Callaghan 1997</ref> nyere ihe akaebe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-akwado otu Utian na Yokutsan n'ime ezinụlọ Yok-Utian. <ref>Delancey and Golla, 1997</ref> yikwara ka e nwere ihe akaebe doro anya maka ìgwè Plateau Penutian (nke J. N. B. Hewitt na John Wesley Powell kpọrọ ''Shahapwailutan'' na 1894) nke ga-agụnye Klamath-Modoc, [[Asụsụ Molala|Molala]], na Asụsụ Sahaptian (Nez Percé na Sahaptin). [1] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche ahụ == === Okwu mmalite na ịkpọpụta === Aha ''Penutian'' dabeere na okwu ndị pụtara "abụọ" n'asụsụ Wintuan, Maiduan, na Yokutsan (nke a na-akpọ ihe dị ka [pen]) na Asụsụ Utian (nke a-akpọ ihe dịka {{IPA|[uti]}}). <ref>Dixon & Kroeber 1913a, 1913b</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ma eleghị anya na mbụ e bu n'obi ịkpọpụta //pɪ'njuːtiən//, nke egosiri na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-akpọpụta okwu ahụ /pɪ=njuːʃən/ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha niile. === Echiche mbụ nke ezinụlọ ise === Echiche mbụ nke Penutian, nke Roland B. Dixon na Alfred L. Kroeber nyere na 1913, dabeere na myirịta ndị a hụrụ n'etiti ezinụlọ asụsụ California ise: * Asụsụ Maiduan * Miwok * Asụsụ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri * Asụsụ Wintuan * Asụsụ Yokutsan A na-akpọ atụmatụ mbụ ahụ Core Penutian, ''California Penutian'' ma ọ bụ Penutian Kernel. N'afọ 1919, otu ndị edemede abụọ ahụ bipụtara ihe akaebe asụsụ ha maka atụmatụ ahụ. <ref>Dixon & Kroeber 1919</ref> Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Malite site na ụbọchị mbụ a, echiche Penutian bụ arụmụka. Tupu atụmatụ Penutian nke Dixon na Kroeber nke 1913, Albert S. Gatschet jikọtara Miwokan na Costanoan n'ime otu ''Mutsun'' (1877). Ìgwè ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Utian ugbu a, Catherine Callaghan mechara gosipụta ya. Na 1903 Dixon & Kroeber kwuru "mmekọrịta dị mma" n'etiti Costanoan, Maidu, Wintun, na Yokuts n'ime "Central or Maidu Type", nke ha wepụrụ Miwokan (Moquelumnan ha). <ref>Dixon & Kroeber 1903</ref> <ref>Goddard 1996:296–297, 311</ref>'afọ 1910, Kroeber mechara mata mmekọrịta chiri anya dị n'etiti asụsụ Miwokan na Costanoan. === Mgbasawanye Sapir === N'afọ 1916, Edward Sapir gbasaa ezinụlọ Dixon na Kroeber's California Penutian na nwanne nwanyị, Oregon Penutian, nke gụnyere asụsụ Coosan yana Siuslaw na Takelma:   Ịgba e mesịrị Sapir na Leo Frachtenberg gbakwunyere asụsụ Kalapuyan na Asụsụ Chinookan ma mesịa bụrụ ezinụlọ Alsean na Tsimshianic, na-agwụcha na nkewa nke Sapir nwere alaka anọ (Sapir 1921a:60):   Ka ọ na-erule oge Sapir bipụtara edemede ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' nke 1929, ọ gbakwunyere alaka abụọ ọzọ:   nke mere ka e nwee ezinụlọ nwere alaka isii:   <small> (A pụrụ ịhụ atụmatụ nkewa zuru ezu nke 1929 nke Sapir gụnyere atụmatụ Penutian ebe a: Nchịkọta nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Amerịka # Sapir (1929[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ) </small> == Ihe akaebe maka echiche Penutian == Ikekwe n'ihi na ọtụtụ asụsụ Penutian nwere ablaut, ụdaume siri ike ịmegharị. Otú ọ dị, nkwekọrịta ụdaume bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. {{IPA|*/ʈ/ */ʈʼ/}} ọmụmaatụ, proto-Yokuts (Inland Penutian) retroflexes */// kwekọrọ na Klamath (Plateau Penutian), {{IPA|/t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ/}}, ebe Proto-Yokut ezé */t̪h/ */tʁʼ/ kwekọrọ n'Klamath alveolar {{IPA|/d t tʼ/}}. Kalapuya, Takelma, na Wintu anaghị egosi njikọ doro anya dị otú ahụ. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi Penutian nke William Shipley chepụtara, <ref>Shipley, William (1966). The Relation of Klamath to California Penutian. ''Language, 42(2)'', 489-498.</ref> nke e depụtara na Campbell (1997). {| class="wikitable" |+California Penutian na Klamath Sound Correspondences !Proto-Penutian a tụrụ aro ya<br /> !Klamath !Maidu !Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ !Patwin !Yokuts !Miwok !Onye Costa (Ohlone) <br /> |- |'''**p''', '''**ph''' |p, ph |p |p, ph |p, ph |p, ph |p |p |- |'''**k''' |k |k |k |k |k |k |k |- |'''**q''', '''**qh''' |q, qh |k |q |k |x (-k) |k |k |- |'''**m''' |m |m |m |m |m |m |m |- |'''**n''' |n |n |n |n |n |n |n |- |'''**w''' |w- |w- |w- |w- |w- |w- |w- |- |''' (l) ''' | -l- | -l- | -l-, -l | -l-, -l | -l- | -l- | -l-. -r |- |'''#**r''' |s[C, L[V] |h |tl, s |tl |Jilna |n |l, r |- |'''**-r-''' |d, l |d | (R?) |r |Jilna | (n?) |r |- |'''**-r''' |ʔ |ʔ |r |r |Jilna |n |r |- |'''**s''' |s- |s- | | |s- |s- | |} == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Hokan * Asụsụ Macro-Mayan == Ihe edeturu == maka atụmatụ ahụ. Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihemaka atụmatụ ahụ. <ref>Dixon & Kroeber 1919</ref> Nchịkọta ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ phylum ndị ọzọ nke Dixon & Kroeber, dabere n'ụzọ ka ukwuu na njirimara ndị a na-ekerịta ma ọ bụghị usoro a na-ejikarị achọpụta mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == * {{Cite journal|author=Berman|first=Howard|year=1996|title=The position of Molala in Plateau Penutian|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1996-01_62_1/page/1|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=62|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1086/466273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Callaghan|first=Catherine A.|authorlink=Catherine Callaghan|year=1967|title=Miwok–Costanoan as a Subfamily of Penutian|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1967-07_33_3/page/224|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=33|issue=3|pages=224–227|doi=10.1086/464964}} * Callaghan, Catherine. (1997). Evidence for Yok-Utian. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''63'', pages 18–64 * Callaghan, Catherine. (2001). More evidence for Yok-Utian: A reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''67'' (3), pages 313–346 * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1|0-19-509427-1]] * DeLancey, Scott; & Golla, Victor. (1997). The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''63'', 171–202 * Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1903). The native languages of California. ''American Anthropologist'', ''5'', 1–26 * Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913a). New linguistic families in California. ''American Anthropologist'', ''15'', 647–655 * Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913b). Relationship of the Indian languages of California. ''Science'', ''37'', 225 * Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1919). ''Linguistic families of California'' (pp.&nbsp;47–118) Berkeley: University of California * Goddard, Ives. (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America" In ''Languages'', Ives Goddard, ed., pp.&nbsp;290–324. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 17, W. C. Sturtevant, general ed. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9|0-16-048774-9]] * Golla, Victor. (2007). "Linguistic Prehistory" in ''California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity'', pp.&nbsp;71–82. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York: Altamira Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0872-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1|978-0-7591-0872-1]] * Golla, Victor. (2011). ''California Indian Languages''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-5202-6667-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-6667-4|978-0-5202-6667-4]] * Grant, Anthony. (1997). Coast Oregon Penutian. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''63'', 144–156 * Kroeber, Alfred L. (1910). The Chumash and Costanoan languages. ''University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology'', ''9'', 259–263 * Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). ''Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munich: Lincom Europa, z\v1995''. {{ISBN|3-929075-24-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-929075-24-5|3-929075-24-5]] * Liedtke, Stefan. (2007).''The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian''. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics, 55. Munich: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|978-3-89586-357-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-357-8|978-3-89586-357-8]] * Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7|0-521-23228-7]] (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}. * Sapir, Edward. (1921a). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1263181 A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem.] ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 2(1/2): 58–67 * Sapir, Edward. (1921b). A bird's-eye view of American languages north of Mexico. ''Science'', ''54'', 408 * Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (14th ed.; Vol. 5; pp.&nbsp;138–141) * Sutton, Imre, (2002) "The Ob-Ugrian/Cal-Ugrian Connection: Rediscovering 'The Discovery of California"", American Indian Culture and Research Journal,26(4): 113–120 * Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1996). Reattaching Tsimshianic to Penutian. ''Survey of California and Other Indian Languages'' 9:91–112 * Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1997). Tsimshianic and Penutian: problems, methods, results, and implications. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 63:65–112 * Tarpent, Marie-Lucie & Daythal Kendall. (1998). "On the relationship between Takelma and Kalapuyan: another look at 'Takelman'. Paper presented to the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas: Annual Meeting, Linguistic Society of America, New York * Von Sadovszky, Otto J., (1996) The Discovery of California: A Cal-Ugrian Comparative Study, Istor Books 3 (Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó and Los Angeles: International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411233252/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~delancey/penutian.html Penutian (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Scott DeLancey)] (nwere akwụkwọ ịntanetị) ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316172031/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~delancey/bib/penbib.html Bibliography nke Penutian] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001061344/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~delancey/papers/bls96.html The Bipartite Stem Belt: Disentangling Areal na Genetic Correspondences] * [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/lang.html Ìgwè Asụsụ Agbụrụ nke Northern na Central California] ** [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc_images/bibs/maps/lingmap.gif California Tribal Linguistics Group map (.gif)] ** [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc_images/bibs/maps/tribemap.gif California Indian Tribal Groups Map (.gif)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406184804/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/Oregon/genetic.html Ndepụta nke asụsụ Penutian a tụrụ aro ya na Oregon] * [http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html Agbụrụ, Ìgwè, Ezinụlọ Asụsụ na Asụsụ nke California na 1770] (map mgbe Kroeber gasịrị) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123180422/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200402/ai_n9373568 Mitochondrial DNA na Prehistoric Settlements: Native Migrations on the Western Edge of North America] {{Penutian languages}}{{language families}}{{North American languages}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g8gxzse4bskg9u7r37ntwr9p0azrp03 0 37264 697460 151874 2026-08-09T19:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}The Pickwick Papers bụ Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Britain nke afọ 1952 nke Noel Langley dere ma duzie na James Hayter, James Donald, Nigel Patrick na Joyce Grenfell. Ọ dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Charles Dickens nke 1837 nke otu aha ahụ. Ọ bụ Renown Pictures mere ya bụ ndị wepụtara ihe nkiri Dickens ọzọ ''Scrooge'' n'afọ gara aga. Emere ihe nkiri ahụ na Nettlefold Studios na Walton-on-Thames. E sere ya na oji na ọcha, Onye nduzi nka Frederick Pusey na ejiji Beatrice Dawson mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ. Emere ya na Gaumont Cinema na Haymarket na London na 14 Nọvemba 1952. <ref>The Times, 30 July 1954, page 11: ''Dickens Film In Russia '' – Found in The Times Digital Archive 2013-12-06</ref>'afọ 1954, Soviet Union kwụrụ £ 10,000 maka ikike nkesa, ọ ghọkwara ihe nkiri Britain mbụ a ga-egosi na Soviet Union mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, nke malitere na 29 Julaị 1954 n'ọtụtụ obodo nwere ụda olu. [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ sochiri otu ọnwa <ref>The Times, 14 August 1954, page 3, Telegrams in Brief: ''A new edition of 150,000 copies of 'Pickwick Papers' has been published in Russia, Moscow Radio reports.'' – Found in The Times Digital Archive 2013-12-06</ref> e mesịrị site na mbipụta Russia nke akwụkwọ Dickens, na mbipụta 150,000. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==   == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * A họpụtara James Hayter maka onyinye BAFTA Best British Actor na 1953 maka ngosipụta ya nke Samuel Pickwick. * E nyere ''Akwụkwọ Pickwick'' Golden Bear na Berlin n'afọ 1954 <ref>Harper, Sue & Porter, Vincent. ''British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference'', page 163, Oxford University Press, 2007</ref> * N'afọ 1956, a họpụtara Beatrice Dawson maka [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] maka Best Costume Design, Black-and-White maka ejiji ihe nkiri ahụ. == Mmeghachi omume == Leonard Maltin nyere ihe nkiri ahụ kpakpando atọ n'ime kpakpando anọ, na-akpọ ya "Ntinye aka na-atọ ụtọ nke Dickens' classic"; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/86663/Pickwick-Papers-The/|title=Pickwick Papers, The (1954) - Overview - TCM.com|publisher=}}</ref> na TV Guide nyere ya kpakpando uku n'ime ise, na-ede, "Ọ bụrụ na e tiri akwụkwọ akụkọ Dickens ka e mee ya, ọ bụ The Pickwick Papers, a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mma na mbipụta a...Ọ bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke nwere ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ọchị na ndị na-atọ egwu na-eme ọchị na England" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-pickwick-papers/review/109195/|title=The Pickwick Papers|publisher=}}</ref> == Ụdị ejiji == <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250228192258/http://www.moviemail.com/blog/vintage-british-cinema/1058-The-Colourisation-Debate-Not-All-Black-and-White/ MovieMail, 15 November 2012: ''The Colourisation Debate – Not All Black and White''] Linked 2013-12-06</ref>'afọ 2012, e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ e weghachiri na nke na-acha odo odo na DVD, na-akpata arụmụka ọhụrụ na UK banyere agba nke ochie ojii na-acha ọcha. == Edensibia == <references /> == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''British Cinema nke 1950s: The Decline of Deference''. Oxford University Press, 2007. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309130137/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b30ab31/ Akwụkwọ Pickwick] na British Film Institute [ebe ka mma dị mkpa] * Akwụkwọ PickwicknaBFI'sIhe nkiri * {{IMDb title|title=The Pickwick Papers}} {{The Pickwick Papers}} 1lyz8vzus08ruh7q8yiwap06leol7g2 0 37356 697766 212398 2026-08-10T07:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Potgietersrus, South Africa - panoramio (14).jpg|thumb|ASUSU ZULU]] {{Infobox Language|name=Zulu|nativename=''isiZulu''|states=[[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]]|speakers={{sigfig|13|2}} million|date=2022 census|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo languages|Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]|iso3=zul}} '''/'zuːluː/''' (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), ma ọ bụ '''isiZulu''' dị ka endonym, bụ asụsụ Southern Bantu nke [[Nguni languages|Alaka Nguni]] nke a na-asụ na Southern Africa. [https://www.worlddata.info/languages/zulu.php] bụ asụsụ nke Ndị Zulu, nke nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 13.56 na-asụ ya, ndị bi na mpaghara KwaZulu-Natal na South Africa. Zulu <ref>Ethnologue 2005</ref> asụsụ a na-asụkarị na South Africa (24% nke ndị bi na ya), ihe karịrị 50% nke ndị bi ya na-aghọta ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Carter|first=Phillip M.|title=Languages In The World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language|publisher=Wiley|year=2016|isbn=9781118531280|pages=139}}</ref> ghọrọ otu n'ime Asụsụ iri na abụọ nke South Africa na 1994. Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, ọ bụ asụsụ nke abụọ a na-asụkarị n'Asụsụ Bantu, na-esote [[Swahili language|Swahili]].[lower-alpha 1] Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Bantu, a na-eji Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn dee ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/zulu|title=Zulu|author=sahoboss|date=2011-04-03|work=South African History Online|accessdate=2018-06-17|language=en}}</ref>'asụsụ [[South African English|Bekee nke South Africa]], a na-akpọkarị asụsụ ahụ n'ụdị ala ya, ''isiZulu''. == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == [[Usòrò:South_Africa_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg|thumb|Mgbasa ala nke Zulu na South Africa: njupụta, nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Zulu.   <div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">&#x3C; /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">1-3 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffeda0; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">3-10 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">10-30 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#feb24c; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">30-100 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">100-300 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc4e2a; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">300-1000 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e31a1c; color:white;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">1000-3000 /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0026; color:white;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><div class="legend">&#x3E; /km²<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800026; color:white;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div></div>]] Ndị Zulu na-akwaga mba ọzọ akpọrọla ya gaa n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ọkachasị [[Zimbabwe]], ebe asụsụ Ndebele nke Northern (isiNdebele) nwere njikọ chiri anya na Zulu. <ref name="NorthernNdebeleBlog">NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com ''NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com''</ref> na-elekarị Xhosa, asụsụ kachasị na Eastern Cape, anya dị ka ihe na-aghọta na Zulu, dị ka Northern Ndebele. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Zulu, dị ka ndị Xhosa na Ndị Nguni ndị ọzọ, ebiela na South Africa ọtụtụ narị afọ. Asụsụ Zulu nwere ọtụtụ ụda click nke asụsụ ndịda Afrịka, nke a na-adịghị ahụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke Afrịka. Ndị Nguni na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ndịda dị ka San na Khoi ebikọtala. Zulu, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndịda Afrịka, abụghị asụsụ edere ede ruo mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ si Europe rutere, bụ ndị dere asụsụ ahụ site na iji mkpụrụedemede Latin. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ mbụ nke asụsụ Zulu na [[Norway]] na 1850 site n'aka onye ozi ala ọzọ Norwegian Hans Schreuder . <ref>Rakkenes, Øystein (2003) ''Himmelfolket: En Norsk Høvding i Zululand'', Oslo: Cappelen Forlag, pp. 63–65</ref> Ihe odide mbụ e dere n'asụsụ Zulu bụ nsụgharị Bible nke pụtara na 1883. N'afọ 1901, John Dube (1871-1946), onye Zulu si Natal, mepụtara Ohlange Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ na South Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye dere ''Insila kaShaka'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ e dere na Zulu (1930). Onye edemede Zulu ọzọ bụ Reginald Dhlomo, onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị isi mba Zulu nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu: ''U-Dingane'' (1936), ''U-Shaka'' (1937), ''U-Mpande'' (1938), ''U-Cetshwayo'' (1952) na ''U-Dinizulu'' (1968). Ndị ọzọ a ma ama nyere aka na akwụkwọ Zulu gụnyere [[Benedict Wallet Vilakazi]] na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali. === Ọdịdị nke mgbọrọgwụ ''Zulu'' === Enwere ike ijikọta mgbọrọgwụ na ọtụtụ prefixes wee si otú a mepụta okwu ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a bụ tebụl nwere okwu ụfọdụ sitere na mgbọrọgwụ -''Zulu'' na -ntu (mgbọrọgwụ maka onye / ndị mmadụ): {| class="wikitable" !Okwu mbido !-zulu !-Ntinye |- |'''um (u) ''' |um''Zulu'' (onye Zulu) |Onye (onye) |- |'''ama, aba''' |ama''Zulu'' (ndị Zulu) |abantu (ndị mmadụ) |- |'''isi''' |isi''Zulu'' (asụsụ Zulu) |Human (omenala, ''Isi'' nketa, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ) |- |'''ubu''' |ubuZulu (ọdịdị / ọdịdị yiri nke Zulu) |Ubuntu (mmadụ, ọmịiko) |- |'''kwa''' |kwa''Zulu'' (ebe ndị Zulu bi) | - |- |'''m (li) ''' |izulu (ikuku/''Elu''/eluigwe) | - |- |'''pha''' |N'''Elu'' (n'elu) | - |- |'''na''' |''Zulu'' (n'elu, n'elu, site n'eluigwe) | - |- |} == Nkọwapụta ahịrịokwu na ederede == Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ahịrịokwu ndị a pụrụ iji mee ihe mgbe mmadụ gara mpaghara nke asụsụ ya bụ isi bụ Zulu: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Zulu !Bekee |- |Sawubona |''Hello'', nye otu onye |- |Sanibonani |Ekele, nye otu ìgwè mmadụ |- |Ọ̀ Bụ Onye Ọhụrụ? / Ninjani? |''Olee otú ị si abụ? / Olee otú ị si (pl.)?'' |- |Ngiyaphila / Siyaphila |''Anọ m mma / Anyị dị mma'' |- |Ngiyabonga (kakhulu) |''Ekele (ọtụtụ) '' |- |Ònye ka a na-akpọ gị? |''Gịnị bụ aha gị?'' |- |Aha lami ngu... |''Aha m bụ...'' |- |Oge Sithini Ọ̀ Bụ? |''Olee oge?'' |- |Ngingakusiza? |''Enwere m ike inyere gị aka?'' |- |Ọ̀ bụ ebe a ka ọ nọ? |''Ebee ka ị ga-anọ?'' |- |Uphumaphi? |''Ebee ka ị si?'' |- |Hamba dị mma / Ụlọ dị mma |''Gaa nke ọma / Nwee nke ọma'', jiri ya mee ihe dị ka nke ọma. Onye nọ n'ebe ahụ na-ekwu "Hamba kahle", onye na-apụkwa na-ekwu ""Sala kahle". Nsụgharị ndị ọzọ gụnyere <ref>[https://archive.org/stream/zuluenglishdict01colegoog/zuluenglishdict01colegoog_djvu.txt Zulu English Dictionary]</ref> gently na Walk in peace. |- |Hambani nke ọma / Salani nke ọma |''Gaa nke ọma / Nwee nke ọma'', nye otu ndị mmadụ |- |Eish! |''Wow!'' (Enweghị ezigbo ihe yiri ya na Europe, nke a na-eji na Bekee South Africa) (ị nwere ike ịnwale ọkara mkparị, dị ka oh my gosh ma ọ bụ ihe heck. Ọ na-egosipụta echiche nke ihe ijuanya na ihe ijuanya) |- |Hhayibo |''Mba! / Kwụsị! / Enweghị ụzọ!'' (nke a na-ejikwa na Bekee South Africa) |- |Yebo |''Ee'' |- |Cha |''Mba'' |- |Angazi |''Amaghị m'' |- |Uyasikhuluma isiNgisi na? |''Ị na-asụ Bekee?'' |- |Ngisaqala ukufunda isiZulu |''Amalitere m ịmụ asụsụ Zulu'' |- |Olee ebe ọ pụtara? |''Gịnị ka ị pụtara?'' |- |Ngiyakutọ. |"Ahụrụ m gị n'anya" |} Ihe ndị na-esonụ sitere na mbido iwu South Africa: {| |''Thina, bantu isi nke South Afrika, Siyakukhumbula ukucekelwa phansi kwamalungelo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyadlula; Sibungaza labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko kulo mhlaba wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzela ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe anyị; na Sikholelwa ekutheniingizimu iN Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala, kuyo sibene nakuba singafani.'' |} '''Nsụgharị:''' {| |Anyị, ndị South Africa, kweta ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke oge gara aga anyị; sọpụrụ ndị tara ahụhụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na nnwere onwe n'ala anyị; sọọrọ ndị rụrụ ọrụ iji wuo ma melite mba anyị; ma kwere na South Africa bụ nke ndị niile bi na ya, jikọtara n'ụdị dị iche iche anyị. |} == Ịgụ ọnụ na isiZulu == === Ọnụ ọgụgụ site na 1 ruo 10 === Usoro ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ dijitalụ na mkpịsị aka na-amalite site na obere mkpịsị ụkwụ nke aka ekpe gaa na mkpịakọta aka ekpe wee gaa n'ihu na mkpịuko aka nri gaa na obere mkpụsị aka nri. Malite na aka ekpe mechiri emechi, a na-agbatị mkpịsị aka ọ bụla na nọmba ọ bụla na-esote site na otu ruo ise. Ozugbo aka ekpe meghere, mgbe ahụ ịgụta na-aga n'ihu n'aka nri na mkpịsị aka ọ bụla meghere n'otu n'otu. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na isiZulu, aha maka nọmba isii ruo itoolu na-egosipụta ma ọ ''bụ asaa'' ahụ nke mkpịsị aka (isii, ''isithupha'', pụtara "otu mkpịsị ụkwụ"), omume (asaa, isikhombisa, pụtara "onye na-egosi"), ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ / ọnọdụ (asatọ ma ọ bụ isgalombilibilibilibili, pụtara "abụọ fọdụrụ", na itoolu ma ọ bụ ''isishiyagalolunye'', na-egosi "otu fọdụrụ"). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayonrinde|first=Oyedeji A.|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !IsiZulu !Bekee |- |Kunye |Otu |- |Kubili |Abụọ |- |Kuthathu |Atọ |- |Kune |Anọ |- |Isi ọnyà |Ise |- |Isithupha |Isii |- |Isikhombisa |asaa |- |Isishiyagalombili |Asatọ |- |Isishiyagalolunye |Iri na Abụọ |- |Ishumi |Iri |} == Ọnwa == '''Ọnwa n'asụsụ Zulu''' {| class="wikitable" !Bekee !Zulu |- |Jenụwarị |uMasingana |- |Febụwarị |Nhlolanja |- |Njem |uNdasa |- |Eprel |uMbaso |- |May |Nkwupụta |- |June |N'oge a na-adịghị anya |- |Julaị |Ntulikazi |- |Ọgọstụ |Nkwupụta |- |Septemba |Mandula |- |Ọktoba |uMfumfu |- |Nọvemba |Lwezi |- |Disemba |uZibandlela |} == Okwu Zulu n'asụsụ Bekee nke South Africa == Bekee South Africa amịala ọtụtụ okwu site n'asụsụ Zulu. Ndị ọzọ, dị ka aha anụmanụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ (''impala'' na ''mamba'' bụ aha Zulu) abanyewo n'ime Bekee. Ihe atụ ole na ole nke okwu Zulu eji eme ihe na Bekee South Africa: * muti (site na ''umuthi'') - ọgwụ * '''Donga''' (site na ''udonga'') - olulu mmiri (udonga pụtara "mgbidi" na Zulu ma bụrụkwa aha maka olulu mmiri kpatara) * indaba - nzukọ (ọ pụtara "ihe akụkọ"' na Zulu) * '''induna''' - onyeisi ma ọ bụ onye ndú * '''songololo''' (site na ''isongololo'') - millipede * '''Ubuntu''' - ọmịiko / mmadu. == Hụkwa == * Impi * Shaka kaSenzangakhona * [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Tsotsitaal]] - Asụsụ Creole nke dabeere na Zulu nke a na-asụ na Soweto * Asụsụ Xhosa * Asụsụ Ndebele nke Ebe Ugwu == Ihe edeturu == . == Edensibia == Ohlange Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ na South Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye dere Insila kaShaka, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ e dere na Zulu (1930). Onye edemede Zulu ọzọ bụ Reginald Dhlomo, onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọOhlange Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ na South Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye dere ''Insila kaShaka'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ e dere na Zulu (1930). Onye edemede Zulu ọzọ bụ [[Rolfes Robert Reginald Dhlomo|Reginald Dhlomo]], onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials Project] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703223945/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=23&menu=004 Zulu] == Akwụkwọ ==   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga ==   *   * Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Zulu * [http://salanguages.com/isizulu/ Asụsụ South Africa: IsiZulu] * [http://zipangz.homestead.com/untitled4.html Onye na-ede okwu n'asụsụ Bekee-isiZulu-Japan]. faịlụ ụda * Ndepụta Zulu Swadesh nke okwu ndị bụ isi (site na Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) * [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-zulu/en/zul/ Ịgụ ọnụ n'asụsụ Zulu] === Ihe ọmụmụ === * [https://www.linguashop.com/learn-zulu/ Kụziere m! Zulu - PDF akwụkwọ ọrụ Zulu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160728025632/http://www.memrise.com/course/82/zulu-with-dingani/ Zulu na Dingani - Usoro onye mbido n'ịntanetị] * [http://www.unisa.ac.za/Free_online_course/Zulu/Zulu.html Mahadum nke South Africa, n'efu online course] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306060945/http://www.newt.clara.co.uk/isizulu/ Sifunda isiZulu!] === Asụsụ === * [http://learn101.org/zulu.php Asụsụ Zulu na Audio!] === Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu === * [https://isizulu.net/ isiZulu.net Zulu-English Online Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040413044749/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Zulu-english/ Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Zulu-English] === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * [https://www.isolezwe.co.za/ Isolezwe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240717114810/https://ilanganews.co.za/ Ilanga] * UmAfrika * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206125747/http://isizulu.news24.com/ Izindaba News24] === Software === * Spell checker maka [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324112647/http://translate.org.za/content/view/17/32/ OpenOffice.org] na Mozilla, OpenOffice. org, Mozilla Firefox web-browser, na [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324203655/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1612/54/ Mozilla Thunderbird email program] na Zulu * [http://translate.org.za/ Translate.org.za] Project iji sụgharịa Free na Open Source Software n'asụsụ niile nke South Africa gụnyere Zulu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241214010255/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Zulu PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Zulu] === Akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051027002008/http://literature.kzn.org.za/lit/index.html Map Akwụkwọ KwaZulu-Natal] {{Languages of Lesotho}}{{Languages of South Africa}}{{Languages of Swaziland}}{{Languages of Mozambique}}{{Narrow Bantu languages|N-S}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qe2ojuc9ikcoivab8f7686uzodw8hi0 0 37428 697695 541474 2026-08-10T05:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Nalu|nativename=|states=[[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]]|speakers={{sigfig|23300|2}}|date=2017–2018|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=? [[Atlantic languages|Atlantic]]|fam4=(unclassified)|iso3=naj}} '''Nalu''' (''nalɛ'', ''nul''; sụpekwara '''Nalou'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1463|title=Did you know Nalu is vulnerable?|work=Endangered Languages|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-09|archivedate=2016-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909085408/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1463}}</ref>) bụ asụsụ Atlantic nke Guinea na Guinea-Bissau, nke ndị Nalu na-asụ, ndị West Africa bụ ndị bi na ya.region tupu mbata nke Mandinka na narị afọ nke 14 ma ọ bụ 15. Ndị okenye na-asụkarị ya. A na-eche na ọ ga-ekwu okwu ihe dị ka mmadụ 10,000 ruo 25,000, ebe Wilson (2007) na-akọ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 12,000. A na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị ize ndụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya na-ebelata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hair|first=P. E. H.|year=1967|title=Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1967_8_2/page/253|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=8|issue=2|pages=253|doi=10.1017/s0021853700007040}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == N'adịghị ka nkewa ndị gara aga, Güldemann (2018) kewara Nalu dị ka onye a na-ekewaghị na Niger-Congo. <ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|author=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor=Güldemann|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58–444|series=The World of Linguistics series}}</ref> bụghịkwa otu ìgwè na Asụsụ Rio Nunez. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/naj|title=Nalu|author=Simons, G. & Fennig, C.|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> na-ahazi Nalu dị ka Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1463|title=Nalu|work=The Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=2017-03-07|archivedate=2016-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909085408/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1463}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Upper Guinea Coast|author=Rodney|first=Walter|publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press.|year=1970}}</ref> kọwaala ndị Nalu na-asụ Nalu dị ka ndị bi na West Africa tupu Ndị Mandinka. Nke a ga-etinye ha dị ka ndị dị na West Africa n'etiti narị afọ nke 14 na 15. <ref name="Wilson">Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</ref> (2007) na-akọ na ndị Nalu si [[Guinea-Bissau]]. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="Wilson">Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</ref> ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Ebe a na-anọ amụ ihe |- !Plosive |<nowiki>b="#mwt70" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"p"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwWg" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">p</nowiki> |<nowiki>d-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"t"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwXQ" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">t d</nowiki> |c |g |gb |- !Ihe na-esiri ike |f |<nowiki><s about="#mwt78" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"θ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwaw" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">θ, s</nowiki> | | |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n | |ŋ | |- !Ihe atụ |w |<nowiki>l="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"r"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwgg" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">r, l</nowiki> |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="Wilson">Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i iː | |u uː |- !N'etiti elu |na eː | |o oː |- !Ọkara ala |ɛ ɛː | |Ọ bụ n'afọ ka a na-akpọ ɔː |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a aː | |} == Okwu == <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Voeltz|first=F. K. Erhard|date=1996|title=Les Langues de la Guinée|journal=Cahiers d'Étude des Langues Guinéennes|volume=1|pages=24–25}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVoeltz1996">Voeltz, F. K. Erhard (1996). "Les Langues de la Guinée". ''Cahiers d'Étude des Langues Guinéennes''. '''1''': 24–25.</cite></ref> nwere mgbanwe ụda n'asụsụ ya. Mgbanwe ụda na-emekarị n'ihi ihe ụda chọrọ obere mgbalị maka ọkà okwu. Mgbanwe ụda ndị a na-ejikarị asụsụ ọ bụla n'asụsụ na ihe atụ nke mgbanwe ụda asụsụ Nalu dị na ngalaba dị n'okpuru. Nalu nwere olumba isii. <ref name=":1" /> na-asụ atọ na Guinea-Conakry ma na-asị atọ na Guinée-Bissau. Agbanyeghị, a maghị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti olumba ndị ahụ. === Ihe Nlereanya === '''Aha''' <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages|author=Johnston|first=H|publisher=Clarendon Press: Oxford.|year=1919|pages=750–772)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnston1919">Johnston, H (1919). ''A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages''. Clarendon Press: Oxford. pp.&nbsp;750–772).</cite></ref> {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center;" !Bekee !Nalu |- |nwoke |be-cel |- style="width:50px" |unyi/ọcha |m-balax |- style="width:50px" |oyi |m-hon |- |akụ́ |n-kiam |- |axis |n-wōfañ |- |ọbara |a-nyak |- |ụta |m-firl |- |nwanne nwoke |n-wōke |- |onyeisi/eze |m-fem/be-fem |- |ekwensu/mmụọ ọjọọ |m-banjon |- |onye na-agwọ ọrịa (dọkịta) |ọkara-ọkara |- |ọkụ |zutere |- |chi |gu-dana |- |ọnwa |m-bilañ |- |abalị |foto |- |ohu |m-bōl |- |agwọ |ọkara isii |} '''Ngwaa'''<ref name=":2"/> {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center;" !Bekee !Nalu |- |na-abịa |m-ba |- |igbu mmadụ |alaka |- |ịnwụ |n-ref |} '''Mgbanwe Ụda Ka Oge Na-aga'''<ref name=":1"/> {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center;" !Bekee !Mgbanwe Nalu tupu ụda !Mgbe Nalu gbanwere Ụda |- |ọkpụkpụ |nhol |a-hol |- style="width:50px" |ọnụ |n-ala |ala |- style="width:50px" |igbu mmadụ |m-alaka |alaka |- style="width:50px" |nwoke |nlam-cel |be-cel |- |anya |n-nke a |a-na-na- |} == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nalu1240 Glottolog] * [https://joshuaproject.net/languages/naj Ọrụ Joshua] * ELAR Archive nke [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0249 Asụsụ Nalu] kaf10gjog45ui1u9jy7uc3fp70vj37n 0 37829 697516 152755 2026-08-10T01:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697516 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Assouma Adjiké</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Sanni Assouma Adjiké</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |[[Togo|Ndị Togo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ (s) | class="infobox-data role" |Onye nduzi, onye edemede |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Afọ ndị ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1990-dị ugbu a |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10437|title=Sanni Adjiké: Togo|publisher=Afri Cultures|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.adjike-assouma.13723.html|title=Adjikè Assouma|publisher=SPLA|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref>'''Sanni Assouma Adjiké''', bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Togo|Ndị Togo]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc-list.html|title=List of African Filmmakers|publisher=AFWC|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Adjiké+Assouma-557474|title=Assouma Adjiké|publisher=Filmweb Sp. z o. o. Sp. k.|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> bụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Le Dilemme d'Eya . [1] == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1995, Assouma Adjiké duziri obere ihe nkiri abụọ: L'Eau sacree na Femmes Moba . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGB486_zeFYC&q=Assouma+Adjik%C3%A9&pg=PA15|title=French-speaking Women Film Directors: A Guide; By Janis L. Pallister|isbn=9780838637364|accessdate=17 October 2020|author=Pallister|first=Janis L.|year=1997}}</ref> O mere ihe nkiri ya dị mkpirikpi Le Dilemme d'Eya na 2002. UNESCO mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ma nye ya ihe nrite abụọ pụrụ iche: Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) na Plan International na Panafrican Film and Television Festival nke Ouagadougou (FESPACO). Na Mee 2003, a họọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ maka ngosipụta na International Public Service Television Conference (INPUT). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_produced_film_the_dilemma_of_eya_receives_awards/|title=UNESCO Produced Film "The Dilemma of Eya" Receives Awards|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |1992 |''Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke Anazive'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |- |1993 |''Savon nke Olileanya'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |- |1993 |''Ịdị ndụ nke azụ'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.vivre-du-poisson.4305.html|title=Vivre du poisson|publisher=uganda|accessdate=17 October 2020|archivedate=20 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020170041/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.vivre-du-poisson.4305.html}}</ref> |- |1995 |''Mmiri Dị Nsọ'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |1995 |''Ụmụ nwanyị Moba'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2002 |''Nsogbu nke Aya'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2006 |''Nyo Deal na Togo'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lussasdoc.org/film-nyo_deal_au_togo-1,18199.html|title=Réalisateurs - Adjiké Assouma|publisher=lussasdoc|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> |- |2008 |''Ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma'' |Onye edemede |Ihe nkiri | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) na Plan International na * {{IMDb name|1370057}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rc6dkldm7boifsj2ay87f6c432bkugs 0 37949 697486 208196 2026-08-10T01:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697486 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ụbọchị Sadat |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Ihu DVD</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |[[Mohamed Khan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Ahmed Bahgat]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |[[Ahmad Zaki (actor)|Ahmad Zaki]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |[[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmad Zaki]]<br />[[Mervat Amin]]<br />[[Mona Zaki]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |[[Tarek El-Telmissany]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |[[Khaled Merhi]]<br />[[Nadia Shoukry]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Egwú site na | class="infobox-data" |[[Yasser Abdel-Rahman]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |26 June 2001 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |Nkeji 165 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Ijipt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Arabic Ijipt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mmefu ego | class="infobox-data" |[[Egyptian pound|£E]] 6,000,000 |}   Days Sadat (Egyptian Arabic) bụ Ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ nke afọ 2001 nke Ijipt banyere onye isi ala nke atọ nke Ijipt Anwar Al Sadat . Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmad Zaki]] dị ka onye isi ala Ijipt. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gụnyere [[Mervat Amin]], [[Mona Zaki]] na [[Ahmed El Sakka]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ weghaara nkọwa zuru oke banyere onye isi ala n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Otu ihe a ma ama nke Sadat bụ usoro okwu ya, nke Ahmad Zaki jidere n'ụzọ siri ike na arụmọrụ ya. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmad Zaki]] dị ka Onye isi ala Anwar Sadat * [[Mona Zaki]] dị ka Jehan Al Sadat * [[Mervat Amin]] dị ka First Lady Jehan Al Sadat * [[Ahmed El Sakka]] dị ka Atef El Sadat, nwanne onye isi ala * [[Mohamed El Kholi]] dị ka Onye isi ala [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] == Nnakwere == Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na 2001, ọ dọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ya n'Ijipt, na-abụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị elu n'Ijipti. Nke a bụ ihe nkiri nke abụọ nke Zaki, na-esote Nasser 56. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joel Gordon|title=Days of Anxiety/Days of Sadat: Impersonating Egypt's Flawed Hero on the Egyptian Screen|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-film-and-video_summer-fall-2002_54_2/page/27|journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]]|volume=54|issue=2–3|year=2002|pages=27–42}}</ref> Onye nduzi [[Mohamed Khan]] nwetara otuto dị elu maka iduzi ihe nkiri ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ [onye?] kwuru na nkiri ahụ dị ntakịrị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ lekwasịrị anya n'ihe odide Sadat n'onwe ya site n'akwụkwọ ya, In Search of an Identity .  == Edensibia == ahụ weghaara nkọwa zuru oke banyere onye isi ala n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Otu ihe a ma ama nke Sadat bụ usoro okwu ya, nke Ahmad Zaki jidere n'ụzọ siri ike na arụmọrụ ya.{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0289080|Ayam El Sadat}}  * Ayyam Saddat [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420104311/http://www.shoofeetv.com/ar/program/60275/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA] na ShooFeeTV bq6wha44bojmzf0xtwa2iblypytmahw 0 38706 697634 155346 2026-08-10T04:29:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Grace Eniola Soyinka (née Jenkins-Harrison)''' (1908–1983 <ref name="Gibbs 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Gibbs|first=James|date=1988|title=Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1988-09_26_3/page/517|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=517–548|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011757}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGibbs1988">Gibbs, James (1988). "Biography into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit 'Ake'". ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''26''' (3): 517–548. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X00011757|10.1017/S0022278X00011757]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/160896 160896].</cite></ref> ) bụ onye na-azụ ahịa na Naịjirịa, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye otu ezinụlọ Ransome-Kuti aristocratic. <ref name="fargion">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/west-africa/articles/the-ransome-kuti-dynasty|title=The Ransome-Kuti Dynasty|work=The British Library|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-18|author=Fargion|first=Janet Topp|date=12 January 2016|archivedate=2023-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405140621/https://www.bl.uk/west-africa/articles/the-ransome-kuti-dynasty}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFargion2016">Fargion, Janet Topp (12 January 2016). . ''The British Library''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calitown.com/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-wole-soyinka/|title=Six Things You Didn't Know About Wole Soyinka|date=2013|work=www.calitown.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-31|archivedate=2019-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702041011/https://www.calitown.com/six-things-you-didnt-know-about-wole-soyinka/}}</ref> Ya na [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], nwanne nne ya, hiwere otu ndị inyom Abeokuta . <ref name="fargion"/> Ha mere mkpesa megide ụtụ isi nke Alake nke [[Abeokuta]], onye ọchịchị na-akwado ndị ọchịchị colonial kwadoro. Ha gbochiri ụtụ isi, ndị Alake mechakwara gbahapụ. <ref name="achievement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1|work=Academy of Achievement|title=Wole Soyinka|accessdate=20 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101424/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1|archivedate=26 December 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''Academy of Achievement''. Washington D.C. Archived from [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1 the original] on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Otu a, nke nwere ụmụnwaanyị puku iri abụọ, mechara bụrụ ọgbakọ mba Naijiria bụ Nigerian Women's Union. <ref name="fargion" /> O tolitere n'ụlọ nna nna ya, onye ụkọchukwu na onye na-ede egwú [[Josiah Ransome-Kuti|bụ Josiah Ransome-Kuti]] . Nne ya, ada mbụ Rev. Ransome-Kuti, Anne Lape Iyabode Ransome-Kuti, lụrụ Mazị Jenkins-Harrison. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, e zipụrụ Grace Eniola ka ya na nne na nna ya ochie, ndị nne na nna ya na nwanne nne ya, bụ ndị ọ dị ezigbo nso biri. <ref name="Gibbs 1988"/> A na-akpọkarị ya n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ dị ka ada Rev. Ransome-Kuti. <ref name="Gibbs 1988" /> Ọ lụrụ Samuel Ayodele Soyinka, onye ozi Anglican . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2912075/samuel-ayodele-soyinka-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people|title=Samuel Ayodele Soyinka - Biographical Summaries of Notable People|work=www.myheritage.com|accessdate=2018-10-31}}</ref> Nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ asaa ha <ref name="Gibbs 1988" /> bụ [[Wole Soyinka]], odee na 1986 onye nwetara Nrite Nobel na akwụkwọ . Wole Soyinka na-enye akụkọ banyere ndụ ụlọ nke nne na nna ya na mmemme nne ya na 1981 memoir ''Ake: afọ nke nwata'' . <ref name="fargion"/> Ọ kpọrọ Grace "Onye Kraịst ọhịa" n'ịtụ aka n'okpukpe Anglican ya. <ref name="achievement"/> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1983, mgbe ọ dị afọ 75, mana a kọwara ya dị ka onye nwere ike ruo afọ iri asaa, na-abụ abụ na ịgba egwu na-atọ ndị ikwu ya ụtọ. <ref name="Gibbs 1988"/> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=January–February 2009|title='For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-international-forum_january-february-2009_32_1/page/51|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|volume=32|issue=1|pages=51–59|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004|issn=0277-5395}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} b5we093f8qybgx2x9942ep7dhfr1umd 0 39292 697787 155698 2026-08-10T08:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697787 wikitext text/x-wiki Sidoenzaims bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke enzymes (na-abụkarị protein) nke na-enweghị ihe na-akpali akpali (na-adịghị arụ ọrụ), nke pụtara na ha na-arụ obere ma ọ bụ enweghị enzaim katalisis. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emerging concepts in pseudoenzyme classification, evolution, and signaling|journal=Science Signaling|volume=12|issue=594|pages=eaat9797|date=Aug 2019|pmid=31409758|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aat9797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tracing the origin and evolution of pseudokinases across the tree of life|journal=Science Signaling|volume=12|issue=578|pages=eaav3810|date=April 2019|pmid=31015289|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aav3810}}</ref> E kwenyere na a na-anọchite anya ha n'Ezinụlọ enzaim niile dị na alaeze nke ndụ, ebe ha nwere ihe mgbaàmà dị mkpa na ọrụ ikerisi nri ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-apụta ìhè ugbu a. Sidoenzaims na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa iji nyochaa, ọkachasị dịka nyocha bioinformatics nke genomes na-ekpughe ebe niile ha dị. Ọrụ nchịkwa ha dị mkpa na mgbe ụfọdụ ọrịa na-emetụta n'ụzọ ikerisi nri na nke mgbaàmà na-enyekwa ìhè ọhụrụ na ọrụ ndị na-abụghị nke enzaims na-arụ ọrụ, nke protein moonlighting,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The demise of catalysis, but new functions arise: pseudoenzymes as the phoenixes of the protein world|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=47|issue=1|pages=371–379|date=Feb 2019|pmid=30710059|doi=10.1042/BST20180473|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10770689}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multitalented actors inside and outside the cell: recent discoveries add to the number of moonlighting proteins|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1941–1948|date=Dec 2019|pmid=31803903|doi=10.1042/BST20190798}}</ref> imeghari nke protein na ọrụ dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ (Protin munlaitin). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The evolving world of pseudoenzymes: proteins, prejudice and zombies|journal=BMC Biology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=98|date=November 2016|pmid=27835992|doi=10.1186/s12915-016-0322-x}}</ref> A na-atụkwa aro ụzọ ọhụrụ iji lekwasị anya ma kọwaa usoro mgbaàmà mkpụrụ ndụ site n'iji obere mkpụrụ ndụ na ọgwụ. Ihe ndị a na-enyocha nke ọma, na n'ezie pseudoenzymes a kacha ghọta n'ihe gbasara ọrụ mgbaàmà mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ma eleghị anya pseudokinases, pseudoproteases na pseudophosphatases. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2019|title=Metabolic control of BRISC–SHMT2 assembly regulates immune signalling|journal=Nature|volume=570|issue=7760|pages=194–199|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1232-1|pmid=31142841|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147110/1/Walden_et_al_accepted_article.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pseudo-DUBs as allosteric activators and molecular scaffolds of protein complexes.|journal=Biochem Soc Trans|volume=46|issue=2|pages=453–466|date=Feb 2018|pmid=29472364|doi=10.1042/BST20160268|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/129505/1/pseudo_dub_review_Walden_et_al_2018.pdf}}</ref>'oge na-adịbeghị anya, pseudo-deubiquitylases amalitela ịghọ ihe a ma ama. [1] [2] Ọdịiche dị na enzaim active and inactive homologues has been noted (and in some cases, understood when comparing catalytically active and inactive proteins residing in recognisable families) for some time at the sequence level,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sequence and structural differences between enzyme and nonenzyme homologs|journal=Structure|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1435–51|date=October 2002|pmid=12377129|doi=10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00861-4}}</ref> and some pseudoenzymes have also been referred to as 'prozymes' when they were analysed in protozoan parasites.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Allosteric regulation of an essential trypanosome polyamine biosynthetic enzyme by a catalytically dead homolog|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-05-15_104_20/page/8275|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=104|issue=20|pages=8275–80|date=May 2007|pmid=17485680|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701111104}}</ref> The best studied pseudoenzymes reside amongst various key signalling superfamilies of enzymes, such as the proteases,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=New lives for old: evolution of pseudoenzyme function illustrated by iRhoms|journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology|volume=13|issue=8|pages=489–98|date=July 2012|pmid=22781900|doi=10.1038/nrm3392}}</ref> the protein kinases,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tracing the origin and evolution of pseudokinases across the tree of life|journal=Science Signaling|volume=12|issue=578|pages=eaav3810|date=April 2019|pmid=31015289|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aav3810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The protein kinase complement of the human genome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-12-06_298_5600/page/1912|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5600|pages=1912–34|date=December 2002|pmid=12471243|doi=10.1126/science.1075762}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Emerging roles of pseudokinases|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=16|issue=9|pages=443–52|date=September 2006|pmid=16879967|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2006.07.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tribbles in the 21st Century: The Evolving Roles of Tribbles Pseudokinases in Biology and Disease|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=27|issue=4|pages=284–298|date=April 2017|pmid=27908682|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Day of the dead: pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases in physiology and disease|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=24|issue=9|pages=489–505|date=September 2014|pmid=24818526|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism|journal=Immunity|volume=39|issue=3|pages=443–53|date=September 2013|pmid=24012422|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gathering STYX: phosphatase-like form predicts functions for unique protein-interaction domains|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_1998-08_23_8/page/301|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=23|issue=8|pages=301–6|date=August 1998|pmid=9757831|doi=10.1016/s0968-0004(98)01241-9}}</ref> protein phosphatases<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Day of the dead: pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases in physiology and disease|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=24|issue=9|pages=489–505|date=September 2014|pmid=24818526|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genomics and evolution of protein phosphatases|journal=Science Signaling|volume=10|issue=474|pages=eaag1796|date=April 2017|pmid=28400531|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aag1796}}</ref> and ubiquitin modifying enzymes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Higher-Order Assembly of BRCC36-KIAA0157 Is Required for DUB Activity and Biological Function|journal=Molecular Cell|volume=59|issue=6|pages=970–83|date=September 2015|pmid=26344097|doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Roles of the TRAF6 and Pellino E3 ligases in MyD88 and RANKL signaling|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=17|pages=E3481–E3489|date=April 2017|pmid=28404732|doi=10.1073/pnas.1702367114}}</ref> The role of pseudoenzymes as "pseudo scaffolds" has also been recognised <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pseudoscaffolds and anchoring proteins: the difference is in the details|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=45|issue=2|pages=371–379|date=April 2017|pmid=28408477|doi=10.1042/bst20160329}}</ref> and pseudoenzymes are now beginning to be more thoroughly studied in terms of their biology and function, in large part because they are also interesting potential targets (or anti-targets) for drug design in the context of intracellular cellular signalling complexes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tribbles pseudokinases: novel targets for chemical biology and drug discovery?|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=43|issue=5|pages=1095–103|date=October 2015|pmid=26517930|doi=10.1042/bst20150109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pseudokinases: update on their functions and evaluation as new drug targets|journal=[[Future Medicinal Chemistry]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=245–265|date=January 2017|pmid=28097887|doi=10.4155/fmc-2016-0207}}</ref> == Ọmụmaatụ Klaasị == {| class="wikitable" !Klas !Ọrụ !Ihe Nlereanya <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bio-Zombie: the rise of pseudoenzymes in biology|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=45|issue=2|pages=537–544|date=April 2017|pmid=28408493|doi=10.1042/bst20160400}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |'''Pseudokinase''' |Allosteric regulation nke conventional protein kinase |STRADα na-achịkwa ọrụ nke protein kinase, LKB1 JAK1-3 na TYK2 C-terminal tyrosine kinase domains na-achịkwa site na pseudokinase ha dị n'akụkụ KSR1/2 na-achịkọta ọrụ nke protein kinase, Raf |- |Allosteric regulation nke enzymes ndị ọzọ |VRK3 na-achịkwa ọrụ nke phosphatase, VHR |- |- |- |'''Pseudo-Histidine kinase''' |Mpaghara mmekọrịta protein |Caulobacter DivL na-ejikọta onye na-achịkwa nzaghachi phosphorylated, DivK, na-enye ohere ka DivL na'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na-achịkọta kinase nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ, CckA |- | rowspan="4" |'''Pseudophosphatase''' |Mgbochi nke nnweta phosphatase omenala na substrate |EGG-4/EGG-5 na-ejikọta na phosphorylated activation loop nke kinase, MBK-2 STYX na-asọ mpi na DUSP4 maka ijikọ na ERK1/2 |- |Allosteric regulation nke phosphatases omenala |MTMR13 na-ejikọta ma na-akwalite ọrụ lipid phosphatase nke MTMR2 |- |Nchịkwa nke protein dị na mkpụrụ ndụ |STYX na-arụ ọrụ dị ka arịlịka nuklia maka ERK1/2 |- |Nchịkwa nke njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya |STYX na-ejikọta protein F-box, FBXW7, iji gbochie recruitment ya na SCF Ubiquitin ligase complex |- | rowspan="2" |'''Pseudoprotease''' |Allosteric regulator nke conventional protease |cFLIP na-ejikọta ma na-egbochi cysteine protease, Caspase-8, iji gbochie apoptosis extrinsic |- |Nchịkwa nke protein dị na mkpụrụ ndụ |Mkpụrụ ndụ iRhom nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejikọta ma na-achịkwa ịzụ ahịa otu pas transmembrane protein na membrane plasma ma ọ bụ ER-associated degradation pathway |- |'''Pseudodeubiquitinase (pseudoDUB) ''' |Allosteric regulator nke DUB nkịtị |KIAA0157 dị oké mkpa maka ijikọ heterotetramer dị elu na DUB, BRCC36, na ọrụ DUB |- | rowspan="2" |'''Pseudoligase (pseudo-Ubiquitin E2) ''' |Allosteric regulator nke omenala E2 ligase |Mms2 bụ ụdị ubiquitin E2 (UEV) nke na-ejikọta E2, Ubc13, iji duzie njikọ ubiquitin K63. |- |Nchịkwa nke protein dị na mkpụrụ ndụ |Tsg101 bụ akụkụ nke ESCRT-I na-ere ahịa mgbagwoju anya, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikọ HIV-1 Gag na mmalite HIV |- |'''Pseudoligase (pseudo-Ubiquitin E3) ''' |Enwere ike ịchịkwa allosteric nke ezinụlọ RBR E3 ligase |BRcat na-achịkwa ụlọ interdomain na ezinụlọ RBR E3 Ubiquitin ligases, dị ka Parkin na Ariadne-1/2 |- |'''Pseudonuclease''' |Allosteric regulator nke conventional nuclease |CPSF-100 bụ akụkụ nke pre-mRNA 3' njedebe nhazi mgbagwoju anya nwere onye ọrụ ibe ya, CPSF-73 |- |'''PseudoATPase''' |Allosteric regulator nke omenala ATPase |EccC nwere ngalaba pseudoATPase abụọ na-achịkwa ngalaba N-terminal ATPase |- | rowspan="3" |'''PseudoGTPase''' |Allosteric regulator nke GTPase omenala |GTP-bound Rnd1 ma ọ bụ Rnd3/RhoE bind p190RhoGAP iji chịkwaa ọrụ catalytic nke GTPase, RhoA |- |Scaffold maka nchịkọta nke mgbaàmà mgbagwoju anya |MiD51, nke nwụrụ anwụ ma na-ejikọta GDP ma ọ bụ ADP, bụ akụkụ nke mgbagwoju anya nke na-ewe Drp1 iji mee ka mitochondrial fission. CENP-M enweghị ike ijikọta GTP ma ọ bụ gbanwee ọdịdị, mana ọ dị mkpa maka nucleating CENP - I, CENP, CENF-K obere GTPase mgbagwoju anya iji chịkwaa nzukọ kinetochore |- |Nchịkwa nke protein dị na mkpụrụ ndụ |Ebe etiti nke ìhè na-eko achịcha (LIC) bụ pseudoGTPase, na-enweghị njikọ nucleotide, nke na-ejikọta dynein motor na ibu. Human LIC na-ejikọta GDP karịa GTP, na-atụ aro na njikọta nucleotide nwere ike inye nkwụsi ike karịa ime ka usoro mgbanwe. |- |'''Pseudochitinase''' |Nchịkọta ma ọ bụ njide |YKL-39 na-ejikọta, mana ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, chitooligosaccharides site na mpaghara 5 na-ejikarị |- |'''Pseudosialidase''' |Scaffold maka nchịkọta nke mgbaàmà mgbagwoju anya |CyRPA nucleates nzukọ nke P. falciparum PfRh5/PfRipr complex nke na-ejikọta onye na-anabata erythrocyte, basigin, ma na-eme ka mwakpo nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya. |- |'''Ọrịa ụgha''' |Allosteric activation nke enzyme yiri ya |Prozyme heterodimerisation na S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) na-eme ka ọrụ catalytic 1000-fold |- |'''Pseudotransferase''' |Allosteric activation nke cell enzyme counterpart |GAT nje na-ewebata PFAS cellular iji deaminate RIG-I ma gbochie nchebe nje. T. brucei deoxyhypusine synthase (TbDHS) paralog nwụrụ anwụ, DHSp, na-ejikọta ma na-eme ka DHSc >1000-ugboro. |- |'''Pseudo-histone acetyl transferase (pseudoHAT) ''' |Ihe ndabere nwere ike ịbụ maka ijikọta ihe mgbagwoju anya |Human O-GlcNAcase (OGA) enweghị ihe ndị fọdụrụ na acetyl CoA binding, n'adịghị ka ibe nje bacteria |- | rowspan="2" |'''Pseudo-phospholipase''' |Ihe ndabere nwere ike ịbụ maka ijikọta ihe mgbagwoju anya |FAM83 ezinụlọ protein ndị a na-eche na ha nwetara ọrụ ọhụrụ karịa ọrụ phospholipase D nke nna nna ha |- |Allosteric inactivation nke enzyme yiri ya |Viper phospholipase A2 inhibitor yiri protein mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ ọ na-elekwasị anya, phospholapase A2. |- |'''Pseudo-oxidoreductase''' |Allosteric inactivation nke enzyme yiri ya |ALDH2*2 na-egbochi nchịkọta nke ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ, ALDH2 *1, n'ime tetramer. |- |'''Pseudo-dismutase''' |Allosteric activation nke enzyme yiri ya |Copper chaperone maka superoxide dismutase (CCS) na-ejikọta ma na-eme ka catalysis site na ibe ya nke enzyme, SOD1 |- |'''Pseudo-dihydroorotase''' |Nchịkwa nkwonkwo ma ọ bụ nchịkọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke enzyme nkịtị |A chọrọ Pseudomonas pDHO maka ma ọ bụ ịpịkọta aspartate transcarbamoylase catalytic subunit, ma ọ bụ nchịkọta ya n'ime oligomer na-arụ ọrụ |- |'''Pseudo-RNase''' |Ime ka nzukọ / nkwụsi ike dị mgbagwoju anya dị mfe na ịkwalite njikọ nke catalytic paralog |KREPB4 nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The essential functions of KREPB4 are developmentally distinct and required for endonuclease association with editosomes|journal=RNA|volume=23|issue=11|pages=1672–1684|date=November 2017|pmid=28802260|doi=10.1261/rna.062786.117}}</ref> ka pseudoenzyme iji mepụta ọkara noncatalytic nke RNase III heterodimer na endonuclease (s) [1] |} 5czkjlh177kxlls3gzj2evwpogqy3ue 0 39569 697633 540495 2026-08-10T04:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697633 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Allergy skin testing.JPG|thumb|Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya]] Ihe nfukasi ahụ nke a makwaara dị ka ọrịa nfukasi , bụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'emetụta ihe ndị n'adịghị emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara.<ref name="Con2007" /> Ọrịa ndị a gụnyere hay fever, nri n'adịghị anabata, atopic dermatitis, ụkwara ume ọkụ na-adịghị mma, na anaphylaxis.<ref name="NIH2015Types">{{Cite web|title=Types of Allergic Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx|work=NIAID|accessdate=17 June 2015|date=29 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123632/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx|archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye anya n'acha ọbara ọbara, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, akpịrị, ụkwara, imi na-agba ọsọ, iku [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|ume dị mkpụmkpụ]], ma ọ bụ ọzịza.<ref name="NIH2015Sym">{{Cite web|title=Environmental Allergies: Symptoms|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx|work=NIAID|accessdate=19 June 2015|date=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023408/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2015}}</ref> Rịba ama na Enweghị ike ịnabata nri na nsị nri bụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche. <ref name="NIH2012pdf" /><ref name="Bah2012">{{Cite journal|title=Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=89|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=56–60|date=December 2002|pmid=12487206|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2}}</ref> Allerges nkịtị gụnyere ntụ ọka na nri ụfọdụ.<ref name="Con2007">{{Cite book|title=The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-7817-5317-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcConnell2007">McConnell TH (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159 ''The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions'']. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.&nbsp;159. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-7817-5317-3|<bdi>978-0-7817-5317-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọla na ihe ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike ịkpata nsogbu ndị dị otú ahụ.[1] Nri, ịta ahụhụ, na ọgwụ bụ ihe n'akpata mmeghachi omume siri ike.<ref name="Kay2000" /> Ọganihu ha bụ n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Usoro dị n'okpuru n'agụnye Immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), akụkụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, n'ejikọta na ihe n'eme ka ahụ ghara ịnabata ihe na Mkpụrụ ndụ mast ma ọ bụ basophils ebe ọ n'akpali ntọhapụ nke kemịkal n'emebi ihe dịka histamine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Does an Allergic Response Work?|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-Response.aspx|work=NIAID|accessdate=20 June 2015|date=21 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023413/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-Response.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2015}}</ref> Nnyocha n'adabere na akụkọ ahụike mmadụ. <ref name="NIH2012pdf">{{Cite web|author=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|title=Food Allergy An Overview|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/Documents/foodallergy.pdf|date=July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases2012">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf "Food Allergy An Overview"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/Documents/foodallergy.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ọzọ nke akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọbara nwere ike ịba uru n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.[4] Otú ọ dị, ule ndị nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta na enwere nnukwu nsogbu na ihe ahụ a na-ekwu maka ya.<ref name="Cox2008">{{Cite journal|title=Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-allergy-asthma-and-immunology_2008-12_101_6/page/580|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=101|issue=6|pages=580–92|date=December 2008|pmid=19119701|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7}}</ref> Mmalite ikpuhe ụmụaka n'oge n'adịghị anya nwere ike ịbụ ihe n'echebe ha.<ref name="Sic2014" /> Ọgwụgwọ maka ihe nfukasi ahụ gụnyere izere ihe ndị a maara na ojiji nke ọgwụ dịka steroid na antihistamines.<ref name="NIH2015Imm" /> Na mmeghachi omume siri ike, a n'atụ aro adrenaline (epinephrine). <ref name="Review09" /> Allergen immunotherapy, nke n'eji nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ekpughe ndị mmadụ na nnukwu ma buru ibu nke ihe nfukasi,ahụ bara uru maka ụdị ụfọdụ nke allergies dị ka hay fever na mmeghachi omume na ịta ahụhụ.[2] Ojiji ya na nri n'adịghị mma edoghị anya.[2]<ref name="NIH2015Imm">{{Cite web|title=Allergen Immunotherapy|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx|accessdate=15 June 2015|date=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx|archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref> Ọrịa n'adịghị anabata ihe bụ ihe a n'ahụkarị.<ref name="NIH2015Epi">{{Cite web|title=Allergic Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/default.aspx|work=NIAID|accessdate=20 June 2015|date=21 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023404/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/pages/default.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2015}}</ref> N'ime mba ndị mepere emepe, ihe dị ka 20% nke ndị mmadụ n'arịa ọrịa rhinitis, ihe dị ka 6% nke ndị mmadụ nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nri n'adịghị anabata nri, <ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-01-29_372_5/page/456|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=5|pages=456–63|date=January 2015|pmid=25629743|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282}}</ref> na ihe dị ka 20 nwere ma ọ bụ nwee atopic dermatitis n'oge ụfọdụ.<ref name="NIH2012pdf"/><ref name="Sic2014">{{Cite journal|title=Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2014-02_133_2/page/291|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=291–307; quiz 308|date=February 2014|pmid=24388012|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSichererSampson2014">Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. '''133''' (2): 291–307, quiz 308. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020|10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24388012 24388012].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment|journal=ISRN Allergy|volume=2014|pages=354250|date=2014|pmid=25006501|doi=10.1155/2014/354250}}</ref> Dabere na mba, ihe dị ka 1-18% nke ndị mmadụ nwere ụkwara ume ọkụ. <ref name="GINA2015p2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2015_Aug11.pdf|title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention: Updated 2015|publisher=Global Initiative for Asthma|year=2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163339/http://www.ginasthma.org/local/uploads/files/GINA_Report_2015_Aug11.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-17}}</ref><ref name="GINA2011p2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf|title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention|publisher=Global Initiative for Asthma|year=2011|pages=2–5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120205023/http://www.ginasthma.org/uploads/users/files/GINA_Report2011_May4.pdf|archivedate=2012-11-20}}</ref> Anaphylaxis n'eme n'etiti 0.05-2% nke ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Leslie C. Grammer|title=Patterson's Allergic Diseases|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-4863-3|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&pg=PA199}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa na-adịghị anabata ihe yiri ka ọ n'arịwanye elu. <ref name="Review09">{{Cite journal|title=Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=124|issue=4|pages=625–36; quiz 637–38|date=October 2009|pmid=19815109|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025|url=https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSimons2009">Simons FE (October 2009). <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. '''124''' (4): 625–36, quiz 637–38. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025|10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19815109 19815109]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084618/https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 June 2013.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/prevalence-of-allergies-and-asthma|title=Increasing Rates of Allergies and Asthma|work=American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology}}</ref> Clemens von Pirquet ji okwu ahụ bụ "allergy" mee ihe na 1906. <ref name="Kay2000">{{Cite journal|title=Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-bulletin_2000_56_4/page/n6|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=56|issue=4|pages=843–64|year=2000|pmid=11359624|doi=10.1258/0007142001903481}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKay2000">Kay AB (2000). [[doi:10.1258/0007142001903481|"Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'"]]. ''British Medical Bulletin''. '''56''' (4): 843–64. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1258/0007142001903481|10.1258/0007142001903481]]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359624 11359624].</cite></ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == {| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px" !Mmetụta ahụ !Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà ndị a na-ahụkarị |- |N'imi |Ọzịza nke mucosas imi (Rhinitis na-adịghị anabata) imi na-agba agba, na-eme mkpọtụịfụ ụfụ |- |Sinuses |Ọrịa sinusitis na-adịghị anabata |- |Anya |Ịdị uhie na ịta nke conjunctiva (conjunctivitis na-adịghị anabata, mmiri) |- |Ụgbọelu |Ịkụ ụkwara, ụkwara, ịba ọwụwa, iku ume na iku ume ọkụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ, n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ụzọ ikuku na-akwụsị n'ihi ọzịza a maara dị ka Ọrịa akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |- |Ntị |Mmetụta nke izu oke, ikekwe ihe mgbu, na nsogbu ịnụ ihe n'ihi enweghị mmiri na-esi na Eustachian tube. |- |Akpụkpọ ahụ |Akpụkpọ ahụ, dị ka eczema na hives (urticaria) |- |Akwara eriri afọ |Ihe mgbu afọ, ọzịza, ịgbọ agbọ, [[afọ ọsịsa]] |} 00srfn68xnen0wevnagn2n3jsrtf1mj 0 39590 697916 538855 2026-08-10T10:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697916 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Domenico_Fetti_-_Sleeping_Girl_-_WGA7863.jpg|alt=A sleeping girl|thumb|''Nwa agbọghọ na-ehi ụra'', Domenico Fetti, c. 1615]] '''Ihi ụra''' bụ ọnọdụ nke mmega ahụ na nke uche ebe a n'agbanwe ịma ihe ma gbochie ụfọdụ ọrụ mmetụta. N'oge ụra, enwere mbelata dị ịrịba ama na ọrụ muscle na mmekọrịta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na ụra dị iche na ịmụrụ anya n'ihe gbasara ikike imeghachi omume na ihe mkpali, ọ ka n'agụnye usoro ụbụrụ n'arụ ọrụ, n'eme ka ọ dịkwuo ike karịa coma ma ọ bụ nsogbu nke ịma ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-understanding-sleep|accessdate=2023-02-15|work=www.ninds.nih.gov}}</ref> Ihi ụra n'ewere ọnọdụ n'oge ugboro ugboro, n'oge ahụ n'agbanwe n'etiti ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche: ụra REM na nke n'abụghị REM. Ọ bụ ezie na REM n'anọchite anya "mmegharị anya ngwa ngwa", ụdị ụra a nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ahụ mkpọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quantifysleep.com/the-dichotomy-of-sleep-rem-and-non-rem-stages-and-their-impact-on-human-health|title=The Dichotomy Of Sleep: REM And Non-REM Stages, And Their Impact On Human Health|author=Nelson|first=Ryan|date=2021-06-20|work=Quantify Sleep|accessdate=2023-07-15}}</ref> Nrọ bụ usoro nke ihe oyiyi, echiche, mmetụta uche, na mmetụta ndị n'emekarị n'uche n'oge ụfọdụ nke ụra. N'oge ụra, ọtụtụ n'ime Usoro ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ anabolic, n'enyere aka iweghachi Usoro ahụike, akwara, ọkpụkpụ, na usoro uru ahụ; <ref name="krueger">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep function: Toward elucidating an enigma|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=28|pages=46–54|date=August 2016|pmid=26447948|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.005}}</ref> ndị a bụ usoro dị mkpa nke n'echekwa ọnọdụ, ncheta, na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, ma n'arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na ọrụ endocrine na usoro ahụike. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Sleep-wake cycle: its physiology and impact on health|url=https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/SleepWakeCycle.pdf|publisher=National Sleep Foundation|accessdate=24 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830035939/https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/SleepWakeCycle.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2017}}</ref> Oge elekere dị n'ime n'akwalite ụra kwa ụbọchị n'abalị. Ebumnuche dị iche iche na usoro ihi ụra bụ isiokwu nke nyocha n'aga n'ihu.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/waking-up-to-sleep|title=Waking Up To Sleep|accessdate=25 January 2008|date=February 2007|format=Several conference videos|publisher=The Science Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132410/https://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/waking-up-to-sleep|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref> Ihi ụra bụ omume a na-echekwara nke ọma gafee evolushọn anụmanụ, nke nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ ọtụtụ narị nde afọ. <ref name="Joiner2016">{{Cite journal|title=Unraveling the Evolutionary Determinants of Sleep|journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=20|pages=R1073–R1087|date=October 2016|pmid=27780049|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068}}</ref><ref name="Keene & Duboue, 2018">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.159533|title=The origins and evolution of sleep.|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|date=12 June 2018|accessdate=10 January 2023|author=Keene, Alex C & Duboue, Erik R.|volume=221|issue=11|doi=10.1242/jeb.159533|pmid=29895581}}</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịrịa Nsogbu ụra dị iche iche, gụnyere dyssomnias dị ka ehighị ụra nke ọma, hypersomnia, Narcolepsy, na apnea ụra; parasomnias dị ka sleepwalking na ngwa ngwa anya na-eme oke ụra n'agagharị; bruxism; na circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Ojiji nke ìhè aka mere agbanweela usoro ụra nke ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Book excerpt: How the lightbulb disrupted our sleeping patterns and changed the world|url=https://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/book-excerpt-how-the-lightbulb-disrupted-our-sleeping-patterns-and-changed-the-world|accessdate=31 August 2016|work=National Post|date=19 September 2012|quote="... the sudden introduction of bright nights during hours when it should be dark threw a wrench into a finely choreographed system of life.}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ìhè aka gụnyere ọkụ n'èzí na ihuenyo nke ngwaọrụ eletrọniki dị ka smartphones na telivishọn, nke na-ewepụta nnukwu ìhè n'acha anụnụ anụnụ, ụdị ìhè a n'ejikọta ya na oge ehihie. Nke a n'emebi ntọhapụ nke hormone melatonin dị mkpa iji chịkwaa usoro ụra.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=How Blue Light Affects Sleep|url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bedroom-environment/blue-light|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Sleep Foundation|language=en}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ahụike == Mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ụra n'eme na ụbụrụ.<ref name="MaquetEtAl2006">{{Cite book|doi=10.1142/9781860947186_0006|chapter=Brain Imaging on Passing to Sleep|title=The Physiologic Nature of Sleep|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxFqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|year=2005|pages=123–137|isbn=978-1-86094-557-1}}</ref> Ụbụrụ n'eji ike dị ala n'oge ụra karịa ka ọ n'eme mgbe ọ tetara, ọkachasị n'oge ehighị REM. N'ebe ọrụ n'ebelata, ụbụrụ n'eweghachi adenosine triphosphate (ATP), molekụl eji echekwa obere oge na ibugharị ike.<ref>[[Sleep#Brown|Brown]], pp. 1118–1119: "Compared with wakefulness, sleep reduces brain energy demands, as suggested by the 44% reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) of glucose (791) and a 25% reduction in the CMR of O₂ (774) during sleep."</ref> Na ịmụrụ anya n'ụzọ dị jụụ, ụbụrụ na-ahụ maka 20% nke ike ahụ, ya mere mbelata a nwere mmetụta doro anya na ike zuru oke.<ref name="Siegel2008">{{Cite journal|title=Do all animals sleep?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2008-04_31_4/page/208|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|volume=31|issue=4|pages=208–13|date=April 2008|pmid=18328577|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2008.02.001}}</ref> Ihi ụra na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmetụta dịkwuo elu. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ndị n'ehi ụra n'enwe mmetụta dị nta, mana n'ozuzu ha ka nwere ike imeghachi omume na mkpọtụ na ihe omume mmetụta ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama.<ref name="Siegel2008" /><ref name="MaquetEtAl2006" /> N'oge ụra n'adịghị ngwa ngwa, ụmụ mmadụ n'ewepụta mgbawa nke hormone n'eto eto. Ihi ụra niile, ọbụlagodi n'ehihie, n'ejikọta ya na mmepụta nke prolactin.<ref name="VanCauterSpiegel1999">{{Cite book|date=1999|chapter=Circadian and Sleep Control of Hormonal Secretions|title=Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms|pages=397–425}}</ref> Ụzọ dị mkpa maka nlekota na ịtụle mgbanwe n'oge ụra gụnyere electroencephalography (EEG) nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, electrooculography (EOG) nke mmegharị anya, na electromyography (EMG) nke ọrụ ọkpụkpụ. A n'akpọ nchịkọta nke ọnụọgụ ndị a n'otu oge polysomnography, a pụkwara ime ya na ụlọ nyocha ụra pụrụ iche.<ref>[[Sleep#Brown|Brown]], p. 1087.</ref><ref name="Peraita-Adrados2005">{{Cite book|doi=10.1142/9781860947186_0005|chapter=Electroencephalography, Polysomnography, and Other Sleep Recording Systems|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxFqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=The Physiologic Nature of Sleep|year=2005|pages=103–122|isbn=978-1-86094-557-1}}</ref> Ndị n'eme nchọpụta n'ụra n'ejikwa electrocardiography (EKG) dị mfe maka ọrụ obi na actigraphy maka mmegharị mmegharị.[2]<ref name="Peraita-Adrados2005" /> === Ụbụrụ na-ehi ụra === Ọrụ eletrik a hụrụ na EEG n'anọchite anya ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Mgbasa nke ebili mmiri EEG n'otu oge kwekọrọ n'oge dị iche iche n'oge ụra-mbilite n'ọnwụ, dị ka ihi ụra, ịmụrụ anya, ma ọ bụ ihi ụra. A n'ahụ ebili mmiri Alpha, beta, theta, gamma, na delta n'oge dị iche iche nke ụra. Ụdị ọ bụla n'ejigide ugboro na amplitude dị iche. A n'ahụ ebili mmiri Alpha mgbe mmadụ nọ n'ọnọdụ izu ike, mana ọ ka maara nke ọma. Anya ha nwere ike imechi ma ahụ ha niile n'ezu ike ma nọrọ jụụ, ebe ahụ na-amalite ibelata. Ebili mmiri Beta na-eweghara ebili mmiri alpha mgbe mmadụ nọ n'uche, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịrụcha ọrụ ma ọ bụ lekwasị anya n'ihe. Ebili mmiri Beta nwere nke kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala, ma n'eme mgbe mmadụ nọ n'anya. A n'ahụ ebili mmiri mgbe mmadụ lekwasịrị anya n'otu ọrụ ma ọ bụ jiri uche ha niile. Theta waves n'eme n'oge onye n'amụ anya, ha n'aga n'ihu n'agafe na Nzọụkwụ 1 nke ụra na Nzọkwa 2. A n'ahụ ebili mmiri Delta na nzọụkwụ 3 na 4 nke ụra mgbe mmadụ nọ n'ụra miri emi. === Ụra na-abụghị REM === hlh8wjrcmwl5537dl57z9ixiqu2zz0d 0 39663 697726 628608 2026-08-10T06:43:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pseudokinases''' bụ ụdị na_ezughi dịka katalist nke [[pseudoenzyme]] na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla <ref name="pmid28408493">{{Cite journal|title=Bio-Zombie: the rise of pseudoenzymes in biology|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=45|issue=2|pages=537–544|date=April 2017|pmid=28408493|doi=10.1042/BST20160400}}</ref> nke protin kinases nke a na-anọchite anya na kinomes niile gafee alaeze nke ndụ. Pseudokinases nwere ma ọrụ fisiolojikal (ihe ngosi transdokshon ) na ọrụ pathophysiological.<ref name="pmid28620028">{{Cite journal|title=The secret life of kinases: insights into non-catalytic signalling functions from pseudokinases|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=45|issue=3|pages=665–681|date=June 2017|pmid=28620028|doi=10.1042/BST20160331}}</ref><ref name="pmid24107129">{{Cite journal|title=A robust methodology to subclassify pseudokinases based on their nucleotide-binding properties|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=457|issue=2|pages=323–34|date=January 2014|pmid=24107129|doi=10.1042/BJ20131174}}</ref><ref name="pmid18423189">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking pseudokinases|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-04-18_133_2/page/204|journal=Cell|volume=133|issue=2|pages=204–5|date=April 2008|pmid=18423189|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid18423203">{{Cite journal|title=CASK Functions as a Mg2+-independent neurexin kinase|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-04-18_133_2/page/328|journal=Cell|volume=133|issue=2|pages=328–39|date=April 2008|pmid=18423203|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.036}}</ref><ref name="pmid25583260">{{Cite journal|title=The Tribbles 2 (TRB2) pseudokinase binds to ATP and autophosphorylates in a metal-independent manner|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=467|issue=1|pages=47–62|date=April 2015|pmid=25583260|doi=10.1042/BJ20141441}}</ref><ref name="pmid20351256">{{Cite journal|title=ErbB3/HER3 intracellular domain is competent to bind ATP and catalyze autophosphorylation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=17|pages=7692–7|date=April 2010|pmid=20351256|doi=10.1073/pnas.1002753107|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=be_papers}}</ref><ref name="pmid19892943" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E chepụtara okwu pseudokinase n'afọ puku abụọ na abụọ .<ref name="pmid12471243">{{Cite journal|title=The protein kinase complement of the human genome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-12-06_298_5600/page/1912|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5600|pages=1912–34|date=December 2002|pmid=12471243|doi=10.1126/science.1075762}}</ref> E mechara kewaa ha n'ime 'Klaasị' dị iche iche.<ref name="pmid16879967">{{Cite journal|title=Emerging roles of pseudokinases|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=16|issue=9|pages=443–52|date=September 2006|pmid=16879967|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2006.07.003}}</ref><ref name="pmid19892943">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex reveals an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-12-18_326_5960/page/1707|journal=Science|volume=326|issue=5960|pages=1707–11|date=December 2009|pmid=19892943|doi=10.1126/science.1178377}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZeqirajFilippiDeakAlessi2009">Zeqiraj E, Filippi BM, Deak M, Alessi DR, van Aalten DM (December 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518268 "Structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex reveals an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation"]. ''Science''. '''326''' (5960): 1707–11. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326.1707Z 2009Sci...326.1707Z]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1178377|10.1126/science.1178377]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518268 3518268]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19892943 19892943].</cite></ref><ref name="pmid21074407">{{Cite journal|title=Pseudokinases-remnants of evolution or key allosteric regulators?|journal=Current Opinion in Structural Biology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=772–81|date=December 2010|pmid=21074407|doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2010.10.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid19141289">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the pseudokinase VRK3 reveals a degraded catalytic site, a highly conserved kinase fold, and a putative regulatory binding site|journal=Structure|volume=17|issue=1|pages=128–38|date=January 2009|pmid=19141289|doi=10.1016/j.str.2008.10.018}}</ref><ref name="pmid23863165">{{Cite journal|title=Dawn of the dead: protein pseudokinases signal new adventures in cell biology|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=41|issue=4|pages=969–74|date=August 2013|pmid=23863165|doi=10.1042/BST20130115}}</ref> A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ezinụlọ nwere pseudokinase na kinome mmadụ, gụnyere Tribbles pseudokinases, nke dị na intafeesi n'etiti kinase na ubiquitin E3 ligase signaling. <ref name="pmid27908682">{{Cite journal|title=Tribbles in the 21st Century: The Evolving Roles of Tribbles Pseudokinases in Biology and Disease|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=27|issue=4|pages=284–298|date=April 2017|pmid=27908682|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.002}}</ref><ref name="pmid30254057">{{Cite journal|title=Covalent inhibitors of EGFR family protein kinases induce degradation of human Tribbles 2 (TRIB2) pseudokinase in cancer cells.|journal=Science Signaling|volume=11|issue=549|date=September 2018|pages=eaat7951|pmid=30254057|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aat7951}}</ref><ref name="pmid30254053">{{Cite journal|title=Substrate binding allosterically relieves autoinhibition of the pseudokinase TRIB1|journal=Science Signaling|volume=11|issue=549|date=September 2018|pages=eaau0597|pmid=30254053|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aau0597}}</ref> Pseudokinases nke mmadụ (na ụmụnne ha pseudophosphatase) na-emetụta ọrịa dịgasị iche iche, <ref name="pmid24818526">{{Cite journal|title=Day of the dead: pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases in physiology and disease|journal=Trends in Cell Biology|volume=24|issue=9|pages=489–505|date=September 2014|pmid=24818526|doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.008}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28400531">{{Cite journal|title=Genomics and evolution of protein phosphatases|journal=Science Signaling|volume=10|issue=474|pages=eaag1796|date=April 2017|pmid=28400531|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aag1796}}</ref> nke mere ka ha bụrụ ndị ọgwụ na ndị na-egbochi ọrịa. <ref name="pmid28097887">{{Cite journal|title=Pseudokinases: update on their functions and evaluation as new drug targets|journal=[[Future Medicinal Chemistry]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=245–265|date=January 2017|pmid=28097887|doi=10.4155/fmc-2016-0207}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25559089">{{Cite journal|title=Going for broke: targeting the human cancer pseudokinome|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=465|issue=2|pages=195–211|date=January 2015|pmid=25559089|doi=10.1042/BJ20141060}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24649957">{{Cite journal|title=Novel approaches for targeting kinases: allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation and pseudokinases|journal=[[Future Medicinal Chemistry]]|volume=6|issue=5|pages=541–61|date=April 2014|pmid=24649957|doi=10.4155/fmc.13.216}}</ref><ref name="pmid26517930">{{Cite journal|title=Tribbles pseudokinases: novel targets for chemical biology and drug discovery?|journal=Biochemical Society Transactions|volume=43|issue=5|pages=1095–103|date=October 2015|pmid=26517930|doi=10.1042/BST20150109}}</ref> Pseudokinases mejupụtara ngwakọta evolushọn nke ukariotik protin kinase (ePK) na protein [[pseudoenzyme]] na-abụghị ePK (dịka, FAM20A, nke na-ejikọta ATP ma bụrụ pseudokinase n'ihi glutamate echekwara na glutamine swap na alpha-C helix. <ref name="pmid28432788">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of Fam20A reveals a pseudokinase featuring a unique disulfide pattern and inverted ATP-binding|journal=eLife|volume=6|date=April 2017|pmid=28432788|doi=10.7554/eLife.23990}}</ref><ref name="pmid25789606">{{Cite journal|title=A secretory kinase complex regulates extracellular protein phosphorylation|journal=eLife|volume=4|pages=e06120|date=March 2015|pmid=25789606|doi=10.7554/eLife.06120}}</ref> FAM20A na-emetụta Ọrịa periodontal, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji chịkwaa ọrụ katalik nke FAM20C, casein kinase dị mkpa nke na-achịkwa phosphorylation nke protin na ngwaọrụ Golgi nke a kara aka maka ịgbapụta dị ka protein mmiri ara ehi casein.<ref name="pmid26091039">{{Cite journal|title=A Single Kinase Generates the Majority of the Secreted Phosphoproteome|journal=Cell|volume=161|issue=7|pages=1619–32|date=June 2015|pmid=26091039|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.028}}</ref> Nnyocha zuru oke nke evolushọn na-akwado na pseudokinases na-agbakọta n'ime ọtụtụ ndị okpuru ezinaụlọ a na-ahụkwa ndị a na kinome nke ihe ndị dị ndụ gafee alaeze nke ndụ, gụnyere prokaryotes, archaea na usoro ọmụmụ niile eukaryotic nwere proteome; nchọcho a nwere ike ịchọ na ProKino (<nowiki>http://vulcan.cs.edu/prokino/about/browser</nowiki>). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tracing the origin and evolution of pseudokinases across the tree of life|journal=Science Signaling|volume=12|issue=578|date=April 2019|pages=eaav3810|pmid=31015289|doi=10.1126/scisignal.aav3810}}</ref> pm29w6d5bryum8yys0u7myrzq4lm05r 0 39797 697430 198272 2026-08-09T17:08:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes''' bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Aruwa Capital Management. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Can Africa start-ups sustain trends in VC funding? - CNBC Africa|url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/6308781676112/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=www.cnbcafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes na 16th nke February 1990 na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]], Nigeria. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Chrisland dị na Opebi, Lagos, wee gụchaa otu afọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Atlantic Hall Lagos. Ọ kwagara England mgbe ọ dị afọ 11 wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ-St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate. Ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ego na itinye ego mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ajumobi|first=Kemi|date=2021-11-19|title=Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes, changing the narrative for women, small businesses across Africa|url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-changing-the-narrative-for-women-small-businesses-across-africa/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Economics na Mahadum Bristol nke nyere ya ntọala siri ike na tiori na nyocha ego. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Banking Investment na Lehman Brothers na 2008, tupu ọ banye n'òtù M&A na JP Morgan London n'afọ ikpeazụ nke Mahadum. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-changing-the-narrative-for-women-small-businesses-across-africa/|title=Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes, changing the narrative for women, small businesses across Africa|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]]|date=19 November 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kasali|first=Segun|date=2022-12-17|title=How I became the first female solo GP to raise over $10m in Nigeria —Aruwa Capital boss, Adesuwa|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-i-became-the-first-female-solo-gp-to-raise-over-10m-in-nigeria-aruwa-capital-boss-adesuwa/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Okunbo Rhodes nwere ihe karịrị afọ 15 nke ụlọ akụ itinye ego na ahụmịhe nha nha nkeonwe site na ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=Adesuwa Okunbo-Rhodes: My Goal Is to Drive More Investment in Women|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/23/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-my-goal-is-to-drive-more-investment-in-women|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=[[This Day]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes Archives|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/tag/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=How we made it in Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116125232/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/tag/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes/}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ mbụ ya na mahadum n'ụlọ akụ mba ụwa Lehman Brothers na 2008. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ọ kwagara JP Morgan na otu Mergers & Acquisition tupu ọ banye na otu Leveraged Finance. Mgbe ọ nọ na JP Morgan, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ijeri $ 6 nke azụmahịa n'ofe ahịa na-apụta na mmepe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-14|title=Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes closes a $20 million Fund as the youngest solo general practitioner|url=https://www.techinafrica.com/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-closes-a-20-million-fund-as-the-youngest-solo-general-practitioner/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Tech In Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluwole|first=Victor|date=2022-02-16|title=Backed by Y Combinator, Nigerian agency banking startup CrowdForce raises $3.6m pre-Series A round|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/backed-by-y-combinator-nigerian-agency-banking-startup-crowdforce-raises-dollar36m/1t3jgxh|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2022-10-10|title=Adebola Williams, Bella Disu, Moses Babatope, Chinny Ogunro make Choiseul 100 Africa List for 2022|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/10/choiseul-100-africa-list-2022/|accessdate=2024-01-17|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Okunbo Rhodes esorola ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ego na ụlọ ọrụ nha anya dị ka TLG Capital rụọ ọrụ&nbsp;Syntaxis Capital Africa na 2011 na Syntaxis Capital Africa na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-12-10|title=Aruwa Capital Founder Shines, Emerges 2X Global Woman Manager 2023|url=https://leadership.ng/aruwa-capital-founder-shines-emerges-2x-global-woman-manager-2023/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=leadership.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2021-11-22|title=Family eulogises late Captain Okunbo|url=https://guardian.ng/news/family-eulogises-late-captain-okunbo/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116125230/https://guardian.ng/news/family-eulogises-late-captain-okunbo/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye njikwa nke Syntaxis Capital Africa, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndị obere na ọkara ụlọ ọrụ na Nigeria na Sub-Saharan Africa isi ego uto. <ref name="auto" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Imokhai-Bello|first=Ishioma|date=2022-03-22|title=Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes is bridging West Africa's female funding gap with Aruwa Capital|url=https://venturesafrica.com/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-is-bridging-west-africas-female-funding-gap-with-aruwa-capital/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego nke ya, Aruwa Capital Management na 2019 na 29 afọ, mmetụta na ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego lens nwoke na nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ochoga|first=Patrick|date=2023-06-30|title=Aruwa Capital Injects $2m Into Fastizers Women-led Business|url=https://leadership.ng/aruwa-capital-injects-2m-into-fastizers-women-led-business/|accessdate=2024-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/adesuwa-shortlisted-as-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2022/|title=Adesuwa shortlisted as Entrepreneur of the Year 2022 - Vanguard News|accessdate=January 21, 2024}}</ref> == Aruwa capital management == Aruwa Capital Management bụ Lagos dabeere na, nwanyị hiwere na onye ndu, nha nha nha nha, mmetụta na ego lens nwoke na nwanyị nke tọrọ ntọala na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AVCA {{!}} Female founded and led Aruwa Capital Management achieves final close on Fund I|url=https://www.avca.africa/news-insights/member-news/female-founded-and-led-aruwa-capital-management-achieves-final-close-on-fund-i/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=AVCA|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ego nhatanha ole na ole nke otu nwanyị Africa nwere ma na-achịkwa ya na kọntinent Africa dum. Aruwa lekwasịrị anya na itinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ na-eto ngwa ngwa nke na-enye ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ azụmahịa nke tọrọ ntọala ma ọ bụ kwadoro site na ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwee ìgwè dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ na-achọ imechi oghere nwoke na nwanyị na itinye ego na inye ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-edu ma ọ bụ ndị inyom lekwasịrị anya azụmaahịa ma kwenye n'ikike ego nke azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị nwere, na-ehota ihe ọmụmụ na-egosi njiri mara ha. <ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2023-12-17|title=Founder, Aruwa Capital, emerges 2X global woman manager 2023|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/founder-aruwa-capital-emerges-2x-global-woman-manager-2023/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Onoiribholo|first=Francis|date=2023-06-30|title=Aruwa Capital Invests $2m Into Fastizers|url=https://independent.ng/aruwa-capital-invests-2m-into-fastizers/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> Aruwa Capital Management nke ọma welitere ihe karịrị nde $ 20 nde Fund I wee wuo ndekọ egwu na-aga nke ọma na Pọtụfoliyo na-ekwe nkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ 10 gafee akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba ya bụ: ahụike, fintech, ume ọhụrụ / teknụzụ dị ọcha na ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị mkpa. Aruwa Capital enwetala nkwado nke ndị na-etinye ego n'ụwa niile dịka Mastercard Foundation, FSD Africa na Visa Foundation. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ochoga|first=Patrick|date=2023-11-04|title=Aruwa Capital Wins 2023 Impact Investor Award|url=https://leadership.ng/aruwa-capital-wins-2023-impact-investor-award/|accessdate=2024-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2022-12-04|title=Female founded and led Aruwa Capital Management achieves final close on Fund I|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/slide/female-founded-and-led-aruwa-capital-management-achieves-final-close-on-fund-i/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Aruwa Capital meriri nturu ugo maka Impact Investor of the Year na 2023: nyere site na Impact Investors Foundation (IIF) na 6th Annual Convening on Impact Investing, a na-amata ya maka ntinye aka na imechi ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na ịkwalite ọganihu akụ na ụba n'ahịa ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=Aruwa Capital invests $2 million in Fastizers to expand its product offerings in Nigeria|url=https://techpoint.africa/2023/06/29/aruwa-capital-2m-fastizers-expand-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Doris|first=Natasha|title=ALB - African Law and Business|url=https://www.africanlawbusiness.com/news/18426-aruwa-capital-management-invests-in-female-led-furniture-business|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=ALB Legal and Business Issues from Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes bụ ada Late Captain Idahosa Wells Okunbo. Ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego, onye isi ala, onye na-etinye ego na onye na-akwado nkwado ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ lụrụ di na ụmụ nwoke abụọ na-enwekwa mmasị ime njem, tenis na isi nri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kasali|first=Segun|date=2022-12-17|title=How I became the first female solo GP to raise over $10m in Nigeria —Aruwa Capital boss, Adesuwa|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-i-became-the-first-female-solo-gp-to-raise-over-10m-in-nigeria-aruwa-capital-boss-adesuwa/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndepụta ihe nrite == Nke a bụ ụfọdụ onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes: === Ihe nrite === * 2x Onye njikwa ego nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke afọ (2023) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-12-10|title=Aruwa Capital Founder Shines, Emerges 2X Global Woman Manager 2023|url=https://leadership.ng/aruwa-capital-founder-shines-emerges-2x-global-woman-manager-2023/|work=leadership.ng|accessdate=2024-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na njikwa akụ (BWAM) ihe nrite 40 kacha elu (2022) <ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2022-05-15|title=Adesuwa, entrepreneur, listed among 'Top 40 Black Women in Asset Management' globally|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/adesuwa-entrepreneur-listed-among-top-40-black-women-in-asset-management-globally/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkwenye === * 150 EKO Aspire Women IWD Award sitere n'aka Gọvanọ Executive nke Lagos State (2023) <ref name=":0" /> * Choiseul 100 Africa 2023 ọkwa <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-19|title=Nigerian, Adesuwa Rhodes Wins Black Women In Asset Management Award|url=https://www.africahousingnews.com/nigerian-adesuwa-rhodes-wins-black-women-in-asset-management-award/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=www.africahousingnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ike Africa 30 Catalysts for Change Feature (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Infusion|first=Brand|date=2023-09-22|title=Catalysts of Progress: Celebrating 30 VC Mavericks Pioneering African Tech Investment|url=https://empowerafrica.com/catalysts-of-progress-celebrating-30-vc-mavericks-pioneering-african-tech-investment/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Empower Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị na-edu ndú n'Africa 100 kasị akpali ụmụ nwanyị (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|title=#IWD2023: Ibukun Awosika, Mary Njoku, Zuwaira Isah-Ikharo, Yewande Zaccheaus, Ada Osakwe, Tara Fela Durotoye, Samiah-Oyekan-Ahmed, Chioma Ikokwu, Lisa Folawiyo, and more! These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women for 2023! – Leading Ladies Africa|url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/nigerias-100-most-inspiring-women-2023/|accessdate=2024-02-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị na-edu ndú n'Africa 4 kacha akpali akpali ụmụ nwanyị na ego (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Imokhai-Bello|first=Ishioma|date=2024-01-05|title=Ventures Africa's 20 Women of Impact 2023|url=https://venturesafrica.com/ventures-africas-20-women-of-impact-2023/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ndị isi ojii YPO Group kacha nta nwanyị PE (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Asheolge|first=Hannatu|date=2022-12-05|title=Aruwa Capital Fund I secures large backing from institutional LPs|url=https://techcabal.com/2022/12/05/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes-becomes-youngest-solo-gp-to-close-20-million-fund-i/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=TechCabal|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ike Africa 50 na-emetụta azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị ịnya ụgbọ ala na Africa (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Agada|first=Lois|date=2023-05-26|title=5 Most Influential Female Investors in Africa|url=https://businesselitesafrica.com/2023/05/26/5-most-influential-female-investors-in-africa/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Business Elites Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608210102/https://businesselitesafrica.com/2023/05/26/5-most-influential-female-investors-in-africa/}}</ref> * Tech PR 8 Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka Na-agbanwe Egwuregwu na Njirimara Isi Ego (2023) <ref>{{Cite web|title=These 8 Female VC Investors are Transforming Africa's Tech Ecosystem – TechprNG|url=https://techpr.com.ng/2023/03/these-8-female-vc-investors-are-transforming-africas-tech-ecosystem/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=techpr.com.ng}}</ref> * Choiseul 100 Africa 2022 ọkwa <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2022-10-10|title=Adebola Williams, Bella Disu, Moses Babatope, Chinny Ogunro make Choiseul 100 Africa List for 2022|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/10/choiseul-100-africa-list-2022/|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> * NBC Washington Top 35 Women Na-aga n'ihu Africa na 2020 * Onye nnọchi anya mmetụta na 2019 (mmetụta Alpha) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact Awards Judge: Adesuwa Okunbo Rhodes|url=https://www.toptierimpact.com/impact-awards/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes|accessdate=2024-02-03|work=Top Tier Impact|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203095146/https://www.toptierimpact.com/impact-awards/adesuwa-okunbo-rhodes}}</ref> == Edensibia == Africa na 2014. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye njikwa nke Syntaxis Capital Africa, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndị obere na ọkara ụlọ ọrụ na Nigeria na Sub-Saharan Africa isi ego uto. O mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n9heb2tnencq7wjlulaj3us94ttgkjo 0 39835 697844 687380 2026-08-10T09:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 6 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Visualization-of-tumor-related-blood-vessels-in-human-breast-by-photoacoustic-imaging-system-with-a-srep41970-s3.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|229x229px|Nlegharị anya nke akwara ọbara metụtara akpụ n'ime ara mmadụ]] Mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial jikọtara akpụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ endot helial (TECs) na-ezo aka na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Akwara ọbara jikọtara akpụ nke na-achịkwa ịgafe nke ihe oriri n'ime anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu .<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dudley|first=Andrew C.|date=2012-03-01|title=Tumor Endothelial Cells|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=a006536|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006536|issn=2157-1422|pmid=22393533}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ọrịa kansa dị iche iche, a chọpụtala na akwara ọbara ndị metụtara akpụ dị iche iche na akwara jini nkịtị na ọdịdị, ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ n'ụzọ na-akwalite ọganihu ọrịa kansa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_2000-04_156_4/page/1363|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|pmid=10751361|volume=156|issue=4|date=April 2000|journal=Am. J. Pathol.|pages=1363–80|author=Hashizume|first=H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chunhua|date=2007-02-16|title=Gene Alterations Identified by Expression Profiling in Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells from Invasive Ovarian Carcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2007-02-15_67_4/page/1757|journal=Cancer Research|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1757–1768|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3700|pmid=17308118}}</ref> E nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa nke na-eji ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma nke endothelium jikọtara ya na akpụ iji bibie akpụ.[3]<ref name=":1" /> == Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma == A na-edepụta mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial nke akpụ (TECs) iji gosipụta njirimara ọdịdị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ na-adịghị ike na projekshon saitoplasmic na-adịghị adị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ime akwara ọbara nkịtị, a maara na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial na-emepụta otu ngongo na-ejikọta ọnụ na-enweghị mkpuchi, mana TECs na-emepụta otu ngongo na-enweghị nhazi na njikọ, na-agbakarị ma na-agbasa gafee lumen iji kpuchie ndị agbata obi ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hashizume|first=Hiroya|date=2017-04-21|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=156|issue=4|pages=1363–1380|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|issn=0002-9440|pmid=10751361}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nke a, TECs na-egosi akara dị iche iche nke na-ekewapụ ha n'ụzọ doro anya na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. A na-akọwa karị akpu endotilium dị ka mozaic n'ihi ngosipụta ya na-adịghị mma nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial ọdịnala (CD31 na CD105), na-akwado ịdị adị nke oghere na-adịghị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. [3]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=di Tomaso|first=Emmanuelle|date=2005-07-01|title=Mosaic tumor vessels: cellular basis and ultrastructure of focal regions lacking endothelial cell markers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer-research_2005-07-01_65_13/page/5740|journal=Cancer Research|volume=65|issue=13|pages=5740–5749|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4552|issn=0008-5472|pmid=15994949}}</ref> Na ọkwa anaghị ahụ anya , karịa ịhụ obere oghere mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti TECs dị nso, akọwaala oghere dị ukwuu na mgbidi nke akpụ akwara ọbara[1]<ref name=":0" /> A na-akọwa ọtụtụ akpụ site na ngosipụta dị elu nke vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nke bụ vasodilator siri ike. E gosipụtara na VEGF na-akpali ntolite na isi alaka na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, na-eduga na otu ngongo endotheliel nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nagy|first=Janice A.|date=2007-01-01|title=VEGF-A and the induction of pathological angiogenesis|journal=Annual Review of Pathology|volume=2|pages=251–275|doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.134925|issn=1553-4006|pmid=18039100}}</ref> Nnyocha na-akwado na mkpakọ nke akwara akpụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụ gbara ya gburugburu na-ebute nrụgide na mgbanwe na ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Padera|first=Timothy P.|date=2004-02-19|title=Pathology: cancer cells compress intratumour vessels|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-02-19_427_6976/page/695|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6976|pages=695|doi=10.1038/427695a|issn=1476-4687|pmid=14973470}}</ref> A tụwo aro na mgbanwe ndị a na-agafe agafe na-akpata ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọdịdị endothelial, nha, na ọdịiche dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Val|first=Sarah|date=2009-02-01|title=Transcriptional control of endothelial cell development|journal=Developmental Cell|volume=16|issue=2|pages=180–195|doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.014|issn=1878-1551|pmid=19217421}}</ref> A na-ejikarị perisaiti s na-akwado ya na-agba obere ọwa ọbara gburugburu nke na-enyere aka na nkwụsi ike nke ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hirschi|first=K. K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Pericytes in the microvasculature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cardiovascular-research_1996-10_32_4/page/687|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=32|issue=4|pages=687–698|issn=0008-6363|pmid=8915187|doi=10.1016/0008-6363(96)00063-6}}</ref> Mfu nke ihe na-eto eto pericyte (PDGFB) na onye na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial bụ mgbanwe nke ọkwa nke nwere ike ịkọwa maka mfu a na-adịghị mma na nkwado perisaiti <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hellström|first=M.|date=2001-04-30|title=Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cell-biology_2001-04-30_153_3/page/543|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=153|issue=3|pages=543–553|issn=0021-9525|pmid=11331305|doi=10.1083/jcb.153.3.543}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke pericytes gbara endothelium metụtara akpụ ahụ gburugburu ejikọtara ya na ọgba aghara nke akwara ọbara na leakiness.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baluk|first=Peter|date=2005-02-01|title=Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume=15|issue=1|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.005|pmid=15661540}}</ref> ==Edensibia== b51nwzja6dhuvx9y4p6yjgsjyibz59d 0 40188 697892 157493 2026-08-10T10:19:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Iwu maka inye na enyemaka nke ndị ogbenye''' bụ ụkpụrụ nke ndị omeiwu England mere n'oge ọchịchị Eze Edward VI . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke [[Iwu ndị ogbenye nke Tudor|Tudor Ogbenye Iwu]] ma na-ekwughachi iwu ndị dara ogbenye gara aga ewepụtara na [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1536|1536]], [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1547|1547]], na 1549 bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe. <ref>5&6 Edw. VI c. 2; {{Cite book|author=Beier|first=A.L.|date=1983|title=The Problem of the Poor in Tudor and Early Stuart England|url=https://archive.org/details/problemspoortudo00beie|location=London|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd}}; {{Cite journal|author=Elton|first=G.R.|date=1953|title=An Early Tudor Poor Law|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-history-review_1953_6_1/page/55|journal=The Economic History Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=55–67|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1953.tb01486.x}}</ref> Iwu Ogbenye 1551 họpụtara ọkwa ọhụrụ, “onye na-anakọta onyinye,” na parish ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị obodo na ndị bi ebe ahụ họpụtara ndị na-anakọta onyinye ebere abụọ ka ha rịọ, dekọọ ma kesaa onyinye ebere maka enyemaka na-adịghị mma. Ọ gara n'ihu na parish ọ bụla ga-edobe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha nke "ndị na-adịghị ike, ndị agadi na ndị nọ n'ahụhụ" na enyemaka ha nwetara. A gwara ndị ọchịchị Parish ka ha “jiri nwayọọ na-agba” onye ọ bụla nwere ike inye onyinye ma ghara, na-ezo aka na ha bishọp nke Dayọsis ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọgide na-ajụ. A nabatara ntaramahụhụ maka ileghara ọrụ enyemaka na-adịghị mma na 1563 na ịdabere na ọrụ ebere na usoro nke ụtụ isi na 1597 . <ref>Beier 1983, p. 41; {{Cite book|author=Slack|first=Paul|date=1990|title=The English Poor Law 1531-1782|publisher=Macmillan Press Ltd}}</ref> N'okpuru echiche na a ga-elekọta ndị ogbenye niile, a machibidoro ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ihu ọha ugbu a. <ref>5&6 Edw. VI c. 2; Slack 1990, p. 59-60; Beier 1983, p. 40</ref> Ndị omeiwu Marian nke 1555 ga-eweghachi arịrịọ ikike na-arịọ ka ndị arịrịọ iwu na-eyi baajị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rushton|first=Neil|date=2001|title=Monastic Charitable Provision in Tudor England: Quantifying and Qualifying Poor Relief in the Early Sixteenth Century|journal=Continuity and Change|volume=16|issue=1|pages=9–44|doi=10.1017/s0268416001003708}}; {{Cite journal|author=Hindle|first=Steve|date=2004|title=Dependency, Shame and Belonging: Badging the Deserving Poor, c.1550-1750|journal=Cultural and Social History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=6–35}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta == N'ime oge Tudor, echiche omenala malitere ịpụ na nkwenkwe nkà mmụta okpukpe nke oge ochie na ịda ogbenye bụ omume ọma. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thomas|first=Paul|date=1999|title=Authority and Disorder in Tudor Times 1485-1603|location=New York, NY|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=40–41}}</ref> Mmetụta nkà ihe ọmụma nke Renaissance humanism <ref>Beier 1983, p. 17; {{Cite journal|author=Harvey|first=Richard|date=1979|title=Recent Research on Poverty in Tudor-Stuart England: Review and Commentary|journal=International Review of Social History|volume=24|issue=2|pages=237–252|doi=10.1017/s0020859000006040}}</ref> na mpụta nke ụkpụrụ omume ọrụ Protestant <ref>Beier 1983, p. 14</ref> na akwụkwọ ndị na-ezighị ezi <ref>Beier 1983, p. 17</ref> nyere aka n'echiche na-agba ume ịrụ ọrụ na nlekọta nke akụ na ụba na ikwutọ nkịtị, ịrịọ arịrịọ, na ịnọ nkịtị. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na ọnụ ahịa nke enyemaka na-adịghị mma na-abawanye, ndị obodo gbalịrị ịkọwa na ịmachi ndị ruru eru maka enyemaka, na-amachibido nkwado site na mpaghara na omume omume. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McIntosh|first=Marjorie|date=2005|title=Poverty, Charity, and Coercion in Elizabethan England|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_winter-2005_35_3/page/457|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=35|issue=3|pages=457–479|doi=10.1162/0022195052564234}}; Beier 1983, p. 23</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Mmụba nke ịda ogbenye n'oge oge Tudor nwere ike ịpụta na mgbagwoju anya nke ihe. Nnupụisi na 1549 gbochiri mbọ owuwe ihe ubi na ụkọ ihe ubi n'afọ ndị sochirinụ so na-ebute ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jordan|first=W.K.|date=1970|title=Edward VI: The Threshold of Power|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Usoro mbelata nke mkpụrụ ego n'etiti 1544-1551 mebiri ntụkwasị obi akụ na ụba. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wordie|first=J.R.|date=1997|title=Deflationary Factors in the Tudor Price Rise|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_past-present_1997-02_154/page/32|journal=Past and Present|volume=154|pages=32–70|doi=10.1093/past/154.1.32}}; {{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=E.M.|date=1900|title=The Early History of English Poor Relief|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryeng00leongoog|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}; Jordan 1970, p. 459</ref> Mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ ngwa ngwa na mmetụta nke amụma mkpuchi Tudor dugara n'ịkwanye ọrụ karịrị ihe achọrọ yana ụgwọ ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ na-ada nke ukwuu. Ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ dị elu pụtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na-etorubeghị ike itinye aka na akụ na ụba. <ref>Beier 1983, p.7; Wordie 1997</ref> Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nbibi nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ wepụrụ ọrụ ebere nile nke Chọọchị Katọlik na-arụ, òtù okpukpere chi, na òtù ụmụnna ndị na-enye aka n'ụzọ nkịtị na nke na-abụghị nke ọha na nke ndị parish na anụ ụlọ ndị e jikwaworo mee ihe na-adịghị mma. Usoro iji dochie ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-adịkarị nwayọ na enweghị isi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McIntosh|first=Marjorie|date=1988|title=Local Responses to the Poor in Late Medieval and Tudor England|journal=Continuity and Change|volume=3|issue=2|pages=209–245|doi=10.1017/s0268416000000953}}; McIntosh 2005; Beier 1983, p. 19-23</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} bf0zujmfvn7c6x4523tdtcq3a4fj7zc 0 40194 697520 671733 2026-08-10T01:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697520 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Bartow">{{Cite journal|author=Bartow|first=Beverly|title=Isabel Bevier at the University of Illinois and the Home Economics Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-illinois-state-historical-society_1979-02_72_1/page/21|journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|year=1979|volume=72|issue=1|pages=21–38}}</ref>Isabel Bevier (Nọvemba 14, 1860 – Ma ọchịchị 17, 1942) bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ na nkeji nke ikpe ikpe ọrụ ụmụ n'ime ụlọ, nke a na-akpọ taa dị ka “ ụlọ akụ na ụlọ ụlọ ”  .  Na 1900 ọ mmemme mmemme "sayensị egosi" (nke e nkwado "Home Economics") na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A Manchester Bevier n'ugbo dị na etiti Ohio na 1860, nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụgbọ 9. Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata ka a kara aka ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi.  Mgbe nwa afọ 2 gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Wooster (nke dị n'ebe ugwu Columbus, Ohio ) ebe ọ akara akara akara bachelor na 1885. Mgbe ọ nwụchara ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ la njikwa iji nweta nzere masta na  Latin na German na 1888<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moores|first=Richard|title=Fields of Rich Toil|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsofrichtoil00moor|year=1970|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=9780252000942}}</ref> .Ahụmahụ akara nke usoro ndụ ndị na-ahụ mgbe ọ debanyere aha na nkuzi kemịkalụ akwụkwọ na Case School for Applied Science (nke a mara taa dị ka Case Western Reserve University).  Ọ bụ mbụ mbụ akwụkwọ na mmemme a.  N'ịbụ onye nwe ihe na kemistri kpalitere ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ihe gbasara kemịkalụ etinyere na Harvard, Mahadum Wesleyan na MIT .  Site na nje ya na Wilbur O. Atwater, onye ọsụ ụzọ na kemịkalụ ugbo, Bevier akụkọ ọrụ na nri na nri.  Na MIT, ya na Ellen Richards rụkọrọ ọrụ, onye isi oche mbụ nke American Home Economics Association (AHEA) na 1908, n'ala ya na-emebi nri na kemistri ọcha ọcha. Bartow hotara akwụkwọ ozi nkwado maka Bevier na 1885 na-ekwu, sị, “O nwere 'nkọwa onye nkuzi' nke a ga-amụrịrị n'ime otu, n'ihi na enweghị ike inweta ya. "<ref name="Bartow" /> Ọrụ nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Bevier dị nkenke. Ọ kuziri Latịn na bekee otu afọ (1885) na Shelby High School na Ohio wee bụrụ afọ abụọ (1885-1887) na Mt. Vernon, Ohio na-akụzi botany, bekee na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Na 1888 ọ malitere ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. Ruo afọ itoolu ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Natural Sciences na Pennsylvania College for Women (nke a maara dị ka Mahadum Chatham ) na Pittsburg. Ọ gara n'ihu kuzie na kọleji Lake Erie na 1898-99. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Solberg|first=Winton|title=The University of Illinois 1894-1904|year=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL}}</ref>Na 1900 Andrew Draper kpọbatara ya ka mmemme mmemme na Science House (Home Economics) na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign .  N'ime afá 21 sochirinụ, ọ jikọtara ma nye onye ndu otu n'ime mmemme ụlọ akụ kacha emetụta na United States. == Nguzobe Sayensị Ezinụlọ na Mahadum Illinois == Tupu Bevier bịarutere Illinois, John Milton Gregory goro Louisa Catherine Allen n'afọ 1874 iji guzobe mmemme sayensị ụlọ, mana mmemme a kwụsịrị na 1880. Bevier enweghị mmasị n'ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ nri na ịkwa akwa, o kpebisiri ike ịmepụta mmemme dabeere na sayensị nke na-ekwu okwu kwa ụbọchị na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka na ezinụlọ. Ya na Eugene Davenport, Dean nke College of Agriculture, họọrọ kpọmkwem aha "Sayensị Ụlọ" maka mmemme iji mesie akụkụ "sayensị" ike. == Nduzi nke American Home Economics Association (AHEA) == Isabel Bevier bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ịrụ ọrụ nke akụnụba ụlọ. Ọ so na ndị mbụ hiwere AHEA na 1908. N'afọ ahụ, ọ sonye na nhazi nke usoro iwu nke nzukọ ahụ wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke mbụ. Na 1911 ọ nọchiri Ellen Richards dị ka Onye isi oche nke AHEA . Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị mbụ nke ọha mmadụ, [http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/browse/title/4732504.html Journal of Home Economics] . <ref name="Bartow" /> == Ntụnye aka n'ihu ụlọ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ == N'oge Agha Mbụ, ndị na-adịghị n'iheihe akụ na mụrụ ụlọ na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'inyere American America aka ụkọ nri na ihe ihe ndị ọzọ bụ isi.  Isabel Bevier jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche Illinois nke Ngalaba Thrift na Nchekwa nke Kọmitii Nwanyị nke Council of National Defence.  Mgbe e ịhụ, ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ akụ na ụlọ na nri nri nke President Herbert Hoover.  Na nke ọ ALA n'ime ọrụ ndị a ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmụta nkuzi nke ichekwa nri, nri na nchekwa uwe na nri nri na ihe ndị ọzọ mkpa dị n'oge agha.  Ọrụ a uru dị n'itinye mgba n'akpa n'ihe na ndụ ihe. == Ntụnye aka na sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ == Bevier amachaghị maka ọrụ sayensị ya karịa nkuzi ya. Agbanyeghị, Bevier nyere aka n'itinye ụkpụrụ nke kemistri n'ọrụ n'ọmụmụ nkwadebe na ichekwa nri. Ọ kọrọ nchoputa banyere usoro kemịkalụ nke ime achịcha, bụ onye mbụ jiri ihe ọkụ ọkụ nri na-enyocha otú anụ si esi nri ma nye aka na nghọta anyị maka ụzọ dị iche iche eji dochie nri. Bevier akwụkwọ abụọ ukwu n'oge ndụ ya.  Ozi ahụ, nke ebụ na 1907 jere ozi dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Illinois.  Na mgbakwunye na nhazi nhazi na iwu ụlọ ezina, akwụkwọ a bụ egwuregwu nke echiche Bevier mkpa ọ dị amụ n'ihe ịma aka ndị chere chere ihu na mkpa ọ dị n'ị MRI ụmụ.  O dekwara ụlọ akụ na ụlọ na Education (1924) nke echiche ya alaka ụlọ ụlọ akụ. == Akwụkwọ ikike na Mahadum Illinois == Mmemme na Sayensị Ezinụlọ nke Bevier hibere agafeela ọtụtụ mgbanwe kemgbe mmalite ya na 1900. Taa mpaghara izizi ọmụmụ n'ime Sayensị Ezinụlọ gụnyere nri nri/sayensị nri, mmepe ụmụaka na ezinụlọ na akụnụba ndị ahịa bụ ngalaba ngalaba nọọrọ onwe ha ugbu a. Mpaghara ọmụmụ ọ bụla abanyela na ngalaba sayensị pụrụiche nke ya. Ka o sina dị, otu ọ bụla ka ji ụgwọ dị ukwuu maka ọhụụ nke Bevier bụ onye ghọtara na site n'itinye ihe ọmụmụ sayensị na ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka na ezinụlọ anyị nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ọmụma na ngwa ndị nwere ike imeziwanye ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị mmadụ. Ọmụmụ ihe nke taa banyere nchekwa nri na nri nri, nghọta nke mmepe mmadụ na ụkpụrụ nke ego ezinụlọ ji ụgwọ dị ukwuu maka ọhụụ sayensị na mmụta mmụta Bevier. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i33g75p177f2z5d8tym2stm4kfekbdo 0 40203 697674 638132 2026-08-10T05:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}The '''Child Poverty Act 2010''' (c. 9) bụ omume nke nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom "iji setịpụ iche metụtara mkpochapụ nke ụmụaka ịda ogbenye, na ime ihe ndị ọzọ ndokwa banyere ụmụaka ịda ogbenye". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmbills/112/09112.1-7.html|title=Child Poverty Bill}}</ref> Kpọmkwem, achịkọtala omume ahụ dịka nke nwere “usoro iwu ọhụrụ maka gọọmentị [UK] nke ụbọchị ahụ iji mee ihe iji mezuo ebumnuche ego anọ maka ịkwụsị ịda ogbenye ụmụaka n'afọ 2020 yana ibelata 'mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze' maka. ụmụaka." Ego anọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ihe metụtara ego ezinụlọ na etiti UK, ma bụrụ ndị a: {| class="wikitable" !tụọ ! Ebumnuche |- | Ọnụ ego dị ala | Ihe na-erughị 10% ụmụaka bi n'ụlọ nwere ego na-erughị 60% nke etiti 2020 [nb 1] |- | Ejikọtara obere ego na enweghị ihe onwunwe | Ihe na-erughị 5% nke ụmụaka bi n'ụlọ nwere ma (a) ego na-erughị 70% nke etiti 2020, na (b) ụkọ ihe onwunwe (ya bụ enweghị ike ị nweta ngwongwo na ihe omume ndị a na-ahụkarị na UK) |- | Ezigbo obere ego | Ihe na-erughị 5% nke ụmụaka bi n'ụlọ ndị nwere ego n'okpuru 60% nke etiti 2010 [nb 2] |- | Ịda ogbenye na-adịgide adịgide | Ihe na-erughị 7% nke ụmụaka bi n'ụlọ nwere ego n'okpuru 60% nke etiti n'ime afọ enyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala atọ n'ime afọ anọ [nb 3] |} == ndabere == Iwu ahụ nyere ntọala iwu kwadoro na ntinye aka nke Tony Blair 's Labour Government na 1999 iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye ụmụaka site na 2020, nke ndị Conservatives na Opposition n'okpuru David Cameron nabatara dị ka "ebumnobi ekekọrịtara" (" ọchịchọ, ọ bụghị nkwa. ") na 2006. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Letwin|first=Oliver|title=Why we have signed up to Labour's anti-poverty target|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/11/comment.politics2|accessdate=30 October 2019|work=Guardian|date=11 April 2006}}</ref> Ebu ụzọ gụọ iwu a tụrụ aro ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ iwu gbasara ịda ogbenye ụmụaka na June 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2009-10/childpoverty.html|title=Child Poverty Act 2010 - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament}}</ref> Ndị kwadoro ya bụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Stephen Timms, mgbe ahụ odeakwụkwọ ego na Treasury, na Bill McKenzie . N'ime oke ya, oke oke ma lekwasị anya na ụmụaka ka daa ogbenye, atụleela Iwu ahụ na atụmatụ nkuzi emere na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] n'otu oge ahụ site na mkpesa 2011 Gonski . == Ndokwa ndị ọzọ == === Ụlọọrụ Ịda ogbenye ụmụaka === Isi nke 9, ngalaba 8 nke Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka e guzobe Kọmịshọna Ịda ogbenye ụmụaka nọọrọ onwe ha ka ha na-ahụ maka ọganihu n'ebe ndị e lekwasịrị anya, nke site na Welfare Reform Act 2012 ghọrọ Ụlọ Ọrụ Ịda Ogbenye na Social Mobility. E mechara degharịa akụkụ a nke Iwu ahụ site na isi nke 7, ngalaba 6 nke Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016, bụ nke degharịrị aha ahụ dị ka Social Mobility Commission . == Nkatọ == Iwu a natara Royal Assent na 25 Maachị 2010, izu isii tupu ntuli aka izugbe nke 2010 nke wetara na njedebe afọ 13 nke ọchịchị ndị ọrụ. Otu akwụkwọ e bipụtara na ''Quarterly Political'' na 2012 kọwara ya dị ka "[o] otu n'ime agbapụ nke Labour tupu ọ pụọ n'ọkwa ọrụ": "N'agbanyeghị na ejiri nkwado otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gafere, Iwu ịda ogbenye ụmụaka 2010 bụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ bụ ihe [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/stitch-up nkedo], ezubere na-emenye gọọmentị na-abata ihere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwara imebi nkwa ya ma ọ bụ bugharịa ọkwa ebumnuche ." Dị ka ndị nọọrọ onwe ha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mana Conservative-leaning think tank Center for Social Justice (CSJ) si kwuo na 2016, a kpachapụrụ anya na ebumnuche ndị ahụ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume igbu oge ma ọ bụ nọrọ jụụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/core/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Child-Poverty-2020.pdf|title=Reforming the Child Poverty Act|work=Centre for Social Justice|accessdate=2024-04-03|archivedate=2021-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113181803/https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/core/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Child-Poverty-2020.pdf}}</ref> Na nzuko ya na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ọrụ na ụgwọ ezumike nka na June 2009, Timms kọwara: "N'ụzọ e si depụta Iwu ahụ, ntinye aka nke ịkụ ihe anọ ahụ bụ nke 2020. igbochi ohere nke nyocha ikpe ikpe na-amanye gọọmenti n'ọdịnihu ime ihe ọ bụla a chọrọ iji mee ihe ga-abụ na a ga-ewepụ iwu ahụ." Timms kọwakwara otú nke a si dị iche na Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2008, dị ka "na Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe, enwere usoro iji gbuo ihe mgbaru ọsọ ma ọ bụ ịghọta na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nwere ike ime ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ịnapụta ya. Ndokwa ahụ adịghị na nke a. Bill." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmworpen/702/9061702.htm|title=House of Commons - Work and Pensions Committee - Minutes of Evidence}}</ref> == Agbahapụ == Ọ bịara doo ndị nzuko omeiwu anya na data ịda ogbenye ụmụaka 2012/13 na "n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọ bụla nwere ezi uche, a ga-atụfu ebumnuche [act's] 2020". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-parliament-2015/social-protection/child-poverty/|title=Child poverty}}</ref> 2013 bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe n'ihi ịrị elu dị ọhụrụ na etiti ego mgbe nsogbu ego gasịrị mgbe ego na-aga n'ihu na-ada na ala, na-ebili ịda ogbenye ndị ezumike nká, na ịda ogbenye na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ndị nwe ụlọ na-elekọta mmadụ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npi.org.uk/publications/income-and-poverty/what-happened-poverty-under-coalition/|title=What happened to poverty under the Coalition?|accessdate=2024-04-03|archivedate=2022-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923120358/https://npi.org.uk/publications/income-and-poverty/what-happened-poverty-under-coalition/}}</ref> A gbahapụrụ ebumnuche ndị ahụ na 1 July 2015 mgbe Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na ụgwọ ezumike nka na odeakwụkwọ ọrụ na ụgwọ ezumike nka Iain Duncan Smith (otu n'ime ndị otu CSJ's co-founders) kwupụtara "ụzọ ọhụrụ na ike siri ike iji nyochaa ohere ndụ nke ndị Britain kacha nwee nsogbu. ụmụaka". <ref>{{Cite web|author=HM Government|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-to-strengthen-child-poverty-measure|title=Government to strengthen child poverty measure|date=1 July 2015|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> Emebighị iwu ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị. Agbanyeghị, ọkwa a bụ liveblogged n'okpuru aha "Iain Duncan Smith na-ekwupụta na a ga-ewepụ iwu ịda ogbenye ụmụaka" na ''Guardian'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sparrow|first=Andrew|title=Iain Duncan Smith announces Child Poverty Act being scrapped - Politics live|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2015/jul/01/reaction-as-davies-report-says-new-runway-should-be-at-heathrow-politics-live|accessdate=30 October 2019|work=Guardian|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Ihe ndetu === === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {{Cite journal|author=Bamfield|first=Louise|title=Child Poverty and Social Mobility: Taking the Measure of the Coalition's 'New Approach'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-quarterly_october-december-2012_83_4/page/830|journal=Political Quarterly|volume=83|issue=4|year=2012|pages=830–837|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923x.2012.02418.x}} {{Cite journal|author=Maslen|first=Joseph|title=''Cracking the Code'': The Social Mobility Commission and Education Policy Discourse|journal=Journal of Education Policy|volume=34|issue=5|year=2019|pages=599–612|doi=10.1080/02680939.2018.1449891|url=https://hira.hope.ac.uk/id/eprint/2418/1/Maslen%202018a.doc|accessdate=3 September 2020}}{{Cite journal|url=https://hira.hope.ac.uk/id/eprint/2418|title=Accepted manuscript|journal=Journal of Education Policy|date=5 April 2018|pages=1–14|accessdate=21 October 2019|author=Maslen|first=Joseph}}{{UK legislation}} 643xbx6umcka1cth6moe72tydi0syry 0 40367 697566 195637 2026-08-10T02:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697566 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ruth deForest Lamb (mgbe e mechara Atkinson, 1896 – June 17, 1978) [1] bụ onye isi nkuzi izizi na US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) na onye dere American Chamber of Horrors: eziokwu nri nri na ọgwụ (1936).  ).  Ọ haziri nkwado ndị akara maka ngafe nke Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act nke 1938,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,E == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="Papers" />Nwa atụrụ Ruth deForest na 1896 [1] na Hallstead, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]].  [2] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ Vassar na 1918. Ọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edepụta akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi site na 1918-1926, otu n'ime ụmụ mbụ na ngalaba mgbasa ozi na- vidiyo.  [2] Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ bụ nna ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi n'ihe nri nri, na ihe ihe mma. == Otu narị afọ nke ọganihu == <ref name="Kay" />Na 1933, Nwa Atụrụ sonyeere US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bụrụ onye isi nkuzi izizi ya.  [1] Maka " Century of progress " Chicago World's Fair of 1933, Nwa Atụrụ na-arụ ọrụ na FDA's Chief Inspector, George Larrick, iji ihe ngosi nke ngosi 100 nke ọ weere dị ka "dị ize ndụ, ndụ, ma ọ  bụ na- ike uru" mana nke FDA akara ikike iwu.  nsogbu.  [2] Ndị a na-atụgharị ndị dị ka Lash Lure, ihe na-esiji nku anya, nke butere kpuru ìsì na ọnwụ.  [3] [4] N a na-apụta dị na ngwere ahụ, FDA nke bọọdụ iri na asaa na-egosi "nnukwu foto ndị doro anya mapụtara, terse prose".  [5] Foto ndị ahụ na ihe ngosi ngosi na akwụkwọ Ruth Lamb Atkinson na Vassar College.  N’agbata June na Nọvemba, ọtụtụ nde mmadụ gara. N'October 1933, Paramount ofisoshin 2  newsreel clip na-ezo aka ihe ngosi ma na-e rai maka iwu ede Brook, nke Rexford Tugwell akwụkwọ.  [1] Mgbe emechiri ihe ngwere nke ụwa na Nọvemba 12, 1933, ewe ìhè ihe ngosi ahụ na Washington, DC N'ebe ahụ First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt letara ya, na-eke mgbasa ozi buru ibu.  [1] Ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi ngosi a "egwu egwu". == ''Ụlọ ihe egwu ndị America'' == Ruth Lamb jiri aha otutu na aha nke akwụkwọ ya, American Chamber of Horrors: Eziokwu nri na nri nri (1936).  [1] [2] Edere akwụkwọ nke Lamb n'otu ego iji nkatọ nke 100,000,000 [[Guinea]] Pigs: Danger in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics (1933) nke Arthur Kallet na Frederick J. Schlink .  Akwụkwọ ha katọrọ FDA n'ụzọ siri ike maka ịghara ibe gị ire nri nri, ọgwụ na ihe omume mma dị ize ndụ na nke na-eduhie eduhie <ref name="FDA">{{Cite web|title=Ruth deForest Lamb: FDA's First Chief Educational Officer|url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/virtual-exhibits-fda-history/ruth-deforest-lamb-fdas-first-chief-educational-officer|work=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=16 August 2020|date=March 28, 2018}}</ref> N'ime ''ụlọ egwu egwu America'', Nwa atụrụ tụlere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. O webatara ozi sitere na ihe ngosi FDA nke 1933, yana site na ebe nchekwa FDA, na-egosi na FDA mara ma mụọ ngwaahịa dị ize ndụ. Ma ndị ọrụ FDA na Nwa Atụrụ n'onwe ya kwuru na ya dere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nwa amaala onwe ya, ọ bụghị dịka onye nnọchiteanya nke FDA. Ka o sina dị, ọkwá ya dị ka onye ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ FDA nyere ya ohere ịnweta isi mmalite gọọmentị. O ji akwụkwọ ozi si n'aka ụmụ amaala onwe ya na-arịọ enyemaka na iwu nke ọma. <ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal|author=Kay|first=Gwen|title=Healthy Public Relations: The FDA's 1930s Legislative Campaign|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2001_75_3/page/446|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|date=2001|volume=75|issue=3|pages=446–487|doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0126|pmid=11568487}}</ref> <ref name="FDA"/>Na mgbakwunye, Nwa Atụrụ tụlere ebu nke ndị dị otú ahụ na ọnọdụ nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụgwụ Ọcha nke 1906, ma ọ bụ " Wiley Act ".  Nwa n'eche "n'usoro egwuregwu oke iwu" nke Wiley Act, na-ịzọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ebe ọ bụ ihe mgbe ochie, gharazie ịbụ, ma ọ bụ na-etinye n'ịbụ ndị, iji redio maka mgbasa ozi na  akwụkwọ nke egwuregwu mma na ọgwụ .  Site n'ime nke a, ọ ụzọ aro maka mmepụta nke iwu ọhụrụ wee mee ikpe siri ike maka mkpa ya . <ref name="FDA"/>Akwụkwọ nke Lamb American Chamber of Horrors, dị ka 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, iná ndị a ma na ndị na-emetụta ya.  Nwa nwanne ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkọrọ oke nke iwu dị adị na mkpa maka iwu ọhụrụ, ọha mmadụ, ndị omeiwu na ndị mmadụ ha.  Nwa nwa lekwasịrị anya na mbọ ya n'ịchịkọta otu ụmụ maka mkpa iwu ọhụrụ.  Ụmụ Washington dị ka Eleanor Roosevelt na ndị na-eso ụzọ ndị ọzọ Congressional na Washington, DC nwere ma ozi na okwu a na ike i elele ụka, na-amanye ndị omebe iwu ka ha were elele ha ihe.  Ọrụ a rụpụtara na njedebe nke 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == N'afọ 1937, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kọrọ na Nwa Atụrụ ahụ edewo ihe odide nke a na-ịbụ ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri.  Akpọrọ aha nwa oge "ikike igbu mmadụ", BP Schulberg faịlụ aro ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe Edward Arnold otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  Ọ pụtaghị na e mere ihe nkiri ahụ <ref name="Kay"/> Nwa Nwaanyị dekwara ihe odide maka kandụl Ekwensu: An Informal History of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and Its Operation in Our Social Economy (1937).  [1] Akpọsara ya na "Nhụchalụ nke akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi" na American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health maka 1938, mana ihe ike akara ya.  [2] Agụnyere ihe odide n'akwụkwọ ya na akwụkwọ Vassar.  Akwụkwọ ya gụ akara ihe odide maka "Magic Oyster" (1928), akwụkwọ ọmụmụ a na-ahụ .<ref name="Papers" /> == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ == Na 1942 Ruth deForest Lamb na-egosi Henry R. Atkinson wee hapụ FDA.  Ya na di ya gara [[Ndia|India]] afã ụfọdụ mgbe Agha ọgụ nke amaghị <ref name="Papers">{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Ruth Lamb Atkinson Papers, 1781-1970 (bulk 1928-1947)|url=https://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/atkinson_ruth_lamb.html|work=Archives & Special Collections Library at Vassar College|accessdate=16 August 2020|archivedate=24 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924153924/https://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/atkinson_ruth_lamb.html}}</ref> O mechara laghachi Washington, DC, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado ndị ahịa dị ka National Congress of Parents and Teachers (1942-45). N'agbata 1943 na 1946 ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Food for Freedom, Ind. <ref name="Papers"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Guide to the Ruth Lamb Atkinson Papers, 1781-1970 (bulk 1928-1947)|url=https://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/atkinson_ruth_lamb.html|work=Archives & Special Collections Library at Vassar College|accessdate=2024-04-04|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195336/https://specialcollections.vassar.edu/collections/manuscripts/findingaids/atkinson_ruth_lamb.html}} [[Òtù:Aha]] k6bexf2fw2tuefadxlxj6k7skydhdyd 0 40423 697557 157847 2026-08-10T02:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ụbọchị mba ụwa maka mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye''' bụ emume mba ụwa na-eme kwa afọ na [[17 Ọktoba|October 17]] n'ụwa niile. [[Memorialization|Ememe ncheta]] nke mbụ, "Ụbọchị Ụwa Iji merie ịda ogbenye" weere ọnọdụ na Paris, [[France]], na 1987 mgbe mmadụ 100,000 gbakọtara na Human Rights and Liberties Plaza na Trocadéro iji kwanyere ndị dara ogbenye, agụụ, ime ihe ike, na egwu ugwu n'oge mkpughe nke ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na nnwere onwe. nkume ncheta site n'aka Joseph Wresinski, onye nchoputa nke International Movement ATD nke anọ . N'afọ 1992, afọ anọ ka Wresinski nwụsịrị, [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] wepụtara October 17 n'ọchịchị dị ka Ụbọchị Mba Nile Maka mkpochapụ Ịda ogbenye. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Guisti|first=Ada|date=2003-12-01|title=Peace Profile: Father Joseph Wresinski|url=https://archive.org/details/peace-review_2003-12_15_4/page/499|journal=Peace Review|volume=15|issue=4|pages=499–505|doi=10.1080/1040265032000156690|issn=1040-2659}}</ref> '''Nkume ncheta nke Ọktoba 17,''' nke Fada Joseph Wesinski kpughere na Trocadero Plaza na 1987 bụ ihe amatara dị ka akara nke mmadụ, nke debere okwu ya.   [[Usòrò:Lapide_in_onore_delle_vittime_della_miseria.jpg|thumb| Nkume ncheta nke October 17, Rome - Italy]] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere mkpokọta 53 nke Nkume Ncheta gburugburu ụwa gụnyere mba dịka Belgium, Burkina Faso, Canada, Germany, Philippines, Portugal Reunion Island, Switzerland, UK na USA. A pụkwara ịchọta ihe atụ nke nkume ncheta na Council of Europe na Strasbourg na isi ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na New York. '''Ụbọchị mba ụwa maka mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye''' na-akwalite mkparịta ụka na nghọta n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-ebi na ịda ogbenye na obodo ha, na ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu. "Ọ na-anọchite anya ohere ịnakwere mbọ na mgba nke ndị mmadụ na-ebi na ịda ogbenye, ohere maka ha ime ka a nụ nchegbu ha na oge iji ghọta na ndị ogbenye nọ n'ihu n'ọgụ megide ịda ogbenye." (United Nations, Akụkọ nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu, A/61/308, paragraf 58). E hiwere '''kọmitii mba ụwa maka October 17''' na 2008 iji kwalite ụbọchị mba ụwa maka mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye na mmụọ ntọala ya. Ngwakọta nke kọmitii ahụ pụrụ iche na ndị òtù gụnyere ndị nwere ahụmahụ ndụ nke ịda ogbenye dị ukwuu na ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ na-etinye aka na ọgụ megide ịda ogbenye. Kwa afọ, Kọmitii Mba Nile na-etinye aka na usoro ndụmọdụ site na '''Forum on Imeri Ịda ogbenye''' ịhọrọ isiokwu maka ememe kwa afọ nke October 17 site na UN na ntinye sitere na ndị nwere ahụmahụ ndụ nke ịda ogbenye. == Ebumnuche na nkà ihe ọmụma == Ná mmalite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike, Wresinski ghọtara na gọọmenti na-elegharakarị ọnọdụ nke ndị dara ogbenye anya, na-eduga ná mmetụta nke ịjụ, ihere, na mmechuihu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Guisti|first=Ada|date=2003-12-01|title=Peace Profile: Father Joseph Wresinski|url=https://archive.org/details/peace-review_2003-12_15_4/page/499|journal=Peace Review|volume=15|issue=4|pages=499–505|doi=10.1080/1040265032000156690|issn=1040-2659}}</ref> N’ihi nke a, otu n’ime ebumnuche bụ isi nke ụbọchị ahụ bụ ịmata mgba nke ndị ogbenye na ime ka gọọmentị na ụmụ amaala nụ olu ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/povertyday/background.shtml|title=International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, 17 October|work=www.un.org|language=EN|accessdate=2016-10-22}}</ref> Ntinye aka nke ndi mmadu kacha daa ogbenye bu ihe di mkpa n'ememe ubochi. == Hụkwa ==   * Afọ Mba Nile nke Nwata * Mbelata ịda ogbenye == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.un.org/en/observances/day-for-eradicating-poverty Ụbọchị mba ụwa maka mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye] ( saịtị ọrụ UN) * [http://www.overcomingpoverty.org Ọktoba 17 bụ ụbọchị mba ụwa iji merie oke ịda ogbenye] * [http://www.atd-fourthworld.org/en.html International Movement ATD Ụwa nke anọ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103084255/http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Society/international-day-eradication-poverty.php Ụbọchị mba ụwa maka mkpochapụ isiokwu ịda ogbenye] ohvd2ghf3b4r1qk330wbv3xcch3ihq8 0 40460 697623 157891 2026-08-10T04:17:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Fords_Hospital_Almshouse_-_Coventry.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ ọgwụ Ford (2010)]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals – Coventry|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36513|work=A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 2}}</ref>Ford's Hospital, Coventry, nke a na-akpọkarị Gray Friars Hospital, bụ ọkwa m depụtara [1] ụtụtụ nke 16 ọkara timbered almshouse na Greyfriars Lane, Coventry .  [2] Onye akara William Ford (ma ọ bụ egwu 'Anọ') nkata ya na 1509 iji nye ebe obibi maka ndị agadi isii: ndị ikom ise na otu egwuregwu.  [3] N'agbanyeghị aha mbụ nke "Grey Friars", ọ nweghị ike na Franciscan Order mana aha ya bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya na Greyfriars Lane Ụlọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ụlọ dị warara nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ 13 yd × 4 yd (11.9 m × 3.7 m) <ref name="The Mediaeval Hospitals of England">{{Cite book|title=The Mediaeval Hospitals of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA121|accessdate=31 March 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=121|id=GGKEY:2X68PQR0F9Y}}</ref> ma ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ode akwụkwọ lere ya anya dị ka ezigbo ihe atụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ bekee nke oge ahụ. <ref name="Hickling">{{Cite book|author=W. Hickling|title=History and antiquities of the city of Coventry: being a descriptive guide to its public buildings, institutions, antiquities, &c. Also the ancient legend of Lady Godiva. The whole compiled from the earliest authentic records, and continued to the present time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51|accessdate=31 March 2012|year=1846|publisher=Printed by W. Hickling|pages=51–52}}</ref> N'afọ 1517, mgbe Ford nwụsịrị, a gbatịpụrụ onyinye ahụ iji kwe ka ebe isii maka ndị di na nwunye na-ebikọ ọnụ. N'afọ 1529, a gbatịkwuru ya iji kwe ka di na nwunye ise ọzọ nọrọ. <ref name="warwickshire tourism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/corporate/Tourism.nsf/Links/08BECF1B6CB7408A802571CE004853D5|title=Tudor Almshouses of Bond's Hospital and Ford's Hospital, Coventry|publisher=Warwickshire County Council|accessdate=31 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021220046/https://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/corporate/Tourism.nsf/Links/08BECF1B6CB7408A802571CE004853D5|archivedate=21 October 2011}}</ref> Dị ka W. Hickling si kwuo, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Coventry na-ede na 1846, ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ ọ na-ejere ụmụ nwanyị iri anọ ozi, onye nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-anata ego nke shilling atọ na pence isii kwa izu. <ref name="Hickling">{{Cite book|author=W. Hickling|title=History and antiquities of the city of Coventry: being a descriptive guide to its public buildings, institutions, antiquities, &c. Also the ancient legend of Lady Godiva. The whole compiled from the earliest authentic records, and continued to the present time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51|accessdate=31 March 2012|year=1846|publisher=Printed by W. Hickling|pages=51–52}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFW._Hickling1846">W. Hickling (1846). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mfkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51 ''History and antiquities of the city of Coventry: being a descriptive guide to its public buildings, institutions, antiquities, &c. Also the ancient legend of Lady Godiva. The whole compiled from the earliest authentic records, and continued to the present time'']. Printed by W. Hickling. pp.&nbsp;51–52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="McGrory">{{Cite book|author=McGrory|first=David|title=A history of Coventry|year=2003|publisher=Phillimore|location=Chichester, West Sussex, England|isbn=1860772641|pages=144–146}}</ref>N'oge Coventry Blitz, na-ama German mkpọ ụlọ ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke obodo ahụ.  Otu echiche tụbara na 14 October 1940 gburugburu aha onye, ​​onye na ndị bi na isii.  [1] Ejiri osisi mbụ weghachi ya n'etiti 1951 na 1953. [2] Ozi ahụ dị na saịtị nke ụlọ ụka n'ime Greyfriars Friary.  N'afọ 1940, John Bailey Shelton, onyeọkọ ihe ochie na Coventry ngwa taịlị ndị a na-ahụ anya nke a na-ahụ n'ahụ ụka.  E ji nnukwu teak wuo ụlọ ahụ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=I.|title=Notes on the Construction of the Globe Model|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_shakespeare-quarterly_1951-01_2_1/page/13|journal=Shakespeare Quarterly|volume=2|issue=1|pages=13–18|doi=10.2307/2866721|year=1951}}</ref>Na 2006, a na-eji ụlọ ahụ dị ka ebe maka ihe omume nke Dokịta gosiri The Shakespeare Code .  [1] [2] N'ịgba egwu Globe Theatre, ndị ọkà njikacha Shakespeare ejiri Ford's Hospital were ụzọ ọnụ ụzọ Elizabethan. == Hụkwa == * Ọkwa m depụtara ụlọ dị na Coventry == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Aha]] bzrhid4lwxiii5vj2y5pn7e5b09l5ew 0 41199 697749 163467 2026-08-10T07:08:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697749 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Center for Urban Research and Learning (CURL)''' ntọala na Mahadum Loyola Chicago na 1996 iji ụmụaka ụzọ ọhụrụ iji kwalite nha anya na nchekwa n'ime obodo ndị dị na Chicago mepere emepe. Ụdị otu a na-arụ ọrụ na-akpa ngalaba na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị isi obodo n'oge usoro obodo. == Ụzọ == CURL bụ fim dị n'etiti Mahadum Loyala na ndị isi obodo lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwado okwu ndị na-emetụta obodo nta ndị mepere emepe. [1] CURL na-akwado nkwado aka dabere na obodo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nyden|first=Philip|title=Academic incentives for faculty participation in community-based participatory research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-general-internal-medicine_2003-07_18_7/page/576|journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine|date=July 2003|volume=18|issue=7|pages=576–585|doi=10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20350.x|pmid=12848841}}</ref> == Ihe oru ngo == * The Greater Roseland West Pullman Food Network (2015). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grwpfoodnetwork.org/community-partners.html|title=Community Partners|work=Greater Roseland West Pullman Food Network|accessdate=2016-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112202830/http://www.grwpfoodnetwork.org/community-partners.html|archivedate=2015-11-12}}</ref> * Instituto del Progreso Latino (2015) * Initiative zuru ụwa ọnụ nwa amaala nke Chicago Public Schools (2012) * Nhazi Obodo na Okwu Ezinụlọ (2014) * Ọrụ nkwalite Ụlọikpe Ezinụlọ (2014) * Otu Northside (2014) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onenorthside.org/publications|title=Publications {{!}} ONE Northside|work=onenorthside.org|accessdate=2016-03-21|archivedate=2016-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321232211/http://onenorthside.org/publications/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} 7c817wbr3jy4r4b1x9b3vxpdd5wjlkp 0 41295 697666 159054 2026-08-10T05:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Uwe maka Ịga nke Ọma''' bụ isi ihe enyemaka zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ. Ma ọ bụ nkuzi nkuzi na ịdị njikere n'ọrụ, ịkwalite nka na nka, inye netwọkụ na obodo, ma ọ bụ ịke na uwe ndị ọkachamara, Uwe maka Ịga nke Ọma na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nweta ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ iji mee nke ọma n'ọrụ na na ndụ. Uwe maka ihe ịga nke ọma na-ewulite ntụkwasị obi na mkpebi siri ike site n'ime. N'ime ihe karịrị afọ 26, nzukọ a agbagoro ihe karịrị nde ụmụ nwanyị 1.3 n'ime ihe karịrị 140 mmekọ na mba 24. E hiwere nzukọ a na 1997 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2010/10/21/130727578/nancy-lublin-founder-of-dress-for-success|title=Nancy Lublin, founder of Dress for Success|work=[[National Public Radio]]|date=October 21, 2010}}</ref> site n'aka Nancy Lublin, wee gbasaa kemgbe Harlem, [[New York City]], ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo 145 na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na mba iri abụọ ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/dress-for-success-giving-women-attire-and-tools-for-self-sufficiency/sMkdBhWxvGT2u3OCwaWTOJ/|title=Dress for Success: Giving women attire and tools for self-sufficiency|work=palmbeachpost|accessdate=2017-05-23}}</ref> Nzukọ a ruru ihe dị ka ndị ahịa 45,000 kwa afọ na 2006, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Groff|first=Seniye|title=Exploring the value and impact of diversity training for a female-oriented nonprofit|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_performance-improvement_2006-08_45_7/page/30|journal=Performance Improvement|date=2006|volume=45|issue=7|pages=30–34|doi=10.1002/pfi.2006.4930450707}}</ref> na, dịka nke 2023, enyerela ihe karịrị nde nwanyị 1.3 aka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/dress-for-success-giving-women-attire-and-tools-for-self-sufficiency/sMkdBhWxvGT2u3OCwaWTOJ/|title=Dress for Success: Giving women attire and tools for self-sufficiency|work=palmbeachpost|accessdate=2017-05-23}}</ref> Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna ugbu a bụ Michele C. Meyer-Shipp. Usoro nke nzukọ ahụ dabere na nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-atụ aro na uwe kwesịrị ekwesị dị mkpa maka "mmepụta echiche", nke na-emetụta atụmanya ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Turner-Bowker|first=Diane M.|title=How Can You Pull Yourself up by Your Bootstraps, if You Don't Have Boots? Work-Appropriate Clothing for Poor Women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-issues_summer-2001_57_2/page/311|journal=Journal of Social Issues|date=2001|volume=57|issue=2|doi=10.1111/0022-4537.00215|pages=311–322}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị nchọpụta akatọwokwa ụzọ ya, bụ ndị chọpụtara na "obiọma nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bara ọgaranya na-eme ka klaasị na agbụrụ dịkwuo elu ma na-emepụta oge nke ezigbo nlekọta na njikọ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cummins|first=Emily R.|title="Suits To Self-Sufficiency" Dress for Success and Neoliberal Maternalism|journal=Gender & Society|date=October 2015|volume=29|issue=5|pages=623–646|doi=10.1177/0891243215591949}}</ref> Ugbu a nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, Uwe maka Ịga nke Ọma n'ụwa niile na-akwado mmemme ya site na nchikota nke onyinye, ego gọọmentị, mmemme inye ego na mkpọsa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dress for Success Worldwide|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=7942#.VucIPhhD0ks|work=Charity Navigator|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ndị nne na nna nwetara ihe karịrị nde $17 na ego, karịa 99% nke sitere na ntinye aka kpọmkwem nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2013 990 Document|url=http://www.guidestar.org/ViewPdf.aspx?PdfSource=0&ein=13-4040377|work=Guidestar.org|publisher=Guidestar|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref> Uwe maka ihe ịga nke ọma anatala ego na-aga n'ihu ($ 7 nde USD) site na mmekorita ya na Walmart Foundation, nke kwadoro mmemme mmepe nka ("Going Places Network by Walmart"). <ref>{{Cite web|title=New $2.5 Million Grant from the Walmart Foundation Allows Dress for Success to Expand Career Development Services for Unemployed and Underemployed Women [Press Release]|url=https://www.dressforsuccess.org/news/new-2-5-million-grant-from-the-walmart-foundation-allows-dress-for-success-to-expand-career-development-services-for-unemployed-and-underemployed-women/|work=Dress For Success|accessdate=14 March 2016|date=2015}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website == Edensibia == nde $17 na ego, karịa 99% nke sitere na ntinye aka kpọmkwem nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-abụghị ndị{{Reflist}} 550sg4g5zt7yn5vop1pmeuitrg6hko7 0 41444 697946 159254 2026-08-10T11:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Indices''' '''Foster–Greer–Thorbecke''' bụ ezinụlọ nkemetrik ịda ogbenye . The kasị eji index si ezinụlọ, ''FGT ₂'', na-etinye elu arọ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị kasị daa ogbenye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na-eme ka ọ a jikọtara ụfọdụ nke ịda ogbenye na ego inequality na a na-ewu ewu nhọrọ n'ime mmepe aku na uba . Ewebata indices na akwụkwọ 1984 site n'aka ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba Erik Thorbecke, [[Joel Greer]], na James Foster . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Foster|first=James|title=A class of decomposable poverty measures|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_econometrica_1984-05_52_3/page/761|journal=[[Econometrica]]|year=1984|volume=52|issue=3|pages=761–766|doi=10.2307/1913475}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures: 25 years later|author=James Foster|date=28 May 2010|journal=The Journal of Economic Inequality|doi=10.1007/s10888-010-9136-1|volume=8|issue=4|pages=491–524}}</ref> A na-enweta indices n'otu n'otu n'ime ezinaụlọ site n'ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke paramita ''α'' n'ime usoro ndị a: <math>FGT_\alpha=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H \left(\frac {z-y_i} {z}\right)^\alpha </math> ebe ''z'' bụ ọnụ ụzọ ịda ogbenye, ''N'' bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na akụ na ụba, ''H'' bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye (ndị nwere ego na ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ''z'' ), ''y _i'' bụ ego nke onye ọ bụla ''i.'' Ọ bụrụ <math>\alpha</math> dị ala mgbe ahụ FGT metric arọ ndị niile nwere ego n'okpuru z roughly otu. Ka ọnụ ahịa ''α dị elu dị elu,'' ebe ịdị arọ na-abawanye na ndị kasị daa ogbenye. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ FGT dị elu, ka ịda ogbenye na-abawanye na akụ na ụba. == FGT ₀ na FGT ₁ == Site na ''α'' = 0, usoro ahụ na-ebelata na ọnụ ọgụgụ isi : ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi n'okpuru ịda ogbenye. <math>FGT_0=\frac {H} {N}</math> Site na ''α'' = 1, usoro ahụ na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ntụpọ ịda ogbenye . <math>FGT_1=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H \left(\frac {z-y_i} {z}\right) </math> Enwere ike idegharị ''FGT ₁'' dị ka: <math>FGT_1=\frac {H} {N} \left(\frac {z-\bar{y}_p} {z}\right) </math> , ebee <math>\bar{y}_p=\sum_{i=1}^H\frac {y_i} {H}</math> bụ nkezi ego nke ndị ogbenye. Ya mere, ''FGT ₁'' nwere ike igosipụta dị ka ngwaahịa nke ''FGT ₀'' na nkezi ego ọdịiche nke ndị ogbenye. == FGT ₂ == Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ndepụta ndetu abụọ a belatara ọtụtụ ebe, ndepụta FGT kachasị na mmepe akụ na ụba bụ ụdị ''α'' = 2, nke bụ oke kacha ala (n'ozuzu) iji tụọ ahaghị nhata ego yana ịda ogbenye. <math>FGT_2=\frac {1} {N} \sum_{i=1}^H \left(\frac {z-y_i} {z}\right)^2 </math> Enwere ike idegharị ''FGT ₂'' dị ka: <math>FGT_2=\frac {H} {N} [\mu^2 + (1-\mu^2) C_v^2]</math> ebe ''C _v'' bụ ọnụọgụ mgbanwe n'etiti ego ndị ogbenye, ''H'' bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye, na ''μ'' bụ nke: <math>\mu=\frac {1} {H}\sum_{i=1}^H \left(\frac {z-y_i} {z}\right) </math> . Ndị ọzọ decompositions nke index nwekwara ike. Naanị nha na-ejikọta ''FGT ₀'', ''FGT ₁'', na [[Gini coefficient|Gini index]] bụ [[Sen Index|Sen index]] . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na Meksiko, a na-eji ụdị ndeksi a wepụta ego gọọmentị etiti n'etiti mpaghara maka mmemme mmụta, ahụike na nri na-erite uru ndị ogbenye. Na 2010, Gọọmenti Mexico nakweere a multidimensional ịda ogbenye ihe dabere na a variant nke FGT ụfọdụ nke a ga-eji na ezubere iche nke oke nke mmadụ ego ka ndị ogbenye ezinụlọ na obodo larịị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.economics.cornell.edu/et17/ET-Short%20bio%202013.doc}}</ref> == Ihe ndetu == <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o7k5cbzbooayg482dc9r2l4v6gxory0 0 41811 697852 207064 2026-08-10T09:30:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Towel a na-atụfu''' ya bụ ihe ọzọ a na-eji eme ya na akwa akwa akwa ọzọ.Ebubere ihe ndị a na-atụfu ihe maka nnyefe ahụike ma webata ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị usoro ahụike, dị ka ebe ntụrụndụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ile ọbịa, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ na ezinụlọ. {{Cite journal|author=Campion|first=Nicole|date=2015-05-01|title=Sustainable healthcare and environmental life-cycle impacts of disposable supplies: a focus on disposable custom packs|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652615000815|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=94|pages=46–55|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.076|issn=0959-6526}}</ref> A na-eji akwa nhicha atụfu iji kwalite njikwa ọrịa, ịdị mma yana ibelata mmefu akụ na ụba. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sbutega-Milosevićm G, Slepĕvić V, Marmut Z, Bujko M|date=January 2000|title=Importance of disposable medical materials and instruments in the prevention of intrahospital infections|journal=Vojnosanitetski Pregled|volume=57|pages=55–58}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patrick|first=D. R.|date=1997|title=Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer following hand washing.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_1997-12_119_3/page/319|journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=119|issue=3|pages=319–325|doi=10.1017/s0950268897008261|issn=0950-2688|pmid=9440435}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Campion|first=Nicole|date=2015-05-01|title=Sustainable healthcare and environmental life-cycle impacts of disposable supplies: a focus on disposable custom packs|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652615000815|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=94|pages=46–55|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.076|issn=0959-6526}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCampionThielWoodsSwanzy2015">Campion, Nicole; Thiel, Cassandra L.; Woods, Noe C.; Swanzy, Leah; Landis, Amy E.; Bilec, Melissa M. (2015-05-01). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652615000815 "Sustainable healthcare and environmental life-cycle impacts of disposable supplies: a focus on disposable custom packs"]. ''Journal of Cleaner Production''. '''94''': 46–55. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.076|10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.076]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0959-6526|0959-6526]].</cite></ref> A na-eji akwa nhicha atụfu ihe n'ubi chọrọ ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha maka obere, nke ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ruru unyi nke ihicha na ihicha. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matsumoto|first=Chiharu|date=2019-07-01|title=Effects of disposable bath and towel bath on the transition of resident skin bacteria, water content of the stratum corneum, and relaxation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655318311532|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|language=en|volume=47|issue=7|pages=811–815|doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2018.12.008|pmid=30639096|issn=0196-6553}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Enwere ike iwepu ya * [[Akpụkpọ anụ akwụkwọ|Akwukwo akwa akwa]] * akwa akwa == Edensibia == <references /> crg4d4st0yekccnyhc6h63jzh8tx9vd 0 41909 697772 190237 2026-08-10T07:53:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Nri nke oge a''' na-ezo aka n'oge afọ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ụtọ nke ụdị nri e nyere na-arị elu. Nke a na-abụkarị oge a na-egbute ihe ahụ, ma e wezụga ụfọdụ; ọmụmaatụ bụ nduku dị ụtọ nke kacha mma iri ọtụtụ izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. Nri oge a na-ebelata ikuku griin haus na-esite na oriri nri ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na nri carbon dị ala . Nri Macrobiotic na-emesi ike iri nri ndị a na-akụ n'ime obodo nke dị n'oge. <ref name="Lerman2010">{{Cite journal|author=Lerman RH|title=The Macrobiotic Diet in Chronic Disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-in-clinical-practice_2010-12_25_6/page/621|journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice|date=7 December 2010|volume=25|issue=6|pages=621–626|doi=10.1177/0884533610385704}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Emebere nri a na-eri n'oge nke Korea megide ndabere nke gburugburu ebe obibi ebe mgbanwe ndụ ọrụ ugbo na oge anọ pụtara ìhè, ma dị iche iche dabere na ọdịda ahụ, mpaghara mpaghara dị iche iche na-emetụta. <ref>{{Cite book|title=한국민족문화대백과사전|author=서석|first=윤|publisher=한국학중앙연구원}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, nri n'oge okpomọkụ gụnyere radish green green, letus, chicories, aubergine, karọt, kukumba, gherkins, watercress, ụmị, courgettes, na osikapa. Anụ a na-eso akwụkwọ nri ndị a bụ nke kachasi anụ ọkụkọ, anụ nnụnụ na anụ ehi. Ihe eji megharịa ọnụ na-amị mkpụrụ gụnyere mkpụrụ osisi dị ka lemon, quinces lime, nectarines, mulberry, cherị, plums, apricot, mkpụrụ vaịn, pọmigranet, anyụ, pears, apụl, na egusi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ gụnyere sirop na jam. Mkpụrụ osisi pastel, lemon, rose, jasmine, ginger na fennel. <ref>al-Hassani, Woodcok and Saoud (2007), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publishing, p.30.</ref> N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, nri gụnyere kabeeji, kọlịflawa, karọt, celery, gourd, ọka wit, ọka bali, millet, turnips, pasili, eyịm, acorns, ahụekere, mkpụrụ osisi, na mmanụ oliv. Ihe ọ drinksụ drinksụ gbakwunyere herbs na-esi ísì ụtọ na mgbasa ifuru nke mmanụ dị mkpa. N'ime afọ dijitalụ, ngwa na webụsaịtị na-agbaso nri oge. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fabricant|first=Florence|date=2017-08-21|title=New App Tracks What’s In Season From Coast to Coast|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/dining/seasonal-food-guide-app.html|accessdate=2023-06-17}}</ref> == Mmetụta ihu igwe == Iji nri dị ka ọ dị n'oge a nwere ike ibelata ikuku griin haus na-esite na oriri nri ( kilomita nri ). Dị ka ọmụmụ 2021 nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] kwadoro, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikuku ikuku griin haus sitere na mmepụta nri, nhazi, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Puckett|first=Susan|date=2022-09-14|title=Eating seasonally and locally has many benefits. Is fighting the climate crisis one of them?|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/14/health/seasonal-food-produce-lbg-wellness/index.html|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2021|title=Food systems account for over one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1086822|work=United Nations}}</ref> == Osisi nri oge == <gallery> Usòrò:Hwajeon_Cooking_10.jpg|alt=Hwajeon (flower cakes), made in spring using rhododendron petals| ''Hwajeon''(echecha), nke emere n'ogemmiri ihe ubisite na ijipetals rhododendron Usòrò:022_Polish_cuisine,_soup_in_Poland_-_botwinka_soup_made_from_beetroot_leaves_and_root_vegetables,_served_with_egg.jpg|alt=Botwinka, beet leaves soup typical for late spring in Polish cuisine| ''Botwinka'', biiti na-ahapụ ofe a na- maka mbubreyo oge opupu ihe ubi nanri Polish Usòrò:Gazpacho_(4826276524).jpg|alt=Gazpacho, a summer soup made of raw blended vegetables and served cold| ''Gazpacho'',nke obodonkeakwụkwọ nrikọta agwakọta na-arụ ọrụ agwa oyi Usòrò:Com.JPG|alt=Cốm (green rice), a dish traditionally associated with autumn| ''Cốm''(osikapa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), nri eji nri ya naoge mgbụsị akwụkwọ Usòrò:Glühwein_Weinnachtsmarkt_OS.JPG|alt=Glühwein (mulled wine), a hot wine drink made in winter| ''Glühwein''(mmanya gbara agba),omumena-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-eme n'ogeoyi </gallery> == Edensibia == quinces lime, nectarines, mulberry, cherị, plums, apricot, mkpụrụ vaịn, pọmigranet, anyụ, pears, apụl, na egusi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ gụnyere sirop na jam. Mkpụrụ osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130204070009/http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/content/local/seasonal/table/ BBC Ezi nri] - okpokoro oge (UK) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/in_season/ Nri BBC] - ''Na ngalaba oge'' * [http://www.freshdirect.com/seasonal_guide.jsp Kalenda nri oge] (mara: saịtị a chọrọ ka itinye koodu zip nke New York. 10003 bụ nke ga-arụ ọrụ) * [http://mobile.wholefoodsdiet-jp.com/iphone-diet-mobile-diet-movile-diet-in-tokyo-cooking-dictionary/31-iphone-diet-movile-diet-syun-dictionary.html SYUN] - Japanese-Bekee Syun 旬 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu oge nwere foto (JP) 8z9xym7o8376l0onrgjwv6w0mww6ldq 0 41921 697853 160180 2026-08-10T09:31:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral''' ("Anecdote on Downing the work ethics" <ref name="Vennewitz">{{Cite book|title=The Stories of Heinrich Boll|first=Heinrich|author=Böll|others=Leila Vennewitz (translator)|year=1995|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=0-8101-1207-8|pages=628–630|chapter=Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity}}</ref> <ref>Anecdote concerning the "Lowering of Productivity" in Leila Vennewitz' translation</ref> ) bụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Heinrich Böll dere banyere nhụta dị n'etiti onye njem nlegharị anya na obere ọkụ azụ, nke onye njem nleta na-atụ aro ka onye ọkụ azụ nwere ike imeziwanye. ndu ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kaleidoskop: Kultur, Literatur, und Grammatik|first=Jack|author=Moeller|year=1991|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Co.]]|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-395-57260-3|oclc=23220682}}</ref> Edere ya maka mmemme ụbọchị ọrụ na Norddeutscher Rundfunk na 1963, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime akụkọ kacha mma nke Heinrich Böll dere. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding Heinrich Böll|first=Robert C.|author=Conard|origyear=1991|year=1992|publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-0-87249-779-5|oclc=24106001}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == E debere akụkọ a n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọghị aha nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] . <ref name="Vennewitz"/> Otu onye njem nlegharị anya na-eji ejiji nke ọma na-ese foto mgbe ọ hụrụ ka otu onye na-akụ azụ̀ nọ n'ógbè ahụ yi uwe mara mma ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ ya. Onye njem nlegharị anya ahụ nwere nkụda mmụọ maka àgwà onye ọkụ azụ na-adịghị ike n'ebe ọrụ ya dị, n'ihi ya, ọ gakwuuru onye ọkụ azụ ma jụọ ya ihe mere o ji dina gburugburu kama ijide azụ. Onye ọkụ azụ̀ ahụ kọwara na ọ gara ịkụ azụ̀ n’ụtụtụ, na obere azụ̀ ahụ ga-ezuru ụbọchị abụọ na-abịa. Onye nlegharị anya ahụ gwara ya na ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụ ịnwụ azụ ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụbọchị, na ọ ga-enwe ike ịzụta moto n'ihe na-erughị otu afọ, ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ n'ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Onye njem nlegharị anya gara n'ihu na-akọwa na otu ụbọchị, onye ọkụ azụ nwere ike ọbụna wuo obere ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa oyi, emesia ụlọ ọrụ pickling, fegharịa na helikopta, wuo ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ azụ, na mbupụ lobster ozugbo na Paris n'enweghị onye ọchụnta ego. Onye na-akụ azụ na-enweghị isi na-ajụ, "Gịnịkwa?" Onye njem nlegharị anya ahụ ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi gaa n'ihu, "Mgbe ahụ, na-enweghị nlekọta na ụwa, ị nwere ike ịnọdụ ala ebe a n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-ehi ụra na anyanwụ, na-ele anya n'oké osimiri dị ebube." == Ihe ama ama == A na-ekesa akụkọ ahụ, nke nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe ya, na ịntanetị, ma e hotara ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta. <ref>Christoph Vorwerk. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211174028/http://www.xasa.co.za/Resources/Papers/AnecdoteVer1.4.pdf Anecdote Concerning the Death of Enterprise by Quality Assurance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211174028/http://www.xasa.co.za/Resources/Papers/AnecdoteVer1.4.pdf|date=February 11, 2012}}''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Plass|first=Jan L.|date=March 2003|title=Cognitive load in reading a foreign language text with multimedia aids and the influence of verbal and spatial abilities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computers-in-human-behavior_2003-03_19_2/page/221|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=19|issue=2|pages=221–243|doi=10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00015-8}}</ref> N'otu n'ime nsụgharị kachasị ewu ewu, onye njem nleta bụ onye America ( [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|MBA]] sitere na Harvard na nsụgharị ụfọdụ), onye ọkụ azụ bụ Mexico. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethics in a Cocoon: How (Not) to Live Well Together|first=V. David|author=Schwantes|year=2007|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4343-2004-9|oclc=176931764|pages=52}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=10 Feel Good Factors|first=Indranil|author=Ghosh|year=2006|publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]]|isbn=81-223-0953-4|pages=13}}</ref> Akụkọ a bụkwa akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ nke mahadum dị iche iche. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121010035318/http://www.indiana.edu/~edcourse/svmuelle/F205/Syllabus%20Spring%202006.doc Education F205: The Study of Education and the Practice of Teaching]. [[Indiana University]]</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183458/http://www.unc.edu/courses/2006spring/germ/090/001/syllabus.html German 90b]. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]</ref> A na-ekwukarị ya na ederede ndị na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ego na obi ụtọ, ma tinye ya n'akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na-akụzi asụsụ German. == Hụkwa == * Pyrrhus na Cineas, edemede nkà ihe ọmụma nke Simone de Beauvoir, nke na-egosipụta mkparịta ụka yiri nke ahụ: Cineas jụrụ Pyrrhus ihe mere na ọ naghị ezu ike ugbu a kama ịgabiga nsogbu niile nke alaeze ukwu na-emeri, mgbe atụmatụ ya kachasị bụ izu ike mgbe mmeri ikpeazụ gasịrị. . Akụkọ a pụtara na mbụ na ''Parallel Lives'' site na Plutarch . == Edensibia == akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta. N'otu n'ime nsụgharị kachasị ewu ewu, onye njem nleta bụ onye America ( MBA sitere na Harvard na nsụgharị ụfọdụ), onye ọkụ azụ bụ Mexico. {{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=The Stories of Heinrich Boll|first=Heinrich|author=Böll|others=Leila Vennewitz (translator)|year=1995|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=0-8101-1207-8|pages=628–630|chapter=Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity}} * {{Cite book|title=Heinrich Böll—Dissident der Wohlstandsgesellschaft|first=Hans-Christoph Graf von|author=Nayhauss|editor=Bernd Balzer, Norbert Honsza|year=1995|publisher=Wydawn/Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego|location=Wrocław|isbn=978-83-229-1293-5|oclc=185775050|pages=173–200|chapter=Probleme der Literatur-Rezeption am Beispiel von Heinrich Bölls "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral"|language=de}} * {{Cite book|title=Textanalysen. Eine Einführung in die Interpretation moderner Kurzprosa|first=Klaus|author=Zobel|year=1985|publisher=Ferdinand Schöningh|location=Paderborn|isbn=978-3-506-28432-7|oclc=13032352|pages=180–186|chapter=Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral|language=de}} s7p6546vglo73i9pp33zua1sgq1r6l5 0 41981 697679 451466 2026-08-10T05:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Pano_of_Gunbarrel_grasslands_and_dune_in_the_Gibson_Desert_Nature_Reserve._(6937186643).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|360x360px| Ọzara Gibson]] Ndị '''Pintupi Nine''' bụ otu ndị Pintupi itoolu bụ ndị na-amaghị banyere ọchịchị Europe nke Australia ma biri ndụ ọzara omenala n'Ọzara Gibson nke Australia ruo 1984, mgbe ha na ndị ikwu ha na nso Kiwirrkurra kpọtụrụ. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30500591|title=The day the Pintupi Nine entered the modern world|first=Alana|author=Mahony|date=23 December 2014|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=11 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMahony2014">Mahony, Alana (23 December 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30500591 "The day the Pintupi Nine entered the modern world"]. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọkwa ha "ebo furu efu". A na-eto otu a dị ka "ndị na-akwagharị ikpeazụ" na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa mgbe ha hapụrụ ndụ ha na-akwagharị na October 1984. <ref name="The Last Nomads">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboriginalartstore.com.au/aboriginal-art-culture/the-last-nomads.php|title=The Last Nomads|work=Aboriginal Art Store|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100232/http://www.aboriginalartstore.com.au/aboriginal-art-culture/the-last-nomads.php|archivedate=2011-07-06}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị otu ahụ na-agbagharị n'etiti oghere mmiri dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mackay, nke dị nso na Western Australia - Northern Territory, yi eriri ntutu ma jiri ngwa ọgụ.  ube osisi na ndị na-atụ ube, na boomerangs a kpụrụ akpụ akpụ. Ihe oriri ha bụ goanna na oke bekee yana ahịhịa ahịhịa nri ọhịa . Otu a bụ ezinụlọ, nke nwere ndị nwunye abụọ (Nanyanu na Papalanyanu) na ụmụ asaa. Enwere ụmụnne anọ ( Warlimpirrnga, Walala, Tamlik, na Piyiti ) na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ ( Yalti, Yikultji na Takariya ). Ụmụntakịrị ahụ niile dị n'afọ iri na ụma, n'agbanyeghị na amabeghị afọ ole ha dị; ndị nne ahụ nọ na ngwụcha afọ 30. N'ọnwu nke nna - di nke nwunye abụọ <ref name="bbc"/> - otu ahụ gawara ndịda ebe ha chere na ndị ikwu ha nwere ike ịnọ, dịka ha ahụla "anwụrụ" n'akụkụ ahụ. Ha zutere ndị na-ama ụlọikwuu abụọ sitere na Kiwirrkura mana n'ihi nghọtahie metụtara egbe egbe, ha gbagara n'ebe ugwu ebe ndị na-ama ụlọikwuu laghachiri n'obodo ma gwa ndị ọzọ ka ha soro ha laghachi azụ ịchọta otu ahụ. Ndị obodo ahụ ghọtara ngwa ngwa na ndị otu ahụ bụ ndị ikwu ndị a hapụrụ n'ime ọzara afọ iri abụọ gara aga, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị gara njem n'ebe dị nso na Alice Springs . Ndị obodo ahụ ji ụgbọ ala gaa ebe a hụrụ ndị otu ahụ n'ikpeazụ wee nyochaa ha ruo oge ụfọdụ tupu ha achọta ha. Mgbe ha mekọrịtachara ma guzobe mmekọrịta ha, a kpọrọ Pintupi itoolu ka ha bịa biri na Kiwirrkura, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka bi. <ref name="Myers">{{Cite journal|journal=American Ethnologist|title=Locating ethnographic practice: Romance, reality and politics in the outback|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1988-11_15_4/page/609|first=Fred|author=Myers|volume=15|issue=4|date=November 1988|pages=609–624|doi=10.1525/ae.1988.15.4.02a00010}}</ref> Ndị na-egwu egwu na-asụ Pintupi gwara ha na e nwere ọtụtụ nri, na mmiri na-esi na ọkpọkọ pụta; Yalti kwuru na echiche a tụrụ ha n'anya. <ref name="bbc"/> Nnyocha ahụike gosipụtara na ezinụlọ Tjapaltjarri (dị ka a makwaara ha) nọ "n'ọnọdụ mara mma. Ọ bụghị otu ounce abụba, nha nke ọma, siri ike, dabara adaba, ahụike". Na Kiwirrkura, nke dịdebere Kintore, ha na ndị ezinaụlọ ha ndị ọzọ zutere. Na 1986, Piyiti laghachiri n'ọzara. <ref name="heraldsun">{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/lost-tribe-happy-in-modern-world/news-story/ebb403d928537e02623e1f6439f83905|title=Lost tribe happy in modern world|work=[[Herald Sun]]|first=Nigel|author=Adam|date=3 February 2007|accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> Warlimpirrnga, Walala na Tamlik (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka "Thomas") enwetala nkwado mba ụwa n'ụwa nka dịka ụmụnna Tjapaltjarri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboriginalartstore.com.au/exhibitions/tjapaltjarri-brothers-the-last-nomads/tjapaltjarri-brothers-the-last.php|title=The Tjapaltjarri Brothers: The Last Nomads (Online Exhibition)|work=Aboriginal Art Store|accessdate=2024-04-12|archivedate=2013-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627024419/http://www.aboriginalartstore.com.au/exhibitions/tjapaltjarri-brothers-the-last-nomads/tjapaltjarri-brothers-the-last.php}}</ref> Ụmụnna nwanyị atọ ahụ, Yalti, Yikultji na Takariya, bụkwa ndị na-ese ihe na Aboriginal a ma ama nke ọrụ ya nwere ike ịhụ na ihe ngosi ma zụta n'aka ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa nkà. Otu n’ime ndị nne anwụọla; nke ọzọ ebirila na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ na Kiwirrkurra. <ref name="heraldsun" /> == Hụkwa == * Njem njem Bindibu * Ishi * Warri na Yatungka * Richters (ezinụlọ ndị Aborigine Australia) == Edensibia == n'obodo ma gwa ndị ọzọ ka ha soro ha laghachi azụ ịchọta otu ahụ. Ndị obodo ahụ ghọtara ngwa ama nke ọrụ ya nwere ike ịhụ na ihe ngosi ma{{Reflist}} * "Njedebe nke Oge" ''The Sunday Times (Western Australia)'', 4 February 2007, p 14–17 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080721185556/http://www.artabout.com.au/app/artists-view.asp?cat=Warlimpirrnga%20Tjapaltjarri Webụsaịtị nka ndị Aborigine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240419094904/https://www.aboriginalartstore.com.au/artists/takariya-napaltjarri/#artist-select Ibe nka nke Takariya Napaltjarri na Ụlọ Ahịa Aboriginal] * [http://www.newspix.com.au/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult_VPage&VBID=2KERI34D65HK&SMLS=1&RW=1680&RH=956 Foto dị na Newspix] - Ndị na-ekwu okwu Pintupi itoolu bụ ndị mere akụkọ mba na kọntaktị mbụ ha na ndị ọcha Australia. (NPX396927 - 31 Ọktoba 1984) * [http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/vol_1_no_2/exhibition_reviews/colliding_worlds/ ''Ụwa na-agbakọta: kọntaktị mbụ na ọzara ọdịda anyanwụ, 1932-1984'' .] [http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/vol_1_no_2/exhibition_reviews/colliding_worlds/ Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''ncheta'' National Museum of Australia, vol.] [http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/vol_1_no_2/exhibition_reviews/colliding_worlds/ 1 mba. Ọnwa Itolu 2, 2006] dzl8c5vf1dsoxexc3o7om3we10jykqq 0 42274 697494 161241 2026-08-10T01:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-Nasir_2020.jpg|thumb| Mbadamba Mkpesa nke Ea-nāṣir nwere ike ịbụ mkpesa ndị ahịa kacha mara amara <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hyken|first=Shep|title=Oldest Customer Service Complaint Discovered: A Lesson from Ancient Babylon|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shephyken/2015/04/23/oldest-customer-service-complaint-discovered-a-lesson-from-ancient-babylon/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>]] {{Databox}}'''Mkpesa ndị ahịa''' ma ọ bụ '''mkpesa ndị ahịa''' bụ "mkpughe enweghị afọ ojuju n'aha onye ahịa nye onye nwere ọrụ" (London, 1980). Enwere ike ịkọwa ya n'ụzọ dị mma dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka onye na-azụ ahịa na-enye akwụkwọ gbasara nsogbu na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-consumer-complaint.htm|title=What Is a Consumer Complaint?|publisher=Wisegeek.com|accessdate=December 9, 2011}}</ref> Mkpesa ndị ahịa na-abụkarị mkpesa na-abụghị nke a na-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha, na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-edozi nsogbu na ngwaahịa na ọrụ mana ọ na-achọ nkwụsi ike mgbe ụfọdụ. Mkpesa ''akụrụngwa'' bụ mkpesa emere mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịme ihe ụfọdụ wee weta ọgwụgwọ akọwapụtara. Mkpesa ''na-egosipụta'' bụ mkpesa emere maka ebumnuche ikwupụta mmetụta, na-enweghị ohere ọ bụla enwere ike ịme ihe ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ mkpesa n'ịntanetị bụ mkpesa na-egosipụta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/dining/how-to-complain-restaurant.html|title=How to Complain at a Restaurant? Just Ask Our Critic|author=Wells|first=Pete|date=2019-02-05|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2020-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == njirimara == Mkpesa ndị ahịa nwere njirimara atọ bụ isi: ha na-agbaso ebumnuche, enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ isi tinye aka na omume a, a na-ejikwa mkpesa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Njirimara pụtara ìhè nke mkpesa ndị ahịa bụ imezu ebumnuche nke ndị ahịa na-ele anya dị ka ọ dị mkpa nkwalite. Agbanyeghị, ọnweghị njiri mara ebumnuche a na-enweta. Ihe ndị ga-akpaghasị usoro nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-aga nke ọma gụnyere: onye na-ekesa ngwaahịa ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịnye, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ghara inwe oge ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe iji dozie mkpesa ahụ. Njirimara nke abụọ bụ na onye na-azụ ahịa ga-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ ụdị mkpesa. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere: mkpesa ozugbo nye ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya, ikwupụta echiche nye ndị enyi na ezinụlọ, na iziga akwụkwọ ozi na ụlọ ọrụ dịka Better Business Bureau . N'ihi ya, enwere ike mata njirimara nke atọ pụrụ iche nke mkpesa ndị ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahịa na-eme mkpesa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=J.|date=1996-09-01|title=When Consumers Complain: A Path Analysis of the Key Antecedents of Consumer Complaint Response Estimates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_academy-of-marketing-science-journal_fall-1996_24_4/page/350|journal=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science|volume=24|issue=4|pages=350–365|doi=10.1177/0092070396244006|issn=0092-0703}}</ref> == Mkpesa nye ndị ọzọ == A naghị edozi mkpesa ahụ n'ụzọ na-eju onye ahịa afọ, onye na-azụ ahịa mgbe ụfọdụ na-edebanye akwụkwọ mkpesa na ndị ọzọ dị ka Better Business Bureau, ọchịchị obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara (ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ụlọ ọrụ "nchekwa ndị ahịa") na Federal Trade Commission. (na United States). Otu ndị a na ndị yiri ya na mba ndị ọzọ ma e wezụga maka mkpesa ndị ahịa ma na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ndị ahịa, dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya gọọmenti dị ka ndị ọka iwu n'ozuzu . Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eri ihe na-adịkarịghị na-ede akwụkwọ mkpesa n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, nke nwere usoro iwu kwadoro (lee isiokwu na mkpesa ). Na mba ụfọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ Australia, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fido.gov.au/fido/fido.nsf/byheadline/Financial+services+complaints+schemes?openDocument|title=Australian Approved Complaint Services|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314032818/http://www.fido.gov.au/fido/fido.nsf/byheadline/Financial+services+complaints+schemes?openDocument|archivedate=March 14, 2011}}</ref> United Kingdom, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/|title=Financial Ombudsman - UK}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mba nke European Community ), ime mkpesa ndị ahịa, ọkachasị gbasara ire ọrụ ego, na-achịkwa iwu (iwu). Ndị ikike nwere ike ịchọ ka ụlọ ọrụ zaghachi mkpesa n'ime oke oge a kara aka, bipụta usoro ederede maka njikwa enweghị afọ ojuju ndị ahịa, ma nye ozi gbasara atụmatụ mkpezi. == Mkpesa n'ịntanetị ==   Nzukọ ịntanetị na ọbịbịa nke mgbasa ozi ọha mmadụ enyela ndị na-azụ ahịa ụzọ ọhụrụ isi nyefee mkpesa. Akụkọ ndị ahịa na webụsaịtị nkwado na-anabatakarị ma bipụta mkpesa. Ibisa mkpesa na webụsaịtị a na-ahụ nke ọma na-abawanye ohere na ọha na eze ga-amata mkpesa nke ndị ahịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na onye nwere ọtụtụ "ndị na-eso" ma ọ bụ "ndị enyi" na-ebipụta mkpesa na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, ọ nwere ike ịga "viral". Nzukọ ịntanetị n'ozuzu yana na webụsaịtị mkpesa emeela ka ndị na-azụ ahịa nwee ike ijide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-aza ajụjụ na nnọkọ ọha. == Hụkwa == * Mkpesa ụgbọ elu * Ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa ka mma * Nchedo ndị ahịa * Nzukọ ndị ahịa * Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Trade Commission * Onye ombudsman == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} sf6k69e9adb6sr0iooxqcnou0ifrshp 0 42279 697903 213559 2026-08-10T10:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Nke Consumer Culture Theory (CCT)''' bụ ọmụmụ nke oriri site na ọha mmadụ na [[Culture|omenala]], megidere nke akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nke uche . CCT anaghị enye echiche dị n'otu dị ukwuu kama "na-ezo aka na ezinụlọ nke echiche echiche nke na-eleba anya na mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti omume ndị ahịa, ebe ahịa, na nkọwa omenala". <ref name="CCT1">{{Cite journal|author=Arnould|first=E. J.|year=2005|title=Consumer culture theory (CCT): Twenty Years of Research|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=31|issue=4|pages=868–882|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjconrs/v_3a31_3ay_3a2005_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a868-882.htm|doi=10.1086/426626}}</ref> N'ịtụgharị uche n'oha obodo ndị na-eme n'oge ochie, CCT na-ele ihe pụtara omenala anya dị ka ọtụtụ na nke kewara ekewa <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Firat|first=A. F.|year=1995|title=Liberatory Postmodernism and the Reenchantment of Consumption|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consumer-research_1995-12_22_3/page/239|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=22|issue=3|pages=239–267|doi=10.1086/209448}}</ref> ya mere na-ele omenala anya dị ka njikọ nke otu dị iche iche na ihe ọ pụtara, kama ịmepụta otu (dịka omenala America). A na-ele omenala ndị na-azụ ahịa anya dị ka "nhazi mmekọrịta nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti omenala ndụ na ihe onwunwe ọha na eze, n'etiti ụzọ ndụ bara uru na ihe atụ na ihe onwunwe nke ha na-adabere na ya, na-edozi site n'ahịa" <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arnould|first=E. J.|year=2006|title=Consumer culture theory: retrospect and prospect|journal=European Advances in Consumer Research|volume=7|issue=1|pages=605–607|url=http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/eacr/vol7/EuropeanVolume7_105.pdf|accessdate=14 August 2010}}</ref> na ndị na-azụ ahịa dị ka akụkụ nke njikọ jikọrọ ọnụ. usoro ngwaahịa na ihe onyonyo emepụtara n'ahịa nke ha na-eji wulite njirimara ha na ịhazi mmekọrịta ha na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kozinets|first=R. V.|year=2001|title=Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=28|issue=3|pages=67–88|doi=10.1086/321948}}</ref> Evolushọn a na-emesi mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti teknụzụ, omume ndị ahịa, na mmepụta omenala na ọha mmadụ nke oge a. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shi|first=Yuntian|date=2023-12-28|title=Consumer Behavior and Cultural Factors in Social Media: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study|url=https://aemps.ewapublishing.org/article.html?pk=c1780a14966745e4b0885f7637b2b155|journal=Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences|volume=63|issue=1|pages=271–277|doi=10.54254/2754-1169/63/20231435|issn=2754-1169}}</ref> == Usoro == Enwere echiche na-ezighi ezi nke ndị mmadụ na-abụghị ndị nyocha CCT na-eche na ngalaba a gbadoro ụkwụ na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara oriri . <ref name="CCT1" /> Ọnọdụ ọmụmụ ihe echefuru echefu, dị ka subculture Harley-Davidson <ref name="bikes">{{Cite journal|author=Schouten|first=J.|year=1995|title=Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of the New Bikers|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=22|issue=3|pages=43–.,./61|url=http://classes.bus.oregonstate.edu/winter-07/ba492/Subcultures%20of%20Consumption.pdf|doi=10.1086/209434|accessdate=2010-08-14}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ememme Burning Man <ref name="burning">{{Cite journal|author=Kozinets|first=Robert V|year=2002|title=Can Consumers Escape the Market? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=29|issue=1|pages=20–38|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjconrs/v_3a29_3ay_3a2002_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a20-38.htm|accessdate=7 August 2010|doi=10.1086/339919}}</ref> nwere ike kpalite echiche a, nke dị anya na ebumnuche mmepe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche a. A na-ejikọta CCT na usoro qualitative, dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ, ihe ọmụmụ ikpe, ethnography, na netnography, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jmr-journal-of-marketing-research_2002-02_39_1/page/61|journal=Journal of Marketing Research|date=February 1, 2002|issn=0022-2437|pages=61–72|volume=39|issue=1|doi=10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935|first=Robert V.|author=Kozinets}}</ref> n'ihi na ha kwesịrị ekwesị iji mụọ ihe gbasara ahụmahụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala nke oriri. Agbanyeghị, ndị nyocha CCT na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche <ref name="CCT1" /> == Mpaghara ọmụmụ == Arnould & Thompson <ref name="CCT1" /> akọwapụta mmemme nyocha anọ na CCT: * '''Ọrụ njirimara ndị ahịa''', dị ka Schau & Gilly <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schau|first=H. J.|year=2003|title=We Are What We Post? Self-Presentation in Personal Web Space|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=30|issue=4|pages=384–404|doi=10.1086/378616}}</ref> ọmụmụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nkeonwe, nke mụọ ka ndị na-azụ ahịa si emepụta onwe ha ọnụ site na ihe ndị ahịa na-emepụta. * '''Omenala ebe ahịa.''' Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-ele ndị na-azụ ahịa anya dị ka ndị na-emepụta omenala. Ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ gụnyere subcultures nke oriri, <ref name="bikes">{{Cite journal|author=Schouten|first=J.|year=1995|title=Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of the New Bikers|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=22|issue=3|pages=43–.,./61|url=http://classes.bus.oregonstate.edu/winter-07/ba492/Subcultures%20of%20Consumption.pdf|doi=10.1086/209434|accessdate=2010-08-14}}</ref> brand, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Muniz|first=Albert M.|date=2001|title=Brand Community|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/319618|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=27|issue=4|pages=412–432|doi=10.1086/319618|issn=0093-5301}}</ref> na ebo ndị na-azụ ahịa . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goulding|first=Christina|date=May 24, 2013|title=Learning to be tribal: facilitating the formation of consumer tribes|journal=European Journal of Marketing|volume=47|issue=5/6|pages=813–832|doi=10.1108/03090561311306886|issn=0309-0566}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Diaz Ruiz|first=Carlos A.|date=2020-01-01|title=Assembling tribes: An assemblage thinking approach to the dynamics of ephemerality within consumer tribes|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565|journal=European Journal of Marketing|volume=54|issue=5|pages=999–1024|doi=10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565|issn=0309-0566}}</ref> * '''Echiche n'ọma ahịa na-agbachitere ọnụ ahịa''' na atụmatụ nkọwa nke ndị na-azụ ahịa, dị ka Kozinets <ref name="burning">{{Cite journal|author=Kozinets|first=Robert V|year=2002|title=Can Consumers Escape the Market? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=29|issue=1|pages=20–38|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjconrs/v_3a29_3ay_3a2002_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a20-38.htm|accessdate=7 August 2010|doi=10.1086/339919}}</ref> ọmụmụ nke Ememme Burning Man, nke lere anya n'echiche na njirimara ndị ahịa na-emetụta ijikọ ụwa ọnụ akụ na ụba na omenala yana otu usoro ngwaahịa omenala si eduzi ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ebe ụfọdụ echiche ma ọ bụ njirimara. oru ngo. * '''Usoro ihe oriri sociohistoric''', dị ka Holt <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holt|first=D. B.|year=1998|title=Does Cultural Capital Structure American Consumption|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consumer-research_1998-06_25_1/page/1|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1086/209523}}</ref> ọmụmụ nke lere anya mmetụta nke isi obodo na nhọrọ oriri . == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} muutxpr36iarjuotoc5pqd0mkl8aade 0 42286 697693 161259 2026-08-10T05:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ahọrọkarị ọ bụghị site na ngwa ahịa ha na-azụta, mana site na ngwa ahịa ha na-agbanwe ghọọ ngwongwo site na '''ọrụ mmepụta ụlọ''' . Ọ bụ ngwongwo ndị a ka ha ji kpọrọ ihe. Ọ bụ Gary Becker, Kelvin Lancaster, na Richard Muth tụpụtara echiche a na etiti 1960. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Richard F.|author=Muth|year=1966|title=Household Production and Consumer Demand Functions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_econometrica_1966-07_34_3/page/699|journal=[[Econometrica]]|volume=34|issue=3|pages=699–708|doi=10.2307/1909778}}</ref> E webatara echiche a n'otu oge n'ime macroeconomics na akwụkwọ abụọ dị iche iche nke Jess Benhabib, Richard Rogerson, na Randall Wright (1991); <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jess|author=Benhabib|year=1991|title=Homework in Macroeconomics: Household Production and Aggregate Fluctuations|journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]]|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1166–1187|doi=10.1086/261796|url=http://minneapolisfed.org/research/sr/sr135.pdf}}</ref> na [[Jeremy Greenwood (economist)|Jeremy Greenwood]] na Zvi Hercowitz (1991). <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jeremy|author=Greenwood|year=1991|title=The Allocation of Capital and Time over the Business Cycle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1991-12_99_6/page/1188|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1188–1214|doi=10.1086/261797}}</ref> Ejila usoro mmepụta ezinaụlọ kọwaa ịrị elu nke ndị inyom lụrụ di na nwunye na-ekere òkè n'ọrụ ike n'ime narị afọ nke 20, n'ihi na ngwa ọrụ na-azọpụta ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jeremy|author=Greenwood|year=2005|title=Engines of Liberation|journal=[[Review of Economic Studies]]|volume=72|issue=1|pages=109–133|doi=10.1111/0034-6527.00326}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ịrị elu nke N'onwe Gị ma ọ bụ Onye Okike mmegharị ezinaụlọ abụrụla ọkaibe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike ịgbanwe waya rọba ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa dị oke ọnụ ahịa nke nwere ihe nbipute 3-D dị ọnụ ala n'ụlọ nke ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/using-3d-printer-print-household-203945154.html|title=3D printing your household items could save you some serious cash, study finds}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/5/1/7 Emergence of Home Manufacturing in the Developed World: Return on Investment for Open-Source 3-D Printers]. ''Technologies'' 2017, 5(1), 7; doi:10.3390/technologies5010007</ref> == Ọmụmaatụ == Otu ihe atụ dị mfe nke a bụ ịsa achicha . Onye na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ntụ ọka, àkwá, na shuga wee na-eji ọrụ, nkà, oge na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta achicha. Onye na-azụ ahịa achọghị ntụ ọka, shuga, ma ọ bụ akwa, kama zụtara ha ka o mepụta achicha ahụ maka oriri (kama ịzụrụ ya, dịka, n'ebe a na-eme bred). == Hụkwa == * Akụ na ụba ezinụlọ * Akụ na ụba ụlọ ọhụrụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=Gary S.|author=Becker|title=The Allocation of Time and Goods Over the Life Cycle|year=1975|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-87014-514-8|url=https://archive.org/details/allocationoftime0000ghez}} * {{Cite book|first=Gary S.|author=Becker|title=A Treatise on the Family|origyear=1981|edition=Enlarged|year=1991|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-90698-3|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonfamily00beck}} ([http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BECTRR.html HUP descr.]) * {{Cite book|first=Gary S.|author=Becker|year=1987|chapter=Family|title=The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics|pages=281–86}} * {{Cite book|first=Richard A.|author=Berk|year=1987|chapter=Household production|title=The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics|location=New York|publisher=Stockton|pages=673–75}} * {{Cite book|first=Reuben|author=Gronau|authorlink=Reuben Gronau|year=1986|chapter=Home Production: A Survey|title=Handbook of Labor Economics|publisher=Elsevier|pages=273–304|doi=10.1016/S1573-4463(86)01007-6|isbn=9780444878564}} * {{Cite journal|first=Reuben|author=Gronau|year=1997|title=The Theory of Home Production: The Past Ten Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-labor-economics_1997-04_15_2/page/197|journal=[[Journal of Labor Economics]]|volume=15|issue=2|pages=197–205|doi=10.1086/209830}} * {{Cite book|first=Reuben|author=Gronau|year=2008|chapter=Household production and public goods|title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|edition=2nd}} [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000164&q=Household%20production%20function%20&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.] * {{Cite journal|first=Robert A.|author=Pollak|year=1975|title=The Relevance of the Household Production Function and Its Implications for the Allocation of Time|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1975-04_83_2/page/255|journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]]|volume=83|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1086/260322}} * {{Cite book|editor=Schultz|year=1974|title=Economics of the Family: Marriage, Children, and Human Capital|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74085-0}} 4q6kduz11mt06y69jgdko8wvzg4s2io 0 42892 697927 162176 2026-08-10T10:59:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Ronald-Reagan-Katie-Beckett-Cedar-Rapids-20-Sep-1984-NARA-C24412-14.tif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|280x280px| Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan zutere Katie Beckett, ya na nne na nna ya, Julie na Mark Beckett ka Onye isi ala na-ahụ na Air Force One na tarmac nke Cedar Rapids Municipal Airport, Iowa, 20 September 1984. Foto sitere n'aka  onye na-ese foto White House Michael Evans, site n'ikike nke Ronald Reagan Presidential Library .]] Agbaghara Katie Beckett ma ọ bụ TEFRA bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ Medicaid gbasara ntozu ego maka ọrụ Medicaid dabere n'ihe maka mmepụta na-eru ire afụ na mba.  Tupu igwe Katie Beckett, ọ na-enwe nwe ike mkpa dị mkpa mkpa ọ bụrụ n'ihe, ego nwata ahụ ga-ewere na ọ ịkpọ ego niile nke nne na nna maka ihe nkiri ntozu Medicaid.  obere mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ gachara ihe ụmụaka ụbọchị iri atɔ, ego ndị nne na nna nnapụta na nwata ahụ, na-enye nwata ahụ ọba iru eru maka ụwa Medicaid.  Ahịrị ya bụ na nọmba, obere ike በቀላሉ-vidin , debere ụmụ ha n' Medicaid dị oke ọnụ iji ihe a na-eji ụbọchị 30 Medicaid.  Katie Beckett waivers na-ekwe ka Medicaid ndị ọrụ maka mmepụta nke n'iche, n'agbanyeghị ego nne na nna na-enweta, n'ịbụ nkwado ebe ndabere n'iche ga-eri ihe na- Italy ma ọ bụ otu otu  ọgwụ ọgwụ Akpọrọ aha nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka Katie Beckett, onye dị afọ atọ nke nọ n'ibu ọgwụ site na nwata ka o wee jụrụ ikuku mgbe ọrịa encephalitis nke nje butere ya, ahụ ahụ hụrụ n'ụzọ na-emetụta ike iku ume.  [1] Mgbe ọnọdụ ya rutere n'uche nke ụmụaka Reagan ọhụrụ a na-egosi, mgbe ahụ na-ahụ ike ike mbụ ya, ahụ weghaara ihe ahụ dị ka ụzọ isi dozie ma elele nke Medicaid. A na-akpọkwa nkwụghachi ụgwọ TEFRA n'ihi na agafere ya dị ka onunu nke ụtụ isi na ụtụ isi nke 1982 .  Ndị nwere ikike nwere ike ịgafe n'iche Medicaid na ndị na-eje ozi na Nkwụsị Ọrụ dabere na obodo ka ha dị afụ iri na basa == Background na iwu == Mary Katherine Beckett na 9 Maachị 1978 na St. Luke's Hospital, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, na nne na nna Julie na Mark Beckett.  N'ime ụnwa anọ, o butere nje encephalitis .  Mfụfụ nke ntakiri mere ka ọ gbasaa n'ụra wee mee ka ahụ hụnwụrụ ya nke nke metụrụ ike iku ume ya na nnukwu odo .  Ihe isi ike iku ume ya mmetụta ka ọkụ na igwe ikuku na-eku ume ọtụtụ awa n'ụbọchị Beckett dịrị ndụ ruo afọ 34, okpukpu atọ nke ndị dibịa ya buru amụma. Ọ nwụrụ na 18 May 2012 n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ a mụrụ ya. <ref name="Hevesi">{{Cite news|author=Hevesi|first=Dennis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/katie-beckett-who-inspired-health-reform-dies-at-34.html|title=Katie Beckett, Who Inspired Health Reform, Dies at 34|work=The New York Times|date=May 22, 2012|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * gburugburu kacha mmachibido * Mwepu Medicaid * Ụlọ Medicaid na Ụlọ na Nkwụsị Ọrụ dabere na obodo * Olmstead v. LC == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|3}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Musumeci|first=Mary Beth|date=March 2011|title=Modernizing Medicaid Eligibility Criteria for Children with Significant Disabilities: Moving from a Disabling to an Enabling Paradigm|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-law-and-medicine_2011_37_1/page/81|journal=American Journal of Law and Medicine|volume=37|issue=1|pages=81–127|doi=10.1177/009885881103700103|pmid=21614996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Semansky|first=Rafael M.|date=July 2004|title=The TEFRA Medicaid Eligibility Option for Children with Severe Disabilities: A National Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-behavioral-health-services-research_july-september-2004_31_3/page/334|journal=The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research|volume=31|issue=3|pages=334–342|doi=10.1007/BF02287295|pmid=15263871}} * {{Cite book|author=Smith|first=David G.|date=2015|edition=Second|title=Medicaid Politics and Policy|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5674-4}} [[Òtù:Aha]] gzx676z8pg22gifgeoj29e2bjr9zgyc 0 43087 697465 182130 2026-08-09T20:49:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|office1=New York}} '''Alfred A. DelliBovi''' (amuru Febụwarị 1, 1946) bụ onye omebe iwu America na onye aghandọrọ ụdị bụ onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Federal Home Loan Bank of New York site na 1992 ruo 2014. == Akụkọ ndụ == . <ref name="ghwb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16851 |title="Nomination of Alfred A. DelliBovi To Be Under Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" |accessdate=2024-04-15 |archivedate=2016-04-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408042850/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16851 }}</ref>Akwụkwọ DelliBovi na New York City [1] wee malite na Astoria, Queens.  [2] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Fordham College ( BA, 1967) na Baruch College ( MPA, 1973).  [1] Na mbụ onye ọrụ dị ka onye akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ English na social studies.  [2] Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka nsogbu nsogbu na eze maka ụgbọ omebe iwu steeti site na 1969 ruo 1971 tupu a họpụta ya na ya DelliBovi bụ onye so na New York State Assembly site na 1971 ruo 1978, nọ ọdụ na 179th, 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures .  [1] N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ ike na ụlọ akụ.  [2] Ọ bụ onye nhọpụta Republican maka mbụ aka na ndị Nnọchiteanya US site na New York's 9th Congressional District na 1978, mana furu efu na Democrat Geraldine Ferraro . <ref name="reagan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/091887c.htm |title="Nomination of Alfred A. DelliBovi To Be Urban Mass Transportation Administrator" |accessdate=2024-04-15 |archivedate=2015-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111802/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/091887c.htm }}</ref>Ọ bụ onye mpaghara na New York site na 1981 ruo 1984, osote onye nchọpụta site na 1984 1987, na onye ọzụzụ nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ njem Obodo na Ngalaba njem US na Washington, DC site na 1987 ruo 1989, [1]  bụ onye President.  Ronald Reagan. . <ref name="ghwb"/>Ọ bụ onye osote ụlọ nke ụlọ na obodo United States site na 1989 ruo 1992 n'okpuru Jack Kemp, [1] nke Onye isi ala George HW Bush ịhụ ya . N'ọnwa Nọvemba 1992, DelliBovi ekiri oche na CEO nke Federal Home Loan Bank of New York .  Isi n'ahụ ruo afọ 21, ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na March 31, 2014 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Appearances on C-SPAN {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-ny-hs}} {{succession box|title=[[New York State Assembly]] <br>28th District|before=[[Alfred D. Lerner]]|years=1971–1972|after=[[Alan G. Hevesi]]}} {{succession box|title=[[New York State Assembly]] <br>31st District|before=[[Joseph F. Lisa]]|years=1973–1978|after=[[Anthony S. Seminerio]]}} {{s-end}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] gdwlupq1ixbxd0yzusbwurw99llidrp 0 43328 697955 162686 2026-08-10T11:34:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nlekọta nke iwu na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na steeti New York bụ nke ọ ALA n'ime mpaghara iri isii na abụọ nke steeti ahụ na-eme ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime steeti ndị kacha ibu na New York ewebatala iwu n'ime awụ iri gara aga na-amachibido 'agbarasi ike' n'ụdị ụfọdụ. Koodu obodo New York §10-136, [1] koodu obodo Buffalo §317, [2] koodu obodo Rochester §44-4, [3] na koodu Albany §255-59 [4] ụdị 'ike ike. RPG nke nwere ike ike, mana ọnweghị oke na omume nwere ike iketa ịjụta nke ahụ, mmetụ anụ ahụ, ịbịaru nso ma ọ bụ ibu ụgbọ ala, na image n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ akụ na ATM. Iwu izugbe nke obodo Syracuse §16-9 na §16-11 gbochiri ihe arụ na ọkụ iko. [5] Obodo Yonkers nri iwu yiri ya ugbu a. Obodo New York machibidokwara niile niile n'ime ụgbọ oloko na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. [6] Ọnọdụ a nke igbochi ụfọdụ ihe ike dị egwu nke panhandling bilitere n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka megide iwu arịrịọ ndị gara aga n'ihi usoro iwu. Na 1990, mmachibido iwu nke ịrịọ arịrịọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke New York City gbara aka na ''Young v. New York City Transit Authority'', na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Abụọ chọpụtara na mmachibido iwu na nke a emebighị ikike ndezigharị mbụ nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Young v. New York City Transit Authority|url=http://www.ahcuah.com/lawsuit/federal/young.htm|accessdate=December 19, 2016|work=Ahcuah.com}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkpụrụ nke a adịgideghị ogologo oge ka ọ dị ka a kwaturu ya na 1993, na ''Ngalaba Ndị uwe ojii Loper v. New York City'' . <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Circuit.|first=United States Court of Appeals, Second|date=January 1, 1993|title=999 F2d 699 Loper v. New York City Police Department P Nyc|url=http://openjurist.org/999/f2d/699/loper-v-new-york-city-police-department-p-nyc|volume=F2d|issue=999|pages=699}}</ref> Okwu ''Loper'' bụ ihe ịma aka n'iwu steeti niile dị na New York Penal Code §240.35(1) nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe mkparị mmadụ ịga n'ihu ọha maka ebumnuche ịrịọ arịrịọ. Ndị uwe ojii obodo New York anaghị enyekarị ntaramahụhụ n'okpuru iwu a, mana ejiri ya 'na-akwaga' ndị arịrịọ. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Tier|first=Robert|year=1993|title=Maintaining Safety and Civility in Public Spaces: Constitutional Approach to Aggressive Begging|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_louisiana-law-review_1993-11_54_2/page/285|journal=Louisiana Law Review|volume=54|issue=2|pages=285–338}}</ref> Na ''Loper'', Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Abụọ hụrụ ịrịọ arịrịọ na nke a ka ọ bụrụ Ndezigharị Mbụ. Na dokwuo anya na mmachibido iwu na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko usoro na ''-eto eto'' bụ a ezi uche ịgba dị ka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'ihu ọha ekesịpde, panhandling na mmachi oghere nke ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nwere ike ịkpaghasị na iju ndị njem na nwere ike imerụ. <ref name=":11" /> Ebe, mmachibido iwu mkpuchi na oghere ọha na eze na ''Loper'' agaghị ahapụ ndị arịrịọ ebe ọ bụla maka ịrịọ arịrịọ, nke a na-ewere dị ka 'ọrụ ngosi' ma si otú a na-echebe site na Ndezigharị Mbụ. Ikpe Loper dị warara n'ihi na ọ machiri mmachibido iwu n'ihi ụtụtụ, n'ezie, ọ bụ aro ka ndị kansụl obodo webata iwu ntụgharị ndị ọzọ ezubere iche, dị ka nke ike m ike, ma kwuo okwu ọma iwu na Seattle Washington. [1] Mgbe ikpe Loper nke imera §240.35(1) nke Usoro Penal nke steeti na-akwadoghị, ngalaba ndị uwe ojii New York ekiri ahụ nke koodu ahụ. akwụkwọ, iwu ahụ ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na steeti New York ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe ewepụrụ ya na 2010. [2] Nke a mere ka ebubo ụfọdụ ndị na-adịghị na steeti New York ebubo n'okpuru ụgwọ nke iwu mgbe Loper ikike, mana tupu mmalite ya. [3] Otu dị iche iche onwe obodo agbaala mbọ iwu IKE ike ezubere iche, [1] agbanyeghị, ụzọ na ha na-agba ọsọ ndezi nke mbụ. N'afọ 2006, obodo Rochester ugbu a na-eme ihe ike na-ama-ama-amamarihe ịma aka iwu na People v. Barton . [2] Na n'afọ 2010, iwu ihe egwu na-eme ihe ike ugbu a na New York City emeghị ihe ịma aka na ndị mmadụ v. Stroman . <ref>{{Cite news|title=People v Stroman|work=Justia Law|url=http://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/other-courts/2010/2010-20422.html|accessdate=December 19, 2016}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 62sebsv4fzrwiqeu1gcgmetwvegieyh 0 43403 697770 163063 2026-08-10T07:50:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Psychological trauma|synonyms=|image=|caption=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[psychology]]|pronounce=|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Therapy|medication=Antidepressants, <br /> antipsychotics, <br /> antiemetics, <br /> anticonvulsants, <br /> benzodiazepines|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}}'''Ahụhụ mmụọ (nke a makwaara dị ka trauma nke uche, ọrịa uche, mmebi mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ psychotrauma) bụ nzaghachi mmetụta uche nke ihe omume dị oke egwu kpatara bụ nke na-abụghị ụdị ahụmahụ mmadụ. Onye o metụtara ga-aghọtarịrị ka ọ na-eyi onye ahụ metụtara ma ọ bụ ndị ha hụrụ n'anya egwu ọnwụ, mmerụ ahụ siri ike, ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike mmekọahụ; mkpughe na-apụtachaghị ìhè, dị ka site na ikiri akụkọ telivishọn, nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-ewute nke ukwuu ma nwee ike iwepụta nzaghachi nrụgide physiological siri ike, mana ọ naghị emepụta trauma kwa otu. Ihe atụ gụnyere ime ihe ike, idina mmadụ n'ike, ma ọ bụ mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu.[1]'''<ref name=":2">[[DSM-5]], Diagnostic Critera for "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" (309.81), criterion A: "Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others...does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related."</ref> A na-agbaso mmeghachi omume dị mkpirikpi dị ka ihe ịma jijiji nke uche na ọjụjụ nke mmụọ.  Mmeghachi omume ogologo oge na mmetụta gụnyere ọrịa bipolar, mgbagha na-enweghị nchịkwa, ọgụ ụjọ, ehighi ura, nsogbu nro, ihe isi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic (PTSD).  A na-etolitekarị ihe mgbaàmà anụ ahụ gụnyere isi owuwa, hyperventilation, hyperhidrois, na ọgbụgbọ na amalita Dị ka ahụmịhe dị iche iche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ndị mmadụ na-emeghachi omume na ihe omume ndị yiri ya n'ụzọ dị iche. Ọtụtụ ndị na-enwe ihe nwere ike imebi ihe anaghị enwe nchegbu n'uche, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike inwe nchegbu ma nwee ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Childhood antecedents of exposure to traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-01_164_1/page/119|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=164|issue=1|pages=119–25|pmid=17202553|doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.119}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ga-enwe PTSD mgbe ha zutere ihe mberede, ma ọ bụ usoro ihe omume.<ref name="Karg_2014">{{Cite book|quote=Among individuals who do develop post-traumatic stress after exposure to a traumatic event, some develop symptoms sufficient to meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD|chapter=Past year mental disorders among adults in the United States: results from the 2008–2012 Mental Health Surveillance Study|title=CBHSQ Data Review|date=October 2014|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379142/}}</ref><ref name="Forman-Hoffman_2016">{{Cite book|chapter=Correlates of lifetime exposure to one or more potentially traumatic events and subsequent posttraumatic stress among adults in the United States: results from the mental health surveillance study, 2008–2012.|title=CBHSQ data review|date=April 2016|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390285/}}</ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa ọdịiche a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ihe nchebe ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere, nke na-enyere ha aka ịnagide ihe siri ike, gụnyere ihe ndị metụtara iwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ntachi obi na njikere ịchọ enyemaka.<ref name="Wingo, Aliza P. 2014">{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=51|pages=93–99|doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.007|pmid=24485848}}</ref> Ndị na-enwe mmerụ ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu na ihe isi ike mgbe nkè ahụ gasịrị. Ike nke mgbaàmà ndị a na-adabere na onye ahụ, ụdị mmerụ ahụ metụtara, na nkwado na ọgwụgwọ ha na-enweta n'aka ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ịdị ukwuu ma dịgasịgasị iche, ma dị iche iche n'otú onye ọ bụla si sie ike.<ref name="Carlson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/general/fs_effects.html|title=Effects of Traumatic Experiences: A National Center for PTSD Fact Sheet|accessdate=2005-12-09|publisher=National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210194253/http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/general/fs_effects.html|archivedate=2005-12-10}}</ref> Mgbe ahụmahụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ gasịrị, mmadụ nwere ike ịnwale mmerụ ahụ n'uche na n'ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda nke injin ọgba tum tum nwere ike ịkpata echiche intrusive ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke ịlaghachi na ahụmịhe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ nke gụnyere ụda yiri nke ahụ dịka ịgba égbè. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe na-adịghị njọ (dịka mkpọtụ sitere na ọgba tum tum) nwere ike ijikọta n'uche na ahụmịhe ọdachi. A na-akpọ usoro a traumatic coupling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlHgzUBOzbEC&q=%22traumatic+coupling%22&pg=PA39|title=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder For Dummies|date=2011-02-09|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-05090-3|pages=39|language=en}}</ref> N'ime usoro a, ihe na-adịghị njọ na-aghọ ihe ncheta trauma, nke a na-akpọkwa ihe na-akpata trauma. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkpata obi erughị ala na ọbụna ihe mgbu. Ịnọghachi na ahụmịhe nwere ike imebi mmetụta ndị mmadụ banyere nchekwa, onwe ha, Ịdị irè n'onwe ya, yana ikike ha nwere ịchịkwa mmetụta uche na ịhazi mmekọrịta. Ha nwere ike ịlaghachi na ọgwụ na-emetụta uche, gụnyere Mmanya na-aba n'anya, iji gbalịa ịgbapụ ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta. Ihe ndị a na-akpata flashbacks, nke bụ ahụmahụ dissociative ebe onye ahụ na-eche dị ka a ga-asị na ihe omume ahụ na-eme ugboro ugboro. Flashbacks nwere ike ịdị site na ndọpụ uche ruo na nkwụsị zuru oke ma ọ bụ enweghị mmata banyere ihe dị ugbu a. Ịnọghachi na mgbaàmà bụ ihe ịrịba ama na ahụ na uche na-agbasi mbọ ike ịnagide ahụmịhe ahụ. Ihe na-akpata na ihe na-egosi na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ncheta nke mmerụ ahụ ma nwee ike ịkpata nchegbu na mmetụta ndị ọzọ metụtara ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Treatment (US)|first=Center for Substance Abuse|title=Understanding the Impact of Trauma|date=2014|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/|accessdate=5 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe onye ahụ nwere ike amaghị ihe ihe ndị a na-akpata. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nke a nwere ike iduga onye nwere nsogbu na-akpata nchekasị itinye aka n'omume na-akpaghasị ma ọ bụ usoro na-ebibi onwe ya, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị nke ọma ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara omume ha. Nkụda mmụọ bụ ihe atụ nke mmeghachi omume uche na ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpata mmetụta uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joscelyne|first=Amy|date=December 2012|title=Fear of memories: the nature of panic in posttraumatic stress disorder|journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=19084|doi=10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.19084|issn=2000-8198|pmid=23130094}}</ref> f64lpqb0xk1vya6rwi3m0htjjx2m3ay 0 43422 697541 628434 2026-08-10T02:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697541 wikitext text/x-wiki    Egbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ (American English), igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ (Commonwealth English), ma ọ bụghị igbu ihere bụ ụdị igbu ọhụrụ nke ndị ezinụlọ ha gburu mmadụ ma ọ bụla n’aka ha, n’ihi nke enwe omenala kwadoro na ogbugbu mmadụ dị otú ahụ bụ. Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-ejikọtakarị na Okpụkpere chi, agbụrụ, ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nhazi ọkwa ọha, ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ na-agụnye igbu ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ nwa agbọghọ site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ nwoke, n'ihi nkwenye nke ndị omempụ ahụ na onye ahụ e meruru ahụ eweta so ihere ma ọ bụ ihere n'aha ezinụlọ, aha ma ọ bụ ugwu. Ekwe yere na ogbugbu mmadụ sitere na omenala agbụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbakọ mba ụwa na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ katọrọ, obodo dị iche iche na-akwadokarị ma na-akwado igbu mmadụ n'ihi nsọpụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ebe onye e merụrụ ahụ bụ onye mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị igbu onye a ga-eme ka a na-ebo ndị òtù ezinụlọ ebubo na ha nwere ụjọ, omume rụrụ arụ, ma mesịa bụrụ ndị a na-akparị n'àgwà n'obodo ha. N'ọnọdụ mgbe onye a tara ahụhụ bụ onye ezinaụlọ, ogbugbu ahụ na-esite n'echiche ndị na-eme mpụ ahụ na onye ahụ e gburu egbu ebutela ezinụlọ dum ihere ma ọ bụ ihere, nke nwere ike iduga nchụpụ ọha na eze, site n'imebi ụkpụrụ omume nke obodo. Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere ịnọ na mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ inwe mmekọrịta n'etiti ọha na eze na-abụghị ezinaụlọ nke nwere ike iduga nchụpụ ọha na eze nke ezinụlọ (nsogbu-site-mmekọrịta). Ihe atụ bụ inwe mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye, n’alụghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma ọ bụ mgbe alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị (ọ bụrụ na a gbara alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ), ịjụ ịbanye n’alụmdi na nwunye ahaziri ahazi, ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nkewa, iso ndị si n’ebe dị iche iche na-enwe mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmekọ, ịbụ onye ihe metụtara. mpụ mmekọahụ, iyi uwe, ihe ịchọ mma, na ihe ndị e ji ejikọta mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ, itinye aka ná mmekọrịta n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ mmachibido iwu, na nwoke idina nwoke. Ọ bụ ezie na ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eme ma bụrụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, n'ọtụtụ obodo, ịgbaso ụkpụrụ omume ọma na-egosi omume dị iche iche maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ịdị ọcha maka ụmụ nwanyị. N'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ, ndị ikom na-eji ebumnuche nsọpụrụ eme ihe dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji gbochie ikike ụmụ nwanyị. A na-eme igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ n'obodo na ebumnuche ịta ahụhụ maka mmebi iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmekọahụ, okpukpe ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ usoro ndị isi. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-eme igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ megide onye ikwu nwanyị a na-ewere na ọ mebiri ezinụlọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml|title=BBC - Ethics - Honour crimes}}</ref> A na-ejikọta igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ na Greater Middle East na mpaghara India, mana ha gbanye kwara mkpọrọ gwụ na ọdịbe dị ndị ọzọ, dị ka Philippines, Northern Caucasus na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mediterenian Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24170866|title=India 'honour killings': Paying the price for falling in love|work=BBC News|date=20 September 2013}}</ref> <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/</ref>Ha dịkwa n'ógbè ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata na mba ndị na-enweghị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze nke na-agba ume igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-31|title='Honour-based' offences soared by 81% in last five years|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/oct/31/honour-based-offences-soared-by-81-in-last-five-years|accessdate=2022-04-11|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80127645.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=3 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603075652/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80127645.pdf}} </ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/</ref> A na-ejikọkarị igbu ọchụ na ime obodo na mpaghara agbụrụ, mana ha na-emekwa n'obodo ukwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1303729|title='Honour killings increasing in urban areas'|date=22 December 2016|accessdate=23 May 2021|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020152/https://www.dawn.com/news/1303729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/urban-honour-killings-backlash-against-change/articleshow/48638618.cms|title=Urban honour killings: Backlash against change - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2015|accessdate=23 May 2021}}</ref> == Nkọwa == <blockquote>Mpụ nkwanye ùgwù bụ omume ime ihe ike, nke na-abụkarị igbu ọchụ, nke ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwoke na-eme megide ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwanyị bụ ndị a na-eche na ha wetaara ezinụlọ ahụ ihere. Ezinụlọ ya nwere ike ịlụso nwanyị ọgụ n'ihi ihe dịgasị iche iche gụnyere, ịjụ ịbanye n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi, ịbụ onye a wakporo, ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm - ọbụlagodi site n'aka di na-emegbu - ma ọ bụ ịkwa iko. Nanị nghọta na nwanyị emeela ihe n'ụzọ iji weta "ihe ihere" n'ezinụlọ ahụ zuru ezu iji mee ka mwakpo.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web|title=Violence Against Women and "Honor" Crimes|url=https://www.hrw.org/press/2001/04/un_oral12_0405.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028023841/https://www.hrw.org/press/2001/04/un_oral12_0405.htm|archivedate=28 October 2004|accessdate=6 April 2001|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref></blockquote>Ụmụ nwoke nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ nke nwanyị a na-eche na ha na ha nwere mmekọrịta na-ekwe dịghị ekwesị; ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ ha, nke ikpeazụ na-eji kọ karị na ndị na ụdị onwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39485348|title=Male 'honour' cases 'underreported'|author=Razzall|first=Katie|date=11 April 2017|accessdate=28 January 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Ọtụtụ ndị otu ezinụlọ na-eme atụmatụ igbu ọchụ n'ụzọ nsọpụrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ site na " kansụl ezinụlọ". A na-eji egwu igbu ọchụ eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi chịkwaa omume, ọkachasị gbasara mmekọahụ na alụmdi na nwunye, nke a nwere ike ile anya dị ka ọrụ maka ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ niile ikwado. Ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwere ike iche na a mbanyere ha ime ihe iji chekwaa aha ezinụlọ ahụ n'ime obodo ma zere ihere ma ọ bụ izere izere, ọkachasị hasị n'ime ogbè ndị dị n'otu.<ref name="hbv-awareness.com" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p1.html|title=Introduction – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada|publisher=Justice.gc.ca|date=24 September 2013|accessdate=15 February 2015|archivedate=15 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215204942/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p1.html}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ siri ike inweta, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na akọwa pụtara " nsọpụrụ" n'ụzọ na-ezi ghi ezi ma ọ bụ akọwapụtara ya n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ karịa na Nkeji edemede 12 nke UDHR (nke e hotara n'elu) na-enweghị nkọwa doro anya. N'ihi ya, ọ na-esiri ya ike inye ụkpụrụ maka ikpebiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ikpe a nyere bụ ihe atụ nke igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ. N'ihi enweghị nkọwa doro anya nke "nsọpụrụ" na ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ ekwekọ, a na-ekwukarị na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị a na-egbu egbu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na'egbu egbu na-enwekarị ụmụ nwanyị naanị.<ref>Malik, I.H. (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press, Westport; Çakır, R., Yavuz, M. F., and Demircan, T. (2004). Türkiye'de, Namus Saikiyle İşlenen Adam Öldürme Suçlarının Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of Honor Related Homicides in Turkey] Adli Tıp Dergisi [Journal of Forensic Medicine], 18(3-4):27–33. Öztürk, M.and Demirdağ, M.A. (2013). Namusunu Kanla Temizleyenler: Mardin Cezaevi'nde Namus Davası Nedeniyle Yatan Mahkûmlar Üzerine bir Araştırma [The Ones Who Restored Their Honour With Blood: A Sociological Research On Prisoners Convicted for Honour Related Issues in the Mardin Jailhouse]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları, 7(30):117–135. See also Ermers, R., 2018. Honor Related Violence. A New Social Psychological Perspective, Routledge, p. 196-197.</ref> Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, mana a na-akpọ karị ya na Middle East, South Asia na North Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/the-horror-of-honor-killings-even-in-us/|title=The Horror of 'Honor Killings', Even in US|date=10 April 2012|accessdate=5 May 2020|archivedate=27 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140540/https://www.amnestyusa.org/the-horror-of-honor-killings-even-in-us/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/06/09/honor-killings-united-nations-pakistan/85642786/|title='Honor killings': 5 things to know|accessdate=28 September 2021|archivedate=22 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222223802/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/06/09/honor-killings-united-nations-pakistan/85642786/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/tag/honor-killings/|title=Honor killings – UAB Institute for Human Rights Blog|accessdate=28 September 2021|archivedate=28 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928183034/https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/tag/honor-killings/}}</ref>N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na Southern Europe, na "enwetakarị omume nke igbu ọchị kwu ' nsọpụrụ' n'ime ncheta dị ndụ n'ime mba Mediterenian dị ka Ịtali na Gris," na "Is Ọkpụrụkpụ n'ụwa Mediterranean bụ ụkpụrụ omume, ụzọ ndụ na ụkpụrụ nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-akọwa ndụ, omenala na ụkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na Mediterranean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/|title=Honour Killings By Region|accessdate=16 July 2013|archivedate=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172508/http://hbv-awareness.com/regions/}}</ref><ref name="medinstgenderstudies.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/hrvresourcebook.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=11 October 2014|archivedate=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018085919/http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/hrvresourcebook.pdf}}</ref> Na Corsica, e nwere omenala siri ike nke inọ ọbọdọ, nke chọrọ ka ndị Corsican gbuo onye ọ bụla mebiri nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ ha. N'agbata afọ 1821 na 1852 e gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,300 na Corsica. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/20/corsica-intrigue-crime-politics|title=On Corsica, the intrigue of crime and politics claims another life|work=The Guardian|date=20 October 2012|author=Willsher|first=Kim}}</ref> Esemokwu ezinụlọ nke na-akpata igbu ọchụ na-aga n'ihu na-ewere ọnọdụ na Sardinia na narị afọ nke 21.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ten-killed-in-two-decade-family-feud-t7dspmtc5|title=Ten killed in two-decade family feud|date=14 September 2023|author=Rome|first=Tom Kington}}</ref> Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ abụọ ihe zuru ebe niile na mba Mediterenian nke Southern Europe ruo n'oge na-adịghi anya, n'ebe ndị dị Ala Iberian Peninsula, [[France]], Italy na Greece. N'Omenala ndị France, a na-eme ka akụkọ banyere igbu ọchụ dị otú ahụ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma gosi pụta ya n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè n'Akwụkwọ French nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, na "N'akwụkwọ dịka na ndụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a taa ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị omenala ahụhụ nke ukwuu ka àgwà nnụnụ isi ha ghara ikpebiri ali omume nnupụụisi ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623654/|pmid=11623654|year=1999|author=Lieberman|first=L.|title=Crimes of reason, crimes of passion: Suicide and the adulterous woman in nineteenth-century France|journal=Journal of Family History|volume=24|issue=2|pages=131–147|doi=10.1177/036319909902400201}}</ref>France nwekwara ọdịbendị siri ike nke ịlụ ọgụ iji kwado nsọpụrụ, National Geographic kpọrọ France "isi obodo ịlụ ọgụ nke Europe". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320151004/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/why-france-dueling-capital-europe|archivedate=20 March 2021|title=Why France was the dueling capital of Europe|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=19 August 2020}}</ref> Nsọpụrụ bụ isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'Akwụkwọ Spanish oge ochie, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị Spanish ọdịnala; otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede Spanish a ma ama na-ekwu maka echiche nke nsọpụrụ bụ El médico de su honra nke Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi The Point of Honour nke onye edemede Bekee bụ W. Somerset Maugham na-ezo aka na El médico de su honra ma na-atụle ọrụ nsọpụrụ na ọha mmadụ Spanish na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19. Echiche nke nsọpụrụ ka ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịbendị Mediterenian mụrụ nke ọma, ebe ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ndị ahụ nke nsọpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0188.xml|title=Honor in Latin America, to 1900}}</ref> == Usoro == Ụzọ igbu ọchụ gụnyere ịtụ nkume, ịma mma, iti ihe, ịgba ọkụ, igbu pụrụ isi, ịkwụ gburugburu, igbu ọchukwu, Mwakpo acid na-egbu egbu, ịgba égbè, na nkụ.<ref name="genevadeclaration.org" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, obodo na-egbu mmadụ n'ihu ọha iji dọọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo aka ná ntị banyere ihe nwere ike izụta na itinye aka n'ihe a na-ahụ dị ka omume iwu na-akwado ghi.[1]<ref name="genevadeclaration.org" /> == Ojiji nke ụmụaka dị ka ndị na-eme ya == Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ezinụlọ na-ahọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbu, ka onye ogbugbu wee nwee ike irite uru site na ndi na-ahụ iwu kachasị mma. A na-arịọkarị ụmụ nwoke na mgbe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ezinụlọ ka ha nyochaa ma nyochaa omume nke ụmụnne ha nwanyị ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ, iji hụ na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị eme ihe ọ bụla iji mebie 'nkwanye ùgwù' na 'aha' nke ezinụlọ ahụ. A na-arịọkarị ụmụ okorobịa ka ha gbuo ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ha ajụ, ha nwere ike inyere agide mmetụta siri ike site n'ezinụlọ na obodo maka ịgighara ụ ọrụ ha. <ref name="genevadeclaration.org" /><ref name="humanrights.ch">{{Cite web|title=Honour Related Violence|url=http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/070419_Kvinnoforum_HRV.pdf|work=Humanrights.ch|publisher=Kvinnoforum|accessdate=20 May 2018|year=2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024614/http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/070419_Kvinnoforum_HRV.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref> == Omenala ==   Ihe ọmenala ndị na-eduga n'ihu hapụ nsọpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ na-agụnye ime ihe ike na egwu dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ịnọgide na-achịkwa. A na-ekwu na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ sitere n'etiti ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na ndị na-azụ anụ: ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebu ihe niile bara uru ha ma na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ nke izuru ha, ha enweghịkwa ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka iwu. N'ihi ya, ịkpali egwu, iji ime ihe ike, na ịzụlite aha maka ịbọ ọbọ ime ihe ike iji chebe ihe onwunwe ka mma karịa omume ndị ọzọ. N'obodo ebe e nwere ọchịchị na-adịghị ike, ndị mmadụ ga-ewu aha ọjọọ.<ref name="justice.gc.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html|title=Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing / Honour Killing – Worldwide / Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada|publisher=Justice.gc.ca|date=24 September 2013|accessdate=15 February 2015|archivedate=15 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215194049/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ebe nsọpụrụ bụ ihe dị mkpa, ụmụ nwoke bụ isi iyi, ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta / ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke nsọpụrụ ahụ, ebe naanị mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inwe na nsọpụrụ bụ ibibi ya.<ref name="justice.gc.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html|title=Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing / Honour Killing – Worldwide / Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada|publisher=Justice.gc.ca|date=24 September 2013|accessdate=15 February 2015|archivedate=15 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215194049/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html}}</ref> Ozugbo a na-ewere nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ dị ka nwanyị mebiri, ọ dị mkpa ịbọ ọbọ ozugbo iji weghachite ya, maka ezinụlọ iji zere ịhapụ ihu na obodo. Dị ka nkwupụta Amnesty International si kwuo:   Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya banyere Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụzọ a na-esi ele ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ndị na-asọpụrụ ùgwù anya na-ewetara ụmụ nwoke ihere na-abụkarị site na omume mmekọahụ ha. N'ezie, e dekọrọ ime ihe ike metụtara ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị kemgbe Rom oge ochie, mgbe pater familias nwere ikike igbu nwa nwanyị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye na-akwa iko. Na Europe oge ochie, iwu ndị Juu nyere iwu ka a tụgbuo nwunye na-akwa iko na onye òtù ọlụlụ ya.<ref name="justice.gc.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html|title=Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing / Honour Killing – Worldwide / Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada|publisher=Justice.gc.ca|date=24 September 2013|accessdate=15 February 2015|archivedate=15 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215194049/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p3.html}}</ref> Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, prọfesọ anthropology na Rhode Island College, dere na omume, ma ọ bụ ọbụna omume a na-ebo ebubo, nke omume mmekọahụ ọ bụla, na-emebi usoro omume nke ọdịbendị ahụ, na ịwụfu ọbara bụ naanị ụzọ iji wepụ ihere ọ bụla sitere n'omume ahụ ma weghachite nguzozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban">{{Cite web|title=Cultural Relativism and Universal Rights|url=http://www.neiu.edu/~circill/luedke/anth212/cultu.pdf|first=Carolyn|author=Fluehr-Lobban|accessdate=2 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619113253/http://www.neiu.edu/~circill/luedke/anth212/cultu.pdf|archivedate=19 June 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nsọpụrụ na mmekọahụ nwanyị bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ ndị edemede na-ekwu na ọ bụghị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị ''n'onwe ya'' bụ 'nsogbu', kama mkpebi onwe onye ụmụ nwanyị n"ihe gbasara ya, yana ọmụmụ. Sharif Kanaana, prọfesọ nke Anthropology na Mahadum Birzeit, na-ekwu na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ bụ: Nighat Taufeeq nke ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Shirkatgah dị na Lahore, Pakistan na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụ njikọ sọ nke na-arụ ọrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị: ndị na-egbu egbu na-anya isi n'ihe ha mere, ndị isi bụrụ na-akwado omume ahụ ma chebe ndị na-agbachitere ndị na-eme ihe ndị na-akpata mmadụ na ndị uwe ojii na-ekpuchi ya. " Ikike ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan na-adabere n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ na omenala ha <ref name="amint">{{Cite web|title=PAKISTAN Honour killings of girls and women|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/018/1999/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=15 April 2008|archivedate=13 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913163626/http://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA33/018/1999/en/}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na July 2008 site n'aka otu ndị otu si na Mahadum Dicle banyere igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Anatolia, mpaghara ndị Kurdish nke Turkey, egosiwo na obere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla ọha na eze na-ejikọta na igbu ọchukwu nsọpụrụ. Ọ na-ekwukwa na omume ahụ enweghị njikọ na usoro ọha mmadụ, "e nwekwara ndị na-eme ya bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum. N'ime ndị niile a nyochara, pasent 60 bụ ma ọ bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadul ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ndị gụrụ egwú. "<ref name="todayszaman">{{Cite news|title=Honor killing perpetrators welcomed by society, study reveals|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=147349&bolum=101|work=[[Today's Zaman]]|first=Murat|author=Gezer|accessdate=15 July 2008}}</ref> N'oge a, a na-ejikwa ọnọdụ ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị kọwaa ihe omume nke igbu ọchụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ndị nna ochie bụ ndị nwetara nnwere onwe akụ na ụba site n'ezinụlọ ha na-emegide ọdịbendị ha nke ụmụ nwoke. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na mgbanwe maka ibu ọrụ ka ukwuu maka ụmụ nwanyị na obere maka ndị nna ha nwere ike ime ka ndị òtù ezinụlọ ha nwoke na-eme ihe n'ụzọ mmegbu na mgbe ụfọdụ ime ihe ike iji nwetaghachi ikike.<ref name="Hilal Onur Ince, Aysun Yarali and Dogancan Ozsel">{{Cite journal|title=Customary Killings in Turkey and Turkish Modernization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2009-07_45_4/page/537|first=Hilal Onur|author=Ince|doi=10.1080/00263200903009593|volume=45|issue=4|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|pages=537–551|year=2009}}</ref> Fareena Alam, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ndị Alakụba, dere na igbu ọchụ nke na-ebilite na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ dị ka Britain bụ usoro maka ezinụlọ ndị mbịarambịa iji nagide ihe ndị na-eme ka obodo mepụta. Alam na-ekwu na ndị mbịarambịa na-anọ nso na omenala ụlọ na ndị ikwu ha n'ihi na ọ na-enye netwọk nchekwa. O dere na   Nwanyị na-anwa ịgba alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nkewa na-enweghị nkwenye nke di / ezinụlọ gbasaa nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata igbu ọchụ. N'omenala ebe a na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye na ihe ndị a na-agbanwekarị n'etiti ezinụlọ, a na-elekarị ọchịchọ nwanyị ịchọ ịgba alụkwaghịm anya dị ka mkparị nye ndị ikom kwurịtara nkwekọrịta ahụ. Site n'ime ka a mara nsogbu alụmdi na nwunye ha n'èzí ezinụlọ, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-ekpughe ezinụlọ ahụ n'ihu ọha.<ref name="hbv-awareness.com">{{Cite web|url=http://hbv-awareness.com/faq/|title=FAQ|publisher=Hbv-awareness.com|accessdate=15 February 2015|archivedate=15 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815114026/http://hbv-awareness.com/faq/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://hbv-awareness.com/faq/ "FAQ"]. Hbv-awareness.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150815114026/http://hbv-awareness.com/faq/ Archived] from the original on 15 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> === Ebubo na asịrị banyere onye òtù ezinụlọ === N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, ''ebubo'' megide nwanyị nwere ike imebi aha ezinụlọ ya, na ịkpata igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ: egwu ezinụlọ ahụ na obodo ga-achụpụ ya dị ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml#h1|title=Ethics: Honour crimes|publisher=BBC|date=1 January 1970|accessdate=23 December 2013|archivedate=21 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml#h1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|first=Bhaskar|author=Dasgupta|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/gender-dasgupta210204.htm|title=No Honour in Honour Killings|publisher=countercurrents.org|date=21 February 2004|accessdate=23 December 2013|archivedate=11 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211120014/http://www.countercurrents.org/gender-dasgupta210204.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/factsheets/Honour_Killing.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=21 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061605/http://www.octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/factsheets/Honour_Killing.pdf|archivedate=21 September 2013}}</ref>   N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, ndị e dinara n'ike na-eche ajọ ime ihe ike ihu, gụnyere igbu ọchụ, site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ ha na ndị ikwu ha. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, a na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ụmụ nwoke dinara n'ike ka ha wetaara ezinụlọ ha 'ihe ihere' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ihie' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml|title=Ethics – Honour crimes|publisher=BBC|date=1 January 1970|accessdate=16 August 2013|archivedate=21 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml}}</ref> Nke a bụ karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ e gburu egbu tụụrụ [[Afọ ime|ime]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harter|first=Pascale|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13760895|title=Libya rape victims 'face honour killings'|publisher=BBC|date=14 June 2011|accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref> Omume nke ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọka ikpe nke Pakistan (karịsịa na ọkwa dị ala nke ndị ọka ikpe ) yiri ka ọ na-akwado omume igbu ọchụ n'aha nsọpụrụ ezinụlọ n'oge gara aga. Ndị uwe ojii, n'ọnọdụ nke igbu ọchụ a kwetara, anaghị eme ihe mgbe niile megide onye na-eme ya. Ọzọkwa, ndị ọkàikpe na Pakistan (karịsịa na ọkwa dị ala nke ndị ọka ikpe [1]), kama ikpe ikpe ikpe na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'uche, o yikwara ka ha na-eme ka enweghị nhata sie ike ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-akwado igbu ụmụ nwanyị a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-adịghị akwụwa aka ọtọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, igbu ọchụ a na-enyo enyo adịghị eru ụlọ ikpe, mana n'okwu ikpe ebe ha na-eme, a naghị ebu onye a na-ebo ebubo igbu ọchukwu ma ọ bụ na-enye ya ikpe dị ala nke afọ atọ ruo anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'ime nnyocha ikpe nke igbu ọchụ 150 maka nsọpụrụ, ndị ọkàikpe na-aga n'ihu jụrụ naanị nkwupụta asatọ na e gburu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ maka nsọpụrụ ahụ. A mara ndị ọzọ ikpe n'ụzọ dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A Question of Honor|first=Suzanne|author=Goldberg|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/27/gender.uk1|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 December 2011|date=27 May 1999}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ ikpe na Pakistan, otu n'ime ihe mere ikpe igbu ọchụ anaghị abanye n'ụlọ ikpe, bụ n'ihi na, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị si kwuo, ndị mmanye iwu Pakistani anaghị etinye aka. N'okpuru agbamume nke onye ogbugbu ahụ, ndị uwe ojii na-ekwukarị na ogbugbu a bụ ikpe ụlọ nke na-ekwesịghị itinye aka. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ahụ na-atụ egwu ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ na-ebo ebubo. Otú ọ dị, ndị uwe ojii na-ekwu na ọ dịghị mgbe a na-ewetara ha ikpe ndị a, ma ọ bụ ha abụghị ndị buru ibu iji chụsoo n'ụzọ buru ibu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Pakistan, Women Pay the Price of Honor|url=http://chora.virtualave.net/pakistan-women.htm|work=The Washington Post|first=Pamela|author=Constable|authorlink=Pamela Constable|accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref> Enweghị mmasị n'okwu igbu ọchụ n'ime Pakistan bụ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị siri ike na iwu, ndị uwe ojii, na ndị ikpe. Na akụkọ ya, "Pakistan: Honor Killings of Girls and Women", nke e bipụtara na Septemba 1999, Amnesty International katọrọ enweghị mmasị gọọmentị ma kpọọ maka ọrụ gọọmentị n'ichebe ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/018/1999/en/|title=Honor Killings in Pakistan Amnesty.org Retrieved 06/03/12|accessdate=1 October 2012|archivedate=13 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913163626/http://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA33/018/1999/en/}}</ref> Iji kọwaa ya, Amnesty rịọrọ Gọọmentị Pakistan ka o mee 1) usoro iwu, 2) mgbochi, na 3) nchebe. Nke mbụ, usoro iwu na-ezo aka na mgbanwe nke iwu mpụ gọọmentị iji hụ na nchebe iwu hà nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'elu nke ahụ, Amnesty siri ọnwụ na gọọmentị ga-eme ka ndị omempụ merụrụ ahụ nwee ike ịnweta iwu n'aha nsọpụrụ. Mgbe a bịara n'ihe mgbochi, Amnesty kwusiri ike mkpa dị mkpa ịkwalite mmata ọha na eze site na mgbasa ozi, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọkwa ọha. N'ikpeazụ, usoro nchebe gụnyere ijide n'aka na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, ndị ọka iwu, na ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị dị nchebe iji mee ka iwepụ igbu ọchụ dị mma. Ọzọkwa, Amnesty rụrụ ụka maka mmụba nke ọrụ nkwado ndị a na-emegbu dịka ebe mgbaba. Kremlin-appointed Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have "loose morals" and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings. He did not vilify women alone but added that "If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her, both of them are killed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g3CnrQFlvyjHiDVHC-jXxegnNz7wD96KOKB00|title=Chechen leader imposes strict brand of Islam|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304190227/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g3CnrQFlvyjHiDVHC-jXxegnNz7wD96KOKB00|archivedate=4 March 2009}}. Associated Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/breaking-news/world/europe/president-kadyrov-defends-honour-killings-14208919.html|title=President Kadyrov defends honour killings|date=1 March 2009|work=The Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, onye nkwado a ma ama nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke [[Norway]] kwuru na ọ chọrọ ka ntaramahụhụ maka igbu ọchụ ahụ belata site na afọ 17 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo afọ 15 n'okwu gbasara igbu ọchukwu a na-eme na Norway. Ọ kọwara na ọha na eze Norwegian aghọtaghị ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ na-eme igbu ọchụ, ma ọ bụ ghọta echiche ha, nakwa na ọdịbendị Norwegian "bụ onye ezi omume".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Staff vil gi strafferabatt for æresdrap|work=Aftenposten|date=29 November 2007|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2126407.ece|accessdate=23 November 2011|language=no}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, Israr Ullah Zehri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pakistani na Balochistan, gbachitere ogbugbu nsọpụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ise sitere n'ebo Umrani site n'aka onye ikwu nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ nke Umrani.<ref name="ahrc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2008/2969|title=PAKISTAN: Five women buried alive, allegedly by the brother of a minister|accessdate=31 March 2011|work=Asian Human Rights Commission|archivedate=2 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212841/http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2008/2969/}}</ref> Zehri gbachitere ogbugbu ahụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ma gwa ndị omeiwu ibe ya ka ha ghara ime esemokwu banyere ihe merenụ. O kwuru, "Ndị a bụ omenala dị ọtụtụ narị afọ, m ga-anọgide na-agbachitere ha. Naanị ndị na-eme omume rụrụ arụ kwesịrị ịtụ egwu. "<ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4678530.ece|title=Three teenagers buried alive in 'honour killings'|accessdate=31 March 2011|work=The Times|first=Zahid|author=Hussain|date=5 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/2660881/Pakistani-women-buried-alive-for-choosing-husbands.html|title=Pakistani women buried alive 'for choosing husbands'|accessdate=31 March 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=1 September 2008|first=Our|author=Foreign}}</ref> Nilofar Bakhtiar, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta na onye ndụmọdụ praịm minista Pakistan na ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, mere mkpọsa megide igbu ọchụ na Pakistan mgbe ọ nọ n'ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2007/04/10/bakhtiar-pakistan-fatwa-face-cx_rd_0410autofacescan01.html|date=10 April 2007|work=Forbes|title=Hug Sparks Fatwa Against Pakistani Minister|accessdate=6 July 2011|first=Ruth|author=David}}</ref> * Tursunoy Saidazimova, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Uzbek na Uzbek SSR na otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-abụ abụ n'elu ikpo okwu na-enweghị ihe mkpuchi ihu. Di ya gburu ya obere oge ka ọrụ ya malitere. * Nurkhon Yuldashkhojayeva, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Uzbek mbụ na otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Uzbek mbụ na-agba egwu n'elu ikpo okwu na-enweghị paranja. Nwanne ya nwoke mara ya mma ruo ọnwụ. * Tina Isa, nwa agbọghọ America dị afọ iri na isii nke nne na nna ya mara mma ma gbuo ya. * Rukhsana Naz, nwanyị British Pakistani dị afọ iri na itoolu na nne nke abụọ si Normanton, Derby, onye ndị ezinụlọ gburu. * Surjit Athwal, nwanyị Britain-India dị afọ 27 e gburu na India. Ọ bụ nne di ya na di Surjit gbara ya ume igbu ya. * Tulay Goren, nwa akwụkwọ Kurdish dị afọ iri na ise si Woodford Green, East London nke furu efu na Jenụwarị 1999. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, a mara nna ya Mehmet Goren ikpe maka ogbugbu ya. Mehmet gburu Tulay n'ihi na ya na nwoke meworo okenye nọ na mmekọrịta, sitere na alaka dị iche nke okwukwe Alakụba. * Samia Sarwar, nwanyị Pakistani nke onye ogbugbu nke nne na nna ya were n'ọrụ gbagburu n'ọfịs ndị ọka iwu ya na Lahore. * Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu, onye Indo-Canadian beautician nke a tọọrọ, mekpọọ ya ọnụ, ma gbuo ya na India na iwu nke nne ya na nwanne nna ya dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka alụmdi na nwunye nzuzo ya. * Nitish Katara, onye isi azụmaahịa India dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na Delhi onye Vikas Yadav gburu n'ihi na ezinụlọ nke ikpeazụ ahụ anabataghị mmekọrịta ya na Bharti Yadav, nwanne nwanyị Vikas Yadab. * Fadime Şahindal, onye Kurdish kwagara Sweden nke nna ya gburu n'ihu nne ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ. * Heshu Yones, nwa agbọghọ Iraqi Kurd dị afọ iri na isii si [[London]]" id="mwA58" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Acton, London">Acton, London bụ onye nna ya gburu maka ịghọ "onye ọdịda anyanwụ" na maka itinye aka na mmekọrịta megidere iwu ya. Ikpe Heshu bụ nke mbụ na United Kingdom ka a nabatara ya n'ụzọ iwu ma kpụpụ ya dị ka igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ. * Shafilea Ahmed, nwa agbọghọ Britain Pakistani dị afọ iri na asaa nke nne na nna ya gburu n'ihi ịgbaso ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ma jụ ịnakwere alụmdi na nwunye a manyere yaAlụmdi na nwunye a manyere amanye * Hatun Sürücü, nwanyị Kurdish-Turkish bi na Germany bụ onye nwanne ya nwoke nke nta gburu. Sürücü gbara nwa nwanne nne ya alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, a kọkwara na ọ na-akpa nwa nwoke German. * Samaira Nazir, nwanyị Pakistan dị afọ iri abụọ na ise nke nwanne ya nwoke na nwa nwanne ya gburu maka ịjụ ịbanye n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi na maka ịjụ nhọrọ ndị mụrụ ya maka ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya si Pakistan. * Ghazala Khan, nwanyị Danish nke sitere na Pakistani, onye nwanne ya nwoke gbara egbe ma gbuo na [[Denmark]] mgbe ọ lụrụ di na nwunye megide ọchịchọ ezinụlọ ya. * Banaz Mahmod, nwanyị Kurdish Iraqi dị afọ 20 nke bi na Mitcham, South London gburu ya na iwu nke ezinụlọ ya n'ihi na ọ kwụsịrị alụmdi na nwunye a manyere ime ihe ike na mmegbu ma malite mmekọrịta ya na onye ọ họọrọ. E dekọrọ akụkọ ya na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke afọ 2012 Banaz: A Love Story . * Hina Saleem, nwanyị Pakistani bi na [[Italy|Ịtali]] nke nna ya gburu n'ihi enyi nwoke ya dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na nna ya chọrọ ya n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi. * Manoj na Babli, ndị lụrụ di na nwunye abụọ a tọọrọ ma gbuo ha. Ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ogbugbu ahụ gụnyere ndị ikwu Babli, dị ka nna nna ya, nwanne ya nwoke, ụmụnne nne na nna nna ya. * Sadia Sheikh, nwanyị Belgian dị afọ 20 nke sitere na Pakistani bụ onye nwanne ya nwoke gbagburu na Lodelinsart, Charleroi mgbe ndị mụrụ ya manyere ya ịlụ nwa nwanne nne ya ọ na-ahụtụbeghị. A na-akpọ ikpe ahụ ikpe igbu ọchụ mbụ nke [[Belgium]]. * Aqsa Parvez, nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke nwanne ya nwoke na nna ya kwụgburu ma gbuo na Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. * Morsal Obeidi, nwa agbọghọ [[Germany]]" id="mwA8s" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Afghans in Germany">German-Afghan nke nwanne ya nwoke gburu na Hamburg, Germany. * Rand Abdel-Qader, nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Basra nke nna ya gburu n'ihi na ya na onye agha Britain nọ n'obodo ahụ ghọrọ enyi. * Sandeela Kanwal, nwanyị Pakistani bi na mpaghara Atlanta na Clayton County, Georgia, onye nna ya gburu. * Aasiya Zubair, onye Alakụba Pakistani American MBA nwa akwụkwọ bụ onye di ya mbụ Muzzammil Hassan mara mma ma gbupụ ya isi na Bridges TV station na Orchard Park, New York. * Coty Beavers, nwoke dị afọ 28 nke nna nwunye ya gburu. * Qandeel Baloch, onye Pakistan dị afọ iri abụọ na isii nke e gburu mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Multan. Nwanne ya nwoke kwupụtara igbu ọchụ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ "na-eweta aha ọjọọ" na "nkwanye ùgwù ezinụlọ". * Babak Khorramdin, onye dị afọ iri anọ na isii bụbu onye Iran na-eme ihe nkiri na London nke nne na nna ya mara mma ma gbuo ya maka ịbụ onye na-alụbeghị di na Mee 2021. * Ogbugbu nke Noor Almaleki, nwanyị Arab dị afọ 20 si Iraq nke ụgbọ ala nna ya na-anya maka ịjụ ịlụ di na nwunye ọtụtụ ugboro mgbe a na-ebugharị ya na Iraq mgbe niile. Ogbugbu nsọpụrụ bụ, tinyere igbu ọchụ (nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha mere na South Asia), igbu ọchukwu metụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ịbọ ọbọ (mgbukpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị so n'ezinụlọ ndị òtù òtù òtù ndị na-ese okwu - ọtụtụ n' cikinsu mere na Latin America) na igbu ọchaya ebubo amoosu (nke ọtụtụ'ime ha na-eme na [[Afrịka]] na Oceania) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị igbu ọchịrị nwanyị a ma ama.<ref name="genevadeclaration.org">{{Cite web|title=Femicide: A Global Issue that demands Action|url=http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf|work=Genevadeclaration.org|publisher=Academic Council on the United Nations System|accessdate=20 May 2018|archivedate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630215522/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf "Femicide: A Global Issue that demands Action"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Genevadeclaration.org''. Academic Council on the United Nations System. p.&nbsp;60. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140630215522/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Co-publications/Femicide_A%20Gobal%20Issue%20that%20demands%20Action.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="apps.who.int">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=13 March 2014|archivedate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308202603/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf}}</ref> [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gvlk0v8pae1e8q1d927x7z6bd5fv2az 0 43426 697901 196175 2026-08-10T10:23:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697901 wikitext text/x-wiki * Nkwekọrịta 1979 maka mkpochapụ ụdị ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW), nke ghọtara ime ihe ike dịka akụkụ nke ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndụmọdụ 12 na 19.[1] * Nzukọ Ụwa nke 1993 maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, nke kwetara na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bụ mmebi ikike mmadụ, nke nyekwara aka na nkwupụta UN na-esonụ.[1]<ref name="UN Women: Global Norms & Standards">{{Cite web|title=Global norms and standards: Ending violence against women|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/global-norms-and-standards|accessdate=2 December 2013|publisher=[[UN Women]]}}</ref> * Nkwupụta UN nke 1993 maka iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bụ ngwá ọrụ mba ụwa mbụ na-akọwa ma na-ekwu maka ime ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịgide adịgide nke enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ịghọta ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[1] (Gụnye paragraf nke abụọ ugbu a ebe a). A na-ele nkwupụta a, yana Nzukọ Ụwa nke otu afọ ahụ anya dị ka "oge mgbanwe" ebe a malitere ịtụle ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na mba ụwa ka ọ dịkwuo njọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mba ndị ọzọ gbakọrọ aka gburugburu nsogbu a.<ref name="VAW: A Global Burden">{{Cite journal|author=Venis|first=Sarah|date=6 April 2002|title=Violence against women: a global burden|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=359|issue=9313|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08251-X|pmid=11955533}}</ref><ref name="WHO Multicountry Study">{{Cite book|author=Garcia-Moreno|first=Claudia|url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/24159358X/en/|title=WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2005|isbn=9789241593588|location=Geneva, Switzerland}}</ref> Akwụkwọ mbụ dị mkpa nke na-eme ka mmata nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mmebi ikike mmadụ: nkwupụta United Nations na mwepụ nke ime ihe ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na Vienna, 1993 . <ref name="Brown Thompson 2002">{{Cite book|author=Brown Thompson|first=Karen|url=https://archive.org/details/restructuringwor00khag|title=Restructuring world politics: transnational social movements, networks, and norms|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2002|isbn=9780816639076|editor=Khagram|location=Minneapolis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/restructuringwor00khag/page/n110 96]&ndash;122|chapter=Women's rights are human rights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Elman|first=R. Amy|title=Sexual equality in an integrated Europe: virtual equality|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230610071|series=Europe in Transition: the NYU European Studies Series|location=Basingstoke, UK}}</ref><ref name="Weldon, S.L 2006">{{Cite journal|author=Weldon|first=S. Laurel|date=March 2006|title=Inclusion, solidarity, and social movements: the global movement against gender violence|url=https://archive.org/details/perspectives-on-politics_2006-03_4_1/page/55|journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]]|volume=4|issue=1|pages=55&ndash;74|doi=10.1017/S1537592706060063}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gbanwee nzukọ Vienna site na nzukọ zuru oke na nke kachasị na nzukọ gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ dị ka Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch elekwasịghị anya n'okwu VAW ma ghara ile ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ anya dị ka mmebi nke ihe ndị ruere mmadụ n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwekwara atụmatụ maka ihe ndị Ruuru ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Htun&Weldon">{{Cite journal|author=Htun|first=Mala|date=August 2012|title=The civic origins of progressive policy change: combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2012-08_106_3/page/548|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=106|issue=3|pages=548&ndash;569|doi=10.1017/S0003055412000226}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053243/http://polisci.unm.edu/common/documents/htun_apsa-article.pdf Pdf.]</ref> * Nzukọ mba ụwa nke afọ 1994 maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe, na-ejikọta ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ahụike ọmụmụ na ikike, yana inye gọọmentị ndụmọdụ maka otu esi egbochi ma meghachi omume na ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ.[1]<ref name="UN Women: Global Norms & Standards" /> * Nzukọ nke anọ nke ụwa na 1995 na ụmụ nwanyị na Beijing N'oge Nzukọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke anọ, e mesiri VAW ike ma kpọọ ya aha dị ka nchegbu dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=UN|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf|title=Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action|date=1995|publisher=United Nations|authorlink=United Nations|accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, mmetụta nke mgbasa ahụ bụ na nrụgide a gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka mmepe nke "ụkpụrụ mba ụwa ọhụrụ" nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na gọọmentị na-ejikarị atụmatụ iwu nke na-enye ihe ndị ọzọ iji dozie omume ime ihe ike. [4][6]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Domestic violence in postcommunist states: local activism, national policies, and global forces|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780253222183|editor=Fábián|location=Bloomington, Indiana}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị inyom zuru ụwa ọnụ na-akwalite itinye n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke okwu VAW n'ime Kọmitii na-ahụ maka iwepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) ebe "ihe odide mbụ nke CEDAW na 1979 ekwughị ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=CEDAW|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/committee.htm|title=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women|date=31 December 2003|publisher=[[United Nations]]|authorlink=CEDAW|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Htun&Weldon" /> : 556 : 556  * N'afọ 1996, Nzukọ Ahụike Ụwa (WHA) kwupụtara ime ihe ike dị ka isi nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze, ma tinye ya na ụdị ndị a ghọtara bụ ime ihe ike nke onye mmekọ na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, ụdị ime ihe ike abụọ a na-emekarị dị ka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Nke a sochiri akụkọ World Health Organization (WHO) na 2002 (lee n'okpuru). <ref name="WHO World Report on violence and health">{{Cite book|author=Krug|first=Etienne G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC|title=World report on violence and health|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|year=2002|isbn=9789241545617|location=Geneva, Switzerland}} </ref> UN mepụtara Trust Fund iji kwado ihe omume iji kpochapụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Fried">{{Cite journal|author=Fried|first=Susana T.|date=2003|title=Violence against women|journal=[[Health and Human Rights]]|volume=6|issue=2|pages=88&ndash;111|doi=10.2307/4065431}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20191129002842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065431 Pdf.]</ref> * N'afọ 1999, UN nabatara Protocol Nhọrọ na Nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta 25 Nọvemba dị ka Ụbọchị Mba Nile maka iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. [2]<ref name="VAW: A Global Burden" /> * N'afọ 2002, dịka ihe na-esote nkwupụta WHA na 1996 nke ime ihe ike dị ka isi okwu ahụike ọha na eze, WHO bipụtara akụkọ ụwa mbụ gbasara ime ihe ike na ahụike, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ ụdị ime ihe ike yana mmetụta ha na ahụike ọha, gụnyere ụdị ime ihe ọjọọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị karịsịa. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem banyere ịrị elu dị egwu n'ime òtù ndị obodo na ọrụ ndị a na-eme iji meghachi omume na ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị megide ụmụ nwanyị site na 1970s ruo 1990s.[11]<ref name="WHO World Report on violence and health" /> * N'afọ 2004, WHO bipụtara "Nnyocha mba dị iche iche banyere ahụike ụmụ nwanyị na Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị", nyocha nke ahụike ụmụ agbọghọ na ime ihe nkiri n'ụlọ site na nyocha nke ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 24,000 na mba 10 sitere na mpaghara niile nke ụwa, nke nyochara mmụba na oke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ime ihe ike site n'aka ndị mmekọ, ma jikọta nke a na nsonaazụ ahụike nye ụmụ nwanyị yana idepụta atụmatụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji emeso ime ihe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.[3]<ref name="WHO Multicountry Study" /> * 2006 UN Secretary General's "In-depth study on all types of violence against women", akwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ zuru oke na okwu a.<ref name="UN In-depth Study on all Forms of Violence Against Women">{{Cite book|author=UN|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/violenceagainstwomenstudydoc.pdf1|title=In-depth study on all forms of violence against women. Report of the Secretary-General.|date=2006|publisher=United Nations General Assembly|id=A/61/122/Add|authorlink=United Nations|accessdate=2 December 2013}}</ref> * Nkwekọrịta Kansụl Europe nke 2011 maka igbochi na ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ọgụ, nke bụ ngwá ọrụ nke abụọ na-emetụta iwu na ime ihe ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị.[1]<ref name="UN Women: Global Norms & Standards" /> * N'afọ 2013, United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) nakweere, site na nkwekọrịta, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ na igbochi ụdị ime ihe ike niile megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ (n'oge gara aga, enweghị nkwekọrịta). [1]<ref name="UN Women: Global Norms & Standards" /> * N'afọ 2013, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN weputara mkpebi mbụ ya na-akpọ maka nchebe nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Norway Post">{{Cite news|author=NRK|date=30 November 2013|title=Protection of women human rights defenders|work=The Norway Post|url=http://www.norwaypost.no/index.php/news/latest-news/29260-protection-of-women-human-rights-defenders|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> Mkpebi ahụ na-agba steeti ume ka ha tinye iwu na ụkpụrụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị maka ichebe Ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ụmụ nwanyị na iji hụ na ndị na- ịgbachitere onwe ha na-etinye aka na imepụta na mmejuputa usoro ndị a, ma na-akpọ steeti ka ha chebe ndị na'ịgbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na mmegwara maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na UN na iji hụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ha na nkwurịta okwu na ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa.<ref name="awid.org">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2013|title=UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders|url=http://www.awid.org/Library/UN-adopts-landmark-resolution-on-Protecting-Women-Human-Rights-Defenders|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819203819/http://www.awid.org/Library/UN-adopts-landmark-resolution-on-Protecting-Women-Human-Rights-Defenders|archivedate=19 August 2014|accessdate=6 August 2014|publisher=[[Association for Women's Rights in Development]] (AWID)}}</ref> === Usoro iheomume nke usoro nchebe na Amerịka === * 1967: Otu n'ime ebe mgbaba ime ihe ike n'ụlọ mbụ meghere na Maine. * 1972: Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ndina n'ike mbụ nke mba ahụ meghere na Washington, D.C. * 1978: E guzobere njikọ mba abụọ, National Coalition Against Sexual Assault na National Coaliation Against Domestic Violence, iji mee ka a mara ụdị ime ihe ike abụọ a megide ụmụ nwanyị. * 1984: U.S. Attorney General guzobere Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Family Violence, iji dozie ụzọ usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke mpụ na mmeghachi omume obodo na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. * 1994: Ntinye nke Iwu Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ VAWA, iwu gụnyere na Iwu Nchịkwa Mpụ na Mmanye Iwu nke 1994, nke Senator Joseph Biden kwadoro, nke chọrọ mmeghachi omume siri ike nke obodo maka mpụ nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na mwakpo mmekọahụ, mee ka ntaramahụhụ gọọmentị etiti sikwuo ike maka ndị na-eme mpụ mmekọahụ ugboro ugboro ma mee ka nchebe iwu nke ndị merụrụ ahụ sie ike, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndokwa ndị ọzọ. * 2000: Onye isi ala Clinton bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke 2000, na-eme ka iwu gọọmentị etiti sikwuo ike, ma na-ekwusi ike na enyemaka nke ndị mbịarambịa, ndị agadi, ndị nwere nkwarụ, na ndị na-eme ihe ike. * 2006: Onye isi ala Bush bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke afọ 2006, na-ekwusi ike na mmemme iji dozie ime ihe ike megide ndị ntorobịa, na ịmepụta mmemme maka itinye aka na ndị ntorobịa na ndị ntụrụndụ, na Ọrụ Ọdịbendị na Asụsụ. * 2007: The National Teen Dating Abuse Hotline meghere. * 2009: Onye isi ala Obama kwupụtara Eprel dị ka ọnwa mmegide gbasara mwakpo mmekọahụ. * 2013: Onye isi ala Obama bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke 2015, nke nyere agbụrụ ndị American Indian ikike ikpe ndị na-abụghị ndị American mmebi iwu, ma chịkwaa akụkọ banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ na kọleji.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kohlman|first=Cindy|url=https://www.inceptia.org|title=Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) New Reporting Requirements Effective July 1, 2015 – Are You Ready?|date=9 June 2015|publisher=Inceptia Institute}} </ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Fee|first=Stephen|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/tribal-justice-prosecuting-non-natives-sexual-assault-indian-reservations|title=Tribal Justice: Prosecuting Non-Natives for Sexual Assault on Reservations (transcript)|date=5 September 2015|publisher=[[PBS]] documentary}}</ref> libcqhnidmbqs0ela21pfo4gu6if8bd 0 43817 697703 621082 2026-08-10T06:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697703 wikitext text/x-wiki DISCERN bụ ngwa e mere iji nye ndị ọrụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi iji tụọ ogo ozi ahụike edere ede. Deborah Charnock, Sasha Shepperd, Gill Needham, na Robert Gann mepụtara ya na mbụ, ha kọrọ akụkọ gbasara mmepe na nkwenye ya na akwụkwọ Febụwarị 1999. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-preventive-and-social-medicine_1999-02_53_2/page/105|journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health|volume=53|issue=2|pages=105–11|date=February 1999|pmid=10396471|doi=10.1136/jech.53.2.105}}</ref> E mere DISCERN maka [[Consumer|Ndị na-azụ ahịa]], ndị na-enye ozi ahụike, na ndị ọkachamara ahụike. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ajụjụ iri na ise nke enwere ike ịtụle na ọkwa 1-5. Ebumnuche ajụjụ bụ ịdọrọ uche onye ọrụ na nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịkpa ókè, ego ọdịnaya, mkpa, nghọta, ihe akaebe, na nguzozi. E hiwere weebụsaịtị DISCERN na Mee 1999. N'agbanyeghị na e ji ihe e biri ebi mepụta ngwa a, a chọpụtala na ọ dị irè n'inyocha ụdị ozi ahụike dị na ịntanetị, yana maka ozi e biri ebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Learning to DISCERN online: applying an appraisal tool to health websites in a workshop setting|journal=Health Education Research|volume=19|issue=4|pages=440–6|date=August 2004|pmid=15155597|doi=10.1093/her/cyg046|url=https://academic.oup.com/her/article/19/4/440/560331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluating the reliability of DISCERN: a tool for assessing the quality of written patient information on treatment choices|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_patient-education-and-counseling_2002-07_47_3/page/273|journal=Patient Education and Counseling|volume=47|issue=3|pages=273–5|date=July 2002|pmid=12088606|doi=10.1016/S0738-3991(01)00225-7}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 2ri08vc6pgizrl5yp637cm8wyfgznd5 0 43914 697931 598453 2026-08-10T11:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Alcoholism|synonym=Alcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)<ref name=MESH2020 />|image=King Alcohol and his Prime Minister.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption="King Alcohol and His Prime Minister" {{circa|1820}}|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[toxicology]], [[addiction medicine]]|symptoms=Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal]] occurring when stopping<ref name=NIH2013 />|complications=[[Mental disorder|Mental illness]], [[Delirium tremens|delirium]], [[Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome]], [[Arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[cirrhosis|cirrhosis of the liver]], [[cancer]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]], [[suicide]]<ref name=FAS2015 /><ref name=DSM5 /><ref name=NIHHx /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=G |last2=Bagge |first2=CL |last3=Cherpitel |first3=CJ |last4=Conner |first4=KR |last5=Orozco |first5=R |last6=Rossow |first6=I |title=A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. |journal=Psychological Medicine |date=April 2017 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=949–957 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716002841 |pmid=27928972|pmc=5340592 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=Long term<ref name=NIH2013 />|types=|causes=Environmental and genetic factors<ref name=DSM5 />|risks=[[Stress (biology)|Stress]], anxiety, inexpensive, easy access<ref name=DSM5 /><ref name="Moon2012" />|diagnosis=Questionnaires, [[blood test]]s<ref name=DSM5 />|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Alcohol detoxification]] typically with [[benzodiazepine]]s, counselling, [[acamprosate]], [[disulfiram]], [[naltrexone]]<ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006" /><ref name="Blondell-2005" /><ref name=Test2014 />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)<ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name=Pew2015 />|deaths=3.3 million / 5.9%<ref name=NIH2015Stats />}}'''Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè''', nke a makwaara dị ka Aṅụrụma na '''Nsogbu Imeto Mmanya na-aba n'anya''' ('''AUD'''), <ref name=MESH2020>{{cite web |title=Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020 |url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=9 May 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623014248/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437 |url-status=live }}</ref> bụ, ịṅụ mmanya na-egbu egbu maọbụ mmanya na -aba n'anya ọ bụla nke na-akpata nsogbu isi mgbaka ma ọ bụ nke [[Health|ahụike]]. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Jill|author=Littrell|title=Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-317-78314-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|quote=The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems}}</ref><ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|accessdate=9 May 2015|date=November 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm|archivedate=18 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=DSM5>{{cite book|last1=Association|first1=American Psychiatric|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490 490–97]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/490}}</ref> E kewa bụrụ nsogbu ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ahụ n'ụdị abụọ: ịmetommanya na - egbu egbu na Ị dabere na mmanya na -aba na- anya [3]<ref name="NIH2003">{{Cite journal|author=Hasin|first=Deborah|title=Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders|volume=27|issue=1|pages=5–17|url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm|journal=Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=December 2003|pmid=15301396}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ahụike, a na-ekwu na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè bụ mgbe mmadụ mere ihe abụọ ma ọbụ karịa n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a : mmadụ na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya buru ibu ogologo oge, na ọ kweghị ya akwusizi ọ na-esiri ya ike , iji ya eme ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrụzu ọrụ, iji ya na-eme nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, iji ya mee ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ịhapụ ya na ọnọdụ ahụike, ịkwụsị ya na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ.[3] ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na emetụta akụkụ ahụ niile , mana ọ na-emetụta karị ụbụrụ, obi, imeju, pancreas na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. [4]<ref name=NIHHx>{{cite web|title=Alcohol's Effects on the Body|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603230352/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body|archivedate=3 June 2015|date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa uche, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ịkụ obi na-adịghị mma, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị ike, cirrhosis imeju na ohere cancer. [4][6]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Romeo|first=Javier|date=October 2007|title=Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|volume=98 Suppl 1|pages=S111–115|doi=10.1017/S0007114507838049|issn=0007-1145|pmid=17922947}}</ref> Ịṅụ mmanya mgbe nwanyị dị '[[Afọ ime|ime]] nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nwammanya na-aba n'anya. <ref name=FAS2015>{{cite web|title=Fetal Alcohol Exposure|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404182156/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/fetal-alcohol-exposure|archivedate=4 April 2015|date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ nke mmanya na-aba n'anya karịa ụmụ nwoke, makana n'ihi na ahụ ha adịghị arọ ka nke umu nwoke ikike dị ala nke ịmịkọrọ mmanya, na oke abụba dị elu.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite book|title=Global status report on alcohol and health 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-069276-3|pages=8, 51|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413011848/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 April 2015}}</ref> Gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ihe abụọ metụtara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na ihe dị ka ọkara ihe ize ndụ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke ọ bụla.<ref name=DSM5 /> Onye nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịghọ onye aṅụrụma okpukpu atọ karịa onye enweghị onye anurima [1] Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọdịbendị na omume.<ref name="Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000">{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal-Kozlowski|first=K|title=[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]|journal=Ther Umsch|volume=57|issue=4|pages=179–84|date=April 2000|pmid=10804873|doi=10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nrụgide dị elu na nchegbu, yana ọnụ ala mmanya na-aba n'anya na ịdị mfe ịnweta, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụ dịkwuo elu. [1] <ref name="Moon2012">{{cite journal|last1=Moonat|first1=S|last2=Pandey|first2=SC|title=Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism|journal=Alcohol Research : Current Reviews|date=2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=495–505|pmid=23584115|pmc=3860391}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-aṅụ mmanya iji gbochie ma ọ bụ melite mgbaàmà nke ịkwụsị.[1] Mgbe mmadụ kwụsịrị ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, ha nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa dị ala nke mmanya ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.[1] N'ihe gbasara ọgwụ, a na-ewere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè dị ka ọrịa anụ ahụ na nke uche. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mersy|first=DJ|title=Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2003-04-01_67_7/page/1529|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 April 2003|volume=67|issue=7|pages=1529–32|pmid=12722853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=June 2008|quote=H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320143132/http://www.ama-assn.org/ad-com/polfind/Hlth-Ethics.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2015}}</ref> Ajụjụ na [[Nnyocha ọbara]] ụfọdụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.[1]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higgins-Biddle|first=John C.|date=2018|title=A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions|journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse|volume=44|issue=6|pages=578–586|doi=10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545|issn=0095-2990|pmid=29723083}}</ref> A na-anakọta ozi ndị ọzọ iji kwado nchọpụta ahụ.[1] Ntuziaka anaghị agụnye ihe karịrị ihe ọṅụṅụ 2 kwa izu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New guidance on alcohol and health from the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction {{!}} This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/guidance-on-alcohol-and-health/|work=thischangedmypractice.com|accessdate=24 March 2024|archivedate=27 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014016/https://thischangedmypractice.com/guidance-on-alcohol-and-health/}}</ref> A ga - akwụsị ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè site na ịchịkwa na igbochi ire mmanya na-aba n'anya, ịtụ ụtụ isi mmanya na-egbu egbu iji mee ka ọnụahịa ya dị elu, na inye ọgwụgwọ adịghị ọnụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|accessdate=10 May 2015|date=January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523020339/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/|archivedate=23 May 2015}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere ike ịnwe ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Blondell-2005">{{cite journal | last= Blondell |first=RD | title = Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-02-01_71_3/page/495 | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–502 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15712624 }}</ref> N'ihi nsogbu ahụike nke nwere ike ime n'oge ịpụ n'anya, a ga-eji nlezianya chịkwaa ọgwụ ọjọọ mmanya.[2] Otu usoro a na-e iji ọgwụ ya bụ benzodiazepine, dị ka diazepam.[2] Enwere ike inye ndị a mgbe a nabatara ha n'ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe mmadụ nọgidere na obodo na nlekọta chiri anya.[2] Ọrịa uche ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ riri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ a ka osie ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=DeVido|first=JJ|title=Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|date=December 2012|volume=14|issue=6|pages=610–08|pmid=22907336|doi=10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7}}</ref> Mgbe ewepụchara nsị, a na-eji ọgwụgwọ otu ma ọ bụ ìgwè nkwado enyere aka igbochi mmadụ ịlaghachi ịṅụbiga mmanya oke. <ref name="Morgan-Lopez-2006">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan-Lopez |first1=AA |last2=Fals-Stewart |first2=W | title = Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions | journal = Exp Clin Psychopharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–73 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16756430 | doi = 10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265 | pmc = 4631029 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Albanese|first=AP|title=Management of alcohol abuse|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=November 2012|volume=16|issue=4|pages=737–62|pmid=23101980|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị otu na akwado nke a bụ ụdị nkwado a bụ Alcoholics Anonymous . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tusa|first=AL|title=Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012|journal=Journal of Addictions Nursing|date=2013|volume=24|issue=4|pages=237–46|pmid=24335771|doi=10.1097/jan.0000000000000003}}</ref> A pụkwara iji ọgwụ acamprosate, disulfiram ma ọ bụ naltrexone mee ihe iji gbochie ịṅụ mmanya ọzọ.<ref name=Test2014>{{cite journal|last1=Testino|first1=G|last2=Leone|first2=S|last3=Borro|first3=P|title=Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption|journal=Minerva Medica|date=December 2014|volume=105|issue=6|pages=447–66|pmid=25392958}}</ref> Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa Kwuru na afọ 2010, na e nwere nde mmadụ 208 na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'ụwa niile (4.1% nke ndị mmadụ karịrị afọ iri na ise). <ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name=Pew2015>{{cite web|title=Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|accessdate=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510001645/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/01/30/global-population/|archivedate=10 May 2015|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> &nbsp;Na afọ 2015 na United States, ihe dị ka nde 17 (7%) nke ndị okenye na nde 0.7 (2.8%) nke ndị dị afọ iri na abụọ ruo iri na asaa na-emetụta.<ref name=NIH2015Stats>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|accessdate=9 May 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|archivedate=18 May 2015}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ndị na-eto eto, ọ naghịkwa ahụkebe ya n'etiti ndị agadi.<ref name=DSM5 /> Anaghị ahukari ya na mba Afrịka (1.1% nke ndị bi na ya) e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'[[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe]] (11%). [4] Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè kpatara ọnwụ 139,000 na afọ 2013, site na ọnwụ 112,000 na 1990. <ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|author=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref> A na-eche na nde mmadụ 3.3 nwụrụ (5.9% nke ọnwụ niile) bụ n'ihi mmanya na-aba n'anya maọbụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.3] &nbsp;Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-eji ihe dịka afọ iri ebelata ndụ mmadụ .<ref name="Schu2014">{{Cite journal|author=Schuckit|first=MA|title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=27 November 2014|volume=371|issue=22|pages=2109–13|pmid=25427113|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th|accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu, ụfọdụ bụ okwu mkparị wee na akọwa maọbụ na akpọ. ndị na anubiga mmanya ókè; okwu ndị ahụ gụnyere ''ọnyà'' na-ahapụ mmanya, onye na-egbu egbu, anurima,onye na'anya na onye na-adịghị ahụkebe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chambers English Thesaurus|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-04-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IamKT5uk5lMC&pg=PA175|accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1979, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa kwụsịrị ịkpọ ndị anurima ndị na "aṅubiga mmanya ókè" maka na okwu ahụ ezie ezi kama ha ahọrọ "ọrịa na-adabere na mmanya". <ref name="ladtpwho">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|title=Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization|author=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205230313/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/|archivedate=5 February 2013}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> myaa26v7hrtw19fcfvn7adi9z6mfj3h 0 44200 697847 539164 2026-08-10T09:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697847 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ Okwu mmeghe nke na-agba ume ma na-eme emume maka ike ụmụ nwanyị, nnwere onwe, obi ike na ike. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị otu egwu US punk Bikini Kill mepụtara okwu ahụ, bụ ndị bipụtara zine a na-akpọ Bikini Kill #2: Girl Power <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathleenhanna.com/bikini-kill-girl-power-2/|title=Bikini Kill Girl Power|work=Kathleen Hanna|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052528/http://www.kathleenhanna.com/bikini-kill-girl-power-2/|archivedate=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 15, 2021}}</ref> na 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lcczinecollection.myblog.arts.ac.uk/2021/03/26/bikini-kill/|title=Bikini Kill|date=26 March 2021|work=LCC Zine Collection|first=Blanca|author=Garcia Paja}}</ref> Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka otu ụmụ agbọghọ Britain bụ Spice Girls mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-48381340|title=Spice Girls: What happened to Girl Power?|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 May 2019|first=Alex|author=Taylor|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref> Dị ka magazin Rolling Stone si kwuo, ojiji Spice Girls ji "ike nwa agbọghọ" mee ihe bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akọwa ọdịbendị nke kpụrụ ọgbọ Millennial, ọkachasị n'oge ha bụ nwata n'Afọ ndị 1990. Otú ọ dị, kemgbe ntozu nke ndị okenye Millenials na ngwụcha Afọ 2000, a na-ahapụwanye ya iji kwado ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama site na ntozu nke Generation Z nke Afọ 2020. == Ojiji mbụ na mmalite == [[Usòrò:01-21-2017_-_Women's_March_on_NYC_(10696).jpg|thumb|Ụmụ agbọghọ na-eyi akwa "Girl power" na 2017 Women's March na New York City]] N'afọ 1990, otu egwu US punk Bikini Kill malitere ime ka aha ha bụ zine feminist. Mbipụta mbụ ya nwere ndepụta okwu, A color and activity book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artzines.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bikini-Kill.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172351/http://www.artzines.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bikini-Kill.pdf|archivedate=2021-12-24|title=Bikini Kill: A Color and Activity Book|work=ArtZines}}</ref> Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị otu ahụ bipụtara mbipụta nke abụọ nke Bikini Kill zine ha, ya na isiokwu ọhụrụ Girl Power . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/arts/music/kathleen-hanna-julie-ruin-hit-reset-interview.html|title=Kathleen Hanna on ''Hit Reset'', Her Recovery and Her Feminist Path|author=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=July 11, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2017-06-13}}</ref> Onye na-agụ egwú nke otu ahụ, Kathleen Hanna, kwuru na ọ bụ okwu Black Power kpaliri ya. Ndị dere Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power and Social Change na-ekwu na okwu ahụ na-esikwa n'aka nwanyị ojii nke afọ 80, asụsụ hip hop, "Ị na-aga nwa agbọghọ".<ref name="Aapola, Gonick, and Harris">{{Cite book|author=Aapola|first=Sinikka|title=Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power, and Social Change|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|date=2005}}</ref> Okwu a ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na mbido na etiti 90s punk omenala. ''The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll'' na-eto zine site n'ichepụta okwu ahụ: "N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ha bụ Bikini Kill, ha kwupụtara atụmatụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ n'ime na n'èzí egwu; ndị otu ahụ na-etinye echiche ndị ahụ n'ọrụ. Bikini Kill nwetara aha ọma n'ime ndị punk n'okpuru ala maka ịlụso ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke ụdị ahụ ọgụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-arịọ ndị mmadụ ka ha ghara ịpụ n'ihu, ma kpọọ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha were igwe okwu ma kwuo maka mmetọ mmekọahụ. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bikini-kill/biography|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507032300/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bikini-kill/biography|archivedate=May 7, 2011|title=Bikini Kill Bio|work=RollingStone.com|accessdate=2017-06-13}}</ref> A na-asụpụta ahịrịokwu ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ "ike grrrl", dabere na mkpụrụ okwu nke "riot grrrl". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gonick|first=Marnina|title=Girl Culture|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-33909-7|pages=310–314|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=Riot%20Grrrls%20grrl%20power&pg=PA311|chapter=Girl Power}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=Marion|title=Sexing The Groove: Popular Music and Gender|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-14670-8|pages=230–55|chapter='Rebel Girl, You Are the Queen of My World': Feminism, 'Subculture' and Grrrl Power|editor=Whiteley}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese egwu ndị ọzọ jiri okwu ahụ mee ihe n'egwú ha bụ ndị otu egwu Welsh Helen Love, na ọ na-apụta na abụ nke egwu ha nke 1992 "Formula One Racing Girls", <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/elizabeth.ercocklly/helenlov.htm|title=Helen Love - Gabba Gabba We Accept You|publisher=Homepage.ntlworld.com|accessdate=2012-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114007/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/elizabeth.ercocklly/helenlov.htm|archivedate=2012-10-23}}</ref> na pop-punk duo Shampoo, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freewilliamsburg.com/april_2001/shampoo.html|title=Shampoo - Interview by Alexander Laurence|publisher=Free Williamsburg|date=April 2001|accessdate=2012-09-30|archivedate=2019-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604210230/http://www.freewilliamsburg.com/april_2001/shampoo.html}}</ref> bụ ndị wepụtara abọm na otu akpọrọ Girl Power na 1995. == Ụmụ agbọghọ Na-esi Nri == Ndị na-eti egwu na Britain bụ Spice Girls wetara mantra n'ime ndị mmadụ n'etiti afọ ndị 1990. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/38786.stm|title=Girl power &#124; You've come a long way baby|work=BBC News|date=December 30, 1997|accessdate=2012-09-30}}</ref> Ụdị Spice Girls nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" lekwasịrị anya na mkpa ọbụbụenyi siri ike na nke na-eguzosi ike n'ihe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na ozi nke inye ikike nke masịrị ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto.<ref name="girl power 3">{{Cite web|url=http://pages.stylist.co.uk/people/spice-girls-wannabe-feminism-pop-girl-power-feminist-nineties-empowerment-posh-scary-sporty-baby-ginger|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221232809/http://pages.stylist.co.uk/people/spice-girls-wannabe-feminism-pop-girl-power-feminist-nineties-empowerment-posh-scary-sporty-baby-ginger|archivedate=February 21, 2017|title="Girl Power is just a Nineties way of saying it." How feminism went pop during the reign of the Spice Girls|work=stylist.co.uk|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name="girl power 2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.13thfloor.co.nz/?p=67296|title=Girl Power!: The Spice Girls and Feminism|work=The 13th Floor|accessdate=July 9, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221233008/https://www.13thfloor.co.nz/?p=67296|archivedate=February 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbcspice">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36714177|title=How the Spice effect still packs punch|work=[[BBC News]]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=February 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="girl power article">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/38786.stm|title=You've come a long way baby|work=BBC|date=30 December 1997|accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref> Dị ka magazin ''Billboard'' si kwuo, ha gosipụtara ezigbo ọbụbụenyi nwanyị na-abụghị asọmpi, na-abụ abụ: "Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịbụ onye m hụrụ n'anya, ị ga-eso ndị enyi m. Mee ka ọ dịgide ruo mgbe ebighị ebi; ọbụbụenyi anaghị akwụsị".<ref name="girl power 2" /><ref name="girl power 4">{{cite magazine|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2008/01/from-title-ix-to-riot-gr.html |title=From Title IX to Riot Grrrls |magazine=Harvard Magazine |date=January–February 2008 |access-date=2012-09-30}}</ref> In all, the focused, consistent presentation of "girl power" formed the centrepiece of their appeal as a band.<ref name="girl power article"/><ref name="spice girls feminism">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/20-years-of-girl-power-were-the-spice-girls-feminists-or-just-opportunists-34859274.html|title=20 years of Girl Power: Were the Spice Girls feminists or just opportunists?|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=6 July 2016|first=Tanya|author=Sweeney}}</ref> Some commentators credit the Spice Girls with reinvigorating mainstream feminism in the 1990s,<ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/spice-girls-feminist-history_us_55c36cafe4b0923c12bbb16f|title=It's Time To Give The Spice Girls The Credit They Deserve|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=August 6, 2015|accessdate=February 18, 2024|first=Zeba|author=Blay}}</ref> with the "girl power" mantra serving as a gateway to feminism for their young fans.<ref name="girl power 2"/><ref name="girl power gateway">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/13/spice-girls-feminism-viva-forever|title=The Spice Girls were my gateway drug to feminism|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 December 2012|accessdate=18 February 2024|first=Rhiannon Lucy|author=Cosslett}}</ref> On the other hand, some critics dismissed "girl power" as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others took issue with the emphasis on physical appearance, concerned about the potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters:<ref name="bbcspice"/> As American feminist Jennifer Pozner famously remarked, it was "probably a fair assumption to say that a 'zig-a-zig-ah' is not Spice shorthand for 'subvert the dominant paradigm'".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=John|title=Girl power as anarchism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jul/17/pop.rock|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=The Guardian|date=July 16, 2006}}</ref> Regardless, the phrase became a cultural phenomenon,<ref name="newstatesman">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/music-theatre/2016/07/will-there-ever-be-another-girl-band-spice-girls|title=Will there ever be another girl band like the Spice Girls?|work=[[New Statesman]]|date=14 July 2016|first=Rosie|author=Collier|accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref> adopted as the mantra for millions of girls<ref name="girl power article" /><ref name="girl power 2"/> and even making it into the ''Oxford English Dictionary''.<ref name="girl power dictionary">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1765706.stm|title=Article on "Girl Power" being added to the Oxford English Dictionary|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]|date=17 January 2002|accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref> In summation of the concept, author Ryan Dawson said, "The Spice Girls changed British culture enough for Girl Power to now seem completely unremarkable."<ref name="Spice-Beatles comparison">{{Cite web|author=Dawson|first=Ryan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428082355/http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/rd286/rock/beatlemaniagirlpower.html|title=Beatlemania and Girl Power: An Anatomy of Fame|work=Bigger Than Jesus: Essays On Popular Music|publisher=University of Cambridge|url=http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/rd286/rock/beatlemaniagirlpower.html|archivedate=28 April 2005|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Rolling Stone kpọrọ akara Spice Girls nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" na The Millennial 100, ndepụta nke mmadụ 100, egwu, ihe omuma omenala na mmegharị nke kpụrụ ọgbọ Millennial. == Mmụta agụmakwụkwọ == N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture, Susan Hopkins tụrụ aro njikọ dị n'etiti "ike nwa agbọghọ", Spice Girls, na Ndị dike ụmụ nwanyị na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20. Akwụkwọ e mechara dee, Growing Up With Girl Power, nke Rebecca Hains dere (2012) chọpụtara na ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "ike nwa agbọghọ" na mgbasa ozi metụtara ya - dị ka Spice Girls na ụmụ agbọghọ dike - mere ka mmetụta nke ahịrịokwu a site na ebumnuche nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ghara ịdị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ maka ahịa na ire echiche nke inye ike karịa maka ịkwalite ike ụmụ agbọghọ n'ezie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hains|first=Rebecca|title=Growing Up With Girl Power - Girlhood On Screen and in Everyday Life|date=2012|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York|doi=10.3726/b15101|isbn=978-1-4331-6577-1|url=https://www.peterlang.com/document/1057900|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hains|first=Rebecca|title=Power Feminism, Mediated: Girl Power and the Commercial Politics of Change|journal=Women's Studies in Communication|date=2009|volume=32|issue=1|pages=89–113|doi=10.1080/07491409.2009.10162382|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07491409.2009.10162382|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> A tụlekwara okwu a n'ime ihe gbasara ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ Buffy ọmụmụ.[31]  Onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi Kathleen Rowe Karlyn n'akwụkwọ ya "Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminism's Third Wave: Abụghị M Nne M"[32] na Irene Karras na "The Third Wave's Final Girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer" na-atụ aro njikọ na nke atọ.  - ife feminism.[31]  Frances Early na Kathleen Kennedy na mmalite nke Athena's Daughters: Television's New Women Warriors, na-atụle ihe ha kọwara dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti ike nwa agbọghọ na ihe oyiyi "ọhụrụ" nke ndị dike nwanyị na omenala a ma ama.[33] === ''Oxford English Dictionary'' === Mmelite nke afọ 2001 na ''Oxford English Dictionary'' kọwara "ike nwa agbọghọ" dị ka:   Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ na-enyekwa ihe atụ nke okwu a site n'ihota "Angel Delight", isiokwu dị na mbipụta March 24, 2001 nke ''Dreamwatch'' banyere usoro telivishọn Dark Angel:   [[Usòrò:Sacramento_Women's_March_-_Jim_Heaphy_-_03.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Okwu mmeghe Girl Power na-egosi na ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị na Sacramento, California]] Onye ọkà mmụta nkwukọrịta Debbie Ging katọrọ echiche "ike nwa agbọghọ", ma jikọta ya na mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ.[34] Onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ Amy McClure na-adọ aka ná ntị megide itinye olileanya dị ukwuu na ike nwa agbọghọ dị ka echiche na-enye ike. Ọ na-ekwu, "Echiche nke dabeere na ịzụ ahịa enweghị ike ịbụ usoro mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na o yiri ka ọ bụ usoro mgbanwe bụ ụgha dị ize ndụ nke ọ bụghị naanị ndị ahịa na-ere anyị kamakwa na anyị na-enwekarị obi ụtọ na-ere onwe anyị".[35] Rebecca Hains katọrọ "ike ụmụ nwanyị" maka ọrụ azụmahịa ya, na-arụ ụka na Women's Studies in Communication na ọ "na-emebi ezi ọrụ maka ịha nhata, na-ejere ọdịmma ụlọ ọrụ na-efu ọdịmma onwe onye, na-ere ụmụ nwanyị".[36] N'agbanyeghị mmalite okwu ahụ na Black Power na Black hip hop, Raisa Alvarado na-arụ ụka na Girl Power Movement "na-adabereghị na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọcha, etiti na nke elu."  Ọzọkwa, Alvarado na-ekwu na "usoro okwu nke ike ụmụ agbọghọ, dị ka gbasaa na omenala ndị a ma ama ... na-akwalite ọcha site na neoliberal, postfeminist, na postrace nnọchiteanya nke ikike ụmụ agbọghọ."[37] Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Femininity na-eto eto Sinikka Aapola, Marnina Gonick, Jo Campling  , na Anita Harris rịba ama na The Girl Power ije "kwesịrị ekwesị[es]... oyiyi na okwu nke nwa nwanyị ike, ike na gị n'ụlọnga ijere a tumadi ọcha n'etiti klas ụmụ agbọghọ" agenda.[8] Mgbasa ozi na ihe eji egwuri egwu nwere ike inye nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ, dịka Mattel's Barbie. "M nwere ike ịbụ" Barbie [38] gosipụtara echiche a nke "ike nwa agbọghọ": na ụmụ agbọghọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ha chọrọ mgbe ha tolitere. N'ụzọ a na-ekwu na onyinyo Barbie na-egosikwa nhọrọ dị warara nke ụmụ agbọghọ nwere ike ịmata, na-egbochi ikike nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" ọ bụla.[39] Na mgbakwunye na nchegbu banyere mmetụta ike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jụrụ iji ya eme ihe site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Hannah Jane Parkinson nke ''The Guardian'' katọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "ike nwa agbọghọ" dị ka ihe "ụmụ agbọghọ na-enwe obi ike karị banyere ịkpọ onwe ha ndị inyom na iguzo maka ụkpụrụ nke ịha nhata" zoro n'azụ. Ọ katọrọ ahịrịokwu ahụ maka itinye okwu "nwa agbọghọ", na-azọrọ na ọ na-agba ume itinye okwu "nwatakịrị nwanyị" na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto.[40] == Hụkwa ==    == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|33em}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Early|first=Frances H.|title=Athena's Daughters: Television's New Women Warriors|year=2003|publisher=Syracuse Univ. Press|location=Syracuse, New York|isbn=9780815629689|url=https://archive.org/details/athenasdaughters00fran}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MX_cIxhdZQ4C&pg=PA1 Preview.] * {{Cite journal|author=Evans|first=Amanda|title=I'll never be your woman: the Spice Girls and new flavours of feminism|journal=Social Alternatives|volume=17|issue=2|date=1998|pages=39–42}} * {{Cite book|title=Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice: Cinemas of Girlhood|year=2002|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=9780814329184|url=https://archive.org/details/sugarspiceeveryt0000unse|editor=Gateward, Frances}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ywsajx7jqAMC&pg=PA7 Preview.] * {{Cite book|author=Hains|first=Rebecca C.|title=Growing Up With Girl Power: Girlhood On Screen and In Everyday Life|year=2012|publisher=Peter Lang Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1433111389|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0YJYAAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Helford|first=Elyce Rae|title=Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television|url=https://archive.org/details/fantasygirls00elyc|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780847698356}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDR5m2op-PQC&pg=PA1 Preview.] * {{Cite book|author=Hopkins|first=Susan|title=Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture|publisher=Pluto Press|location=Australia|year=2002}} {{ISBN|9781864031577}} * {{Cite book|title=Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9781403963963|editor=Inness, Sherrie A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4cdBeI7vC0C&pg=PR7}} * {{Cite book|author=Inness|first=Sherrie A.|title=Tough Girls: Women Warriors and Wonder Women in Popular Culture|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Pennsylvania, Philadelphia|year=1999|isbn=9780812234664|url=https://archive.org/details/toughgirlswomenw00inne}} * {{Cite book|title=Nancy Drew and company: culture, gender, and girls' series|url=https://archive.org/details/nancydrewcompany00sher|year=1997|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|location=Bowling Green, Ohio|isbn=9780879727369|editor=Inness, Sherrie A.}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=NsDwv8n9BzgC&pg=PR7 Preview.] * {{Cite journal|author=Karlyn|first=Kathleen Rowe|title=Scream, popular culture, and feminism's third wave: 'I'm Not My Mother'|journal=Genders Journal: Presenting Innovative Work in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences|volume=38|date=2003|url=http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/IAV_606661/IAV_606661_2010_52/g38_rowe_karlyn.html}} * {{Cite journal|author=Karras|first=Irene|title=The third wave's final girl: ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''|journal=Thirdspace: A Journal of Feminist Theory & Culture|volume=1|issue=2|date=March 2002|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/thirdspace/index.php/journal/article/viewArticle/karras/50}} * {{Cite journal|author=Magoulick|first=Mary|title=Frustrating female heroism: mixed messages in ''Xena'', ''Nikita'', and ''Buffy''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_2006-10_39_5/page/729|journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]]|volume=39|issue=5|pages=729–755|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00326.x|date=October 2006}} * {{Citation}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20240505125223/http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/gmcb_v08/CP%20paper%201C%20Griffin.pdf PDF.] * {{Cite book|author=Tasker|first=Yvonne|title=Action and Adventure Cinema|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=9780415235075|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415235075}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sev3vogclmr0aepi835evx1oivv8l6h 0 44404 697967 194379 2026-08-10T11:58:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Spermicides.jpg|thumb|Spermicides.]] Spermicide but ihe eji ebochi afo ime nke na emebi sperm, ana etinye ya n'ime nwaanyi tupu ebido mmeko eji bochie afo ime. Dika ihe eji ebochi afo ime , ana eji soso spermicide. Ya bu out idi ime nke did na mwunye n'eji spermicide na di elu Karia ndi n'eji uzo ibochi ime ndi ozi. Ana eji spermicide na barrier method nke gunyere diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps na sponges. Combined method ka amara dika ihe na ebuchi idi ime nke ukwu Karia iji out method nani.<ref name="simultaneous">{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides|journal=Fam Plann Perspect|volume=23|issue=5|pages=226–7, 232|year=1991|pmid=1743276|doi=10.2307/2135759}}</ref> == Ụdị na ịdị irè == Ihe kachasị arụ ọrụ nke spermicides bụ noxynol-9. Spermicides nwere nonoxynol-9 dị n'ọtụtụ ụdị, dị ka jelly (gel), ihe nkiri, na ụfụfụ. N'iji ya mee ihe nenw ya, spermicides nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke 6% kwa afọ mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi na n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ 16% kwa afọ n'iji ya eme ihe.<ref name="Grimes 2013"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGrimesLopezRaymondHalpern2013"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="195">Grimes, David A; Lopez, Laureen M; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Schulz, Kenneth F (30 September 2013). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="196">Halpern, Vera (ed.). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="197">"Spermicide used alone for contraception". </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="198">''Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews'' (12): CD005218.pub3. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="199">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4|10.1002/14651858.]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="201">[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4|CD005218.pub4]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="202">[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24307556 24307556].</span></cite></ref> === Ụdị ọgwụ sperm === Ndepụta ihe atụ a sitere na Mayo Clinic: <ref>{{Cite web|author=Clinic|first=Mayo|title=Spermicide (Vaginal Route)|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/spermicide-vaginal-route/description/drg-20070769|publisher=Mayo Clinic|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> # [[VCF Vaginal Contraceptive Film|VCF Ihe nkiri Igbochi Mmekọahụ]] # [[VCF Vaginal Contraceptive Gel|VCF Igbochi afọ ime nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị]] # [[VCF Contraceptive Foam|VCF Igbochi Ime Ọmụma]] # [[Conceptrol|Nchịkwa]] # Crinone # [[Encare]] # Endometrin # [[First-Progesterone VGS|VGS nke Progesterone Mbụ]] # [[Gynol II|Gynol nke Abụọ]] # Ịchụ nta # Sponge Taa # [[Vagi-Gard Douche Non-Staining|Vagi-Gard Douche Non-staining]] Nonoxynol-9 bụ kemịkalụ bụ isi na spermicides iji gbochie motility sperm. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu sperm nwere ike ịgụnye octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride na [[menfegol]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=WHO/Conrad Technical Consultation|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_RHR_03.08.pdf|publisher=Geneva|accessdate=April 1, 2014|archivedate=March 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318002934/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/WHO_RHR_03.08.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-abụghị ihe a ma ama na United States, ebe nonoxynol-9 naanị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Igbochi mmegharị nke sperm ga-egbochi sperm ịga n'ihu na àkwá na-agbadata na tubes fallopian gaa n'akpa nwa. Mmetụta miri emi nke spermicide kwesịrị igbochi cervix n'ụzọ dị irè ka sperm wee ghara ịgafe cervix gaa n'akpa nwa ma ọ bụ Fallopian tubes. Nnyocha na-ahụ nkesa nke spermicide nwere nonoxynol-9 n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị gosipụtara "Mgbe nkeji iri gachara, gel gbasaa n'ime ọwara ahụ na-enye mkpuchi epithelium nke ịdị arọ dị iche iche. " Nanị ebumnuche nke spermicide bụ igbochi imeju.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barnhart|first=K.T.|title=Distribution of a spermicide containing Nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-reproduction_human-reproduction_2001-06_16_6/page/1151|journal=Human Reproduction|date=1 June 2001|volume=16|issue=6|pages=1151–1154|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.6.1151|pmid=11387285}}</ref> Menfegol bụ ihe na-egbu sperm nke e mepụtara dị ka mbadamba ụfụfụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spermicides: Neo-Sampoon (Menfegol)|work=RemedyFind|url=http://www.remedyfind.com/treatments/77/1301/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610181737/http://www.remedyfind.com/treatments/77/1301/|archivedate=2016-06-10|accessdate=2006-10-01}}</ref> Ọ dị naanị na Europe. Octoxynol-9 bụbu ihe a na-ahụkarị na-egbu sperm, mana ewepụrụ ya n'ahịa US na 2002 mgbe ndị na-emepụta ya emeghị nyocha ọhụrụ FDA chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients|work=Federal Register|publisher=Food and Drug Administration|date=May 9, 2002|url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/050902b.htm|accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ spermicides benzalkonium chloride na sodium cholate eme ihe na ụfọdụ sponges na-egbochi afọ ime.<ref name="CBAC">{{Cite web|title=Sponges|work=Cervical Barrier Advancement Society|year=2004|url=http://www.cervicalbarriers.org/information/sponges.cfm|accessdate=2006-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114062634/http://www.cervicalbarriers.org/information/sponges.cfm|archivedate=2009-01-14}}</ref> Benzalkonium chloride nwekwara ike ịdị na Canada dị ka suppository.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spermicides (Vaginal)|work=MayoClinic.com|date=August 1997|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR202531|accessdate=2006-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708030353/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR202531|archivedate=July 8, 2006}}</ref> E nyere Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, na Deborah Anderson Ihe nrite Ig Nobel nke afọ 2008 (nke a na-akọwapụta [[Ihe nrite Nobel]]) na Chemistry, maka ịchọpụta na Coca-Cola bụ ihe na-egbu sperm nke ọma, <ref name="2008 chem1">{{Cite journal|author=Umpierre|first=Sharee A.|title=Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1985-11-21_313_21/page/1351|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=21 November 1985|volume=313|issue=21|pages=1351|doi=10.1056/NEJM198511213132111|pmid=4058526}}</ref> na C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu, na B.N. Chiang maka igosi na ọ bụghị<ref name="2008 chem2">{{Cite news|first=C.Y.|author=Hong|date=September 1987|title=The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola|work=Human Toxicology|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division]]|pages=395–6}}</ref><ref name="2008 chem3">{{Cite web|first=Barbara|author=Mikkelson|date=March 16, 2007|title=Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide|url=http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/sperm.asp|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> E gosipụtara ihe ngwọta mmiri lemon iji mee ka ọbara ọcha ghara ịgagharị na ụlọ nyocha, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roger Short|title=Lemon and Lime juice as potent natural microbicides|year=2002|url=http://www.aids.net.au/aids-lemons.pdf|accessdate=2006-08-13}}</ref> dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ Krest Bitter Lemon. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nwoha P|title=The immobilization of all spermatozoa ''in vitro'' by bitter lemon drink and the effect of alkaline pH|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1992-12_46_6/page/537|journal=Contraception|volume=46|issue=6|pages=537–42|year=1992|pmid=1493713|doi=10.1016/0010-7824(92)90118-D}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị dere nyocha Krest Bitter Lemon tụrụ aro iji ya mee ihe dị ka douche postcoital, nke a o yighị ka ọ ga-arụ ọrụ, ka sperm na-amalite ịhapụ ejaculate (nke na-erughị douche ọ bụla) n'ime nkeji 1.5 nke itinye ya. Enweghị nnyocha e bipụtara edepụtara na o yiri ka e mere banyere ịdị irè nke nkwadebe mmiri lemon na igbochi afọ ime, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-akwado ha dị ka 'okike' spermicides.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MoonDragon's Contraception Information: Spermicides|work=MoonDragon Birthing Services|date=c. 1997|url=http://www.moondragon.org/obgyn/contraception/spermicides.html|accessdate=2006-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813111633/http://www.moondragon.org/obgyn/contraception/spermicides.html|archivedate=2006-08-13}}</ref> E gosikwara na nkwadebe lactic acid nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na-egbu sperm, na spermicides nke lactic acid dị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Femprotect - Lactic Acid Contraceptive Gel|work=Woman's Natural Health Practice|url=http://www.naturalgynae.com/nav6_fact19.html|accessdate=2006-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601030433/http://www.naturalgynae.com/nav6_fact19.html|archivedate=June 1, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stone H|title=Contraceptive jellies: a clinical study|journal=J Contracept|volume=1|issue=12|pages=209–13|year=1936|pmid=12259192}}</ref> A kwadoro ihe mgbochi afọ ime nwere lactic acid, citric acid, na potassium bitartrate (Phexxi) maka iji ya na United States na Mee 2020. A tụkwara aro ihe ndị na-ewepụta osisi neem dị ka mmanụ neem dị ka spermicides dabere na nyocha ụlọ nyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mechanism of action of NIM-76: a novel vaginal contraceptive from [[neem]] oil|journal=Contraception|volume=54|issue=6|pages=373–8|year=1996|pmid=8968666|doi=10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00204-1}}</ref> Nnyocha anụmanụ nke creme na pessaries sitere na neem egosila na ha nwere mmetụta mgbochi afọ ime; Otú ọ dị, nnwale n'ime ụmụ mmadụ iji chọpụta ịdị irè ya n'igbochi afọ ime emebeghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_immunology-and-cell-biology_1997-04_75_2/page/190|journal=Immunol Cell Biol|volume=75|issue=2|pages=190–2|year=1997|pmid=9107574|doi=10.1038/icb.1997.27}}</ref> == Iji ya na condom == A kwenyere na ọgwụ spermide na-eme ka ikike mgbochi afọ ime nke condoms dịkwuo irè.<ref name="simultaneous"/> Otú ọ dị, condoms ndị onye na-emepụta ya na-eme ka spermicidally dị mkpirikpi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spermicide (Nonoxynol-9)|work=Other disadvantages|url=http://www.condomjungle.com/Spermicidal_Nonoxynol_9_Lubricated_Condoms_s/61.htm|accessdate=2008-04-23|archivedate=2009-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220090513/http://www.condomjungle.com/Spermicidal_Nonoxynol_9_Lubricated_Condoms_s/61.htm}}</ref> ma nwee ike ịkpata ọrịa urinary tract n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Condoms: Extra protection|work=ConsumerReports.org|date=February 2005|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/health-care/condoms-and-contraception-205/overview/index.htm|accessdate=2006-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626055716/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/health-care/condoms-and-contraception-205/overview/index.htm|archivedate=June 26, 2006}}</ref> Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ekwu na ekwesighi ịkwalite condoms ndị a na-etinye mmanụ spermicidally. Otú ọ dị, ha na-atụ aro iji condom nonoxynol-9 mmanụ karịa condom ọ bụla.<ref name="WHO 2002">{{Cite web|author=WHO|year=2002|title=HIV/AIDS Topics: Microbicides|url=https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/microbicides/microbicides/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=August 6, 2006}}</ref> Spermicides eji naanị eme ihe bụ naanị ihe dịka pasent 91 na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=WebMD|title=Spermicide for Birth Control - Topic Overview|url=http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/tc/spermicide-for-birth-control-topic-overview|work=WebMD|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> Mgbe a na-eji ọgwụ spermicides na condoms na usoro mgbochi ndị ọzọ, enwere pasent 97 dị irè maka mgbochi ime. == Mmetụta ndị ọzọ == Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụta akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ penis bụ nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na iji spermicide.<ref name="Cates 2011">{{Cite book|author=Cates|first=Willard Jr.|year=2011|chapter=Vaginal Barriers and Spermicides|editor=Hatcher|title=Contraceptive Technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|oclc=781956734|pages=391–408}}</ref> Ojiji ugboro ugboro (ugboro abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ụbọchị) nke nonoxynol-9 nwere spermicide bụ ihe a na-apụghị iwughachi ma ọ bụrụ na STI / HIV nwere ike ịbụ, n'ihi na n'ọnọdụ a enwere mmụba nke mgbagwoju anya epithelial vulvovaginal na ohere dị ukwuu nke inweta HIV.<ref name="Cates 2011"/> N'afọ 2007, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nyere iwu ka akara maka ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime nonoxynol-9 over-the-counter (OTC) bu ịdọ aka ná ntị ọhụrụ na-ekwu na ha anaghị echebe megide STDs na HIV / AIDS.<ref name="FDA 2007">{{Cite web|author=FDA|date=December 18, 2007|title=FDA mandates new warning for nonoxynol 9 OTC contraceptive products. Label must warn consumers products do not protect against STDs and HIV/AIDS (news release)|publisher=Food and Drug Administration|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109043.htm|accessdate=April 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="FDA 2007a">{{Cite journal|author=FDA|date=December 19, 2007|title=Final rule. Over-the-counter vaginal contraceptive and spermicide drug products containing nonoxynol 9; required labeling|journal=Federal Register|volume=72|issue=243|pages=71769–71785|url=https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/07-6111.htm}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-achọta ihe ndekọ mbụ e dere banyere iji spermicide eme ihe na Kahun Papyrus, akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt nke malitere na 1850 BCE. Ọ kọwara ihe na-egbu egbu nke nsị agụ iyi na ntụ ọka a gwakọtara agwọ.<ref name="evolution">{{Cite journal|date=February 2000|title=Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception|journal=Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine)|volume=10|issue=6|url=http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93}}</ref> Ekwenyere na pH dị ala nke nsị nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta spermicidal.<ref name="museum">{{Cite web|author=Towie|first=Brian|title=4,000 years of contraception on display in Toronto museum|work=torontObserver|publisher=Centennial College journalism students|date=January 19, 2004|url=http://observer.thecentre.centennialcollege.ca/features/condom_museum011904.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20040225190349/http://observer.thecentre.centennialcollege.ca/features/condom_museum011904.htm|archivedate=February 25, 2004}}</ref> A na-ahụ usoro ndị ọzọ na Ebers Papyrus site na ihe dịka 1500 BCE. Ọ tụrụ aro ịgwakọta ajị mkpụrụ, akị, mkpụrụ osisi na mmanụ aṅụ, na itinye ngwakọta ahụ n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. O yikarịrị ka ọ nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ n'ihi ọkpụrụkpụ, ihe na-arapara n'ahụ, yana n'ihi lactic acid (ihe a maara na ọ na-egbu sperm) nke sitere na akasia.<ref name="museum"/> Ihe odide nke Soranus, onye dọkịta Gris nke narị afọ nke abụọ, nwere usoro maka ọtụtụ acidic concoctions nke a na-azọrọ na ọ bụ spermicidal. Ntuziaka ya bụ ịsa ajị anụ n'otu n'ime ngwakọta ahụ, wee tinye ya n'akụkụ akpa nwa.<ref name="evolution"/> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jwktp8f8vj6e812mjs15ue555la239t 0 44520 697966 595033 2026-08-10T11:55:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cinémathèque_de_Tanger.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que_de_Tanger.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Tangier]] '''Yto Barrada''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1971) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://the-artists.org/artist/Yto-Barrada|title=Yto Barrada, artist and art|publisher=the-artists.org|accessdate=20 January 2012|archivedate=29 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129024127/http://the-artists.org/artist/Yto-Barrada}}</ref> bụ [[Onye na-ese ihe na-agụ agụụ|<u>ọnye na-ese ihe</u>]] nkiri Franco-Moroccan na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Tangier, [[Morocco]] na New York City. Barrada so guzobe Cinémathèque de Tanger n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na isii , na-eduga otu ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211810/http://www.macba.cat/uploads/downloader.php?fichero=media%2Fmediterrani%2Fyto_barrada.mp3 "Butts in seats: an experiment in re-creating the culture of cinema in Tangier"] A lecture by Yto Barrada (2010)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olga|first=Stefan|year=2013|title=YTO BARRADA.|journal=Art in America|volume=101|pages=160}}</ref> Barrada na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nka maka ụlọ ihe nkiri Tangier. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: Cinémathèque de Tanger {{!}} Pace Gallery|url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/yto-barrada-6/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=www.pacegallery.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye otu Arab Image Foundation nke dị na Beirut.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Carver|first=Antonia|title=The Arab Image Foundation: The art of collecting imagery|url=https://bidoun.org/articles/fondation-arabe-pour-l-image|work=Bidoun|accessdate=9 March 2019}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Barrada na obodo Paris, [[France]] na afọ1(971). Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Tangier, Morocco mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, Barrada na-azọrọ na Tangier bụ obodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English Bio|url=http://www.ytobarrada.com/index.php/bio/bio/|work=ytobarrada.com|accessdate=3 October 2019|archivedate=24 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924113559/http://www.ytobarrada.com/index.php/bio/bio}}</ref> Nna ya [[Hamid Barrada]], onye bụbu onye na-emegide Hassan nke Abụọ na onye ndụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ekpe, bụ onye nta akụkọ na nne ya, Mounira Bouzid El Alami, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toussaint|first=Évelyne|year=2013|title=Yto Barrada : figures de résistance à la domestication de l'espace|url=http://journals.openedition.org/itineraires/949|journal=Itinéraires. Littérature, Textes, Cultures|language=fr|issue=2012–3|pages=57–67|doi=10.4000/itineraires.949|issn=2100-1340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/mounira-bouzid-el-alami-associatif_mg_9398584|title=Mounira Bouzid El Alami, de la psychanalyse à l'associatif tangérois (PORTRAIT)|date=2016-03-07|work=Al HuffPost Maghreb|accessdate=2019-12-01|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe o biri na Tangier maka ọtụtụ n'ime ndụ ya, Barrada laghachiri Paris iji mụọ na Mahadum Paris, nke a makwaara dị ka Sorbonne, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crawley Jackson|first=Amanda|title="Cette poétique du politique": Political and Representational Ecologies in the Work of Yto Barrada|journal=L'Esprit Créateur|date=Spring 2011|volume=51|issue=1|pages=53–67|doi=10.1353/esp.2011.0007}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Barrada gụrụ akwụkwọ na International Center of Photography na New York. <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Donnell Hulme|first=Mary|title=Yto Barrada|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/yto-barrada?all/all/all/all/0|work=International Center of Photography|date=2 March 2016|accessdate=4 October 2019}}</ref> Ugbu a ọ lụrụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri America, onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Sean Gullette, Barrada kewara oge ya nagbata New York na Morocco. == Ọrụ == Barrada ghọrọ enyi Bettina Grossman, onye na-ese ihe na-anọ naanị ya bụ onye bi ogologo oge na Hotel Chelsea. Barrada na Grossman jikọrọ aka n'ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Power of Two Suns, nke a na-ahụ na Lower Manhattan Cultural Council's Arts Center na Governors Island na afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na itolu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Garg|first=Sukanya|date=2019-11-30|title=Yto Barrada and Bettina explored responses to disaster for exhibition in New York|url=https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-yto-barrada-and-bettina-explored-responses-to-disaster-for-exhibition-in-new-york|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Stir World|language=English|archivedate=2021-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116180214/https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-yto-barrada-and-bettina-explored-responses-to-disaster-for-exhibition-in-new-york}}</ref> Barrada na-arụ ọrụ na katalọgụ nke ọrụ Grossman's. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=2021-11-13|title=Bettina Grossman, an Artistic Fixture at the Chelsea Hotel, Dies at 94|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/13/nyregion/bettina-grossman-dead.html|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> Usoro foto mbụ nke Barrada, Ndụ jupụtara na oghere: oru ngo nke streti bụ ọrụ mmekorita nke mere n'etiti 1999 na 2003. Barrada mechara jiri aha a mee ihe maka akwụkwọ ya (2005). Strait nke Gibraltar pụtara ọzọ dị ka isiokwu na usoro Barrada The Sleepers, site na afọ puku abụọ na isii 2006, ebe ọ na-egosi ihe ndị na-edina n'ebe ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salti|first=Rashi|title=Sleepers, Magicians, Smugglers: Yto Barrada and the Other Archive of the Strait|journal=Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry|date=2007|volume=16|issue=16|pages=98–106|doi=10.1086/aft.16.20711663}}</ref> Barrada egosila ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ gallery, dị ka Galerie Polaris na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada|url=http://galeriepolaris.fr/yto-barrada/|work=Galerie Polaris|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref> N'afọ puku abuo na iri isii , o guzobere Cinémathèque de Tanger, ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri mbụ nke North Africa. == Foto, vidiyo, na ihe ọkpụkpụ == === ''Ndụ jupụtara n'oghere: oru ngo nke strait'' === N'afọ otu pụkụ nari itolu na itolu na asato (1998) , Barrada malitere ọrụ ọkpọrọ A Life Full of Holes: The Strait Project, nke kọwara ndụ na-agafe agafe nke obodo ya bụ Tangier.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tazi|first=Nadia|year=2007|title=The State of the Straits|journal=Artefall|issue=16|pages=91–106|url=http://www.afterall.org/journal/issue.16/state.straits|accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref> Foto ya na-egosi obodo ebe ọtụtụ puku ndị mbịarambịa na-anwa ime njem iwu na-akwadoghị na nke dị ize ndụ gafee Strait of Gibraltar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/dec/22/artist-week-yto-barrada|title=Artist of the week 169: Yto Barrada|author=Skye Sherwin|date=22 December 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref> Ọrụ mmekorita a na-elekwasị anya na enweghị nkwekọrịta nke mmekọrịta ọhụrụ n'etiti North Africa na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] yana nkụda mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala chọrọ ịhapụ Morocco maka ndụ dị iche na North. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crawley Jackson|first=Amanda|title="Cette poétique du politique": Political and Representational Ecologies in the Work of Yto Barrada|journal=L'Esprit Créateur|date=Spring 2011|volume=51|issue=1|pages=53–66|doi=10.1353/esp.2011.0007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Placik|first=Abby|title=Memory Place Desire: Yto Barrada|url=http://exhibits.haverford.edu/memoryplacedesire/artists/yto-barrada/|work=haverford.edu|date=15 September 2014|publisher=Haverford College|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> === ''Ọrụ Iris Tingitana'' === Ọrụ ya na 2007, ọrụ Iris Tingitana , gosipụtara nzukọ nke botanical na obodo ukwu. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/15/arts/design/15veni.html?pagewanted=2 "That Unruly, Serendipitous Show in Venice"], ''The New York Times'' 15 June 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</ref> Usoro a na-elekwasị anya na mwepụ nke okooko osisi Iris, nke a hụrụ na Tangier, nke na-anọchi anya nguzogide n'ihi na ha na-eto ọbụna n'ọnọdụ kachasị sie ike. Ihe ngosi a na-egosi na Barrada lekwasịrị anya na ala na ihe nketa nke ụlọ ya n'ime nka ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada Iris Tingitana Oxalis|url=https://kadist.org/work/iris-tingitana-oxalis/|work=kadist.org|publisher=Kadist|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> === ''Riffs'' === N'ọnwa Eprel afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na otu, ihe ngosi nke onwe ya bụ ''Riffs'' meghere na Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin (2011), wee gaa Wiels, Brussels na Septemba, na Ikon Gallery, Birmingham na June na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olga|first=Stefan|year=2013|title=YTO BARRADA|journal=Art in America|volume=101|pages=160}}</ref> Nke a bụ nnukwu ihe ngosi mbụ nke Barrada na Germany, ọ bụkwa ọrụ sitere na ihe ngosi ya gara aga (A Life Full of Holes: The Strait Project (1998-2004) na ''Iris Tingitana'' (2007)) yana ọrụ ọhụrụ. Aha ya, Riffs, nwere ihe na-ezo aka na egwu na rhythm yana Ugwu Rif n''Riffs''. Ihe ngosi ahụ nwere ihe nkiri atọ, Beau Geste (2009), Playground (2010), na Hand-Me-Downs (2011), nke nile kwuru maka echiche nke riffs, ngzogide, ike, na ncheta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: Riffs|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/yto-barrada-riffs|work=guggenheim.org|publisher=Guggenheim|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> === Album: Cinématèque Tangier === The Walker Art Center na Minneapolis, [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] gosipụtara ''Album: Cinématèque Tangier, ọrụ Yto Barrada'' site na Ụbọchi 21 Nọvemba 2013 ruo 18 Mee 2014. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szucs|first=Suzanne|date=Jan–Feb 2014|title=ALBUM: CINÉMATHÈQUE TANGIER, A PROJECT BY YTO BARRADA.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_afterimage_january-february-2014_41_4/page/14|journal=Afterimage|volume=41|issue=4|pages=14–19|doi=10.1525/aft.2014.41.4.18}}</ref> N'ebe a, Barrada gosipụtara ihe nkiri Hand-Me-Downs (2011) ma gosipụta ọrụ na-egosi ndụ na Tangier. Ihe ngosi a metụtara kpọmkwem akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nkiri nke Morocco site na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ochie na ihe osise Palm Sign nke Barrada (2010). Ọ bụ Sheryl Mousley na Clara Kim haziri ihe ngosi a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Album: Cinematheque Tangier, a project by Yto Barrada|url=https://walkerart.org/calendar/2013/album-cinematheque-tangier-a-project-by-yto-b|work=walkerart.org|publisher=Walker Art|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> === ''Akwụkwọ Nduzi Na-ezighi ezi'' === N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na isii (2016), Barrada gosipụtara ihe ngosi Faux Guide na The Power Plant na Toronto, Ontario, na-egosi nsogbu na foto nke Morocco na-achị. Nke a bụ ihe ngosi nke Barrada nke na-ekwu maka nchọpụta fossil na-aga n'ihu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Morocco n'akụkụ ihe a maara dị ka "Dinosaur Road," ebe ụlọ ọrụ fossil kachasị. Ihe ngosi a sitere na ọtụtụ ọrụ Barrada n'oge ahụ gụnyere North African Toy Series (2015) na ''Untitled (Orthoceras Coca-Cola bottles) '' (2016). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: Faux Guide|url=http://www.thepowerplant.org/Exhibitions/2016/Fall-2016/Solo-exhibition.aspx|work=thepowerplant.org|publisher=The Power Plant|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> Ntuziaka ụgha nyere ndị na-ekiri echiche banyere otu ụwa okike na ụwa mmadu si ejikọta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Winant|first=Carmen|title=Yto Barrada: Dinosaur Road|journal=Aperture|date=1 March 2016|pages=110–117|url=http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=86cd2a56-215c-47bc-b149-a02abf84f7d0%40pdc-v-sessmgr04|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> === ''Ogige Dye'' === Site na ụbochi nke iri abuo na ise n'ime ọnwa Septemba - 22 Disemba 2019, ihe ngosi Barrada Dye Garden gosipụtara na Neuberger Museum of Art na New York na-esote onyinye Barrada nke 2019 Roy R. Neuberger Prize. Ihe ngosi a gụnyere vidiyo, foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na akwa eji aka mee nke sitere na nzụlite ya, akụkọ ezinụlọ ya, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke West. Ihe osise niile dị na Dye Garden metụtara geology na botany nke North Africa, isiokwu Barrada na-aga n'ihu na-alaghachi, na-ahazi, ma na-emetụta. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi a na American Academy na Rom n'oge Barrada bi n'ebe ahụ, na afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na asato (2019) bụ oge mbụ e gosipụtara ya na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Neuberger Museum of Art|title=Yto Barrada: The Dye Garden|url=https://artswestchester.org/yto-barrada-the-dye-garden/|work=artswestchester.org|date=17 September 2019|publisher=Arts Westerchester|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == * Yto Barrada: "Nne m gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu jeere anyị ozi Nougat", nke Mathaf haziri: Arab Museum of Modern Art, August ruo December 2020 (ihe ngosi naanị ya) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Qatar Museums opens four major exhibitions|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/03/08/2020/Qatar-Museums-opens-four-major-exhibitions|accessdate=2022-02-01|work=www.thepeninsulaqatar.com|date=3 August 2020}}</ref> * Yto Barrada: Dye Garden - Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, NY - Septemba 25 ruo Disemba 22, 2019 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Neuberger Museum of Art|title=Yto Barrada: The Dye Garden|url=https://artswestchester.org/yto-barrada-the-dye-garden/|work=artswestchester.org|date=17 September 2019|publisher=Arts Westerchester|accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> * ''Otu esi eme ihe ọ bụla na onye ọ bụla naanị gị'' - The Pace Gallery, New York - 2018 (ihe ngosi naanị gị) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson-Goldie|first=Kaelen|title=Yto Barrada|url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/pace-32-east-57th-street-pace-macgill-gallery-pace-african-oceanic-art-75012|accessdate=2020-11-08|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Agadir'' - Barbican Centre 7 Febụwarị 2018 - 20 Mee 2018 (naanị ihe ngosi) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/yto-barrada-agadir|title=Yto Barrada: Agadir {{!}} Barbican|work=www.barbican.org.uk|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-15}}</ref> * Tree Identification for Beginners rụrụ na Performa 17 dị ka ihe nkiri na arụmọrụ multi-media show - New York - 2017 (n'onwe ngosi) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: Tree Identifications for Beginners|url=http://17.performa-arts.org/events/yto-barrada|work=Performa 17|accessdate=29 October 2019|archivedate=29 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029022004/http://17.performa-arts.org/events/yto-barrada}}</ref> * False Guide - Pace Gallery [[London]] - 2015 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada's Faux Guide To Open at Pace Gallery London|url=https://www.artlyst.com/news/yto-barradas-faux-guide-to-open-at-pace-gallery-london/|work=Artlyst|publisher=Artlyst Ltd.|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * Tupu Anya Anyị: Ihe osise ndị ọzọ nke Rif - [[Barcelona]]_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" id="mwuQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art">MACBA, Barcelona - 2014 (ihe ngosi otu) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Before Our Eyes|url=https://www.macba.cat/en/exhibition-before-our-eyes|work=MACBA|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=29 October 2019|archivedate=29 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029141335/https://www.macba.cat/en/exhibition-before-our-eyes}}</ref> * Album: Cinématèque Tangier, ọrụ nke Yto Barrada - Walker Art Center - 2013-2014 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Album: Cinematheque Tangier, a project by Yto Barrada|url=https://walkerart.org/calendar/2013/album-cinematheque-tangier-a-project-by-yto-b|work=Walker Art|publisher=Walker Art Center|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * Obere ubube (ma ọ bụ ubube nke ndị ohi) - Studio Fotokino, Marseille, 2013 (naanị ngosi) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: La Courte échelle (ou l'échelle des voleurs)|url=http://www.fotokino.org/Yto-Barrada|work=Fotokino Marseille|publisher=Fotokino|accessdate=29 October 2019|archivedate=29 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029141337/http://www.fotokino.org/Yto-Barrada}}</ref> * Mobilier Urbain - The Pace Gallery, London - 2012 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada Mobilier Urbain|url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/yto-barrada|work=Bidoun|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * ''Project Space: Ekpebiri m ịghara ịzọpụta ụwa'' Tate, London - 2011-12 (ihe ngosi otu) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Space: I decided not to save the world|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibitionseries/project-space/project-space-i-decided-not-save-world|work=Tate|publisher=Tate Museum|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * ''Riffs'' - Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin - 2011 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olga|first=Stefan|year=2013|title=YTO BARRADA|journal=Art in America|volume=101|pages=160}}</ref> * Play - The Met, New York, NY - 2010 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada: Lyautey Unit Blocks (Play)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/716497|work=Met Museum|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * Uneven Geographies - Nottingham Contemporary - 2010 (ihe ngosi otu) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Uneven Geographies|url=https://www.nottinghamcontemporary.org/whats-on/uneven-geographies/|work=Nottingham Contemporary|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> * DisOrientation II: The Rise and Fall of Arab Cities - Manarat Al Saadiyat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates - Nov. 22, 2009 - Feb. 20, 2010 (ihe ngosi otu) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ackley|first=Brian|title=Disorientation II: The Rise and Fall of Arab Cities|url=https://www.bidoun.org/articles/disorientation-ii|work=Bidoun|accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref> * Iris Tingintana Project - Galerie Polaris, Paris, France - Septemba 29 ruo Ọktoba 30, 2007 (ihe ngosi naanị ya) <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/15/arts/design/15veni.html?pagewanted=2 "That Unruly, Serendipitous Show in Venice"], ''The New York Times'' 15 June 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2011.</ref> * ''Africa Remix'' - Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf, Germany (na ebe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche site na 2006) - July 24 - November 7, 2004 (ihe ngosi otu) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Africa Remix|url=https://frieze.com/article/africa-remix|journal=Frieze|date=13 June 2005|issue=92|accessdate=31 October 2019|author=Kapferer|first=Roland}}</ref> * A Life Full of Holes/The Strait Project - Galerie Delacroix, Tangier, Morocco (na ebe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche site na 2006) - Eprel 7 ruo Mee 27, 2001 (ihe ngosi naanị) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tazi|first=Nadia|year=2007|title=The State of the Straits|journal=Artefall|issue=16|pages=91–106|url=http://www.afterall.org/journal/issue.16/state.straits|accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref> * Ọ dị jụụ dị ka ọ na-edebe - 2022 Whitney Biennial - 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2022-01-25|title=Taking the Title 'Quiet as It's Kept,' 2022 Whitney Biennial Names 63 Participating Artists|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/whitney-biennial-2022-artist-list-1234616604/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ na katalọgụ == Yto Barrada. Moi je suis la langue et vous êtes les dents bụ akwụkwọ Calouste Gulbenkian bipụtara na afọ pukụ abụọ na iri na itolu ma onye nhazi Rita Fabiana dere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada. Moi je suis la langue et vous êtes les dents|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/publication/yto-barrada-moi-je-suis-la-langue-et-vous-etes-les-dents/|work=Calouste Gulbenkian Museum|accessdate=31 October 2019|archivedate=31 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031193841/https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/publication/yto-barrada-moi-je-suis-la-langue-et-vous-etes-les-dents/}}</ref> N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na asaa, Koenig Books bipụtara obere mbipụta A Guide to Trees for Governors and Gardeners na A Guide to Fossils for Forgers and Foreigners na Deutsche Guggenheim . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Yto Barrada Guide to Trees + Guide to Fossils|url=https://www.artbook.com/9783960980292.html|publisher=The D.A.P. Catalog|accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref> JRP Ringier bipụtara otu akwụkwọ, nke akpọrọ ''Yto Barrada,'' na 2013, ya na ederede sitere na Marie Muracciole, Juan Goytisolo, na edemede foto nke Jean-François Chevrier.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yto Barrada|url=https://www.artbook.com/9783037642023.html|publisher=D.A.P. Catalog|accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref> Barrada bipụtara ''Riffs'' na (2011) na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Hatje Cantz dị ka katalọgụ maka ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Yto Barrada: Riffs|url=https://www.artbook.com/9783775730211.html|publisher=The D.A.P. Catalog|accessdate=31 October 2019}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Barrada, A Life Full of Holes: The Strait Project, na-ewere aha ya site na akụkọ Larbi Layachi. Ọ bụ Autograph ABP bipụtara ya n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ise (2005). <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Life Full of Holes, Yto Barrada|url=https://www.dashwoodbooks.com/pages/books/3064/yto-barrada/a-life-full-of-holes/?soldItem=true|work=Dashwood Books|accessdate=31 October 2019|archivedate=14 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514081503/https://www.dashwoodbooks.com/pages/books/3064/yto-barrada/a-life-full-of-holes/?soldItem=true}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2023 - Soros Arts Fellowship, nke Open Society Foundations gosipụtara <ref>Francesca Aton (25 October 2023), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/2023-soros-arts-fellowships-1234684644/ $100,000 Soros Grants Go to Artists Cannupa Hanska Luger, Yto Barrada, Carolina Caycedo, and More] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> * 2019 - Roy R. Neuberger Prize, nke Neuberger Museum of Art na Purchase, New York nyere <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/19/yto-barrada-neuberger-prize/|title=Neuberger Museum of Art Prize Goes to Yto Barrada|author=Armstrong|first=Annie|date=2019-03-19|work=ARTnews|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-21}}</ref> * 2016 - Tiger Award maka obere ihe nkiri (maka Faux Départ, na-akọwa ụlọ ọrụ fossil na Morocco) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Faux départ|url=https://iffr.com/en/2016/films/faux-d%C3%A9part|work=IFFR|publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam|accessdate=30 October 2019|archivedate=26 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126085657/https://iffr.com/en/2016/films/faux-d%C3%A9part}}</ref> * 2015 - Abraaj Group Art Prize, nke Abraaj Group nyere <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada Named Winner of Abraaj Group Art Prize|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/yto-barrada-named-winner-of-abraaj-group-art-prize-48302|work=Art Forum|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> * 2013 - Robert Gardner Fellowship na Photography, nke Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology gosipụtara <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peabody Museum Names Yto Barrada as the 2013 Robert Gardner Fellow in Photography|url=https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Yto%20Barrada%20named%20Gardner%20Fellow.pdf|publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|accessdate=30 October 2019|archivedate=8 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808091258/https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Yto%20Barrada%20named%20Gardner%20Fellow.pdf}}</ref> * 2011 - Onye na-ese ihe nke Afọ, nke Deutsche Bank gosipụtara <ref>{{Cite web|title=Deutsche Bank names Yto Barrada "Artist of the Year 2011"|url=https://www.db.com/newsroom_news/archive/medien/deutsche-bank-names-yto-barrada-artist-of-the-year-2011-en-11620.htm|work=Deutsche Bank Newsroom|publisher=Deutsche Bank Frankfurt am Main|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CV|url=http://www.ytobarrada.com/index.php/bio/cv/).|work=ytobarrada.com|accessdate=3 October 2019}}</ref> * 2006 - Ihe nrite Ellen Auerbach <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yto Barrada|url=https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/artist/morocco/yto-barrada/|work=Barjeel Art Foundation|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndụ jupụtara na oghere, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpaaka 1964 nke onye ode akwụkwọ Moroccan bụ Driss Ben Hamed Charhadi dere. == Ebenside == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185019/https://ytobarrada.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Yto Barrada] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190708132734/http://www.noorderlicht.com/en/archive/yto-barrada/ Noorderlicht / Archive / Yto Barrada] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191029141337/http://www.fotokino.org/Yto-Barrada <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]</nowiki>] * [http://kadist.org/en/people/yto-barrada Yto Barrada] na Kadist Art FoundationNtọala nka Kadist {{Authority control}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3d219mm2z86sgtvtsluy0sdbmoyt1a6 0 44635 697748 631403 2026-08-10T07:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy high mag.jpg|thumb|Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy high mag.jpg]] Pre-eclampsia bu mgbe enwere otutu Ori na n'ime ahu di iche iche nke ime na ebute, nke eji obara ngbanielu na otutu protein na mmariri nwere mara. Ona ebido n'izuka iriabuo nwaanyi jiri do ime. N'otutu oge mgbe odi njo ana enwe red blood cell breakdown, blood platelet ndi ntakiri liver na anaghi Aru ofuma, kidney nwere nsogbu, ahu iza aza, ikughi ime ofuma maobu ahughi uxo ofuma. <ref name="Ei2012" /> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hypertension in pregnancy|date=2013|publisher=ACOG|isbn=978-1-934984-28-4|url=http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Task_Force_and_Work_Group_Reports/Hypertension_in_Pregnancy|accessdate=2016-11-17}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> <ref name="Al2014" /><ref name="ACOG2013" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Preeclampsia|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=386|issue=19|pages=1817–1832|date=May 2022|pmid=35544388|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2109523}}</ref><ref name="Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in pl">{{Cite journal|title=Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology|volume=317|issue=4|pages=H732–H742|date=October 2019|pmid=31397167|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2019}}</ref><ref name="ACOG2013" />.[4]<ref name="Al2014" /> Ihe ize ndụ maka pre-eclampsia gụnyere oke ibu, ọbara mgbali elu, ịka nká, na Ọrịa shuga.<ref name="Al2014"/><ref name="WHO2011">{{Cite book|title=WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154833-5|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44703}}</ref> Ọ na-adịkarị na ime ime mbụ nke nwanyị na ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-amụ ejima.[1] Usoro ndị dị n'okpuru ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnye mmepụta ọbara na-adịghị mma na placenta n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.[1] A na-achọpụta ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa tupu a mụọ nwa, a pụkwara ịhazi ha dabere na izu ime mgbe a mụọ.<ref name=":1" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, pre-eclampsia na-aga n'ihu n'ime oge mgbe a mụsịrị ya, nke a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka postpartum pre-eclasmpsia. <ref name="propublica201808">{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trusted-health-sites-spread-myths-about-preeclampsia-deadly-pregnancy-complication|title=Trusted Health Sites Spread Myths About a Deadly Pregnancy Complication|date=2018-08-14|work=[[ProPublica]]|accessdate=2021-05-28|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210515102809/https://www.propublica.org/article/trusted-health-sites-spread-myths-about-preeclampsia-deadly-pregnancy-complication|archivedate=2021-05-15|language=English|quote=From the Mayo Clinic to Harvard, sources don't always get the facts right about preeclampsia. Reached by ProPublica, some are making needed corrections.}}</ref><ref name="propublica201705">{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/die-in-childbirth-maternal-death-rate-health-care-system|title=The Last Person You'd Expect to Die in Childbirth|date=2017-05-12|work=[[ProPublica]]|accessdate=2021-05-28|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190621162849/https://www.propublica.org/article/die-in-childbirth-maternal-death-rate-health-care-system|archivedate=2019-06-21|language=English|quote=The death of Lauren Bloomstein, a neonatal nurse, in the hospital where she worked illustrates a profound disparity: The health care system focuses on babies but often ignores their mothers.}}</ref> N'ụzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, pre-eclampsia nwere ike ịmalite n'oge mgbe a mụsịrị nwa. <ref name="ACOG2013">{{Cite journal|title=Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=122|issue=5|pages=1122–1131|date=November 2013|pmid=24150027|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88|url=http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf|accessdate=2015-02-17}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160106101141/http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf "Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''122''' (5): 1122–1131. November 2013. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88|10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126958 1126958]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24150027 24150027]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160106101141/http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a chọrọ ma ọbara mgbali elu na protein dị na mamịrị iji mee nchọpụta ahụ, nkọwa ụfọdụ gụnyekwara ndị nwere ọbara mgbali ala na nsogbu ọ bụla metụtara ya. [6]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Preeclampsia: an update|journal=Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica|volume=65|issue=4|pages=137–149|date=2014|pmid=25622379}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLambertBrichantHartsteinBonhomme2014">Lambert G, Brichant JF, Hartstein G, Bonhomme V, Dewandre PY (2014). "Preeclampsia: an update". ''Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica''. '''65''' (4): 137–149. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25622379 25622379].</cite></ref> A na-akọwa ọbara mgbali elu dị ka onye dị elu mgbe ọ karịrị 140 mmHg [[Obara Mgbali elu|systolic]] ma ọ bụ 90 mmHg [[Obara Mgbali elu|diastolic]] n'oge abụọ dị iche iche, ihe karịrị awa anọ dị iche iche n'ime nwanyị mgbe izu iri abụọ nke ime gasịrị. [6] &nbsp;&nbsp;A na-enyocha pre-eclampsia mgbe niile n'oge [[Nlekọta tupu amụọ nwa]]. <ref name="Lancet2010" /><ref name="USPSTF2017">{{Cite journal|title=Screening for Preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=317|issue=16|pages=1661–1667|date=April 2017|pmid=28444286|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.3439}}</ref> Ntuziaka maka mgbochi gụnyere: aspirin na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu, Mgbakwunye calcium na mpaghara ndị na-eri obere, na ọgwụgwọ nke ọbara mgbali elu tupu ọgwụ.<ref name="WHO2011" /><ref name="Hend2014">{{Cite journal|title=Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2014-05-20_160_10/page/695|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=160|issue=10|pages=695–703|date=May 2014|pmid=24711050|doi=10.7326/M13-2844}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere pre-eclampsia, ịmụ nwa na Placenta bụ ọgwụgwọ dị irè [1] mana mgbake zuru oke nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ izu. <ref name="propublica201808" /> Ebe a na-atụ aro ịmụ nwa na-adabere n'otú pre-eclampsia siri sie ike na ogologo oge nwanyị dị ime.[1] Enwere ike iji ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara, dị ka labetalol na methyldopa, mee ka ọnọdụ nne dị mma tupu ọ mụọ nwa.<ref name="Aru2013">{{Cite journal|title=Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=877–884|date=December 2013|pmid=23962474|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003}}</ref> Enwere ike iji Magnesium sulfate gbochie eclampsia na ndị nwere ọrịa siri ike.[1] A chọpụtabeghị na ezumike n'àkwà na iri nnu bara uru maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbochi. [1]<ref name="WHO2011" />[./Pre-eclampsia#cite_note-ACOG2013-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[5]</nowiki></span>] == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == Edema (karịsịa n'aka na ihu) ka a na-ewere na mbụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama dị mkpa maka nchọpụta nke pre-eclampsia. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọzịza bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ime, uru ya dị ka ihe dị iche na pre-eclampsia adịghị elu. Pitting edema (ọzịza a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọkachasị nke aka, ụkwụ, ma ọ bụ ihu, nke a na-ahụkarị site na ịhapụ indentation mgbe a na-agbanye ya) nwere ike ịdị ịrịba ama, a ga-ekwukwa ya na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike ịkọwa ihe mgbaàmà dị ka ihe mgbu epigastric dị ka obi ọkụ. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke pre-eclampsia nke a na-enyocha n'oge nleta tupu amụọ gụnyere ọbara mgbali elu na protein karịrị akarị na mamịrị. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inwe isi ọwụwa dị egwu dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke pre-eclampsia.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP)|journal=Hypertension in Pregnancy|volume=20|issue=1|pages=IX-XIV|date=January 2001|pmid=12044323|doi=10.3109/10641950109152635}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ọ dịghị ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla nke pre-eclampsia bụ ihe a kapịrị ọnụ, ọbụnakwa convulsions n'ime ime nwere ike ịnwe ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ya karịa eclampsia n'omume ọgbara ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pre-eclampsia|work=Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745|accessdate=21 January 2021}}</ref> Nnyocha na-adabere n'ịchọta nkwekọrịta nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ pre-eclamptic, ihe akaebe ikpeazụ bụ nzaghachi ha n'ime ụbọchị na izu mgbe a mụsịrị ha.<ref name="propublica201808" /> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Enweghi nsogbu amaboro Anya dika ihe na ebute Oria, mana enwere ihe nwere Ike ipalite ya. Ufodu gunyere:<ref name="Al2014"/><ref name="Lancet2010">{{Cite journal|title=Pre-eclampsia|journal=Lancet|volume=376|issue=9741|pages=631–644|date=August 2010|pmid=20598363|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSteegersvon_DadelszenDuvekotPijnenborg2010">Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R (August 2010). "Pre-eclampsia". ''Lancet''. '''376''' (9741): 631–644. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598363 20598363]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208792631 208792631].</cite></ref> * Placentation na-adịghị mma (ọdịdị na mmepe nke placenta) * Ihe ndị na-akpata ahụike * Ọrịa nne tupu ma ọ bụ nke dị ugbu a - a na-ahụ pre-eclampsia karịa na ndị nwere ọbara mgbali elu, oke ibu, ma ọ bụ ọrịa antiphospholipid antibody syndrome ma ọ bụ ndị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke pre-eclasm * Ihe ndị na-eri nri, dịka mgbakwunye calcium n'ebe nri calcium dị ala egosila na ọ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke pre-eclampsia <ref name="WHO2011" /> * Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka mmetọ ikuku <ref name="EHP">{{Cite journal|title=Association between local traffic-generated air pollution and preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the south coast air basin of California|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=117|issue=11|pages=1773–1779|date=November 2009|pmid=20049131|doi=10.1289/ehp.0800334|url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/0800334/0800334.pdf|accessdate=2009-07-05}}</ref> Ndị nwere ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge nwere ihe ize ndụ okpukpu 7 ruo 8 karịa ndị na-enweghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=348|pages=g2301|date=April 2014|pmid=24735917|doi=10.1136/bmj.g2301}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ahụike, nchọpụta ejikọtala pre-eclampsia na mgbanwe ndị na-esonụ: mgbanwe na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmeghachi omume nke nne na placenta, mmerụ ahụ nke placenta, mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, mgbanwe nke mmeghachi nke vascular, nrụgide oxidative, enweghị nkwụsi ike n'etiti ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ, mbelata nke intravascular, na disseminated intravasculation.<ref name="Lancet2010"/><ref name="Mustafa 2012 1–19">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy|journal=Journal of Pregnancy|volume=2012|pages=105918|year=2012|pmid=22685661|doi=10.1155/2012/105918}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na kpọmkwem ihe kpatara pre-eclampsia ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, enwere ihe akaebe siri ike na isi ihe na-eme ka nwanyị nwere ike ibute pre-eclempsia bụ placenta a kụrụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="Al2014">{{Cite journal|title=A brief overview of preeclampsia|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine Research|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–7|date=February 2014|pmid=24400024|doi=10.4021/jocmr1682w}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-JameilAziz_KhanFareed_KhanTabassum2014">Al-Jameil N, Aziz Khan F, Fareed Khan M, Tabassum H (February 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3881982 "A brief overview of preeclampsia"]. ''Journal of Clinical Medicine Research''. '''6''' (1): 1–7. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4021/jocmr1682w|10.4021/jocmr1682w]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3881982 3881982]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24400024 24400024].</cite></ref><ref name="Lancet2010" /> Placenta a a na-etinye n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịkpata infusion dị njọ nke akpa nwa na placental, na-emepụta ọnọdụ hypoxia na nrụgide oxidative na-abawanye na ntọhapụ nke protein anti-angiogenic yana ndị na-eme ka ọ na-afụ ụfụ n'ime plasma nne.[2] Otu isi nsonaazụ nke usoro ihe omume a bụ dysfunction endothelial.<ref name="Ei2012">{{Cite journal|title=Preeclampsia 2012|journal=Journal of Pregnancy|volume=2012|pages=586578|year=2012|pmid=22848831|doi=10.1155/2012/586578}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEilandNzerueFaulkner2012">Eiland E, Nzerue C, Faulkner M (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3403177 "Preeclampsia 2012"]. ''Journal of Pregnancy''. '''2012''': 586578. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1155/2012/586578|10.1155/2012/586578]]</span>. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3403177 3403177]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22848831 22848831].</cite></ref> Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nwere ike isi na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụike nne na placenta, ọkachasị enweghị nkwenye nke ahụike n'oge ime. Endothelial dysfunction na-akpata ọbara mgbali elu na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara pre-eclampsia.[1] Mgbe pre-eclampsia malitere n'izu ikpeazụ nke ime ime ma ọ bụ n'ime ime ọtụtụ, ihe kpatara ya nwere ike ịbụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, n"ihi nnukwu placenta na-eto karịa ikike nke akpa nwa, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na mgbaàmà nke pre-eclasmpsia.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update|journal=Journal of Reproductive Immunology|volume=134-135|pages=1–10|date=September 2019|pmid=31301487|doi=10.1016/j.jri.2019.07.004}}</ref> chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (C19MC) na-emebi mwakpo nke mkpụrụ ndụ trophoblast extravillus na Akwara na-agba gburugburu, na-akpata nguzogide dị elu, obere ọbara, na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ na nwa e bu n'afọ. <ref name="Chen D., Wang W. 2013 1–11">{{Cite journal|title=Human placental microRNAs and preeclampsia|journal=Biology of Reproduction|volume=88|issue=5|pages=130|date=May 2013|pmid=23575145|doi=10.1095/biolreprod.113.107805}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|title=Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes - good things come in nano-packages|journal=Placenta|volume=3|issue=Suppl|pages=S69–S73|date=February 2014|pmid=24280233|doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002}}</ref><ref name="C19MC MicroRNAs Regulate the Migrat">{{Cite journal|title=C19MC microRNAs regulate the migration of human trophoblasts|journal=Endocrinology|volume=155|issue=12|pages=4975–4985|date=December 2014|pmid=25211593|doi=10.1210/en.2014-1501}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === N'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere usoro ụfọdụ na-akpata pre-eclampsia, enwere ihe akaebe siri ike iji tụọ aro na ọ na-esite na gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe nketa. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 gosiri na ụmụ nwanyị nwere onye ikwu mbụ nke nwere ọmụmụ pre-eclamptic nwere ohere okpukpu abụọ karịa nke ahụ n'onwe ha. Ọzọkwa, ndị ikom nwere njikọ na onye nwere nsogbu ịmụ nwa nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ịmụ ime tupu eclamptic.<ref name="Skjaerven R., 2005">{{Cite journal|title=Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort|journal=BMJ|volume=331|issue=7521|pages=877|date=October 2005|pmid=16169871|doi=10.1136/bmj.38555.462685.8F}}</ref> Ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere nsogbu pre-eclampsia nwere ohere dị elu nke nsogbu ime ime mgbe e mesịrị gụnyere mgbochi uto, ịmụ nwa n'oge, na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ehret G., 2018">{{Cite journal|title=Genes for Preeclampsia: An Opportunity for Blood Pressure Genomics|journal=Hypertension|volume=72|issue=2|pages=285–286|date=August 2018|pmid=29967038|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10840}}</ref> A na-eche na mmalite nke pre-eclampsia sitere na ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi. Nghọta anyị ugbu a banyere ihe nketa a na-eketa eketa na-agụnye enweghị nkwekọ nke ihe ndị na-akpata angiogenic na placenta.<ref name="Phipps EA., Thadhani R., Benzing T., Karumanchi SA., 2019">{{Cite journal|title=Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies|journal=Nature Reviews. Nephrology|volume=15|issue=5|pages=275–289|date=May 2019|pmid=30792480|doi=10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6}}</ref> Angiogenesis na-agụnye uto nke akwara ọbara ọhụrụ site na akwara ndị dị ugbu a, na enweghị nkwekọ n'oge ime nwere ike imetụta vascularization, uto, na ọrụ nke nwa e bu n'afọ. A na-eche na ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị a na-achịkwa site na ọtụtụ loci na chromosomes dị iche iche.<ref name="McGinnis R., 2017">{{Cite journal|title=Variants in the fetal genome near FLT1 are associated with risk of preeclampsia|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=49|issue=8|pages=1255–1260|date=August 2017|pmid=28628106|doi=10.1038/ng.3895|url=https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/141226/13/141226.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Ehret G., 2018"/><ref name="Steinthorsdottir V., McGinnis R., Williams NO., 2020">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic predisposition to hypertension is associated with preeclampsia in European and Central Asian women|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|pages=5976|date=November 2020|pmid=33239696|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19733-6}}</ref> Nnyocha banyere isiokwu a enweela oke n'ihi ọdịdị dị iche iche nke ọrịa ahụ. Genotypes nke nne, nna, na nwa e bu n'afọ niile na-arụ ọrụ yana ihe mgbagwoju anya epigenetic dị ka ma ndị nne na nna na-ese siga, afọ nne, mmekọahụ, na oke ibu.[1] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere obere nghọta n'azụ usoro mmekọrịta ndị a. N'ihi ọdịdị polygenic nke pre-eclampsia, ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ ndị e mere ruo ugbu a na isiokwu ahụ ejirila ọmụmụ njikọ nke genome.<ref name="Skjaerven R., 2005"/> cgcraak4kfuvosksxot4ta1e5hx0ki0 0 44661 697501 688263 2026-08-10T01:24:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|image=File:Ultrasound of Asherman's syndrome.jpg|caption=Ọrịa Asherman}}Asherman syndrome bu onodu acquired uterine na puta ihe mgbe scar tissue putara n'ime uterus na/maobu cervix.<ref name="pmid28846336">{{Cite book|chapter=Asherman Syndrome|title=StatPearls|year=2018|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448088/|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref> A na-akọwa ya site na akara dịgasị iche iche n'ime oghere akpa nwa, ebe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ mgbidi ihu na azụ nke akpa nwa na-arapara n'otu. AS nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata nsogbu ịhụ nsọ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na nsogbu placental. Ọ bụ ezie na Heinrich Fritsch bipụtara ikpe mbụ nke intrauterine adhesion na 1894, ọ bụ naanị mgbe afọ 54 gasịrị ka Joseph Asherman mere nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọrịa Asherman. <ref name="pmid24373209">{{Cite journal|title=The management of Asherman syndrome: a review of literature|journal=Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology|volume=11|pages=118|date=December 2013|pmid=24373209|doi=10.1186/1477-7827-11-118}}</ref> E jirila ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ kọwaa ọnọdụ ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị metụtara ya gụnyere: atresia uterine / cervical, traumatic uterine atrophy, sclerotic endometrium, na '''endometrial sclerosis'''.<ref name="Palter">{{Cite journal|title=High Rates of Endometriosis in Patients With Intrauterine Synechiae (Asherman's Syndrome)|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=86|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S471|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1239}}</ref> Enweghị otu ihe kpatara AS. Ihe ndị dị ize ndụ nwere ike ịgụnye myomectomy, ngalaba cesarean, ọrịa, afọ, ụkwara nta, na oke ibu. A na-enyocha predisposition nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka AS. E nwekwara nnyocha ndị na-egosi na ọrịa pelvic siri ike, nke na-enweghị ịwa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata AS. AS nwere ike ịmalite ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na nwanyị ahụ enwetabeghị ịwa ahụ ọ bụla, mmerụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ ime ime. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere na North America na mba Europe, ụkwara nta akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe na-akpata Asherman na mba ndị ọzọ dị ka [[Ndia|India]].<ref name="pmid17653564">{{Cite journal|title=Genital tuberculosis: an important cause of Asherman's syndrome in India|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=277|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=January 2008|pmid=17653564|doi=10.1007/s00404-007-0419-0}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Heinrich Fritsch bu uzo kpowa onodu a n'afo 1894 , Joseph Asherman onye gynecologist ndi [[Israel]] chotara njirimara ya na afo 1948. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ein Fall von volligem Schwaund der Gebormutterhohle nach Auskratzung|language=German|journal=Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie|year=1894|volume=18|pages=1337–42}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishfibroidtrust.org.uk/adhesions.php|title=Adhesions & Asherman's Syndrome|work=BritishFibroidTrust}}</ref> .<ref name="pmid14804168">{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic intra-uterine adhesions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bjog_1950-12_57_6/page/892|journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire|volume=57|issue=6|pages=892–896|date=December 1950|pmid=14804168|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1950.tb06053.x}}</ref> Ana akpokwa ya Fritsch syndrome maobu Fritsch-Acherman syndrome. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == A na-ejikarị mbelata nke ọbara ọgbụgba na oge ọbara ọgbụrụgba mara ya (enweghị ọbara ọgburu n'oge ịhụ nsọ, obere ọbara ọgbọrọgba n'oge nsọ, ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbaru ọbara ugboro ugboro) <ref name="pmid4725610">{{Cite journal|title=Asherman's syndrome: a critique and current review|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=24|issue=9|pages=722–735|date=September 1973|pmid=4725610|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)39918-6}}</ref> na enweghị ike ịmụ nwa. Nsogbu ịhụ nsọ na-ejikarị ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-emetụta ịdị njọ: ihe na-arapara n'ahụ naanị n'akpa nwa ma ọ bụ n'okpuru akpa nwa nwere ike igbochi ịhụ nsọ. A na-enwe ihe mgbu n'oge ịhụ nsọ na ovulation mgbe ụfọdụ ma enwere ike ịkọwa ya na mgbochi.A kọọrọ na 88% nke ọrịa AS na-eme mgbe emechara D&amp;amp;C na akpa nwa dị <akpa nwa"mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="79" href="./Pregnant" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pregnant">ime n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-esote ime ọpụpụ furu efu ma ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu, [[ọmụmụ]], ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwụsịtụ a họọrọ (mkụ afọ ime) iji wepụ ngwaahịa ndị e jidere. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Oghere nke akpa nwa dị n'akụkụ endometrium. Ihe mkpuchi a nwere okpukpu abụọ, nke na-arụ ọrụọrụ dị n'akụkụ oghere akpa nwa) nke a na-awụfu n'oge ịhụ nsọ na nke dị n'okpuru (nke dị nso na myometrium), nke dị mkpa maka imezigharị nke na-eme ihe. Mmetụta na basal layer, nke a na-emekarị mgbe dilation na curettage (D&C) mere mgbe ime ọpụpụ, ma ọ bụ ịmụ nwa, ma ọ dị ime, nwere ike iduga na mmepe nke akara intrauterine nke na-akpata nkwonkwo nke nwere ike ikpochapụ oghere ahụ na ogo dịgasị iche iche. N'ụzọ gabigara ókè, oghere ahụ dum nwere ike inwe akara ma kpuchie ya. Ọbụna na ọ nwere akara ole na ole, endometrium nwere ike ghara imeghachi omume na Estrogen.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrịa Asherman na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ na afọ niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ, na-atụ aro na ọ nweghị ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ maka mmepe ya.<ref name="pmid6281085">{{Cite journal|title=Intrauterine adhesions: an updated appraisal|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=37|issue=5|pages=593–610|date=May 1982|pmid=6281085|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46268-0}}</ref> AS nwere ike ịpụta site na ịwa ahụ pelvic ndị ọzọ gụnyere akụkụ cesarean, [1] <ref name="Rochet_1979">{{Cite journal|title=[The obstetrical future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae. 107 cases operated on (author's transl)]|language=fr|journal=Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction|volume=8|issue=8|pages=723–726|year=1979|pmid=553931}}</ref> iwepụ akpụ fibroid (myomectomy) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Role of endometrial suppression on the frequency of intrauterine adhesions after resectoscopic surgery|journal=The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists|volume=7|issue=3|pages=351–354|date=August 2000|pmid=10924629|doi=10.1016/S1074-3804(05)60478-1}}</ref> na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka IUDs, radiation pelvic, [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]] <ref name="pmid7724154">{{Cite journal|title=Asherman syndrome caused by schistosomiasis|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=85|issue=5 Pt 2|pages=898–899|date=May 1995|pmid=7724154|doi=10.1016/0029-7844(94)00371-J}}</ref> na ụkwara nta genital.<ref name="pmid13283012">{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic uterine synechiae: a common cause of menstrual insufficiency, sterility, and abortion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_1956-02_71_2/page/368|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=71|issue=2|pages=368–375|date=February 1956|pmid=13283012|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(16)37600-1}}</ref> Endometritis na-adịghị ala ala site na ụkwara nta akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata nkwonkwo intrauterine siri ike (IUA) na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, na-akpatakarị mkpochapụ zuru oke nke oghere akpa nwa nke siri ike ịgwọ.<ref name="pmid10438408">{{Cite journal|title=Total corporal synechiae due to tuberculosis carry a very poor prognosis following hysteroscopic synechialysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-reproduction_human-reproduction_1999-08_14_8/page/1960|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1960–1961|date=August 1999|pmid=10438408|doi=10.1093/humrep/14.8.1960}}</ref> Enwere ike ịwa ahụ site na endometrial ablation n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ọbara n'akpa nwa, kama ịwa ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> a5rxnzvyvvosilygc2gd99qvv4qxucl 0 44687 697500 214430 2026-08-10T01:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Armet Francis|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1945|01|29|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Saint Elizabeth Parish|St Elizabeth]], [[Jamaica]]|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=|nationality=British|other_names=|occupation=Photographer|years_active=1969–present|known_for=Co-founder of [[Association of Black Photographers|Autograph ABP]]|notable_works=''The Black Triangle''<br> ''Roots to Reckoning''}} '''Armet Francis''' (amụrụ 29 Jenụwarị 1945) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye mbipụta onye Jamaica biri na London kemgbe 1950s. Ọ na-edekọ ma na-edekọ akụkọ ndụ ndị bi na Africa kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ 40 na ọrụ ya gụnyere ọrụ maka Times Magazine, The Sunday Times Supplement, BBC na Channel 4. O gosila ụwa niile na ọrụ ya dị na mkpokọta gụnyere nke Victoria & Albert Museum na Museum of London. Otu n'ime foto ya kacha mara amara bụ "Self Portrait in Mirror" nke 1964.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/05/best-photographs-va-collection-pictures/self-portrait-mirror-1964-armet-francis/ "Best photographs from the V&A collection, in pictures"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 5 April 2017.</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Armet Francis na Saint Elizabeth Parish, n'ime ime obodo Jamaica, n'afọ 1945. A hapụrụ ya n'aka nne na nna ya ochie mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ mgbe ndị mụrụ ya kwagara [[London]], England, ebe Francis sonyeere ha afọ asaa ka e mesịrị na 1955.<ref name="VaMbiog">{{Cite web|title=Armet Francis biography|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/armet-francis|publisher=Victoria & Albert Museum|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref> Mgbe a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka British Library's Oral History of British Photography, Francis kwuru banyere itolite dị ka naanị nwa ojii n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na London Docklands.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230316074335/https://www.bl.uk/voices-of-science/britishlibrary/~/media/subjects%20images/oral%20history/oral%20history%20and%20nls%20documents/nls_ar_2013-2014_final%20version.pdf "Oral history at the British Library: what else has been happening?"], ''National Life Stories: Review and Accounts 2013/2014'', British Library, p. 7.</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ injinia dị na Bromley, tupu ọ chọta ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na ụlọ ọrụ foto West End, ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Onye na-ese foto n'onwe ya maka magazin ejiji na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi.<ref name="Artfund">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artfund.org/news/2009/10/01/important-afro-caribbean-photographic-archive-acquired-for-museum-of-london-with-art-fund-help|title=Important Afro-Caribbean photographic archive acquired for Museum of London with Art Fund help|date=1 October 2009|work=Art Fund|accessdate=12 July 2015|archivedate=13 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713034442/http://www.artfund.org/news/2009/10/01/important-afro-caribbean-photographic-archive-acquired-for-museum-of-london-with-art-fund-help}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "N'afọ 1969, amalitere m ọrụ ndụ m niile .... M na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ na ụwa mbụ, n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe ya bụ, ma na-amatakwu enweghị aha na ụwa nke atọ, iji kọwaa kpọmkwem banyere Black World. Dị ka onye na-ese foto ojii, amalitere m ịghọta na enweghị m ihe oyiyi mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọrụ m .... M laghachiri [na Jamaica] na 1969 .... Apụwo m afọ 14, ọ ga-ewe afọ 14 ọzọ iji mee uche. nke oru ngo a." N'iso nsonye ya na Festac '77 (Ememme Nkà na Omenala Ụwa nke Abụọ na nke Africa) na Lagos, Nigeria, ọ malitere ịse foto ndị bi na Africa.. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220603235049/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=147&table=artefacts "Festac '77 – Catalogue relating to an exhibition, 1977"], Diaspora Artists.</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye Black mbụ na-ese foto nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya na The Photographers' Gallery na London mgbe egosiri usoro Black Triangle n'ebe ahụ na 1983. <ref name="VaMbiog"/> O bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ The Black Triangle n'afọ sochirinụ, e mepụtara Children of the Black Triangle afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-ese foto na mbipụta nyocha nke Ten.8 vol. 2, no. 3, 1992, nke akpọrọ Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=828&table=artefacts|title=Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s|author=|first=|date=|work=new.diaspora-artists.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202205656/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=828&table=artefacts|archivedate=2023-12-02|accessdate=}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Francis bụ onye guzobere Association of Black Photographers (nke bụzi Autograph ABP). <ref name="VaMbiog"/> Ọ bụ onye na-ese foto maka Africa '05, nnukwu emume nka Africa nke emere n'afọ 2005 na UK. Francis bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ atọ a mụrụ na Jamaica - ndị ọzọ bụ Charlie Phillips na Neil Kenlock - ndị e gosipụtara ọrụ ha na ngosi 2005/2006 Roots to Reckoning na Museum of London, <ref name="Wood">[[Molara Wood]], [http://molarawood.blogspot.co.uk/2006_02_01_archive.html "roots to reckoning"], 26 February 2006.</ref> nke na 2009 site n'enyemaka nke Art Fund nwetara "Roots to Recking archive", nke nwere foto 90 nke obodo ndị isi ojii nke London site na 1960 ruo 1980.<ref name="culture24">Kate Smith, [http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/photography-and-film/art30813 "Black History Month 2005 – From Roots To Reckoning In Photos"], ''[[Culture24]]'', 30 September 2005.</ref><ref name="Artfund"/><ref>Qiana Mestrich, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240516143223/http://dodgeburnphoto.com/2014/06/afro-caribbeans-in-uk-roots-to-reckoning-photo-archive-at-the-museum-of-london/ "Afro-Caribbeans in UK: Roots to Reckoning Photo Archive at the Museum of London"], ''Dodge & Burn'', 17 June 2014.</ref> British Library gbara Francis ajụjụ ọnụ (C459/214) na 2013 maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke British Photography. <ref name="oralhistory">[http://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/photography/021M-C0459X0214XX-0001V0 "Photography | Francis, Armet (1 of 6) Oral History of British Photography"], The British Library, 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2018.</ref> Foto Francis gosipụtara n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na Staying Power, ọrụ mmekorita nke Victoria na Albert Museum (V&A) na Black Cultural Archives guzobere na 2015.<ref name="bbc-2015">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/45fKwWl8klXrBfcHpqH7kVc/staying-power-photographs-of-black-british-experience-1950s-1990s "Staying Power: Photographs of Black British Experience, 1950s–1990s"], BBC, 16 February 2015.</ref><ref name="Guardian">[[Sean O'Hagan (journalist)|Sean O'Hagan]], [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/feb/16/black-british-struggle-triumph-v-and-a-staying-power "Black, British and proud: 50 years of struggle and triumph"], ''The Guardian'', 16 February 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170829165432/https://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/exhibitions/2015/02/16/staying-power-exhibition "Staying Power"], Art Fund.</ref> "Ihe oyiyi mbụ na-adọrọ mmasị na V&A museum bụ onye na-ese foto na Jamaica Armet Francis's Self-portrait in Mirror (1964), ihe oyiyi dị nso na nke ziri ezi na-egosi Armet na-etinye foto ya kpọmkwem n'ihu enyo, "ka onye nyocha maka Culture Whisper, ebe Brennavan Sritharan kwuru na ''British Journal of Photography'': "Self-portraiture bụ ihe dị n'okpuru isiokwu, na Armet Francis onwe ya dị nro ma na-eduga ihe ngosi ahụ. "<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170308145531/http://www.culturewhisper.com/r/article/preview/3774 "Insider's Guide: Staying Power, V&A"], ''Culture Whisper'',</ref><ref>Brennavan Sritharan, [http://www.bjp-online.com/2015/04/staying-power-photographs-of-black-british-experience-1950s-1990s-review/ "Staying Power: Photographs of Black British Experience 1950s–1990s – Review"], ''British Journal of Photography'', 9 April 2015.</ref> Na Febụwarị 2022, a kpọrọ Francis aha na ndepụta CasildART nke ndị Black British isii kachasị elu, n'akụkụ Charlie Phillips, James Barnor, Neil Kenlock, Pogus Caesar na Vanley Burke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://casildart.com/blog/top-six-black-british-photographers-you-should-know|title=Top Six Black British Photographers You Should Know|work=CasildART|date=7 February 2022|accessdate=16 April 2022|archivedate=2 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002201458/https://casildart.com/blog/top-six-black-british-photographers-you-should-know}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe onye === * The Black Triangle: Ndị Afrịka bi na mba ndị ọzọ, The Photographers' Gallery, London, 1983<ref name="VaMbiog"/> === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * ''Ntụgharị uche nke Ahụmahụ Ndị Ojii: 10 Ndị na-ese foto ojii'', Brixton Art Gallery, London, 1986<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brixton50.co.uk/black-experience-photographers/|title=Reflections of the Black Experience – 10 Black Photographers|work=Brixton 50|accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buru.org.uk/record.php?id=1175|title=Armet Francis artist|publisher=Ben Uri Research Unit|accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref> * Mgbanwe okpueze: ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka, Eshia na Caribbean na Britain, 1966-1996, Caribbean Cultural Center, Studio Museum na Harlem, 1997; Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York, 1997<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aavad.com/artistbibliog.cfm?id=8932|title=Francis, Armet|work=aavad.com African American Visual Artists Database|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928175507/http://aavad.com/artistbibliog.cfm?id=8932|archivedate=28 September 2015}}</ref> * Mgbọrọgwụ na-atụle: foto nke Armet Francis, Neil Kenlock na Charlie Phillips, Museum of London, London, 2005/6 <ref name="Wood"/><ref name="culture24"/> * ''Ike Nọgide: Foto nke Ahụmahụ Black British, 1950s - 1990s'', Black Cultural Archives, London, 2015; Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2015. <ref name="bbc-2015"/><ref name="Guardian"/> * Welie, Stand Up Now, Generations of Black Creative Pioneers, Somerset House London, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=Get Up, Stand Up Now: Generations of Black Creative Pioneers|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/press/get-stand-now-generations-black-creative-pioneers|accessdate=2021-04-24|work=Somerset House|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424140002/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/press/get-stand-now-generations-black-creative-pioneers}}</ref> * Ndụ n'etiti agwaetiti: Caribbean-British Art 1950s-Now, Tate Britain, 2021/2022 <ref name="2021_LIfeTateReview">{{Cite web|author=Cumming|first=Laura|title=Life Between Islands review – a mind-altering portrait of British Caribbean life through art|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/dec/05/life-between-islands-tate-britain-caribbean-british-art-1950s-to-now-review-a-crucial-mind-altering-show|work=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|date=5 December 2021|accessdate=31 December 2021}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * The Black Triangle: Ndị Afrịka Diaspora. Mkpụrụ, 1985.   * Ụmụ nke Black Triangle. Africa World, 1989.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0865431300|978-0865431300]] === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * Ịgụ na Rhymes. Mkpụrụ, 1990.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780951059845|9780951059845]]. &nbsp;Ọ bụ Francis na Olga Graham haziri ma dezie ya. * ''Oge Carnival''. Mkpụrụ, 1990.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780951059852|9780951059852]] === Akwụkwọ ndị Francis nyere === * Mgbọrọgwụ maka ngụkọ - foto nke Armet Francis, Neil Kenlock, Charlie Phillips. Mkpụrụ, 2005. Ihe ngosi katalọgụ na iwebata Mike Phillips. ISBN 0-95105-988-2 == Nchịkọta == A na-enwe ọrụ Francis na nchịkọta ọha na eze ndị a: * Victoria na Albert Museum, London: mbipụta 25 (dị ka nke Ọktoba 2018) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=30 October 2018|title=Your Search Results|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?listing_type=&offset=0&limit=15&narrow=&extrasearch=&q=Francis%252C+Armet%252C&commit=Search&quality=0&objectnamesearch=&placesearch=&after=&before=&namesearch=&materialsearch=&mnsearch=&locationsearch=|work=collections.vam.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=30 October 2018|title=Photographic Brilliance|url=http://www.aestheticamagazine.com/photographic-brilliance/|work=Aesthetica Magazine|date=13 June 2017}}</ref> * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke London, London<ref name="Artfund"/> == Ebem si dee == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/armet-francis/ "Armet Francis"], V & A. * "Armet Francis", Autograph ABP. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1ga9hqlajkfc5kxjwrds0ombswibbxo 0 44723 697619 588610 2026-08-10T04:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697619 wikitext text/x-wiki Julien Sinzogan (amụrụ 1957), bụ onye Benin nke oge a na-ese ihe na ihe osise. Ihe osise ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmetụta nke Azụmaahịa Ohu nke Atlantic na Benin obodo ya, otu n'ime ebe ịzụ ahịa ohu kachasị na West Africa. O meela ihe ngosi nke ọma na Europe na Africa niile. Dị ka ọkachamara na-ese ihe, usoro na ntụnyere aka Sinzogan na-esi na mpaghara mkpịsị akwụkwọ monochrome na ink banye n'ìhè nke ihe nkiri zuru oke. Ọ bi na Paris, France.<ref name="auto" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Julien Sinzogan na 27 Jenụwarị 1957 na Porto Novo, Republic of [[Benin]] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Minerva|first=Brizia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKZVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=UNESCO Art Collection Selected works|date=2021-11-19|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|others=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-100474-2|pages=149–151|language=en|chapter=#24 Development: Dance of the Amazon Women}}</ref> Agụmakwụkwọ Sinzogan malitere ịmụ ihe owuwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Tashkent, Uzbekistan site na 1978 ruo 1979.   Ọ gụrụ ihe owuwu na Paris na École Spéciale des Travaux Public, Paris, France ruo n'afọ 1982.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Sinzogan gụrụ akwụkwọ na Laboratoire International de Calcul et d'Informatique Appliquée (L.I.C.I.A.), Paris, France, ebe ọ na-elekọta ngalaba nke ihe oyiyi kọmputa, tupu ọ gbanwee na eserese. == Ọrụ == Julien Sinzogan sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Yoruba Divinatory na Ifá. N'ime nke a, ọ na-enyocha njem dị n'etiti ụwa a na-ahụ anya nke Aye yana ọpụpụ gaa n'ụwa mmụọ Orun ma mụọ ha ọzọ, ma gosipụta etu ha si nwee njikọ chiri anya. Sinzogan nwekwara isiokwu abụọ yiri ibe ya nke a hụrụ n'ọrụ a: nkwenye na mbata nke "mkpụrụ obi" Afrịka na nloghachi nke mmụọ nke ndị ohu n'ikperé mmiri Afrịka; "ezi mpụ" <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Highet|first=Juliet|date=2010|title=Emerging from the "Gates of No Return"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-african_2010-10_499/page/34|journal=New African|issue=499|pages=34–36}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHighet2010">Highet, Juliet (2010). "Emerging from the "Gates of No Return"". ''New African'' (499): 34–36.</cite></ref> ịgba ohu bụ na mfu nke mmụọ ndị nna nna nke obodo ndị fọdụrụ n'Afrịka. Usoro Sinzogan na-egosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụwa dị iche iche dị ka ụwa 'Western', ebe ojiji Sinzogan ji ihe nnọchianya mee ihe na-agbanwe dịka ọdịnala ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma na ụwa Afrịka na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin. Ihe nnọchianya dị ezigbo mkpa nye Sinzogan ka ọ na-akọwa ya "...ihe nnọchianya ahụ nwere oke a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ ma na-emeghe echiche site na-eyi agba na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndụ. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Julien|author=Sinzogan|chapter=Fourth Dialogue: The Power of the Image|title=The Power of the Word / La puissance du verbe|series=Cross/Cultures|publisher=Brill|editor=Cribb|date=2006|isbn=978-90-420-1938-6}}</ref> " Ihe nnọchi anya Sinzogan bụ ihe nnọchi anya dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ncheta dị ndụ na ihe ncheta ojii nke ihe nchetara dị mgbagha nke ihe nchọpụta dị ndụ.<ref name="auto2" /> Sinzogan nwere solo na October Gallery, na ememe nke ọnwa akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. Maka ihe ngosi a, e nyere Sinzogan ọrụ ịmepụta otu ihe ọ na-akpọ "Gates of Return" na nzaghachi maka ihe mbụ ya "Gates nke No Return". Na "Gates of No Return" Sinzogan gosipụtara mba ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu nke metụtara ụsọ oké osimiri West Africa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụzọ ámá ụlọ mkpọrọ. Sinzogan na-ekwu, "e nwere njem ndị na-ekwesịghị ịbụ - akụkụ nke etiti dịka ọmụmaatụ. E nwere njem ime mmụọ, dị ka nzukọ na babalawo [onye ụkọchukwu na-akọ ọdịnihu] nke a maara nke ọma maka njem n'etiti ụwa ndị a na-ahụ anya na ndị a na'adịghị ahụ anya... na e nwere njem ndị e chepụtara echepụta, site na Gates of Return, na Gates of no Return. " <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Highet|first=Juliet|date=2010|title=Emerging from the "Gates of No Return"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-african_2010-10_499/page/34|journal=New African|issue=499|pages=34–36}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHighet2010">Highet, Juliet (2010). "Emerging from the "Gates of No Return"". ''New African'' (499): 34–36.</cite></ref> Ọhụụ Sinzogan gbalịrị ime ka isi a dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'otu. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Victoria and Albert Museum|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/g/gates-of-return-julien-sinzogan/|date=2011-07-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/g/gates-of-return-julien-sinzogan/ "Victoria and Albert Museum"]. 2011-07-13.</cite></ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe onye === * 2003: Nzukọ Mba France, Paris, France   * 2008: Ụbọchị ebon, Njem: ọnụ ụzọ nloghachi, Musée de la peinture de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * 2009: Ụzọ ndị ohu, Museum of Angoulême, Angoulém, France.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * 2010: Spirit Worlds, October Gallery, [[London]], UK.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * E1990: Gallery Gabor Uzvesky, [[Bussy Saint-Georges]], France{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} * 1991: [[Ministère de l’Education Nationale]], Paris, France. * 1992: Ecole pour l’Informatique et les Techniques Avancées (E.P.I.T.A.), Paris, France. * 1993: Petit Palais, Cotonou, Benin. ** Ouidah ‘92: First International Festival of the Arts and Cultures of Vodun, Ouidah and Cotonou, Benin. * 1994: Espace Kauffman-Eiffel, Paris, France. * 1996: [[Hôtel Novotel]], Cotonou, Benin. * 1997: 7th Plein Sud Festival, Cozes, France. * 1997-99: Permanent exhibition, [[Centre Français du Cadre]], Paris, France. * 1999: Maison de l’Ile, [[Auvers sur Oise]], France. ** D’Afrique et de Cuba, André Malraux Cultural Centre, Le Bourget, France. ** Couleurs Vodun, Lille Town Hall, Lille, France. * 2000: Rendering Visible, October Gallery, London, UK. * 2001: Journées Béninoises, Dourdan, France. The Power of the Word Exhibition, Archive Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK * 2002: The Royal Museum and Art Gallery, Canterbury, UK. ** Permanent exhibition, Atelier de l’Yvette, [[Épinay sur Orge]], France. ** A Thousand Ways of Being: Memory and Presence in the Arts of Diasporas, October Gallery, London, UK. * 2003: Transvangarde: Zeitgenössische Kunst aus der Welt (Contemporary Art from Around the Planet) and Kulturbrauerei, [[Pferdestall Gallery]], Berlin, [[Jémanị|Germany]]. * 2004: Artists from Around the World, October Gallery, London, UK * 2005: Aux Grain d’Argent, Angoulême, France. Agence Française pour le Développement (AFD), Paris, France. * 2006: 17th Salon International, Château de Beauregard, Caen, France * 2007: Uncomfortable Truths: the shadow of slave trading on contemporary art and design, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. ** Voyages: Crossing the Lake of Fire, October Gallery, London, UK. * 2008: Johannesburg Art Fair, October Gallery, Johannesburg, [[South Africa]] and Angaza Africa, African Art Now and Spring Show, October Gallery, London, UK. * 2009: Johannesburg Art Fair, October Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa. * 2010: L’Art Actuel d’Afrique, [[Collégiale Saint-André]], Chartres, France. == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] llcyul2j66vv7mgf7hw33e5y92nfry3 0 44739 697543 595675 2026-08-10T02:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697543 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Dr. Karen Nelson.jpg|thumb|Dr. Karen Nelson.jpg]] '''Karen Nelson''' bụ [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Onye Amerika]] microbiologist a mụrụ [[Jamaikạ|Ndị Jamaika]] (na-ahụ maka nyocha microbiome mmadụ) onye bụbu onye isi oche nke J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). <ref name="NASBLS">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160221193227/http://dels.nas.edu/global/bls/Board-Members Board Members]'' Board on Life Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> Na Julaị 6, 2021 ọ sonyeere Thermo Fisher Scientific dị ka Onye isi ọrụ sayensị . == Agụmakwụkwọ == Nelson gụrụ akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum nke Ọdida Anyanwu Indies wee nweta Ph.D. na Mahadum Cornell . <ref name="ASM">''[http://www.asm.org/?id=2128 J. Craig Venter Institute, Director (Rockville, MD Campus)]'' American Society for Microbiology, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Nelson bụ ọkachamara a ma ama na microbial genomics na metagenomics, yana itinye aka na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PNAS Member Editor Details|url=https://nrc88.nas.edu/pnas_search/memberDetails.aspx?ctID=20013261|accessdate=2021-02-20|work=nrc88.nas.edu}}</ref> A maara ya maka nyocha ya na ''Thermotoga maritima'' na Institute nke nyocha Genome (TIGR) nke dugara na mbipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nje ahụ, nke gosipụtara ịdị adị nke nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe okike. <ref>"[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6734/abs/399323a0.html Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima]" Nature 399</ref><ref>''[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/karen-e-nelson-phd-named-director-of-j-craig-venter-institute-rockville-md-campus-78679342.html Karen E. Nelson, Ph.D., Named Director of J. Craig Venter Institute Rockville, MD Campus]'' PR Newswire, retrieved December 2, 2014</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160421102221/http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview4.aspx Karen Nelson - Spelling Out Microbial Genes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421102221/http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview4.aspx|date=2016-04-21}}'' Microbe World, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> A makwaara Nelson maka ọrụ ya na nyocha microbiome mmadụ na nyocha ya ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microbiome nke mmadụ na ọrịa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gevers|first=Dirk|date=2012-08-14|title=The Human Microbiome Project: A Community Resource for the Healthy Human Microbiome|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=10|issue=8|pages=e1001377|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001377|issn=1545-7885|pmid=22904687}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya sara mbara gụnyere mpaghara nke microbial ecology, microbial genomics, microbial physiology na metagenomics, nke mere ka ndị otu ya bipụta nyocha microbiome mbụ nke mmadụ na 2006. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-06-02_312_5778/page/1355|journal=Science|date=2006-06-02|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16741115|pages=1355–1359|volume=312|issue=5778|doi=10.1126/science.1124234|language=en|first=Steven R.|author=Gill}}</ref> A họpụtara Nelson ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke [https://www.jcvi.org/ JCVI] n'afọ 2012 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Rockville Campus kemgbe afọ 2010. <ref>''[https://archive.today/20141201112405/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=46433041&privcapId=30997001 Executive Profile Karen E. Nelson Ph.D.]'' Bloomberg Businessweek, retrieved December 1, 2014</ref> Tupu a họpụta ya dịka onye isi ala, o nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa ndị ọzọ na Institute, gụnyere onye nduzi nke JCVI's Ụlọ akwụkwọ Rockville, na onye nduzi Human Microbiology na Metagenomics na Ngalaba Ọgwụ Genomic nke mmadụ na JCVI.<ref name="ASM"/> O dere ma ọ bụ soro dee ihe karịrị akwụkwọ narị abuo ndị ọgbọ nyochara, dezie akwụkwọ atọ, ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Microbial Ecology na PNAS Nexus a mara ọkwa ọhụrụ.<ref name="NRC">''[http://nas-sites.org/biodefense/committe/committee-biographies/ Committee Biographies]'' National Research Council, retrieved March 27, 2015</ref> Scientific American kpọrọ Nelson dị ka otu n'ime "ìhè ndị na-eduga" na biotechnology na 2015 "The Worldview 100." <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Worldview 100 : worldVIEW|url=http://www.saworldview.com/worldview-100/the-worldview-100/|work=www.saworldview.com|accessdate=2016-02-12|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703095805/http://www.saworldview.com/worldview-100/the-worldview-100/}}</ref> == Mbadamba na akụkụ == * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ''PNAS Nexus''<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences launches New Open Access Journal, PNAS Nexus, in Partnership with Oxford University Press; Karen Nelson to Serve as Inaugural Editor-in-Chief|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/pnas-nexus-2021.html|work=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=9 June 2021}}</ref> * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, Microbial Ecology <ref name="NRC" /> * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, Ọganihu dị na Microbial Ecology [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, ''BMC Genomics'' [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, Giga Science [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Editorial Board, ''Central European Journal nke Biology'' [2]<ref name="NRC" /> * Onye otu Board, Board on Life Sciences, National Academy of Sciences <ref name="NASBLS"/> * Onye otu, Kọmitii Na-adịgide adịgide na Nkwado maka mmemme DoD iji Lụso Egwu Biological ọgụ, National Research Council [2]<ref name="NRC"/> == Òtù ndị ọkachamara == * American Society for Microbiology == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == * Helmholtz International Fellow Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneering achievements in sequencing bacterial genomes: Karen Nelson receives Helmholtz International Fellow Award – Helmholtz Zentrum München – Helmholtz Zentrum München|url=https://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/en/news/latest-news/press-information-news/article/31325/index.html|work=www.helmholtz-muenchen.de|accessdate=2016-02-12|first=Helmholtz Zentrum|author=München}}</ref> * Fellow, American Society for Microbiology <ref name="NRC"/> * ARCS Sayensị nke Afọ (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 ARCS Scientist of the Year Dinner &#124; San Diego|url=https://san-diego.arcsfoundation.org/events/upcoming-events/2017-scientist-year-dinner|work=ARCS Foundation|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref> * Onye a họpụtara, National Academy of Sciences (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=May 2, 2017: NAS Members and Foreign Associates Elected|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-2-2017-NAS-Election.html|work=National Academy of Science|accessdate=3 May 2017}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2jfxr9q45adabnycnag1zljq72q5u90 0 44744 697536 451712 2026-08-10T02:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697536 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Hitler-Jugend Deutschlands Zukunft Ansichtskarte Postkarte Ludwig Hohlwein Aquarell NSDAP propaganda HJ Fahnen Postcard issued by Deutscher Jugendverlag Hitler Youth Germany's future No known copyright restrictions 3201200095.jpg|thumb|Hitler-Jugend Deutschlands Zukunft Ansichtskarte Postkarte Ludwig Hohlwein Aquarell NSDAP propaganda HJ Fahnen Postcard issued by Deutscher Jugendverlag Hitler Youth Germany's future No known copyright restrictions 3201200095.jpg]] Aryan race but igba oso nke agbara n'oge gboo nke emere na nwucha 19th century iji kowa ndi so na agburu Proto-Indo-European nke racial grouping. Okwu a si na Ihe ejiri Mee Ihe n'oge gboo nke Aryan, nke agburu ofuru nke Indo-Iranian huru dika epithet nke noble. Anthropological, historical na archeological evidence anaghi akwurunyere uru okwua abara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Great Aryan Myth|author=[[Knight Dunlap]]|volume=59|date=October 1944|journal=[[The Scientific Monthly]]|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/18253|pages=296–300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|date=June 2001|title=Remains of the race: Archaeology, nationalism, and the yearning for civilisation in the Indus valley|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=38|issue=2|pages=105–145|doi=10.1177/001946460103800201|issn=0019-4646|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946460103800201}}</ref> Okwua SI na nkwenye SI na original speakers nke asusu Proto-Indo-European bu ndi is nke progenitors specimen nke mmadu, <ref>Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts. 1994 – Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English. 0. 66</ref> nakwa na ụmụ ha ruo taa mejupụtara ma ọ bụ agbụrụ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ obere agbụrụ nke agbụrụ Caucasian, n'akụkụ Agbụrụ Semitic na agbụrụ Hamitic.[5][6] A na-ewere usoro taxonomic a maka ịhazi ìgwè mmadụ ugbu a dị ka ihe na-ezighi ezi na ihe na-enweghị isi n'ihi ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ìgwè ndị a.<ref name="yu16">{{Cite book|author=Templeton, A.|title=How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7h0s6j|editor=Losos, J.|location=Princeton; Oxford|pages=346–361|chapter=Evolution and Notions of Human Race|doi=10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26|isbn=9780691170398|quote=... the answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no.}}</ref><ref name="royal17">{{Cite journal|author=Wagner|first=Jennifer K.|date=February 2017|title=Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=162|issue=2|pages=318–327|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23120|pmid=27874171}}</ref><ref name="aapa20">{{Cite web|author=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|authorlink=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|date=27 March 2019|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism|url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/|accessdate=19 June 2020|work=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|archivedate=22 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322034009/https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/}}</ref> Ndị edemede dị iche iche na-ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị na-emegide ndị Juu nabatara okwu ahụ na narị afọ nke 19, gụnyere Arthur de Gobineau, Richard Wagner, na Houston Stewart Chamberlain, <ref name="Rich983">{{Cite journal|author=Paul B. Rich|year=1998|title=Racial ideas and the impact of imperialism in Europe|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10848779808579862|journal=[[The European Legacy]]|volume=3|issue=1|pages=30–33|doi=10.1080/10848779808579862}}</ref> ndị agbụrụ sayensị ha metụtara echiche agbụrụ ndị Nazi. [12] Ka ọ na-erule n ndị 1930, a na-ejikọta echiche ahụ na Nazism na Nordicism, ma jiri ya kwado echiche ndị ọcha nke Aryanism nke gosipụtara agbụrụ Aryan dị ka "agbụrụ ", <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gregor|first=A James|title=Nordicism Revisted|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phylon_winter-1961_22_4/page/352|journal=Phylon|volume=22|issue=4|pages=352–360|year=1961|doi=10.2307/273538}}</ref> na ndị na-abụghị ndị Aryan a na-ewere dị ka agbụrụ dị ala (''Untermensch'', lit. 'onye na-erughị mmadụ') na egwu nke a ga-ekpochapụ.[14]<ref name="longerich10">{{Cite book|author=Longerich|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLy80aq8tR8C|title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews|date=2010|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0191613470|authorlink=Peter Longerich}}</ref> Na Nazi Germany, echiche ndị a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche steeti nke dugara na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Gordon|first=Sarah Ann|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9946459|title=Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question"|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Mazal Holocaust Collection|isbn=0-691-05412-6|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=96|oclc=9946459}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aryan-1|publisher=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]], [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|title=Aryan|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Arụmụka banyere ala nna === Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, e wuru Proto-Indo-European (PIE) dị ka asụsụ proto-asụsụ nke Asụsụ Indo-European.[18][19] Sir William Jones, onye a nabatara dị ka "onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ a na-akwanyere ùgwù na Europe" maka Grammar of the Persian Language (1771), a họpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe atọ nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Bengal.[20] Jones, onye rutere na Calcutta wee malite ọmụmụ Sanskrit na Rig Veda, ọ tụrụ ya n'anya site na myirịta okwu dị n'etiti Sanskrit n'asụsụ Indo-European ndị ọzọ dị ka Persian, Gothic, Grik, na Latịn, wee kwubie na Sanskrit - dị ka asụsụ sitere na ya - bụ otu asụsụ proto- ma ọ bụ nne na nna n'ezinụlọ asụsụ - ya bụ PIE, dị ka asụsụ Indo-European, na Okwu Afọ nke Atọ ya banyere ndị Hindu (1786).[21][22] Otú ọ dị, ala nna asụsụ nke ndị mbụ na-asụ Proto-Indo-European bụ arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme kemgbe mmalite, na-etinye aka na ihe kpatara Chauvinistic.[19][23][24] Ụfọdụ ndị mba Europe na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ọkachasị ndị Nazi, mechara gbalịa ịmata ala nna Proto-Indo-European na mba ha ma ọ bụ mpaghara ha dị ka agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="colin89">{{Cite journal|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=261|date=October 1989|title=The Origins of Indo-European Languages|first=Colin|author=Renfrew|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24987446|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1089-106}}</ref>[26] Dị ka Leon Poliakov si kwuo, echiche nke agbụrụ Aryan gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ụzọ miri emi na nkà mmụta asụsụ, dabere na ọrụ Sir William Jones na-azọrọ na Sanskrit nwere njikọ na asụsụ Greco-Roman (European). Ndị ọzọ na-eche echiche chepụtara mmalite nke ụwa maka mmepeanya Europe nke na-adabereghị na usoro ọmụmụ Bible nke aristocracy nke Europe kwuru na ọ bụ ndị si na ya pụta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Leoussi|first=Athena|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism|date=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=United Kingdom|quote="The process was further assisted by a romanticism which gloried in the exotic and encouraged the idea that the greatest civilizational achievements of Europe could be attributed to the stimulus of ancient Aryan tribal movements...Historians seemed increasingly bent on discovering in each case a vigorous national past from which could be projected an even greater future. Scholars searching for Aryan pedigree also availed themselves of such newer disciplines as ethnology and anthropology."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Judaken|first=Jonathan|title=Leon Poliakov, Philosophy, and the Secularization of Anti-Judaism in the Development of Racism|journal=Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal|date=6 March 2024|volume=35|issue=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/37191095|pages=193–195}}</ref> === Romance na Social Darwinism === Mmetụta nke Romanticism na Germany hụrụ mweghachi nke nchọgharị ọgụgụ isi maka "asụsụ German na ọdịnala" na ọchịchọ "ịkwụsị oyi, arụmụka nke Enlightenment".[29] Mgbe Darwin bipụtara On the Origin of Species na 1859 na mgbasa ozi nke usoro ihe nlereanya nke Asụsụ Proto-Indo-European (PIE), ndị Romantics kwenyesiri ike na asụsụ bụ ihe na-akọwa njirimara mba, jikọtara ya na echiche ọhụrụ nke Darwinism.[30] Ndị Germany na-ahụ maka mba n'anya jiri Echiche sayensị nke nhọrọ okike mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi maka ezi uche nke agbụrụ ụfọdụ karịa ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na Darwin n'onwe ya etinyeghị echiche ya nke ahụike na ihe ndị na-edoghị anya dị ka agbụrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ.[30] A na-atụ aro agbụrụ "ndị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị" dị ka isi iyi nke adịghị ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na egwu nke nwere ike imerụ àgwà ndị dị elu nke agbụrụ "dị mma".[30] Ngwakọta na-eduhie eduhie nke pseudoscience na Romanticism mepụtara echiche agbụrụ ọhụrụ nke jiri nkọwa ndị Social Darwinist gbagọrọ agbagọ nke agbụrụ kọwaa "ihe dị elu nke ndị Northern Europe" na ọmụmụ ekele onwe onye.[31][32] N'ikpeazụ, ọchụchọ nke ndị German Romantics maka ihe nketa mba "dị ọcha" dugara na nkọwa nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ PIE n'oge ochie dị ka ndị nne na nna dị iche iche nke "agbụrụ-asụsụ-mba stereotype".[33]<ref name="frederic_94">Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts: 1994. Merriam-Webster p. 66</ref> aunjwutvwa42fy05jxei6ou513e67ar 0 44751 697754 166733 2026-08-10T07:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697754 wikitext text/x-wiki Immune tolerance in pregnancy maobu maternal immune tolerance bu n'abata ahuike nke ana ahu ebe nwa na placenta no n'oge nwaanyi di ime. N'abata na ebute ahuike nke n'aju n'abata ahu ozo dika nke na eme na spontaneous abortion. Ana agu gbasara isiokwua na reproductive immunology.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Zev|title=Inducing Tolerance to Pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-09-20_367_12/page/1159|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=20 Sep 2012|volume=367|issue=12|pages=1159–1161|doi=10.1056/NEJMcibr1207279|pmid=22992082}}</ref><ref name="clark">{{Cite journal|title=Active suppression of host-vs-graft reaction in pregnant mice. VII. Spontaneous abortion of allogeneic CBA/J x DBA/2 fetuses in the uterus of CBA/J mice correlates with deficient non-T suppressor cell activity|journal=J. Immunol.|volume=136|issue=5|pages=1668–75|date=March 1986|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1668|pmid=2936806|url=http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2936806}}</ref> * Ọrịa Rh na-akpata site na nne na-emepụta antibodies (gụnyere IgG antibodies) megide Rhesus D antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara ọbara nwa ha. Ọ na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na nne ahụ enweghị Rh na nwa ahụ nwere Rh, na obere ọbara Rh sitere na ime ime ọ bụla gara aga abanyewo na mgbasa nke nne iji mepụta IgG antibodies megide D antigen (Anti-D). IgG nne nwere ike ịgafe placenta n'ime nwa e bu n'afọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ya ezuola, ọ ga-akpata mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke nwa e bu, na-eduga na mmepe nke ụdị ọrịa hemolytic anti-Rh nke nwa e butere na nwa ọhụrụ (HDFN). N'ozuzu, HDFN na-akawanye njọ na afọ ime Rh ọ bụla na-ekwekọghị. * Otu ihe na-akpata [[pre-eclampsia]] bụ mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma nke ahụike na placenta. E nwere ihe akaebe siri ike maka [[Pre-eclampsia|ikpughe ọbara ọcha nke onye òtù ọlụlụ dị ka mgbochi maka pre-eclampsia]], n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ịmịkọrọ ọtụtụ ihe na-agbanwe usoro ahụike dị na mmiri.<ref name="Robertson">{{Cite web|first=Sarah|author=Robertson|authorlink=Sarah Robertson (academic)|title=Research Goals / Role of seminal fluid signalling in the female reproductive tract|url=http://health.adelaide.edu.au/og/people/robertsons.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329015723/https://health.adelaide.edu.au/og/people/robertsons.html|archivedate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="SeminalPriming">{{Cite journal|author=Sarah A. Robertson|title=Seminal 'priming' for protection from pre-eclampsia—a unifying hypothesis|journal=Journal of Reproductive Immunology|volume=59|issue=2|pages=253–265|date=August 2003|doi=10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00052-4|pmid=12896827}}</ref> Ime ime sitere na Onyinye àkwá, ebe onye na-ebu ya yiri nwa e bu n'afọ karịa nne, na-ejikọta ya na oke ọbara mgbali elu nke ime ime ime na Ọrịa placental.<ref name="van-der-Hoorn2010" /> Mgbanwe nke mpaghara na nke usoro ahụike na-apụta ìhè karịa na ime ime nkịtị, n'ihi ya, a tụwo aro na ọnụọgụ dị elu nke ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na onyinye àkwá nwere ike ịbụ site na mbelata nke ikike ahụike site n'aka nne.[1]<ref name="van-der-Hoorn2010">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq017|author=Van Der Hoorn|first=M. L. P.|title=Clinical and immunologic aspects of egg donation pregnancies: a systematic review|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=16|issue=6|pages=704–12|date=Nov–Dec 2010|pmid=20543201}}</ref> === Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na ime ọpụpụ === Antiphospholipid antibodies na-elekwasị anya na phospholipids nke membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Nnyocha egosila na ndị na-alụso phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospaditylinositol na phosphatidylethanolamine ọgụ na-elekwasị anya na pre-embryo. Antibodies megide phosphatidylserine na phosphatidylethanolamine na-emegide trophoblast. Phospholipids ndị a dị mkpa n'ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke nwa e bu n'afọ nọgide na-ejikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akpa nwa site na itinye ya. Ọ bụrụ na nwanyị nwere ndị na-alụso phospholipids ndị a ọgụ, a ga-ebibi ha site na mmeghachi omume nke ahụike na n'ikpeazụ nwa e bu n'afọ agaghị enwe ike ịnọgide na-ejikọta ya na akpa nwa. Ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emekwa ka ahụike nke akpa nwa ghara ịdị irè site n'ịgbanwe ọbara na-aga n'akpa nwa.[1]<ref name="Gronowski" /> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dịghị ọgwụ ọ bụla ugbu a nke nwere ihe akaebe nke igbochi ime ọpụpụ site na igbochi mmeghachi omume nke mmegide nne; aspirin enweghị mmetụta na nke a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaandorp|first=S. P.|title=Aspirin plus Heparin or Aspirin Alone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-04-29_362_17/page/1586|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=17|pages=1586–1596|date=29 April 2010|pmid=20335572|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1000641}}</ref> == Mmụba nke ibute ọrịa == == Ime ime n'etiti ụdị == Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịghọta usoro nke ịjụ-immunity nke nwa e bu n'afọ, ọ nwere ike iduga n'ime ime n'etiti ụdị, na-enwe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ezì na-ebu nwa e bu pụta ụwa dị ka onye ọzọ na-anọchi anya nne mmadụ.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Darwin%27s+children-a020078742 Darwin's children] LeVay, Simon. (1997, October 14). from The Free Library. (1997). Retrieved March 06, 2009</ref> f4wnog0eg2gc03dehgpy83u63cm87jt 0 44763 697632 345801 2026-08-10T04:24:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697632 wikitext text/x-wiki Mirror syndrome, triple edema maobu Ballantyne syndrome bu nkwaru n'eme nwaanyi di IME . O na akowa njiko nke feta na placental hydrops ya na maternal preeclampsia .<ref name="Paternoster DM 2006">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1159/000089056|year=2006|title=Ballantyne Syndrome: a Case Report|journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy|volume=21|issue=1|pages=92–5|pmid=16354984}}</ref> Aha "mirror syndrome" na-ezo aka na myirịta dị n'etiti ọzịza nne na hydrops nwa. Ọ bụ John William Ballantyne kọwara ya na 1892.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/616.html|title=Ballantyne's syndrome|accessdate=2024-05-19|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212754/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/616.html}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == Ọrịa Ballantyne nwere ọtụtụ njirimara:   * edema, mgbe niile bụ isi ihe * albuminuria nke nne, na-adịkarị nro * [[Pre-eclampsia|preeclampsia]], ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe Mgbaàmà nke nwa e bu n'afọ nwere njikọ na njigide mmiri, gụnyere ascites na polyhydramnios.<ref name="pmid12380459">{{Cite journal|title=Mirror syndrome. A case report|journal=The Journal of Reproductive Medicine|volume=47|issue=9|pages=770–4|year=2002|pmid=12380459}}</ref>Hydrops nwa e bu n'afọ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke ọrịa dị mkpa ma eleghị anya na-egbu egbu. Enwere ike ijikọta ya na ọrịa parvovirus B19 na Ọrịa mmịnye ọbara ejima.<ref name="pmid17652930">{{Cite journal|title=Selective fetocide reversed mirror syndrome in a dichorionic triplet pregnancy with severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a case report|journal=Fetal Diagn. Ther.|volume=22|issue=6|pages=428–30|year=2007|pmid=17652930|doi=10.1159/000106348}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu ọ bụla dị iche iche nke na-emetụta nwa nke sitere na nsogbu nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, gụnyere Rh-isoimmunization, na ọrịa nwa ọhụrụ, Nsogbu metabolic, na Nkwarụ nwa ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balakumar K|year=2003|title=Antenatal diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysm: case report|url=http://www.ijri.org/text.asp?2003/13/1/91/28636|journal=Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging|volume=13|issue=1|pages=91–2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/00006254-199705000-00023|year=1997|title=Clinical biological features of Ballantyne syndrome and the role of placental hydrops|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|volume=52|issue=5|pages=310–4|pmid=9140132}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1515/JPM.2002.013|year=2002|title=Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound of fetal (baby) anasarca: the glass baby|journal=Journal of Perinatal Medicine|volume=30|issue=1|pages=105–10|pmid=11933650}}</ref><ref name="Van1991">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/00006254-199112000-00001|year=1991|title=Maternal hydrops syndrome: a review|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|volume=46|issue=12|pages=785–8|pmid=1780115}}</ref> Ọrịa Ballantyne nwere ike ịpụta site na mmeghachi omume nne na nwa e bu n'afọ nwere ọrịa Hemoglobin Barts n'ihi ihe nketa abụọ alpha thalassemia (alpha thalassemie major) site n'aka nne na nna abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/gui218CPG0810.pdf|title=Archived copy|work=sogc.org|accessdate=22 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827043408/http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/gui218CPG0810.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2014}}</ref> == Mmalite nke ọrịa == Amatabeghi usoro Ballantyne syndrome ji Aru. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha == Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị kpọmkwem usoro etiopathogenetic nke ọrịa Ballantyne, ọtụtụ ndị edemede ekwuola na ọ dị elu uric acid, [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], na obere hematocrit na-enweghị hemolysis.<ref name="Paternoster DM 2006"/> === Differential diagnosis === Nsogbu nke ịmata ọdịiche (ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị) n'etiti ọrịa Ballantyne na [[Pre-eclampsia|preeclampsia]] gosipụtara na okwu dị iche iche eji eme ihe na arụmụka gbara isiokwu ahụ gburugburu. O yiri ka o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ na ihe na-akpata ọrịa hydrops siri ike nke nwa nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa Ballantyne mgbe ọnọdụ nwa na-eto eto na-akawanye njọ nakwa na ọrịa ahụ bụ naanị ngosipụta nke oke njọ nke ọrịa placental. Ọnụ ọgụgụ platelet, aspartate transaminase, Alanine transaminase na haptoglobin anaghị emetụta ma enwere ike iji ya mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mirror syndrome na HELLP syndrome.<ref name="Van1991"/><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.12.011|year=2004|title=Spontaneous reversal of mirror syndrome in a twin pregnancy after a single fetal death|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=116|issue=1|pages=106–7|pmid=15294378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1998|title=Ballantyne syndrome: is placental ischemia the etiology?|journal=Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine|volume=7|issue=5|pages=227–9|pmid=9775990|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6661(199809/10)7:5<227::AID-MFM3>3.0.CO;2-I}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2000|title=Reversal of Ballantyne syndrome by selective second-trimester fetal termination. A case report|journal=Journal of Reproductive Medicine|volume=45|issue=4|pages=360–2|pmid=10804498}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00147-5|year=2000|title=The mirror syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-obstetrics-gynecology_2000-02_88_2/page/201|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=88|issue=2|pages=201–2|pmid=10690681}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọrịa Ballantyne na-akpata ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, itinye aka nke nne na-ejedebe na [[Pre-eclampsia|preeclampsia]].   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (June 2021)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> o2we09ijpynwqribc1j6t7yoe0wkffn 0 44797 697727 166846 2026-08-10T06:46:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697727 wikitext text/x-wiki Neu-Laxova syndrome burukwa Neu syndrome, Neu-Povysilova syndrome; maobu 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, udi neonate) bu udi nsogbu nke autosomal recessive nke amara n'ihe nkwusi uto intrauterine na otutu congenital malformation. Neu-Laxova syndrome bu ezigbo nsogbu nke na ebute onwu nwa n'ime ago maobu ozigbo amuchara nwa. Obu Dr. Richard Laxova but onye mbu kowara ya n'afo 1971 na kwa Dr. Renata Laxova n'afo 1972 <ref>[https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/102/neu-laxova-syndrome Neu–Laxova syndrome]</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Neu|first=Richard L.|title=A Lethal Syndrome of Microcephaly with Multiple Congenital Anomalies in Three Siblings|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 1, 1971|volume=47|issue=3|pages=610–612|doi=10.1542/peds.47.3.610|pmid=5547878|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/47/3/610}}</ref> dị ka nsogbu na-egbu egbu n'ime ụmụnne nwere ọtụtụ nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laxova|first=Renata|title=A further example of a lethal autosomal recessive condition in sibs|journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research|date=March 1972|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=139–143|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.1972.tb01585.x|pmid=4671862}}</ref> Ọrịa Neu-Laxova bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-erughị 100 ndị a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ahụike. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == Ọrịa Neu-Laxova na-egosi nnukwu nkwarụ na-eduga n'ọnwụ nwa amụrụ ma ọ bụ nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, NLS na-agụnye ọdịdị ihu, mbelata mmegharị nwa e bu n'afọ na nsogbu akpụkpọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manning|first=Melanie|title=Neu–Laxova syndrome: Detailed prenatal diagnostic and post-mortem findings and literature review|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A|date=March 2004|volume=125A|issue=3|pages=240–249|doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.20467|pmid=14994231}}</ref>Ụmụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ọrịa Neu-Laxova nwere ọdịdị ihu nke gụnyere proptosis (anya buru ibu) na nkwarụ anya, nkwarụ imi, ọnụ gburugburu na oghere, micrognathia (obere agbà) na obere ma ọ bụ ntị nwere nkwarụ. Enwere ike inwe nkwarụ ihu ndị ọzọ, dị ka egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ. Ọrịa ụkwụ na ụkwụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-agụnye mkpịsị aka (syndactyly), aka ma ọ bụ ụkwụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọzịza na nkwarụ na-adịkarị. Ihe ndị ọzọ nke NLS bụ nnukwu Mgbochi uto intrauterine, nsogbu akpụkpọ ahụ (ichthyosis na hyperkeratosis) na mbelata mmegharị.Nsogbu na usoro akwara etiti na-adịkarị ma nwee ike ịgụnye microcephaly, lissencephaly ma ọ bụ microgyria, hypoplasia nke cerebellum na agenesis nke corpus callosum. Enwekwara nkwarụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka nkwarụ nke akwara.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa == Ọrịa Neu-Laxova bụ nsogbu metabolic dịgasị iche iche nke homozygous ma ọ bụ ngwakọta heterozygous mutations kpatara n'otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa atọ: ''PHGDH'', ''PSAT1'' na ''PSPH'' <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shaheen|first=Ranad|title=Neu-Laxova Syndrome, an Inborn Error of Serine Metabolism, Is Caused by Mutations in PHGDH|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=June 2014|volume=94|issue=6|pages=898–904|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2014-06-05_94_6/page/898|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.04.015|pmid=24836451}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkịta ndị a na-etinye aka na ụzọ serine biosynthesis ma dị mkpa maka Mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Acuna-Hidalgo|first=Rocio|title=Neu-Laxova Syndrome Is a Heterogeneous Metabolic Disorder Caused by Defects in Enzymes of the L-Serine Biosynthesis Pathway|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=September 2014|volume=95|issue=3|pages=285–293|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2014-09-04_95_3/page/285|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.07.012|pmid=25152457}}</ref>A chọpụtala mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa atọ ahụ n'oge gara aga dị ka ihe na-akpata ọrịa serine-deficiency. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ njikọ ahụike n'etiti NLS na nsogbu neurometabolic ndị a, phenotype na nsogbu ndị ọzọ nke nkwarụ serine dị nro. == Nnyocha == Nnyocha ahụ na-adabere na ihe ndị dị na ya mgbe a mụrụ ya.Ultrasound na nkeji atọ nke abụọ nwere ike igosi nsogbu ndị metụtara NLS, gụnyere polyhydramnios, Mgbochi uto intrauterine, microcephaly, proptosis na mbelata motility nwa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọgwụgwọ == Mgbakwunye Serine na glycine egosila uru na-anwa n'ime ndị nwere nkwarụ serine biosynthesis na ụdị NLS dị nro.<ref name="HartRace2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hart|first=Claire E.|title=Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency: A Novel Disorder of the Serine Biosynthesis Pathway|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2007-05_80_5/page/931|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=80|issue=5|year=2007|pages=931–937|issn=0002-9297|doi=10.1086/517888|pmid=17436247}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Ọnọdụ ahụ adịghị mma; ndị nwere nsogbu bụ ndị a [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|amụrụ nwụrụ anwụ]] ma ọ bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ obere oge amuchara. Ogologo ndụ a kọrọ n'akwụkwọ bụ ụbọchị 134.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-ebute ọrịa a dị ka nsogbu autosomal recessive ma enwere ihe ize ndụ maka ịlọghachi nke 25% na ime ime ime n'ọdịnihu. rg8oqevyu78w0tqmmdmizahvnbtt0v4 0 44802 697840 166852 2026-08-10T09:13:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697840 wikitext text/x-wiki Lucinatant nke aha azumahia bu Surfacing bu medication di mmiri mmiri nke eji agwo umuaka nwere nsogbu n'iku ụme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surfaxin|url=http://www.discoverylabs.com/surfaxin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135625/http://www.discoverylabs.com/surfaxin.html|archivedate=April 20, 2009|work=Discovery Labs}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ n'akpa ume maka ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enweghị ihe na-emepụta ihe zuru oke n'akpa nwa ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụ ndị mbụ nke klas ahụ, dị ka beractant (Survanta & Beraksurf), Calfactant (Infasurf) , na poractant (Curosurf), sitere na ụmụ anụmanụ, lucinactant bụ ihe aka mere. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kwadoro ya maka iji ya na United States na Machị 6, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm294984.htm|title=FDA approves Surfaxin to prevent breathing disorder in premature infants|publisher=Fda.gov|date=2012-03-06|accessdate=2012-10-20}}</ref> == Ojiji ọgwụ == A na-egosi Lucinactant iji melite ọrụ akpa ume ma belata oge na ihe ize ndụ nke ikuku ikuku n'ime ụmụaka. Enwere ike iji ya ruo afọ abụọ ma kọwaa ya maka ụmụaka a chọpụtara na ha nwere nsogbu iku ume siri ike na-esote nje dịka RSV ma ọ bụ influenza, gụnyere H1N1. <ref name="POPG, a Key Component of Discovery Labs' KL4 Surfactant, Identified as a Novel Anti-Viral Therapeutic Approach">{{Cite news|title=POPG, a Key Component of Discovery Labs' KL4 Surfactant, Identified as a Novel Anti-Viral Therapeutic Approach|url=https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/globenewswire/182115.htm}}</ref> <ref name="Bronchopulmonary segmental lavage with Surfaxin (KL(4)-surfactant) for acute respiratory distress syndrome.">{{Cite journal|title=Bronchopulmonary segmental lavage with Surfaxin (KL(4)-surfactant) for acute respiratory distress syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_1999-10_160_4/page/1188|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=160|issue=4|pages=1188–95|date=October 1999|pmid=10508806|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.160.4.9808118}}</ref><ref name="Lucinactant: a novel synthetic surfactant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome.">{{Cite journal|title=Lucinactant: a novel synthetic surfactant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome|journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs|volume=14|issue=3|pages=329–34|date=March 2005|pmid=15833063|doi=10.1517/13543784.14.3.329}}</ref> A na-ejikwa Lucinactant agwọ ọrịa meconium aspiration syndrome.[3]<ref name="A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial comparing Surfaxin (Lucinactant) lavage with standard care for treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome.">{{Cite journal|title=A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial comparing Surfaxin (Lucinactant) lavage with standard care for treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2002-06_109_6/page/n112|journal=Pediatrics|volume=109|issue=6|pages=1081–7|date=June 2002|pmid=12042546|doi=10.1542/peds.109.6.1081}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E debere ntọala sayensị maka lucinactant na ụlọ nyocha nke Charles Cochrane na Scripps Research Institute na 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/20120306cochrane.html|title=Scripps Research Discoveries Lead to Newly Approved Drug for Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome|publisher=Scripps.edu|date=2012-03-06|accessdate=2012-10-20}}</ref> Ọ bụ Discovery Laboratories nke Warrington, PA mepụtara ọgwụ ahụ. Ụzọ site na usoro nkwenye ahụ dị ogologo n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-egosipụta n'akụkụ ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka na usoro mmepụta nke dị mkpa ka a dozie tupu e nye nkwenye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmacychoice.com/news/article.cfm?Article_ID=854519|title=Pharmaceutical News - Discovery Labs Turns Focus To Surfaxin Market Strategy - October 20, 2012|publisher=Pharmacy Choice|date=|accessdate=2012-10-20}}</ref> p2c37oxpo02g3bfm99urpc7gp24mxmm 0 44829 697532 166903 2026-08-10T02:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_61.33_Ndop_Portrait_of_King_Mishe_miShyaang_maMbul_(5).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|319x319px| Ndop nke eze Mishe miShyaang maMbul; 1760-1780; osisi; 49.5 x 19.4 x 21.9 cm (19  7  8  . ); Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn (New York City). Ndops bụ ihe osise ncheta eze nke ndị Kuba nke Central Africa sere. Ha abụghị ihe atụ sitere n'okike kama e bu n'obi ha dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke mmụọ eze na dị ka ihe mkpuchi nke onye isi nke ọchịchị.]] '''Ndop''' bụ ihe atụ ihe atụ na-anọchi anya ndị eze dị iche iche ( ''nyim'' ) nke alaeze Kuba . == Oyiyi nke ndị eze n'otu n'otu == Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ihe ọkpụkpụ a na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe okike, ''ndop'' abụghị ihe nnọchianya n'otu n'otu nke isiokwu dị iche iche, kama ọ bụ njedebe nke ihe ngosi anya nke na-anọchi anya àgwà dị mma nke eze ahụ nwụrụ anwụ. A na-amata ọchịchị nke ndị ọchịchị n'otu n'otu site na obere akara ngosi, nke a na-akpọ ibol, na ala nke ihe ọkpụkpụ. A na-eme ibol ọ bụla n'ọkwa dị ukwuu nke nhazi na nhazi onwe ya n'ụdị usoro na usoro okike. <ref name="Adams 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Adams|first=Monni|title=18th-Century Kuba King Figures|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1988-05_21_3/page/32|journal=African Arts|date=May 1988|volume=21|issue=3|pages=32–38+88|doi=10.2307/3336440}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 48-55 centimeters n'ịdị elu, a tụrụ ''ndop'' n'osisi siri ike ma tee [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] iji chebe ha pụọ na ụmụ ahụhụ, bụ nke pụrụ iche na nkà Africa ma na-emesi ndụ ha ike na nchịkọta Western taa. Ihe akpụrụ akpụ Ndop na-egosi isiokwu ndị nọ n'ụkwụ cross-cross, ọnọdụ nke pụrụ iche n'ihe akpụrụ akpụ nke Africa. == Nkọwa == ''Ndop'' na-egosipụtakarị onye ọchịchị na-ebu ngwa ọgụ n'aka ekpe ya, mma ikul ma ọ bụ udo, nke emere n'ụdị edobere maka Bushoong, otu obere ndị Kuba. A na-edowe ihe osise osisi n'ime ụlọ eze na ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ 'ịmara mma nke eze', bụ nke ike anwansi eze dị n'elu ya. Mgbe eze na-anọghị n'isi obodo, a na-ete ndop mmanụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ọdịnala nke "ihe oyiyi ihe osise" nke eze malitere na njedebe narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. <ref name="Cornet 1982">{{Cite book|author=Cornet|first=Joseph|title=Art Royal Kuba|year=1982|location=Milan|authorlink=Joseph-Aurélien Cornet|oclc=682174548}}</ref> <ref name="Rosenwald 1974">{{Cite journal|author=Rosenwald|first=J.|title=Kuba King Figures|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_spring-1974_7_3/page/26|journal=African Arts|year=1974|volume=7|issue=3|pages=26–319, 2|doi=10.2307/3334859}}</ref> == Ọrụ nke ndops == Mgbe emechara emume nke investiture, a na-ekwu na ''nyim'' nyere onye na-akpụ akpụ ka ọ kpụrụ ya n'ụdị ''ndop'' . Naanị otu ndop nwere ike ịmere eze, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nọghị ya enweghị ike ịkpụrụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ rere ure ka oge na-aga, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkpụpụta ụdị oyiri. Dịka saịtị nke ike ndụ eze mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e kwenyere na ''ndop'' chere na ọ nwere ụlọ okpukpu abụọ ''nke nyim'', ogbo nke mkpụrụ obi ya. A kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla mere eze, ọ ga-egosipụta na ''ndop'' . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na a ga-emerụ eze ahụ n'agha, ọnya yiri nke ahụ ga-apụta n'ihe ọkpụkpụ ''ndop'' . <ref name="Vansina 1972" /> A na-edobe ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ime ụlọ ụmụ nwanyị, mgbe otu nwanyị nke nwanyị na-achọ ịmụ nwa, a na-etinye ya n'akụkụ ya iji hụ na a ga-ebuga ya n'enweghị nsogbu. N'ebe eze na-anọghị ya, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ya, nke ndị inyom nke ogige ahụ na-ete mmanụ ma kụrie ya. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e wepụrụ ndop ahụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma wepụta ya ka e gosi ya naanị n'oge ụfọdụ. <ref name="Vansina 1972">{{Cite book|author=Vansina|first=J.|title=African Art and Leadership|year=1972|publisher=Madison|location=Madison|authorlink=Jan Vansina|chapter=Ndop: Royal Statues among the Kuba|editor=D. Fraser and H.M. Cole|isbn=9780299058241}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} spihazs0eh5w4brw6i0v8knpjpl1kim 0 44849 697696 213403 2026-08-10T05:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Isi Bronze sitere na Ife''', ma ọ bụ '''Isi Ife''', <ref>The name used by the British Museum</ref> bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla kọpa iri na asatọ e gwupụtara na 1938 na Ife dị na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], ebe okpukpe na ebe bụbu ebe eze nke ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] . Ekwenyere na ọ nọchiri anya eze. O nwere ike ịbụ na e mere ya na narị afọ nke iri na anọ na iri na ise OA Ezi ihe na nka nka nke ihe ndị ahụ gbara aka megide echiche ọjọọ na ịkwado echiche ọdịda anyanwụ nke nka Africa . Njiri mara okike nke isi Ife pụrụ iche <ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA Ife head], History of the World in 100 Objects, BBC, retrieved 30 November 2013</ref> na myirịta n'ụdị nke ọrụ ndị a "na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe mere ya ma ọ bụ n'otu ụlọ ọrụ." <ref name="bbc" /> == Nkọwa == Dị ka ọtụtụ " ọla n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka" bụ n'ezie nke a na-eji ọla kọpa mee ibe ya na ọla ndị ọzọ, nke British Museum kọwara dị ka "zinc-brass nke na-edu nke ukwuu". Omume nke oge a na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na-arịwanye elu iji zere okwu ndị dị ka bronze ma ọ bụ ọla maka ihe ndị mere eme na-akwado " ọla kọpa alloy " niile. <ref>The British Museum collection database "scope note" on "copper alloy", "brass" and "bronze" reads "The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made or bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by their popular name, such as 'The Benin Bronzes' most of which are actually made of brass." [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864 British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"]. </ref> A na-eji usoro wax furu efu mee isi ya, ọ dịkwa ihe dị ka ụzọ ndụ n'ụzọ atọ, na-atụ 35.&nbsp;cm elu. Onye na-ese ihe mere isi n'ụdị okike. Ekpuchiri ihu ya n'ihe mgbawa mgbawa, ma egbugbere ọnụ enweghị akara. Uwe isi na-atụ aro okpueze nke ihe owuwu dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere akwa akwa dị iche iche nke tube na beads na tassels mejupụtara. Ihe ịchọ mma a bụ ụdị isi ọla nchara si Ife. <ref name="galeria"> [http://www.galerie-herrmann.com/arts/art6/Kolumnen/2007_04_Bronzen/Artikel_Hecht_engl.htm Bronzes from Ife and Benin], Peter Herrmann, Berlin, 2007, retrieved 30 November 2013</ref> A na-ekpu okpueze ahụ site na crest, ya na rosette na plume nke na-ehulata ntakịrị n'otu akụkụ. N'elu okpueze ahụ gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ nke agba uhie na agba ojii. Nsụgharị dị ka ndụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ si n'oge ochie Ife bụ ihe pụrụ iche na nka ndị dị na Sub-Saharan Africa, a na-ewerekwa ya na mbụ dị ka ngosipụta mbụ nke omenala na-aga n'ihu na nkà Yoruba, na mmalite nka Benin na ndị ọzọ. Ihe e gwupụtara n'Igbo [[Igbo-Ukwu|-Ukwu]] n'afọ 1959 nyere ihe akaebe sayensị maka omenala arụ ọrụ nchara na arịa ọla kọpa nke nwere ike dị na narị afọ nke itoolu ma ọ bụ nke iri. == Ngwuputa & Mwepụ == Achọtara isi Ife na mberede na 1938 na ogige Wunmonije, Ife, n'oge ọrụ ụlọ n'etiti isi ọla iri na isii ndị ọzọ na isi ọla kọpa na ọkara elu nke ihe oyiyi ọla. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a chọtara na ogige Wunmonije na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu kwụsịrị na National Museum of Ife, mana e wepụrụ iberibe ole na ole na Naijiria ma dị ugbu a na mkpokọta nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Onye isi akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times nke Nigeria]]'', H. Maclear Bate, bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Daily Times wepụrụ Isi Isi a, ma eleghị anya rere ya na National Art Collections Fund, <ref>{{Cite web|author=National Art Collections Fund|title=Art we've helped buy|url=https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy?typeahead_artist=Yoruba+People&artist=9102|work=Art Fund|accessdate=21 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy?typeahead_artist=Yoruba+People&artist=9102}}</ref> <ref name="high">[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/b/brass_head_with_a_crown.aspx Ife head Brass head of a ruler], British Museum highlights, retrieved 30 November 2013</ref> bụ nke bufere ya na British Museum na 1939. . Nchọpụta ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ bụ ihe mere gọọmentị ji chịkwaa mbupụ ihe ochie na Naịjirịa. Tupu emee nke a, onye isi a gara London site na Paris wee ziga mmadụ abụọ ọzọ na America. Mgbalị iji gbochie mbupụ ndị ọzọ, nke Leo Frobenius kpaliri, kwadoro nke ọma na 1938, mgbe ndị ọchịchị colonial nyere iwu iwu. <ref name="hoffman">{{Cite book|editor=Hoffman|title=Art and cultural heritage : law, policy, and practice|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521857643|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521857643|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Frobenius bụ ọkà mmụta gbasara agbụrụ na ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke German bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta Europe mbụ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na nkà Africa, karịsịa nke Yoruba. == Ife == [[Usòrò:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg|thumb| Ihe mkpuchi ọla kọpa Yoruba maka Eze Obalufon II ; ihe dịka 1300 OA; ọla kọpa; elu: 29.2 cm; chọpụtara na Ife ; [[Ife Museum of Antiquities]] ( Ife, Nigeria)]] A na-eche na isi Ife bụ ihe osise nke onye ọchịchị a maara dị ka Ooni ma ọ bụ Oni . Eleghị anya emere ya n'okpuru nkwado nke Eze Obalufon Alayemore onye ama ama naturalistic life-size face mask in copper shares stylistic features with this work. Taa n'etiti ndị Yoruba, a na-amata Obalufon dị ka chi na-akwado ndị na-akpụ ọla. Oge a na-arụ ọrụ ahụ bụ oge ọganihu maka mmepeanya ndị Yoruba, bụ nke e wuru na ahia site [[Oshimiri Orimiri|n'osimiri Niger]] nye ndị bi na West Africa. Ndị Yoruba na-ewere Ife ka ebe chi ha kee mmadụ. <ref name="bbc"/> Isi ọla ndị a bụ ihe akaebe na-egosi azụmaahịa ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na a chọtara chaịlị enyo emere Ife n'ọtụtụ ebe na West Africa. A na-eche na ọla kọpa ahụ sitere na ọla ndị Nigeria dị na mpaghara, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ kwenyere na ọ sitere na Central Europe, North West [[Mauritania]], Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, ma ọ bụ Southern [[Morocco]] . == Mmetụta na akụkọ nka nka == Mgbe Frobenius chọpụtara ihe atụ mbụ nke isi yiri ya, ọ mebiri nghọta Western dị adị banyere mmepeanya Africa. Ndị ọkachamara achọghị ikwere na Africa enwetụla mmepeanya nke nwere ike ịmepụta artefacts nke àgwà a. N'ịgbalị ịkọwa ihe e chere na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, Frobenius nyere echiche ya na ọ bụ ndị Gris oge ochie tụbara ihe ndị a na narị afọ nke iri na atọ BC. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Frank Willet|journal=The Journal of African History|title=Ife and Its Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1960_1_2/page/231|volume=1|issue=2|year=1960|pages=231–248|doi=10.1017/s002185370000181x}}</ref> O kwuru, nke na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama, na echiche ya n'echiche Gris oge ochie nwere ike ịbụ mmalite nke akụkọ mgbe ochie nke mmepeanya Atlantis furu efu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=German Discovers Atlantis in Africa; Leo Frobenius Says Find of Bronze Poseidon Fixes Lost Continent's Place|work=The New York Times|date=January 30, 1911|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/01/30/104819013.pdf|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=C. Hercules Read|date=March 1911|title=Plato's "Atlantis" rediscovered|work=Burlington Magazine|pages=330–5|url=https://archive.org/stream/burlingtonmagazi18londuoft/burlingtonmagazi18londuoft_djvu.txt|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref> == Mmetụta na omenala nke oge a == A na-eji onye isi Ife eme ihe na logos na akara nke ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dịka [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] dị na Ile-Ife. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Bronze Head from Ife|author=Platte|first=Editha|date=2010|publisher=British Museum Press|others=Hambolu, M. O. (Musa O.)|isbn=9780714125923|location=London|oclc=430498709}}</ref> Isi Ife nke British Museum gụnyere na 2010 isi ihe ngosi ''Alaeze nke Ife: Sculptures from West Africa'', mepụtara na mmekorita ya na Nigeria National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Museum for African Art, New York na British Museum. Ihe ngosi a so n'usoro ihe omume na-eme ncheta afọ iri ise nke nnwere onwe Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2010/kingdom_of_ife.aspx|title=Kingdom of Ife|work=British Museum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-11-10}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Isi Ife tinyere na British Museum/BBC's ''A History of the World na 100 Objects'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/Z1CgMudYTJWzpTi-TW1IAA|title=BBC - A History of the World - Object : Ife head|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-11-10}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" widths="250px" heights="250px"> Usòrò:Comemoração_ao_Dia_da_Consciência_Negra_(37827968524).jpg|alt=Celebrating Black Awareness Day 2017 at the Zumbi dos Palmares Monument, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|Na-eme mmemmeụbọchị ịma aka ojii2017 na ebe nchekwaZumbi dos Palmares,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil </gallery> == Hụkwa == * [[Igbo-Ukwu bronzes|Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu]] * Benin bronze * Bronze Head of Queen Idia == Edensibia == '''Ihe ndetu''' {{Reflist}}'''Ọgụgụ ọzọ''' * Suzanne Preston Blier, nka na ihe ize ndụ na Yoruba ochie: Ife History, Politics, and Identity c.1300, Cambridge University Press, 2015 * John Mack (ed), Africa, Arts and Culture, London 2005 * Editha Platte, Onye isi ọla si Ife, British Museum Press, 2010 * Frank Willett, Art of Ife (CD Rom), Mahadum Glasgow, 2004 {{British-Museum-100|63|Hebrew astrolabe|David Vases}} 3d75jqgsddmd9wr8wepnhy986xd62xk 0 44962 697627 167122 2026-08-10T04:20:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ọ bụ ezie na kọntinent [[Afrịka|Africa]] buru ibu na ndị bi na ya dị iche iche, ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ịma mma na izi ezi n'okwu nka na ọdịdị anụ ahụ bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'etiti obodo dị iche iche nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adams|first=M.|year=1989|title=African visual arts from an art historical perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_1989-09_32_2/page/55|journal=African Studies Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=55–103|doi=10.2307/523970}}</ref> N'ịchịkọta ọnụ, a kọwapụtala ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a dị ka nke nwere '''ihe ịchọ mma Africa''' a na-anabatakarị. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|title=The African Aesthetic: Keeper of the Traditions (Contributions in Afro- and African-American Studies)|year=1993|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-26549-5}}</ref> == Jụụ == Na ''Art African Art in Motion'', ọkà mmụta nka nke Africa na prọfesọ [[Yale University|Yale]] [[Robert Farris Thompson]] tụgharịrị uche ya ka ọ dị jụụ na mpaghara Africa na [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African-American]] :<blockquote>A na-atụ aro uche nke okenye n'ime ahụ ụmụaka site n'ọdịnala dị egwu nke Africa nke ịgba egwu "ọkụ" na ihu "dị jụụ" nke na-adịghị mma. Àgwà a yiri ka ọ gbasasịrị Ten Rhyne na Cape na 1673 ma ọ tụrụ n'echiche nke onye n'oge mbụ na-ekiri egwu egwu ndị Africa na-enwe mmetụta na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, bụ onye kwuru "ụtọ ecstasy" na "oke ememe nke mien." Achọpụtala ihe nkpuchi dị jụụ, ma ọ bụ ịdị jụụ ihu, n'ọtụtụ ebe na akụkọ ntolite Afro-America:<blockquote> Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ihe na-anọgide na ụkpụrụ ime mmụọ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa na akụkụ ndị Africa na-adịghị ahụkebe nke USA nke oge a, dị ka tidewater [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]], na-aghọ na omenala obodo ime obodo [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Afro-American]] bụ akụkụ nke omume okporo ụzọ nke oge a:<blockquote> Ụmụ nwoke Negro … nwere ụzọ 'dị mma' nke ije ije nke ogwe elu na pelvis na-ada n'ihu na n'azụ mgbe isi na-adịgide adịgide na anya na-ele anya n'ihu. Njem ahụ… na-adị nwayọ nwayọ, ndị Negroes na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ụzọ 'ịgbagharị' ma ọ bụ 'gosipụta'....</blockquote> Ụdị dị mma nke nwoke na-eje ije na United States ka a na-akpọ ''bopping'' ... Ajụjụ ihe omimi dị n'Africa agbanweela n'okwu ndị Africa na America mepere emepe maka ikike nnwere onwe. Ma ọrụ ndị ahụ, iji gwọọ na ikpokọta ike, na-anọgide n'akụkụ. Na aha ahụ ''dị mma'' [ ''kule'' ], ka dị. Na ahụ ka na-egwuri na abụọ ụkpụrụ, otu kwụsiri ike, ndị ọzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, akụkụ ume na akụkụ uche. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Robert Farris|authorlink=Robert Farris Thompson|title=African Art in Motion|year=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02703-5}}</ref></blockquote></blockquote> == Hụkwa == * Ọ dị mma (ịma mma) * Gbadaa * Itutu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ln7b0qk77h4jo3svcmtlvwnnle15obb 0 45066 697742 167303 2026-08-10T07:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Driss ben Hamed Charhadi''' (1937–1986) bụ aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ Larbi Layachi, onye na-akọ akụkọ [[Morocco|Moroccan]], nke Paul Bowles tụgharịrị n'ime akụkọ ya site na Moroccan Arabic gaa [[Asụsụ Bekee|bekee]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=In Allah's Keeping|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B10FA3A5D1A728DDDA80B94DD405B848AF1D3|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=31 May 1964|accessdate=2 January 2010|first=Haskel|author=Frankel}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya, ''A Life Full of Holes'', Bowles dekọtara ma tụgharịa ya n'ime ọtụtụ nleta nke Charhadi na ụlọ ya, ma bipụta ya na 1964 site na Grove Press <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rountree|first=Mary Martin|date=Autumn–Winter 1986|title=Paul Bowles: Translations from the Moghrebi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_twentieth-century-literature_fall-winter-1986_32_3-4/page/388|journal=Twentieth Century Literature|volume=32|issue=3/4|pages=388–401|issn=0041-462X}}</ref> Nchịkọta akụkọ nke abụọ, ''ụnyaahụ na taa'', bụ Black Sparrow Press bipụtara na 1985. N'afọ 1986, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''The Lover Lover'' . Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ abụọ a edepụtaghị ndị nsụgharị, ma n'akwụkwọ ndetu na nke ikpeazụ, Katherine Harer na-ekwu na ọ gwara ya na Bekee; ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ya na grammar na klaasị ide na San Francisco Community College . == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Layachi|first=Larbi|title=A Life Full of Holes|date=1966|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|location=New York, N. Y.|isbn=0394179463}} * {{Cite book|author=Layachi|first=Larbi|title=Yesterday and Today|date=1985|publisher=[[Black Sparrow Press]]|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=0876856326|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3023629M/Yesterday_and_today|accessdate=26 March 2024}} * {{Cite book|author=Layachi|first=Larbi|title=The Jealous Lover|date=1986|publisher=Timbouctou Books|location=Bolinas|isbn=0939180308}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://en.qantara.de/content/driss-ben-hamed-charhadi-and-paul-bowles-a-life-full-of-holes Driss ben Hamed Charhadi na Paul Bowles: Ndụ jupụtara na oghere] na Qantara.de sbzaisz4h9m5cw2l11loz8xbbpgyi4v 0 45234 697935 208863 2026-08-10T11:08:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697935 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa.''''' '''''Maka ụkpụrụ omume mmekọrịta ọhụrụ''''' (na French: '''''Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle''''' ) bụ akụkọ sitere n'aka agụmakwụkwọ na onye edemede Senegalese Felwine Sarr na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy, bipụtara na ntanetị na Nọvemba 2018 na ụdị French mbụ na nke mbụ. ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee akwadoro. Onye isi ala France, Emmanuel Macron nyere ya ọrụ, ebumnuche nke akụkọ a bụ inyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke mkpokọta French nwere ọha nke ihe osise ndị Africa sitere na nzụta ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ arụrịta ụka, yana nkwupụta na atụmatụ maka usoro ga-esote. nkwụghachi ụgwọ emechara . Kpọmkwem, akụkọ ahụ na-egosikwa aro maka ịkwado nkwụghachi ụgwọ, dị ka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ọdịnala mba ụwa, nyocha nke ọma, usoro iwu, wee mechie na ndepụta nke ihe ọdịnala metụtara, yana ụzọ isi gosipụta ha n'ọdịnihu dị nso na Africa. ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ọrụ nke akụkọ a bụ nke mbụ onye isi ala France kwupụtara nkwụghachi ihe arụrụ arụ n'Africa, ọ kpalitekwara ọtụtụ arụmụka na atụmatụ maka iwepụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ọtụtụ mba. Na 2020, akụkọ ha na nzaghachi ọhaneze nwetara Bénédicte Savoy na Felwine Sarr n'ọkwa nke atọ na ọkwa kwa afọ nke "ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na ụwa nka ụwa", nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''ArtReview'' guzobere; <ref>{{Cite web|author=ArtReview|title=Power 100|url=https://artreview.com/power-100/?year=2020|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=artreview.com|language=en}}</ref> na akwụkwọ akụkọ <nowiki><i id="mwJA">Time</i></nowiki> depụtara ha n'ime "100 kacha nwee mmetụta nke 2021". [[Usòrò:Homme-requin_Dahomey.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi eze sitere na alaeze Dahomey akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-anọchite anya Eze Béhanzin nwere njiri mara shark]] == ndabere == Akụkọ ahụ sochiri okwu Emmanuel Macron, onye isi ala France, na 28 November 2017 na Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, nke o kwuru okwu banyere amụma France na Sub-Saharan Africa . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2017|title=Emmanuel Macron's speech at the University of Ouagadougou|url=https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2017/11/28/emmanuel-macrons-speech-at-the-university-of-ouagadougou.en|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=elysee.fr|language=en}}</ref> Onye isi ala France nyere ndị mmụta abụọ ọrụ ka ha nyochaa akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mkpokọta steeti nwere na France, yana nkwupụta na ihe kpatara ya na usoro ndị ga-esochi maka nkwụghachi azụ . E gosipụtara mkpali ya maka nhazigharị isi nke ụkpụrụ omenala France gbasara Africa n'okwu ndị a: "M si n'ọgbọ nke ndị France bụ ndị a na-apụghị ịrụ ụka maka mpụ nke ọchịchị Europe ma bụrụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị." <ref name=":3" /> Maka oge mbụ, onye isi ala France na gọọmentị ya ghọtara ikike omume nke nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala, ihe ndị dị na ya bụ, dị ka iwu French si kwuo, a na-ewere dị ka ihe onwunwe na-enweghị atụ nke ala France. {{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Adrian|date=5 April 2019|title=Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=theartnewspaper.com}}</ref> Ndị bu ụzọ Macron akwadoghị nlọghachi nke arịa Africa na ihe ọdịnala ndị ọzọ na France; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jacques Chirac kwadoro mkpokọta nka nke Africa ma kpọọ ya na aha gọọmentị nke Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac . <ref group="note">Chirac was one of the effective supporters of the Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac.</ref> Ya mere a na-ahụta nkwupụta Macron dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'agbanyeghị ole nka a ga-emecha laghachi na mba Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=10 December 2017|title=Macron promises to return African artefacts in French museums: a new era in African-European relationships or a mirage?|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/821779/macron-promises-to-return-african-artefacts-in-french-museum.html|journal=Modern Ghana}}</ref> E gosipụtara akụkọ ahụ n'ihu ọha na 23 Nọvemba 2018, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe ahụ akpatala ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume na mkparịta ụka French na mba ụwa banyere nkwupụta ya maka nkwụghachi [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|nka nke Africa site na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Europe ma ọ bụ America]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2018/11/23/submission-of-the-savoy-sarr-report-on-the-restitution-of-african-heritage.en|title=Submission of the Savoy/Sarr report on the restitution of African heritage|work=elysee.fr|language=fr|date=23 November 2018|accessdate=2019-07-20}} {{Cite web|first=Tristram|author=Hunt|date=27 November 2018|title=Restitution Report: museum directors respond|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ọkwa Macron nke nkwụghachi n'oge, ihe iwu chọrọ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dị otú ahụ na-ebute nnukwu ihe mgbochi: na France, a na-ahụta akụ niile nke ọha na eze, gụnyere ọdịnaya nke mkpokọta ọha, dị ka ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ omenala ndị ọzọ, dị ka ihe onwunwe na-apụghị ịpụ apụ . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=The Sarr-Savoy report & restituting colonial artifacts|url=https://itsartlaw.org/2019/01/31/the-sarr-savoy-report/|accessdate=2019-07-20|work=Center for Art Law|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị ode akwụkwọ na ebumnuche ha == [[Usòrò:Statuette_Mambia_Nigéria.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi si Nigeria na Musée du quai Branly, Paris, France]] Onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Senegalese, onye na-egwu egwu na onye akụ na ụba Felwine Sarr bịara mara maka edemede ya ''Afrotopia'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AFCO_257_0150--felwine-sarr-afrotopia.htm|title=Felwine Sarr. Afrotopia|author=Boukari-Yabara|first=Amzat|date=2016|work=Cairn|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> ebe ọ na-atụ aro echiche postcolonial maka nghọta ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mba Africa. Ọ na-arụ ụka na n'ihu mmepe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche Africa ekwesịghị iweta site na ịmepụta ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ; kama Afrịka kwesiri imeghachi onwe ya site na nchikota nke omenala na nke ugbua nke nzuko ohaneze . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-30|title=Afrotopia or The Future is Open|url=https://schloss-post.com/afrotopia-or-the-future-is-open/|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=[[Akademie Schloss Solitude]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkuzi ya na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya na postcolonial tiori, amụma akụ na ụba, mmepe, akụ na ụba, akụ na ụba, epistemology na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche okpukpe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Results for 'Felwine Sarr|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=Felwine+Sarr|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Gaston Berger (Senegal), ọ sonyeere Mahadum Duke na United States na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Forum for scholars and publics at Duke University|title=Felwine Sarr|url=https://fsp.duke.edu/speakers/felwine-sarr/|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=fsp.duke.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na Mahadum nka nke Berlin na Germany ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ na Collège de France na Paris. Savoy ebipụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu dị ka nka ụwa na ahịa ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bénédicte Savoy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039210631|title=Acquiring cultures: histories of world art on Western markets|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-054508-1|location=Berlin|oclc=1039210631}}</ref> na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ọnọdụ mba ụwa ma ọ bụ na inweta ihe nketa omenala na-akwadoghị. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874163864|title=The museum is open: towards a transnational history of museums 1750-1940|date=2014|isbn=978-3-11-029882-6|location=Berlin|oclc=874163864|author=Andrea Meyer}}</ref> Kemgbe e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, a makwara ya dị ka onye na-akwado nkwụghachi ihe nketa omenala Africa na mkpokọta German ma na-ekere òkè na nyocha na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere okwu a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Technische Universität Berlin|date=2020-10-07|title=Restitution of knowledge|url=https://www.tu.berlin/en/about/profile/press-releases-news/2020/oktober/restitution-of-knowledge/|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.tu.berlin|language=en}} {{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says|first=Anny|author=Shaw|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi nhọpụta ya, Macron gwara ndị odee abụọ ahụ ka ha soro ndị dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emekọ ihe n'Africa nakwa na France na-akparịta ụka na ọmụmụ ihe, gụnyere nyocha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonial nke omenala Afrika. <ref name="SaS2018">Sarr and Savoy, 2018</ref> : 115 Ọzọkwa, Macron rịọrọ atụmatụ ndị pụtara ìhè na usoro nhazi oge nwere ihe omume ndị a tụrụ aro maka nloghachi nke ihe ọdịnala. Site na nkwupụta ya doro anya, "Mkparịta ụka na nsonye ga-esorịrị usoro niile nke ọrụ a", <ref>"Le dialogue et la participation devront accompagner toutes les étappes de ces travaux". Sarr and Savoy, 2018, p.104</ref> : 104 Ọ bụghị nanị na Macron gosipụtara ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ, kamakwa meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka arụmụka ọha na eze banyere iwu omenala ọhụrụ ya na akụkọ sitere na ya. Kemgbe ahụ, arụmụka ọha na eze a abawanyela ma n'Africa, {{Cite web|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=21 May 2019|title=Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html|accessdate=2019-07-31|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Europe na US <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Scher|first=Robin|date=2019-06-11|title=Better Safe Than Sorry: American Museums Take Measures Mindful of Repatriation of African Art|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/06/11/african-art-repatriation-american-museums/|accessdate=2019-07-26|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|first=Tristram|author=Hunt|date=27 November 2018|title=Restitution Report: museum directors respond|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuntHartmut_DorgerlohNicholas_Thomas2018">Hunt, Tristram; Hartmut Dorgerloh; Nicholas Thomas (27 November 2018). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond "Restitution Report: museum directors respond"]. ''www.theartnewspaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe dị n'ime akụkọ ahụ == [[Usòrò:Reine_porteuse_de_coupe,_Bamileke,_Cameroun,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi nwanyị nwere nnukwu efere, Bamileke, Cameroon, na Musée du Quai Branly]] N'ime akụkọ a, ndị odee tụlere ihe kpatara ya wee tụọ usoro maka iweghachi ihe ọdịnala Africa sitere na mkpokọta ọha French nwe obodo ma ọ bụ obodo ha. Dị ka ọrụ Macron si kwuo, akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ metụtara kpọmkwem ndị ógbè ndị France na-achị na ndịda Sahara, na ihe nketa omenala e bugara France n'oge na mgbe oge ọchịchị. <ref group="note">The report does not cover North African countries, whose cultures have been marked by indigenous populations such as the Berber ethnic groups and by Arab-Islamic influence.</ref> Isi mmalite mmalite, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ogologo ogologo oge nke mfu" na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|ihe nketa omenala Africa]] n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị ndị Europe. <ref name="SaS2018">Sarr and Savoy, 2018</ref> : 7–26 Isiokwu etiti bụ ikenye ihe ọdịnala n'ike dị ka mpụ megide obodo ndị sitere. Ọzọkwa, mkpa nke ịnakọta, na-amụ ma na-egosipụta ihe nketa Africa, mbụ dị ka curios na mgbe e mesịrị dị ka ethnological ihe, site European ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi dị ka a Central akụkụ nke a "akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime ihe ike" na ọchịchị. : 20  N'izo aka n'ebumnobi yiri nke ahụ maka ndị e gosipụtara na akụkọ nke ha, Sarr na Savoy na-echeta na na 1978, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, bụ onye na-eduzi UNESCO n'oge ahụ, rịọrọ ka e nwee ike imezigharị ihe nketa ọdịbendị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ndị ugwu na ndị ugwu. ndịda hemispheres. Ha na-ehota okwu M'Bow "Arịrịọ maka nlọghachi nke ihe nketa omenala na-enweghị atụ nye ndị kere ya": == Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na geopolitical == Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ Sarr / Savoy na arụmụka ndị na-eso ya na-ezo aka na nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala sitere na Africa, nkwupụta Macron na nleta mbụ ya na Africa dị ka onyeisi oche nke France na-eguzo na mbara ala nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France na Africa. . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Adrian|date=5 April 2019|title=Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=theartnewspaper.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEllis2019">Ellis, Adrian (5 April 2019). [http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/museums-in-the-changing-world-order-restitution-to-africa-reaches-tipping-point "Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point"]. ''theartnewspaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ihi ntọhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto nke ụfọdụ mba Africa site na France, yana mmetụta China na Africa, amụma mba ofesi France nwere mmasị ịnọgide na-enwe ma kwalite mmekọrịta ya na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na ụwa Francophone sara mbara . <ref name=":6" /> N'ikpeazụ, mkparịta ụka na nkwenye ziri ezi nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ọchịchị ndị Europe na Africa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says|first=Anny|author=Shaw|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShaw2020">Shaw, Anny (21 October 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts "Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says"]. ''www.theartnewspaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'ihi mba ọ bụla na-achị n'oge gara aga na nyocha ọha ugbu a maka oge gara aga, nyochagharị akụkọ ihe mere eme a ewerela ụzọ dị iche iche na France, Great Britain, Belgium ma ọ bụ Germany. <ref name=":7" /> == Mmeghachi omume na nkwụghachi mbụ na-eso akụkọ ahụ == [[Usòrò:Royal_statues_of_Abomey_in_Quai_Branly_museum_May_2021.jpg|thumb| Ihe oyiyi Royal nke Dahomey na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka quai Branly, tupu nkwụghachi ha na Benin na njedebe nke 2021]] Ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, nyocha ya na ndụmọdụ ya kpasuola ọtụtụ okwu nkatọ, nkwenye ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, ma na France na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latribunedelart.com/emmanuel-macron-met-fin-a-l-inalienabilite-des-collections-publiques|title=Emmanuel Macron met fin à l'inaliénabilité des collections publiques|author=Rykner|first=Didier|date=2019-07-27|work=La Tribune de l'Art|language=fr|accessdate=2019-07-27}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|first=Tristram|author=Hunt|date=27 November 2018|title=Restitution Report: museum directors respond|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.theartnewspaper.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuntHartmut_DorgerlohNicholas_Thomas2018">Hunt, Tristram; Hartmut Dorgerloh; Nicholas Thomas (27 November 2018). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond "Restitution Report: museum directors respond"]. ''www.theartnewspaper.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na isi mmalite gọọmentị dị na Germany na Netherlands enyela ụkpụrụ nduzi ọhụrụ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'ọdịnihu, nyocha ihe ngosi na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hickley|first=Catherine|date=14 March 2019|title=Culture ministers from 16 German states agree to repatriate artefacts looted in colonial era|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/culture-ministers-from-16-german-states-agree-to-repatriate-artefacts-looted-in-colonial-era|accessdate=2019-07-21|work=theartnewspaper.com}}</ref> E nyeghachila Namibia ego ọzọ site na Germany <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kößler|first=Reinhart|title=Hendrik Witbooi's Bible|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/09/hendrik-witboois-bible-and-the-humboldt-forum/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=africasacountry.com|language=en-US}}</ref> na Indonesia site na Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hickley|first=Catherine|date=2020-10-08|title=The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past|url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2020-4/netherlands-museums-confront-countrys-colonial-past|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref> N'April 2021, Ethnological Museum na Berlin na Mahadum Aberdeen dị na Scotland kwupụtara nlọghachi nke Benin Bronzes site na 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-30|title=Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56949003|accessdate=2021-08-12}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume ọha na eze sitere n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị nta akụkọ, bụ ndị kpalitere ọhụụ nke ihe ngosi nka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu, akụkọ ahụ adịghị akwado ịlaghachi azụ nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa niile sitere na France. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Kate|date=2019-01-24|title='The idea is not to empty museums': authors of France's blockbuster restitution report say their work has been misrepresented|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/restitution-report-critics-1446934|accessdate=2021-08-06|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref> Kama, Sarr na Savoy na-atụ aro na a ga-eme ndokwa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba abụọ na gọọmentị Africa maka iweghachi ihe ndị dị mkpa na ndabere nke ndị ọkachamara Africa tụrụ aro. <ref name="SaS2018">Sarr and Savoy, 2018</ref> : 70–81 Otú ọ dị, dị ka ndụmọdụ izugbe, ndị odee na-arịọ arịrịọ maka nkwụghachi azụ nke ihe omenala ndị enwetara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ha na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya iweghachi ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwa oge nke Macron kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka na-akwado ya, dị ka Stéphane Martin, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke quai Branly. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission de la culture, de l'education et de la communication|date=2020-02-19|title=Commission de la culture, de l'éducation et de la communication: compte rendu de la semaine du 17 février 2020|url=http://www.senat.fr/compte-rendu-commissions/20200217/cult.html#toc2|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.senat.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Na ogbako na June 2019, nke ihe dị ka ndị ọkachamara 200 na ndị nnọchiteanya nke Ministri Culture si Europe na Africa bịara, Minista Omenala France kwere nkwa na "France ga-enyocha arịrịọ niile nke mba Africa na-enye", mana ọ gwara ha ka ha ghara "ilekwasị anya na ya. naanị okwu nkwụghachi". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/france-buries-restitution-report|title=France retreats from report recommending automatic restitutions of looted African artefacts|work=theartnewspaper.com|first=Vincent|author=Noce|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-27}}</ref> Na 24 Disemba 2020, gọọmentị France weputara iwu ọhụrụ nke na-enye ohere maka nkwụghachi nke ọtụtụ ihe ọdịnala sitere na mkpokọta French na [[Senegal]] na [[Benin|Republic of Benin]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=LOI n° 2020-1673 du 24 décembre 2020 relative à la restitution de biens culturels à la République du Bénin et à la République du Sénégal (1)|date=24 December 2020|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000042738023?r=eJd1PJcASO|accessdate=2021-04-20}}</ref> Ugbua na Nọvemba 2019, praịm minista France ewepụtala saber akụkọ ihe mere eme na Museum of Black Civilizations na Dakar, Senegal, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke Omar Saïdou Tall, onye ndu ime mmụọ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19 nke West Africa onye lụrụ ọgụ megide ndị ọchịchị France na afọ 1850. <ref>{{Cite web|title=France takes first legal step towards restitutions to Benin and Senegal as cabinet examines new law|first=Catherine|author=Hickley|date=16 July 2020|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/french-cabinet-approves-law-allowing-restitutions-to-benin-and-senegal|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=www.theartnewspaper.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Simonis|first=Francis|date=2019-11-24|title=La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/11/24/la-premiere-uvre-qui-est-restituee-a-l-afrique-est-un-objet-europeen_6020342_3212.html|accessdate=2020-07-17}}</ref> <ref group="note">As French historian Francis Simonis pointed out, the sabre of Hadj Omar Tall actually is not an African object, but a European weapon, made for the French Army in the 19th century, and was later taken back to France from Ségou in the modern state of Mali.</ref> Ihe atụ a, yana ihe oyiyi 26 nke Africa ndị agha France kwakọọrọ n'oge a chụrụ n'obí eze nke Abomey na 1892 na nke onye isi ala France Alfred Dodds nyere onye bu ya ụzọ Musée du quai Branly na Paris, mejupụtara nkwụghachi ụgwọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|title=Restitution of 26 works to the Republic of Benin|url=https://www.quaibranly.fr/en/collections/living-collections/news/restitution-of-26-works-to-the-republic-of-benin/|accessdate=2021-08-07|work=quaibranly.fr}}</ref> Gọọmenti Benin arịọlarị nkwụghachi a n'afọ 2016, mana gọọmentị France mbụ gọnahụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Vidjingninou|first=Fiacre|date=2020-02-27|title=Le Bénin attend toujours la restitution de son patrimoine promis par la France|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/899767/culture/le-benin-attend-toujours-la-restitution-de-son-patrimoine-promis-par-la-france/|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=JeuneAfrique.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref> N'April 28, 2025, ndị omebe iwu France mere ntuli aka na ụgwọ iji kwe ka ịlaghachi na Ivory Coast nke ihe ejidere na 1916, Djidji Ayokwe<ref>{{Cite web|author=Damien Glez|first=Damien|date=2025-04-28|title=Restitution des biens culturels africains : bientôt la fin de l’exil pour le « tambour parleur » ivoirien ?|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1683414/culture/restitution-des-biens-culturels-africains-bientot-la-fin-de-lexil-pour-le-tambour-parleur-ivoirien/|accessdate=2025-04-29|work=jeuneafrique.com|publisher=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}</ref>. A nakweere ụgwọ ahụ n'otu ọnụ na ọgụgụ mbụ na Senate<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFP|first=France Culture|date=2025-04-29|title=Le Sénat enclenche la restitution d'un "tambour parleur" réclamé par la Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/patrimoine/le-senat-enclenche-la-restitution-d-un-tambour-parleur-reclame-par-la-cote-d-ivoire_7216404.html|accessdate=2025-04-29|work=jeuneafrique.com|publisher=Francetv Info|language=fr}}</ref>. === Weebụsaịtị na njide nke mkpokọta French === Na Septemba 2021, ibe weebụ " ''Le Monde en musée'' ", nke Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA) bipụtara. Ọ na-enye ohere ịnweta maapụ nkọwapụta nke ihe sitere na Africa na Oceania n'ihe karịrị mkpokọta ọha French 240. Emebere ya ka ọ bụrụ ngwa nyocha nke ọha na eze na njikọ dị n'etiti ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, n'agbanyeghị ebe ha nọ n'ụwa. Maka mkpokọta nke ọ bụla, a na-enye aha gọọmentị na nkọwa nke njide ya, yana ozi gbasara njirimara ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bosc-Tiessé|first=Claire|date=2021-09-28|title=Le monde en musée. Cartographie des collections d'objets d'Afrique et d'Océanie en France|url=https://monde-en-musee.inha.fr/|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=monde-en-musee.inha.fr|publisher=Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA)|language=fr}}</ref> === 2023 akụkọ ''ihe nketa ekekọrịtara: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa nke ọrụ nka'' === Na 27 Eprel 2023, Ministri nke Mba Ọzọ na Omenala nke France bipụtara akụkọ Jean-Luc Martinez, onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa na ngalaba nke Heritage na Onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Louvre, nke akpọrọ ihe ''nketa nketa: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa ozi. nke ọrụ nka'' . Akụkọ a na-enye echiche na ụzọ maka nyochaa na nhazi arịrịọ nkwụghachi. Dị ka etiti aro, ọ na-atụ aro a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu iwu na itoolu njirisi dị ka iwu ndabere nke n'ọdịnihu restitutions, guzobe nke bilateral Commission nke ndị ọkachamara na-eme nchọpụta si France na mba si malite, na nkịtị restitution atumatu na Germany, Belgium na Netherlands. N'ikpeazụ, a na-atụ anya ụdị pụrụ iche maka "ihe nketa nketa" maka "ụfọdụ ọrụ ihe atụ nke na-emezughị ụkpụrụ niile" ya mere kwesịrị ịnọ na nchịkọta French, n'agbanyeghị na ọkwa ọhụrụ nke nwekọrịta. Enyere akụkọ a ka ọ bụrụ ntuziaka maka ntụle ya na ndị omeiwu na ebumnuche nke ịkwadebe usoro iwu nke a ga-edobe n'aka ndị omeiwu France. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Presentation of the report Shared heritage: universality, restitution and circulation of works of art by Jean-Luc Martinez|url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/en/Press/Press-releases2/Presentation-of-the-report-Shared-heritage-universality-restitution-and-circulation-of-works-of-art-by-Jean-Luc-Martinez|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=www.culture.gouv.fr|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dị ka otu akụkọ nke ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Cambridge bipụtara, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nanị ntakịrị akụkụ nke ihe osise na mkpokọta French ga-emezu ọnọdụ maka nkwụghachi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fabry-Tehranchi|first=Irene|date=2023-11-27|title=France and the restitution of cultural property|url=https://languagecollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/2023/11/27/france-and-the-restitution-of-cultural-property/|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=Languages across Borders/Cambridge University Library|language=}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume sitere na mba Africa == Dị ka ndị nkọwa si mba Africa dị ka Benin, Etiopia, Mali, Nigeria, ma ọ bụ Namibia, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, rịọrọ maka nkwụghachi na France, Great Britain, Germany na mba ndị ọzọ, <ref name="SaS2018">Sarr and Savoy, 2018</ref> : 23–26 Akụkọ nke Sarr na Savoy kpalitere okwu dị mma ma wepụta atụmanya dị elu: Kwame Opoku, onye odeakụkọ omenala Ghana na onye bụbu onye ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Vienna, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-04-09|title=Ombudsman appointed for UN in Vienna|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/org1378.doc.htm|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=www.un.org}}</ref> kọrọ na 2019 na International Council of African Museums (AFRICOM) enweela "akwado nkwado" maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dịka akụkọ Sarr/Savoy tụrụ aro. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Opoku|first=Kwame|date=21 May 2019|title=Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html|accessdate=2019-07-31|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOpoku2019">Opoku, Kwame (21 May 2019). [https://www.modernghana.com/news/933792/coordination-of-african-positions-on-restitution-matters.html "Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters"]. ''Modern Ghana''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'Afrịka emeghachikwara nke ọma n'atụmatụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere otu akụkụ gbasara nkwụghachi. Flower Manase, onye nlekọta na National Museum of Tanzania, kwuru na nke mbụ, ndị ọkachamara n'Africa ga-etinye aka dị ka ndị mmekọ nha anya, na-ekerịta akụkọ nke ha ma tinye obodo ndị sitere na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Manase|first=Flower|date=May 2020|title=From the vision to the practice of restitution|url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/lat/en/spu/21871583.html|accessdate=2021-08-05|work=www.goethe.de|language=en}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ọdịbendị Africa, dị ka onye nta akụkọ Tanzania Charles Kayuka, arụtụla aka n'ụdị ihe ngosi ngosi nka nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke agbụrụ, nke na-akọwa ihe kpatara na ha anaghị enwe mmasị dị ukwuu na ndị ọbịa obodo na Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bloch|first=Werner|date=26 February 2019|title=Tansania und die Kolonialzeit - Der afrikanische Blick|url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/tansania-und-die-kolonialzeit-der-afrikanische-blick.979.de.html?dram:article_id=441958|accessdate=2019-07-27|work=Deutschlandfunk Kultur|language=de-DE}}</ref> Arụmụka ọzọ nke ajụjụ ya mkpa ọ dị mkpa omenala ọdịnala maka ọha ndị Africa nke oge a, nke zuru ụwa ọnụ:   N'ime akụkọ ha, Sarr na Savoy, agbanyeghị, atụlewo ọdịiche dị otú ahụ site n'ịkpọ oku maka nkwado mba ụwa na itinye aka na obodo. <ref name="SaS2018">Sarr and Savoy, 2018</ref> : 85–86 Banyere ihe ga-esi na ya pụta maka amụma omenala obodo na steeti Africa, Felwine Sarr kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na otu akwụkwọ akụkọ German nwere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/benedicte-savoy-und-felwine-sarr-europa-ist-auf-einem-auge-blind/23874606.html|title=Europa ist auf einem Auge blind|first=Bénédicte|author=Savoy|date=18 January 2019|work=www.tagesspiegel.de|language=de|accessdate=2019-07-27}}</ref>   == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]] * Na-apụ apụ * Decolonization nke ngosi ihe mgbe ochie * Mmemme Inventories Mba Nile (ọrụ maka ihe nketa ọdịnala sitere na Kenya na mkpokọta Western) == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọrụ zoro aka na n'ihu ịgụ == *   * {{Cite journal|author=Mark|first=Peter|title=Is There Such a Thing as African Art?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_record-of-the-art-museum-princeton-university_1999_58_1-2/page/7|journal=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University|volume=58|issue=1/2|year=1999|pages=7–15|issn=0032-843X|doi=10.2307/3774788}} *   * {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/arts/design/restitution-france-africa.html|title=France vowed to return looted treasures. But few are heading back|author=Nayeri, Farah|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2019-11-23|accessdate=2021-08-30}} * {{Cite book|author=Silverman|first=Raymond|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1259323561|title=National museums in Africa. Identity, history and politics.|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|pages=284|isbn=978-1-000-42864-3|location=Milton|oclc=1259323561}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5ti143gv2hu95p3y8vlm8twoo8fvq74 0 45795 697805 674439 2026-08-10T08:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697805 wikitext text/x-wiki Murat Brierre ma ọ bụ Murat Briere (1938–1988) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akpụ ola n'isi Haiti ma bụrụkwa onye a ma ama maka ime mgbanwe ihe ụfọdụ ịgbà ịbụ n'ụbigara. George Liautaud na-emetụta ya, mana ọrụ ya ụdịdị nke onwe ya, na-achọ anya anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche na ọnụ nke ọnụ, ihe ndị nwere ike dị egwu, na ụmụ e bu n'afọ.  na-ahụ anya n'ime ihe ndị buru ibu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>Brierre ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ brik, onye na-ebe ihe, onye na-ese tile, na onye na-eji oji. Amụrụ ya na Mirebalais ma ọ bụ Port-au-Prince, Haiti ma bụrụ ọkpara nke abụọ. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Edgar Brierre, bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe.  Nwanna nwoke ahụ ji aha ikpeazụ bịanye aka n'ahụ ha, na-ebute ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị nwoke ha gbasara ndị dere ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 1990|title=Visual Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_crisis_1990-10_97_8/page/51|journal=The Crisis|volume=97|issue=8|pages=51}}</ref>Ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre na-akpa site na ụkwụ atọ ruo isii n'ogologo ma sere Christian, Haitian Vodou, na ike ifo. Brierre bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, ma n'ikpeazụ họrọ iji njikwa ọrụ n'ihi na ọ chere na ihe ahụ na ike ime ihe. Ọ bụ usoro siri ike.   A na-akụtu ihe ihe drum ahụ n'ụzọ dị, dọba ya na ya, wee jiri agụba bee ya.   A na-ejizi chisel gbutuo mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ tupu emechaa ya na faịlụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1970s, ihe ọkpụkpụ Brierre mpaghara ndị a kpọpụtara akpọpụta nke gbara ogologo ahịrị mgbagha agbagọ. Ọkpụkpụ ire Brierre akwụkwọ Chien de Mer na-ekpuchi isi n'ime ahụ azụ == Ihe ngosi Solo == '''1967''' – Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Haiti, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref>1968 – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;   Bradley Galleries, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;   Ndị nkiri ihe nkiri Georgetown, Washington DC;   Ndị egwu egwu Menschoff, Chicago;   John Michael Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, Wisconsin;   Roko Gallery, New York '''1969''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Ụlọ ihe ngosi ngosi, Washington DC; Otu Botolp, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1971''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1973''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1972''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Roko Gallery, New York <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1970''' – Center d'Art, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1979''' – Areta Contemporary Design, Boston <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi otu == '''1969''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1974''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1978''' – Brooklyn Museum, New York (njem njem) <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1980''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1982''' - Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Harlem, New York <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1983''' – Chicago Public Library Cultural Center <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1985''' – Davenport Art Gallery, Iowa <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1987''' – Musée du Panthéon National, Port-au-Prince, Haiti <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1988''' – Galeries Nationales d'Exposition du Grand Palais, Paris <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''1989''' - Museum of Art, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470125|title=St. James guide to Black artists|others=Riggs, Thomas, 1963-, Dodson, Howard,, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.|year=1997|isbn=1-55862-220-9|location=Detroit|oclc=36470125}}</ref> '''2006''' - Phyllis Kind Gallery na njikọ nke Outsider Art Fair, New York <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=A Collection of Haitian Iron Works|url=http://www.phylliskindgallery.com/exhibits/2006/index_031606.html|accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == '''''L'Araignée (The Spider)''' ,'' 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Davenport Museum of Art (Davenport, Iowa)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34524490|title=Tracing the spirit : ethnographic essays on Haitian art : from the collection of the Davenport Museum of Art|date=1995|publisher=The Museum|others=Brown, Karen McCarthy.|isbn=0-295-97504-0|location=Davenport, Iowa|oclc=34524490}}</ref> '''''Christ sur la Croix (Kraịst na Obe)''''', 1970, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Sirens anọ''''', 1966, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Le Sagittaire en Démon (Sagittarius na Demon)''''', enweghị ụbọchị, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> '''''Visage en Fer (Ihu dị na Iron)''''', 1965, ígwè <ref name=":2" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bo0i3xwfafncxnl4wvf66wa0kk37h5j 0 45915 697933 451983 2026-08-10T11:06:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Filmmaker_Kevin_Jerome_Everson_Detroit-Windsor_2014_portrait_Oona_Mosna.jpg|alt=Kevin Jerome Everson in Windsor-Detroit, 2014.|thumb| Kevin Jerome Everson na Windsor-Detroit, 2014.]] Kevin Jerome Everson (amuru Febụwarị 1, 1965) bụ onye omenka na-arụ ọrụ na fim, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ịse foto.  Amụrụ ya na Mansfield, Ohio ma bi ugbu a na Virginia.  O nwere MFA sitere na Mahadum Ohio, yana BFA sitere na Mahadum Akron, ma bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Art na Mahadum Virginia, Charlottesville. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halter|first=Ed|date=May 2010|title=The Practice of Everyday Life|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artforum-international_2010-05_48_9/page/229|journal=Artforum International|volume=48|issue=9|pages=229–233}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Everson na-egosikarị ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ebi n'ime obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na mbugharị nke obodo ndị America America na ndị mmadụ si na South America n'ebe ugwu na-achọ ọrụ.[1]  "Everson na-ajụ ọrụ nke onye na-akọwa omenala na ọrụ ya, na-ahọrọ kama itinye ibu nke nghọta na ndị na-ege ntị na ọrụ nke ya. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ kpụrụla ebe maka onwe ya n'èzí ma atụmanya ahụkarị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na mgbakọ ndị dị na ya.  akụkọ ifo ndị nnọchiteanya, na-agbalị ịrụ ọrụ site na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa ọ na-ezute ịmepụta ihe ọzọ Everson na-ekiri eji aka eme ihe ma na-eji 16mm echere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya.  Ọrụ ya bụ egwuregwu nke ikpeazụ azụ na Media City Film Festival (2011), Tate Modern (2017), online na Mubi (2018), na Cinéma du Réel na Center Pompidou (2019) == Ihe nkiri n'ogologo == Everson mere ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri iri na abụọ nwere ogologo ihe nkiri.  Erie, nke a na-ese n'oge obibi ya na Hallwall's, Buffalo na 2009 bụ nke gbara agba site na mpaghara ka Lake Erie, akpọ Niagara Falls, Buffalo, Cleveland na Mansfield, Ohio (obodo Everson).  Ihe nkiri a "napapa Black si South na North, eziokwu na-emetụta ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ala; ọnọdụ nke oge a, ihe nkiri, na ihe nkà a ma ama".  [1] Emere Erie dị ka ihe ngosi mmeghe nke Media City Film Festival na Detroit, Michigan na 2010 wee nnukwu ihe nrite na emume onyonyo n'otu awụ ahụ. Ihe nkiri Everson The Island of St. Matthews na-arụ na Ememme Nkiri International nke Rotterdam nke 2013. Ọ na- nọmba Jio nke iji mmiri nke 1973 nke anọ Tombigbee dị na Mississippi, nke ndị bi na Westport, bụ obodo dị nso na ike na ike.  Columbus, Mississippi gwara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/tonsler-park-kevin-jerome-everson-democracy-close-up|title=Tonsler Park: Kevin Jerome Everson captures democracy in closeup {{!}} Sight & Sound|work=British Film Institute|date=3 October 2017|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-01}}</ref> Tonsler Park (2017), nke a na-ese na oji na ọcha, na-ede akwụkwọ anọ Charlottesville, Virginia na-amalite aka n'oge ụbọchị malite aka nke US President na 2016. Ihe nkiri a na- karin usoro onye kwuo uche.  ya, nke mgbasa na mpaghara Afrika-American gburugburu ebe ebe vootu Tonsler Park.  Ihe nkiri a na-ewe ihe ọzọ dị mkpa n'ihi nhoputa nke mmalite aka (nke bụ ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ ọtụtụ mmadụ), yana n'ihi ime ihe ike nke sitere na United the Right rally na Charlottesville na  2017. == Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi == Everson ekepụtala nke ọma ihe nkiri 100 dị mkpụmkpụ, gụnyere ''Grand Finale'' nke egosipụtara na Vdrome na Jenụwarị 2018 yana ''Ọ dị ka Hang On'' gosipụtara dị ka akụkụ nke ''Nnupụisi Sonic: Music dị ka Nguzogide'' nke Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit haziri. == Ihe ngosi == Egosiputala ihe nkiri Everson na Modern na Contemporary Art Museum, Seoul, Korea (February 2017); Viennale (2014); Visions du Reel, Nyon, Switzerland (2012), Whitney Museum of American Art, NY na Media City Film Festival (2011) na Center Pompidou, Paris na 2009.&nbsp;E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na 2008, 2012, na 2017 Whitney Biennials, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, na 2018 Media City Film Festivals, na 2013 Sharjah Biennial. == Onyinye na mkpakọrịta == Everson ama 2012 Alpert Award for Film/Video <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://herbalpertawards.org/artist/2012/kevin-everson|title=Kevin Everson {{!}} The Herb Alpert Award in the Arts|date=2013-03-20|work=herbalpertawards.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-01}}</ref> Ọ natara site na Guggenheim, NEA, NEH, Ohio Arts Council, na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, American Academy Rome Prize, nyere ndị sitere na Wexner Center for Arts, Creative Capital na Mid-Atlantic, ndị na Mobile.  Frames / Media City Film Festival (Windsor/Detroit), Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Yaddo na MacDowell Colony, na ọtụtụ ọzụzụ mahadum <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heinzawards.org/pages/kevin-jerome-everson|title=Kevin Jerome Everson|work=www.heinzawards.org}}</ref>N'afọ 2019, ọ natara nturu ugo Heinz nke afọ 24 na Arts na Humanities maka "otu akwụkwọ, nka na ihe nkiri dị njọ nke na-enye dị iche iche nke ndụ na ndị nke Africa America na-arụ ọrụ.  , ma jiri echiche echiche ndị ahụ arụ ọrụ na ọrụ .Na 2021, fotora ya ka onye otu juri maka ngalaba esemokwu mba ụwa nke 74th Locarno Film Festival emere site na 4 ruo 14 Ọgọst <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/LFF/locarno-74/awards-and-juries/Jury-Concorso-Internazionale.html|title=74th Locarno Film Festival (Concorso Internazionale: Jury)|work=Locarno Film Festival|date=July 3, 2021|accessdate=July 3, 2021|language=en|archivedate=October 31, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031142512/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/LFF/locarno-74/awards-and-juries/Jury-Concorso-Internazionale.html}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Weebụsaịtị onye nka na: [https://publicsearch.people.virginia.edu/person/ke5d | Ọchụchọ Ọhaneze UVA, U.Va.] * [https://bombmagazine.org/articles/kevin-jerome-everson/ Magazin BOMB | Kevin Jerome Everson] * [http://www.picturepalacepictures.com/screenings_exhibitions.html Foto dị na Obí] * [https://www.culturedmag.com/kevin-jerome-everson/ Onye na-ese ihe bụ Kevin Jerome Everson na-eme ka mmadụ dị jụụ nke ụbọchị ọ bụla] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151152/https://mobileframes.org/filmmakers/kevin-everson/ Frames mkpanaaka: Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mba ụwa na ebe obibi] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f8a4socaxzuk30rns2hqrdwqefkj7r7 0 46143 697811 177560 2026-08-10T08:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iziko Lydenburg Heads 2.JPG|thumb|Lydenburg heads]]  Isi Lydenburg bụ isi terracotta asaa a chọtara na njikọ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ e ji ụrọ kpụọ na Lydenburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Ha so n'ime ihe osise kachasị ochie a maara n'Africa Iron Age site na South of the equator.<ref name="LH2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lyde/hd_lyde.htm|title=Lydenburg Heads (ca. 500) {{!}} Thematic Essay {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|work=www.metmuseum.org|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ a chọtara na njikọ ya na isi ndị a gụnyere arịa ceramic, beads ígwè na ọla kọpa, na iberibe ọkpụkpụ. Coal jikọtara ya na isi bụ radiocarbon dated, na usoro mmekọrịta a na etinye ihe ndị a na saịtị ahụ na gburugburu 1410 BP (ihe dị ka 500 AD), nke mejupụtara otu n'ime ụbọchị ndị mbụ maka ebe obibi Iron Age na South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Whitelaw|first=Gavin|date=1996|title=Lydenburg Revisited: Another Look at The Mpumalanga Early Iron Age Sequence|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> Isi ndị ahụ nwere oghere na ụrọ ụrọ dị nro agbakwunyere iji mepụta nkọwa ihu. Amamihe na echiche nke batara n'ime atụmatụ ahụ na egosi na ha bụ ngwaahịa bara uru nke obodo a haziri nke ọma ma biri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historium|author=Nelson|first=Jo|publisher=Big Picture Press|year=2015|location=China|pages=10}}</ref> == Nchọpụta == A chọtara isi ndị ahụ na mbụ dị ka ihe a chọtara n'elu <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Evers|first=T.M.|date=1982|title=Excavations at the Lydenburg Heads Site, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa|journal=South African Archaeological Bulletin|volume=37|pages=16–33}}</ref> site n'aka nwa okorobịa aha ya bụ [[Karl-Ludwig von Bezing]] mgbe ọ na egwuri egwu n'ugbo nna ya. E mechara chịkọta ihe ahụ mgbe Ludwig bụ onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Inskeep|first=R. R.|date=1 January 1975|title=Unique Art Objects in the Iron Age of the Transvaal, South Africa|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|volume=30|issue=119/120|pages=114–138|doi=10.2307/3888099}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na 1962 na 1966 iji gwupụta ebe ahụ ma n'oge a ọ nwere ike ịchọta ọtụtụ iberibe ite nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ isi asaa nwere oghere mgbe a gbakọtara ya, abụọ n'ime ha nwere ike ịdaba n'isi nwatakịrị; naanị otu n'ime isi asaa ahụ yiri anụmanụ. <ref name=":3"/><ref name="LH2"/> == Ihe ndị e ji rụọ == [[Usòrò:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_Lydenburg_Head.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Otu n'ime isi ite asaa a chọtara na nso Lydenburg]] E wughachiri iberibe ite ndị ahụ e nwetara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Mahadum nke Cape Town, ma jikọta ha n'ime isi abụọ buru ibu na isi ise dị obere. Otu n'ime isi ndị buru ibu mejupụtara ihe atụ na ezughị ezu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Inskeep|first=R.R.|date=May 1975|title=Unique Art Objects in the Iron Age of the Transvaal, South Africa|journal=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> Isi ndị e wughachiri na enye ọhụụ banyere nkà na izi ezi nke nka, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ọ gaghị adị kpọmkwem otú ha si dị afọ 1500 gara aga. Isi isii n'ime isi ndị ahụ nwere àgwà mmadụ, ebe otu isi nwere ọdịdị anụmanụ. A na ekwu na ọnụnọ nke mgbaaka olu dị n'ahịrị na anọchite anya akara nke ọganihu ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba, n'ihi ojiji ha na anọchi anya oge niile.<ref name="maggs">{{Cite journal|title=The Lydenburg Heads|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1981-02_14_2/page/28|journal=African Arts|date=1 February 1981|pages=28–88|volume=14|issue=2|doi=10.2307/3335725|first=Tim|author=Maggs}}</ref> N'ime asaa ahụ, ọ bụ naanị abụọ buru ibu iji yiri, mana nha abụghị naanị ọdịiche a na ahụ anya n'etiti ha. Isi abụọ ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ naanị ihe atụ nwere obere ihe oyiyi anụmanụ, nke a na eche na ọ bụ ọdụm, nke a kwụnyere n'elu ha.[2] Ise ndị ọzọ yiri ibe ha n'ibu na ọdịdị, ma e wezụga otu. Isi a bụ naanị isi nke yiri ka ọ dị ka ihe ọzọ karịa mmadụ. O nwere ogologo imi kama egbugbere ọnụ na apụta mgbe niile ma ọ nweghịkwa ntị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lyde/hd_lyde.htm|title=Lydenburg Heads (ca. 500)|date=October 2003|work=Timeline of Art History|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke ihe ndị metụtara ya bụ nke a kpaara ókè n'ihi ihe dị mkpa nke isi; Otú ọ dị, anyị maara na a chọpụtara iberibe ite ndị metụtara ya dị ka terracotta. A na eche na e kpuchiri isi ndị a na acha ọcha, na specularite na egbuke egbuke n'oge a na eji ha eme ihe. Obere isi, # 3-7 nwere obere oghere n'akụkụ ha. O nwere ike ịbụ ụdị ihe a ga eyi dị ka isi, ma ọ bụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ihe dị mkpa.<ref name=":2"/> == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Isi ndị ahụ na ekerịta otu ite dị ka nhazi na obere ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ e si eme nke ọ bụla. Ntọala e guzobere na ala nke isi niile ka emechara dị ka rim nke ite. Akụkụ nke rim ahụ dị gburugburu, agbanyeghị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ntọala ahụ na egosipụta ọdịdị square dị larịị. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịkpụpụta mgbaaka Basal ma ọ bụ kpụọ ya, mgbaaka olu dị n'elu mgbaaka ndị a nwere mgbaaka ndị e ji diagonal kpụọ nke gbara olu dum gburugburu. Ihe osise ahụ bụ akara ngosi nke na agbanwe agbanwe na ntụziaka na emepụta ihe osise herringbone. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ndị ahụ yiri n'imepụta, ha nwekwara njirimara dịgasị iche iche.<ref name=":0"/> A na echekwa ụfọdụ n'ime ha karịa ndị ọzọ, dịka ọ dị na ntị. A rụrụ ntị niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ. A kpụrụ efere ụrọ n'akụkụ ihe atụ ahụ ebe ntị ga abụ anụ ahụ. Akụkụ dị n'èzí nke ntị ndị ahụ gbara gburugburu ma gbadaa ala ma gaa n'ihu. A naghị egosi lobes ntị na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe atụ ahụ mana enwere obere mkpịsị ụrọ nke a na etinye n'elu ebe ntị ahụ jikọtara ya na isi. A na ekwu na mkpịsị ụrọ a na anọchite anya cartilaginous projection nke a na ahụkarị na ntị mmadụ. Isi ọ bụla nwere ihe ndị yiri ya nke a na-eme site na itinye ụrọ na ede mmiri na ịkpụ ahịrị tupu ụrọ ahụ akọrọ. Akara ndị a dịgasị iche n'ọnọdụ na ọdịdị n'akụkụ ihu.<ref name=":2"/> Ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya gụnyere anya, ọnụ na imi; a na akọwapụta njirimara ndị a n'okpuru ebe a. === Isi #1 === A na akpụzi mgbanaka olu n'isi a. Ọnụ dị kpọmkwem n'elu mgbanaka olu elu. A na ejikọta ụrọ abụọ dị ka crescent n'akụkụ iji mepụta egbugbere ọnụ nke na agbada n'ime ntì. Egbugbere ọnụ na emeghe ihe dịka 10mm. A na ebipụ egbugbere ọnụ kpamkpam ruo n'ihu nke na eme ka ọnụ ghere oghe nke na enweghị ezé. A na etinye anya n'etiti ihu. A na eme anya site na oghere ndị a na egbutu na mgbidi nke ihu. Ntị aka ekpe na aka nri adịghị mma. E nwere ugwu atọ dị larịị n'ihu nke dị n'elu ibe ya. A na ahụ otu ugwu dị n'etiti anya na agba ọtọ. A na etinye akara abụọ dị larịị n'akụkụ ihu nke dị n'etiti oghere anya dị n'èzí na ntinye ntị. Ugwu ndị dị larịị a na-ahụ n'okpuru ebe anya dị bụ ndị a na etinyeghị, ha na eme ka ugwu dị larịụ. Nke a bụ naanị isi nwere ọnụ ọnụ dị larịị. N'elu okpueze nke na egosi ọnụ ihu bụ ụrọ ụrọ. A na ahụ ihe ndị a naanị n'isi a kpọmkwem na akụkụ nke Isi No. 2 <ref name=":2"/> === Isi #2 === Isi a bụ nkewa nke ukwuu maka ndekọ njirimara ziri ezi. A na akpụzi mgbanaka olu. Ọnụ dị kpọmkwem n'elu mgbanaka olu elu. A na ejikọta ụrọ abụọ dị ka crescent n'akụkụ iji mepụta egbugbere ọnụ nke na agbada n'ime ntì. A na ebipụ egbugbere ọnụ kpamkpam ruo n'ihu nke na eme ka ọnụ ghere oghe nke na enweghị ezé. A na etinye anya n'etiti ihu. A na eme anya site na oghere ndị a na egbutu na mgbidi nke ihu. Ntị aka ekpe adịghị mma. Ugwu ndị dị n'isi a yiri ndị dị n"isi nke 1 ma e wezụga ugwu ndị dị nro n'okpuru anya na eji akara ma ọ bụghị nke dị nro. E nwere ugwu abụọ kwụ ọtọ nwere oghere ndị dị n'etiti anya ma gbasaa n'elu akụkụ kachasị elu nke ihu. E nwere otu ìgwè nke ọtụtụ ụrọ a na etinye n'otu n'ime iberibe ndị mejupụtara isi a dị ka a hụrụ na Isi No. 1 <ref name=":2"/> === Isi #3 === Isi # 3 nwere oghere ndị na atụle ihe dịka 5 mm n'obosara n'akụkụ abụọ nke olu n'akụkụ ala nke mgbaaka ndị a kpụrụ akpụ. &nbsp;A na ebibi mgbaaka olu. Ọnụ ya dị n'ime mgbanaka olu elu. A na ejikọta ụrọ abụọ dị ka crescent n'akụkụ iji mepụta egbugbere ọnụ nke na agbada n'ime ntì. Egbugbere ọnụ na emeghe ihe dịka 5 mm. Ezé na eme site na itinye mkpịsị ụrọ n'etiti oghere egbugbere ọnụ. &nbsp;E nwere nnukwu oghere e gosipụtara n'etiti ezé abụọ dị n'ihu. A na etinye anya n'etiti ihu. A na eme anya site na ịkpụcha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụrọ. Ntị aka ekpe adịghị mma. Isi a nwere ọnụ atọ dị larịị na ahịrị ndị a tụrụ n'etiti anya. Otu ọnụ ọnụ na agbasa n'egedege ihu na agbanye ma na agbadata n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke ihu. E nwere otu oghere dị iche iche na agbasa site n'anya ruo n'elu ntị n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi. N'okpuru ihe ndị a, a na enwe ọnụ ọnụ na agbasa n'ụzọ dị larịị gafee ntì ruo n'ala ntị.<ref name=":2"/> === Isi # 4 === Isi a nwere oghere ndị na atụle ihe dịka 5 mm n'obosara n'akụkụ abụọ nke olu n'akụkụ ala nke mgbanaka ndị a kpụrụ akpụ. &nbsp;A na aghọta mgbaaka olu basal. Ọnụ ya dị n'ime mgbanaka olu elu. A na ejikọta ụrọ abụọ dị ka crescent n'akụkụ iji mepụta egbugbere ọnụ nke na agbada n'ime ntì. Egbugbere ọnụ na emeghe ihe dịka 5 mm. Ezé na eme site na itinye mkpịsị ụrọ n'etiti oghere egbugbere ọnụ. &nbsp;E nwere nnukwu oghere e gosipụtara n'etiti ezé abụọ dị n'ihu. A na etinye anya n'etiti ihu. A na eme anya site na ịkpụcha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụrọ. Ntị aka ekpe na aka nri adịghị mma. Ugwu ndị dị n'ụdị a yiri Isi # 3 ma e wezụga ugwu dị n'akụkụ aka nri nke ihu na agbasa n'ofe ntì.<ref name=":2"/> === Isi nke 5 === Isi a nwere oghere ndị na atụle ihe dịka 5 mm n'obosara n'akụkụ abụọ nke olu n'akụkụ ala nke mgbanaka ndị a kpụrụ akpụ. &nbsp;A na ebibi mgbaaka olu. Isi a nwere naanị ihe atụ nke cross hatching n'olu. Ọnụ ya dị n'ime mgbanaka olu elu. A na ejikọta ụrọ abụọ dị ka crescent n'akụkụ iji mepụta egbugbere ọnụ nke na agbada n'ime ntì. Egbugbere ọnụ na emeghe ihe dịka 5 mm. Ezé na eme site na itinye mkpịsị ụrọ n'etiti oghere egbugbere ọnụ. &nbsp;E nwere nnukwu oghere e gosipụtara n'etiti ezé abụọ dị n'ihu. A na-etinye anya n'etiti ihu. A na eme anya site na ịkpụcha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụrọ. E nwere ugwu atọ dị larịị n'etiti anya. Ntọala nke ugwu ndị a na etinye n'elu ya yiri nke Isi nke 2, # 3, na nke 4. A na ede ihe niile dị n'ihu. Ugwu a kwụ ọtọ na agbasa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'etiti anya n'egedege ihu; n'adịghị ka isi ndị gara aga a kpọtụrụ aha nke ihu ihu ihu ya gbagọrọ agbagọ n'otu akụkụ nke isi.<ref name=":2"/> === Isi #6 === Isi a nwere oghere ndị na atụle ihe dịka 5 mm n'obosara n'akụkụ abụọ nke olu n'akụkụ ala nke mgbanaka ndị a kpụrụ akpụ. &nbsp;A na ebibi mgbaaka olu. Ọnụ efuola na ihe atụ a. A na etinye anya n'akụkụ ala nke ihu. A na eme anya site na ịkpụcha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụrọ. Anya aka nri efuola. Ntị aka ekpe adịghị mma. Akụkụ ugwu dị n'ihu ya yiri nke Heads No. 2, # 3, na No. 4. Nke a na agụnye ugwu atọ a tụrụ atụ na aga n'ihu n'etiti anya, otu ugwu na aga site na nkuku anya ruo n'elu ntị, n'akụkụ abụọ; na otu ugwu a tụrụ atụ nke na agafe ntì ruo n'ala ntị n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ihu. Nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ihe atụ a bụ na otu, kwụ ọtọ, ọnụ na agbasa site n'etiti anya gafee n'egedege ihu, na agbanye n'aka nri nke ihu.<ref name=":2"/> === Isi #7 === Isi a nwere oghere ndị na atụle ihe dịka 5 mm n'obosara n'akụkụ abụọ nke olu n'akụkụ ala nke mgbanaka ndị a kpụrụ akpụ. &nbsp;A na ebibi mgbaaka olu. Ọnụ ya na apụta dị ka ọnụ na apụ apụ, nke nwere ndagwurugwu na agbadata nke na enwu n'elu mgbanaka olu. A na eme ezé site na itinye mkpịsị ụrọ n'etiti oghere egbugbere ọnụ. E nwere nnukwu oghere e gosipụtara n'etiti ezé abụọ dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe. Ihe atụ a na anọchite anya ọdịdị dị iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere isi isii ndị ọzọ. E kere ihu nke ihe atụ a ka ọ na ebu ibu n'èzí na ala ala na etinye imi n'ebe dị ala n'akụkụ egbugbere ọnụ. Ọnọdụ egbugbere ọnụ na imi na eme ka isi a yie imi anụmanụ. A na eme anya site na ịkpụcha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụrọ. Isi a enweghị ntị dị ka ihe atụ ndị ọzọ. Ugwu ndị dị n'isi a dịgasị iche iche site na ụdị ndị gara aga. Ebe isi ndị ọzọ na ekerịta ọnụ atọ dị n'etiti anya, ihe atụ a nwere ogologo ọnụ dị n'elu nke na agbasa site n'ọnụ na apụta n'etiti Anya gaa n'egedege ihu nke na agbaji n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke ihu. Dị ka isi ndị ọzọ, Isi nke 7 nwere ọnụ ọnụ dị larịị nke na agbasa site na nkuku anya, mana ọnụ ọnụ ndị a na agbadata na ala nke ebe ntị ga adị. Enweghị ugwu dị larịị na agafe ntì dịka ọ dị na ụdị ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2"/> == Ebumnuche ịkọ nkọ == [[Usòrò:Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_Pottery_fragments.JPG|thumb|Iberibe ite ụlọ sitere n'ebe ahụ nwere ihe ịchọ mma yiri nke isi Lydenburg]] Nkọwa dị ugbu a gbara ndị isi Lydenburg gburugburu bụ na enwere ike ịmepụta ha iji rụọ ọrụ ememe na ma ọ bụ ememe gụnyere ikike mmalite.<ref name=":1"/> Obere onye dị ka nwa okorobịa nwere ike iyi ihe abụọ buru ibu. Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, isi ndị a nwere ike ịnọchite anya ihe dị mkpa na ndụ nwata nwoke dịka ịghọ nwoke, ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ememe dị ka icheta nna nna.<ref name="maggs"/> Isi ise ndị dị obere nwere oghere n'akụkụ ha nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na atụ aro na enwere ike iji ha jikọta ha na ihe n'oge ha na eji ha eme ihe.[1] A na ekwu na akara ndị dị n'ihu na n'etiti anya na anọchite anya akara scarification, omume a na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ihe akaebe a na ahụ nke scarification n'ime ụmụ nke oge a nke ndị rụrụ isi.<ref name=":2"/> Ndị na eme nchọpụta na atụ aro na ọ nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na a tụfuru isi ndị ahụ kama e liri ha n'amaghị ama, ma ọ bụ bibie ha na ngwụcha emume a kapịrị ọnụ, nke nwere ike igosi mkpa ha dị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.messagetoeagle.com/lydenburgheads.php#.Vmh-CXarS1t|title=Mysterious Creators of Lydenburg Heads - MessageToEagle.com|work=www.messagetoeagle.com|accessdate=9 December 2015|archivedate=25 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625044321/http://messagetoeagle.com/lydenburgheads.php#.Vmh-CXarS1t}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> Isi ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ememe ememe ma ọ bụ mmụba nke ndị nna nna dị mkpa. Ndị isi na egosi njirimara nke ọtụtụ ìgwè dị iche iche na kọntinent ahụ gụnyere; The Bantu, The Ndebele, na The [[Edo people|Bini]].[3]<ref name=":2" /> == Hụkwa == * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Iziko nke South Africa == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe ndị isi Lydenburg, naSAHRA [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2fzold0pjes2hc7pt6wnskibqwsqjmp 0 46218 697477 189122 2026-08-10T00:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697477 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Nok Kultur, Nigeria. Fragment eines Gefäßes mit mehreren Figuren im Halbrelief..jpg|thumb|Nok culture]] Ọdịbendị Nok bụ ndị a na akpọ aha obodo Ham nke Nok na ndịda Kaduna Steeti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ebe a chọpụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ ha na 1928. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nok|url=https://africa.uima.uiowa.edu/peoples/show/Nok|accessdate=25 February 2022|archivedate=28 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428165952/https://africa.uima.uiowa.edu/peoples/show/Nok}}</ref><ref name="Obikili">{{Cite book|author=Obikili|first=Nonso|title=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198804307|editor=Levan|chapter=State Formation in Precolonial Nigeria|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.1|oclc=1076346474|chapterurl=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780192526311_A35506288/preview-9780192526311_A35506288.pdf#page=58}}</ref> Ndị Nok na ndị Gajiganna nwere ike isi na Central Sahara kwapụ, tinyere pearl millet na ite ite, kewara tupu ha eruo n'ebe ugwu nke Naịjirịa, wee si otú a biri n'ebe ha dị iche iche na mpaghara Gajigana na Nok.<ref name="Champion"/> Ndị Nok nwekwara ike ịkwaga site na Sahel nke West Africa gaa na mpaghara Nok.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Breunig|first=Peter|title=Exploring the Nok Culture|date=January 2017|publisher=Goethe University|url=http://araf.studiumdigitale.uni-frankfurt.de/attachments/110_Nok%20Brosch%C3%BCre%20Exploring%20the%20Nok%20Culture%20online.pdf}}</ref> Ọdịbendị Nok nwere ike ịpụta na 1500 BCE ma gaa n'ihu ruo 1 BCE.[3]<ref name="Champion" /> Ndị Nok nwere ike mepụta ihe a tụrụ atụ, site na mmepụta akụ na ụba buru ibu, <ref name="Sun">{{Cite journal|author=Sun|first=Z. J.|title=Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of Nok sculptures in I. P. Stanback Museum|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-017-5297-8|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry|year=2017|volume=313|pages=85–92|doi=10.1007/s10967-017-5297-8|issn=0236-5731}}</ref> dị ka akụkụ nke omenala olili ozu dị mgbagwoju anya <ref name="Breunig II">{{Cite book|author=Breunig|first=Peter|editor=Falola|title=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-005009-2|pages=123–124|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050092.013.5|oclc=1267402325|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ5YEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22nok+culture%22&pg=PA136|chapter=Prehistoric Developments In Nigeria}}</ref> nke nwere ike ịgụnye omume dịka oriri.<ref name="Champion"/> Ihe osise ndị mbụ nke Nok terracotta nwere ike ịmalite na 900 BCE.[3] Ụfọdụ ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok terracotta na egosi ndị na eji slingshots, yana ụta na akụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe na egosi na ndị Nok na [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]], ma ọ bụ na ejide, nke anụmanụ ndị a na enweghị ebe obibi.<ref name="Franke"/> Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok na egosi mmadụ abụọ, tinyere ngwongwo ha, n'ụgbọ mmiri.[4] Ha abụọ anthropomorphic figures na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwagharị.<ref name="Männel">{{Cite journal|author=Männel|first=Tanja M.|title=The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|date=12 Jan 2016|volume=14|issue=3|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10300|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/14/3/article-p313_4.xml|issn=1612-1651}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike igosi na ndị Nok na eji ụgbọ mmiri na ebu ibu, n'akụkụ osimiri (dịka, Osimiri Gurara) nke Osimiri Niger, ma gbanwere ha na netwọk azụmahịa mpaghara.[5] Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke onye nwere mkpokoro mmiri n'isi ya nwere ike igosi na ogologo Ụzọ azụmahịa ndị a nwere ike ịgbasa ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]].[5] N'Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụgbọ mmiri nke [[Afrịka]], e nwere Ụgbọ mmiri Dufuna mbụ, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 8000 gara aga na mpaghara ugwu nke Naịjirịa; dị ka ụdị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ a maara na Sub-Saharan Africa, e mepụtara ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara etiti nke Naịjarịa n'oge puku afọ mbụ BCE.[5]<ref name="Männel" /> Omenala nka ikpeazụ nke West Africa Bura nke Niger (narị afọ nke atọ OA narị afọ nke iri OA), Koma nke [[Ghana]] (narị nke asaa OA - karni nke iri na ise OA), [[Igbo-Ukwu bronzes|Igbo-Ukwu]] nke Nigeria (narị wa itoolu OA - afọ nke iri), Jenne-Jeno nke Mali (narị narị afọ nke otu OA - na narị afọ nke abụọ OA), na Ile Ife nke Nigeria (karị wa iri na otu OA ruo narị afọ nke ise OA) - nwere ike ịbụ na mbụ e ji ụrọ mee ka ọdịnala Nok.<ref name="Ramsamy">{{Cite book|author=Ramsamy|first=Edward|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date=January 5, 2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=Koma%20Ghana|chapter=Part I: Prehistory To 1400|isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7|doi=10.4135/9781452218458|oclc=809773339}}</ref> A na ahụkarị ebe obibi Nok n'elu ugwu.<ref name="Rupp">{{Cite journal|author=Rupp|first=Nicole|title=New Studies on the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|date=2005|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10056|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228965010|issn=1612-1651}}</ref> Iron metallurgy nwere ike mepụtara n'onwe ya na omenala Nok n'etiti 750 BCE na 550 BCE.<ref name="Champion">{{Cite journal|author=Champion|first=Louis|title=A question of rite—pearl millet consumption at Nok culture sites, Nigeria (second/first millennium BC)|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|date=15 December 2022|volume=32|issue=3|pages=263–283|doi=10.1007/s00334-022-00902-0}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=Duncan E.|year=1994|title=Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1994_35_1/page/1|journal=Journal of African History|volume=35|pages=1–36|doi=10.1017/s0021853700025949}}</ref><ref name="Minze">{{Cite journal|first=Minze|author=Stuiver|authorlink=Minze Stuiver|title=Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1968-02_9_1/page/54|journal=Current Anthropology|year=1968|volume=9|issue=1|pages=54–58|doi=10.1086/200878}}</ref><ref name="Ehret">{{Cite book|author=Ehret|first=Christopher|title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE|date=2023|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691244105|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ|chapter=African Firsts in the History of Technology|doi=10.2307/j.ctv34kc6ng.5|oclc=1330712064}}</ref> == Mmalite == Breunig na Rupp (2016) kwuru, sị: "A maghị mmalite ha, mana ebe ọ bụ na osisi ha ji mee ihe dị ka ihe ọkụkụ (karịsịa millet) bụ ụmụ amaala mpaghara Sahel, ala nna ha dị n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa nke ọ bụla ọzọ. " <ref name="Breunig">{{Cite journal|author=Breunig|first=Peter|title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|date=2016|volume=14|issue=3|pages=242, 247|doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10298|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/14/3/article-p237_1.pdf|issn=1612-1651}}</ref> Breunig (2017) kọwara, sị: 'Ndị ọdịbendị Nok ga esi ebe ọzọ bịa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anyị amaghị mpaghara, ọ bụ ezie na anyị na eche na mpaghara Sahel dị na West Africa. " <ref name=":0"/> Champion et al. (2022) tụrụ aro na ha nwere ike isi na Central Sahara, ma kwuo:<blockquote>Ịkọ ugbo pearl millet sitere na West na Central Sahara na akpọnwụ n'ime mpaghara savanna nke West Africa mgbe 2500 BCE gasịrị, n'ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda (Ozainne et al. 2014; Neumann 2018; Fuller et al. 2021)... Ọnụnọ nke pearl millet na enweghị ihe ịchọ mma ma ọ bụ chaff temper, dị ka a hụrụ na Nok na mmalite Gajiganna saịtị, na-egosi na mgbasa nke atọ sitere kpọmkwem na etiti Sahara na ikekwe tupu ha eruo ugwu Naị Nigeria, na aza maka ọdịiche dị na Nokiganna pottery na Gajig.<ref name="Champion"/></blockquote> [[Usòrò:West_African_sites_with_archaeobotanical_remains_from_third_to_first_millennium_cal_bc.webp|thumb|250x250px|Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka nwere foduru site na narị afọ nke atọ ruo nke mbụ cal BC. Àkụ́ ndị ahụ na-egosi ntụzịaka nke mgbasa millet pearl n'ime Sub-Saharan West Africa, gụnyere 5. mpaghara mpaghara Nok.]] == Ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ ==   A maghị ọrụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Nok terracotta. N'akụkụ ka ukwuu, a na echekwa terracotta n'ụdị iberibe ndị gbasasịrị. Ọ bụ ya mere na a maara ihe osise Nok nke ọma taa naanị maka isi, ma nwoke ma nwanyị, ndị ntutu isi ha zuru oke ma dị mma. Ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ dị n'ime iberibe n'ihi na a na ejikarị apịtị eme nchọpụta, n'ala nke mmiri na eme. Ihe oyiyi terracotta a chọtara n'ebe ahụ zoro ezo, tụgharịa, nụchaa, ma mebie. Ọ na esiri ike na arụ ọrụ buru ibu na echekwa n'enweghị nsogbu na eme ka ha bụrụ ndị a na eji akpọrọ ihe n'ahịa nka mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ancient Nok Culture Kaduna State|work=Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Ancient-Nok-Kaduna.html|accessdate=2022-02-04}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi terracotta bụ oghere, coil wuru, isi na ahụ mmadụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a na egosipụta na ihe ndị dị elu, ọtụtụ ọla, na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche. N'ihi otu ihe osise nke ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ n'ofe ọdịbendị Nok, n'adịghị ka ihe dịgasị iche iche nke ite ite Nok, a na eche na e ji ụrọ ole na ole mee ihe osise Nok, na atụ aro mmepụta dị n'etiti na nke pụrụ iche.<ref name="BP2 2014">{{Cite book|author=Breunig|first=Peter|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&q=Nok+sculpture+composition%3D&pg=PA23|title=Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Africa Magna|isbn=9783937248462}}</ref> Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ọrụ mbụ nke iberibe ahụ, mana echiche gụnyere onyinyo ndị nna nna, akara ili, na amara iji gbochie ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, dabere na ntọala dị ka dome nke a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi maka elu ụlọ nke ihe owuwu oge ochie. Margaret Young-Sanchez, onye na ahụ maka nkà nke America, Africa, na Oceania na Cleveland Museum of Art, na akọwa na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ceramics Nok bụ ndị e ji aka kpụọ site na ụrọ nke na enweghị ntụ ma jiri nwayọọ kpụzie ya n'ụzọ na egosi mmetụta sitere na osisi. ihe osise. Mgbe akpọchara ụfọdụ ihe, a na ekpuchi ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị ahụ na amị amị ma kpọọ ya ọkụ ka o wee mee ka elu ya dị larịị, na egbuke egbuke. Ọnụọgụ ndị ahụ nwere oghere, nwere ọtụtụ oghere iji kwado ihicha na ịgba egbe nke ọma. O yikarịrị ka usoro ịgba égbè ahụ yiri nke a na eme taa na Naijiria, bụ́ ebe a na eji ahịhịa, alaka na akwụkwọ kpuchie iberibe ya ma kpọọ ya ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ awa. N'ihi mbuze na nkwụsị nke okike, Nok terracottas gbasasịrị na omimi dị iche iche n'ime ala ahịhịa Sahel, na akpata ihe isi ike na mkpakọrịta na nhazi nke ihe omimi. N'ụzọ dị mma, a chọtara ebe abụọ e gwupụtara ihe, Samun Dukiya na Taruga, nwere ihe osise Nok nke a na emetụbeghị. Nnyocha Radiocarbon na thermo-luminescence mere ka ihe ndị ahụ a kpụrụ akpụ bụrụ ụbọchị dị iche iche n'etiti ihe dị ka afọ 2,900 na 2,000 gara aga, na eme ka ha bụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị kasị ochie na Western Africa. A chọtara ọtụtụ ụbọchị ndị ọzọ n'oge nchọpụta ihe ochie ọhụrụ, na agbatị mmalite nke ọdịnala Nok ọbụna n'oge gara aga.<ref name="BP 2014">{{Cite book|author=Breunig|first=Peter|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&dq=african+sculpture+in+archaeological&pg=PA22|title=Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Africa Magna|isbn=9783937248462}}</ref> N'ihi myirịta dị n'etiti ebe abụọ ahụ, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Graham Connah kwenyere na "Nok artwork na anọchite anya ụdị nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na eji ígwè eme ihe nke ọdịbendị dịgasị iche iche, kama ịbụ ihe nchọpụta nke otu ìgwè mmadụ dịka a na ekwukarị. " Ndị Nok nwere ike mepụta ihe a tụrụ atụ site na mmepụta akụ na ụba buru ibu.<ref name="Sun"/> N'etiti ihe osise Nok terracotta na Pangwari, e nwere ihe osise na egosi nnukwu ezé Therianthropic ([[Madụ̀|mmadụ]]-feline) na ahụ nke onye nọ ọdụ na eyi belt gburugburu úkwù ha na ihe olu, nke gbakwunyere ihe osise (dịka, ụta, eriri); e nwekwara ihe osise ndị na egosi isi nke onye nwere ọnụ nnụnụ na isi nke nwoke nwere mkpokoro na ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ nke otu onye ahụ mepụtara.<ref name="Franke"/> Tụkwasị na nke a, e nwere ihe a tụrụ atụ nke na egosi ndị na eji slingshots, yana ụta na akụ, nke nwere ike igosi ndị Nok na [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]], ma ọ bụ na ejide, nke anụmanụ ndị a na achịkwaghị achịkwa.[2]<ref name="Franke" /> Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Nok na egosi mmadụ abụọ, tinyere ngwongwo ha, n'ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="Franke">{{Cite journal|author=Franke|first=Gabriele|title=Pits, pots and plants at Pangwari: Deciphering the nature of a Nok Culture site|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0067270X.2020.1757902|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|year=2020|volume=55|issue=2|pages=129–188|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2020.1757902|issn=0067-270X}}</ref> Ha abụọ anthropomorphic figures na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na akwagharị.<ref name="Männel"/> Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike igosi na ndị Nok na eji ụgbọ mmiri na ebu ibu, n'akụkụ osimiri (dịka, Osimiri Gurara) nke Osimiri Niger, ma gbanwere ha na netwọk azụmahịa mpaghara.[2] Ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke onye nwere mkpokoro mmiri n'isi ya nwere ike igosi na ogologo Ụzọ azụmahịa ndị a nwere ike ịgbasa ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]].[2] N'Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụgbọ mmiri nke [[Afrịka]], e nwere Ụgbọ mmiri Dufuna mbụ, nke e wuru ihe dị ka afọ 8000 gara aga na mpaghara ugwu nke Naịjirịa; dị ka ụdị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ a maara na Sub-Saharan Africa, e mepụtara ihe ngosi Nok terracotta nke ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara etiti Naịjiria n'oge puku afọ mbụ BCE.[2]<ref name="Männel" /> Dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na ebe ọdịbendị ihe ochie nke Nok, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke icheku ọkụ dị n'etiti ihe oyiyi nke Nok, ngwongwo (dịka, arịa ndị a rụrụ na nkà, ọtụtụ ihe olu nkume) a chọtara n'olulu ili nke na akwado echiche nke ha na eje ozi dị ka ebe ili, ọdịiche dị na agba ala nke olulu ili na mpaghara ala ha dị nso, na olulu ili nwere ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke a na akwado nkwubi okwu ahụ na ihe oyiyi nke ihe oyiyi Nok bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ili dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="Breunig II"/> Omenala nka ikpeazụ nke West Africa - Bura nke Niger (narị afọ nke atọ OA - narị afọ nke iri OA), Koma nke [[Ghana]] (narị nke asaa OA - karni nke iri na ise OA), [[Igbo-Ukwu bronzes|Igbo-Ukwu]] nke Nigeria (narị wa itoolu OA - afọ nke iri), Jenne-Jeno nke Mali (narị narị afọ nke otu OA - na narị afọ nke abụọ OA), na Ile Ife nke Nigeria (karị wa iri na otu OA ruo narị afọ nke ise OA) - nwere ike ịbụ na mbụ e ji ụrọ mee ka ọdịnala Nok.<ref name="Ramsamy"/> == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ọ bụ Colonel Dent Young, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/09/nok-art-of-ancient-nigeria/|title=Nok art of Ancient Nigeria|date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ na egwupụta ihe n'ala, chọtara ala Nok mbụ na 1928. <ref>Chesi, G. & Merzeder, G. (2006). ''The Nok Culture: Art in Nigeria 2500 Years Ago''</ref> E gwupụtara terracotta ahụ na mberede na ọkwa nke 24 feet (7 site na ebe a na egwupụta tin. Young nyere ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ na Museum of the Department of Mines na [[Jos]].<ref name="ST 1981">{{Cite journal|author=Shaw|first=Thurstan|year=1981|title=The Nok sculptures of Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1981-02_244_2/page/154|journal=Scientific American|volume=244|issue=2|pages=154–166|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0281-154}}</ref> Afọ iri na ise ka e mesịrị, na 1943 n'akụkụ obodo Nok, n'etiti Naịjirịa, a chọtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ihe oyiyi ụrọ site na mberede mgbe a na egwupụta tin. Otu onye odeakwụkwọ na ahụ maka ebe a na egwupụta ihe n'ime ala achọtawo isi ma weghachite ya n'ụlọ ya maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na emenye ụjọ, ọrụ ọ na ejupụta (nke ọma) ruo otu afọ n'ọhịa [[Jí|yam]]. [[Bernard Fagg]] mechara hụ egwu a bụ onye ọrụ nchịkwa n'oge ahụ nke gụrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Cambridge. Fagg chọpụtara na isi dị n'elu scarecrow yiri ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Young chọtara. Ọ gara [[Jos]] ebe Young gosiri Fagg ihe ndị ọzọ a chọtara n'oge na adịbeghị anya. N'ikpeazụ, o doro anya na igwu ala na mpaghara Nok na Jema'a na ekpughe ma na ebibi ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala.<ref name="ST 1981"/>   Igwupụta ihe mbụ na mbido Jenụwarị 1961 malitere na nso ndagwurugwu dịpụrụ adịpụ a na akpọ Taruga na nso obodo [[Takushara.|Takushara]]. E mere nchọpụta nnwale ahụ n'ime ụbọchị asatọ. Ihe ndị a chọtara gụnyere ihe ndị e ji ígwè kpụọ, ọtụtụ ụrọ ígwè, iberibe tuyere, ite, iberibi ihe oyiyi, ocher na acha ọbara ọbara, nkume Quartz, na obere ụyọkọ icheku ọkụ. Ihe ndị a ma ama chọtara n'ebe ahụ bụ ihe ndị e ji ụrọ kpụọ nke na adịghị omimi, efere dị larịị nke a na etinye n'ime ya na usoro dị iche iche iji mepụta elu dị nkọ. O yikarịrị ka a na eji ihe ndị a eme ihe maka nri. N'ime nchọpụta mbụ, e ji nyocha proton magnetometer mee ihe iji nwalee ịchọta ọkụ ọkụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughere ngụkọta nke 61 magnetic anomalies nke na adịkarị na mbara ala, etiti nke nwere ike igosi ókè nke ọrụ n'ezie. Iri abụọ n'ime anomalies kpughere oke nke slag na itoolu n'ime ha nwere ihe owuwu nke mgbidi ọkụ na ntọala. Ụdị ihe eji eme ihe a na ahụkarị bụ ite ụlọ nke enwere ike kewaa n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche. Otu ụdị bụ efere ma ọ bụ efere na enweghị egbugbere ọnụ na nke ọzọ bụ ite globular nke nwere egbugbere abụọ. N'ihi nchọpụta mbụ a, a ga amalite iwere Ọdịbendị Nok dị ka nke Iron Age.<ref name="FB 1969">{{Cite journal|author=Fagg|first=Bernard|year=1969|title=Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture|journal=World Archaeology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=41–50|doi=10.1080/00438243.1969.9979425}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmekorita n'etiti Mahadum Maiduguri nke dị na Borno Steeti, Naijiria, na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Mahadum Goethe Frankfurt. Ọrụ a nyochara mmalite nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na anọkarị na Chad Basin. Ajụjụ bilitere banyere ma e nwere ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị nọ na Chad Basin, na ajụjụ ndị a mere ka ndị otu ahụ nyochaa Ọdịbendị Nok. Na mbido nke Frankfurt Nok Project, ndị na eme nchọpụta nwere nsogbu ịchọta ebe ha ga egwu. Ndị otu ahụ malitere iso [[Umaru Yusuf Potiskum]] rụkọọ ọrụ ma ha malitere ịchọta ebe ọdịbendị Nok dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na e zuuru ọtụtụ n'ime ha.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> Ọrụ sayensị malitere n'afọ 2005 iji nyochaa ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala nke Nok ma ghọtakwuo ihe ndị a tụrụ atụ nke Nok n'ime ihe ndị e gwopụtara n'ala n'oge Iron Age, <ref name="BP 2014"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Breunig|first=Peter|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ39AAAAQBAJ|title=Nok: Ein Ursprung afrikanischer Skulptur|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Africa Magna|isbn=9783937248387}}</ref> ma mechie ya na 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Breunig|first=Peter|url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/kahlheber/index.html|title=Exploring the Nok enigma|journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]]|volume=82|issue=316|date=June 2008}}</ref><ref name="Champion"/> === Ebe obibi na ihe owuwu === Na mpaghara etiti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], a na ekpebi Ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala nke Nok ka ha bụrụ ebe obibi, dabere na ihe akaebe ndị e gwopụtara ihe n"ala nke ebe ndị ahụ, ma kpebie na ha bụ nke ọdịbendị Nok, dabere na ụdị ihe akaebe nke ndị e gwapụtara ihe n "Nok terracotta" fọdụrụ na ite Nok.<ref name="Rupp"/> A chọtawo ebe obibi Nok na mbara ala dị larịị, n'elu ugwu, na ndagwurugwu na elu ugwu. O yiri ka a họọrọ ihe ụfọdụ dị ka ugwu na ndagwurugwu dị nro, ikekwe n'ihi na ha nyere mmiri dị mma n'oge mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nnyocha mbụ e bipụtara na 2005, Rupp et al. kwuru na a tụrụ ntọala mgbidi site na granite dị n'okpuru ebe obibi nke Kochio, nakwa na e wuru 'mgbidi nkume buru ibu' gburugburu ebe etiti n'ebe obibi ahụ.[1] Otú ọ dị, na nyocha ọzọ e bipụtara na 2016 ndị edemede kwubiri na ndị a bụ n'ezie ihe ndị a na akọwaghị nke ọma, nakwa na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe maka ụlọ nkume ọ bụla na saịtị Nok, ma e wezụga ihe a na adịghị ahụkebe nke ntọala nkume okirikiri nke ụlọ a chọtara na Puntun Dutse.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Breunig|first=Peter|date=13 Dec 2016|title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44295241|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=247|doi=}}</ref> Ihe akaebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na egosi na e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka osisi, ahịhịa, na akpụkpọ anụ wuo ụlọ Nok, nke rere n'ahapụghị ihe ndị a na ahụ anya n'ala.[2] Ebe obibi ndị Nok bụ ma ọ bụ obodo nta ma ọ bụ otu ogige, yiri n'ogo nke ugbo nke oge a dị n'otu ebe ahụ. Enweghị ihe na egosi na ndị mmadụ gbakọtara n'elu obodo, ya mere "enweghị ihe akaebe nke ga eme ka e nwee obodo dị iche iche nke ga adị mkpa iji zụlite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime àgwà nke mgbagwoju anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. " Ọtụtụ nchọpụta na atụmanya egosiwo na ọ nweghị obodo ma ọ bụ ụdị obodo ọ bụla dị na ọdịbendị Nok, ọ nweghịkwa ihe akaebe a chọtara maka ụlọ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ ebe ndị otu obodo dị elu bi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Breunig|first=Peter|date=13 Dec 2016|title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44295241|journal=Journal of African Archaeology|volume=14|issue=3|pages=251|doi=}}</ref> Enweghị stratigraphies buru ibu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke usoro mmepụta ugwu na egosi na ebe Nok nwere obere oge obibi. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, ihe akaebe na egosi na obodo ọdịbendị Nok dị obere ma hazie ya n'ìgwè ndị na achị onwe ha. Dị ka Rupp et al. si kwuo (2016):   === Ịkpụ ígwè === Iron metallurgy nwere ike mepụta na omenala Nok n'etiti 750 BCE na 550 BCE. <ref name="Champion"/> <ref name="Miller"/><ref name="Minze"/> Ndị Nok nwere ike ichepụta ígwè na narị afọ nke 9 BCE ma ọ bụ narị afọ nke 8 BCE. <ref name="Ehret"/> === Ngwá ọrụ nkume === Ụdị ngwá ọrụ nkume ndị a na-ahụ na saịtị Nok na agbanwe ntakịrị n'ime oge nile nke omenala Nok. Ihe na achọkarị ịkụ ndị na eme nchọpụta aka bụ enweghị ngwá ọrụ ịkpụ. E wezụga anyụike nkume, ọ dịghị ngwá ọrụ nwere ihe nbibi ahụghị. Isi ihe ndị e ji ígwè ma ọ bụ nkume mee adịghịkwa na saịtị Nok. Ngwá ọrụ igwe nri bụ ihe a na ahụkarị na saịtị Nok. A naghị echekwa ha n'otu akụkụ, mana ha ka nwere ike igosi ọdịdị na nha dị iche iche nke ngwaọrụ eji eme ihe n'omenala Nok. A na eji Quartzite, granite, ma ọ bụ Nkume metamorphic eme nkume igwe. N'ebe [[Ungwar Kura]] dị, o yiri ka a na etinye nkume igwe n'usoro ụfọdụ, na ebe Ido dị, a na ahazi nnukwu nkume igwe n"ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na ite na nkume dị n'akụkụ ha. A na eche na ọnọdụ a bụ ememe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na egwe ihe na-adị naanị aka. N'ebe nile nke Nok, e nwere ọtụtụ slabs ma o yiri ka e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke nkume aka. O kwere omume na ndị otu Nok Culture jiri igwe ihe ndị a ruo mgbe ha ruru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, wee jiri ha mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> Akpụkpọ ụkwụ nkume bụ ngwá ọrụ ọzọ ndị Nok na ejikarị eme ihe. A na ejikarị nkume mgbawa ugwu eme ha (a na ahụkwa nkume siliceous mgbe ụfọdụ), ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe na nkwadebe nri. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị a na adịkarị obere, nke kachasị ukwuu na eru sentimita 20. A na ahụ bọọlụ nkume n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla a na akpọ Nok ma bụrụ ihe dịka nkwụ. O yikarịrị ka a na eji ha eme ihe dị ka hammerstones ma ọ bụ maka ime ka elu nkume igwe sie ike. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ha niile ka ha nwere ọdịdị bọl, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwekwara akara chipping n'ebe niile ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'otu ebe. O yikarịrị ka bọl nkume ndị a ga arụ ọrụ dị ka nkume igwe na agagharị agagharị.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> A chọpụtakwala mgbaaka nkume na saịtị Nok Culture. A na ahụkarị ha dị ka iberibe ma enwere ike ịmata ha dị ka mgbaaka n'ihi akụkụ ha dị larịị, oghere ma ọ bụ triangular na ọdịdị ha. Mgbaaka nkume ndị a dị ụkọ ma a maghị ebumnuche ha, mana a tụwo aro iji ha mee ihe dị ka ego ma ọ bụ ihe mgbanwe. Ihe ọzọ a na adịghị ahụkebe bụ nkume beads, nke a na ahụkarị dị ka a ga asị na a na eke ya na eriri. A na ejikarị nkume siri ike dị ka Quartz, chalcedony, Jasper, ma ọ bụ Carnelian mee beads. E nwere ụdị bead atọ dị iche iche: cylindrical, nke bụ ọdịdị a na ahụkarị, yana osisi na mgbaaka.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> === Nkume === Akpụkpọ ite (ikpụkpọ ite) bụ ihe nchọpụta ihe ochie kachasị n'ebe Nok. Kemgbe afọ 2009, a na enyocha ite ndị e gwupụtara n'usoro na ebumnuche dị mkpa iji gbalịa ịmepụta usoro iheomume. Ụfọdụ àgwà nke ite dị ka ịchọ mma, ọdịdị, na nha na apụta ugboro ugboro ma pụọ n'anya, na eji àgwà ite dị iche iche dochie ya. Mgbanwe a nwere ike ikwe ka mmadụ kewaa ọganihu n'ime oge dị iche iche dabere na àgwà dị iche iche. N'ozuzu, a chịkọtara ihe dị ka iberibe ite 90,000, nke a na ewere 15,000 dị ka nchọpụta, nke pụtara na a na achọ ha mma, iberibe site na rim ma ọ bụ ala nke arịa ahụ, ma ọ bụ ha nwere aka ma ọ bụ oghere n'ime ha. Enwere ike ịkọwa nsonaazụ nke nyocha ite n'ime oge atọ dị iche iche: Early, Middle, na Late. ==== Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ kpụọ n'oge Nok ==== Site n'ihe dị ka 1500-900 BC, ite ite nke Oge Nok Mbụ na-abụkarị obere ma echebeghị nke ọma. O yiri ka a na achọ ha mma nke ọma na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'okpuru ọnụ arịa ma na ekpuchi akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ahụ ceramic. Akara ndị e mere n'arịa ahụ yiri ka ha dị mma ma ọ bụ na agbagọ agbagọ. A na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ahịrị ndị dị nso na ụfọdụ ọbụna nwere ahịrị ndị na agafe n'okpuru rim. Ọkpụite na enwekarị obosara, obosara. ==== Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ mee n'oge etiti Nok ==== Oge Middle Nok bụ ihe dịka site na c. 900-300 BC na n'oge a enwere mmụba dị egwu nke ebe, iberibe terracotta na ihe ígwè. Kama ịchọ mma nke oge mbụ, nke na ekpuchi ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ite ahụ, kama nke ahụ, enwere eriri ịchọ mma nke nwere akara dị omimi. Akara a na apụta na ọkara elu nke ite ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'okpuru rim nke efere. Akara ụfọdụ nwere nsọtụ dị nkọ yana akara zigzag ma ọ bụ ebili mmiri ma ọ bụ oghere a tụrụ atụ. N'adịghị ka oge Early Nok, ceramics nke Middle Nok na enwekarị ụdị dị iche iche na rim nwere rims, efere mepere emepe, efere nwere rims a tụgharịrị atụgharị na ihe ịchọ mma akara a tụrụ atụ na egbugbere ọnụ rims. ==== Arịa ndị e ji ụrọ mee n'oge Nok ==== Oge Late Nok sitere na ihe dịka 300-1 BC ma nwee naanị ebe ole na ole a maara. E nwere obere ite dị maka nyocha mana site na ite a chọtara enwere mbelata na nkwụsi ike nke eriri ịchọ mma. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na eji bands eme ihe, a na achọ ha mma nke ọma na nhazi ndị ọzọ. A na enwekarị usoro ịchọ mma ahụ. Ụdị dịgasị iche iche na ụdị rim yiri ka ha na abawanye karịa ka ọ dị n'oge Middle Nok. [[Usòrò:East-Hem_400bc.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Map nke ụwa ochie na 400 BC na egosi ọdịbendị Nok]] Dị ka ndị Chad Basin na Omenala Kintampo, ndị omenala Nok jiri usoro ihe ọkụkụ ngwakọta nke ịzụlite cowpeas na pearl millet yana iji mkpụrụ osisi oleaginous.<ref name="Kahlheber">{{Cite web|author=Kahlheber|first=S|title=Archaeobotanical Studies at Nok sites: an Interim Report|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265269927|work=ResearchGate|publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> Na Pangwari, a na azụlite ma na akụ ọka pearl, a na'azụlite cowpeas, na ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche (dịka, Caesalpinioideae, Canarium schweinfurthii, Combretaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Vitex). <ref name="Franke"/> Ịchụ nta na ịnakọta bụ usoro ọzọ nke ndị Nok na-esote.[2]<ref name="Franke" /> ==== Mkpụrụ osisi ==== Ndị Nok nwere ike ịkwaga n'ógbè etiti nke Naijiria ma webata n'ọ́tụ̀ ahụ ihe ọmụma ọrụ ugbo nke ịkọ pearl millet n'etiti 1500 BCE na 900 BCE.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal|author=Kay|first=Andrea U.|title=Diversification, Intensification and Specialization: Changing Land Use in Western Africa from 1800 BC to AD 1500|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|year=2019|volume=32|issue=2|pages=179–228|doi=10.1007/s10963-019-09131-2}}</ref> N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile dị na Nok, e nwere ihe fọdụrụnụ nke osisi na ere ọkụ nke nwere nkụ na ihe ọkụkụ maka isi nri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Nok people|url=http://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/nok.html|accessdate=2022-02-25|work=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> A na ahụkarị ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ nke pearl millet, otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ọka kachasị ochie n'Africa. Pearl millet na amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu ma na eguzogide ọnọdụ na adịghị mma, gụnyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. A na ahụkwa Cowpeas, nke bara uru maka protein dị elu, na saịtị ụfọdụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, pearl millet na cowpeas bụ naanị ihe ọkụkụ a maara na ndị Nok na akụ. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ha riri ma ọ bụ na azụ ụdị tubers ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ nkume igwe a chọtara na ebe Nok na egosi na a na egweri ọka ahụ n'ime ntụ ọka ma mee ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nri.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> ==== Mkpụrụ osisi ==== A chọtawo olulu siri ike site na mkpụrụ osisi ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe Nok. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a chọtara mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ nke osisi ndị ọzọ dị ka ahịhịa na legumes. N'ozuzu, enweghi nnukwu nhọrọ nke ihe fọdụrụnụ, mana nke a nwere ike ịpụta na echebeghị ha.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> Ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ na adịbeghị anya nke ihe fọdụrụ na osisi Carbonized nke Nok na egosi na ha na eri mkpụrụ osisi.<ref name="JDunne">{{Cite journal|author=Dunne|first=Julie|date=14 January 2022|title=Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-021-01476-0|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|volume=14|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007/s12520-021-01476-0|accessdate=}}</ref> ==== Osisi na ọrụ ugbo ==== O yikarịrị ka ndị Nok jiri usoro agroforestry, na ejikọta ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ na osisi bara uru n'otu ala ahụ. Ubi ndị a na adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ osisi na ọtụtụ ụdị osisi a na akụ akụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị site na savanna ruo n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, na mmalite nke omume ahụ na alaghachi na puku afọ mbụ BC, n'oge ọdịbendị Nok. Ọtụtụ osisi ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka abụghị ndị a na azụ n'ụlọ mana ha bụ akụkụ nke ahịhịa ọhịa nke a na-ahapụ mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo kpochapụrụ ubi ha. N'ihi na a hapụrụ ha ka ha too, ha na amụba n'ụzọ okike n'enweghị mkpa ka a kụọ ha. Osisi nwere ike imepụta nri, ọgwụ na nri anụmanụ.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> ==== Anụmanụ ==== N'ihi ala acid, ọ dịghị ọkpụkpụ anụmanụ sitere na ọdịbendị Nok echekwara, na ahapụghị ihe akaebe doro anya nke ụdị ha nwere ike ịzụlite (ma ọ bụ ịchụ nta). Nanị ihe akaebe maka ụmụ anụmanụ n'oge ọdịbendị Nok bụ ihe ngosi nke ụmụ anụmanụ dị ka ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> ==== Nri ==== Ka ọ na erule afọ 3500 gara aga, ndị ọrụ ugbo Nok na-achịkọta ma na eji ngwaahịa aṅụ (dịka, na achịkwa mmanụ aṅụ n'ime ite ite). <ref name="Dunne">{{Cite journal|author=Dunne|first=Julie B.|title=Honey-collecting in prehistoric West Africa from 3500 years ago|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/honey-collecting-in-prehistoric-west-africa-from-3500-years-ago|journal=Nature Communications|year=2021|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4|pmid=33854053}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo Nok nwere ike iji mmanụ aṅụ mee ihe iji gbakwunye na nri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref name="Dunne II">{{Cite journal|author=Dunne|first=Julie|title=Honey-collecting in prehistoric West Africa from 3500 years ago|journal=Nature Communications|year=2021|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4|pmid=33854053}}</ref> Dị ka ihe akaebe nke ihe fọdụrụ na wax aṅụ na abụba sitere n'anụmanụ na ceramics, enwere ike iji ite ahụ nchekwa anụ, yana mmanụ aṅụ eji echekwa.[2]<ref name="Dunne II" /> == Izu ohi na ịlaghachi == Kemgbe afọ 1970, a na ezu ohi ihe oyiyi nke Nok terracotta. Ọbụna ịpụnara mmadụ ihe buru ibu malitere na mpaghara ọdịbendị Nok na 1994, na 1995 ndị isi ahịa abụọ pụtara. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị isi ahịa nwere ike iwe ihe dịka 1,000 ndị na egwu ala iji gwupụta terracottas kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime terracottas gbawara agbawa, ụfọdụ ka dị mma ma bụrụ ndị a na ere ere.<ref name="BNDY">Brodie, Neil, and Donna Yates. 2012. Nok Terracottas. Trafficking Culture: Researching the Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects.</ref> N'ihi nke a, e gwuru ọtụtụ narị ebe ọdịbendị Nok n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na achọ ihe ndị a a tụrụ atụ. Ozi bara uru banyere Ọdịbendị Nok na efu mgbe a na ewepụ ihe ndị a n'ala ma wepụ ha n'ọnọdụ ihe mgbe ochie ha.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> N'afọ 1979, National Commission for Museums and Monuments Decree nke Naịjirịa guzobere National Commission for Museums and Memories (NCMM), nke a na eji jikwaa ihe nketa ọdịbendị Naịjiria. NCMM Decree number 77 mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na akwadoghị maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ na abụghị ndị ọrụ e nyere ikike ịzụta ma ọ bụ ree ihe ochie n'ime Naịjirịa ma ọ bụ mbupụ ihe ochie na enweghị ikike sitere na NCMM.<ref name="BNDY">Brodie, Neil, and Donna Yates. 2012. Nok Terracottas. Trafficking Culture: Researching the Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects.</ref> Ka ọ na erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990 gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa mejupụtara NCMM, nke malitere usoro ihe iji rụọ ọrụ maka ịlụso nsogbu nke ịpụnara mmadụ ihe ọgụ na imepụta atụmatụ ime ihe. Nkwekọrịta zuru oke bụ na iwu ndị na achịkwa ihe ochie na ntaramahụhụ maka ndị mebiri iwu kwesịrị ka a na etinye ya n'ọrụ nke ọma nakwa na a ga enyocha ebe niile e gwupụtara ihe. NCMM na-atụkwa aro mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na eme ihe ike yana usoro mmemme mmeghachi omume gafee mba ahụ. A na ewere mmemme ndị a dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihe gbasara mmata nke ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu, yana ndị isi omenala Naijiria na Interpol.<ref name="AMV">Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị aro niile ka etinyere n'ọrụ, n'ihi na gọọmentị Naijiria enweghị ihe onwunwe iji chee nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, gọọmentị enweghị ihe onwunwe iji tinye ndị nlekota na ebe niile a na ahụ maka ihe mgbe ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ terracotta ka na agafe ókèala Naijiria. Taa, a na-achọsi ihe oyiyi terracotta nke ukwuu n'ahịa nka nke mba ụwa, ya mere a na-anọgide na-egwupụta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na-enweghị akwụkwọ nke ebe e liri ha. Enweghị nnukwu ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie ejedebekwala nghọta anyị gbasara omenala Nok. Ọrụ nyocha jikọrọ ya na Mahadum Goethe na National Commission for Museums and Monuments mere kemgbe 2005 gosiri na a kwakọrọ ihe karịrị 90% nke saịtị Nok Culture nke a maara na mpaghara nyocha ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na ihe karịrị 1,000 Nok terracotta kpụrụ akpụ ka gwupụtarala n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị wee bute ya na Europe, USA, Japan, na ebe ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Febrụwarị afọ 2013, Daily Trust kọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na National Orientation nke Naijiria weghachiri ihe oyiyi Nok ise nke onye ohi French kwakọọrọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst 2010. Ndị ọrụ kọstọm France nwụchiri iberibe ahụ ma bughachi ya site na ntụziaka gọọmentị Naijiria nyere. Ihe na-eme ka nsogbu ahụ sie ike bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe oyiyi Nok adịgboroja ma tinye ha n'ahịa ka ọ bụ eziokwu. == Ụmụ ya == Dị ka onye ọ bụla nwere ọdịbendị na nka yiri omenala Nok dị na Nok, Sokoto, na Katsina, ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]], [[Ndị obodo jukun (West Africa)|Jukun]], ma ọ bụ [[Dakakari]] na asụ Niger-Congo nwere ike ịbụ ụmụ ndị Nok.<ref name="Lamp">{{Cite journal|author=Lamp|first=Frederick John|title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria|journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin|date=2011|url=https://docslib.org/doc/5614066/ancient-terracotta-figures-from-northern-nigeria|issn=0084-3539}}</ref> Dabere na ọdịdị yiri nke Nok terracottas, ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nke Alaeze Ukwu Yoruba Ife na alaeze [[Edo people|Bini]] nke Benin nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na aga n'ihu nke ọdịnala nke ọdịbendị Nok mbụ. == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naijiria {{Reflist|2}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=History of Africa|edition=2nd|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780333599570}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] NOK nke Naịjirịa. Archaeology July/August 2011, 34-38. * ISBN {{Cite book|editor=Breunig|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ|title=Nok {{!}} African Sculpture in Archaeological Context|location=Frankfurt|publisher=Africa Magna Verlag|isbn=9783937248462}}  * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nichts als Kunst. Archäologische Forschungen zur früheisenzeitlichen Nok-Kultur na Zentral-Nigeria. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Saliège & J. Polet (2001). Nchịkọta oge nke ọdịbendị Nok na oge ọhụrụ na ihe a tụrụ atụ. Africa: Archaeology & Arts 2, 9-28. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ mbido na ebe obibi na ndagwurugwu Nok, Nigeria: Samun Dukiya, AF/70/1. West African Journal of Archaeology 2, 75-79. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọdịbendị Nok na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1 (4), 288-293. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọdịbendị Nok: Ihe ndị e gwupụtara na Taruga. Akwụkwọ akụkọ West African Archaeological Newsletter 10, 27-30. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na West Africa: ìhè ọhụrụ na Nok Culture. World Archaeology 1 (1), 41-50. * Fagg, B., (1990): Nok terracottas. Lagos: National Commission for Museums and Monuments. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ nke Ọdịbendị Nok. Zaria * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha ọhụrụ na Nok Culture nke Central Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 3, 2: 283-290. * [http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/kahlheber/index.html <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịchọpụta ihe omimi Nok. Antiquity, Project gallery.</nowiki>] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe osise Nok nke Naijiria. Scientific American 244 (2): 154-166. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmalite nke ịgbaze ígwè n'Africa. Westafrican Journal of Archaeology. 5, 1-9. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịgbaze ígwè na Taruga, Naịjirịa. Journal of Historical Metallurgy 9 (2), 49-56. * Olubunmi A.O. (2007) The Rise and Fall of The Yoruba Race, The 199 Publishing Palace ISBN * Olubunmi A.O. (2009) On Ijesa Racial Purity, The 199 Publishing Palace ISBN   * Ayoade J.O. (1983) Nkwupụta maka Climatology Maka Tropics, John Wiley & Sons ltd UK ISBN   == Njikọ mpụga == * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOmenala Nokna Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ptoh5n27qikz6duvespsmj3idfr17rj 0 46360 697711 539628 2026-08-10T06:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Benin_bronze_in_Bristol_Museum.jpg|thumb|394x394px| Benin ọla]] [[Usòrò:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg|thumb| Benin nkpuchi ọdụm]] [[Usòrò:Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG|thumb| Bronze Head of Queen [[Idia]]]]   '''Nkà Benin''' bụ [[Ǹkà|nka]] sitere n'alaeze Benin <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kingdom of Benin|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/kingdom-benin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313030937/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/kingdom-benin/|archivedate=13 March 2023|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> ma ọ bụ Edo Empire (1440–1897), obodo Afrịka tupu oge ọchịchị nke dị na ebe a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka mpaghara ndịda [[Naijiria]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin {{!}} historical kingdom, West Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Benin-historical-kingdom-West-Africa|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke e ji ọla nchara akpụ akpụ na ọdụ́ a kpụrụ akpụ mee, a na-emepụta ihe osise Benin karịsịa maka ụlọikpe Oba nke Benin - onye ọchịchị Chineke nke ndị omenkà rụpụtara ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ememe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-11|title=Benin Standing Figure|url=https://peytonwright.com/modern/news/benin-standing-figure/|accessdate=2022-06-11|work=Peyton Wright Gallery|language=en-US}}</ref> Enwere ike ịghọta mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ndị a site na mmata na nleba anya n'echiche omenala abụọ na-akwado nka nke Benin: ekele Western maka ha bụ isi dị ka ọrụ nka, na nghọta ha na Benin dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na dị ka ngwaọrụ mnemonic iji wughachi. akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe omume. Ihe mbụ a pụtara dị oke mkpa na Benin. <ref name="Plankensteiner">{{Cite book|title=Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria|year=2007|publisher=Exhibition catalogue Kunsthistoriches Museum Vienna mit MVK und OTM/Snoeck|editor=Barbara Plankensteiner|isbn=3-88609-606-8}}</ref> == Mkpa nka na omenala Benin == Ala eze Benin dị ike, mana omenaala Benin enyeghị ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ amara nke ọma. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Docherty|first=Paddy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1242465258|title=Blood and bronze : the British empire and the sack of Benin|date=2021|isbn=978-1-78738-456-9|location=London|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|oclc=1242465258}}</ref> Akụkọ ka alaeze Benin siri malite dịka omenala na obodo si malite na akụkọ mmalite :<blockquote>Otu nwoke nke na-enweghị isi nọ na-ese n'elu mmiri mgbe ọ nụrụ olu sitere na mmụọ na-asị, "Meghee anya gị". <ref name=":22"/> Ozugbo nwoke ahụ meghere anya ya, ọ ghọrọ otu na mmụọ nsọ. <ref name=":22" /> N'oge na-adịghị ka ụtarị na eju eju pụtara n'akụkụ ya, nwoke ahụ wee kpebie ịpịa ala ọ nọ na ya. <ref name=":22" /> Akara ọla edo pụtara, na orb ọla edo a, nke ga-emecha mara dị ka anyanwụ, na-ewetara nwoke ahụ obi ụtọ na obi ụtọ. <ref name=":22" /> Ọzọ, nwoke ahụ tiri ụtarị ya n'ala, nke a mere ka oké ọhịa na anụ ọhịa pụta n'ihu ya. <ref name=":22" /> Ma ọzọ, nwoke ahụ were ụtarị ya tie ụwa, ma otu obodo jupụtara na mmadụ pụtara. <ref name=":22" /> Mgbe ahụ, a bịara mara ya dị ka Onyenwe anyị si n'eluigwe. <ref name=":22" /> N’ihi ya, o nyere obodo ahụ iwu ka ha wuo mkpọmkpọ ala e sere ọcha nke ga-abụ ihe ncheta nke ike na ihe o kere. <ref name=":22" /> O wee mata na otu nwoke bụ onye nchụàjà, o wee nye iwu ka onye nchụàjà na-eyi uwe ọcha mgbe niile. <ref name=":22" /></blockquote>E jighị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ebugharị akụkọ banyere mmalite Benin. <ref name=":22"/> N'ezie, Benin dị ka omenala sitere n'ọdịnala ọnụ : akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ niile anyị maara taa site na Benin na-agafe site na mmadụ gaa na onye site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ. <ref name=":22" /> Ihe a na-akpọ Benin bronze (a na-eji ọla kọpa eme ha) na ihe osise ndị ọzọ dị ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mkpa karịsịa n'ihi na ha bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke [[Obodo Benin|akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cartwright|first=Mark|title=Kingdom of Benin|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Benin/|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22" /> Ọzọkwa, ọla kọpa Benin na ọrụ nka bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe atụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere maka ihe ngosi anụ ahụ nke ọdịbendị. <ref name=":22" /> Na mbụ, obodo na omenala Benin malitere dị ka alaeze nke dabere naanị n'ụtụ isi. <ref name=":22" /> Ka e mesịrị, omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin mere ka ọ baa ọgaranya ma na-esiwanye ike n'ihi mmeri ha meriri site n'agha. <ref name=":22" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agha nke mebiri Benin bụ [[Idah war|agha Idah]] (1515-1516). Agha Idah bụ agha okpukpe nke Benin meriri na ya. Agha a mere ka e nwee ịdị n’otu na ike n’Alaeze Ukwu Benin. <ref name=":22" /> Agha ndị Benin so na ndị Benin meriri mere ka Benin ghọọ ike ọchịchị . <ref name=":22" /> Ọ bụ n'okpuru Oba Ewuare (r. 1440-1473) ka Benin ghọrọ [[Steeti Mepere anya|alaeze]] site n'ịmalite agha na imeri ala ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":22" /> Nke a mekwara ka e guzobe ọtụtụ ụzọ ahia na obodo ndị na-akwụ ụtụ . <ref name=":22" /> Ya mere, akụ na ụba na ọganihu nke mba ahụ masịrị ndị Europe mbụ rutere Benin. <ref name=":22" /> N'ozuzu, omenala Benin bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ omenala na-adabereghị na akwụkwọ, na ọ bụ omenala nwere ike dị ukwuu tupu narị afọ nke 16 . <ref name=":22" /> == Ọgụgụ oge == N'iburu n'uche ọdịiche dị n'ụdị, ụfọdụ ndị edemede kewara nka nke Benin, gụnyere Egyptologist Boris de Rachewiltz n'oge ndị a: {| class="nope" !Mba. ! Aha ! Ogologo oge |- | 1 | Oge Archaic | site na mmalite-1360 |- | 2 | Oge Ochie | 1360-1500 |- | 3 | Oge Okooko | 1500-1575 |- | 4 | Oge Apogee | 1575–1648 |- | 5 | "Renaissance" | 1648–1691 |- | 6 | Oge Mbelata | 1691–1819 |} Mgbe ndị Britain 1897 kwakọchara ụlọ [[Oba Ovonramwen]] maka mmegwara maka igbu ọchụ nke ndị nnọchi anya Britain, a na-erere ọtụtụ ihe nka Benin na London. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Frum|first=David|date=2022-09-14|title=Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Taa, alaeze Benin, nke dị ugbu a na [[Naijiria]] nke oge a, na-arịọ maka ihe osise ya azụ, nke gbasaa na mba ọdịda anyanwụ dịka Britain, Germany, na United States. <ref name=":6" /> N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " [[Òtù Nkwurịta Okwu Benin|Benin Dialogue Group]] " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. <ref name=":6" /> Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi ogbugbu George Floyd na ngagharị iwe sochirinụ . <ref name=":6" /> Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie alaghachila ma ọ bụ kwe nkwa iweghachi iberibe ha. <ref name=":6" /> Site na nlọghachi nke ọrụ zuru ezu, ọtụtụ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnọdụ nka, ebe a na-alụ ọgụ maka inwe na Nigeria n'etiti otu atọ dị iche iche: ụmụ nke oba ikpeazụ, onye ọchịchị ugbu a, [[Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki]], na gọọmenti etiti. ọchịchị na steeti Naijiria. <ref name=":6" /> Oba ugbu a kwenyere na ezinaụlọ eze nwere ikike na-ekwu maka ihe osise. Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na inye otu ezinụlọ ihe osise nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma ebe ọ bụ na ezinụlọ eze enweghịzi ike. <ref name=":6" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, gọvanọ nwere atụmatụ maka ụlọ ihe ngosi nka. <ref name=":6" /> Ndị nkatọ na-arụ ụka na ozugbo gọvanọ ugbu a Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki hapụrụ ọrụ na 2024 na a ga-ahapụ atụmatụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. <ref name=":6" /> Steeti Naijiria kwenyere na ya nwere ikike maka ihe osise ahụ, mana ọtụtụ na-atụ egwu na nrụrụ aka na nrụrụ aka na gọọmentị Naijiria, na-ekwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mere na 1973 mgbe onye isi ala n'oge ahụ, [[General Yakubu Gowon]], banyere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. [[Nigerian National Museum|Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria]] dị na [[Lagos|Legọs]] were otu n'ime ndị isi Benin nye ya [[Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] ; Ibé ahụ ka dị taa na Royal Collection nke Britain. <ref name=":6" /> == Nkà eze nke Benin == Britain, Germany, na United States. <ref name=":62">{{Cite web|author=Frum|first=David|date=2022-09-14|title=Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " [[Òtù Nkwurịta Okwu Benin|Benin Dialogue Group]] " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. <ref name=":62"/> Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke [[Black Lives Matter]] na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi [[George Floyd|ogbugbu George Floyd]] na [[George Floyd na-eme ngagharị iwe|ngagharị iwe sochirinụ]] . <ref name=":62"/> Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochieBritain, Germany, na United States. <ref name=":63">{{Cite web|author=Frum|first=David|date=2022-09-14|title=Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/10/benin-bronzes-nigeria-return-stolen-art/671245/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ sonyeere Nigeria na " [[Òtù Nkwurịta Okwu Benin|Benin Dialogue Group]] " imeghe mkparịta ụka gbasara iweghachite akụkụ nka. <ref name=":63"/> Ntugharị ahụ kwụsịrị ruo mgbe ngagharị nke [[Black Lives Matter]] na-adịbeghị anya na-esochi [[George Floyd|ogbugbu George Floyd]] na [[George Floyd na-eme ngagharị iwe|ngagharị iwe sochirinụ]] . <ref name=":63"/> Ọtụtụ mba, mahadum, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie{{Reflist}} Nkà eze nke ala eze Benin nke mpaghara ndịda Nigeria na-ekwusi ike na etiti Oba, ma ọ bụ eze Chineke, na-egosipụta ọdịdị dị nsọ ya. Mgbe ha na-edekọ ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ịrịba ama nke ala-eze na nsonye nke Oba na ha, ha na-ebutekwa mmekọrịta nke Oba na ndị dị elu ma na-asọpụrụ ndị nna nna ya chi, na-eme ka ọga n'ihu dị mkpa maka ọdịmma ala-eze ahụ. <ref name="AIC website">{{Cite web|title=Benin—Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/benin/overview|publisher=The Art Institute of Chicago|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> E nyere ihe ndị e ji eme ihe na nkà eze nke Benin—nke bụ́ isi ọla, ọdụ́, na coral—nwere ike dị nsọ. Uru ebumpụta ụwa nke ihe ndị a dị n'ime Benin na oge na nka a na-etinye n'ọrụ ha na-egosipụta mmetụta ụwa na nke ụwa ọzọ nke Oba na nnukwu akụ nke alaeze ya. Nkà eze nke Benin so na omenala na-akwado mgbakọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akwalite mmepụta ihe na ihe ọhụrụ, karịsịa dị ka ngosipụta nke ikike eze. Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọchịchị ejirila nka kọwaa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala-eze na iji dobe onwe ha n'oge gara aga na mbọ iji kwado atụmatụ nke ha na ịkọwapụta ihe oyiyi ha maka ụmụ ọmụmụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} The Art Institute of Chicago|url=https://archive.artic.edu/benin/overview/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=archive.artic.edu}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị ndị na-ege ntị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ mara amara mgbe njem Benin nke 1897 gasịrị, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Robert.|first=Home|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/795371327|title=City of blood revisited : a new look at the benin expedition of 1897.|date=1983|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-8476-4824-9|oclc=795371327}}</ref> nka Benin dị adị kemgbe opekata mpe narị afọ nke 13. == Ebe ịchụàjà ndị nna ochie == {{Commons category|Art of the Benin Kingdom}} [[Usòrò:Two_of_the_Oba_of_Benin's_ancestral_altars,_1936_-_03270015.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ebe ịchụ-aja abụọ nke nna ochie, nke dị n’ihu, nke Oba [[Akenzua nke Abụọ]], 1936]] Oba arụnyere ọhụrụ bụ ọrụ maka imepụta ebe ịchụàjà nke a raara nye nna ya, na-enye ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ka ha chọọ ya mma ma na-arụ ọrụ ya mgbe niile site na iji àjà nri ma ọ bụ ọbara anụmanụ. Oba na-emere nne ya otu ihe ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nweta aha iyoba, ma ọ bụ [[Queen mother (Africa)|eze nwanyị]] . Ebe a na-edobe mgbịrịgba na mgbịrịgba n'elu ebe ịchụàjà ndị nna ochie niile, a na-eme ọdụm na isi ọla ncheta maka ebe ịchụàjà eze. Ejikọtara ya na ahia, ọdụm na ọla na-adịte aka ma baa uru, na agba ha - na-acha ọcha dị ka ụrọ kaolin dị nsọ na uhie dị ka ọkụ na coral beads - metụtara ike eze. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Royal Altars {{!}} The Art Institute of Chicago|url=https://archive.artic.edu/benin/royal/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=archive.artic.edu}}</ref> Tupu mmeri Briten, ogige Oba bụ ebe a na-eme ememe na nsọpụrụ ya. Ndị agha Britain kọrọ akụkọ ebe ịchụàjà 18 raara nye Obas gara aga mgbe ha weghaara obí ahụ na 1897. Taa, ebe ịchụàjà eze niile guzoro n'otu ogige. <ref name="AIC website"/> Otu n'ime ihe ndị pụrụ iche na nka Benin bụ Ikegbo, ma ọ bụ "ebe ịchụàjà aka," nke na-eme ememe nke ndị pụrụ iche. A na-ejikọta aka na ime ihe na mmepụta ihe, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke akụ na ụba, ọkwa, na ihe ịga nke ọma maka ndị niile na-adabere na nkà aka na ike anụ ahụ. A na-enye ụdị ebe ịchụàjà dị otú a na terracotta, osisi, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa, dabere na ọkwa nke onye na-elekọta ya. <ref name="Met Museum">{{Cite web|title=Oba with Animals, Altar to the Hand (Ikegobo) of Ezomo Ehenua [Nigeria; Edo peoples, court of Benin] (1991.17.113,1996.11)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1991.17.113,1996.11|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=2000}}</ref> == Art metụtara ememe n'ụlọ ikpe ==   [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_58.160_Double_Bell_Egogo.jpg|thumb| Mgbịrịgba mgbịrịgba abụọ a (Egogo) bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọdụm kacha ochie dị ndụ n'Africa; naanị isii n'ime gong ọdụm ndị a ka amara. Ndị oba ji ha mee emume Emobo chụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ. E ji oba kpụrụ ya, onye ọchịagha ya na onye nketa ya kwadoro.]] Ememe nkeonwe na nke ọha na-egosi ọtụtụ oge dị mkpa na kalenda afọ Benin. N'oge gara aga, a na-eme ọtụtụ emume n'ime afọ niile iji nweta nkwado nke ụwa ọzọ maka ọdịmma ala-eze na ime emume ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ntolite ya. Maka ihe dị mma, onye ọchịchị ugbu a, Oba Ewuare II, na-emesi mmemme ngwụcha afọ a na-akpọ [[Igue]], bụ nke a na-eme n'oge ezumike oyi iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ bịa. Igue na-agụnye usoro mmemme nke na-eme ka ike dị elu nke Oba dị ọcha ma sachapụ mmụọ ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ala-eze. <ref name="rituals">{{Cite web|title=Rituals at Court|work=[[Art Institute of Chicago]]|url=https://archive.artic.edu/benin/rituals/|accessdate=2021-07-09|language=en}}</ref> Ememe emume ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke Benin gụnyere Ague, bụ ebe a na-agọzi yams mbụ na-enwe olileanya na owuwe ihe ubi ga-aga nke ọma; Ugie Ivie, <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2022-03-29|title=The Cultural Significance Of Coral Beads To The Benin People|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/the-cultural-significance-of-coral-beads-to-the-benin-people/|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=The Street Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Ememe Osolobuẹ, nke a na-asa coral na nkume uhie uhie n'ọbara ehi iji meghachi ya n'ike mmụọ; Ugie Erha Oba, nke na-asọpụrụ nna Oba na ndị nna nna nile; Oduduwa, a masquerade that also sọpụrụ ndị nna nna Oba; na Ugie Oro, na-eme ememe mmeri Oba Esigie meriri ala eze Idah na narị afọ nke iri na isii. <ref name="rituals"/> Ngongị abụọ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọma bụ ihe atụ nka metụtara emume n'ụlọ ikpe. A na-akpọ ha gong "okpukpu abụọ" n'ihi iko nke abụọ na-emegharị emegharị n'ihu ha. Dịka, onyonyo etiti bụ Oba na coral regalia nke ndị isi nchụaja Osa na Osuan na-akwado, ndị isi na-elekọta ebe ịchụàjà nke chi abụọ na-akwado alaeze ahụ. Gong ndị a ka na-ebu taa site n'Oba n'oge Emobo, nke ikpeazụ n'ememe ike nke Igue. Oba na-eji nwayọ kpatụ ngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ ahụ, na-emepụta ụda ụda iji mee ka obi dị jụụ na ịchụpụ mmụọ na-enweghị isi n'alaeze ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Double-Gong and Striker|work=[[Art Institute of Chicago]]|url=https://archive.artic.edu/benin/artwork/189061|accessdate=2021-07-09}}</ref> == Ihe onyonyo agụ owuru na nka Benin == A na-akpọ Oba ahụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ dị ka "agụ ụlọ," na ihe oyiyi nke nwamba mara mma, aghụghọ na nke dị ize ndụ na-apụta ugboro ugboro na nka eze nke Benin. Tupu mbuso agha Briten na 1897, a na-edobe agụ owuru n'ime ulo n'ulo eze iji gosi na Oba nwere ikike n'ime ozara. A na-ejikọkwa onyonyo agụ owuru na ike ndị agha Oba. <ref name="leopard">{{Cite web|title=The Oba: Leopard of the House (Ekpen N'Owa)|work=[[Art Institute of Chicago]]|url=https://archive.artic.edu/benin/leopard/|accessdate=2021-07-10}}</ref><gallery class="center" widths="250px" heights="250px"> Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_56.6.31a-b_Box_in_the_Form_of_a_Leopards_Head.jpg|alt=Box in the form of a leopard's head; 19th century; 17.1 x 14 cm (6 3⁄4 x 5 1⁄2 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City). This box was used to hold kola nuts presented to visitors in the royal court of Benin. Leopards are one of the most commonly portrayed animals in African art. Intelligent and courageous, they often serve as metaphors for powerful individuals or associations|Igbe dị n'ụdị isi agụ; àjà nke 19; 17.1 x14&nbsp;cm (6 );Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn(New York City). E ji igbe a na-ebunye njikere kola e nyere ndị ọbịa n'obí eze Benin. Agụ bụ otu n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-agụkarị na nka n'Africa. N'ịbụ ndị nwere ikike isi na ndị nwere obi ike, ha na-ese ihe atụ maka ndị dị ike ma ọ bụ ibu Usòrò:Leopard_aquamanile,_Nigeria,_Benin_Kingdom,_17th_century_AD,_brass_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC02208.JPG|alt=Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass; Ethnological Museum of Berlin (Germany)|Leopard aquamanile; àjà nke 17; ọla;[[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Berlin|Ethnological Museum nke Berlin]](Germany) Usòrò:Figure-_Leopard_MET_DT9712.jpg|alt=Figure of a leopard; 1550-1680; bronze; height: 39.4 cm (15 1⁄2 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)|Ihe atụ nke agụ owuru; 1550-1680; ọla kọpa; elu: 39.4&nbsp;cm (15);Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan(New York City) </gallery> == Nkedo ọla == Brass casters ( ''igun eronmwon'' ) are the highest-ranking craft guild within the hierarchical structure of the Iwebo society, followed by blacksmiths ( ''igun ematon'' ) and evory and wood carvers ( ''igbesanwan'' ). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-04-10|title=Benin Bronze casting: The story of power and royalty...|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/benin-bronze-casting-the-story-of-power-and-royalty%E2%80%A6/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmalite nkedo ọla na Benin. Otu akụkọ na-ewu ewu na-akwado Oba Oguola (echichiri c. 1280) na iziga onye isi ụlọ ọrụ brass si Ile Ife, bụ isi obodo nke ala eze Ife oge ochie n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, ma mechaa guzobe otu ụlọ ọrụ nkedo ọla eze. <ref name="Inneh">{{Cite book|author=Inneh|first=David|title=Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria|year=2007|publisher=Snoeck|location=Ghent|isbn=978-9053496268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RlrQgAACAAJ|chapter=The Guilds Working for the Palace|editor=Plankensteiner}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Egharevba|first=Jacob U.|title=A Short History of Benin, 4th Edition|year=1968|publisher=Ibadan University Press}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro ka a na-eme nkedo ọla n'onwe ya na Benin ma nwee ike irite uru n'otu n'otu site na mgbanwe ha na Ile Ife. <ref name="Gore">{{Cite journal|author=Gore|first=Charles|title=Casting Identities in Contemporary Benin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_summer-1997_30_3/page/54|journal=African Arts|date=Summer 1997|volume=30|issue=3|pages=54–61, 93|doi=10.2307/3337500}}</ref> Ndị na-emepụta ihe na mpaghara abụọ ahụ na-eji usoro wax furu efu, bụ nke a na-emepụta ihe nlereanya wax zuru ezu nke ọma n'elu isi ụrọ. Mgbe ihe nlereanya ahụ zuru ezu, a na-eji nlezianya tinye ụrọ n'elu wax. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agbaze wax, nke na-esi na ọwa dị warara pụta. Na-esote, a na-awụsa ígwè a wụrụ awụ n'ime ihe. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ, a na-akpụpụ ụrọ ahụ tara akpụ, hapụ ihe oyiyi a tụbara n'ọla. <ref name=Plankensteiner>{{cite book|title=Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria|year=2007|publisher=Exhibition catalogue Kunsthistoriches Museum Vienna mit MVK und OTM/Snoeck|editor=Barbara Plankensteiner |isbn=978-3-88609-606-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jeffreys|first=M. D. W.|date=June 1951|title=The origins of the Benin bronzes|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185108706840|journal=African Studies|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=87–92|doi=10.1080/00020185108706840|issn=0002-0184}}</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Usòrò:Benin_Pferd_und_Reiter_Museum_Rietberg.jpg|alt=Horse and rider; 16–17th century; Rietberg Museum (Zürich, Switzerland)|Ịnyịnya na onye na-agba; Narị afọ 16–17;[[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Rietberg|Rietberg Museum]](Zürich,[[Switzerland]]) Usòrò:Benin_Porträt_König_Osemwende_Museum_Rietberg_RAF_601.jpg|alt=Portrait of the king Osemwende; circa 1810; Rietberg Museum|Eserese nke eze Osemwende; ihe dịka 1810; Rietberg Museum </gallery> == Njem njem ntaramahụhụ == Mbelata nka nka Benin mere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe njem Benin nke 1897 <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the Benin bronzes, and why are they so controversial?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/16/what-are-the-benin-bronzes|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=aljazeera.com|date=16 April 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Nigeria demands unconditional return of looted artefacts from Germany|work=[[Premium Times]]|first=Jayne|author=Augoye|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/artsbooks/472306-nigeria-demands-unconditional-return-of-looted-artefacts-from-germany.html|accessdate=2021-07-12|language=en-GB}}</ref> nke ndị Britain butere mmebi n'ime imepụta nka. Na February 18, 1897, ndị Briten rutere Benin City iji taa ahụhụ mgbuchapụ. Ngwongwo nke Oba na ogba ya ghuru ihe agha. A na-agbakọta ihe ndị ahụ na-enweghị mmasị maka ihe jikọrọ ha; Enweghị ndekọ ahaziri ahazi gbasara nhazi ma ọ bụ ntinye ha. E rere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na [[London]] iji mebie ọnụ ahịa njem ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=What was life like in Benin?|language=en-GB|work=BBC Bitesize|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3s2xnb|accessdate=2021-07-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=The kingdom of Benin was obliterated by the British, who still have the evidence on display|first=Nick|author=Wiggins|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-30/benin-bronzes-stuff-the-british-stole-museum-history/12837940|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Alex|date=2020-01-23|title=This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html|accessdate=2021-07-12}}</ref> == Okwu ndị dị ugbu a gbasara nloghachi nke nka Benin e mebiri emebi == [[Usòrò:Looted_objects_from_the_Benin_Punative_Raid,_1897.jpg|thumb| Ihe ndị e bukọrọ n’ike sitere na Benin punative Raid, 1897]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615170549/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/galleries/benin.shtml Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Penn –] Archived mkpokọta Benin * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/42448/rec/1 Nkà na okwu ọnụ: Nkà na ememe nke ịgba afa Africa], ihe ngosi ihe ngosi sitere na The Metropolitan Museum of Art (nke zuru oke na ntanetị dị ka PDF), nke nwere ihe dị na nka Benin. * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101010/rec/4 Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection], ihe ngosi katalọgụ si The Metropolitan Museum of Art (dị n'ụzọ zuru ezu online dị ka PDF) * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16028coll4/id/10013/rec/1 Ihe ochie sitere na obodo Benin na site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke West Africa na British Museum], katalọgụ si The British Museum (n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị online dị ka PDF) * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/36698 ''Art nke Oceania, Africa, na America si Museum of Primitive Art: ihe ngosi na Metropolitan Museum of Art''], ihe ngosi ngosi si The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị online dị ka PDF) * [https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guides/Benin.html Nchịkọta Benin na Archive of Folk Culture], sitere na American Folklife Center * [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html "Ebugoro nka nka afọ 123 gara aga. Ọ̀ ga-eweghachi ya?"] Akụkọ Jenụwarị 2020 gbasara Benin Bronzes sitere na ''New York Times'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604222538/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/advanced_search/query?type=3&title=&keywords=&min_rating=0&max_rating=5&style=+&collection_area=+&medium=&support=&classification=+&artist=&artist_nationality=Beninese&credit_line=&collection_identifier=&date_created=&location=+&author_lookup=&author_id=0 Ndị omenkà Benin na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum nke Michigan Museum of Art] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9756j4be8lq4k6o0dvqcwwahdd2v7wy 0 46543 697850 538487 2026-08-10T09:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Balazs Gardi''' bụ onye Hungarian, onye na-ese foto dabere na America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Balazs Gardi|url=https://www.annenbergphotospace.org/person/balazs-gardi/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=Annenberg Space for Photography|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Four Photographers To Follow on Instagram This Memorial Day Weekend|url=https://www.popphoto.com/american-photo/four-photographers-to-follow-on-instagram-this-memorial-day-weekend/|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=Popular Photography|date=28 May 2016|language=en}}</ref> Na 2008, Gardi nwetara ihe nrite abụọ nke 1st na World Press Photo Awards wee nweta ihe nrite Photojournalism na Bayeux-Calvados Award for War Correspondents maka ọrụ ya si Afghanistan. <ref name="worldpressphoto">{{Cite web|title=2008 Balazs Gardi GNS1-AL|url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2008/30683/1/2008-Balazs-Gardi-GNS1-AL|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=www.worldpressphoto.org}}</ref> <ref name="worldphoto">{{Cite web|title=Balazs Gardi - 2018 Sony Professional Grant|url=https://www.worldphoto.org/balazs-gardi-2018-sony-professional-grant|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Photography Organisation|language=en}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Gardi buru ụzọ mụọ foto n'okpuru József Hefelle na Budapsti Komplex SZC Kézművesipari ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ya aga MÚOSZ Journalism School [ hu ] na Budapest <ref>{{Cite news|title=Exkluzív interjú Gárdi Balázs fotográfussal|language=hu|work=Fotó Art Magazin|url=http://www.fotoartmagazin.hu/rovatok/interju/25-exkluziv-interju-gardi-balazs-fotografussal|accessdate=2022-07-29}}</ref> na emechaa na Mahadum Wales, Cardiff . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Basetrack Project|url=http://www.graffitiofwar.com/the-basetrack-project.html|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=The Graffiti of War Project|language=en|archivedate=2011-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908062439/http://www.graffitiofwar.com/the-basetrack-project.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịse foto == Gardi malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị ''Népszabadság'' gburugburu 2000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gárdi Balázs|url=http://www.tedxdanubia.com/speaker/gardi-balazs|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=www.tedxdanubia.com|language=hu|archivedate=2016-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530045431/http://www.tedxdanubia.com/speaker/gardi-balazs}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2000, ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na-edekọ ndị [[Ndị Rom|Rom (Gypsy)]] pere mpe, na-ese foto ndị dara ogbenye na ndị a na-akpa ókè n'ime mba iri na abụọ nke Eastern Europe. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Balazs|author=Gardi|title=The Roma People by Balazs Gardi - The Digital Journalist (November 2006)|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0611/dis_gardi.html|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=digitaljournalist.org}}</ref> Foto ya apụtala akwụkwọ gụnyere ''Harper's Magazine,'' <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-09-12|first=Balazs|author=Gardi|title=[Postcard] {{!}} Volunteer Army, by Balazs Gardi|url=https://harpers.org/2017/09/volunteer-army/|accessdate=2020-09-29|journal=Harper's Magazine|language=en}}</ref> ''National Geographic,'' <ref name="nationalgeographic">{{Cite web|date=2016-03-22|title=See Powerful Pictures of How We're Using and Misusing Water|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/03/160322-world-water-day-photographs-pictures-california-dubai-drought/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001213102/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/03/160322-world-water-day-photographs-pictures-california-dubai-drought/|archivedate=October 1, 2019|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=National Geographic News|language=en}}</ref> ''The New York Times,'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. - Image - NYTimes.com|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/15/us/JUMP-3.html|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kamber|first=Michael|date=2010-12-21|title=Covering Marines at War, Through Facebook|url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/covering-marines-at-war-through-facebook/|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=Lens Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Wired,'' ''Oge'', ''N'èzí,'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Motlagh|first=Jason|date=2017-11-01|title=It's Like the NFL. But with Horses and a Headless Calf.|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2256191/its-nfl-horses-and-headless-calf|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=Outside Online|language=en}}</ref> ''Atlantic,'' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Stern|first=Jacob|title=Photos of California's Suffocating Smoke|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/09/photos-western-wildfires/616306/|accessdate=2020-09-30}}</ref> ''Newsweek'', <ref>{{Cite web|author=EST|first=Teddy Cutler On 2/28/16 at 2:02 AM|date=2016-02-28|title=Watch death-defying footage from the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cliff-diving-world-series-430785|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=AI-AP Slideshow|url=https://www.ai-ap.com/slideshow/AP/28/balazs-gardi/|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=www.ai-ap.com}}</ref> na ''The Guardian'' . <ref>{{Cite news|first=Akintunde|author=Ahmad|accessdate=2021-02-08|title=Black or blue: the complex double-lives of Oakland's Black police officers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/22/black-or-blue-the-complex-double-lives-of-oaklands-black-police-officers|work=The Guardian|date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Usoro ya akpọrọ "Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ," na-egosi mmepeanya mmadụ na mpaghara mmiri na-akpa ike. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Gardi|first=Balazs|title=The Waters Beneath|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/09/the-waters-beneath/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> Usoro nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ bụ akụkụ nke ''ihu nsogbu mmiri ihu'', ọrụ Gardi na-edepụta mmetụta mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụkọ mmiri . <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=In the Pic with Balazs Gardi & Teru Kuwayama – Two Sides of the Story|url=https://www.frontlineclub.com/in_the_pic_with_balazs_gardi_and_teru_kuwayama_-_two_sides_of_the_story/|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=Frontline Club|language=en}}</ref> Na 2010 na 2011, o dere akwụkwọ mbụ Battalion, nke asatọ Marines, n'oge niile ha na-ebuga na ndịda Afghanistan nke agha agha tisasịrị ọzara, na mmekorita ya na ''Basetrack Live .'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-03|title=Balazs Gardi in Afghanistan, video portraits of First Battalion, Eighth Marines|url=https://www.streamingmuseum.org/post/balazs-gardi-video-portraits|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=Streaming Museum|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="theguardian-kingsley">{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-02-08|title=War photography? Isn't there an app for that?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jul/06/afghanistan-war-iphone-images|date=6 July 2011|work=the Guardian}}</ref> Na Afghanistan, Gardi nwalekwara iji iPhone dị ka igwefoto bụ isi ya, na-ebipụta edemede foto na amụma mba ofesi akpọrọ "Agha na Hipstamatic". <ref name="theguardian-kingsley" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gardi|first=Balazs|title=The War in Hipstamatic|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/the-war-in-hipstamatic/|accessdate=2021-02-08|work=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2011, Gardi gara ime obodo KwaZulu-Natal nke South Africa iji detuo obodo ndị bi ebe ahụ akwụkwọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Balazs Gardi {{!}} Cresi|url=https://www.magnumfoundation.org/projects/2019/7/2/balazs-gardi-cresi|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=Magnum Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526121710/https://www.magnumfoundation.org/projects/2019/7/2/balazs-gardi-cresi}}</ref> Onyinye Magnum Foundation Fund kwadoro ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> Na 2021, Gardi sere foto mwepu 2021 nke United States Capitol na ọrụ maka ''New Yorker'' . Foto Gardi sochiri edemede akpọrọ "The Storm" nke Luke Mogelson na mbipụta mbipụta nke Jenụwarị 25, 2021. <ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Mogelson |first=Luke |date=15 January 2021 |title=Among the Insurrectionists |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists |access-date=2021-02-08 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-us}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2005: Getty Images Onyinye maka Foto Editorial ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya na obodo Rome <ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-09-07|title=Getty Images Announces Three New Winners of its 2005 Grants for Editorial Photography|url=https://creativepro.com/getty-images-announces-three-new-winners-of-its-2005-grants-for-editorial-photography/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=CreativePro.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-09-01|title=Gardi, Lewis, And Weidenhoefer Each Win $20K Getty Images Editorial Photography Grants|url=https://nppa.org/news/450|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=NPPA|language=en|archivedate=2021-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721232935/https://nppa.org/news/450}}</ref> * 2006: Onyinye ọkachamara ntọala Alexia, maka usoro ya ''Afghanistan - N'etiti Agha na Udo'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexia Foundation : Balazs Gardi|url=https://www.alexiafoundation.org/stories/afghanistan-between-war-and-peace|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=www.alexiafoundation.org|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212741/https://www.alexiafoundation.org/stories/afghanistan-between-war-and-peace}}</ref> * 2008: Onye mmeri, ihe nrite foto, Bayeux-Calvados Award for War Correspondents, maka foto sitere na mpaghara agha na [[Afghanistan]] . <ref name="worldphoto"/> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke mbụ, akụkọ izugbe, ngalaba akụkọ sitere na foto nta akụkọ ụwa <ref name="worldpressphoto"/> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke mbụ, akụkọ izugbe, ngalaba ndị na-alụbeghị di, foto mgbasa ozi ụwa <ref>{{Cite web|title=2008 Balazs Gardi GN1|url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2008/30674/1/2008-Balazs-Gardi-GN1|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=www.worldpressphoto.org}}</ref> * 2009: Onye mmeri, Global Vision Award, Pictures of the Year International, maka usoro "Akpịrị nkụ" ya <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Vision|url=https://poy.org/66/GVA/index.php|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=poy.org|archivedate=2009-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323060931/https://poy.org/66/GVA/index.php}}</ref> * 2018: Onyinye foto ụwa nke Sony maka ọrụ ya na-egosi ndị egwuregwu Afghani Buzkashi . <ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=2021-02-08|title=Sony World Photography Award 2018, Overall winners revealed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/19/sony-world-photography-award-2018-overall-winners-revealed/balazs-gardi-hungary-1st-place-sporthorsemen-fight-headless/|work=The Telegraph|date=19 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title="Buzkashi" by Balazs Gardi|url=https://www.worldphoto.org/sony-world-photography-awards/winners-galleries/2018/professional/buzkashi-balazs-gardi|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Photography Organisation|language=en|archivedate=2018-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422195606/https://www.worldphoto.org/sony-world-photography-awards/winners-galleries/2018/professional/buzkashi-balazs-gardi}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gardi, Balazs}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ah9xdcim1ms5t0giwkjjj79jd4m0ead 0 46626 697765 540592 2026-08-10T07:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kambui Olujimi (ịbụ nke 1976) bụ onye na-ese ihe na New York na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe asị site na iji ya, foto, akwụkwọ, teepu, ọrụ na akwụkwọ, vidiyo, nnukwu ihe na-eme ka ike na ike.  [1] Ihe ndị ọrụ ya na- መሪ uche na okwu ọha na eze, ndị ifo, ndị mere ihe mere eme, omume ọha mmadụ, iwu, omenala ndị agbaziri agbaziri, nkwụsi ike na akwụkwọ onwe. <ref name="VillageVoice-WaywardNorth-2010">{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Ben|title=Summer Guide: Brian Chippendale Paints Up a New Burst of Color Hysteria|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/summer-guide-brian-chippendale-paints-up-a-new-burst-of-color-hysteria-7134398|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=25 May 2010}}</ref> <ref name="Artinfo-WhatEndures-2016">{{Cite news|title=Datebook: Kambui Olujimi's 'What Endures' at Catharine Clark Gallery, San Francisco|url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1517975/datebook-kambui-olujimis-what-endures-at-catharine-clark|work=[[Artinfo]]|date=8 September 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ Olujimi ma tolite na mpaghara Bedford-Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na New York City <ref name="BrooklynMag-SkiesAllSame-2014">{{Cite news|author=Pantuso|first=Phillip|title=Crossing Brooklyn: Kambui Olujimi, In Your Absence the Skies Are All the Same|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2014/11/07/crossing-brooklyn-kambui-olujimi-in-your-absence-the-skies-are-all-the-same/|work=[[Brooklyn Magazine]]|date=7 November 2014}}</ref> <ref name="eFlux-LifeInPictures-2014">{{Cite news|title=List Projects: Kambui Olujimi|url=http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/31669/kambui-olujimi|work=[[e-flux]]|date=18 January 2014}}</ref>Na 1996, ọ gara akwụkwọ Bard .  Na 2002, ọ natara BFA site na Parsons School of Design .  Ọ gara Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na Maine na 2006. Na 2013, Olujimi ikike MFA site na Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia nke Arts . == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fusco|first=Coco|date=2008|title=A Room of One's Own: Women and Power in the New America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_spring-2008_52_1/page/136|journal=TDR|volume=52|issue=1|pages=136–159|doi=10.1162/dram.2008.52.1.136}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=War Culture and the Contest of Images|date=2012|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813553955|pages=79–111|chapter=Abu Ghraib, Gender, and the Military|author=Apel|first=Dora}}</ref>Nyochaa ọrụ ya pụtapụtara na akwụkwọ ndị edemede Art na America, The New York Times, [1] The New Yorker, Modern Painters, Artforum, Hyperallergic, [2] na Brooklyn Rail .  [3] N'ime oge ọrụ ya ọ natala ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu site na A Blade of Grass, [4] Jerome Foundation, na Fine Arts Work Center na Provincetown.  [5] Ya na ndị na-ese ihe mmụta aka Hank Willis Thomas, [6] Christopher Myers, [7] na Coco Fusco . Ọrụ a na-ahụ anya nke Olujimi dị na mkpokọta na-adịgide nke Brooklyn Museum of Art, [1] na Whitney Museum of American Art, [2] Speed ​​Art Museum, [3] Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke, [3]  4] na Cleveland Museum of Art. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2012.60?collection_search_query=kambui&op=search&form_build_id=form-1zYgIZ3BmVpviAb-0QmZdVvLbFDvU6us-Ti9GmvIIa4&form_id=clevelandart_collection_search_form|title=Winter in America|date=2016-12-31|work=Cleveland Museum of Art|accessdate=2017-01-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anonymous|date=2022-03-17|title=Italo|url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.147|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Cleveland Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/Kambui-Olujimi|title=Kambui Olujimi|work=arts.columbia.edu|accessdate=2017-01-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083455/http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/Kambui-Olujimi|archivedate=2017-01-05}}</ref>Ọ darila na mmemme Visual Art na Mahadum Columbia na Cooper Union . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cooper.edu/academics/people/kambui-olujimi|title=Kambui Olujimi {{!}} The Cooper Union|work=cooper.edu|accessdate=2017-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092725/http://cooper.edu/academics/people/kambui-olujimi|archivedate=2017-01-05}}</ref> Olujimi bụ otu n'ime isiokwu ndị dị ike site na Lens Darkly, gbasara mgba maka ndị na-ese foto Africa America iji nweta nkwado nkwado.. <ref>Harris, Thomas A, and Kambui Olujimi. ''Through a Lens Darkly: Philosophy of the Artist''. 2014. Internet resource.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Olujimi sitere n'ike ike nss site n'aka onye ndu obodo Bedford-Stuyvesant na onye na-akwado Catherine Arline, ekere ọ lere anya dị ka nne na-eme anya ma ike ya ike ozi na-elekọta ya.  .  [1] Olujimi ụzọ ya ụzọ nke Arline dị ka ma "oria iru újú" yana osisi na "ịnwere ike" <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2021-01-08|title=In 177 Portraits, an Artist's Homage to His Bed-Stuy Muse|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/arts/design/olujimi-portraits.html|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Olujimi bi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na Queens, New York. <ref name=":1"/> == Nkwanye ugwu == === Ihe nrite === * 2021: Joan Mitchell Fellowship nyere Joan Mitchell Foundation <ref>{{Cite web|title=Joan Mitchell Foundation Announces Inaugural Fellows|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/joan-mitchell-foundation-announces-inaugural-fellows-86915|accessdate=2021-11-19|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2020: Nrite Colene Brown Art Prize site na BRIC Arts Media <ref>{{Cite web|author=aclark|date=2020-11-04|title=2020 Colene Brown Art Prize Recipients|url=https://archive.bricartsmedia.org/artist-opportunities/colene-brown-art-prize/2020|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=BRIC|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114072434/https://archive.bricartsmedia.org/artist-opportunities/colene-brown-art-prize/2020}}</ref> === Omenkà-na-ebi === * 2023: Denniston Hill (Glen Wild, NY) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Residents|url=https://www.dennistonhill.org/residents|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Denniston Hill|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: Yaddo (Saratoga Springs, NY) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Artists – Yaddo|url=https://yaddo.org/our-artists/|accessdate=2024-01-14|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022: Archie Bray Foundation (Helena, MT) <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bray Incubator|url=https://archiebray.org/education/the-bray-incubator/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Archie Bray|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2019: Black Rock Senegal (Dakar, Senegal) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artists Selected for Kehinde Wiley's Inaugural Residency Program in Senegal|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/artists-selected-for-kehinde-wiley-s-inaugural-residency-program-in-senegal-80382|accessdate=2019-08-17|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018: MacDowell (Peterborough, NH) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kambui Olujimi - Artist|url=https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/kambui-olujimi|accessdate=2019-08-17|work=Macdowell Colony|language=en|archivedate=2019-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817161209/https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/kambui-olujimi}}</ref> * 2017: Robert Rauschenberg obibi (Captiva, FL) * 2016: Ebe obibi Queenspace (Long Island City, NY) * 2015: Ebe obibi Fountainhead (Miami, FL) * 2015: Kansụl Ọdịbendị nke Manhattan Lower (New York, NY), Ebe obibi Oghere Usoro <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kambui Olujimi - Lower Manhattan Cultural Council|url=http://lmcc.net/person/kambui-olujimi/|accessdate=2017-01-02|work=Lower Manhattan Cultural Council|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2015: Zute Factory (Prague, Czech Republic) * 2015: Civitella Ranieri (Umbertide, Italy) <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Kambui Olujimi - Fellows - Civitella Ranieri|url=http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellow/kambui-olujimi|accessdate=2017-01-02|work=exhibit-e|publisher=|archivedate=2017-01-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105092045/http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellow/kambui-olujimi}}</ref> * 2014: Ogige Ọkpụkpụ nke Franconia (Franconia, MN) * 2013: Tropical Lab 7 (Singapore) * 2011: Center for Book Arts (New York, NY) * 2010: Mmemme nka oge okpomọkụ Acadia (Mt. Desert, ME) * 2009: Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts (Omaha, NE) * 2009: Santa Fe Art Institute (Santa Fe, NM) <ref name="ArtInGeneral-WaywardNorth-2010">{{Cite news|date=5 June 2010|title=New Commissions: Kambui Olujimi, Wayward North|url=http://artingeneral.org/exhibitions/433|work=Art in General}}</ref> * 2007-2009: Fine Arts Work Center na Provincetown (Provincetown, MA), 2nd Year Fellow * 2007-2009: Apexart: Ebe obibi na-apụ apụ na Kellerberin, Australia (Kellerberin, Australia) * 2006: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Skowhegan nke eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ (Skowhegan, ME) * 2005: BCAT/Rotunda Gallery Multimedia Artist Residency (New York, NY) == Ihe ngosi == . E mkpala ọrụ Olujimi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na mba, nke: Whitney Museum of American Art, [1] Los Angeles County Museum of Art, [2] Andy Warhol Museum, [3] Studio Museum na Harlem (New York, New York)  .  NY), CUE Arts Foundation (New York, NY), MIT List Visual Arts Center (Cambridge, MA), [4] Apexart (New York, NY), Art na General (Brooklyn, NY), The Sundance Film Festival (Park).  ).  Obodo, UT), Smithsonian Institution, (Washington DC), Madison Museum of Contemporary Art (Madison, WI), Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA), Museum of Modern Art (New York, NY), Yerba Buena  Center for Arts (San Francisco, CA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (Houston, TX), The Blanton Museum of Art (Austin, TX), [5] [6] The Newark Museum (Newark, NJ), [7] [  8] Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY), [9] na Project for Empty Space, Newark, NJ<ref name=":1"/> Na mba ụwa, e gosila ọrụ Olujimi na Sharjah Biennial 15 (Sharjah, UAE), [1] na Dakar Biennale Dak'Art 14 (Dakar, Senegal), [2] Zeitz MOCAA (Cape Town, South Africa), [3]  Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia (Madrid, Spain), Kiasma (Helsinki, Finland), Para Site (Hong Kong, China), Jim Thompson Art Center (Bangkok, Thailand). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glass.risd.edu/visiting-lecture-series|title=Visiting Lecture Series|work=RISD Glass|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-13}}</ref>O nyela nkuzi n'iche ụlọ ọrụ na mba ụwa, Mahadum Carleton, Ottawa, [1] Mahadum Buffalo, [2] Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, [3] Rhode Island School of Design == Ọrụ na mbipụta == * {{Cite journal|author=Olujimi|first=Kambui|title=No Regrets No Redemption|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-poetry-review_march-april-1998_27_2/page/42|journal=The American Poetry Review|date=March 1998|volume=27|issue=2|pages=42–43|issn=0360-3709}} * {{Cite book|author=Olujimi|first=Kambui|title=Off the Record|date=2003|publisher=The Skylight Gallery at Restoration Plaza|location=Brooklyn, NY|oclc=758496035}} * {{Cite book|author=Olujimi|first=Kambui|title=The Lost River's Dreamers Index by Dr. Keller|date=2007|publisher=Real Art Ways|location=Hartford, CT|oclc=427270355}} * {{Cite book|author=Olujimi|first=Kambui|title=Wayward North|date=2010|publisher=Art in General|location=New York|isbn=978-1-934-89028-8|oclc=829395760}} * Olujimi, Kambui. ''Zulu Time;'' essays by Sampada Aranke, Gregory Volk, and Leah Kolb''.'' Madison, WI: Madison Museum of Contemporary Art. 2017. Exhibition Catalogue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kambui Olujimi : Zulu time|author=Aranke|first=Sampada|publisher=Madison Museum of Contemporary Art|isbn=9780913883389|location=Madison|oclc=981948700|year=2017}}</ref> * Olujimi, Kambui. ''Walk With Me''; essays by Jasmine Wahi and Christopher Myers. Newark, NJ: Project for Empty Space. 2020. Exhibition Monograph.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kambui Olujimi: WALK WITH ME Catalog|url=https://www.projectforemptyspace.org/shop/p/kambui-olujimi-walk-with-me-exhibition-catalog|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Project for Empty Space|language=en-US}}</ref> == Isi mmalite == * Harris, Thomas A, na Kambui Olujimi. Site na oghere gbara ọchịchịrị: Philosophy of Artist. , 2014. Ihe onwunwe ịntanetị. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * KambuiOlujimi.com * [http://arcade.nyarc.org:80/record=b758582~S8 Kambui Olujimi] at Museum of Modern Art * {{IMDb name|nm1701558}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lzl392cwysgdixgyvobxerf8hzlglun 0 46854 697610 206911 2026-08-10T04:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697610 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Malkat al&#x2D; Mohamed Abdullah''' (, Sudanese, 1920 - 17 Nọvemba 1969), nke a na-akpọkwa '''Malikah ad-Dar''', bụ Onye edemede Sudan, onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. akwụkwọ akụkọ ya e dere n'afọ 1950, "''Al-Faragh al-'arid''" (The Wide Void), akọwapụtara dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudan mbụ n'ụdị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Onye Sudanese na-enyocha akwụkwọ Lemya Shammat kpọrọ ya "onye ọsụ ụzọ nke akwụkwọ edemede ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị nke mmụọ na obi ike". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shammat|first=Lemya|date=2019-10-12|title=On gender stereotypes in Sudanese fiction|url=https://arablit.org/2019/10/12/on-gender-stereotypes-in-sudanese-fiction/|accessdate=2021-06-10|work=ArabLit & ArabLit Quarterly|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Malkat al-Dar Mohamed na El-Obaid, isi obodo steeti gọọmentị etiti taa nke North Kordofan. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị, ọ debanyere aha na kọleji ndị nkuzi na Omdurman wee jee ozi dịka onye nkuzi ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ malitere ịmụ Bekee n'onwe ya, na-eji akwụkwọ ozi na ndị nkuzi Bekee na Sudan. N'ịbụ onye kụziri ihe n'ọtụtụ obodo Sudan, a họpụtara ya onye nyocha maka agụmakwụkwọ na Kordofan na 1960. Onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị Sudanese, Malkat al-Dar Mohamed, onye aha mbụ ya sụgharịrị dị ka "eze nwanyị nke ụlọ", nwụrụ na 1969. == nnabata dị oke egwu == Onye nkatọ na-ede akwụkwọ Eiman El-Nour na-ekwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ "Al-Faragh al-'arid" (The Wide Void) bụ ezi ihe atụ nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudan na ụdị nke ọha mmadụ. Onye isi agwa, Muna, bụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na-akụzi ma na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-akatọ di ya maka enweghị mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo Edere ya na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 1950, mana e bipụtara ya naanị na 1969, mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị, akụkọ ahụ ''"'' gosipụtara na nke mbụ ya ndụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na obodo Sudan. " N'otu isiokwu ahụ, El-Nour kọwara akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ka ịhụnanya ma gosipụta onyinyo mara mma nke ime obodo Sudan. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=El-Nour|first=Eiman|date=1997|title=The Development of Contemporary Literature in Sudan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_fall-1997_28_3/page/150|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=28|issue=3|pages=150–162}}</ref> Dị ka onye nkatọ akwụkwọ Marcia Lynx Qualey si kwuo, Malkat al-Dar Mohamed meriri asọmpi akụkọ mbụ nke mbụ haziri na 1947 site na Radio Omdurman maka akụkọ ya gbasara ndụ n'ime obodo Sudan nke akpọrọ "Hakim al-Qariya" ma ọ bụ "The Village Sage". ] E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ mkpirisi ya ndị ọzọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara na Arab na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe odide etiti, na-ajụ ọrụ ọdịnala ọdịnala. Onye Sudanese na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Buthaina Khidr Makki (amụrụ n'afọ 1948), onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ a na-akpọ ''Ughniyyat al-nār'' (The Fire Song) 1998) na ''Ṣahīl al-nahr (The Whinnying of the River'') (2000), kwuru banyere Malkat al-Dar Mohamed: "Ọ nwere obi ike n'oge ndị mmadụ na-arịọ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha ghara ime mkpọtụ ma nagide mmegbu." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Al-Taghyeer Magazine|date=2014-04-15|title=About Malkat ed-Dar Mohamed Abdullah|url=https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2014/04/15/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان|language=ar}}</ref> N'isiokwu ya banyere edemede ụmụ nwanyị Sudan, onye edemede Ijipt Mamdouh Farraj al-Nabbi kwusiri ike mkpa The Wide Void dị ma kpọọ maka nyocha ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a. N'ihota onye na-ede uri na onye edemede Sudan Al-Nour Othman Abkar, ọ kọwara ebumnuche Malkat ad-Dar "imezu ọchụchọ ime mmụọ nke ndị dike ya ebe njide nke nna ochie na-emebi. Ọ bụkwa ọchịchọ a na-amaghị ama maka enweghị ikike nwoke, nke na-egbochi mmepe na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=al-Nabbi|first=Mamdouh Farraj|date=2019-01-13|title=امرأة وواقع جديدان|url=https://alarab.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86|work=al-Arab|language=ar}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Nwanyị Na-agba Nja'' * ''Onye Amamihe Obodo, 1947'' * The Wide Void (n'asụsụ Arabic الفرغ العريض), nke e bipụtara na 1969<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog Search Results {{!}} HathiTrust Digital Library|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad,%20Malakat%20al-D%C4%81r.%22&type=author&inst=|accessdate=2021-06-10|work=catalog.hathitrust.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Sudan * Ụmụ nwanyị na Sudan == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Muḥammad, Malikat al Dar. (1969). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UOM Al-farāgh Al-ʻarīḍ]''. al-Kharṭūm, al-Dār al-Sūdānīyah. OCLC 67308009 * {{Cite web|author=Shammat|first=Lemya|date=2019-10-12|title=On gender stereotypes in Sudanese fiction|url=https://arablit.org/2019/10/12/on-gender-stereotypes-in-sudanese-fiction/|accessdate=2021-06-10|work=ArabLit & ArabLit Quarterly|language=en}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://womensliteracysudan.blog/2021/03/25/malikah-al-dar/ Blogpost nwere akụkọ ndụ na akwụkwọ banyere Malkat ad-Dar] na womensliteracysudan.blog 319bo3rqma67pb0w5mpim07dg7w9dbj 0 47023 697662 450860 2026-08-10T05:07:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697662 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Harriet Powers 1901.png|thumb|Harriet Powers]] Harriet Powers (Ọktoba 29, 1837 - Jenụwarị 1, 1910) [1] bụ onye omenkà ndị America na onye akwa akwa a mụrụ n'ohu n'ime ime obodo ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Georgia. Ndị ikike na-eji usoro ngwa ngwa ọdịnala mee ihe mkpuchi nke gosipụtara akụkọ ifo ndị obodo, akụkọ Bible, na ihe omume mbara igwe. Ndị ọchịchị lụrụ di na nwunye ma nwee ezinụlọ buru ibu. Mgbe agha obodo America na nnwere onwe gasịrị, ya na di ya ghọrọ ndị nwe ala n'afọ ndị 1880, mana ala ha tufuru n'ihi nsogbu ego. Naanị abụọ n'ime uwe akwa akwa ya ka a maara na ọ dị: Bible Quilt 1886 na Pictorial Quilt 1898. A na-ewere uwe elu ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ kachasị mma nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke Southern quilting. A na-egosi ọrụ ya na National Museum of American History na [[Washington, D.C.]], na Museum of Fine Arts na Boston, Massachusetts == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ike n'ime ịgba ohu na 1837 na nso Athens, Georgia. Ekwenyere na ọ nọrọla nwata ya n'ubi dị ka ohu, nke John na Nancy Lester nwe na Madison County ma mụta ịkwa akwa n'aka ndị ohu ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ n'aka nwanyị ohu ya.<ref name="gwoa">{{Cite web|title=HARRIET POWERS – Nurse. Volunteer. social activist|work=[[Georgia Women of Achievement]]|date=March 2009|url=https://www.georgiawomen.org/copy-of-pauley-frances-freeborn|accessdate=August 27, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221174659/https://www.georgiawomen.org/copy-of-pauley-frances-freeborn|archivedate=December 21, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.georgiawomen.org/copy-of-pauley-frances-freeborn "HARRIET POWERS – Nurse. Volunteer. social activist"]. ''[[Georgia Women of Achievement]]''. March 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221174659/https://www.georgiawomen.org/copy-of-pauley-frances-freeborn Archived] from the original on December 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1855, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Powers lụrụ Armstead Powers.<ref name="gwoa"/> Ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle|author=Hunter|first=Clare|publisher=Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton)|year=2019|isbn=9781473687912|location=London|pages=201–203|oclc=1079199690}}</ref> Mgbe Agha Obodo America gasịrị, a tọhapụrụ ndị Powerses na ụmụ ha. Na ngụkọ 1870, edere ha ka ha nwere $300 (~ $7,228 na 2023) na ihe onwunwe nkeonwe, n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị ala. N'ihe gbasara ọrụ, e depụtara Powers dị ka 'ụlọ nchekwa' na di ya dị ka 'onye ọrụ ugbo.' N'oge a, atọ n'ime ụmụ ha - Amanda, Leon Joe (Alonzo), na Nancy - ka bi n'ụlọ. Ka ọ na-erule 1880s Powers na ezinụlọ ya nwere ala acres anọ ma gbaa obere ugbo na Clarke County.[1][2] N'afọ 1886, Powers gosipụtara quilt mbụ ya na ngosi akwa Atens.[3][4][1] Mgbe ụfọdụ ihe isi ike ego gasịrị, Armstead malitere iji nwayọọ na-ere traktị ala na mmalite 1890s, ma mechaa mebie ụtụ isi ya.[1] N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ego ha nwere, ndị Powerses ahapụghị ụlọ ha.[3] Mpaghara ha nwere ogbenye ego, akụ na ụba ime obodo, ọ na-esiri ndị America America ike ịnakọta ego maka ụtụ isi na ụgwọ. Na 1894, Armstead hapụrụ Powers; Ọ lụọghị nwaanyị ọzọ ma eleghị anya ọ kwadoro onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwa akwa.[1][2] Ọ nọgidere na Clarke County maka ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na edemede ''Chicago Tribune'' nke 1895 <ref>{{Cite web|title=EXHIBIT OF THE NEGROES (November 24, 1895)|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1895/11/24/page/30/article/exhibit-of-the-negroes|accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> banyere Cotton States na International Expo kọwara Powers dị ka onye na-amaghị akwụkwọ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, na-amụta akụkọ Bible site na "ndị ọzọ nwere ihu ọma", Powers maara akwụkwọ. Quilt ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Kyra E. Hicks chọpụtara akwụkwọ ozi nke Powers dere mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta maka akwụkwọ ya na quilter: This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces (2009). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hicks|first=Kyra E.|title=This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces|date=2009|publisher=Black Threads Press|isbn=9780982479650|edition=1St|location=Place of publication not identified|language=en}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ bụ akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Powers nke 1896 nye otu nwanyị a ma ama si Keokuk, Iowa; ọ kọọrọ nghọta banyere ndụ Powers mgbe ọ bụ ohu, otu na mgbe ọ mụtara ịgụ na ide, na nkọwa nke ọ dịkarịa ala anọ n'ime akwa ya.<ref name=":4">Kyra E. Hicks, '' "This I Accomplish": Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces'', pp. 37–40.</ref> Powers dere na ọ mụtara akụkọ Bible site na ọmụmụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ.[3]<ref name=":4" /> Powers nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1910; e wee lie ya n’ebe a na-eli ozu ndị pilgrim nke dị n’Atens.[1] A chọtaghachiri ili ya na Jenụwarị 2005. <ref name="Payne2011">{{Cite book|author=Ulrich|first=Laurel Thatcher|title=Writing Women's History: A Tribute to Anne Firor Scott|publisher=UP of Mississippi|year=2011|isbn=9781617031748|editor=Elizabeth Anne Payne|pages=82–116|chapter='A Quilt Unlike Any Other': Rediscovering the Work of Harriet Powers|accessdate=November 12, 2014|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZO_BYwOK0UC&pg=PA113}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Powers gosipụtara akwa akwa mbụ ya, The Bible Quilt, na 1886 na Athens Cotton Fair . <ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/> Ọ bụ ebe a ka Jennie Smith, onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka si na Lucy Cobb Institute, hụrụ akwa ahụ, nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ dị ịrịba ama, wee rịọ ka ọ zụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/pictorial-quilt-116166|title=Pictorial quilt|work=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> Powers jụrụ ire, mana ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, Powers, zutere nsogbu ego ma di ya gbaa ya ume ire, nyere Smith uwe ahụ maka dollar iri; Smith kwetara ma kwurịta ọnụahịa ahụ ruo dollar ise (~ $ 170.00 na 2023). [2]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Miles|first=Tiya|title=All That She Carried|date=2021|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781984854995|pages=37–39}}</ref> Powers kọwara ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya nye Smith- onye dekọrọ nkọwa ndị a, na-agbakwunye ihe odide nke ya, na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onwe ya.<ref name="gwoa"/> O nwere ike ịbụ na Smith kọwakwuru ihe Ndị Kraịst dị n'ihe ndekọ ya.[2] Ike na-eji anya na-ekwurịta okwu na akwa akụkọ ya na isiokwu sitere na ahụmịhe nke ya na usoro sitere na ọrụ aka ochie nke ndị Africa America. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Cash|first=Floris Barnett|date=1995|title=Kinship and Quilting: An Examination of an African-American Tradition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717705|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=80|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.2307/2717705|issn=0022-2992}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCash1995">Cash, Floris Barnett (1995). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717705 "Kinship and Quilting: An Examination of an African-American Tradition"]. ''The Journal of Negro History''. '''80''' (1): 30–41. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2717705|10.2307/2717705]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0022-2992|0022-2992]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717705 2717705]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141226163 141226163].</cite></ref> E mere akwa akwa nke abụọ nke Powers, The Pictorial Quilt, na 1898 na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya edoghị anya. Otu akụkọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ndị nwunye ndị otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Atlanta nyere ya iwu, bụ ndị hụrụ akwa mbụ na Cotton States Exhibition na Atlanta na 1895, mgbe Powers na di ya kewara.<ref name=":3"/> Dị ka akwụkwọ ọzọ si kwuo, a zụrụ akwa ahụ na Nashville, Tennessee, na 1898.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'agbanyeghị ebe o si malite, e nyere mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ n'aka Reverend Charles Cuthbert Hall nke New York City, bụ onye na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ndị nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum n'oge ahụ. Ndị nketa nke reverend resịrị onye na-anakọta ihe mkpuchi ahụ Maxim Karolik, onye nyeziri ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Pictorial quilt|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/116166/pictorial-quilt;jsessionid=F8677AADD787B75395C2FCB08C03BE27|accessdate=2022-05-06|work=collections.mfa.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://collections.mfa.org/objects/116166/pictorial-quilt;jsessionid=F8677AADD787B75395C2FCB08C03BE27 "Pictorial quilt"]. ''collections.mfa.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o dere n'afọ 1896, Powers kọwara akwa e mere n'ihe dị ka 1882 nke ọ kpọrọ The Lord's Supper Quilt.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Alyssa|date=2019-02-08|title=A Modern Mother: Harriet Powers|url=https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/africana_studies_conf/2019/003/1|journal=Africana Studies Student Research Conference}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, ihe ndekọ nke akwa ndị ọzọ dị mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ha ma ọ bụ The Lord's Supper Quilt adịgidewo.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5" /> == Ọrụ == === ''Akwụkwọ Nsọ Quilt 1886'' === [[Usòrò:PowersBibleQuilt_1886.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Harriet Powers, 1885-1886]] Emechara na 1886, e ji ákwà owu wuo The Bible Quilt (nke 88 na × 73+3⁄4 in, 2,240 mm × 1,870 mm) wee hazie ya n'ahịrị atọ nwere ngụkọta nke akụkụ 11, ma ọ bụ square.[1][1] 2] A na-enye ihe nkiri ụfọdụ nnukwu ogwe karịa ndị ọzọ. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ nwere àgwà 'random' ọ bụ ezie na a haziri ihe nkiri ahụ n'usoro.[2] E ji usoro appliqué mere Quilt Bible, a na-adụkwa ya ma aka ma ígwè . [2]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462|title=1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt|work=National Museum of American History|accessdate=March 5, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462 "1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt"]. ''National Museum of American History''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Ihe ngosi ndị ahụ na-egosi akụkọ Bible, dị ka Jekọb na ubube ya, bụ́ ndị e sere n’ime mmụọ “Anyị Na-arịgo n’Ubube Jekọb.” Akụkọ Agba Ochie a bụ ndị ohu na-ewu ewu ebe ọ bụ na ha na-akọ banyere ndị a na-achụ nta, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi bụ Jekọb na ubube, nke ha kọwara dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya mgbapụ n'ịbụ ohu.[1]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-achị bụ Adam na Iv, Iv na nwa ya nwoke na-aga n’ihu na Paradaịs, Setan n’etiti kpakpando asaa ahụ, Ken gburu Ebel, Ken na-abanye n’ala nke Nod maka nwunye, Job, Jona na Whale, [2] Baptizim. nke Kraịst, Mkpọgide n’obe, Judas Iskarịọt na mkpụrụ ọlaọcha iri atọ ahụ, Nri Anyasị ikpeazụ, Ezinụlọ Nsọ, na nrịgo nke Kraịst n’eluigwe. Ike, ọgbọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ nke nwanyị ohu, nwere ike họrọla akụkọ ndị a dị ka ozi mfu na mgbapụ.[2]<ref name=":3" /> Jennie Smith, onye na-eto eto na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ nke gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ọzọ, hụrụ akwa ahụ na Athens Cotton Fair nke 1886. O mechara dee na e ji akwa mee ya n'ihi na, "[Ụdị] nke Power bụ nke obi ike ma na-adabere na iwu nke impressionist mgbe enwere okwu na-atọ ụtọ. " <ref name="smith">{{Cite web|title=1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462|accessdate=October 26, 2016|work=Smithsonian: National Museum of American History|publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> O kwuru na ya ga-azụta ya mgbe ahụ, mana Powers achọghị ire ya. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, Powers laghachiri Smith, na-enye ohere ire akwa ahụ n'ihi mkpa ezinụlọ ya. Ọ kọwaara Smith akụkụ ahụ n'oge ahụ, onye dekọrọ ihe ọ kwuru. Powers gara n'elu ákwà ahụ ọtụtụ oge mgbe Smith nwere ya, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị pụrụ iche na ndụ ya. [1]<ref name="smith" /> ==== Provenance ==== Maazị na Oriakụ H. M. Heckman nyere ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian Quilt Bible. A na-egosi ya ugbu a na National Museum of American History . <ref name=":1"/> ==== Arụmụka Bible Quilt ==== N'afọ 1992, Ụlọ Ọrụ Smithsonian goro ụlọ ọrụ China ka ha mepụta Bible Quilt, tinyere ọtụtụ akwa ndị ọzọ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19, gụnyere Susan Strong's 1830 Great Seal Quilt.<ref>{{Cite web|author=KONCIUS|first=JURA|date=April 10, 1992|title=Smithsonian Wraps Itself in Controversy : Americana: The museum is authorizing the sale of foreign-made reproductions of classic American quilt designs.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-10-vw-329-story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1825 - 1840 Susan Strong's "Great Seal" Quilt|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556469|work=National Museum of American History}}</ref> Atụmatụ ndị a maka mmepụta na ire ahịa mba ọzọ kpatara nnukwu esemokwu. Mgbe mmeghari izizi pụtara na katalọgụ Spiegel maka ịzụrụ ihe, ọ wụrụ ọtụtụ ndị America akpata oyi. Ndị ogbe mkpuchi na nka, ọkachasị National Quilting Association [1] na Maryland's Four County Quilt Guild,[2] nwere oke iwe site na mbọ mmeputa ndị a. Ha kwenyere na ọ bụ enweghị nkwanye ùgwù iji nweta ego site na Bible Quilt na ọrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya n'achọghị onye nwere ike nweta ikike ezinụlọ maka ọrụ ahụ na onye nwere ike ịnata ụfọdụ ụgwọ eze site na mmepụta ya. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe na-echegbukwa onwe ha na mmụba nke ihe ndị a pụrụ iche, nke na-adịghị agafe agafe agaghị eme ka ọ daa mbà n'obi nke ndị na-emepụta ha, kama ọ na-ekpuchikwa mmalite dị mkpa nke ọnọdụ ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ndị otu ndị a kwenyesiri ike na, ọ bụrụ na a ga-emepụtagharị ya, ụlọ ọrụ ndị America ga-emepụta ha iji nyere aka kwado ọrụ ahụ na U.S. Ọtụtụ nwere mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ihe kpatara nke a nke na ha kagburu ịbụ onye Smithsonian ha, kpọtụrụ ndị omebe iwu ha, bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa, ma mee mkpesa na National Mall na Washington, D.C. [ntụgharị chọrọ] Dabere na nzaghachi ndị a, Smithsonian Institution mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na ọrụ ọmụmụ ha. . Ha nwere "Nwebiisinka 1992 Smithsonian Institution"[1] ka ebipụtara na akwa mkpuchi ọ bụla iji zere ọgba aghara. Ha kwenyere ka ha machibido ire mmeputakwa quil na ụlọ ahịa onyinye ihe ngosi nka ma ọ bụ ụdị katalọgụ ọ bụla, wee nweta ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ụlọ, Cabin Creek Quilters na Appalachia na Missouri Breaks, otu dabere na ndoputa Lakota Sioux. Iji gbochie ụdị esemokwu dị otú ahụ n'ọdịnihu, Smithsonian malitekwara ịme ọgbakọ ọha na-akwalite mkparịta ụka na nyocha ọzọ gbasara omume ọma dị ka ihe metụtara mmeputakwa nka. === ''Ihe osise Quilt 1898'' === [[Usòrò:PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ihe osise, Mixed Media. 1898]] Pictorial Quilt (na-atụle in, 1,750 mm), nke e wuchara na 1889, ejiri ogho rụọ ya ma jiri usoro appliqué mee ya.  E nwere 15 otu nha, ma ọ bụ square, nke a haziri n'ahịrị atọ nke ise. E nwere ihe oyiyi 10 nke Bible, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme anọ, na nkuzi omume. A naghị ahazi ihe nkiri ndị ahụ n'usoro, mana a na-etinye ha na mberede na-agwakọta ihe nkiri Bible na akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Vlach|first=John Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3608807|title=The Afro-American tradition in decorative arts|date=1978|publisher=University of Georgia Press|others=Cleveland Museum of Art|isbn=0-910386-39-0|location=Cleveland|oclc=3608807}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVlach1978">Vlach, John Michael (1978). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3608807 ''The Afro-American tradition in decorative arts'']. Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland: University of Georgia Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-910386-39-0|<bdi>0-910386-39-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3608807 3608807].</cite></ref> N’ime akụkọ 10 Baịbụl e sere, atọ na-ezo aka n’otú Chineke kere ihe niile e kere eke abụọ abụọ (Panel 7, 9, and 14). Akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Adam na Iv na agwọ ahụ (Panel 4), Mozis na agwọ ahụ (Panel 3), Jona na whale (Panel 6), Job na-ekpe ekpere maka ndị iro ya (Panel 1), ndị mmụọ ozi nke ọnụma na ọkwa asaa ahụ. (Isi nke 10), na ihe ngosi abụọ sitere na ndụ Jizọs (Isi nke 5 na 15). Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe omume okike masịrị ndị America wee bụrụ akụkụ nke ọdịnala ọnụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mere tupu a mụọ Powers. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Panel 2 nke na-egosi Ụbọchị Ọchịchịrị nke May 19, 1780, ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị yiri ka anwụchiela (nke a kpatara ya bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na ntụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa na Canada); yana, Panel 8 nke na-anọchi anya Leonid meteor ịsa ahụ nke 1833. Panel 11 na-egosi 'Cold Thursday,' February 10, 1895. Ebe Powers portrays ndị mmadụ oyi kpọnwụrụ na ha egwu. Panel 12 na-anọchite anya abalị Red Light nke 1846. Ogwe 13 bụ nkuzi omume ọma ma gosipụta ndị ọgaranya abụọ e nyere ntaramahụhụ ebighi ebi maka amaghị ihe ọ bụla banyere Chineke. Kọmitii ahụ na-egosikwa ezì a sịrị na ọ si Georgia gaa Virginia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cole|first=Thomas B.|date=2014-11-19|title=Pictorial Quilt: Harriet Powers|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.279853|journal=JAMA|volume=312|issue=19|pages=1952–1953|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.279853|pmid=25399258|issn=0098-7484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=McCaskill|first=Barbara|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3444701026&asid=0a7b4260694c9dc71a678fa112710e35|title=Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas|date=2006|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=0028658167|edition=2nd|location=Detroit|pages=1830–1831|accessdate=October 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cole, T. B.|date=2014|title=Pictorial Quilt|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2014-11-19_312_19/page/n10|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=312|issue=19|pages=1952–1953|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.279853|pmid=25399258}}</ref><ref name=":7"/> ==== Provenance ==== Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme ezinụlọ Cuthbert si kwuo, Reverend Charles Cuthbert Hall bụ otu "ụmụ nwanyị" na Mahadum Atlanta nyere ihe mkpuchi ahụ na 1898. Onye ozi Presbyterian ka a họpụtara dị ka onye isi oche nke Seminary Union na New York. Nwa ya nwoke Reverend Basil Douglas Hall (1888 - 1979) ketara ya ihe dịka 1961. Ndị na-anakọta Maxim na Martha Karolik zụrụ ọrụ ahụ na 1964, na-enye ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, na ihe nketa. A na-egosi ya n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":8"/> == Ụdị == Bible Quilt 1886 na Pictorial Quilt 1898 na-egosi ihe ndị dị na Bible na akụkọ ihe mere eme yana ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe. A na-eji aka na igwe dụkọta akwa abụọ ahụ, na-eji usoro appliqué na nke na-egosi ma mmetụta ndị Africa na America na ndị Africa.<ref name=":7"/> Ha bụ ndị a ma ama maka iji usoro ndị a na ịkọ akụkọ mee ihe. Jennie Smith dekọrọ okwu Harriet Powers maka square ọ bụla nke Pictorial Quilt. [Ihe odide ederede dị mkpa] Edere nkọwa ndị a na akwụkwọ mgbe enyere Reverend Cuthbert nke Mahadum Atlanta ihe mkpuchi ahụ. Dị ka ya ndetu, maka Leonid ma ọ bụ na-ada kpakpando square, Powers kwuru, sị, "Ndị mmadụ na-atụ egwu na-eche na ọgwụgwụ nke oge abịawo. aka Chineke stad kpakpando. The varmints gbapụrụ n'àkwà ha. "[1] Ọzọ. panel na-egosi 'ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị' Mee 19, 1780 (nke a na-achọpụta ugbu a dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na North America nke Canada Wildfires kpatara). <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Reed Miller|first=Rosemary E.|title=Threads of Time, The Fabric of History|publisher=T&S Press|year=2002|isbn=0-9709713-0-3|location=Washington, DC|pages=32}}</ref> Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka achọpụtala myirịta dị n'etiti mgbidi ngwa ngwa West Africa na ọrụ Powers. Yiri akwa akwa nke Benin etinyere, ọrụ Powers nwere akara ahaziri nke ọma na obere mgbanwe. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ, ma ndị nwoke ma ndị nwanyị, na Bible Quilt yiri ka e si n’otu ụkpụrụ mee. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwoke dị iche na nke nwanyị site na ịkpụcha ụdị V si uwe mwụda. Na mgbakwunye, ihe nnọchianya ya nke mmadụ, anụmanụ, na ihe dị ntakịrị ma weghara isi ihe dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọrụ ya dị ka nke Fon, Asante, Fante, na Ewe mere.<ref name=":7"/> Onye edemede Floris Barnett Cash na-atụ aro na mmasị Powers na ihe nkiri eluigwe, akụkọ okpukpe, na ihe omume mbara igwe gosipụtara mgbanwe n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii ebe ọ bi. A na-ekerịta ozi ọha na eze, dị ka ịnụ okwuchukwu sitere n'aka ndị nkwusa kwa Sọnde, ma ọ bụ akụkọ, n'oge a na-ekpuchi uwe ma tinye ya n'ime uwe ya.<ref name=":0"/> Ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na mmasị ndị ikike nwere n'ahụ ndị eluigwe metụtara nkwenye na mkpa okpukpe ha pụtara, [1] ma ọ bụ na ha nwere njikọ na otu òtù ụmụnna. Nkọwa ya banyere ihe mkpuchi abụọ ahụ adịlarị na ederede ndị ọzọ. O nwere ike ịbụ na ndị mmadụ na-edekọ ihe o kwuru metụtara mmetụta ya pụta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta amụtala na Powers bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, ma ọ pụkwara iji ihe mkpuchi ya mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkuzi, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị obodo ya enweghị ike ịgụ ihe. == Ọnwụ, olili ozu na ncheta == Powers, "nwanyị Negro merela agadi nke ji ọtụtụ ndị Athens kpọrọ ihe," dị ka ọkwa ọnwụ ya si dị na Banner Athens, nwụrụ na January 1, 1910, nke oyi baa n'ụwa ma lie ya na ebe izu ike nke ndị America America, Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery na Atens.[1] N'afọ 2005, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Georgia, Cat Holmes, chọtaghachiri isi okwu maka Powers na di ya, Armsted, bụ nke ahịhịa tojuru etoju kpuchiri kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.Ihe nrịbama ahụ jidere aha di na nwunye ahụ ma dị ihe dị ka 24 na × 15 na × 3⁄4 na (610 mm × 381 mm × 19 mm) yana “ọ dị ka ọ̀ bụ nwa nwoke Powers nke ọdụdụ, Marshall hiwere ya,” onye aha ya bụ n'oge ahụ. n'elu isi okwute.[1] Holmes anọwo na-achọ ili ma na-aga n'ihu ihe dị ka afọ abụọ. Na Christmas Eve 2004, Holmes na di ya, David Berle, onye prọfesọ ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Georgia, bụ ndị na-enyere aka na mweghachi maka ebe a na-eli ozu, nọ na-achọ ebe a "ka edoghị anya".Nke mbụ, ha chọtara akara maka Viola Powers ( ọgọ nwanyị) na mgbe otu awa gachara, isi okwu nke Power.[2]<ref name="Famous Grave Found">{{Cite news|author=Shearer|first=Lee|title=Famous grave found off Fourth Street: Digging through history; quilter remembered|work=Online Athens: Athens Banner-Herald|date=January 9, 2005}}</ref> Na Disemba 2023, a raara ihe ncheta ọhụrụ maka Harriet na Armstead Powers nye na Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery. Ọ bụ Women of Color Quilters Network kwadoro ncheta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Carroll|first=Nell|title=PHOTOS: Revered quilter is honored in Athens|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/aajc-120423-powers-gallery/KEQB4FCAGBF3ZMHDSBK34LG5OA/|accessdate=5 January 2024|work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=4 Dec 2023|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Rebecca|title=More than 100 years after her death, a revered quilter is honored in Athens|url=https://www.ajc.com/things-to-do/more-than-100-years-after-her-death-a-revered-quilter-is-honored-in-athens/IGHQP7IHJZAVBOL6QXKT76RLTY/|accessdate=5 January 2024|work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=4 Dec 2023|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wood|first=Jesse|title=Ceremony held to commemorate Armstead and Harriet Powers' new headstone|url=https://www.redandblack.com/athensnews/ceremony-held-to-commemorate-armstead-and-harriet-powers-new-headstone/article_b8658318-923c-11ee-b574-8b2e1d8b3e20.html|accessdate=5 January 2024|work=The Red and Black|date=4 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ ![[Usòrò:Gospel_Pilgrim_Cemetery_Historical_Marker.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-eli ozu ndị njem ala nsọ]] ![[Usòrò:Ribbon_Wreath_Harriet_Powers_gravesite_Gospel_Pilgrim_Cemetery_Oct_31_2010.jpg|thumb|Okpueze eriri na ili Harriet Powers. A tọhapụrụ ya n'October 31, 2010.]] ![[Usòrò:Harriet_and_Armstead_Powers_headstone_front_side_Gospel_Pilgrim_Cemetery_Athens_GA.jpg|thumb|Harriet na Armstead Powers n'ihu nkume isi, raara nye na Disemba 2, 2023.]] ![[Usòrò:Harriet_and_Armstead_Powers_headstone_back_side_Gospel_Pilgrim_Cemetery_Athens_GA.jpg|thumb|Harriet na Armstead Powers isi nkume n'azụ ihe ncheta.]] |- |} == Nsọpụrụ ndị e nyere mgbe ọ nwụsịrị == N'afọ 2009, a nabatara Powers n'ime Georgia Women of Achievement Hall of Fame . <ref name="gwoa"/> N'October 2010, òtù dị iche iche dị na Athens, Georgia, mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe omume metụtara isiokwu bụ "Aka Ndị Pụrụ Ime: A Centennial Celebration of Harriet Powers." Ihe omume ndị a gụnyere ihe ngosi mkpuchi mkpuchi, ịkọ akụkọ, egwu egwu ozioma, ihe ngosi ihe ngosi, mmemme ụka ncheta na New Grove Baptist Church na Winterville, na ịga na saịtị ili Powers. <ref>" Stitch in Time," by Julie Philips, 'Athens Banner-Herald,'' October 24, 2010, ''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Stitch in Time: 'Hands that Can Do' A Centennial Celebration of Harriet Powers|publisher=Athens Banner-Herald (GA)|date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> Onye isi obodo Athens-Clarke County Heidi Davison wepụtara nkwupụta na-akpọ October 30, 2010, dị ka Harriet Powers Day.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == N'omenala a ma ama == === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * Fader, Ellen (March 1, 1994). "Stitching Stars: The Story Quilts of Harriet Powers", The Horn Book Magazine. Izu ohi [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&nbsp; * Herkert, Barbara, na Vanessa Brantley-Newton (onye na-ese ihe). ''Akụkọ ịkwa akwa: Njem Harriet Powers si n'ohu gaa n'onye na-ese ihe.'' New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2015.   * Lyons, Mary E. ''Stitching Stars: Akụkọ Akụkọ nke Harriet Powers''. New York, NY: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1997.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38176225 38176225] === Ụkpụrụ Quilt === * Ike, Harriet. ''A Pattern Book: Dabere na Appliqué Quilt nke Mrs. Harriet Powers, American, 19th Century.'' Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1970.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6038345 6038345] * [[Regenia A. Perry|Perry, Regenia]] Akwụkwọ Bible nke Harriet Powers. New York: Rizzoli International, 1994.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29356836 29356836] * Hicks, Kyra E. ''The Lord's Supper Pattern Book: Imagining Harriet Powers' Lost Bible Story Quilt.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779971630 779971630] === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === * Cavalieri, Grace. ''Ịchụ Anyanwụ.'' nke Smithsonian Institution na Visual Press nke Mahadum Maryland nyere iwu, 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artworks Summer 2002|url=https://archive.wvculture.org/arts/artworks/Summer02/quiltingsun.html|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=archive.wvculture.org}}</ref> ** Nke mbụ mere na New York City (2002) site na Xoregos Performing Company. == Hụkwa == * Ihe osise ndị Afrịka na America * Akpụkpọ anụ nke Baltimore * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwa * Ịgbapụta * Ndepụta nke ndị ohu * [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Ihe ndị dị na Gee's Bend]] == Ntuaka == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Harriet Powers' Bible Quilts", The Clarion, Spring 1982, American Folk Art Museum. * Bobo, Jacqueline ''Black Feminist Cultural Criticism.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbipụta. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &nbsp;E bipụtara afọ anọ mgbe ọnwụ Powers gasịrị, isiokwu Lucine Finch gụnyere foto nke Bible Quilt, nkọwa nke blọk ọ bụla, na (ma eleghị anya) ihe Powers kwuru.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Finch|first=Lucine|title=A Sermon in Patchwork|journal=The Outlook: With Illustrations|date=October 28, 1914|pages=493–495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_G2Y3E7zo1sC&q=sermon+in+patchwork+&pg=PA1027|accessdate=November 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7864-1374-3|0-7864-1374-3]] * Hicks, Kyra E. Nke a bụ ihe m rụzuru: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces, Black Threads Press, 2009.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9824796-5-0|978-0-9824796-5-0]] * Holmes, Catherine L., "The darling of her brain: the quilts of Harriett Powers" na Georgia Quilts: Piecing Together a History, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 2006.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780820328997|9780820328997]] * {{Cite book|author=Perry, Regenia A.|title=''Selections of nineteenth-century Afro-American art''|location=New York|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1972|url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/150414}} * Jacquiline L. Tobin na Raymond G. Dobard, Hidden in Plain View: A Secret Story of Quilts and the Underground Railroad (Anchor Books, 2000). == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform_powers_1.html Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọdịnala ndị Afrịka na America bụ Harriet Powers.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180605124344/http://www.historyofquilts.com/hpowers.html Harriet Powers: Ohu a tọhapụrụ na-akọ akụkọ site na Quilting.] Ihe E debereJune 5, 2018, naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415153209/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/quilt/harriet.html Nkwado ndịda America: Harriet Powers.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227040451/http://harriettpowers.net/Harriett_Powers_Film_Project/index.html Ọrụ ihe nkiri Harriet Powers.] * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462 ''Akwụkwọ Nsọ''] <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] knbojivx7llegfvlub9kc260f37uwyb 0 47229 697861 516685 2026-08-10T09:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Horace King''' (mgbe ụfọdụ '''Horace Godwin''' ) (Septemba 8, 1807 - Mee 28, 1885) bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, injinia na onye na-ewu akwa mmiri. <ref>Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia , ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916234636/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahistmarkers/horacekinghistmarker.htm Horace King Historical Marker] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916234636/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahistmarkers/horacekinghistmarker.htm|date=September 16, 2008}}'', retrieved November 3, 2007.</ref> A na-ewere King dị ka onye wuru akwa mmiri na narị afọ nke 19 Deep South, na-arụ ọtụtụ àkwà mmiri na [[Alabama]], [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]] na [[Mississippi]] . <ref name="nge">''The New Georgia Encyclopedia'', "[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/horace-king-1807-1885/ Horace King (1807-1885)]", retrieved November 3, 2007.</ref> A mụrụ King na ịgba ohu na South Carolina na 1807. Otu onye na-azụ ahịa ohu resịrị ya otu nwoke hụrụ ihe pụrụ iche na Horace King. Onye nwe ya, bụ́ John Godwin, kụziiri Eze ka e si agụ na otú e si ede ihe nakwa otú e si ewu ụlọ n’oge iwu na-akwadoghị ịkụziri ndị ohu ihe. Eze rụsiri ọrụ ike na n'agbanyeghị agbụ, ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi, Eze lekwasịrị anya ndụ ya n'ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ịbụ ezigbo nwoke. Eze rụrụ àkwà mmiri, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, ụlọ na ụlọ ụka. Horace King ghọrọ onye nrụpụta ihe nke ukwuu wee pụta na agha obodo dịka onye omebe iwu na steeti Alabama. A maara nke ọma dị ka Horace “The Bridge Builder” King and the "Prince of Bridge Builders," o jere ozi obodo ya n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke obodo." <ref>[https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/horace-king-j-david-dameron/1126387080?ean=9781520663029 J. David Dameron, Horace King: From Slave to Master Builder and Legislator], Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == A mụrụ Horace King na ịgba ohu na 1807 na Cheraw District nke [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], na Chesterfield County ugbu a. Ezinụlọ eze bụ ngwakọta nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa]], European, na Catawba . Onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 19 FL Cherry kọwara ọdịdị ya dị ka ọ na-egosi "ọbara India karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ." <ref>Cherry ''History of Opelika'' 193, 197.</ref> N'ịbụ onye a kụziiri ịgụ na ide ihe n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ ghọwo onye ọkwá nkà na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/D-GreatAchievements-Weingardt-Oct071.pdf|title=Horace King: From Slave to Master Bridge Builder|author=Richard G. Weingardt|date=October 2007|work=Structure Magazine|publisher=National Council of Structural Engineers Associations|accessdate=March 28, 2024|archivedate=March 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328170034/https://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/D-GreatAchievements-Weingardt-Oct071.pdf}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ohu, e kwere ka Eze na-enweta nnukwu ego n'ọrụ ya. Na 1846, o jiri ụfọdụ n'ime ego ọ na-enweta zụta nnwere onwe ya n'aka ezinụlọ Godwin na Wright. Ma, n'okpuru iwu Alabama nke oge ahụ, a na-ahapụ ohu a tọhapụrụ onwe ya ka ọ nọrọ na steeti ahụ naanị otu afọ ka emechara ya. Jemison, onye jere ozi na Alabama State Senate, mere ndokwa ka ndị omebe iwu steeti nyefee iwu pụrụ iche na-enye Eze nnwere onwe ya ma wepụ ya na iwu manumission. Na 1852, Eze ji nnwere onwe ya zụta ala n'akụkụ nna ya ukwu mbụ. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 123-130.</ref> Mgbe Godwin nwụrụ na 1859, Eze mere ihe ncheta n'elu ili ya. N'afọ 1849, Alabama State Capitol gbara ọkụ, e goro Eze n'ọrụ iji wuo usoro nke ụlọ isi obodo ọhụrụ, yana imepụta na wuo steepụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata ejima. Eze ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere ihe owuwu àkwà mmiri na-eme ka steepụ nkwado nke steepụ nke mere na steepụ ahụ pụtara ka ọ "na-ese n'elu," na-enweghị nkwado etiti ọ bụla. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 134-135.</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 1855, Eze malitere mmekọrịta ya na ndị ikom abụọ ọzọ iji wuo àkwà mmiri, nke a maara dị ka Moore's Bridge, n'elu Chattahoochee n'etiti Newnan na Carrollton, Georgia, na nso Whitesburg . Kama ịnakọta ego maka ọrụ ya, Eze weere ngwaahịa kama, na-enweta mmasị na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na akwa mmiri. Eze kpọgara nwunye ya na ụmụ ya gaa n'ebe dị nso na akwa mmiri n'ihe dị ka 1858, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-aga n'etiti ya na ụlọ ha ọzọ na Alabama. Frances King na ụmụ ha chịkọtara ọnụ ahịa akwa mmiri na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Moore's Bridge. Ego enwetara site na Moore's Bridge butere King na ezinụlọ ya ego na-aga n'ihu. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ichepụta na ịrụ nnukwu ọrụ akwa mmiri site n'afọ ndị 1850 fọdụrụnụ, gụnyere nnukwu àkwà mmiri dị na Milledgeville, Georgia na ngafe Chattahoochee nke abụọ na Columbus, Georgia. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 143-150.</ref> == Dị ka ohu == N'afọ 1850 na Columbus, Eze zụtara ohu nke mechara bụrụ onye a maara dị ka onye na-eme ememme abolitionist J. Sella Martin . Mgbe Eze nwara imeri Martin site n’iti ya ihe, o wutere ya maka nguzogide nwoke ahụ. O resịkwara Martin ngwa ngwa nye onye ahịa ohu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schweninger|first=Loren|title=Review: Beating against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth-Century Afro-American History. by R. J. M. Blackett|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1987-11_53_4/page/659|journal=The Journal of Southern History|date=November 1987|volume=53|issue=4|pages=659–660|doi=10.2307/2208789}}</ref> <ref>Dave Gillarm (Executive Director of the Black History Museum of Columbus), quoted by Alva James-Johnson, "Local lynchings discussed at Columbus Tech," ''Columbus Ledger-Enquirer'', February 23, 2016 (page 4).</ref> == Oge agha == [[Usòrò:CSS_Muscogee.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Edenyere Eze ka o nyere aka n'iwu nke Confederate ironclads, gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri a, ''CSS Muscogee'' .]] Ka [[Agha Obodo America]] rutere na 1860, Eze, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ojii nọ na South, megidere nkewa nke steeti ndịda ma bụrụkwa onye Unionist kwadoro. Mgbe esemokwu ahụ kwụsịrị, Eze nwara ịga n'ihu n'azụmahịa ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-ewu ụlọ, na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na igwe igwe na Coweta County, Georgia na akwa mmiri na Columbus, Georgia. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwa mmiri Columbus, ndị ọchịchị Confederate debara Eze n'ọrụ ịrụ ihe mgbochi na Osimiri Apalachicola, 200 miles (320 km) n'ebe ndịda Columbus iji gbochie mwakpo ndị agha mmiri na obodo ahụ. Mgbe o mechachara ihe mgbochi ahụ na Apalachicola, e nyere Eze ọrụ iwu ihe nchebe na Osimiri Alabama tupu ọ laghachi Columbus na 1863. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 163-167.</ref> N'oge a, Columbus abụrụla nnukwu obodo na-ewu ụgbọ mmiri maka Confederacy. E kenyere Eze na ndị ikom ya inyere aka ịrụ ụgbọ mmiri na Columbus Iron Works and Navy Yard. Na 1863–64, Eze rụrụ igwe igwe igwe maka Iron Work, nke rụpụtara cladding maka ụgbọ mmiri agha nke Confederate. Ndị ọrụ Eze nyekwara osisi na osisi maka Yard Navy. Ha tinyere aka n'akụkụ owuwu nke ''CSS Muscogee'' . <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers,'' 167-169.</ref> N'afọ 1864, Eze degaara Jemison akwụkwọ, bụ onye megidekwara nkewa, ma na-eje ozi na Confederate Senate . Ọ jụrụ ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ kwụsị ọrụ ya maka Confederacy. A maghị azịza Jemison. Ka agha ahụ na-eru nso na njedebe ya na 1864, ndị agha Union bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime àkwà mmiri Eze. Nke a gụnyere Moore's Bridge, nke Eze nwere. Ndị agha ndị agha Union bibiri Moore's Bridge na July 1864. Frances King nwụrụ na October 1, 1864, na Girard, na-ahapụ Eze onye di ya nwụrụ nke nwere ụmụ ise dị ndụ ka ọ lekọta ya. Ndị na-agba ọsọ n'okpuru Union General James H. Wilson wakporo Columbus n'April 1865, na-ere àkwà mmiri Eze niile dị n'obodo ahụ ọkụ, gụnyere nke ọ rụchara ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers,'' 174-175, 178-181.</ref> Eze lụrụ ọzọ na June 1865 na Sarah Jane Jones McManus. == Eze na nwughari == Oge agha biri nyekwara Eze ohere ọhụrụ. N'ime ọnwa isii ka agha ahụ biri, Eze na onye ha na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ wuo 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe owu na Columbus, na King nwere—na nke ugboro atọ — wughachiri akwa Columbus City mbụ. N'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ, Eze ga-ewu àkwà mmiri atọ ọzọ gafee Chattahoochee: na Columbus, na abụọ na West Point, Georgia, gbakwunyere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ, na Lee County, Alabama ụlọ ikpe. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 182-195, 210.</ref> Mgbe arụrụ ọrụ nrụgharị ahụ na 1867, King ghọrọ onye na-edeba aha maka ndị ntuli aka na Russell County, Alabama . Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwara iguzobe ógbè nke ndị nwere onwe ha na Jọjia. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, a họpụtara Eze ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Alabama na 1868 dịka [[Republican Party (United States)|onye Republican]] na-anọchite anya mpaghara Russell. N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ihe owuwu ya na Columbus, King anọghị n'oche ya ihe karịrị otu afọ, na November 1869. Eze nọgidere bụrụ onye omebe iwu na-enweghị mmasị, na-eme ntuli aka 78% nke oge ahụ ma na-atụ aro naanị ụgwọ atọ-ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ghọrọ iwu. A họpụtara Eze na 1870, na-atụ aro na ọ dịghị ụgwọ ọ bụla na nnọkọ 1870-71 na nanị ise na nnọkọ 1871-72, otu n'ime ha - mmachibido iwu na ire mmanya na Hurtsboro, Alabama - ghọrọ iwu. King achọghị ntuli aka ọzọ na 1872. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 211-221.</ref> == Afọ ikpeazụ == [[Usòrò:Horace_King_old.jpg|thumb| Eze n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya.]] King hapụrụ omebe iwu Alabama na 1872 wee soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga LaGrange, Georgia . Mgbe ọ nọ na LaGrange, Eze gara n'ihu na-arụ àkwà mmiri, ma gbasaakwa ịgụnye ọrụ owuwu ndị ọzọ, karịsịa azụmahịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1870s, Eze amalitela inye ụmụ ya ise ọrụ ihe owuwu akwa mmiri ya, bụ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ King Brothers Bridge. Ahụ ike Eze malitere ịda mba na 1880, ma nwụọ na May 28, 1885, na LaGrange. <ref>Lupold and French, ''Deep South Rivers'', 223-239.</ref> Eze nwetara akwụkwọ akụkọ otuto nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Georgia, ụkọ maka ndị America America na 1880s South. A kpọbatara ya n'ụlọ ezumezu nke Alabama Engineers na Mahadum Alabama . Nna nna ya, Horace H. King, Jr. nabatara ihe nrite a n'aha ya maka nka injinia ya na agwa ya. == Na-arụ ọrụ == * Columbus, Georgia Bridge (Iju mmiri bibiri na 1841). (1832–33) * Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe iri anọ dị na Apalachicola, Florida . (1834) * West Point, Georgia Bridge. (1838) * Eufaula, Alabama Bridge (Ebibiri na 1924). (1838–39) * Florence, Georgia Bridge. (1840) * Ndochi Columbus, Georgia Bridge. (1841) * Ụlọ ikpe nke Muscogee County . (1839–41) * Ụlọ ikpe Russell County . (1839–41) * Red Oak Creek Covered Bridge, Georgia . depụtara na National Register of Historic ebe na bụ nke ikpeazụ fọdụrụ kpuchie akwa nke Eze mere. (1840s) * Columbus nke abụọ, akwa Mississippi (ọkụ gbara n'oge [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]] ). (1843) * Wetumpka, Alabama Bridge. (1844) * Tallassee, Alabama Bridge. (1845) * 3 obere àkwà mmiri dị nso na Steens, Mississippi . (1845) * Usoro ime ime na steepụ gbagoro agbago nke Alabama State Capitol na Montgomery, Alabama, nke edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark . (1850–51) * Moore's Bridge dị nso na Whitesburg, Georgia (ọkụ gbara n'oge Agha Obodo). (1855) * Milledgeville, Georgia Bridge. (1850s) * Ụlọ Bridge (Albany, Georgia) dị na Albany, Georgia, edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places na ugbu a na-eji dị ka Albany Welcome Center. (1858) * Columbus nke atọ, akwa Mississippi (Ebibiri narị afọ nke 20). (1865) * Tuscaloosa, Alabama Bridge n'elu Black Warrior River (oké ifufe bibiri na 1880). (1872) == Hụkwa == * {{Cite book|author=Okosse (F.J. Cherry)|title=The History of Opelika and Her Agricultural Tributary Territory|chapter=V. Horace King—John Godwin—Joe Marshall—Bridge Building—Horace King Emancipated—His Political Life—Honors Old Masters Grave—Crockettsville|date=1883}} Reprinted in {{Cite journal|volume=15|issue=2|pages=176–339|author=Cherry|first=F. J.|title=The History of Opelika and Her Agricultural Tributary Territory|journal=The Alabama Historical Quarterly|date=1953}} In particular pages 193-197 (chapter V). Page numbers in references are from the 1953 reprinting. * {{Cite book|publisher=Southeast Research Publishing (self-published)|isbn=978-1-5206-6302-9|author=Dameron|first=J. David|title=Horace King: From Slave, to Master Builder and Legislator|date=2017-02-23}} * {{Cite book|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-2626-9|author=Lupold|first=John S.|title=Bridging deep south rivers: the life and legend of Horace King|location=Athens, Georgia|date=2004}} * ''HORACE: The Bridge Builder King'' (Documentary), Produced by Tom C. Lenard. Part I on YouTube Part II on YouTube Part III on YouTube Part IV on YouTube Part V on YouTube Part VI on YouTube. == Ntụaka == Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare mere ya onye ọsụ ụzọ na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ. Na mgbakwunye na imepụta akara maka Harris Trust Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare, King nyekwara ọrụ imewe maka usoro okporo ụzọ gọọmenti etiti Triangle Plaza kwụsịrị I-90, na NorthwestBank na [[Ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare International|ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=African American Designers in Chicago: Art, Commerce and the Politics of Race|url=https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/dca/exhibitions/designers/aadcguide.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-23|archivedate=2024-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708134228/https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/dca/exhibitions/designers/aadcguide.pdf}}</ref> mere ya onye ọsụ ụzọ na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Andre´ Richardson King|url=https://chicagodesignarchive.org/designer/andre-richardson-king|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=The Chicago Design Archive}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na imepụta akara maka Harris Trust Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare, King nyekwara ọrụ imewe maka usoro okporo ụzọ gọọmenti etiti Triangle Plaza <ref name=":1" /> kwụsịrị I-90, na Northwest{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 10dvajxhb6uszsv5fnyfj1afk3am489 0 47409 697588 632743 2026-08-10T03:32:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Zanele Muholi''' FRPS (amụrụ 19 Julaị 1972) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa na-arụ ọrụ na foto, vidiyo, na ntinye. Ọrụ Muholi lekwasịrị anya n'agbụrụ, okike na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere otu ọrụ malitere na mbido 2000s, na-edekọ ma na-eme ememe ndụ South Africa Black Lesbian, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, transgender, na obodo [[Intersex|mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị]] . Muholi abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ ma na-eji ha / ha nnochiaha, <ref>{{Cite news|author=O'Hagan|first=Sean|date=2020-11-02|title=Zanele Muholi's queer South Africa: 'I do not dare shoot at night. It is not safe'|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/nov/02/zanele-muholi-interview-queer-photographer-lgbtq-south-africa-tate|accessdate=2020-11-03}}</ref> na-akọwa na "Abụ m naanị mmadụ". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.out.com/art/2019/4/23/zanele-muholi-forever-changed-image-black-queer-south-africans|title=Zanele Muholi Forever Changed the Image of Black Queer South Africans|author=Willis|first=Raquel|date=2019-04-23|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|quote=The Durbanite is quick to explain that more specific terms discussing gender nonconformity and queerness don't exist in their original Zulu language.|accessdate=2021-08-22}}</ref> A họpụtara Muholi maka Deutsche Börse Photography Prize na 2015. Ha natara Infinity Award site na International Center of Photography na 2016, a Chevalier de Ordre des Arts et des Lettres na 2016, na nkwanye ugwu nke Royal Photographic Society na 2018. Muholi nwere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya na Maison européenne de la photographie na Paris site na 1 February ruo 25 Mee 2023. <ref name="cosmopolitan">{{Cite web|accessdate=2023-02-24|title=Zanele Muholi : pour la première fois en France, l'artiste activiste est à l'honneur dans une rétrospective fascinante|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/l-activiste-et-photographe-zanele-muholi-au-coeur-d-une-exposition-saisissante-a-la-maison-europeenne-de-la-photographie,2072283.asp|work=Cosmopolitan.fr|date=14 February 2023}}</ref> E gosikwara ọrụ ha n'afọ ahụ na Mudec-Museo delle Culture na Milan, site na 31 March site na 30 July 2023, na-egosi ihe ngosi 60 nke onwe ya na oji na ọcha họọrọ karịsịa maka Mudec. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=MUHOLI. A VISUAL ACTIVIST|url=https://www.mudec.it/muholi-a-visual-activist/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=Mudec|language=it-IT}} [[Òtù:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Zanele Muholi mụrụ ma zụlite na Umlazi, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal . Nna ha bụ Ashwell Tanji Banda Muholi na nne ha bụ Bester Muholi. Ha bụ nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka asatọ. Nna Muholi nwụrụ obere oge ka a mụsịrị ha, <ref name=":5"/> na nne ha bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ nke hapụrụ ụmụ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ maka ezinụlọ ndị ọcha n'oge Apartheid na [[South Africa]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.1843magazine.com/culture/zanele-muholi-dark-lioness|title=Zanele Muholi: dark lioness|date=24 April 2018|work=1843|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezinụlọ buru ibu zụlitere Muholi. <ref name=":3" /> Muholi akọwala onwe ha dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe na-eme ihe megidere onye na-ese ihe. <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jul/14/zanele-muholi-365-protest-photographs|title='Photography saved my life' – the year-long exposure of visual activist Zanele Muholi|date=14 July 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> <ref name=":0">Raél Jero Salley. African Arts. Los Angeles: Winter 2012. Vol. 45, Iss. 4; pg. 58, 12 pgs</ref> Ha raara onwe ha nye ịbawanye visibiliti nke ndị nwanyị nwanyị ojii, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, transgender, na ndị [[Intersex|na-enwe mmekọahụ]] . Ha nyochara wee dekọọ akụkọ gbasara mpụ ịkpọasị megide obodo LGBTQI iji wepụta eziokwu nke " ndina n'ike n'ike ," <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews%3D48279|title=Law Failing Lesbians on "Corrective Rape"|author=Bucher|first=Nathalie Rosa|date=30 April 2010|work=IPS|accessdate=2 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430124737/http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=48279|archivedate=30 April 2010}}</ref> mwakpo, na [[HIV/AIDS|HIV / AIDS]], n'ihu ọha. Ha nwere akara ugo mmụta Master of Fine Arts na Documentary Media sitere na Mahadum Ryerson na Toronto wee họpụta ha Prọfesọ nsọpụrụ - vidiyo na foto na Mahadum Arts Bremen na Germany. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hfk-bremen.de/en|title=HFK Bremen|work=hfk-bremen.de}}</ref> Muholi bụ ọkà okwu na WorldPride Madrid Summit 2017. Ha na Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Myrna Cunningham na Gopi Shankar Madurai chịkọtara ''Nkwupụta Mgbakọ Mgbakọ Madrid'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldpridemadrid2017.com/en/summit/schedule/wednesday28/406-future-aims-to-foster-a-unified-global-lgbtiq-movement|work=[[WorldPride]]|title=Closing: Future Achievements and Needs to Build a Strong LGBTQIA+ Movement Around the World|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Muholi dechara nkuzi foto di elu na Market Photo Workshop na Newtown, Johannesburg na 2003, wee mee ihe ngosi nke mbụ ha na [[Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg|Johannesburg Art Gallery]] na 2004. N'afọ 2009, e nyere ha nzere Master of Fine Arts na Documentary Media site na Mahadum Ryerson na Toronto. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ha depụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke njirimara nwanyị nwanyị ojii na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na South Africa mgbe apartheid gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Account Suspended|url=http://zanelemuholi.com/ZM%20moh_final_230609.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150928/http://zanelemuholi.com/ZM%20moh_final_230609.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2011|accessdate=3 July 2010|work=zanelemuholi.com}}</ref> Na 28 October 2013, a họpụtara ha Prọfesọ nsọpụrụ - vidiyo na foto na Mahadum nke Arts Bremen na Germany. <ref name=":6"/> == Foto == Atụle foto Muholi ka otu WEB DuBois si mebie ihe nnọchianya nke ndị America America. Ma Muholi na Du Bois emepụtala ebe nchekwa foto, na-arụ ọrụ iji kpochapụ echiche ndị na-achị achị, ndị dịbu adị nke isiokwu ndị ha họọrọ ịse foto. Muholi na-ele ọrụ ha anya dị ka imekọ ihe ọnụ, na-ezo aka na ndị ha na-ese foto dị ka "ndị so na ya" kama ịbụ isiokwu. Site na okwu "ndị so na ya" Muholi na-enye ohere ka ndị sonyere ha na-arụkọ ọrụ na poses kama Muholi itinye ha n'ọkwa. N'ịchọ inye ndị ha na-achị ike, Muholi na-akpọkarị ndị sonyere ka ha kwuo okwu na mmemme na ihe ngosi, na-agbakwunye olu onye so na mkparịta ụka ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Fast Facts: Zanele Muholi|url=https://nmwa.org/blog/5-fast-facts-zanele-muholi/|accessdate=11 August 2020|work=National Museum of Women in the Arts|date=29 June 2020}}</ref> Site n'usoro nka nka ha nwere olile anya idetu njem nke obodo queer Africa dika ihe ndekọ maka ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu. Ha na-agbalị ijide oge ahụ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike juru ebe niile, na-akọwa obodo LGBTQI dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na n'ozuzu iji kwalite ịdị n'otu. <ref name=":0">Raél Jero Salley. African Arts. Los Angeles: Winter 2012. Vol. 45, Iss. 4; pg. 58, 12 pgs</ref> <ref>Muholi, Zanele. "Faces and phases." ''Transition: An International Review'' 107 (2011): 112+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 May 2015.</ref> <ref>Natasha Bissonauth (2014), "Zanele Muholi's Affective Appeal to Act". ''Photography and Culture'' 7:3, pp. 239–251.</ref> <ref>van der Vlies, Andrew. "Queer Knowledge And The Politics Of The Gaze In Contemporary South African Photography: Zanele Muholi And Others." Journal of African Cultural Studies 24.2 (2012): 140–156. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 May 2015.</ref> <ref>Makhubu, Nomusa M. "Violence and the cultural logics of pain: representations of sexuality in the work of Nicholas Hlobo and Zanele Muholi." ''Critical Arts'' 26.4 (2012): 504+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 May 2015.</ref> Ya mere, a pụrụ iwere ọrụ ha dị ka akwụkwọ, na-edekọ obodo LGBTI nke South Africa na ihe ịma aka ha, na mgbe ụfọdụ, karịsịa mgba nke ndị nwanyị nwanyị ojii. Tupu afọ 1994, ewepụrụ olu ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke n'ime ngagharị ngagharị nke nkịtị. Mgbalị Muholi ime ka ndị LGBTI dị n'Afrịka na-eme nke ọma na-alụso ime ihe ike na-akpalite mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nke juru ebe niile na South Africa taa, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ bụ ezie na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'oge omenala mmapụta mmekọahụ, a na-ele ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke ojii anya (site na oghere nke nna ochie na heteronormativity) dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma. Echiche ọjọọ a banyere ndị na-edina ụdị onwe n'Africa na-eduga n'ime ihe ike, dị ka igbu ọchụ na ndina n'ike, na ịjụ ezinụlọ ha. Muholi's Zukiswa (2010), na-egosi otu nwanyị nwanyị nwere nwanyị Afrịka ka ya na onye na-ekiri ya na-elegide anya, na-egosipụta nhụsianya na-enweghị atụ nke ntụkwasị obi, ịma onwe ya, na mkpebi siri ike. Ọmụmaatụ a na-akwado mmata, nnabata, na ịdị mma n'etiti ndị obodo yana South Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salley|first=Raél Jero|title=Zanele muholi's elements of survival|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-2012_45_4/page/58|journal=African Arts|volume=45|issue=4|pages=58–69|year=2012|doi=10.1162/AFAR_a_00028}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Muholi bịara mara dị ka onye na-ese foto nke na-etinye aka na ndụ a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke ndị nwanyị nwanyị ojii na South Africa n'oge ahụ, ha malitere ịghọta echiche a nke "nwoke n'ime okike." Na 2003, na echiche nke obodo ha malitere ịgụnye ndị trans. A na-arụ Muholi dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye nta akụkọ maka ''Behind the Maska'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mask.org.za|title=Behind the Mask &#124; the Voice of Africa's LGBTI Community|accessdate=3 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730223926/http://www.mask.org.za/|archivedate=30 July 2010}}</ref> akwụkwọ akụkọ ntanetị na okwu LGBTI na Africa. Muholi buru ụzọ nweta nlebara anya zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ụwa nka na 2012 na Documenta, ihe ngosi a ma ama nke ụwa nke oge a na nke oge a na (Germany), maka usoro eserese nke ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị sonyere transgender akpọrọ: Faces and Phases. <ref name=":3"/> E gosikwara foto ndị a na Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam . <ref name=":3" /> === ''Mmekọahụ Anya: Naanị ọkara foto'' (2004) === Muholi weputara ihe ngosi ha site na ihe ngosi mbụ ha nke akpọrọ ''Sexuality Visual: Only Half Foto,'' na [[Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg|Johannesburg Art Gallery]] na 2004. Ihe ngosi a gosipụtara foto ndị lanarịrị n'ike n'ike na mpụ ịkpọasị yana onyonyo nke idina mmadụ na nọmba ikpe mwakpo. Onye na-ese ihe na-ese foto ndị a n'ụzọ doro anya ka ọ ghara ikpughe okike onye ahụ. Onye na-ekiri ya nwere ike ịnweta naanị n'elu ikpere, na iji aka gbaa úkwù n'akụkụ akụkụ genital. N'adịghị ka ihe ngosi ha mechara, ndị nọ na onyonyo ndị a ka amabeghị aha ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke n'ụzọ iwu n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'okpuru ọchịchị South Africa, ọtụtụ ndị anaghị eji ikike iwu kwadoro ha n'ihu ọha n'egwu nke ime ihe ike. Enwekwara ike ịkọrọ akụkọ gbasara mpụ ịkpọasị ebe ọ bụ na ndị isi na-akwa onye ahụ aka emo na ọ dịghị ihe ga-eme ya. Nke a bụ iji ime ihe ike na mmegbu eme ihe n'usoro. Na usoro ihe nkiri ''naanị ọkara nke foto'', onye na-ese ihe nwere ike inye ndị LGBT olu na-ewepụghị aha ha. Ọrụ ha na-abụkarị maka iweta visibiliti nke ndị queer na obodo ojii. === ''Ihu na usoro'' (2006-na-aga n'ihu) === N'afọ 2006, Muholi malitere ọrụ ''ihu na usoro'' ha, ihe dị ka ihe osise narị atọ nke ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, gbagburu n'ihu nzụlite ma ọ bụ nke nwere ụkpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aperture.org/blog/magazine-zanele-muholis-faces-%C2%9D-phases/|title=Zanele Muholi's Faces & Phases|work=Aperture Foundation NY|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artreview.com/features/ar_summer_2017_feature_zanele_muholi/|title=AR Summer 2017 Feature Zanele Muholi / Features / ArtReview|work=ArtReview|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> Ọrụ a malitere na 2006 mgbe Muholi sere foto onye ndọrọ ndọrọ na enyi Busi Sigasa. Sigasa bụ onye lanarịrị n'ike mgbazi ma bute nje HIV site na mwakpo ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poulain|first=Alexandra|date=2019-12-20|title=Gazing Back: Decolonial Strategies in Zanele Muholi's "Faces and Phases"|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ces/1262|journal=Commonwealth Essays and Studies|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|doi=10.4000/ces.1262|issn=2270-0633}}</ref> Nchegbu Muholi nwere maka nchekwa onye so na ya mere ka ndị mmadụ niile na-ese onyinyo etoola ma pụọ na nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zanele Muholi's best photograph: out and proud in South Africa|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=25 August 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/25/zanele-muholis-best-photograph-out-and-proud-in-south-africa-lgbti|accessdate=11 August 2020}}</ref> ''Ihu na usoro'' na-akwa emo akụkọ "nkà-in-ọrụ-na-sayensị" nke etinyere na foto colonial. Onyonyo ihe omimi nke narị afọ nke 18 na-egosi osisi dị iche iche ewepụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, yabụ na-ehichapụ ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ omenala ọ bụla. Omume a na-emesi ike nchọpụta Western nke ihe na-ekwenyeghị na ọ dị ogologo ndụ. Dị ka Susan Kart na Grove Art Online si kwuo, ọrụ a "akwụkwọ ndị e merụrụ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ na mpụ ịkpọasị, ihe oyiyi agbamakwụkwọ na-ekerịta oge mmeri, nnabata, na ọṅụ maka ezinụlọ LGBTI." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002290034|title=Muholi, Zanele {{!}} Grove Art|work=www.oxfordartonline.com|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2290034|accessdate=2019-03-14|year=2016|author=Kart|first=Susan}}</ref> Na ''ihu na usoro'', Muholi na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme a tụnyere ya na ihe nnọchianya nke LGBTI na South Africa. Ndị isi ojii abawanyela nke ukwuu na nnọchite anya mba mana nke a ka bụ mkpochapụ nke ọnọdụ dị mkpa. A na-anọchi anya ndị a n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka akwụkwọ osisi botanical. A na-abawanye visibiliti maka oriri ndị ọdịda anyanwụ mana ọ nweghị nlebara anya na nhụjuanya na mmegbu a na-emegbu ndị a na-eche ihu na South Africa mgbe apartheid gasịrị. Muholi na-agbagha nke a n'usoro ha site n'inye aha, ụbọchị, ọnọdụ, na ịnọchite anya ndị sonyere na mpaghara ọha. Na-enweghị ndepụta okwu, foto ndị a nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru anya nkịtị nke West. Na June 2014, Muholi laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha, na-egosi ''ihu na usoro'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ryerson.ca/ric/exhibitions/ZaneleMuholi.html|title=Zanele Muholi – RIC – Exhibitions – Ryerson University|work=ryerson.ca|accessdate=2024-06-09|archivedate=2016-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225173859/http://www.ryerson.ca/ric/exhibitions/ZaneleMuholi.html/}}</ref> na Ryerson Image Center dị ka akụkụ nke WorldPride . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpridetoronto.com/|title=Pride Toronto|accessdate=2024-06-09|archivedate=2024-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123003537/http://www.worldpridetoronto.com/}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa ahụ, ha gosipụtara na Singapore International Arts Festival's OPEN ebe ha kwukwara okwu banyere ihe nketa nke ime ihe ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theopen.sifa.sg/legacies-of-violence.html|title=#Legacies of Violence|work=The O.P.E.N|accessdate=2 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810000244/http://theopen.sifa.sg/legacies-of-violence.html|archivedate=10 August 2014}}</ref> === ''Ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ'' (2009) === Na 2009, e gosipụtara ihe ngosi ''ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ'' na South Africa na obodo Durban na [[Cape Town]] . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Bongi Bhengu chepụtara ya ma gosipụta ọrụ ha yana ndị nka 9 ndị ọzọ gụnyere Muholi na onye na-ese foto [[Nandipha Mntambo]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/02/south-african-minister-lesbian-exhibition|title=South African minister describes lesbian photos as immoral|author=Smith|first=David|date=2 March 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'August 2009, Minista nka na omenala [[Lulama Xingwana|Lulu Xingwana]] si na ihe ngosi ahụ pụọ n'ihi foto Muholi, na-akpọ ya omume rụrụ arụ, na-akpasu iwe ma na-aga megide ụlọ obodo . <ref name=":2" /> Na nzaghachi ha Muholi kwuru "Ọ na-akpụ akpụ. Atụrụ m anya na ndị mmadụ ga-eche tupu ha emee ihe, na ịjụ ajụjụ. Achọrọ m ịmepụta mkparịta ụka." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-03-05-xingwana-homophobic-claims-baseless-insulting|title=Xingwana: Homophobic claims 'baseless, insulting'|author=Lisa Van Wyk|date=5 March 2010|work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> === ''Trans(ọnụọgụ)'' (2010-2011) === Ihe omume ''Trans (ọnụọgụ)'' ha (2010-2011) na-agụnye ndụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na trans. A na-ese foto a n'ime obodo na ime obodo na South Africa na mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baderoon|first=Gabeba|year=2011|title="Gender within Gender": Zanele Muholi's Images of Trans Being and Becoming|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-2011_37_2/page/390|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=390–416|doi=10.1353/fem.2011.0046}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stevenson.info/exhibitions/muholi/index2011.html|title=STEVENSON {{!}} Zanele Muholi|work=archive.stevenson.info|accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> === ''Of Love & Loss'' (2014) === === ''Mma ndị obi ike'' (2014) === Usoro na-elekwasị anya na ịse foto nke ụmụ nwanyị trans, ''Brave Beauties'' gbagburu na mpụga studio na ọnọdụ na South Africa dum. “Studio ekwentị mkpanaaka” <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zanele Muholi: Mobile Studio|url=https://art21.org/watch/extended-play/zanele-muholi-mobile-studios-short/}}</ref> bụ ngosipụta ọzọ nke emume Muholi nke LGBTQIA nhụsianya dị ka ụmụ amaala ha nhata nke obodo ha, nnabata nke nnwere onwe nka na ngosipụta nke ịjụ oke ike ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike wepụta. Mgbe a na-egosi ya na Stevenson Gallery na Cape Town, "mgbidi onye na-eme ihe ike" gbara ndị sonyere ume ka ha dee ozugbo na mgbidi gallery banyere ahụmahụ ha, akụkọ na ọhụụ ha. Ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya, mgbidi onye na-eme ihe ike bụ ngosipụta ọzọ nke ọchịchọ Muholi inye ndị sonyere na ọrụ ha ike. === ''Isibonelo/Ihe akaebe'' (2015) === Na 2015, Muholi gosipụtara ọrụ 87 na solo ''Isibonelo / Ihe akaebe'' na Brooklyn Museum . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/15/arts/design/review-zanele-muholi-a-visual-activist-presents-isibonelo-evidence.html|title=Review: Zanele Muholi, a Visual Activist, Presents 'Isibonelo/Evidence'|author=Schwendener|first=Martha|date=14 May 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref> Ihe aha ngosi ahụ pụtara, nke "Isibonelo" pụtara n'ụzọ siri ike site na Zulu ka ọ bụrụ "ihe akaebe," na-ezo aka na ọdịnaya ya, nke kewara n'ime isi atọ nke kewara na mgbidi atọ. Nke mbụ gosipụtara usoro mpụ ịkpọasị dị afọ iri na South Africa, wee chere nke abụọ ihu, bụ nke ejiri aka dee ozi sitere n'aka ndị otu obodo LGBTQIA . Mgbidi nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nwere eserese, gụnyere otu n'ime Muholi n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Photographer Documents the Highs and Lows of LGBTQ Life in South Africa|date=30 June 2015|url=https://hyperallergic.com/218823/a-photographer-documents-the-highs-and-lows-of-lgbtq-life-in-south-africa/|accessdate=11 August 2020}}</ref> === ''Somnyama Ngonyama'' ("Hail the Dark Lioness") (2012–ugbu a) === N'afọ 2014 Muholi malitere ịrụ ọrụ na eserese onwe 365 maka usoro ''Somnyama Ngonyama.'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/zanele-muholi-performa-yancey-richardson|title=With Zanele Muholi, the South African LGBTQ Community Is (Literally) Taking Center Stage|work=Vogue|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/magazine/zanele-muholis-transformations.html|title=Zanele Muholi's Transformations|author=Wortham|first=Jenna|date=8 October 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> Eserese ndị a bụ alter egos, na-enwekarị aha Zulu. <ref name=":3"/> N'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe na mkpokọta Muholi ikwubiga okwu ókè ọchịchịrị ụda akpụkpọ ya na-egosi iche na ya oyiyi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Queering the nation, querying the history of Black portraiture: Zanele Muholi's Somnyama Ngonyama as a healing ritual {{!}} NGV|url=https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/queering-the-nation-querying-the-history-of-black-portraiture-zanele-muholis-somnyama-ngonyama-as-a-healing-ritual/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=www.ngv.vic.gov.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> N'ime usoro isiokwu a, onye edemede na onye akụkọ ihe mere eme omenala bụ Maurice Berger nwere nke a iji kwuo, sị: "Ihe osise onwe onye na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa dị iche iche ma na-asọpụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Africa na n'ofe ọzọ, ọdụm ọdụm gbara ọchịchịrị nke aha akwụkwọ ahụ. Ha na-echegharị nwa ojii. njirimara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nke onwe mana nke a na-apụghị izere ezere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-agbaghakwa echiche efu na ụkpụrụ mmegbu nke ịma mma nke na-elegharakarị ndị nwere agba anya." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/lens/zanele-muholi-somnyama-ngonyama-south-africa.html|title=Zanele Muholi: Paying Homage to the History of Black Women|author=Berger|first=Maurice|date=3 December 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref> === Inkanyiso (2009) === Na 2006 Zanele Muholi chepụtara usoro ikpo okwu nke kwalitere Queer Activism = Queer media. N'ebumnuche nke mgbanwe na isi iyi ozi pụrụ iche maka nkwado nka. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-04|title=About|url=https://inkanyiso.org/about/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=inkanyiso.org|language=en}}</ref> Na 2009, Muholi tọrọ ntọala Inkanyiso <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inkanyiso.org/|title=inkanyiso.org}}</ref> ("na-enwu" na Zulu <ref name=":5"/> ), otu na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-emetụta ihe na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2009, Muholi debanyere aha ụlọ ọrụ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ (NPO 073-402). <ref name=":1"/> Ọ na-etinye aka na nka a na-ahụ anya na nkwado mgbasa ozi maka na nnọchite obodo LGBTI . Nkwupụta ọhụụ nke nzukọ ahụ bụ "Mepụta. Mụọ. Kesaa." === Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka mkpanaaka ụmụ nwanyị (2018) === Na 2018, Muholi rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye na-ese foto Lindeka Qampi, na Philadelphia Photo Arts Center (PPAC), iji mepụta ma na-eduzi otu ndị na-ese ihe na Philadelphia. A na-akpọ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Women's Mobile, ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ mechiri n'ihe ngosi pụrụ iche na PPAC nke gosipụtara ọrụ ndị nka so na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philaphotoarts.org/event/womens-mobile-museum/|title=The Women's Mobile Museum with Zanele Muholi|date=7 September 2021|accessdate=9 June 2024|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107173758/https://www.philaphotoarts.org/event/womens-mobile-museum/}}</ref> Dị ka onye nkatọ nka Megan Voeller si kwuo: "N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa itoolu, ha nwere ogige akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọkachamara na PPAC, na-amalite site na ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ na igwefoto dijitalụ, ọkụ na Photoshop ma na-enwe ọganihu n'ịgbakọta na ịkwalite ihe ngosi." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Voeller|first=Megan|date=9 October 2018|title=Artist Zanele Muholi Helps Women Launch into Photography with a New Philadelphia Residency|url=https://hyperallergic.com/463586/artist-zanele-muholi-new-philadelphia-residency/|journal=Hyperallergic}}</ref> === Somnyama Ngonyama (2021) === N'afọ 2021, Muholi weputara akwụkwọ agba agba nke ihe ngosi ha ''bụ Somnyama Ngonyama'' iji tinye ụmụaka ndị South-Afrika ahaziri dị ka ndị ntorobịa ruo afọ 35, n'ihi apartheid. A haziri ụlọ ọrụ nkuzi na-akụzi foto na eserese n'otu aka ahụ iji nye ohere mmụta nka na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị isi. Okwu ahụ na-emetụta onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya dị ka onye tolitere n'ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ chere ọnọdụ ndị ha ka na-agbalị 'ịhapụ' taa ihu. Muholi na-agwa ''Magazin Ocula, sị:'' 'Mm na-eme ihe m na-eme ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na agụmakwụkwọ na iwulite akụrụngwa nka n'ime ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke a ka na-ewere dị ka akụkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Zanele Muholi Stakes Their Claim|url=https://ocula.com/magazine/conversations/zanele-muholi-stakes-their-claim/|accessdate=2021-12-03|work=ocula.com|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Na 2010, Muholi kwadoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ha ''siri ike ịhụnanya'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/video/wab/vi3128728089/|title=Full Movie (Difficult Love)|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> nke SABC nyere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCHOME|title=SABC – Official Website – South African Broadcasting Corporation|work=sabc.co.za|accessdate=26 October 2018|archivedate=10 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310193217/http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCHOME}}</ref> ''Lovehụnanya siri ike'' na-enye nlele anya na ndụ Muholi na ndụ, ịhụnanya na mgba nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii ojii ndị ọzọ na South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Silva|first=Araguaney R. Da|date=2012-12-14|title=Difficult Love: Watch Zanele Muholi's Powerful Documentary on the South African LGBTQ Experience|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/difficult-love-watch-zanele-muholis-powerful-documentary-on-the-south-african-lgbtq-experience-151929/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=Autostraddle|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Muholi na-egosi akụkọ na ndị mmadụ kpaliri ya imepụta onyonyo ya. O gosiputara na South Africa, USA, Spain, Sweden, UK, Amsterdam, Paris (Festival Cinefable) na Italy. Na 2013, Muholi kwadoro akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ ''Anyị Na-ebi na Ụjọ'', nke Human Rights Watch wepụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/video-photos/video/2013/11/22/zanele-muholi-visual-activist|title=Zanele Muholi, Visual Activist|date=22 November 2013|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Mwakpo na ohi == Na 20 Eprel 2012, e zuru ụlọ Muholi dị na Vredehoek, yana ihe karịrị iri abụọ draịva siri ike na azụ azụ nwere foto na vidiyo bara uru afọ ise na laptọọpụ ha. Foto ndị dị na ya gụnyere ndekọ olili ozu nke ndị nwanyị nwanyị ojii ojii South Africa gburu na mpụ ịkpọasị. Ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ e zuru, na-eme ka a na-enyo enyo na e lekwasịrị anya na ndekọ Muholi banyere ndụ nwanyị nwanyị nwanyị ojii. Muholi nọ na mba ofesi n'oge ohi a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.pinkpaper.com/NewsStory/7399/15/5/2012/Media-ignore-theft-of-photographers-work-documenting-black-lesbian-lives-.aspx|title=Media ignore theft of photographer's work documenting black lesbian lives|author=Laura Reynolds|date=15 May 2012|work=[[Pink Paper]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120714045221/http://news.pinkpaper.com/NewsStory/7399/15/5/2012/Media-ignore-theft-of-photographers-work-documenting-black-lesbian-lives-.aspx|archivedate=14 July 2012}}</ref> Nke a kpochapụrụ nke ọma afọ ise gara aga nke ọrụ Muholi. N'izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ha kwuru, sị, "M ka na-enwe nkụda mmụọ site na ohi ahụ" na, "Ọ na-esiri m ike ịrahụ ụra n'ebe a, bụ nke ugbu a na-eme mpụ, dị ka m na-emeso ọtụtụ ihe nkiri mpụ na mbụ." Na July 2017, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Muholi's, Sibahle Nkumbi, gbadara steepụ dị na Amsterdam site n'aka ndị ọrụ Airbnb ha mgbe ha na-eleta Netherlands iji kpuchie mmeghe nke ihe ngosi Muholi na Stedelijk Museum . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/390080/zanele-muholi-sibahle-nkumbi-airbnb-attack-video|title=Amsterdam Airbnb Host Shoves South African Filmmaker Down Staircase|date=12 July 2017|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> A kpọgara Nkumbi n'ụlọ ọgwụ, na-akwado mgbagha na nnukwu ọnya. Ihe onyonyo vidiyo nke esemokwu ahụ mechara gbasaa, ma bo onye ọbịa ahụ ebubo na ọ nwara igbu mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/amsterdam-airbnb-host-pushes-guest-stairs-racist_us_59680a7de4b03389bb164286|title=Amsterdam Airbnb Host Accused of Pushing South African Down Stairs Is Arrested|author=Herreria|first=Carla|date=14 July 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=26 October 2018}} </ref> == Mbipụta == * ''Zanele Muholi: Naanị ọkara foto a.'' Cape Town: Michael Stevenson, 2006. . * ''Ihu na usoro.'' Munich; Berlin; London; New York: Prestel, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-4495-9|978-3-7913-4495-9]] . * ''Zanele Muholi.'' ''Ndị inyom Africa na-ese foto #1.'' Granada, Spain: Casa África/La Fábrica, 2011. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-8-4150-3466-7|978-8-4150-3466-7]] . * ''Ihu + Usoro 2006–14.'' Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2014. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86930-807-4|978-3-86930-807-4]] . * ''Somnyama Ngonyama, keleenụ Ọdụm gbara ọchịchịrị'' . Renée Mussai (onye edemede), Zanele Muholi (onye na-ese foto), et al., New York: Aperture, 2018,  . == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi Solo === * 2004: ''Mmekọahụ Anya,'' dị ka akụkụ nke Ndụ Urban (ihe ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nke foto ahịa), [[Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Johannesburg|Johannesburg Art Gallery]], Johannesburg, South Africa * 2006: Vienna Kunsthalle oghere oru ngo, Vienna: Ihe ngosi mmịfe * 2014: ''Ihu na usoro,'' Massimadi Festival, Montreal, Canada * 2015: ''Zanele Muholi: Vukani/Bilie,'' Mepee Osisi Anya, Liverpool, England <ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=1 October 2018|title=Zanele Muholi: VUKANI/RISE – Open Eye Gallery|url=https://openeye.org.uk/whatson/zanele-muholi-vukanirise/|work=Open Eye Gallery}}</ref> * 2015: ''Somnyama Ngonyama,'' Yancey Richardson, New York, NY, USA <ref name="yr-nyc-2015">{{Cite news|accessdate=1 October 2018|title=The Fever-Dream Urgency of Zanele Muholi's Self-Portraits in "Somnyama Ngonyama"|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/the-fever-dream-urgency-of-zanele-muholis-self-portraits-in-somnyama-ngonyama|work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> * 2017: ''Zanele Muholi,'' Stedelijk, Amsterdam <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam mounts the debut museum solo in the Netherlands of the South African photographer and visual activist Zanele Muholi|url=https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/exhibitions/zanele-muholi-2|accessdate=11 October 2020}}</ref> * 2017: ''Zanele Muholi: Somnyama Ngonyama, Hail the Dark Lioness,'' Autograph ABP, London, England <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=1 October 2018|title=Zanele Muholi's Somnyama Ngonyama – Hail the Dark Lioness|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2018/04/show-zanele-muholis-somnyama-ngonyama-hail-the-dark-lioness/|work=British Journal of Photography}}</ref> * 2017: ''Zanele Muholi ọbịbịa'' : Durban Art Gallery, Durban, South Africa * 2018: ''Zanele Muholi: Somnyama Ngonyama, Ekele The Dark Lioness'' Spelman College Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA, USA * 2019: ''Zanele Muholi: Somnyama Ngonyama, Hail the Dark Lioness'' Colby College Museum of Art, Maine, USA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colby.edu/museum/exhibition/zanele-muholi-somnyama-ngonyama-hail-the-dark-lioness/|title=Zanele Muholi: Somnyama Ngonyama, Hail the Dark Lioness {{!}} Colby College Museum of Art|work=Colby College|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-14}}</ref> * 2019: ''Somnyama Ngonyama, Hail the Dark Lioness,'' Seattle Art Museum, WA, USA * 2019: ''Ihu na usoro 13,'' Stevenson, Johannesburg, South Africa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stevenson.info/|title=STEVENSON|author=STEVENSON|work=STEVENSON|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-15}}</ref> * 2020/21: ''Zanele Muholi'', Tate Modern, London, England (mmeghe egbu oge) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zanele Muholi, Tate Modern|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/zanele-muholi}}</ref> - nnukwu ihe ngosi solo ha ruo taa <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tate|title=How Muholi is affirming beauty – List|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zanele-muholi-18872/yes-but-why-zanele-muholi|accessdate=2020-12-10|work=Tate|language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''2022: Zanele Muholi'', [[GL Strand]], Copenhagen, Denmark <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Zanele Muholi - Artists - Yancey Richardson|url=https://www.yanceyrichardson.com/artists/zanele-muholi|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=www.yanceyrichardson.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''2022: Ịbụ Muholi: Eserese dị ka Nguzogide,'' Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA * 2022: ''Zanele Muholi'', National Gallery nke Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland <ref name=":8" /> * 2023: Maison européenne de la photographie, Paris <ref name="cosmopolitan"/> * 2023: MUHOLI: ''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri,'' Omenala Mudec-Museo delle, Milan, Italy <ref name=":7"/> * ''2023: Zanele Muholi'', engelhorn Mode im Quadrat, Mannheim, Germany * ''2023: Zanele Muholi'', Kunstmuseum Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland <ref name=":8" /> * 2024: ''Zanele Muholi: Anya M,'' San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA * 2024: ''Zanele Muholi,'' Tate Modern, London, UK === Ihe ngosi otu === * === Ngosi ihe ngosi echekwabara === * 2016: A chịkọtara ihe ngosi na ememme foto Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France <ref>[http://www.loeildelaphotographie.com/en/2016/07/11/article/159914339/arles-2016-systematically-open-zanele-muholi/ "Arles 2016: 'SYSTEMATICALLY OPEN?'? Curator Zanele Muholi"], ''L'Oeil de la Photographie'', 11 July 2016.</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2005: Onyinye Tollman maka nka nka <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artthrob.co.za/05sept/news/tollman.html|title=A R T T H R O B _ N E W S|work=artthrob.co.za|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> * 2006: BHP Billiton / Wits University Visual Arts Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/zanele-muholi/biography|title=Zanele Muholi Biography – Zanele Muholi on artnet|work=www.artnet.com|accessdate=2019-03-04}}</ref> * 2009: Ebe obibi Thami Mnyele na Amsterdam <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zammagazine.com/perspectives/blog/696-thami-mnyele-artist-residence-nominated-for-prestigious-award|title=The Thami Mnyele Artist Residence Nominated For A Prestigious Award|date=15 November 2016|accessdate=9 June 2024|archivedate=9 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209181047/https://www.zammagazine.com/perspectives/blog/696-thami-mnyele-artist-residence-nominated-for-prestigious-award}}</ref> * 2009: Ida Ely Rubin Artist-in-Residence na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA <ref>{{Cite web|title=Visiting Artists Roster since 1961 - Arts at MIT|url=https://arts.mit.edu/cast/projects/visiting-artists-roster/|work=Arts at MIT|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|accessdate=9 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309192925/https://arts.mit.edu/cast/projects/visiting-artists-roster/|archivedate=9 March 2020}}</ref> * 2009: Fondation Blachère award na African Photography Encounters ( Rencontres Africaines de la Photographie, Biennale Africaine de la photographie) na Bamako, Mali * 2009: Fanny Ann Eddy kwadoro si IRN-Africa maka onyinye ha pụtara ìhè na ọmụmụ gbasara mmekọahụ na Africa <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stevenson.info/artist/zanele-muholi/biography|title=ZANELE MUHOLI|work=Stevenson|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> * 2012: Mmekọrịta Civitella Ranieri site na Civitella Ranieri Foundation, Italy <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellows-list|title=Fellows List – Fellows – Civitella Ranieri|author=exhibit-e.com|work=civitella.org|accessdate=2 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195013/http://www.civitella.org/fellows/fellows-list|archivedate=20 July 2018}}</ref> * 2013: Nrite nnwere onwe ikwu okwu site na ''Index on Censorship'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/03/winners-index-awards-2013/|title=Winners – Index Awards 2013 – Index on Censorship Index on Censorship|author=Censorship|first=Index on|work=indexoncensorship.org|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> * 2013: Magazin Glamour kpọrọ ha Mgbasa Ozi nke Afọ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://glamour.co.za/2013/07/the-2013-glamour-women-of-the-year/?image=8|title=The 2013 GLAMOUR Women of the Year|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> * 2013: Onye mmeri nke ezigbo ihe nrite <ref>[http://ci13.cmoa.org/pages/carnegie-fine-prizes "Carnegie and Fine Prizes Announced | Jury awards artists Nicole Eisenman and Zanele Muholi with Carnegie Prize and Fine Prize"], 2013 ''Carnegie International''.</ref> maka 2013 Carnegie International * 2013: Onyinye Prince Claus <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeclausfund.org/en/activities/opening-of-fo-u-nd-zanele-muholi-in-conversation-with-boris-dittrich.html|title=Prince Claus Fund – Activities|work=princeclausfund.org|accessdate=2024-06-09|archivedate=2017-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107073431/http://www.princeclausfund.org/en/activities/opening-of-fo-u-nd-zanele-muholi-in-conversation-with-boris-dittrich.html}}</ref> * 2013: Nturu ugo nku (onyinye LGGBTI nke South Africa) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thefeatherawards.co.za/|title=The Feather Awards|work=The Feather Awards|accessdate=2 April 2018|archivedate=2 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402231011/http://thefeatherawards.co.za/}}</ref> * 2015: Edepụtara aha maka Deutsche Börse Photography Prize for ''Face and Phases 2006–2014'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/dbpp15|accessdate=1 March 2017|publisher=[[The Photographers' Gallery]]|title=DBPP 2015|archivedate=15 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415065806/http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/dbpp15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/11269012/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2015-shortlist.html|date=3 December 2014|accessdate=1 March 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Prize shortlist 2015}}</ref> * 2015: Light Work Artist-in-Residence Programme, Syracuse, NY, USA <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lightwork.org/air/page/2/|title=Artist-in-Residence Program|work=Light Work|date=2 October 2012|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> * 2016: Infinity Award for Documentary and Photojournalism from the International Center of Photography, New York, NY, USA <ref>[https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/zanele-muholi "2016 Infinity Award: Documentary and Photojournalism — Zanele Muholi"], International Center of Photography.</ref> * 2016: ''[[Afrịka apụọla!|Africa apụọ!]]'' ''Obi ike + ihe nrite okike'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Courage + Creativity Award|url=https://africasout.com/courage-creativity-award|work=AFRICA'S OUT!|accessdate=9 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820084930/https://africasout.com/courage-creativity-award|archivedate=20 August 2019}}</ref> * 2016: ''Ihe nrịba ama International Alumni Award'' sitere na Mahadum Ryerson <ref name=":4" /> * 2017: Mbokodo Award (Art Visual) maka ụmụ nwanyị South Africa na nka <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbokodoawards.co.za/winners.html|title=Winners|work=mbokodoawards.co.za|accessdate=2 April 2018|archivedate=2 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163222/http://www.mbokodoawards.co.za/winners.html}}</ref> * 2017: Chevalier de Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knighthood of the Order Arts and Letters) <ref>{{Cite news|date=21 November 2017|title=France Knights Zanele Muholi|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2017/11/21/france-knights-zanele-muholi_a_23283906/|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> * 2018: Mmekọrịta nsọpụrụ nke Royal Photographic Society, Bath, England <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=10 December 2018|title=The Royal Photographic Society Awards 2018|url=http://www.rps.org/news/2018/november/the-royal-photographic-society-awards-2018|work=rps.org|archivedate=4 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204113432/http://www.rps.org/news/2018/november/the-royal-photographic-society-awards-2018}}</ref> * 2019: Rees Visionary Award, [[Amref Ahụike Africa|Amref Health Africa]], New York, USA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amrefusa.org/how-you-can-help/events/artball-2019/|title=ArtBall 2019|work=Amref Health Africa in the USA|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115171412/https://www.amrefusa.org/how-you-can-help/events/artball-2019/|archivedate=15 November 2019}}</ref> * 2019: Onyinye enyemaka mmadụ Lucie <ref>{{Cite web|title=LUCIES {{!}} 2019 HONOREES|url=https://lucies.org/2019-honorees/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=LUCIES}}</ref> * Ihe nrite akwụkwọ foto kacha mma nke Kraszna-Krausz Foundation 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Awards – The Kraszna-Krausz Foundation|url=http://www.kraszna-krausz.org.uk/2017-book-awards/2018-2019-awards/|work=www.kraszna-krausz.org.uk|publisher=The Kraszna-Krausz Foundation|accessdate=9 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630113239/http://www.kraszna-krausz.org.uk/2017-book-awards/2018-2019-awards/|archivedate=30 June 2019}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == A na-eme ọrụ Muholi na mkpokọta ọha ndị a: * Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago, Chicago, IL (mbipụta 7) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-08-11|title=Zanele Muholi|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/113809/zanele-muholi|work=The Art Institute of Chicago|year=1972}}</ref> * Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York (mbipụta 3 dị ka nke Ọktoba 2018) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=1 October 2018|title=Zanele Muholi|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/zanele-muholi|work=guggenheim.org}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, New York (mbipụta 6 dị ka nke Maachị 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2019-03-03|title=Zanele Muholi|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/42455|work=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> * Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA (1 ebipụta ka nke Machị 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/zanele-muholi/|title=Zanele Muholi|work=Williams College Museum of Art|accessdate=2019-03-04|archivedate=2019-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302161724/https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/zanele-muholi/}}</ref> * North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncartmuseum.org/art/detail/bongiwe_twana_kunene_kwanele_south_katlehong_johannesburg|title=Bongiwe "Twana" Kunene, Kwanele South, Katlehong, Johannesburg (2016.3.1)|work=ncartmuseum.org|accessdate=2019-03-04|archivedate=2019-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043132/https://ncartmuseum.org/art/detail/bongiwe_twana_kunene_kwanele_south_katlehong_johannesburg}}</ref> * Ihe ngosi nka nke Nasher, Durham, NC (mbipute 2 ka nke Maachị 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasher.duke.edu/artists/3290/|title=Zanele Muholi|work=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-04}}</ref> * Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/art/explore-the-collection?id=20869576|title=Refiloe Pitso, Daveyton, Johannesburg (2017.70)|work=Cincinnati Art Museum|accessdate=2019-03-04}}</ref> * Tate Modern, London (iberibe iri na ise) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/zanele-muholi-18872|title=Zanele Muholi born 1972|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-14}}</ref> * Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN (mbipụta 3 dịka nke Ọgọst 2020) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-08-11|title=artist:%22Zanele%20Muholi%22|url=https://collections.artsmia.org/search/artist:%2522Zanele%2520Muholi%2522|work=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> * National Museum of Women in Arts <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title=5 Fast Facts: Zanele Muholi {{!}} Broad Strokes Blog|url=https://nmwa.org/blog/5-fast-facts-zanele-muholi/|accessdate=2020-08-11|work=NMWA|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2017/jul/14/zanele-muholimy-somnyama-ngonyama-hail-the-dark-lioness-in-pictures "Afọ m dị ka ọdụm gbara ọchịchịrị - na foto"] - ihe ngosi foto na ''The Guardian'' * [https://art21.org/watch/extended-play/zanele-muholi-mobile-studios-short/ "Zanele Muholi: Mobile Studio"] sitere na Art21 * [https://www.stevenson.info/artist/zanele-muholi Zanele Muholi] na Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * [https://www.yanceyrichardson.com/artists/zanele-muholi Zanele Muholi] na Yancey Richardson Gallery, New York, New York, USA * [https://www.mep-fr.org/en/homepage Zanele Muholi] na La MEP, Paris, France [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] afhhx0gnilm3cnmdgqmyza6l2vihbav 0 47469 697815 672351 2026-08-10T08:47:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697815 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nwanne nwanyị Gertrude Morgan''' (Eprel 7, 1900 - Julaị 8, 1980) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&q=Gertrude+Morgan+july+1980&pg=RA2-PA350|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art|first=Joan M.|author=Marter|date=3 November 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195335798|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> <ref name="southern">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eyy5F58fypMC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+april+1900&pg=PA363|title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 23: Folk Art|first=Carol|author=Crown|date=3 June 2013|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469607993|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> bụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye America]] na-ese ihe, onye egwu, onye na-agụ uri na onye nkwusa. Amụrụ na LaFayette, [[Alabama]], ọ kwagara New Orleans na 1939, ebe o biri wee rụọ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1980. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3aL4OEUJQoC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+new+orleans+1939&pg=PA140|title=Pictured in My Mind: Contemporary American Self-taught Art from the Collection of Kurt Gitter and Alice Rae Yelen|first=Roger|author=Cardinal|date=3 November 1995|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9780878058778|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Morgan nwetara otuto dị egwu n'oge ndụ ya maka eserese ndị mmadụ . Agụnyela ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ọhụụ na nka ọdịnala site na 1970 gawa. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Sista Morgan Gertrude Williams na Lafayette, Alabama, nye nne Frances "Fannie" Williams na nna Edward Williams. <ref name="southern" />{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eyy5F58fypMC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+april+1900&pg=PA363|title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 23: Folk Art|first=Carol|author=Crown|date=3 June 2013|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469607993|accessdate=3 November 2020}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụ nwa nke asaa nke otu ezinụlọ dara ogbenye. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" />{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> N’ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ya agụchaa klaasị nke atọ. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" />{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 1917 ezinụlọ ya kwagara Columbus, Georgia, <ref name="FamilySearch-USCensus-1940">{{Cite web|title=Gertrude Morgan - United States Census, 1940|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VYP8-5TG|work=[[FamilySearch]]|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref> ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odibo na onye nọọsụ n'ụlọ nkeonwe. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" /> == Alụmdi na nwunye == Gertrude Williams lụrụ Will Morgan na February 12, 1928. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ya na di ya biri na 1324 North Avenue na Columbus, GA. Ọ bụ ezie na e nweghị ihe àmà na-egosi na a gbara alụkwaghịm, a maara na Nwanna Nwaanyị Morgan hapụrụ Columbus nanị ya na 1938, na-ebu ụzọ gaa Alabama ma mesịa gaa New Orleans, bụ́ ebe ọ ga-ebi. == Oku okpukperechi == === Ntinye aka na mbụ na chọọchị === Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Sista Morgan tinyere aka n'okpukpe bịara mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ banyere Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church, ọgbakọ dị na Columbus, Georgia. Mgbe ọ malitere eserese na 1956, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan depụtara oge a na ndụ ya na eserese ''THE ROSE HILL MEMORIAL BAPTiST CHURCH, Columbus Ga.'' (nd) na ''Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church'' (nd). {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Eserese ndị a na-akọwa mgbanwe mgbanwe na ndu ụka Rose Hill, ka Reverend Miller nwụsịrị na 1930. === Mkpughe sitere na Chineke === Nke mbụ n’ime ọtụtụ mkpughe nke Gertrude ga-enweta bịara na 1934. Edere akụkọ nke mkpughe a n'otu ihe osise ya, ''1324 NO AVE COLUMBUS GA.'' (nd). Odewo n'elu ya, sị, "Ịnọdụ n'ime kichin m n'otu abalị, anụrụ m nnukwu olu dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Na 1938 mkpughe nke abụọ sochiri, n'ụdị olu nke kwuru, "Gaa-oooo, Onye nkwusa, gwa ya ụwa". Ọ bụ n'afọ a ka ọ hapụrụ Columbus, nke mbụ gawa Opelika, Alabama, wee gaa Mobile na ikekwe Montgomery. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na nwa nwa nwanyị na Opelika na Mobile, na ikekwe malite ọrụ dịka onye na-agwọ ọrịa na onye amụma okporo ụzọ n'oge a. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Ụlọ mgbei na New Orleans === Mgbe ọ rutere New Orleans na 1939, Nwanna Nwanyị Gertrude zutere mama Margaret Parker na Nwanna Nwanyị Cora Williams. Ụmụnwaanyị abụọ ahụ tinyere aka na ngagharị ịdị nsọ na nke dị nsọ, okwukwe Africa America nke mmemme egwu, egwu na egwu bụ isi. N’oge na-adịghị anya, ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ hibere ozi na ebe ụmụ mgbei n’ụlọ nne Parker dị na 533 Flake Avenue na Lower Gentilly, wee na mpụga New Orleans. E ji ego e nwetara site n’ikwusa ozi ọma na ime ihe nkiri n’okporo ámá kwụọ ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ chiri uwe ojii, ma nye ihe ruru ụmụ mgbei iri abụọ na ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ n'otu oge. (N'ihe osise Sista Gertrude mere, a na-ese onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị atọ a na uwe mwụda ojii ha, nke ejiri akwa ọcha, eriri na eriri úkwù chọọ ya mma). Ebe Gentilly bụ ime ime obodo n'oge a, ha na-azụ anụ ụlọ ma na-akụ inine n'ala gbara nnukwu ụlọ ahụ gburugburu. Ha mere oriri agbata obi n’ogige ụmụ mgbei, ebe ‘Ndị amụma’ (dị ka Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan ga-emecha kpọọ ha na ihe osise ya) na-akpọ piano, ịgbà, ájà na iti ịgbà. Na mgbakwunye na ikwusa ozi ọma n'okporo ámá, ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ gara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Orleans Parish, na-enye nduzi ime mmụọ maka ndị mkpọrọ, yana ịga obodo ndị ọzọ na Louisiana na [[Texas]] maka ogige ụka na nzukọ. Sista Morgan rụrụ ọrụ n’ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei ruo 1957. === Isi okwu === Na mbụ na-echepụta ihe osise ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na nkuzi ozi-ọma ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Divine Folk Art|author=Reynolds|first=Clarence V.|date=June 2004|journal=Black Issues Book Review|pages=33}}</ref> A na-edekarị ihe osise Sista Morgan na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ na egwu na egwu ozi ọma ama ama. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe osise ya nke na-edepụta oge ọ bụ nwata, oge ọ bụ nwata na afọ mbụ na New Orleans ka edere ya na akụkọ nke ihe omume dị iche iche, bụ ndị na-ekwukarị ọrụ ozi ọma ya. Morgan kwadoro Akwụkwọ Mkpughe karịsịa. William A. Fagaly na-ede, sị: "Ihe odide apocalyptic nke Akwụkwọ Mkpughe na-enye plethora nke ihe oyiyi ọhụụ: Apọkalips na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya anọ ya, onye àmà na-egosi, onye akwụna nke Babilọn, anụ ọhịa ahụ (ya na akara 666), akwụkwọ eluigwe nke akara asaa, Amagedọn, nloghachi nke ndị Juu n’Ala Nsọ, alaeze otu puku afọ nke Kraịst n’elu ụwa, na [[Jerusalem]] Ọhụrụ.” {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụ maka ihe osise ya nke Jerusalem Ọhụrụ ka a kacha mara Sista Morgan. Obodo nsọ Jerusalem Ọhụrụ “na-esi n’eluigwe na-arịdata” bụ nke a na-egosipụta mgbe nile dị ka nnukwu ụlọ nwere nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ n’ime ihe ndị o dere. N'ime ụfọdụ ihe osise Jerusalem Ọhụrụ, otu ukwe nke ndị mmụọ ozi dị n'etiti agbụrụ na-achọ eluigwe mma. Ndị otu mmụọ ozi na-agakarị ọtụtụ ihe osise ya, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe dị na ihe mejupụtara, na oge ndị ọzọ dị ka naanị isiokwu. Ihe oyiyi ọzọ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise onwe ya dị ka Nwunye nke Kraịst, ka ya na Jizọs nọ n'ụgbọelu. Enwere nkọwa na nke a na-ezo aka n'abụ "Oh, Jesus Is My Air-o-plane", nke e dekọrọ na 1930. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ukwe ọzọ, "Jizọs, Onye Nzọpụta, Pilot Me", nke Edward Hopper bipụtara nke mbụ ya na 1871, guzobe ụkpụrụ Jizọs-dị ka-pilot metụtara ya. Ihe e ji mara ọrụ ya na-emecha site na akara nke ihe odide ndị ahụ. Onyonyo ya na-aghọ obere ihe na n'ụdị ụfọdụ adịghị adị. Nwanne nwanyị Morgan binyere aka na eserese ya nwere ọtụtụ aha, n'ime ha Black Angel, Nwa Atụrụ a na-alụ ọhụrụ, Nọọsụ nye Dọkịta Jesus, Onye Nkwusa Ozi Ọma Ebighị Ebi, Nwunye nke Kraịst na Nwa nwanyị Etiopia. === Ọrụ === N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1960, onye na-ere ihe osise Larry Borenstein zutere Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na Quarter French. Ọ kpọrọ ya ka o mee na gosi ọrụ n'ebe a na-ese ihe osise ya ka ọ bịachara n'ebe ọ nọ na-eti mkpu n'akụkụ okporo ámá na-eji megaphone akwụkwọ. <ref name="NYTimes-Tools-Review-2004">{{Cite news|author=Sheets|first=Hilarie M.|title=Books in Brief: Nonfiction - Shouting in Color|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/15/books/books-in-brief-nonfiction-shouting-in-color.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 August 2004}}</ref> Borenstein zụlitere ndị na-ege ntị maka ọrụ ya site n'iwebata ihe osise ya na ndị nchịkọta, ndị na-ese ihe, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi. Lee Friedlander na Andy Warhol bụ ndị na-akwado ọrụ ya. Warhol bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbe ụfọdụ, ebe Friedlander ji Sista Morgan mee ihe dịka isiokwu na foto ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Her All-Seeing Eye|author=Hirsch|first=Faye|date=May 2005|journal=Art in America|pages=66–69}}</ref> Na 1970 onye na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Rod McKuen, onye na-akwado na onye na-anakọta ọrụ Morgan ji ihe atụ iri na atọ nke ya soro otu akwụkwọ nhota Bible, ''Chineke Kasị Ukwuu'' . Ọ rere ihe karịrị 300 000 mbipụta. Otu n'ime ihe nlere ọkụ na eserese sitere na ''ihe kacha mma nke Chukwu'' bụ mkpokọta Smithsonian 's Evans-Tibbs. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000mcel/page/107|title=African-American artists, 1880-1987 : selections from the Evans-Tibbs Collection|author=C.|first=McElroy, Guy|date=1989|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle|others=Powell, Richard J., 1953-, Patton, Sharon F., Smithsonian Institution. Traveling Exhibition Service.|isbn=0295968370|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000mcel/page/107 107, 120]|oclc=20917949}}</ref> Ihe osise ya ''Ka anyị Mee ndekọ'' sitere na 1970s dị na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Pérez Art Museum Miami . <ref>{{Cite web|title=What Carried Us Over: Gifts from the Gordon W. Bailey Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/what-carried-us-over-gifts-from-the-gordon-w-bailey-collection/|accessdate=2023-09-29|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nnukwu ngosi === Na 1970, e gosiri ọrụ Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan na Arts and Science Center dị na Baton Rouge, LA. <ref>Price, Ann. "Character Portrayal Outstanding in Show", ''Morning Advocate,'' October 7, 1970, 16-A.</ref> Na 1973 ọrụ ya gụnyere na ihe ngosi ''Louisiana Folk Painting'' na Museum of American Folk Art (ugbu a American Folk Art Museum ) na New York. <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ihe ngosi mmadụ atọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe karịrị ihe osise 75 nke Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan, yana ndị omenkà ibe ya bụ Clementine Hunter na Bruce Brice. <ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụkwa na 1973 ka NOMA gosipụtara ọrụ Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan na nke mbụ, na ihe ngosi akpọrọ ''Naive Art na Louisiana.'' N'afọ 1982, ihe ngosi ''Black Folk Art na America, 1930-1980'' gosipụtara ndị nka iri abụọ (gụnyere Nwanna nwanyị Morgan) na nso ihe osise 400 na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọ mepere na Corcoran Museum of Art wee gaa na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Saint Louis Art Museum, Baltimore Museum of Art, Des Moines Art Center na Cleveland Museum of Art. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Black Folk Art in America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_winter-1982_42_4/page/345|author=Campbell|first=Mary Schmidt|date=Winter 1982|journal=Art Journal|doi=10.1080/00043249.1982.10792823|issue=4|pages=345–346|volume=42}}</ref> Na 2004, nlegharị anya nke mbụ nke ọrụ Morgan ''The Tools of Her Ministry: Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan'' meghere na Folk Art Museum na New York City. Ọ bụ William A. Fagaly, onye bụbu onye ntụzi [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|ihe ngosi nka nke New Orleans]] (NOMA) mere ihe ngosi ahụ. Ihe ngosi a gakwara na NOMA ma mechaa gaa na Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art na Chicago. Ihe ngosi ahụ sonye na mbipụta nke katalọgụ nwere edemede nke William A. Fagaly, Jason A. Berry na Helen M. Shannon dere. === Ọgwụgwụ nke eserese === Nkà Sista Morgan wetara ya ama na aha ya, ihe a kọrọ na ọ masịrị ya ma nwee mmetụta na-emegiderịta onwe ya. N'afọ 1973 ọ mara ọkwa na Onye-nwe nyere ya iwu ka ọ kwụsị ịse ihe iji tinye uche n'ime nkwusa na uri ya. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004">{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}</ref> 'Na-ese ihe ugbu a? Ee e,' ka o kwuru na 1974. Enwere m oke nchegbu. Na-echegbu onwe gị banyere oge ọ bụ na ikpe ekpere na ikpe ndị mmadụ. ' <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" /> == Egwu == Egwú bụ ngwá ọrụ ọzọ Nwanna Morgan ji eje ozi. Na mmalite 1970s, ''Let's Make A Record'' <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ka edekọtara iji jide Morgan na-abụ abụ ma na-akụ ịgbà ya. N'afọ 2004, ewepụtara ya album mbụ na label Preservation Hall Recordings. N'afọ 2005, akara Ropeadope wepụtara ''King Britt na-enye Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan'', bụ nke weere ihe ndekọ cappella/tambourine nke ''Let's Make A Record'' ma gbakwunyere mmemme ịkụ egwu nke oge a na ngwá ọrụ. Ndekọ a nwetara nyocha dị egwu <ref name="NYTimes-LMAR-Review-2004">{{Cite news|author=Ratliff|first=Ben|title=CRITIC'S CHOICE/Jazz CD's; Singing With Power, Citing the Bible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/arts/critic-s-choice-jazz-cd-s-singing-with-power-citing-the-bible.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 August 2004}}</ref> wee mepụta ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ maka Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan. Ihe osise album ahụ gosipụtara eserese ya. == Ọrụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ == * Morgan, Gertrude. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56203237 Ka anyị Mee Ndekọ.]'' [New Orleans, Louisiana]: Ndekọ Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchekwa, 2004. Edekọrọ ndụ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ekpere, 511 Royal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. * Britt, King na Gertrude Morgan. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61773184 Eze Britt na-enye nwanne nwanyị Gertrude Morgan.]'' [New York]: Ropeadope, 2005. Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan dekọrọ na mbụ n’Ụlọ Nchekwa, New Orleans, 1968. Eze Britt dekọrọ na Hut na Nautica, Philadelphia. * Levin, Gail. ''Nkà na-aga n'ihu: Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude'' (2004) == Ọnwụ == Na Julaị 8, 1980, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan nwụrụ n’ụra ya n’ụlọ ya dị na Lower Ninth Ward. <ref name="NYTimes-LMAR-Review-2004" />{{Cite news|author=Ratliff|first=Ben|title=CRITIC'S CHOICE/Jazz CD's; Singing With Power, Citing the Bible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/arts/critic-s-choice-jazz-cd-s-singing-with-power-citing-the-bible.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 August 2004}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref> Ọ bụ Larry Borenstein mere ndokwa maka olili ya na e mere mmemme n'ụlọ a na-eme nke ọma nke Bultman, na St. Charles Avenue. <ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> E gosipụtara ọrụ nka ya na ọrụ ahụ, wee ''kpọọ Ka Anyị Mee ndekọ'' . == Hụkwa == * Nkà dị n'èzí == Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka == dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref>{{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Arnett, Paul, na William Arnett. ''Mkpụrụ obi toro miri emi : African American nka asụsụ ndịda'' . np: Atlanta, Ga. : Akwụkwọ Tinwood ; [New York, NY] : Na mkpakọrịta na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, 2000. * Conwill, Kinshasha Holman. "N'ịchọ ihe 'Ezigbo' Ọhụụ: Ịmepụta Mkpesa nke Onye Nkà Mmụta America-Amụma Akụziri Onwe Ya." ''American Art'' 5, mba. 4 (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1991): 2-9 . * Clark, Emily. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/747718945 Ọ bụ Clover Akwụkwọ anọ dị na Obodo Katrina tụgharịrị: Nwanne nwanyị akụkọ ihe mere eme Gertrude Morgan na ndị na-ekiri ajọ ifufe nke Katrina.]'' Thesis (MA) - Mahadum Missouri-Columbia, 2009. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa94b.htm Ngwa nke Ozi Ya: Akụkọ ndụ Nwanna Nwanyị Gertrude Morgan] sitere na [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|New Orleans Museum of Art]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kcg3jua3dnd2wlqqa7fq2bzq8ez2xit 0 47521 697779 671166 2026-08-10T08:01:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Emma Amos''' (16 Maachị 1937 - 20 Mee 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] postmodern . == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Amos na Atlanta, Georgia na 1937 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/153|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> nye India DeLaine Amos na Miles Green Amos. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Klacsmann|first=Karen T.|title=Emma Amos (b. 1937)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/emma-amos-b-1938|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya aha ya bụ Larry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Amos nwere mmasị na nkà mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-emepụta "ọtụtụ ụmụ bebi akwụkwọ " na ịmụta ihe osise site na mbipụta ''Esquire'' na nkà nke Alberto Vargas, na-ese onyinyo ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nwere ọchịchọ nke Amos ka ya na [[Hale Woodruff]] na-amụ ihe, ma ọ anabataghị ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ onwe ya wee hapụ mpaghara ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere iso ya mụọ ihe. <ref name="Murray 1968">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Emma Amos|first=Al|author=Murray|date=1968-10-03|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_212216|work=aaa.si.edu|publisher=[[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref> Na iri na otu, Amos nwetara nkuzi na Morris Brown College, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi ya ma leba anya na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa America]] na-arụ n'oge ahụ. <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238">{{Cite book|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|title=Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-09111-7|url=http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313091117&id=GR0374-2144&q=emma%20amos|pages=231–238|accessdate=2018-02-24|oclc=607117768}}</ref> Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Emọs na-enyefe ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Atlanta . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Booker T. Washington High School na Atlanta mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, wee tinye akwụkwọ na kọleji Antioch, n'ihi amụma ha na-aga n'ihu. <ref name="Murray 1968"/> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amos gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Antiọk dị na Yellow Springs, Ohio, na Central School of Art and Design na [[London]] na Mahadum New York . <ref name="Farris 1999 pp. 231-238"/> <ref name="Painter 2006">{{Cite book|author=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter|title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=9-780195137552|oclc=607522345|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/418}}</ref> Mgbe Emọs nọ n'Antiọk, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọkara afọ, ma mụọ ihe maka nke fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], nke nyeere ya aka ịga leta veranda na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, bụ nke na-adịchaghị enweta na Atlanta. N'afọ nke anọ ya na Antiọk, ọ gara England ma gụọ akwụkwọ na London Central School of Art, ebe ọ mụtara ibipụta na etch n'okpuru Anthony Harrison, wee malite iji mmanụ na-ese ihe, nke ọ na-emebeghị mbụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lippard|first=Lucy R.|authorlink=Lucy R. Lippard|title=Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos|journal=Art Papers|date=1991|volume=15|issue=6|pages=13–16}}</ref> Amos nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na Antiọk na 1958, wee laghachi London maka nzere ya na etching, nke ọ nwetara na 1959 ka afọ abụọ gachara. <ref name=":5" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, Emọs kwagara New York City iji malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta ihe abụọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MA ya na Mahadum New York (NYU). == Feminism == [[Usòrò:Munson-Williams-Proctor_Arts_Institute,_Utica_NY.jpg|thumb| ''Emma Amos na-atụgharị uche: Agba Odyssey'' pụtara na Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute na Utica, New York na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Amos: Color Odyssey|url=https://www.mwpai.org/view/exhibitions/current/emma-amos-color-odyssey/|work=Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute|accessdate=19 August 2021}}</ref>]] Amos kwetara na ebe ọ bụ onye South America, dị ka nwanyị Africa, na ya na-ama mgbe nile banyere ahụhụ ndị ọ na-eche ihu ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị . Otú ọ dị, n'ihe metụtara Feminism, Amos etinyeghị aka na ya ruo ngwụsị 1980. <ref name=":2">Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.</ref> Tupu oge a, na mmalite 1970s, mgbe ọ na-azụ ụmụ, Amos kpọrọ oku ka ọ sonyere otu ndị na-ese ihe nke Feminist nke zutere na ogige ntụrụndụ New York City. Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma ịga ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị aga, Emọs kwuru, sị, "Site na ihe m nụrụ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị inyom na ogige ntụrụndụ, a na-ahapụ ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke klas ọ bụla. M si n'ahịrị ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị nanị nne, ma. ndị na-eri nri, ndị nwere omenala, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, na ndị di ha ojii mesoro m ka ha hà nhata, enwere m mmetụta na agaghị m enwe ike iji oge dị oké ọnụ ahịa pụọ na studio na ezinụlọ iji gee akụkọ dị anya site na nke m. " <ref name=":5"/> Ọ bụ na mmalite 1980s, ka ọ malitesịrị nkuzi na Mason Gross of Arts na Mahadum Rutgers dị na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] ebe o kpebiri isonye na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Heresies . N'ime otu a, ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, site na nzụlite nile, na-ebipụta mpempe ihe osise na ihe odide nke ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-amaghị, nke e bipụtara na usoro nke magazin na mkparịta ụka. Mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere otu ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Nke ahụ bụ ihe heresies ghọrọ m. N'ịkpọsa m niile maka ndị ọcha feminists na-apụ n'anya, n'ihi na anyị niile nọ n'otu ụgbọ mmiri. Anyị si n'ebe dị iche iche bịarutere ụgbọ mmiri." <ref>The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.</ref> O deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta ''Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2021-04-30|title=How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism|url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/emma-amos-who-is-she-why-is-she-important-1234591424/|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Emma Amos bụkwa onye so na otu nwanyị Guerilla Girls na-amaghị aha wee jiri pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=America Goddam :: AEQAI|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/|accessdate=2021-11-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175634/http://aeqai.com/main/2020/06/america-goddam/}}</ref> Amos sokwa na AIR ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ Residency, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NY ARTIST PROGRAM|url=https://www.airgallery.org/ny-artist-program|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=A.I.R.|language=en-US}}</ref> sokwa obere oge maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-16018|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Emọs gara nzukọ na otu, Fantastic Women in the Arts. Otu a nyochakwara ihe osise na ihe odide nke ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-ese ihe, ma lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe na 1960s na 1970s, gbasara agụmakwụkwọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ, enweghị n'ezie ime mgbanwe ọ bụla maka ndị ojii America ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ìgwè a ka Emọs tụlere ihe ùgwù nke ndị ọcha America, na otú nke ahụ si pụta ìhè na nkà na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. <ref name=":5"/> Emọs nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'itinye aka ya n'okwu ndị a na ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto ọzụzụ, Otú ọ dị, ime ka ìgwè dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu yiri ya ka ọ bụ ihe ịma aka kasịnụ. <ref name=":5" /> Amos chere na "ndị na-ese ihe na-abụghị ndị ọcha, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị kwụ ọtọ, na ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị inyom, ka hà ka nọ n'akụkụ ọnụ. [O] nwere olileanya na anyị niile ga-ahụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya." <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe nketa == Emọs lara ezumike nká n'ịkụzi ihe n'afọ 2008 ma mee ka ọ gaa na ihe ngosi ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kwadoo ha. Ọrụ ya na 2017 ''Soul of a Nation'' Tate show kpaliri nchịkọta sitere na onye mmebe [[Duro Olowu]] . <ref name=":0"/> Amos nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa Alzheimer na Mee 20, 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|date=2020-05-22|title=Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/emma-amos-dead-1202688259/|accessdate=2020-06-02|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2020-05-29|title=Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/emma-amos-dead.html|accessdate=2020-06-02}}</ref> Na 2021, ''Emma Amos: Agba Odyssey'', nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya nke [[Shawnya Harris]] haziri, meghere na Georgia Museum of Art tupu ya eme njem. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salisbury|first=Stephan|date=Nov 29, 2021|title=Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art|url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/emma-amos-philadelphia-museum-of-art-race-gender-retrospective-20211129.html|accessdate=2022-02-04|work=inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref> Agụnyere ọrụ Emọs na ihe ngosi 2022 ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkiri'' na Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth . <ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{Cite web|title=Women Painting Women|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women|work=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|accessdate=14 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==   == Ntụaka == nnukwu ngosi ihe ngosi, ọ bụ n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mere ụma kọọ akụkọ echere maka oriri na-ewu ewu, nke nwere nhazi akụkọ dị ogologo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bobo|first=Jacqueline|title=black women film and video artists|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92041-8|pages=8–9}}</ref> Collins si otú a meghee ụzọ maka [[Julie Dash|Julie Dash's]] ''[[Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu|Daughters of the Dust]]'' (1991) ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ogologo ogologo nke mbụ nke nwanyị ojii mepụtara ka etinyere na nkesa azụmahịa. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta [[Lorraine Hansberry]], o dere banyere "Nd{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Amos|first=Emma|title=Emma Amos : paintings and prints 1982-92: an exhibition|publisher=College of Wooster Art Museum|year=1993|isbn=978-0-9604658-7-3|oclc=29579572|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gardner|first=Paul|title=Taking the Plunge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_1998-02_97_2/page/110|journal=ARTnews|date=February 1998|volume=97|issue=2|pages=110–113|issn=0004-3273}} * {{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Juliette|title=Private Dancer, Private Dealer: Private Show!|journal=International Review of African American Art|date=1999|volume=16|issue=3|pages=2, 60|issn=1045-0920}} * {{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|chapter=Emma Amos (b. 1938), Painter, Printmaker, Fiber Artist|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf0000jege/page/6/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|date=2009|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33761-1|pages=7–11|oclc=466422666|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|chapter=Living Fearlessly with and within Difference(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanv00dris/page/44/mode/2up?q=Emma+Amos|editor=Driskell|title=African American Visual Aesthetics: A Postmodernist View|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56098-605-8|oclc=604999396|pages=45–79|ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=Emma Amos: Art Matters|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=2002|issue=16–17|date=2002-09-01|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-41|pages=41–47|issn=2152-7792}} *  <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 1968 October 3|work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|date=2021-01-12|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-emma-amos-11451|accessdate=2021-01-14}} * {{Cite web|title=Emma Amos Died Just Before Her Retrospective But Her Art Is Alive As Ever|work=NPR.org|date=2021-01-13|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/13/953516372/emma-amos-died-just-before-her-retrospective-but-her-art-is-alive-as-ever|accessdate=2021-01-14}} qibuy52i41pdelvkxh0n9c6mkqc1td0 0 47539 697941 172391 2026-08-10T11:15:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Douglas Phillips''' (1922-1995) bụ onye omenkà nwere ugo America nke tọrọ ntọala Phillips Stained Glass Studio na 1952. Ekwenyere na ọ bụ naanị onye na-ese ihe n'Afrika nke mere ụlọ ihe nkiri ugogbere nke ya n'etiti afọ 1952 na 1995. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morgan|first=Marilyn|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973800161|title=Seattle's historic houses of worship|date=2017|isbn=978-1-4671-2638-0|location=Charleston, South Carolina|oclc=973800161}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Phillips na Farrell, Pennsylvania na 1922. Ọ gụrụ ezigbo nka na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na John Huntington Polytechnic Institute wee were klaasị na Institute of Art na Cleveland. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Phillips jere ozi na United States Army afọ atọ, ọnwa iri abụọ na isii bụ nke e ji mee ihe na ihe nkiri Pacific. <ref>Phillips, Douglas. “How to Make a Portable Stained Glass Panel.” ''American Artist'' 26 (December 1962): 28. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=asu&AN=514122078&site=ehost-live .</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye omenkà azụmahịa afọ ole na ole tupu ọ gaa Mahadum Syracuse maka BFA ya, nke ọ natara na 1950. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Pinder|first=Kymberly N.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039928.001.0001|title=Painting the Gospel|date=2016-02-15|publisher=University of Illinois Press|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252039928.001.0001|isbn=978-0-252-03992-8}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Portrait and Illustration. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Phillips|first=Douglas|date=1985|title=Phillips Stained Glass|url=https://archive.org/details/stained-glass_summer-1985_80_2/page/140|journal=[[Stained Glass]]|volume=80|issue=2|pages=140–145}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Syracuse, Phillips sonyeere Ecclesiastical Arts Studio nke Rudolf Sandon na-agba dị ka onye mmebe na onye na-ese enyo nwere ntụpọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ mụtabeghị ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese enyo nwere ntụpọ, ọ mụtara usoro dị iche iche mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na studio a. <ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 1952 ọ tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ihe nkiri nke ya site na nkwado na enyemaka aka nke Cleveland oge ochie nwere ugegbe master Louis Buser. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cullinan|first=Helen|date=2000|title=Art Glass in Cleveland: A Brief Account of Four Cleveland Studios|url=https://archive.org/details/stained-glass_fall-2000_95_3/page/209|journal=[[Stained Glass]]|volume=95|issue=3|pages=209–215}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1950s, Phillips Stained Glass Studio nwere aha ọma maka mweghachi mma ụlọ ngosi nka ma na-anata ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụlọ ọrụ okpukperechi n'ime Ohio na n'obodo ndị ọzọ na United States. <ref name=":1"/> Phillips rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nrụpụta maka General Electric . O kere sistemu ọkụ mbụ maka ime ime, nrụnye enyo na-enweghị windo wee chepụta ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ọkụ ezumike Nela Park ama ama nke General Electric. <ref name=":0"/> Phillips bụ onye so na Illuminating Engineering Society of North America na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Stained Glass Association of America, na-enye aka n'isiakwụkwọ na Lighting Stained Glass na SGAA's Reference and Technical Manual. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-27|title=Rediscovering the work of Douglas Phillips|url=https://stainedglass.org/about/news/article:rediscovering-the-work-of-douglas-phillips/|accessdate=2022-12-20|work=stainedglass.org|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814225945/https://stainedglass.org/about/news/article:rediscovering-the-work-of-douglas-phillips/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na imecha ọtụtụ narị iberibe ụlọ ụka, ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Phillips gosikwara ọrụ ugogbe anya ya na Cleveland Museum of Art 's exhibition nke ọrụ kwa afọ nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị omenkà Cleveland. Na 1952 Phillips nwetara ihe nrite mbụ na ngalaba iko. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Francis|first=Henry S.|date=1952|title=Review of the Exhibition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141794|journal=The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art|volume=39|issue=5|pages=80–115|issn=0009-8841}}</ref> N'afọ 1957, ọrụ ya nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ichthus" kesara ihe nrite na enyo na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe, Edris Eckhardt. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Francis|first=Henry S.|date=1957|title=Review of the Exhibition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142210|journal=The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art|volume=44|issue=5|pages=76–101|issn=0009-8841}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == [[Usòrò:Church_of_St_Mary_Little_Easton_Essex_England_Crusader_Chapel_window.jpg|thumb| Churchka nke St Mary Little Easton Essex England Crusader Chapel window]] * [https://stthomaschurch-berea.org St. Thomas Episcopal Church] - Berea, Ohio * [https://www.covenantweb.org Nzukọ-nsọ nke ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ] - Cleveland, Ohio <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cleveland State University|date=1990-01-01|title=The Gamut: Cleveland Sacred Landmarks, Special Edition, 1990|url=https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gamut_archives/38|journal=The Gamut Archives}}</ref> * Barberton Citizens Hospital Chapel - Cleveland, Ohio * [http://www.lakewoodpresbyterian.org Churchka Presbyterian Lakewood] - Cleveland, Ohio * [https://www.gabccleveland.org Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church] - Cleveland, OH * Austin Memorial Chapel nke Windermere Methodist Church - East Cleveland, Ohio * [https://www.fairlawnlutheran.org Ụka Fairlawn Lutheran] - Fairlawn, Ohio <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=Stained-glass windows and gospel concert shine light on black history|url=https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/entertainment/local/2013/02/01/stained-glass-windows-gospel-concert/10435691007/|accessdate=2022-12-19|work=Akron Beacon Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> * [https://abitemplelorain.com Ụlọ Nzukọ Agudath B'nai Israel] - Lorain, Ohio * [https://firstchurchcongregational.org Nzukọ Nzukọ-nsọ nke Mbụ] - Painesville, Ohio * [http://www.stwilliamchampion.org St. William Catholic Church] - Warren, Ohio * Ụlọ Lutheran - Westlake, Ohio * Ụlọ ọgwụ St. Joseph Riverside - Warren, Ohio (gbahapụrụ) * Bethel AME Church - Little Rock, Arkansas * [https://www.trinitychicago.org Trinity United Church of Christ] - Chicago, Illinois <ref name=":0"/> * [https://www.newburgumc.org Newburg United Methodist Church] - Livonia, Michigan * Holy Trinity Lutheran Church - Sharon, Pennsylvania * [https://mountzion.net Chọọchị Baptist nke Ugwu Zion] - Seattle, Washington * [http://www.gracelutheranwc.org/ Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church] - West Carrollton, Ohio * Crusader Chapel nke Ụka St Mary the Virgin - Little Easton, Essex, England <ref>{{Cite web|title=American Chapel Windows, The Window of The Crusaders, The Window of Friendship and Peace.|url=https://b26.com/historian/chester_klier/american_chapel_windows.htm|accessdate=2022-12-19|work=b26.com}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> 3l91pbxdptrw2lafn4w32yq5zbn4ltu 0 47554 697642 641793 2026-08-10T04:40:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Sarah Mary Taylor|image=Sarahmarytaylor.jpg|caption=Taylor in 1997|birth_date=August 12, 1916|death_date=July 10, 2000|death_place=[[Yazoo City, MS]]|birth_place=[[Anding, MS]]|occupation=Artist/Quilter|known_for=Fabric Artist & Designer}} {{Databox}}'''Sarah Mary Taylor''' (Ọgọst 12, 1916, na Anding, MS – Julaị 10, 2000, na Yazoo City, MS ) bụ onye America quiltmaker si Mississippi onye ọrụ ya dọtara mmasị na 1970s. <ref name="majorref" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Sarah Mary Taylor na August 12, 1916, na Anding, Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Mary Taylor|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/sarah-mary-taylor-30931|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207200230/https://americanart.si.edu/artist/sarah-mary-taylor-30931|archivedate=7 February 2023|accessdate=2 October 2017|work=[[Smithsonian American Art Museum]]}}</ref> Ọ mụtara ịgba akwụkwọ n'aka nne ya [[Pearlie Posey]] mgbe ọ bụ nwata. O biri n'ugbo na Mississippi Delta wee rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-elekọta ụlọ, osi nri, na aka ubi. N'ikpeazụ na ndụ ya, a manyere Taylor ịla ezumike nká n'ihi ahụ ike ya na-ada ada. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-enweta ego site na ịkwa akwa, na-eji uwe mwụda nke uwe na-emepụta akwa mkpuchi. Taylor nwere mmasị karịa na akwụkwọ nri ya mgbe Pecolia Warner 's quilts bụ isiokwu nke mmasị ndị ọkachamara na Mahadum Mississippi na 1970s. <ref name="majorref">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2 February 2021|title=Profile: Sarah Mary Taylor (1916-2000)|url=https://blackartstory.org/2021/02/02/profile-sarah-mary-taylor-1916-2000/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053449/https://blackartstory.org/2021/02/02/profile-sarah-mary-taylor-1916-2000/|archivedate=2 June 2023|accessdate=30 March 2021|work=Black Art Story|language=en}}</ref> Ma Taylor na nne ya mepụtara ihe mkpuchi na ohiri isi nke na-arụ ọrụ na-acha uhie uhie <nowiki><i id="mwGw">Vodun</i></nowiki> doll -dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ. Her ''Mermaid'' quilt (nke a na-akpọbu ''Rabbit'' ) bụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke aka mojo, na-egosipụta aka na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'akụkụ akụkụ uhie uhie na ihe oyiyi vodou. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wahlman|first=Maude Southwell|title=Self-taught Art: The Culture and Aesthetics of American Vernacular Art|date=2001|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=1-57806-380-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEOCblFHdfoC&q=%22Sarah%20Mary%20Taylor%22&pg=PA164|chapter=African Charm Traditions}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Maude Southwell Wahlman si kwuo, Taylor "emewo ọtụtụ quilts na-egwu egwu na ihe atụ na àgwà mara mma nke ihe oyiyi aka." <ref name="African Arts" /> Wahlman dere na Taylor's ''Cross'' quilt nwere ike ịnọchite anya n'ihu nke Kongo cosmogram, akara okpukpe Kongo . <ref name="African Arts">{{Cite journal|author=Wahlman|first=Maude Southwell|title=African Symbolism in Afro-American Quilts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1986-11_20_1/page/74|journal=[[African Arts (journal)|African Arts]]|date=November 1986|volume=20|issue=1|pages=74–75|doi=10.2307/3336568}}</ref> Ihe mkpuchi Taylor na-ejikwa nchikota agba na-adịghị mma na nke na-emegiderịta onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=White|first=Shane|title=Stylin': African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit|date=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|isbn=0-8014-8283-6|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCoTzfhswSYC&q=%22Sarah%20Mary%20Taylor%22&pg=PA82}}</ref> Enyere ya ọrụ ime ihe mkpuchi aka maka ihe nkiri ''The Agba Purple'' . Ma akwa mkpuchi a na okwu a na-etinye n'ọrụ nke ya bụ akụkụ nke Ella King Torrey Collection of African American Quilts . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Che|first=Jenny|date=12 December 2014|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art to Show Two Centuries of Black Artists|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/philadelphia-museum-of-art-to-show-two-centuries-of-black-artists-1418415540|accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref> Taylor lụrụ ugboro ise wee mụọ otu nwa, Willie, onye buru ya ụzọ nwụọ. Ọ nwụrụ July 10, 2000. E gosipụtala quilts Taylor na Naperville, Illinois, Santa Fe, New Mexico, na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web|title='Hands' Quilt|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/298002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326183012/https://www.philamuseum.org/collection/object/2980022|archivedate=26 March 2023|accessdate=12 July 2023|work=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]|language=en}}</ref> n'etiti obodo ndị America ndị ọzọ. Marilyn Nelson dere ya abụ "The Century Quilt" maka ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Waniek|first=Marilyn Nelson|title=The Fields of Praise: Poems|date=1994|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=0-8071-4120-8|pages=72–73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq2_Q3SBHlcC&q=%22Sarah%20Mary%20Taylor%22&pg=PA72}}</ref> Ọrụ Taylor gụnyere na 2004 Richard E. Peeler Art Center ngosi, "Mind Storm: Contemporary American Folk Art from the Arient Family Collection." <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.34280355|title=Mind Storm: Contemporary American Folk Art from the Arient Family Collection|publisher=[[DePauw University]]|year=2004|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> Na 2020, New Yorker kwuru na enwere ihe ngosi n'ịntanetị nke ọrụ Taylor, " [https://www.shrine.nyc/sarah-mary-taylor-press-release Ekwela m nsogbu] ," na Ọgọst 31, 2020, site na Shrine Museum, New York. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fateman|first=Johanna|date=31 August 2020|title=Sarah Mary Taylor|pages=5|work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> == Ntụaka == "emewo ọtụtụ quilts na-egwu egwu na ihe atụ na àgwà mara mma nke ihe oyiyi aka." Wahlman dere na Taylor's Cross quilt nwere{{Reflist}} tg0qsy5rqh1za43e3zxn63hjmv7jwui 0 47562 697550 632567 2026-08-10T02:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697550 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Joyce J. Scott''' (amụrụ 1948) bụ onye omenkà nke America-Afrika, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese nrụnye, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi. Akpọrọ aha MacArthur Fellow na 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/macarthur-foundation-announces-2016-genius-fellows-501248|title=MacArthur Foundation announces 2016 class of 'Genius' fellows|date=2016-09-22|work=Newsweek|accessdate=2018-03-10|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Joyce J. Scott : Harriet Tubman and other truths|author=Sims, Lowery Stokes|others=Scott, Joyce, 1948-, Sims, Patterson,, Rodney, Seph,, Grounds for Sculpture|isbn=9780966564488|location=Hamilton, New Jersey|oclc=1026351878|year=2018}}</ref> na Smithsonian Visionary Artist na 2019, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/joyce-j-scott-named-2019-smithsonian-visionary-artist|title=Joyce J. Scott Is Named 2019 Smithsonian Visionary Artist|work=Smithsonian Institution|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-02}}</ref> Scott kacha mara amara maka ihe atụ ya na ọla ya na-eji ụdị n'efu, usoro ịwe akwa na-apụ apụ, dị ka stitch peyote . <ref name=":6" /> A na-eji ọtụtụ puku mkpụrụ osisi bekee ma ọ bụ beads pony na-arụ ibe ọ bụla, na mgbe ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ achọtara ihe ma ọ bụ ihe dịka iko, mkpuchi na akpụkpọ anụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rubycity.org/artists/joyce-j-scott/|title=Joyce J. Scott|work=Ruby City|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a toro ya maka ịrụ ọrụ na usoro ọhụrụ - ngwakọta nke ala, ụrọ, ahịhịa na simenti - maka ihe ọkpụkpụ nke chọrọ ịgbasa ma laghachi n'ụwa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoremagazine.com/2018/2/19/towering-figure-macarthur-fellowship-winner-joyce-j-scott-charts-new-artistic-territory|title=MacArthur Genius Joyce Scott Charts New Artistic Territory|date=2018-02-19|work=Baltimore magazine|accessdate=2018-03-10|language=en-us}}</ref> Omenala dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emetụta Scott, gụnyere omenala ndị America na ndị Africa, Mexico, Czech, na ndị Russia, <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Sultan|first=Terrie|date=September 14 – November 17, 1991|title=Joyce Scott: I-con-no-body/I-con-o-graphy|journal=Gallery One}}</ref> ihe atụ na akwụkwọ ọchị, na omenala pop. <ref name="art.state.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://art.state.gov/artistdetail.aspx?id=159616|title=U.S. Department of State - Art in Embassies|work=art.state.gov|accessdate=2016-04-28|archivedate=2016-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429130408/http://art.state.gov/ArtistDetail.aspx?id=159616}}</ref> Scott bụ onye ama ama maka nkọwa mmekọrịta ya na okwu ndị dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, klaasị, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ime ihe ike, na echiche ọdịnala, <ref name="AiE">{{Cite web|url=https://art.state.gov/personnel/joyce_scott/|title=Joyce J. Scott: U.S Department of State – Art in Embassies|work=US Department of State|accessdate=5 September 2019}}</ref> yana isiokwu ọgwụgwọ mmụọ. Ọrụ ya bụ banyere otú Scott si ahụ onwe ya n'ime ụwa na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa: "Ọrụ ndị a bụ maka uto onwe onye, epiphanies nke onwe na otu esi eme ka ọ ghara ịrapara n'ụzọ ndụ dị mfe - banyere nkà anaghị m atụ egwu ma na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, anaghị m atụ egwu. ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sims|first=Lowery Stokes|date=February 23 – April 20, 2007|title=Breathe Joyce J. Scott|journal=Goya Contemporary}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Joyce Jane Scott na Baltimore na 1948, ada nke onye ama ama [[Elizabeth Talford Scott]] na Charlie Scott Jr. <ref name="Gallagher">{{Cite web |url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-09-08/entertainment/26100762_1_joyce-scott-quilting-african-american |title=Maria Gallagher, "The Scotts Reap What they Sew: Artists are Influenced by Slavery, African-American Themes," ''Daily News'' (September 8, 1989). |accessdate=2024-06-10 |archivedate=2016-03-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033050/http://articles.philly.com/1989-09-08/entertainment/26100762_1_joyce-scott-quilting-african-american }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dark humor : Joyce J. Scott & Peter Williams.|others=Scott, Joyce, 1948-, Williams, Peter, 1952 March 18-, Towson University. Center for the Arts.|isbn=978-1365804830|location=Towson, MD|oclc=987343815|author=Susan Isaacs|first=J.|year=2017}}</ref> Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "ezigbo nwa Baltimore na nwa nwanyị [[Sandtown-Winchester, Baltimore|Sandtown]] " <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/bs-ae-joyce-scott-profile-20160921-story.html|title=Baltimore artist Joyce Scott named MacArthur Fellow|author=Smith|first=Tim|work=baltimoresun.com|accessdate=2018-03-10|language=en-US}}</ref> wee bie ndụ. n'ụlọ dị n'ahịrị na mpaghara Sandtown ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Naomi Eftis|first=Elaine Heffernan|title=A woman artist speaks, Joyce Scott interviewed by Naomi Eftis and Elaine Heffernan|url=https://archive.org/details/pacifica_radio_archives-WZ0109|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-11}}</ref> Nne ya gbara ume imepụta ihe na Scott malitere ịse ihe na Coppin Demonstration School, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ọha, ma mesịa gaa Lemmel Middle School na Eastern High School na Baltimore. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Joyce J. Scott Kickin' It with the Old Masters|author=Ciscle|first=George|publisher=Baltimore Museum of Art and Maryland Institute, College of Art|year=2000|isbn=0-912298-72-3}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Fine Arts na Maryland Institute College of Art na 1970 wee nweta Masters of Fine Arts na Instituto Allende na Mexico. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stankard|first=Paul J.|date=Autumn 2014|title=Burning Embers|journal=Glass Quarterly}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, Scott gbasoro akwụkwọ n'ihu na Rochester Institute of Technology na New York na Haystack Mountain School of Crafts na Maine. <ref name="art.state.gov"/> Nne Scott n'onwe ya bụ onye omenkà kụziiri Scott appliqué usoro ịgba ume ma gbaa ya ume ịchụso ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe. <ref name="AiE"/> Otu n'ime ọrụ nka mbụ o mere bụ ịkwa akwa akwa nwa bebi. <ref name=":3"/> Omenala nka na-emetụtakwa Scott n'ezinụlọ ya nke "quilters, woodworkers, basketweavers, caners oche, planters and blacksmiths ," ebe ndị mmadụ zụlitere nkà n'ihe karịrị otu ọrụ ka ha wee dị ndụ. <ref name="Gallagher"/> Ịhụnanya ya maka egwu na mmetụta miri emi nke ime mmụọ gbasiri ike na nzụlite ya n'okwukwe Pentikọstal yana ọdịnala ya bara ụba na egwu ozioma. <ref name=":4"/> A na-egosipụta mmetụta Scott si Africa n'iji ihe ịchọ mma dị mgbagwoju anya na nke siri ike mee ihe. Site n'iji usoro yiri okpueze beadwork na West African [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]], ọ na-ahazigharị bead ka ọ bụrụ usoro ọkpụkpụ. <ref name=":4"/> Dị ka ọkà mmụta Leslie King-Hammond si kwuo, nkà na omenala Africa na-arụ ọrụ iji gbanwee ihe ọ bụla kwa ụbọchị ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịchọ mma mara mma. <ref name="art.state.gov"/> Omume Scott gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ na mgbakwunye na ọkpụkpụ. Àgwà ya na-enweghị mgbagha na ịkpa ọchị na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ n'ememe ya iji katọọ okwu ndị dị ka feminism, mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name="art.state.gov"/> Dị ka ihe ịchọ mma ya na ihe mkpuchi ya, arụmọrụ ya na-ekwukarị banyere ịkọ akụkọ na ebe nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smyers|first=Robyn Minter|date=2000|title=Re-making the past: the black oral tradition in contemporary art|journal=International Review of African American Art|volume=17|pages=47–53}}</ref> Ọrụ Scott na-ejide Baltimore Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum na [[St. Louis]], Missouri, Mint Museum of Art na Charlotte, North Carolina, Spencer Museum of Art na Mahadum Kansas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/scott_joyce_j.html|title=Joyce J. Scott Online|work=Art Cyclopedia|accessdate=2014-02-01}}</ref> Ọrụ ya, ''Yellow #4'' na ''Ọmụmụ Mammy #4'', nwetara site na Smithsonian American Art Museum dị ka akụkụ nke Mgbasa Ozi ncheta afọ 50th nke Renwick Gallery . <ref name="Savig">{{Cite book|author=Savig|first=Mary|title=This Present Moment: Crafting a Better World|date=2022|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781913875268|pages=228–238}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi izizi nke Scott zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ Goya Contemporary Gallery na Baltimore, MD, na Mobilia Gallery na Boston MA na-anọchi anya omume ịchọ mma Scott. == Ihe ngosi egosipụtara == === ''I-con-nobody/I-con-o-graphy'' === Emere na Corcoran Gallery of Art na 1991, nke a bụ ihe ngosi solo mbụ Scott mere. "Utu aha ahụ pụtara ikwu eziokwu, ma ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ na ụdị ihe atụ. Iconography, akara ngosi nke na-akọwa ihe oyiyi, na, otu oge, ọha mmadụ, Scott ji kpughee mkpali zoro ezo n'azụ mmekọrịta mmadụ." <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=Andrea|date=February 24 – April 22, 2001|title=Exploring Identity- Works by Contemporary African American Women|journal=Maier Museum of Art/90th Annual Exhibition}}</ref> N'ihe ngosi, e nwere ọrụ ọkpụ akpụ 29 na ọtụtụ nnukwu mgbidi fiber na akwa. Agụnyere nhọrọ (nke sitere na akụkọ nne ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nwa nanny) sitere na usoro Scott's ''Mammy/Nanny'' (1986-1991) nke o jiri bead enyo na akpụkpọ anụ mepụta ọdịiche agbụrụ na uru. <ref name=":5" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gips|first=Terry|date=Summer 1996|title=Joyce J. Scott's Mammy/Nanny series|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-1996_22_2/page/311|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=22|issue=2|pages=311–320|doi=10.2307/3178415}}</ref> === ''Kwere na edoola m nsọ'' === Nke a bụ ọrụ nka ọha mbụ Scott rụrụ. <ref name=":3"/> Na 1991, a họpụtara ya na ndị nka iri na itoolu ndị ọzọ ka ha sonye na oru ngo ọhụrụ nke Spoleto Festival USA haziri na Charleston . A na-akpọ ihe ngosi a "Ebe nwere oge gara aga: New Saịtị-Specific Art in Charleston" na a kpọrọ onye ọ bụla na-ese ihe ka ọ họrọ saịtị dị n'èzí wee mepụta otu nke gosipụtara echiche ha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo. Scott họọrọ kọlụm anọ nke ndị Kọrịnt bụ ndị ikpeazụ fọdụrụ na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ochie nke Charleston . Ndị mmadụ nọ na African American akụkọ ihe mere eme gwara ya na "ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ka anyị nọrọ ebe ahụ" na sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name=":3" /> N'iji ihe ndị achọtara na beading, Scott tụgharịrị ogidi ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ osisi willow na-akwa ákwá iji nọchite anya anya mmiri. N'okpuru ha, o wuru ebe olili ozu sitere na osisi 500 na onye na-anwụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ Phoenix, na-anọchi anya "njedebe nke ịgba ohu ma ọ bụ mmalite nke oge ọhụrụ, Nrụgharị." <ref name=":3" /> === ''Ezochiri onyonyo'' === Na 1995 Scott zara ya na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] maka ihe ngosi nka nke ihe ngosi nka nke Africa ''ihu nke chi: Art na Altar of Africa and African Americans'' <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=Robert Farris|date=1995-01-01|title=Face of the Gods: The Artists and Their Altars|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-1995_28_1/page/50|journal=African Arts|volume=28|issue=1|pages=50–61|doi=10.2307/3337250}}</ref> nwere nrụnye akpọrọ ''Images zoro ezo'' na San Francisco Art Institute . <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Images Concealed|author=Scott|first=Joyce|publisher=San Francisco Art Institute|others=Jean-Edith Weiffenbach|year=1995|isbn=093049525X|location=San Francisco|pages=5}}</ref> Curator Jean-Edith Weiffenbach kwuru na Scott, "gbara aka site na mkpughe nke ihe ngosi ahụ nke mmetụta ọdịnala Africa na nka Western, usoro nkwenye, na omenala ọha [...] n'asụsụ ihe atụ nke na-eche echiche efu na okwu nke nnọchite anya na nghọta." <ref name=":2" /> === ''Jiri ndị Nna-ukwu ochie malite ya'' === ''Kickin' It with the Old Masters'' bụ ihe ngosi nka emere na Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA) na Jenụwarị – Mee 2000 na mmekorita ya na Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-01-23/entertainment/0002150412_1_scott-contemporary-art-museum-of-art|title=Laughter, Tears and Social Commentary|author=McNatt|first=Glenn|date=2000-01-23|work=Baltimore Sun News|accessdate=2016-05-10|archivedate=2016-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616154337/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-01-23/entertainment/0002150412_1_scott-contemporary-art-museum-of-art}}</ref> "N'ọnụ ụzọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ, nọ ọdụ Rodin's ''Thinker,'' akara ngosi nka nke Western art; n'elu isi ihe oyiyi ahụ Scott kwụsịrị ihe oyiyi bead eyịre n'olu site n'agbụ wee kpuchie ya na agbụrụ agbụrụ." <ref name=":5"/> Nkwekọrịta ahụ abụghị ịkpali ebubo agbụrụ kama iji guzobe mmekọrịta ya na ihe ịchọ mma na ihe ndị mmadụ na-ewu. <ref name=":5" /> == Họrọ nsọpụrụ na ihe nrite == N'okpuru bụ ihe nrite ole na ole ahọpụtara, nsọpụrụ na mmekọrịta Scott nwetara ugbu a n'ọrụ ya: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Collecting Contemporary Glass|author=Oldknow|first=Tina|publisher=The Corning Museum of Glass|year=2014|isbn=978-0-87290-201-5|location=Corning, New York|pages=276}}</ref> * Onye nrite ọla edo, Council American Craft Council (2020) * Smithsonian Ọhụụ Artist (2019) <ref name=":7"/> * MacArthur Fellow, John D. na Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL (2016) * Nna-ukwu nke Ọkara, James Renwick Alliance, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] (2006) * Onyinye nka Gọvanọ na Artsalute: Ụmụ amaala Maryland maka Arts Foundation, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (2002) * Onye otu, American Craft Council, New York, NY (2001) * Nturu ugo nke ibi ndụ nke mba, Maryland Nominee (1996) * Ihe nrite Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation (1994) * Mmekọrịta Pace Roberts (1994) * Mmekọrịta Mbipụta Mba (1992) * Ihe nrite Mid Atlantic Consortium (1990) * Mmekọrịta Kansụl Arts nke Maryland (1987, 1981) * Mmekọrịta, onyinye nka nke mba (1980) == Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka == * Olu, 1993. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke nka na imewe * Ndị hụrụ n'anya, 2002. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke nka na imewe * Mmiri Mammy 1, 2012. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke nka na imewe * Amara atọ echefuru echefu mgbe Los Angeles Burns, 1992. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Corning nke Glass <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmog.org/artwork/three-graces-oblivious-while-los-angeles-burns|title=Collection Search {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass|work=www.cmog.org|accessdate=2016-03-03}}</ref> * [http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/aslist/search@?t:state:flow=b88615f6-f0a0-4e20-b8e8-49d86baef46c Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Baltimore], Baltimo [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] re, Maryland [http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/aslist/search@?t:state:flow=b88615f6-f0a0-4e20-b8e8-49d86baef46c] * Edere isi Rodne [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] y King dị ka anyụ, 1991. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/89835.html?mulR=253295408%7C1] * Ọkpụkpọ ọkụ #3, 1993. Ụlọ ọrụ Detroit nke Arts, Detroit, Michigan [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113545/http://www.dia.org/art/search-collection.aspx?searchType=new&department=&classification=&artist=SCOTT+JOYCE&nationality=&medium=&objectNumber=&keyword=&date_from=&date_to=&action=Search+Art+at+the+DIA] Archived * The Sneak, 1989. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas [https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/58032] * Ụbọchị iri na isii na ndụ ya, 1997-99. Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri [https://web.archive.org/web/20210305030414/http://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/collection/explore/artist/1131] * Joyce J. Scott. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Mint, Charlotte, North Carolina [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122919/http://www.mintmuseum.org/resources/collection-database/creator-detail/504677/Joyce-J-Scott] Archived * Olu olu, 1994. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC [http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=35189] , * Africa, ca. 1980. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC [http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=71960] * Caffeine, 1994-99. Spencer Museum of Art, Mahadum Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132405/http://collection.spencerart.ku.edu/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=20771&viewType=detailView] * Ihe olu beaded. Ebe ihe ngosi nka nke Racine, Racine, [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101826/http://www.ramart.org/content/joyce-scott] Archived * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka American Craft, New York, NY * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY * Charles A. Waustum Museum, Madison, WI * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philbrook, Tulsa, OK * Renwick Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC * Ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe ngosi nka nke Rhode Island, Providence, RI * Ronald Reagan Washington National ọdụ ụgbọ elu, Washington, DC * Sheppard & Enoch Pratt Foundation, Towson, MD * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Speed, Louisville, KY * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ihu igwe, Greensboro, NC * ''Ọ nweghị onye nwere onwe ya ruo mgbe niile nwere onwe'', 2006. Mahadum Yale, New Haven, CT <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gordon|first=John Stuart|title=American Glass: The Collections at Yale|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-300-22669-0|pages=294|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == na St. Louis, Missouri, ''Mint Museum'' of Art na Charlotte, North Carolina, Spencer Museum of Art na Mahadum Kansas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas. Ọrụ ya, Yellow #4 na Ọmụmụ Mammy #4, nwetara site na Smithsonian American Art Museum dị ka akụkụ nke Mgbasa Ozi ncheta afọ 50th nke Renwick Gallery . Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi izizi nke Scott zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ Goya Contemporary Gallery na Baltimore, MD, na Mobilia Gallery na Boston MA na-anọchi anya omume{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=Joyce J. Scott: Kickin' It with the Old Masters|date=2000|publisher=Baltimore Museum of Art : Maryland Institute, College of Art|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=0912298723|pages=108 p}} * Stankard, Paul J. "Burning Embers." ''Glass Quarterly'', no. 136 (Autumn 2014): 26-34. * Sims, Lowery S, Raehse, Amy E, and King-Hammond, Leslie. "Breathe". (2007) * Raehse, Amy E. "Can't We All Just Get Along". (2014) ISBN: 978-1-4951-2405-1 * {{Cite book|author=Scott|first=Joyce J.|title=Joyce J. Scott: Truths and Visions|others=Sims, Patterson|isbn=9780989955041|publisher=Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland|location=Cleveland, Ohio|date=2015|oclc=910969847}} * {{Cite book|author=Scott|first=Joyce J.|title=Fearless Beadwork: Improvisational Peyote Stitch: Handwriting & Drawings from Hell|date=1994|publisher=Visual Studies Workshop|isbn=((0-89822-100-2))|location=Rochester, N.Y.|oclc=34341082}} * Sims, Lowery S, Joyce Scott, Patterson Sims, and Seph Rodney. ''Joyce J. Scott: Harriet Tubman and Other Truths''. , 2018. * Scott, Joyce and Raehse, Amy E. "REALITY, Times Two: Joyce J. Scott and Elizabeth Talford Scott" (2019) ISBN: 978-1-7923-1491-9 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vimeo.com/240229303 Joyce J. Scott: Harriet Tubman na Eziokwu Ndị Ọzọ], ''Ala maka vidiyo Ọkpụkpụ'' . Ọktoba 27, 2017. * [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-joyce-j-scott-15711 Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na Joyce J. Scott, 2009 Julaị 22], sitere na Nanette L. Laitman Documentation Project for Craft and Decorative Arts in America, Archives of American Art. * [http://www.craftinamerica.org/?s=joyce+j+scott Ọrụ aka na America, Joyce J. Scott] PBS Documentary * Art Alliance for Contemporary Glass, Joyce J. Scott, Onye nka nke ọnwa Julaị 2010 - [http://contempglass.org/artists/entry/joyce-j.-scott] * Art Alliance for Contemporary Glass, Joyce J. Scott, Short Resume [http://contempglass.org/images/uploads/artists/Joyce%20Scott%20SHORT%20RESUME-%209_27_08.pdf] * Ajụjụ ọnụ Curtia James, sitere na ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/sources-multicultural-influences-on-contemporary-african-american-sculptors-john-t-scott-martha-jackson-jarvis-denise-ward-brown-joyce-j-scott-melvin-e-edwards-february-2-april-11-1994-university-of-maryland-at-college-park- isi mmalite: Mmetụta dị iche iche nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa nke oge a]'', February 2 - April 11, 1994, Ụlọ ihe nkiri Art na Mahadum Maryland na College Park * ''Joyce J. Scott Kickin' Ya na ihe ngosi Old Masters'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20160624074908/https://artbma.org/documents/findingAids/PDPFindingAid_rev2015.pdf Mbipụta, Eserese na Foto Ngalaba ndekọ nchọta enyemaka] Archived </link> , Archives and Manuscripts Collections, The Baltimore Museum of Art * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277619251 Joyce J. Scott: Ọnwụ Na-egbu mgbu / Ndụ enweghị mgbu], Nọvemba 15, 2008 - Jenụwarị 23, 2009, Goya Contemporary - Goya Girl Press, Baltimore, MD * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32655285 Joyce J. Scott: Foto ndị e zoro ezo], February 9 - Maachị 19, 1995, Ụlọ Ọrụ Art San Francisco * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180204934 Ku ume: Joyce J. Scott], Febụwarị 23 - Eprel 20, 2007, Goya Contemporary - Goya Girl Press, Baltimore, MD * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921853516 Na Kilter: Joyce J. Scott], Septemba 12 - Nọvemba 10, 2012, Goya Contemporary - Goya Girl Press, Baltimore, MD * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240610000723/https://www.contemporary.org/talkingshop/2015-11-17-craft-defiance.html Ụlọ ahịa na-ekwu okwu: Craft + Defiance] November 17, 2015 na Baltimore School for the Arts, The Contemporary, Baltimore, MD * [[iarchive:pacifica radio archives-WZ0109|Otu nwanyị na-ese ihe na-ekwu / Joyce J. Scott ; gbara ajụjụ ọnụ Naomi Eftis na Elaine Heffernan]], mgbasa ozi ca. Ọnwa Asaa 27, 1977 na WPFW, Washington, DC [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5y3raqvxozxfi4eegd3mkzm3a91babr 0 47568 697518 195334 2026-08-10T01:51:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697518 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">James G. Spady</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1224" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="892" decoding="async" height="302" resource="./File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/220px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/330px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/440px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Nke Anọ 2, 1944 |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Febụwarị 17, 2020 <span style="display:none">(2020-02-17)</span> (agadi&nbsp;75) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | odee, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, odeakụkọ ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ ama ama</span> | class="infobox-data" | Marcus Garvey, Africa na UNIA (1985) National Conscious Rap (1991) Global Cipha: Omenala Hip Hop na Amamihe (2006) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ihe nrite | class="infobox-data" | Akwụkwọ nrite America (1988) Ihe nrite nturu ugo nke otu ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke mba |} '''James G. Spady''' (Eprel 2, 1944 - Febụwarị 17, 2020) bụ onye odee, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ meriri. N'ime ọrụ afọ iri ise ya, Spady dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, rụọ ọrụ na redio, telivishọn, na ihe nkiri, dee ọtụtụ narị akụkọ akụkọ maka mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na-ebipụta, ma nata National Newspaper Publishers Association 's Meritorious Award. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/james-g-spady-writer-and-historian/article_4e576aa6-815b-5376-bc86-6cde6b556ad6.html|title=James G. Spady, 75, writer and historian|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beforecolumbusfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Aba2001prior.pdf|title=Previous Winners of the American Book Award}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013|title=Socially Grounded Ontology and Epistemological Agency: James G. Spady's Search for the Marvelous/ Imaginative Within the Expansive and Expressive Domain of Rap Music and Hip Hop Self-Consciousness|journal=Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=66–79}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Dị ka nwa okorobịa, James G. Spady sonyeere Philadelphia NAACP Youth Council, ebe o zutere onye ndu obodo, onye ọka iwu, na Philadelphia NAACP President, Cecil B. Moore . N'okpuru nduzi Moore, Spady sonyeere mkpesa akụkọ ihe mere eme 1965 iji wepụrụ Girard College, ụlọ akwụkwọ K-12 na-acha ọcha naanị maka ụmụ ogbenye na ụmụ mgbei. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Countryman|first=Matthew|title=Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|pages=168–178}}</ref> Mgbalị ahụ na-aga nke ọma gụnyere ọnwa 7 nke ịtụ n'ihu mgbidi mpụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke - mgbe ọ gara na ngagharị iwe ahụ - [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr.]] [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] kpọrọ "ụdị mgbidi Berlin iji mee ka ụmụ Chineke nwee agba." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543|title=The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Visit to Philadelphia · Digital Exhibitions|work=northerncity.library.temple.edu|accessdate=2020-03-15|archivedate=2020-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502124519/http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Spady ga-aga n'ihu na mmemme ya site n'inyere aka ịhazi nleta [[Muhammad]] Ali [https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967 na 1967 na Mahadum Howard ebe Ali nyere okwu "Black is Best" ya] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VlEqcWjlMI&feature=youtu.be&t=5236|title='Eyes on the Prize' documentary film - footage of Muhammad Ali speech at Howard University featuring James G. Spady to Ali's left, wearing sunglasses|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967|title=Muhammad Ali's Speech at Howard University, 1967|author=WETA|work=Boundary Stones: WETA's Washington DC History Blog|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> Ọrụ mmụta Spady malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na-esochi njem dị ukwuu gafee kọntinent Africa na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe. Karịsịa, na May 1968, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe hiwere Black History Museum Library na Heritage House na North Philadelphia (mgbe e mesịrị ịkwaga na YWCA na Girard Avenue na n'akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme African American social club, The Pyramid Club ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Poets Write On!: An Anthology of Black Philadelphia Poets|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1970|location=Philadelphia|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwere—dị ka ihe ndekọ nke oge a si kwuo—“akwụkwọ mpịakọta atọ, akwụkwọ nta, broshuọ, traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” <ref>{{Cite news|title=The 1972 Issue of Stolen Legacy|date=May 1972|work=Black History Museum Umum Newsletter|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM'' malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye mbụ sitere n'aka ndị edemede na ndị ọkà mmụta n'ofe United States na karịa. A manyere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie / ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike imechi site na 1973 mgbe ọkụ na izu ohi sochirinụ, mana ọ gara n'ihu wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya wee bipụta akwụkwọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche nke Black History Museum UMUM akara. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, Black History Museum Library tupu-ma nye aka ịtọ ntọala maka-Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka African American Museum na Philadelphia ), onye nduzi mbụ, Charles H. Wesley, bụ onye ndụmọdụ Spady. na onye na-akwado mbọ mbụ a. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Burns|first=Andrea|title=From Storefront to Monument: Tracing the History of the Black Museum Movement|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=2013|location=Amerst|pages=41–71}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmụta == N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ, James G. Spady gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, dee banyere ya, na ụfọdụ ndị enyi dị iche iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-agụ egwú, na ndị edemede nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, gụnyere: Nina Simone, James Brown, [[Fela Kuti|Fela. Kuti]], Stevie Wonder, [[Bob Marley]] ,&nbsp;Miles Davis, na Dizzy Gillespie ; James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, Ntozake Shange, na Sterling Brown ; Cheikh Anta Diop, Mercer Cook, Merze Tate, Adelaide Cromwell, Charles H. Wesley, na Benjamin Quarles . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name="Jackson 80">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Leandre|date=2013-06-22|title=Discourse Methodology in Service of Narrative Strategy: Nommo Seeking in a Hip Hop Universe, James Spady's Hip Hop Oeuvre|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007245/discourse-methodology-in-service-of-narrative-strategy|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=80|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> Mana Spady nyekwara nnukwu ihe nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ na ịsọpụrụ ndụ na ọrụ nke trailblazing mana ndị omenala, ndị ọgụgụ isi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elegharakarị anya. O duuru mgbalị idetu ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ọsụ ụzọ Africa American architect [[Julian Abele]] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|title=Julian Abele and the Architecture of Bon Vivant|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1982|location=Philadelphia|pages=1–8}}</ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ nta, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Julian-Abele-architecture-Bon-Vivant/dp/B000723WSS/ref=sr_1_11?qid=1583075614&refinements=p_27%3AJames+G.+Spady&s=books&sr=1-11&text=James+G.+Spady Julian Abele na Architecture of Bon Vivant]'' (1982), wee kwenye na Philadelphia Museum of Art and University of [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] ka ọ mara ọrụ Abele n'ichebe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie yana ọtụtụ ụlọ Penn . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14630077/credit-where-it-is-overdue-julian-abele/|title=Credit where it is Overdue, Julian Abele|date=1982-03-27|work=Philadelphia Daily News|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hine|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15634173/the-philadelphia-inquirer/|title=Black architect gave shape to an idea|date=1982-03-27|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=B1}}</ref> Spady nyekwara aka n'iweta nlebara anya ọhụrụ na ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ nke onye na-ede uri, onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, na prọfesọ, Sterling A. Brown, site n'ịhazi nnukwu ụtụ ọha na eze na Washington, DC's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library na 1976 na itinye onye na-ede uri [[Robert Hayden|Robert. Hayden]] ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche maka mmemme ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1977|title=Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, DC|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1977-03_8_5/page/40|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=8|issue=5|pages=40–44|doi=10.1080/00064246.1977.11413895}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara ụtụ sitere na Ruby Dee na Ossie Davis, AB Spellman, Dr. Montague Cobb, Dr. Allison Davis, na Milford Graves, yana Loïs Mailou Jones bụ onye na-ese ihe osise unyi nke Sterling Brown na-ebi n'oge ihe omume ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> Spady na Black History Museum ''UMUM'' Committee mechara dezie ma bipụta ya, ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000212759 Sterling A. Brown: A UMUM Tribute]'' (1976 na 1982), nke gosipụtara onyinye sitere n'aka Amiri Baraka, Alan Lomax, Ophelia Egypt, Houston Baker, Léon Damas, Arthur Huff Fauset, na Léopold Sédar Senhgor . <ref name=":1" /> Na 1979, Washington, DC City Council kwupụtara ụbọchị ọmụmụ Brown, Mee 1, ''Sterling A. Brown Day'', ma kpọọ ya onye na-ede uri obodo na 1984 ''.'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Whitaker|first=Joseph D.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1989/01/16/poet-sterling-allen-brown-dies/24de727b-a93b-4e2c-a9d4-35ef1a845b16/|title=POET STERLING ALLEN BROWN DIES|date=1989-01-16|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2020-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Brown kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ The Washington Post : "Enweghachila m, mweghachi, megharịa ma nwetaghachi." <ref name=":2" /> Spady rụrụ ụdị ọrụ a maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama ọnụ ọgụgụ, gụnyere African American dere William L. Dawson . Ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka Black History bipụtara akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/William_L_Dawson.html?id=nhHxfYxljS4C William L. Dawson: A UMUM Tribute and a Marvelous Journey] ,'' na 1981. <ref>Huff, Vernon Edward. "William Levi Dawson: An Examination of Selected Letters, Speeches, and Writings." DMA Dissertation, Arizona State University, 2013, pp. 2-3.</ref> Mgbe a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na ime enyi onye Senegalese Cheikh Anta Diop na njedebe 1960s, Spady dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede mbụ nke Bekee iji nyochaa ọrụ ya ( [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001132557200500104?journalCode=cbaa "Negritude, PanBanegritude, na Diopian Philosophy of African History"] na 1972). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1972-01-01|title=Negritude, PanBanegritude and the Diopian Philosophy of African History|journal=A Current Bibliography on African Affairs|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=11–29|doi=10.1177/001132557200500104|issn=0011-3255}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clarke|first=John Henrik|date=July 1974|title=The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cToDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22mercer+cook%22+%22diop%22+%22spady%22&pg=PA51|journal=Black World|volume=XXIII|pages=51}}</ref> Mgbe nke atọ World Press bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Diop, [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002208241 ''The Cultural Unity of Black Africa'' (1978)], ọ gụnyere okwu ikpeazụ nke James G. Spady na-arịọ Diop n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_109244|title=The cultural unity of Black Africa : the domains of patriarchy and of matriarchy in classical antiquity / by Cheikh Anta Diop; introd. by John Henrik Clarke; afterword by James G. Spady|work=Smithsonian Institution|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady mechara nye ọrụ ma bipụta abụ atọ nke onye na-ede uri na prọfesọ Mwatabu Okantah nke isiokwu ya bụ [https://books.google.com/books/about/Cheikh_Anta_Diop.html?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ ''Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem For The Living'' (1997)] ; nke a bụ uri epic n'asụsụ atọ nke mbụ e bipụtara na Bekee, French na Wolof . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Okantah|first=Mwatabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ|title=Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem for the Living : a Poem|date=1997|publisher=Black History Museum, UMUM/LOH Pub.|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye bi na Filadelfia ogologo oge, akụkọ ihe mere eme na onyinye obodo ahụ na-abụkarị isiokwu nke ọrụ Spady. O dere akụkọ ndụ nke enyi ya nwụrụ anwụ, onye Philadelphia ibe ya, na onye ọhụụ Black Arts Movement, Larry Neal, nke aha ya bụ ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Larry_Neal.html?id=CCZbAAAAMAAJ Larry Neal: Onye Ntọhapụ Black Philly Poet na Blues Streak of Mellow Wisdom]'' (1989). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George D.|title=Larry Neal: Phenomenological Facets|date=1992|journal=CLA Journal|volume=36|issue=1|pages=41–51|issn=0007-8549}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Spady lụrụ ọgụ maka ncheta ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, onye ọka iwu, na onye ndu obodo, Cecil B. Moore, onye o bipụtara obere akwụkwọ nta akụkọ, ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22223026 Cecil B. Moore: A Soldier for Justice]'' (1985). Obere oge tupu Spady anwụọ, o dere ederede nke kpụrụ ntọala maka ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke SEPTA arụnyere na nso nso a na ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Cecil B. Moore na Philadelphia's Broad Street Line. <ref name=":0"/> A jụkwara Spady site na Philadelphia redio DJ a ma ama na onye ọrụ ikike obodo Georgie Woods ka ọ dee akụkọ ndụ ya, nke ghọrọ akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m Naanị Nwoke!]'' ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ ': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, Onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo]'' (1992). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ|title=Georgie Woods: I'm Only a Man : the Life Story of a Mass Communicator, Promoter, Civil Rights Activist|date=1992|publisher=Snack-Pac Book Division|language=en}}</ref> Spady bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge nke [https://www.garveyfoundation.com/ Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation], òtù agụmakwụkwọ kwadoro na 1961 site n'aka onye ndụmọdụ ya, Thomas W. Harvey, bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye na-anọchi anya [[Marcus Garvey]] dị ka President-General nke Universal Negro Improvement Association ( UNIA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|title=The History of The Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|date=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906171238/http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|accessdate=2020-03-16|archivedate=2009-09-06}}</ref> Na 1985, Spady bipụtara ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894 Marcus Garvey, Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894|title=Marcus Garvey, Africa, and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: a UMUM perspective on concentric activity in the Pan African world|date=1985|publisher=Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|location=New York City, N.Y.}}</ref> Na 2011, o dere ''[https://www.amazon.com/Marcus-Garvey-Reggae-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677100 Marcus Garvey, Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora]'' na kwadoro ''[https://www.amazon.com/Perspectives-History-Marcus-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677119/ New Perspectives na History of Marcus Garvey, UNIA, na African Diaspora]'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaihs.org/global-garveyism/|title=Global Garveyism: Mapping Those at Home and Abroad|author=Ewing|first=Adam|work=African American Intellectual History Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady raara onwe ya nye ihe ka ukwuu n'ime afọ 35 ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|date=2013-06-22|title=Remixing the Historical Record: Revolutions in Hip Hop Historiography|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007246/remixing-the-historical-record-revolutions-in-hip|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=94|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013-06-22|title=Introductory Remarks from the Guest Editor|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007243/introductory-remarks-from-the-guest-editor|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s10762-011-9835-0|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> <ref name="Jackson 80"/> Ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ atọ nke mbụ gbasara [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]], ya na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Nation_conscious_rap.html?id=pDoUAQAAIAAJ Nation Conscious Rap]'' (1991), ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Twisted_Tales.html?id=LWAiAQAAMAAJ Twisted Tales: In the Hip Hop Streets of Philly]'' (1995), na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Street_conscious_rap.html?id=meITAQAAIAAJ Street Conscious Rap]'' (1999), n'ikpeazụ na-agbakwunye ụda nke anọ na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Tha_Global_Cipha.html?id=cYPNAAAACAAJ The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness]'' (2006). == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Ndị na-ede uri ojii dee na!'' '': Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Black Philadelphian Poets'' (1970) * ''Sterling A. Brown : A UMUM Tribute'' (1976 na 1982) * ''Indigené: Anthology of Future Black Arts'' (1978) * ''William L. Dawson : Ụtụ UMUM na njem dị ebube'' (1981) * ''9 ruo Eluigwe na Ala: Ndị nka ojii'' (1983) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association'' (1985) * ''Larry Neal : Onye na-ede uri Black Philly tọhapụrụ ya na blu Streak of Mellow Wisdom'' (1989) * ''National Conscious Rap'' (1991) * ''Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m naanị nwoke!'' ''<nowiki/>': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo'' (1992) * ''Akụkọ gbagọrọ agbagọ: N'okporo ụzọ Hip Hop nke Philly'' (1995) * ''Okporo Amụma Rap'' (1999) * ''360 Degreez nke Sonia Sanchez : Hip Hop, Akụkọ, Iqhawe na Oghere Ọha nke ịbụ'' (2000) * ''The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness'' (2006) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora'' (2011) * ''Echiche ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Marcus Garvey]], UNIA, na African Diaspora'' (2011) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * "Dr. William Leo Hansberry: The Legacy of an African Hunter," ''Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 3, No. 11-12 (1970), 25–40. * "The Ancient [[Zimbabwe]] Empire," ''Negro History Bulletin'', (1971), 33-34. * "The Cultural Unity of Cheikh Anta Diop, 1948-1964," ''Black Images: A Critical Quarterly on Black Arts and Culture'', I, III-IV (1972), pp.&nbsp;14–22. * "Negritude, PanBanegritude, and the Diopian Philosophy of African History," ''A Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (1972), pp.&nbsp;11–29. * "Memorial Services for Arna Bontemps," ''CLA Journal'', Vol. 17, No. 1 (Sept. 1973), pp. 117-119. * "The Afro-American Historical Society: The Nucleus of Black Bibliophilies, 1897-1913," ''Negro History Bulletin,'' Vol. 37, No. 4 (June/July, 1974), pp.&nbsp;254–257. * "Major Richard R. Wright: Scholar and Activist," ''Umoja: Southwestern Black Journal'' (1975), pp. 11-17. * "Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, D.C." ''The Black Scholar,'' Vol. 8, No. 5 (1977), pp.&nbsp;40–44. * "Tri-Muse: The Historiography of Joel A. Rogers, Drusilla Dunjee Houston and William Leo Hansberry," in ''Y'Bird'', Vol. I, No. 2 (1978), pp.&nbsp;98–116. * "Indigene = Folkski Equations in the Black Arts," ''The Black Scholar'', Vol. 10, No. 3/4 (Nov/Dec 1978), pp. 24-33. * Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe: Portrait of a Pan African Giant," ''Black Collegian'', Dec. 1980/Jan. 1981. * "Surrealism and the Marvelous Black Plunge in Search of Yemanga and the Human Condition," ''Cultural Correspondence'', 12-14 (Summer 1981), pp. 92-95. * "Dr. W. Montague Cobb: Anatomist, Physician, Physical Anthropologist, Editor Emeritus of ''The Journal of the National Medical Association'', and First Black President of NAACP," ''Journal of the National Medical Association'', Vol. 76, No. 7 (1984), 739–744. * "The Changing Perception of Cheikh Anta Diop and His Work," ''Journal of African Civilizations'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (June 1986), pp.&nbsp;89–101. * "Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop and The Background of Scholarship on Black Interest in Egyptology and Nile Valley Civilizations," ''Présence Africaine'', No. 149/150, HOMMAGE à Cheikh Anta Diop (1er et 2e TRIMESTRES 1989), pp.&nbsp;292–312. * "'IMA PUT MY THING DOWN': Afro-American Expressive Culture and the Hip Hop Community," ''TYANABA: Revue de la Société d'Anthropologie,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (1993), 93-98. * "Moving in Silence: Motion, Movement and Music in a Hip Hop Centered Cultural Universe," ''Black Arts Quarterly'', Vol. 6, No. 3 (2002). * "Jean Harvey Slappy's Philosophy and the Tradition of Marcus Garvey and Thomas W. Harvey" (with Giles R. Wright), ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-60. * "Dreams, Memories and X-Ray Stars in 2003: The Distinctive Role of DMX in the Poetics of African American Identity" (book review of: Smokey D. Fontaine and Earl Simmons, ''E.A.R.L.: The Autobiography of DMX'') ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 89-90. * "The Hip Hop Nation as a Site of African-American Cultural and Historical Memory," ''Drumvoices Revue'', Vol. 12, No. 1 & 2 (2004), pp. 154-168. * "The Fluoroscope of Brooklyn Hip Hop: Talib Kweli in Conversation," ''Callaloo'', Vol. 29, No. 3 (Summer 2006), pp. 993-1011. * "Mapping and Re-Membering Hip Hop History, Hiphopography and African Diasporic History," in ''Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp.&nbsp;126–157. === Isi akwụkwọ === * "Dr. J.: The Interstellar Connector," na ''Free Spirits: Annals of the Insurgent Imagination'', eds. Paul Buhle, Jayne Cortez, Philip Lamantia, Nancy Joyce Peters, Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont (San Francisco: Akwụkwọ ọkụ City, 1982). * "Blackspace," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1983), p.&nbsp;258–265. * "Drusilla Dunjee Houston: A Umum Commentary, A Search, and Personal Notes" na ''ebube ndị Etiopia nke alaeze Cushite oge ochie'', nke Drusilla Dunjee Houston (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1985). * "Gwendolyn Brooks na ụkpụrụ nke mmesapụ aka: Abalị na North Philly," na ''Say That The River Turns: Mmetụta Gwendolyn Brooks'', ed. Haki Madhubuti (Chicago, IL: Mgbasa Ozi Ụwa nke Atọ, 1987), p. 70-71. * "Marcus Mosiah Garvey: Nwoke nke Ọchịchị na Omume Mass," na ''nnukwu ndị isi ojii: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (Edison, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1988). * "Elmer Samuel Imes: Onye ọsụ ụzọ Black Physicist," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1991). * "Ahụhụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke CA Diop na Ọrụ ya: Ọkachamara nke Mmụọ Sayensị," na ''Great African Thinkers'', ''Vol.'' ''1: Cheikh Anta Diop'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (1992). === Ndenye Encyclopedia === * "Robert Mara Adger," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 6-7. * "William Carl Bolivar," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 50. * "Leon Gardiner," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 251-252. * "Richard Robert Wright, Sr.," na ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 674-675. == Ntụaka == traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye kaadịakwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,{{Reflist}} rcb5juwk6zj9dbnyg112r8ut9f5qutu 0 47714 697579 173577 2026-08-10T03:13:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697579 wikitext text/x-wiki Archie Blackowl bụ onye na-ese ihe Cheyenne sitere na Oklahoma onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 na nka American American.  "Hapụ akara, tinye ihe n'ala ka ndị na-eto eto hụ ya ga-aghọta."  –Archie Blackowl, Julaị, 1975 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethnology.wordpress.com/tag/archie-blackowl/|title=Archie Blackowl {{!}} ethnology @ snomnh|work=ethnology.wordpress.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180630/https://ethnology.wordpress.com/tag/archie-blackowl/|archivedate=2017-03-01}}</ref> == ndabere == A Archie Blackowl na Custer County, Oklahoma, na Nọvemba 23, 1911. [1] Ndị nka obodo, dị ka Blackowl, tolitere na-enwe ike maka okike.  Omenala Archie mere ka ọ na-eche echiche textures eke, nke kere ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị India nke ụzọ (dị ka ụdị nka Kiowa sitere na Oklahoma).  Nke a na-egosi onyonyo ala ala dị ike ma bụrụ ụdị agbamume na ajụjụ nka (Oklahoma 1946).  Maka ọha, ọ pịa "ezigbo nka India" nke Archie nyere aka n'itinye aka na ya.  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ụfọdụ ndị na-agụ na-ekwu na nke a bụ naanị nkà ziri ezi, ọ ọkpọ ọkpọ iche nke nnukwu ihe nka. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Visual Power: 21 st Century Native American Artists/Intellectuals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-studies_fall-winter-2005_46_3-4/page/251|journal=American Studies|volume=46|issue=3/4|pages=251–274|author=Farris|first=Phoebe|year=2005}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'afọ 1918, otu America debere Archie Blackowl n' akwụkwọ obibi India.  O nwere ihe a o kwuru okwu ya: "Mgbe m dị ihe dị ka afọ asaa, ha kpọgara m n' akara akwụkwọ India a dị njọ, anyị kwụ n'ahịrị ma kpụpụ ntutu m. ha n'ime igbe na ndị ọzọ.  niile braids ochie nne na-aga n'ebe ahụ na tgot ha na my grand folks nte na oyi isi nile oyi na-anọ m nso... O siri ike ịbụ onye India na ha ụbọchị chịrị ikike."  - Ndị India nọ na Oklahoma [1] Blackowl, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Haskell Indian Nations University, akwụkwọ n'okpuru Olle Nordmark .  [2] Blackowl bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri, bụ onye nsogbu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke ọma na mmepụta 1930s.  Enyere ya ọrụ ka ọ na-ese ihe osise na The Palmer House, ụlọ oriri na nri na Chicago, Illinois . <ref name="Lester">Lester, Patrick D., The Biographical Directory of Native American Painters, SIR Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 9780806199369, page 70, First edition, 1995</ref> == Ndụ == Archie Blackowl nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ egwu onye nkuzi, juror na Philbrook Indian kwa afọ, muralist, onye ọrụ obodo, onye ọrụ Walt Disney studio, onye na-ese ihe maka ụlọ ọrụ elu, na onye na-ese ihe.  [1] A na-ewere Blackowl dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ọdịnala Oklahoma kacha mkpa.  [2] Ụbọchị Blackowl na-ejide omenala na ndụ ndị omenala Plains.  Eserese ya, n'ozuzu na tempera ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta, na-egosi ihe nkiri nke ndị na-agba egwu ma ọ bụ emume n'ụdị Flat nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Dorothy Dunn ma ọ bụ ụdị Bacone .  A mara Blackowl nke ọma maka ndị na-agba egwu ya mara mma nke e ji ejiji na-egosi mma na ngwaọrụ n, yana ọrụ n'elu bọọdụ na-achọ mgbaghara.  Nraranye Blackowl n'ụdị dị ike mere ka ọ bụrụ nri nke "Living Legend," nke Ralph Oliver dere na 1990, dịka e zoro aka na "Biographical Directory of Native American Painters," nke Patrick D. Lester dere.. <ref name="blue">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907233805/http://www.bluedeergallery.com/blackowlbio.html Archie Blackowl.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907233805/http://www.bluedeergallery.com/blackowlbio.html|date=September 7, 2008}} ''Blue Deer Gallery''. (retrieved 22 April 2009)</ref> Blackowl akpaliwo ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a n'ofe United States. Nkà ya bụ ihe nketa nke ọtụtụ ndị omenkà na-eto eto na-elegara anya maka ozi ọdịnala na nka nka. == Ọrụ na nsọpụrụ == Ndị na-anakọta onwe ha gbara ndị nka India ume ka ha ndị ihe osise ha na ike.  Bernard Frazier zigaara ndị enyi ya na ndị na-ese ihe, ndị nkuzi, na ụmụ akwụkwọ India akwụkwọ ozi ka ha mata nka nke ike ibe ya na Philbrook Indian Annual (nke bụ ihe ngosi nka nke nyere aka wulite-ede nka nke 20th Native).  American yana igbochi ya na ụgbọ) .  Tupu 1946 Philbrook Indian Annual, Frazier degaara Blackowl akwụkwọ ma ike ya ka ọ "mere Blackout na Philbrook amara site n'esere ụfọdụ ihe nkiri Cheyenne buru ibu, dị mma nke nwere ike ike na ike".  Blackowl mechara bụrụ onye ọka ikpe na ihe nkiri ahụ wee nyere ndị nka nka n'Amerika aka site n'ịrụ àkwà mmiri omenala nye ụmụ amaala America na ihe ngosi nka.  [1] Ụbọchị Blackowl ngosi na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka dị ka Gilcrease Museum na Tulsa, Oklahoma, Millicent Rogers Museum na Taos, New Mexico, na Sequoyah Research Center na Little Rock, Arkansas .  Ọrụ Blackowl ọrụ na ọtụtụ mkpokọta na mba niile. == Nchịkọta ọha == Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ Blackowl na mkpokọta nka ọha ndị a: Oklahoma State Art Collection Sam Noble Museum American Indian Arts Pierson Gallery of America Fine Art Mutual Art == Ọnwụ == Archie Blackowl nwụrụ na Septemba 15, 1992 na Stillwater, Oklahoma . [1] Ọ mụrụ ụmụ iri. == Ntụaka == <references /> eanequ6gef8xtchtzqgxcu0mqigxf3l 0 47759 697638 172246 2026-08-10T04:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|name=<!-- use common name/article title -->|honorific_suffix=|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|image_upright=|landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|pronunciation=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date={{Birth date|1942|07|14}}|birth_place=[[Norfolk, Virginia]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2021|05|20|1942|7|14}}|death_place=[[Silver Spring, Maryland]]|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->|burial_place=<!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->|burial_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->|monuments=|nationality=|other_names=|siglum=|citizenship=|education=|alma_mater=[[Howard University]] <br> [[New York University]]|occupation=[[Playwright]], actress, director, professor|years_active=|era=|employer=[[Emerson College]]|organization=|agent=<!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source -->|known_for=|notable_works=''Sally's Rape''<br>''Sugar''<!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" -->|style=|title=Professor emerita <!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) -->|term=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|spouse=Ed Montgomery (1979-1996) <!-- Use article title or common name -->|partner=<!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->|children=[[Jessie Montgomery]]|parents=<!-- overrides mother and father parameters -->|mother=<!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->|father=<!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) -->|relatives=|family=|awards=|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->|module=|module2=|module3=|module4=|module5=|module6=|signature=|signature_size=|signature_alt=|footnotes=}} {{Databox}}'''Robbie Doris McCauley''' (Julaị 14, 1942 - Mee 20, 2021) bụ onye America na-ede egwuregwu, onye isi, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na prọfesọ. A maara McCauley nke ọma maka egwuregwu ya ''Sugar'' na ''Sally's Rape,'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/|title=Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78|first=Bryan|author=Marquand|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 27, 2021|accessdate=May 27, 2021|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/}}</ref> n'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na United States ma mara ndị na-ege ntị aka isonye na mkparịta ụka ya na ọrụ ya. Ọ rụkwara egwu n'egwuregwu Broadway nke Ntozake Shange nke 1976 ''maka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere agba bụ ndị cherela igbu onwe ha / Mgbe egwurugwu bụ Enuf'' . Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Emerson College, na-akụzi ebe ahụ site na 2001 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2013. == Ndụ mbido == Robbie McCauley mụrụ na Norfolk, Virginia na Julaị 14, 1942. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=May 25, 2021|title=Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Robert, onye ji ọrụ ya na ndị agha, na Alice (Borders) McCauley, onye na-arụ ọrụ na gọọmenti etiti. <ref name=":0" /> Robbie ji ọtụtụ afọ ya na-eto eto kewaa oge n'etiti [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] na Columbus, Georgia . Ọ nwetara BA ya na 1963 na Mahadum Howard <ref>{{Cite news|author=MacLeod|first=Bea|date=September 14, 1989|title=Robbie McCauley: A One-Woman Powerhouse|pages=36|work=The Ithaca Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78618269/robbie-mccauley-a-one-woman/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> ma mesịa nweta MA site na Mahadum New York . <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Na New York, McCauley nwere mmasị na ma ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri America-American. N'ọgwụgwụ 1960, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Negro Ensemble Company na [[New York City]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=May 25, 2021|title=Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGenzlinger2021">Genzlinger, Neil (May 25, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html "Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://today.emerson.edu/2021/05/21/professor-emerita-robbie-mccauley-remembered-as-present-and-insightful-performer/ Archived] from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1970s na ọ bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na-arụ ọrụ, onye nduzi, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dabeere na New York, ma na na Broadway, yana ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ na US na ná mba ọzọ. Ọ rụrụ na mkpokọta egwuregwu Ntozake Shange 's 1976 ''maka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere agba bụ ndị cherela igbu onwe ha / Mgbe Egwurugwu Is Enuf'' na Broadway. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shapiro|first=Michael|date=December 16, 1977|title=For some, a drama of painful memories|pages=15|work=The Courier-News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78619624/for-some-a-drama-of-painful/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Ahụmahụ ahụ kpaliri ya ịzụlite ọrụ gbasara ndụ nke ya. <ref name=":0" /> N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ''Boston Globe'', Bryan Marquand kwuru na ihe si na ya pụta "ọrụ gbajiri nkịtị ugboro ugboro banyere okwu ndị dị ka agbụrụ, ọrịa, na mmekọahụ." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/|title=Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78|first=Bryan|author=Marquand|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 27, 2021|accessdate=May 27, 2021|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarquand2021">Marquand, Bryan (May 27, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ "Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78"]. ''[[Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ McCauley kacha mara amara bụ ''Sally's Rape'', nke meriri ihe nrite Obie na 1991 maka egwuregwu Amerịka ọhụrụ kacha mma yana ihe nrite Bessie maka arụmọrụ solo kacha mma na 1990. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/|title=Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78|first=Bryan|author=Marquand|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 27, 2021|accessdate=May 27, 2021|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarquand2021">Marquand, Bryan (May 27, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ "Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78"]. ''[[Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ bụ isi gụnyere ''Sugar'' na trilogy: ''Mississippi Freedom'', ''Turf'' na ''Ngwá Agha Ndị Ọzọ,'' na akụkụ nke mbụ na-egwu na 1993 Whitney Biennial . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Cottingham|first=Laura|date=May 5, 1993|title=The Pleasure Principled|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/pleasure-principled|accessdate=May 31, 2021|journal=Frieze|issue=10|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ McCauley na-ekwu banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na United States, <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=May 25, 2021|title=Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGenzlinger2021">Genzlinger, Neil (May 25, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html "Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://today.emerson.edu/2021/05/21/professor-emerita-robbie-mccauley-remembered-as-present-and-insightful-performer/ Archived] from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> na-achọ ime ka mkparịta ụka dị n'etiti agbụrụ dị n'etiti agbụrụ dị na obodo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Becker|first=Becky|date=2000|title=Robbie McCauley: A Journey toward Movement|url=https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/bibliography_faculty/1028|journal=Theatre Journal|volume=52|issue=4|pages=519–542|doi=10.1353/tj.2000.0100|issn=0192-2882|accessdate=August 25, 2020}}</ref> Ọ kọwara ebumnuche ya maka ọrụ ya: "ka ndị mmadụ wee nwee ike ịnwe oge dị mma na ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ na enweghị ahụ iru ala." <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Metcalf|first=Steve|date=October 15, 1999|title=LESSONS IN RACE AND LOVE|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1999-10-15-9910150720-story.html|accessdate=May 30, 2021|work=courant.com|language=en-US|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214331/https://www.courant.com/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Peterson|first=Jane T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE1TrrghzLIC&q=robbie+mccauley+biography&pg=PA230|title=Women Playwrights of Diversity: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1997|isbn=9780313291791|location=Westport, CT|pages=230–233|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=An interview with performance artist and teacher Robbie McCauley / Part 1 - People's Sense of Place / In Motion Magazine|url=https://inmotionmagazine.com/rmccaul1.html|accessdate=July 31, 2020|work=inmotionmagazine.com|archivedate=October 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031105305/https://inmotionmagazine.com/rmccaul1.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=An interview with performance artist and teacher Robbie McCauley / Part 2 - Resonating these stories / In Motion Magazine|url=https://inmotionmagazine.com/rmccaul2.html|accessdate=July 31, 2020|work=inmotionmagazine.com|archivedate=September 11, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911191628/http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/rmccaul2.html}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ihe nkiri ya, McCauley kụziri na City College of New York, Hunter College, Mount Holyoke College, Mahadum Massachusetts . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Metcalf|first=Steve|date=October 15, 1999|title=LESSONS IN RACE AND LOVE|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1999-10-15-9910150720-story.html|accessdate=May 30, 2021|work=courant.com|language=en-US|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214331/https://www.courant.com/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMetcalf1999">Metcalf, Steve (October 15, 1999). [https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1999-10-15-9910150720-story.html "LESSONS IN RACE AND LOVE"]. ''courant.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214331/https://www.courant.com/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O sonyeere Emerson College - ịghọ onye nkuzi ojii mbụ ya nwetara ikike n'etinyeghị akwụkwọ mkpesa - wee kuziere ebe ahụ site na 2001 ruo 2013 mgbe ọ natara ọkwa prọfesọ emerita. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/|title=Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78|first=Bryan|author=Marquand|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 27, 2021|accessdate=May 27, 2021|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarquand2021">Marquand, Bryan (May 27, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ "Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78"]. ''[[Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> McCauley bụkwa onye nkuzi ọbịa na HB Studio . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hbstudio.org/instructors/mccauley-robbie/|title=Robbie McCauley|work=hbstudio.org|accessdate=March 22, 2020|archivedate=October 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026102105/https://hbstudio.org/instructors/mccauley-robbie/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ama ama == === ''Mmeko nwoke nke Sally'' === ''Rape Sally'' bụ ihe ngosi arụmọrụ nkeji 45 sitere na 1991 nke rụrụ na The Kitchen na New York City. <ref name=":5" /> Ihe ngosi a sitere n'ike nne nne nne nke McCauley bụ Sally nke nwere nwa nke onye ohu ya mụrụ, nke sitere na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Conversation With Harvey Young about Robbie McCauley – Magda Romanska|url=http://magdaromanska.com/a-conversation-with-harvey-young-about-robbie-mccauley-2/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181354/http://magdaromanska.com/a-conversation-with-harvey-young-about-robbie-mccauley-2/|archivedate=January 9, 2018|accessdate=July 31, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> N'otu akụkụ nke ibe ahụ, McCauley guzoro ọtọ na oche. Otu nwanyị na-acha ọcha na-abanye ma gwa ndị na-ege ntị na bench bụ igbe ịgba chaa chaa ma na-agba ndị na-ege ntị ume ka ha kwadoro ahụ McCauley - ihe McCauley kọwara dị ka ememe e bu n'obi iji mee ka ndị na-ege ntị soro ya mee ihe n'ịkọ ahụmahụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America bụ ndị bụ ihe ndị ọcha na-emetọ, na imepe mkparịta ụka na ndị na-ege ntị. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Patraka|first=Vicki|date=1993|title=Robbie McCauley: Obsessing in Public. An Interview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_summer-1993_37_2/page/25|journal=TDR|volume=37|issue=2|pages=25–55|doi=10.2307/1146248|issn=1054-2043}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Griffiths|first=Jennifer|date=2005|title=Between Women: Trauma, Witnessing, and the Legacy of Interracial Rape in Robbie McCauley's Sally's Rape|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=1–23|doi=10.1353/fro.2006.0004|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nymann|first=Ann E.|date=1999|title=Sally's Rape: Robbie McCauley's Survival Art|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_winter-1999_33_4/page/577|journal=African American Review|volume=33|issue=4|pages=577–587|doi=10.2307/2901338|issn=1062-4783}}</ref> N'ịtụle ihe ngosi maka ''The Village Voice'', Alissa Solomon chọpụtara na ebumnobi a gara nke ọma: "N'adịghị ka mgbalị ndị a na-emekarị na ntinye aka ndị na-ege ntị, a naghị emegharị anyị ma ọ bụ manye anyị. Kama nke ahụ, a na-adọta anyị n'ime mgbatị ahụ, na-eme ihe maka nnukwu ọrụ na, anyị. ghọtara, ga-aga n'ihu n'èzí Ma, n'ụzọ na-akpali akpali, ọ mere ruo awa ole na ole mgbe arụmọrụ ahụ gasịrị, ekwuru m banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị enyi m ga-anọkwa na ihe ngosi ahụ, na-eleba anya na mpaghara ndị m na-atụghị anya imeghe. Enweghị m ike icheta oge ikpeazụ m hapụrụ egwuregwu juputara na ajụjụ ya." <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Solomon|first=Alisa|date=November 19, 1991|title=How Robbie Do|work=Village Voice|url=http://archive.thekitchen.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Review_McCauley_SallysRape_1991_SolomonVillageVoice.pdf|accessdate=November 21, 2016}}</ref> McCauley kpọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ "ọrụ na-aga n'ihu", egwuregwu na okwu nwere ọganihu ọha mmadụ ọ tụrụ anya ịmalite. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCauley|first=Robbie|date=1992|title=Robbie McCauley|journal=BOMB|issue=41|pages=8–10|issn=0743-3204}}</ref> === Trilogy === ''Freedom Mississippi'' bụ nke mbụ na trilogy nke ọrụ ihe nkiri nke McCauley kere na 1990s nke na-egosipụta mmekọrịta agbụrụ na US n'oge '60s na' 70s; ọrụ a metụtara mgba iji nweta ikike ịtụ vootu. Na mmekorita ya na Ụlọ ọrụ Arts yana ndị na-ese ihe na mpaghara ndị nwere njikọ onwe ha na mmegharị ikike ịtụ vootu, akụkụ ndị ahụ bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta, na-etinye ihe egwu egwu, ntinye ndị na-ege ntị, na-akpọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha nọrọ mgbe ihe nkiri ahụ ga-ekwurịta okwu na nkedo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 1, 1992|title=Play focused on race relations|pages=33|work=Clarion-Ledger|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78639215/play-focused-on-race-relations/|accessdate=May 31, 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara gburugburu steeti [[Mississippi]] na 1992, <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 21, 1992|title='Freedom' tour makes local stop|pages=15|work=Hattiesburg American|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78695499/freedom-tour-makes-local-stop/|accessdate=May 31, 2021}}</ref> wee gosipụta ya na New York na Whitney Biennial na 1993, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Cottingham|first=Laura|date=May 5, 1993|title=The Pleasure Principled|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/pleasure-principled|accessdate=May 31, 2021|journal=Frieze|issue=10|language=en}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCottingham1993">Cottingham, Laura (May 5, 1993). [https://www.frieze.com/article/pleasure-principled "The Pleasure Principled"]. ''Frieze'' (10). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210120063133/https://www.frieze.com/article/pleasure-principled Archived] from the original on January 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> na [[Texas]] na 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sorenson|first=Edith|date=March 21, 1996|title=Press Picks|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/press-picks-6571723|accessdate=May 31, 2021|work=Houston Press|archivedate=May 31, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531220116/https://www.houstonpress.com/popularity/track}}</ref> ''Turf: Ihe nkiri mkparịta ụka na Black na White'', nke abụọ na trilogy, gbadoro ụkwụ na mgbagha mgbagha ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ Boston . Mgbe otu afọ nọrọ na-emepụta ihe ngosi site na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị e mere na Boston, n'ụdị Anna Deavere Smith, ''Turf'' mere na mpaghara anọ dị iche iche gburugburu Boston na 1993. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hartigan|first=Patti|date=February 5, 1993|title=Raising the curtain on race, ethnicity|pages=27|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78639663/raising-the-curtain-on-race-ethnicity/|accessdate=May 31, 2021}}</ref> Mpempe ikpeazụ na trilogy a na-akpọ ''Ngwá Agha Ndị Ọzọ'', ma na-akọ akụkọ banyere Black Panther Party, ike obodo, na ndị mmanye iwu na [[Los Angeles]] . E gosiri ya na ebe anọ dị na LA na 1994. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Zook|first=Kristal Brent|date=March 24, 1994|title=The Revolution Will Not Be ... Multimedia?|pages=35|work=LA Weekly|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78646651/the-revolution-will-not-be/|accessdate=May 31, 2021}}</ref> === ''Sugar'' === ''Sugar'' (arụmarụ ọrụ na 2012) dabere na ndụ McCauley nwere ọrịa shuga na-eto eto, nke a chọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ime afọ iri abụọ ya. McCauley na-akọwa yana gosipụtakwa (ọbụlagodi ịdọrọ ọbara nke ya ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụ ịgbanye insulin) ihe isi ike na mgbagwoju anya nke ibi na ọrịa shuga dị ka nwanyị ojii na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Ọ na-ejikọta isiokwu ahụ na ịgba ohu, site na onyinyo nke okpete shuga. Emebere ya na ọrụ ya, ọ na-etinyekwa isiokwu nke mmekọahụ na ịka nká; "Kedu ka anyị si agbachi nkịtị banyere mmekọahụ mgbe afọ ụfọdụ gasịrị?" ọ jụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Aucoin|first=Don|date=January 24, 2012|title=Telling her own bittersweet tale in 'Sugar'|pages=G7|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78620770/telling-her-own-bittersweet-tale-in/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Arụ ọrụ izizi nke ibe ahụ bụ ArtsEmerson, otu nzukọ na kọleji Emerson, nke Maureen Shea duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 1, 2013|title=Robbie McCauley|url=http://www.artistsincontextprospectus.org/2013/05/01/robbie-mccauley/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522212954/http://www.artistsincontextprospectus.org/2013/05/01/robbie-mccauley/|archivedate=May 22, 2021|accessdate=July 31, 2020|work=Artists' Prospectus for the Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ịtụle ọkwa mbụ nke egwuregwu ahụ, Don Aucoin nke ''The Boston Globe'' kọwara McCauley dị ka "onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egwu egwu nke maara ọdịiche dị nro dị n'etiti ikwu okwu - kama ịgwa ya ma ọ bụ na-ege ntị." <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 24, 2012|title=Stage review: Robbie McCauley tells her own bittersweet tale in 'Sugar'|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2012/01/24/stage-review-robbie-mccauley-tells-her-own-bittersweet-tale-sugar/wujsZieHW7PVbAd5Fz0zuM/story.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121183032/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2012/01/24/stage-review-robbie-mccauley-tells-her-own-bittersweet-tale-sugar/wujsZieHW7PVbAd5Fz0zuM/story.html|archivedate=November 21, 2016|accessdate=November 21, 2016|work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === ''Ọbara India'', dị ka ''Sally's Rape'', na-ekpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme ezinụlọ McCauley n'ime ibe ahụ, na-eji vidiyo mee ka McCauley gosipụta ọtụtụ ihe odide. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Patraka|first=Vicki|date=1993|title=Robbie McCauley: Obsessing in Public. An Interview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_summer-1993_37_2/page/25|journal=TDR|volume=37|issue=2|pages=25–55|doi=10.2307/1146248|issn=1054-2043}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPatrakaMcCauley1993">Patraka, Vicki; McCauley, Robbie (1993). "Robbie McCauley: Obsessing in Public. An Interview". ''TDR''. '''37''' (2): 25–55. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1146248|10.2307/1146248]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1054-2043|1054-2043]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1146248 1146248].</cite></ref> Nke mbụ emere na 1987, egwuregwu a sitere n'ike nna nna McCauley. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke 10th Cavalry Regiment na Spanish–American War, nke a maara dị ka ndị agha buffalo ka ha na-alụkwa ndị America agha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Timothy|date=1994|title=In Exile at Home: Tornado Breath and Unrighteous Fantasy in Robbie McCauley's "Indian Blood"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_discourse_spring-1994_16_3/page/29|journal=Discourse|volume=16|issue=3|pages=29–45|issn=1522-5321}}</ref> ''Persimmon Peel'' bụ mmekorita ya na ibe ya ''For Colored Girls'' alum Laurie Carlos, "onye na-egwu egwu, na-ejikarị uri na-akọwa obere ọrụ" rụrụ na Minneapolis na 1990. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abụọ a, a tụlere dị ka "ịgba egwu", na-ekerịta akụkọ na icheta nkewa, na-ewulite ihe ngosi nke ndụ ojii na United States. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Steele|first=Mike|date=December 1, 1990|title='Persimmon Peel' -- song and story of 2 black females|pages=46|work=Star Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78621227/persimmon-peel-song-and-story-of-2/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> McCauley rụrụ ''Lovehụnanya na Ọsọ na United States Nletaghachi'' dị ka ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na Hartford na 1999, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ sonyere na ngalaba nke Trinity College . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Metcalf|first=Steve|date=October 15, 1999|title=Lessons in Race and Love|pages=53|work=Hartford Courant|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78620353/lessons-in-race-and-lovesteve-metcalf/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> McCauley rụrụ ''Jazz'n Class'' dị ka akụkụ ya nke ''Badass,'' mgbede nke ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na Magdalena Gómez na Kate Snodgrass, mepụtara na Boston Playwrights' Theatre na 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Byrne|first=Terry|date=March 10, 2015|title=Sleeping Weazel works confront identity|pages=G3|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78619811/sleeping-weazel-works-confront/|accessdate=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Nke a nwetara onyinye nturu ugo IRNE (Ndị na-enyocha ndị nweere onwe ha nke New England) maka arụmọrụ Solo. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=March 3, 2016|title=20th Annual IRNE Awards Nominees Are Announced - A.R.T.'s THE GREAT COMET, NICE WORK at Ogunquit, BILLY ELLIOT at NSMT and More!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303|accessdate=May 31, 2021|work=Broadway World|language=en|archivedate=January 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117213215/https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303 "20th Annual IRNE Awards Nominees Are Announced - A.R.T.'s THE GREAT COMET, NICE WORK at Ogunquit, BILLY ELLIOT at NSMT and More!"]. ''Broadway World''. March 3, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190117213215/https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303 Archived] from the original on January 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe nrite == * Maka ''Sugar'' : IRNE (Ndị na-enyocha onwe ha nke New England) Award for Solo Performance (2013) <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=May 1, 2013|title=Alumni, faculty win big theater awards|url=https://today.emerson.edu/2013/05/01/alumni-faculty-win-big-theater-awards/|accessdate=May 31, 2021|work=Emerson Today|language=en-US|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924185218/https://today.emerson.edu/2013/05/01/alumni-faculty-win-big-theater-awards/}}</ref> * Maka ''klaasị Jazz'n'' : IRNE Award for Solo Performance (2016) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=March 3, 2016|title=20th Annual IRNE Awards Nominees Are Announced - A.R.T.'s THE GREAT COMET, NICE WORK at Ogunquit, BILLY ELLIOT at NSMT and More!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303|accessdate=May 31, 2021|work=Broadway World|language=en|archivedate=January 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117213215/https://www.broadwayworld.com/boston/article/20th-Annual-IRNE-Awards-Nominees-Are-Announced-ARTs-THE-GREAT-COMET-NICE-WORK-at-Ogunquit-BILLY-ELLIOT-at-NSMT-and-More-20160303}}</ref> * Maka ''Mmekore Sally'' : Obie Award, Best New American Play (1991); Ihe nrite Bessie maka mmezu pụtara ìhè na arụmọrụ (1990) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/|title=Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78|first=Bryan|author=Marquand|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 27, 2021|accessdate=May 27, 2021|archivedate=May 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarquand2021">Marquand, Bryan (May 27, 2021). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ "Playwright and performer Robbie McCauley, whose work confronted race and gender, dies at 78"]. ''[[Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210530214327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/27/metro/playwright-performer-robbie-mccauley-whose-work-confronted-race-gender-dies-78/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * Ndị otu USA Ford maka nka ihe nkiri (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Walling|first=Suzanne|title=Robbie McCauley|url=http://www.usafellows.org/fellow/robbie_mccauley|accessdate=May 30, 2021|work=USA Fellows|language=en-US|archivedate=April 21, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421150321/http://www.usafellows.org/fellow/robbie_mccauley}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1979 McCauley lụrụ Ed Montgomery, onye na-egwu egwu, ma ha nwere nwa nwanyị, onye na-ede egwú Jessie Montgomery . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=May 25, 2021|title=Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGenzlinger2021">Genzlinger, Neil (May 25, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html "Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://today.emerson.edu/2021/05/21/professor-emerita-robbie-mccauley-remembered-as-present-and-insightful-performer/ Archived] from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Na mmalite mmekọrịta ha, ha rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ na ọrụ dị mkpụmkpụ nke a na-akpọ Sedition Ensemble ma mesịa Montgomery dee egwu maka ụfọdụ egwuregwu McCauley. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Patraka|first=Vicki|date=1993|title=Robbie McCauley: Obsessing in Public. An Interview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tdr-drama-review_summer-1993_37_2/page/25|journal=TDR|volume=37|issue=2|pages=25–55|doi=10.2307/1146248|issn=1054-2043}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPatrakaMcCauley1993">Patraka, Vicki; McCauley, Robbie (1993). "Robbie McCauley: Obsessing in Public. An Interview". ''TDR''. '''37''' (2): 25–55. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1146248|10.2307/1146248]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1054-2043|1054-2043]]. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1146248 1146248].</cite></ref> Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1996. <ref name=":0" /> McCauley nwụrụ na Mee 20, 2021, na Silver Spring, Maryland, ebe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Anita Henderson bi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=May 25, 2021|title=Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html|accessdate=May 29, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGenzlinger2021">Genzlinger, Neil (May 25, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/obituaries/robbie-mccauley-dead.html "Robbie McCauley, Stage Artist Who Explored Race, Dies at 78"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://today.emerson.edu/2021/05/21/professor-emerita-robbie-mccauley-remembered-as-present-and-insightful-performer/ Archived] from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe kpatara ya bụ nkụchi obi . Ọ dị afọ 78. <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gv183zcn9mge69bm23ubopj3m8dfznp 0 47797 697785 175018 2026-08-10T08:13:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697785 wikitext text/x-wiki Rexford Elson Brandt (August 12, 1914 - Ma ọchịchị 21, 2000) bụ onye omenkà na onye nkuzi America.  Ọtụtụ n'ime oeuvre ya nwere ike sitere na ndụ na nke ala nke West Coast nke United States, ji California .  Brandt nọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro ime isiokwu, ike naahụ mmiri .  Ọdịiche mba maka mmiri mmiri agba ya n'ime oge site na etiti 1930 ruo 1990s.  Na ọrụ ọrụ ya, e hel ya na ihe ndị ọrụ California Scene mana mgbe Agha IIwa nke ndị agha, Brandt lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ọrụ anya, nke na-adịghị adịte aka.  [1] Ngosipụta ọkụ na-aghaghachi nke nkuzi bụ isi ihe ụzọ ya;  o dere na "Onye ọ lla nwere ike,echere m, nke m bụ anwụ anwụ. Ọ bụghị ìhè ọmụmụ - ọ bụ ihe na-amasị m ịcha ìhè." Brandt bụ onye nkuzi nwere ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ nke nkuzi na akara ya.  Ọ bermari n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwado Riverside Junior College na Chouinard Art Institute .  [1] Tinyere onye na-ese ihe Phil Dike, o mepere Brandt-Dike Summer School of Painting na 1947 n' ike ya na Corona del Mar ebe ihe na-enyere ihe àmà ruo afọ iri atọ na .  [2] O izi akwụkwọ watercolor mbụ ya na 1948 wee gaa n'ihu na-ede ma na- dike n'oge ndụ ya niile.  N'afọ 1993, e nyere ya ihe nrite onye America Artist Achievement Award maka nkuzi ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Champa|first=Paula|date=June 1993|title=Teacher Achievement Award/Watercolor: Rex Brandt|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-artist_1993-06_57_611/page/30|journal=American Artist|volume=57|issue=611|pages=30}}</ref> == Ndụ == Amuru Rex Brandt na 1914 na San Diego, California nye Alfred O. Brandt, onye Sweden kwabatara na Ellen Dale Woodward.  Eziniche ya mechara kwaga Los Angeles na Riverside, California ka ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọ gara klas nka na Chouinard School of Art .  Ọ gara Riverside Junior College wee akara akara ugo nhọrọ bachelor ya na Mahadum California, Berkeley na 1936. Mgbe ọ nọ na Berkeley LEDre ya na echiche nke Hans Hoffman, bụ onye-ebe ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.  Ọ ọrụ ihe osise ndị China, nka Byzantium, na ndị na-ese ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ Cézanne, Picasso, na Matisse. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa356.htm|title=Rex Brandt: In Praise of Sunshine; essay by Janet Blake|work=www.tfaoi.com|accessdate=2019-08-18}}</ref> Brandt la mfe na Riverside Junior College dị ka prọfesọ nka na 1937. Nakwa n'afọ ahụ, o nyere aka hazie ihe ngosi nke ihe ọrụ iri a na ise nke ndị na-ese ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụpụta na California Scene  Ihe osise .  N'ime ndị na-ese ihe na- anya bụ Brandt, Millard Sheets, Barse Miller, Phil Dike, Milford Zornes, na George Post. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/3aa/3aa50.htm|title=The California Water Color Society: Genesis of an American Style, essay by Janet Blake Dominik|work=www.tfaoi.com|accessdate=2019-09-14}}</ref> Na March 1938 Brandt ngosi onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe bụ Joan Irving, onye ọ zutere na Riverside Junior College.  Mgbe ahụ na 1943 Brandt, ka ọ hapụsịrị Riverside Junior College, ya na akara ya na-eto eto kwagara Corona del Mar, dị na ndịda Newport Beach, ebe ha na-adọ ihe ụgwọ.  Brandt sere ihe mmetụta ya "Blue Sky" na ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka o biri ma ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.  Ọ mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ oge akwụkwọ na "Blue Sky" na 1947 ma ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ site na 1985 mgbe ọ mechiri n'ihi ọkọra obodo.  Brandt gbasakwara ebe ọ na-enweta ego nkuzi na nkuzi;  onye ọrụ dị ka onye mmebe maka West Coast Ship Building wee guzobe azụmahịa nke ya na ụlọ ọrụ imewe ụlọ, Rex Brandt Associates.  Brandt na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndụ obodo nke mpaghara Newport Beach;  ọ bụ otu n'ime mbụ mbụ so na Parks, Beaches and Recreation Commission nke Newport Beach, o haziri akara nke obodo, ma nyere aka mee oriri steeti na Corona Del Mar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rccd.edu/Documents/RCC%20Countdown%202013/RCC100yr07_02_2013.pdf|title=Countdown to Riverside City College's 100th Anniversary|date=July 2, 2013|accessdate=August 13, 2019|archivedate=August 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819065301/http://rccd.edu/Documents/RCC%20Countdown%202013/RCC100yr07_02_2013.pdf}}</ref> Brandt ndụkwa ogologo oge na San Juan Islands .  Ọ factory ala na Orcas Island na 1964. Mgbe ahụ na 1966 Brandt na na-enye wuru ụlọ nke abụọ na Shaw Island ebe ha na-anọkarị nwanwanyị ole na ole n'afọ.  [1] N'oge ọ nọ na San Juans, Brandt mmetụta mmetụta ime omume ike ya, o dere, sị: "Aghaghachila m ọzọ n'ịhụnanya mbụ nke igbutu n'ihi na ike ya na onye mfe ya na- carb m nwere ikike.  ebe San Juan Islands." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.darvillsrareprints.com/images/Rex%20Brandt/Orcas-Landing-Rex-Brandt-card-back.jpg|title=Island Art Card Series 202|author=Brandt|first=Rex|date=September 20, 2019|work=Darvills Rare Prints}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2014/07/20/laguna-art-museum-presents-60-years-of-rex-brandt/|title=Laguna Art Museum presents 60 years of Rex Brandt|date=2014-07-20|work=Orange County Register|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-23}}</ref> Ọ gburu n'iche ya na Corona del Mar mgbe ọ dị afọ 85. [1] Newport Harbor Nautical Museum (2000) na Laguna Art Museum (2014) kwalitere ihe ngwere nlegharị anya. == Ihe nrite na mmekọ ahọpụtara == * Nke mbụ na Watercolor maka ''Bay Breeze'', California State Fair, 1934. * Nke mbụ na Mbipụta maka ''iwulite àkwà mmiri'', Ọhụụ Obodo Los Angeles, 1936. * Onye isi oche, Riverside Junior College Art Center, 1938–1943. * Onye isi oche, California Watercolor Society, 1947. * Onye isi ala, California Watercolor Society, 1949. * ''American Artist S'' pecial Citation for ''The Brothers Light'', American Water Color Society Annual Exhibition, 1952. * Onye nkuzi mmekorita, National Academy of Design, 1955. * Ihe nrite Brugger maka ''ịga n'ọsọ,'' California Water Color Society Exhibition, 1956 * Onye isi oche, American Watercolor Society, 1965–1969 * Samuel FB Morse nrite maka eserese ''Morning: Rocky Point'', National Academy of Design, 1968. * Onyinye Lily Saportas maka eserese ''Morning: Rocky Point'', American Watercolor Society, 1968. * Ndị otu ndụ, Royal Society of Arts, 1972. * Ọka mmụta zuru oke, National Academy of Design, 1974. * Dolphin Fellow, American Watercolor Society, 1981. * Award Achievement Award for Watercolor, ''American Artist ,'' 1993. * Helena Modjeska Cultural Legacy Award, Orange County Arts Awards, 2000 (mgbe emechara). == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == === Akwụkwọ ndị Rex Brandt dere === * {{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112096609323&view=1up&seq=1|title=Watercolor with Rex Brandt|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Self Published|year=1948|location=Corona del Mar, CA}} Instructional handbook for watercolor painters based on Brandt's teaching at the [[Chouinard Art Institute]] and at the Brandt-Dike Summer School. Similar in content to his ''Watercolor Technique in 15 Lessons''. * {{Cite book|title=The Composition of Landscape Painting|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Self Published|year=1959|location=Corana del Mar, CA}} Subtitled: ": The dynamic integration of graphic elements from land and sea for expression". A similar, softbound edition was self published by Brandt entitled ''Notes on the Composition of Landscape Painting''. * {{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822016139842&view=1up&seq=9|title=Watercolor Technique in 15 Lessons|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Rienhold Book Corporation|year=1963|edition=6th rev.|location=New York}} Watercolor instruction, also includes an essay on painting entitled "Watercolor - A Way Of Seeing". Several other editions of the book were published. * {{Cite book|title=Watercolor Landscape|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Reinhold Pub. Corp.|year=1963|location=New York}} Beside its instructional chapters on watercolor painting, the book includes a chapter on the historical background of watercolor painting. In addition to Brandt's own work, the book features work from other artists including Millard Sheets, Barse Miller, Phil Dike and George Post. * {{Cite book|title=The Artist's Sketchbook and Its Uses|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Reinhold Pub. Corp.|year=1966|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=Rex Brandt's San Diego: Land of the Sundown Sea|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Best-West Publications|year=1969|location=Palm Desert, CA}} A tribute to the city where he was born; paintings and drawings made by the artist over several months of travel in and around San Diego. * {{Cite book|title=The Winning Ways of Watercolor|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co|year=1973|location=New York}} Subtitled: "Basic techniques and methods of transparent watercolor in twenty lessons". Watercolor painting instruction. Also published in paperback. * {{Cite book|title=Watercolor Techniques and Methods : The Twenty Basic Lessons adapted from the winning ways of watercolor for easy student and studio use|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co|year=1977|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=West Coast Sketchbook|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Self Published|year=1978|location=Corona del Mar, CA}} * {{Cite book|title=Seeing with a Painter's Eye|author=Brandt|first=Rex|date=1984|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold|edition=2nd|location=New York}} Originally self published 1981, several later editions also published. Subtitled: "Notes on the composition of paintings from the Brandt Painting Workshops". An analysis of the fundamental facets of painting including psychology of the artist, line, value, color, and composition. * {{Cite book|title=About Landscape: Selected Statements|author=Brandt|first=Rex|publisher=Self Published|year=1989|location=Corona del Mar, Calif.}} === Akwụkwọ ndị na-egosi ọrụ Rex Brandt === * {{Cite book|title=Rex Brandt: A Portfolio of Recent Works Commemorating the First 25 Years of the Brandt Workshop At Corona del Mar|publisher=Unicorn Press|year=1972|editor=Muller|location=Santa Ana, CA}} * {{Cite book|title=Rex Brandt: In Praise of Sunshine|author=Blake|first=Janet|publisher=Laguna Art Museum|year=2014|location=Laguna Beach, CA}} Published in conjunction with a retrospective exhibit of Brandt's work. Includes numerous reproductions of Brandt's work as well as a biography, chronology, list of classes taught by Brandt, and a list of publications by Brandt. * {{Cite book|title=Seascapes and Landscapes in Watercolor|author=Kent|first=Norman|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|year=1956|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|title=Composition in Landscape and Still Life|author=Watson|first=Ernest William|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|year=1959}} Republished 2007 by Dover Publications. * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/transparentwater00brom|title=Transparent Watercolor; ideas and techniques|author=Brommer|first=Gerald F.|date=1973|publisher=Davis Publications|location=Worcester, Mass.|isbn=9780871920546}} * {{Cite book|author=Betts|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/masterclassinwat0000bett|title=Master Class in Watercolor|publisher=Watson-Guptill|year=1975|authorlink=Edward H. Betts}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalwate00shac/page/n55|title=Experimental Watercolor Techniques|author=Shackelford|first=Bud|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|year=1980|location=New York|isbn=9780823016198}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalguidefo00grif|title=A Practical Guide for Beginning Painters|author=Griffith|first=Thomas|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1981|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.}} * {{Cite book|title=The California style : California watercolor artists, 1925-1955|author=McClelland, Gordon.|date=1985|publisher=Hillcrest Press|others=Last, Jay T.|location=Beverly Hills, CA}} * {{Cite book|title=American scene painting : California, 1930s and 1940s|author=Westphal|first=Ruth Lilly|date=1991|publisher=Westphal Pub|others=Dominik, Janet B.|location=Irvine, Calif.}} == Ntụaka == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe ejidere Rex Brandt na [https://americanart.si.edu/artist/rex-brandt-552 Smithsonian American Art Museum] . * [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?type%5B%5D=all&lookfor%5B%5D=rex%20brandt&filter%5B%5D=country_of_pub_facet%3AUnited%20States&pagesize=20&ft=ft Akwụkwọ ngalaba ọha abụọ nke Rex Brandt] na Hathi Trust Digital Library . fvx4x0hoer1w80y9uv2rlkdix1srypg 0 48063 697769 654217 2026-08-10T07:49:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Paul Chidlaw|image=Portrait of a Young Man by Wilbur Adam 1922.jpg|alt=Paul Chidlaw by Wilbur G. Adam|caption=Paul Chidlaw 1922 (painting by [[Wilbur G. Adam]])|birth_date={{birth-date|April 5, 1900}}|death_date={{death date and age|1989|4|25|1900|4|5}}|birth_place=[[Cleves, Ohio|Cleves]], [[Ohio]]|death_place=[[Cincinnati]], Ohio|nationality=[[United States|American]]|education=[[Art Academy of Cincinnati]]; [[École des Beaux-Arts|L'Ecole des Beaux-Arts]], Fontainebleau, France|known_for=Abstract painting; Abstract Expressionist; art teacher}} Paul Chidlaw (Eprel 5, 1900 – 25, 1989) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka nke America mgbasa ọtụtụ ọrụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. == Ndụ mmalite, ọmụmụ na njem == Paul Chidlaw egwuregwu na Cleves, Ohio, na 5, 1900, nye Edward H. na Carolyn (Guise) Chidlaw.  [1] O biri na Cincinnati maka ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya.  Ọ na-enwe njikọ na ụwa nka akpụkpọ ọ dị afụ mgbe ọ na-enweta ụrọ site n'ubi na ɔdɔ mmiri iji mee ceramik.  Mgbe ọ na-etolite na Cincinnati, nwanne nne ya ga-akpọrọ ya gaa na Cincinnati Art Museum na ha ga-arụtụ aka na ọrụ "mechara" na "emecha element".  Ihe osise Frank Duveneck "emecha hiri" Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Art Academy of Cincinnati site na 1919 ruo 1923. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://cincinnati.newspapers.com/clip/4766436/paul_chidlaw_obit_1989/|title=Paul Chidlaw, artist, teacher|author=Findsen|first=Owen|date=26 April 1989|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer|page=13}}</ref> Na 1927, mgbe ọ rụpụtara ọrụ dị ka onye isi maka ụlọ ọrụ na Cincinnati ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ gara France wee gbanwee na L'Ecole des Beaux-Arts na Fontainebleau .  O mechara kwaga Paris wee soro Jean Despujols na André Lhote àgwà ihe.  [1] [2] Chidlaw ngwa na-njika ike ya nwere ihe ntinye.  N'afọ 1989 ka Chidlaw na- መሪ uche n'ihe ọnwụ ya na France, Chidlaw kwuru, sị: "N'ihi ngwaọrụ m, a na-edobe ihe ọrụ m. M na-Maka mgbe niile i na-ekiri. Adịghị m.  onwe m. Adị m obere na igbe."  [1] N'ịbụ onye enweta aha ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya, Chidlaw ga- ayịka paying maka ajụjụ ya na Paris site n'ịchọta ọrụ na ngalaba iwu mba ofesi na iche obi nke onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ.. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Jeanette M.|date=2014|title=Boogie woogie: Paul Chidlaw|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2014-01-01_311_1/page/12|journal=JAMA|volume=311|issue=1|pages=12–13|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.279250|issn=1538-3598|pmid=24381953}}</ref> Mgbe Chidlaw gafechara njem na Europe, o biri na Morocco otu afọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4804941/the_wonderful_language_of_paul_chidlaw/|title=The Wonderful Language of Paul Chidlaw|author=Hunter|first=David|date=25 January 1981|work=The Enquirer Magazine|pages=3–10}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Chidlaw la iche na Cincinnati na 1935 wee chọpụta na teekwa kọmitii dị iche iche iche Murals Progress Administration (WPA) n'okpuru Federal Art Project .  N'oge Agha nke amaghị, ọ jere ozi na United States Army Corps of Engineers . <ref name=":2"/> Ọ kụziri na Art Academy of Cincinnati site na 1947 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1963. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/artist_bio/Paul_Chidlaw/114908/Paul_Chidlaw.aspx|title=Paul Chidlaw - Artist Biography|work=www.askart.com|accessdate=2016-04-01}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, ọ yànri ịse na ike na studio na Rookwood Building na Mount Adams site na 1964 ruo 1977, mgbe a ahụmahụ ya onye na-ese ihe na Edgecliff College .  Na 1979 Edgecliff nyere nzere doctorate. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cincinnati.newspapers.com/clip/4766373/paul_chidlaw/|title=The Young Art of Paul Chidlaw|author=Findsen|first=Owen|date=13 October 1968|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer|page=134}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4804829/chidlaw_set_to_knock_their_socks_off/|title=Chidlaw Set To 'Knock Their Socks Off'|author=Hornbaker|first=Alice|date=24 June 1979|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke ndụ ya, anya ya dara n'ihi mmebi macular mana ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'egwu iji kpalie eserese ikpeazụ ya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatiartgalleries.com/artistdetail.asp?First=Paul&Last=Chidlaw&Date=1900-1989|title=Paul Chidlaw|date=2006-11-02|work=Cincinnati Art Galleries :: Artist Information|accessdate=2016-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102115956/http://www.cincinnatiartgalleries.com/artistdetail.asp?First=Paul&Last=Chidlaw&Date=1900-1989|archivedate=November 2, 2006}}</ref> == Okwu ==   == Nkwenye na ihe nketa == <ref name=":4"/>Ihe osise ya akpọ: Na Wailing Wall (esere fim na akwaaji), [1] na The Farm Has a Song (esere fim na kwaaji na 1978).  Ọ na-ese na isiokwu, watercolor, acrylic, etchings, pastel, unyi na pensụl.  [2] Na mfe 1980 ya Boogie Woogie, "pasiche na-enye obi obi ụtọ nke agba na-egosi iju mmiri nke ndị na-egosi na-emekarị na confetti na-agbada site na mbara igwe oyi na-acha oyi na New  Ọnọdụ afọ dị elu na emee." Dịka akụkụ nke usoro mmetụta uche gụnyere imepụta nka ya, Chidlaw jiri ihe egwu egwu dịka ụdị. Pigments na-ama jijiji na ụda violin dulcet, ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị ka ọ na-ada ụda, na ndetu agba gbakọtara na egwu egwu na-enye obi ụtọ. Chidlaw chere na iji agba ya bụ otu n'ime ike ya kachasi ike, ma ọ tụlere nke ọma ka agba "esi ada" na agwakọta ngwa ngwa na kwaaji. <ref name=":4"/> Ihe osise ya ndị mara mma na-atụ obodo aro ka odida.  A makwa ya maka ike ike ahụ ya dị ka calligraphy.  Ọ bururi ọtụtụ ndị na-achọ ihe nka na Art Academy of Cincinnati . <ref name=":3"/> Na 1985, Miami University Art Museum nwere nnukwu ntakiri anya nke ọrụ ya nke isiokwu ya bụ, Paul Chidlaw: Painting and Graphics. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxbEAAAACAAJ|title=Paul Chidlaw: Paintings and Graphics|author=Findsen|first=Owen|date=1985-01-01|publisher=Miami University Art Museum|isbn=9780940784079|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4804878/miami_u_shows_chidlaws_happy_art/|title=Miami U Shows Chidlaw's 'Happy' Art|author=Findsen|first=Owen|date=15 September 1985|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer|page=62}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, Art Academy nke Cincinnati kpọrọ ya Chidlaw Gallery n'ihi na ha weere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị mma (na n'ezie ọ bụ nke mbụ.&nbsp;Expressist) na narị afọ nke 20 na mpaghara Cincinnati. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maryrangallery.net/paul-chidlaw/|title=Paul Chidlaw|work=Mary Ran Gallery|accessdate=2016-04-01|archivedate=2016-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415145858/http://www.maryrangallery.net/paul-chidlaw/}}</ref> == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama == * Jim Dine, onye America na-ese ihe nkiri na Chidlaw nwetara klaasị na 1953. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/jimdinew00dine|title=Jim Dine : walking memory, 1959-1969|author=Dine|first=Jim|date=1999-01-01|publisher=New York : Guggenheim Museum : Hardcover edition distributed by H.N. Abrams}}</ref> * Tom Wesselmann, onye omenkà America jikọtara ya na Pop Art ije <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.cincinnati.com/cam/cincinnatiwing/camhistoryofart.html|title=Cincinnati pioneer of art|author=Bauer|first=Marilyn|work=Cincinnati Art Museum: The Cincinnati Wing|accessdate=2016-04-06|archivedate=2016-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117090957/http://www2.cincinnati.com/cam/cincinnatiwing/camhistoryofart.html}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == <ref name=":2"/> Childlaw lụrụ Madge Smith, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na Cincinnati Art Museum, na 1952 Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụda echiche obi na LED 25, 1989, n' nti Hyde Park ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 89. [1] E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Spring Grove dị na Cincinnati == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.artnet.com/artists/paul-chidlaw/past-auction-results Paul Chidlaw na artnet] * [https://pinterest.com/dad0523/paul-chidlaw-1900-1989/ Paul Chidlaw na Pinterest] * [http://maryrangallery.com/paul-chidlaw/ Paul Chidlaw na MaryRanGallery.com] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] obmzge9pic4lcf03shtrso10sv4aqzu 0 48096 697848 172694 2026-08-10T09:26:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697848 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Mary P. Burrill''' (August 1881 &#x2013; Maachị 13, 1946) bụ mmalite narị afọ nke 20 [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye America]] na-ede egwuregwu Harlem Renaissance, onye kpaliri Willis Richardson na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ide egwuregwu. Burrill n'onwe ya dere egwuregwu banyere Ahụmahụ Black, ihe omume agụmagụ na omenala ha, na Black Elite. O gosipụtara ụdị ndị isi etiti dịka ndị a ma ama na ọha ojii Washington, DC, na ndị ọzọ nyere aka na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Ndụ mbido == Mary Powell Burrill mụrụ na August 1881 na Washington, DC, ada John H. na Clara E. Burrill. <ref name="NAWD-Burrill"> {{Cite web|url=http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html|title=Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website|author=West|first=Sandra L.|publisher=Alexander Street Press|accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> N'afọ 1901, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na M Street High School (nke mechara Dunbar High School) na Washington, DC, nke bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mba ahụ n'oge ahụ. N'oge Burrill na-eto eto na nwata, o nwere mmekọrịta mmetụta uche na ikekwe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na [[Angelina Weld Grimké]], nke nyere Burill ume ka ọ gbaa ya ume ịchụso ihe nkiri dịka ọ ga-emesị ghọọ onye na-ede uri a ma ama, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nkụzi. <ref name="search.alexanderstreet.com">{{Cite web|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480/biographical-sketch-mary-p-burrill#page/1/mode/1/chapter/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480|title=Biographical Sketch of Mary P. Burrill {{!}} Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company|work=search.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2019-05-06}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Burrill mechara kwaga Boston, Massachusetts . N'ebe ahụ ọ gara Emerson College of Oratory (emesịa Emerson College), ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na 1904. <ref name="BFPlaywrights-Burrill-Bio">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53|title=Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays Before 1950|editor=Perkins|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-253-34358-1|edition=First Midland Book|location=Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53 53–56]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Burrill laghachiri na Washington, DC Site na 1905 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1944, ọ kuziri Bekee, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe nkiri na Dunbar High School, alma mater, na Armstrong High. <ref name="analysis">{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1300123052}}|author=Abramson|first=Doris E|title=Angelina Weld Grimké, Mary T. Burrill, Georgia Douglas Johnson, and Marita O. Bonner: An Analysis of Their Plays|journal=Sage|volume=2|issue=1|date=Spring 1985|pages=9–13}}</ref> Ruo afọ iri atọ na asatọ, Burrill durukwa ihe nkiri na ihe egwu egwu na Dunbar na Washington, DC niile <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|author=Beemyn|first=Brett|title=A Queer Capital|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92172-5}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Burrill ghọrọ ndị nkuzi na ndị odee bụ ndị na-etinye aka na Harlem Renaissance . N'ime ndị a bụ Willis Richardson, onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri n'Africa na America nwere egwuregwu emere na Broadway na New York City. Nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ a ma ama bụ [[May Miller]], bụ onye bipụtara egwuregwu mbụ ya, ''Pandora's Box'', mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Dunbar. <ref name="BFPlaywrights-Burrill-Bio">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53|title=Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays Before 1950|editor=Perkins|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-253-34358-1|edition=First Midland Book|location=Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53 53–56]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPerkins1990">Perkins, Kathy A., ed. </cite></ref> Na 1919, e bipụtara abụọ n'ime egwuregwu Burrill kacha mara amara. ''E bipụtara Ha That Sit in Darkness'' na Margaret Sanger 's progressive ''Birth Control Review'', mbipụta kwa ọnwa na-akwado [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ịmụ nwa]] maka ụmụ nwanyị. E bipụtara egwuregwu nke ọzọ, ''Aftermath'', na ''<nowiki><i id="mwNA">The Liberator</i></nowiki>'', bụ onye socialist Max Eastman deziri . <ref name="NAWD-Burrill"> {{Cite web|url=http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html|title=Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website|author=West|first=Sandra L.|publisher=Alexander Street Press|accessdate=2009-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWest">West, Sandra L. [http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html "Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="BFPlaywrights-Burrill-Bio">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53|title=Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays Before 1950|editor=Perkins|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-253-34358-1|edition=First Midland Book|location=Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/53 53–56]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPerkins1990">Perkins, Kathy A., ed. </cite></ref> A na-ewere egwuregwu Burrill dị ka [[Protest plays|egwuregwu mkpesa]] n'ihi na ha kwadoro nguzo na-aga n'ihu n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ na okike. <ref name="Hebel1996">{{Cite journal|author=Hebel|first=Udo J.|title=Early African American Women Playwrights (1916-1930) and the Remapping of Twentieth-Century American Drama|journal=Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik|date=1996|volume=21|issue=2|pages=267–286}}</ref> <ref name="analysis">{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1300123052}}|author=Abramson|first=Doris E|title=Angelina Weld Grimké, Mary T. Burrill, Georgia Douglas Johnson, and Marita O. Bonner: An Analysis of Their Plays|journal=Sage|volume=2|issue=1|date=Spring 1985|pages=9–13}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAbramson1985">Abramson, Doris E (Spring 1985). </cite></ref> Burrill kwadoro nnọkọ agụmagụ n'ụlọ ya, nke a maara dị ka "Ụlọ Half-Way." Ọ jere ozi dị ka oghere nzụkọ maka nkwupụta okike na mkparịta ụka ọgụgụ isi n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị odee na ndị na-ese ihe nke Harlem Renaissance. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Nelson|first=Emmanuel Sampath|title=African American Dramatists: An A-to-Z Guide|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32233-4}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ enyi Jean Toomer, onye nwere njikọ na Washington, na Georgia Douglas Johnson . Burill sonyekwaara na nnọkọ ndị emere na Johnson's S Street Salon, ebe ndị nwanyị na-akwado Harlem Renaissance ga-ezukọ iji kparịta lynchings, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na ihe isi ike na-eche ezinaụlọ ndị America-America ihu. === ''Ha Na-anọdụ n'ọchịchịrị'' === Egwuregwu otu omume a e dere na 1919 lekwasịrị anya n'ihe isi ike nke ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii na-arụ ọrụ nwere ọtụtụ ụmụaka chere. Malinda Jasper, nwanyị dị afọ 38, na-arụ ọrụ oge nile ma na-elekọtakwa ụmụ ya iri, di ya anaghị ahụ ụmụ ha anya n'ihi na ha na-ehi ụra mgbe ọ lọtara ọrụ ya. Ọ na-anwụ n'ihi ike ọgwụgwụ anụ ahụ na nke uche, na-amanye nwa ya nwanyị dị afọ 17 ilekọta ezinụlọ kama ịga mahadum dịka o zubere, ihe na-esi na ya na-aga n'ihu n'usoro ịda ogbenye nye ya na ụmụnne ya. <ref name="Hebel1996">{{Cite journal|author=Hebel|first=Udo J.|title=Early African American Women Playwrights (1916-1930) and the Remapping of Twentieth-Century American Drama|journal=Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik|date=1996|volume=21|issue=2|pages=267–286}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHebel1996">Hebel, Udo J. (1996). </cite></ref> <ref name="BFPlaywrights-Burrill-Darkness">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/67|title=Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays Before 1950|editor=Perkins|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-253-34358-1|edition=First Midland Book|location=Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/67 67–74]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaceStage">{{Cite book|author=Brown-Guillory|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth Brown-Guillory|title=Their Place on the Stage: Black Women Playwrights in America|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=1988|isbn=9780313259852|location=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]|url=https://archive.org/details/theirplaceonstag0000brow}}</ref> Site na akụkọ Malinda, egwuregwu ahụ na-enyocha ka mmachi iwu nke gbochiri ohere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike ịmụ nwa siri metụta ọdịmma ha na nke ezinụlọ ha. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpọsa iji kwado usoro ọmụmụ nwa n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, ma nke a aghọghị nke iwu ruo March 22, 1972. Ọrụ Burrill bụ arụmụka n'ihi na ọ kwadoro [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|ịmụ nwa]] dị ka ụzọ isi gbanarị ịda ogbenye ogologo oge tupu e nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịmụ nwa na US <ref name="NAWD-Burrill"> {{Cite web|url=http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html|title=Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website|author=West|first=Sandra L.|publisher=Alexander Street Press|accessdate=2009-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWest">West, Sandra L. [http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html "Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="Hebel1996" /> Egwuregwu ahụ na-egosipụtakwa olumba ndịda nke ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị ohu nakweere bụ nke ndị na-ede egwuregwu webatara dị ka ụzọ isi mee ya. mekọrịta ọrụ na ntuziaka ndị enyereburu maka ihe "ihe nkiri ojii" bụ. N'ọrụ Burrill, ọ na-eweghachite ụda olu a na ike nke ndị agwa ya n'ogologo egwuregwu ahụ. === ''N'ikpeazụ'' === Emebere egwuregwu a n'ime ime obodo South Carolina na-egosi John, onye agha Amerịka bụ onye chọpụtara mgbe o si n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ lọta na nna ya emebiela . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-39ACwAAQBAJ&q=mary+p+burrill+%22aftermath%22+play&pg=PA25|title=Black Women Playwrights: Visions on the American Stage|author=Marsh-Lockett|first=Carol P.|date=2015-12-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317944942|language=en}}</ref> Ndị egwu Krigwa New York City mere egwuregwu a na 1928. <ref name="NAWD-Burrill"> {{Cite web|url=http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html|title=Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website|author=West|first=Sandra L.|publisher=Alexander Street Press|accessdate=2009-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWest">West, Sandra L. [http://solomon.wodr.alexanderstreet.com/bios/A16776BIO.html "Mary Powell Burrill 1884?-1946 on ''North American Women's Drama'' website"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="BFPlaywrights-Burrill-Aftermath">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/75|title=Black Female Playwrights: An Anthology of Plays Before 1950|editor=Perkins|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-253-34358-1|edition=First Midland Book|location=Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackfemaleplayw0000unse/page/75 75–?]}}</ref> Enyere John onyinye French War Cross maka iji aka ya lụso ndị agha German iri abụọ ọgụ, wee zọpụta ndụ onye ọ bụla nọ na ụlọ ọrụ ya. <ref name="PlaceStage">{{Cite book|author=Brown-Guillory|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth Brown-Guillory|title=Their Place on the Stage: Black Women Playwrights in America|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=1988|isbn=9780313259852|location=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]|url=https://archive.org/details/theirplaceonstag0000brow}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown-Guillory1988">[[Elizabeth Brown-Guillory|Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth]] (1988). </cite></ref> A na-ewere ''aftermath'' (1919) na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi na Burrill kọwara John dị ka nwoke ojii nke na-achọghị ọdịmma onwe ya nanị na n'atụghị egwu chere mmegbu agbụrụ ihu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Will|date=1994|title=Early Black Women Playwrights and the Dual Liberation Motif|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_summer-1994_28_2/page/205|journal=African American Review|volume=28|issue=2|pages=205–221|doi=10.2307/3041994}}</ref> Mmepụta nke ibe ahụ mere na New York City na obere ihe nkiri Black Black nke ndị egwuregwu Krigwa rụrụ. == Ndụ onwe onye == Mary Burrill nwere mmasị n'ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'otu ụdị nwoke nọ, n'oge nke a nwere nkụda mmụọ. Ọ na-achọ igbochi nghazi ya ka ọ ghara imetụta ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ya na nnabata ya na ọha ndị America-America. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://public.eboolcentral.product.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1715811&query=%22mary+p+burrill%22|title=History of Gay Life in Washington D.C.}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, ọ dị ka Mary Burrill nwere mmekọrịta ya na [[Angelina Weld Grimké|Angelina Weld Grimke]] nke Washington, bụ onye dere akwụkwọ a: "Amaara m na ị ka dị obere ugbu a ịghọ nwunye m, ma enwere m olileanya, enyi m, na n'ime afọ ole na ole ị ga-abịakwute m ma bụrụ enyi m, nwunye m! Lee ka ụbụrụ m si agbagharị ka ụbụrụ m na-amali na ọṅụ na ara mgbe Echere m okwu abụọ a, 'nwunye m'" <ref>{{Cite book|author=Perry|first=Mark|title=Lift Up Thy Voice: The Sarah and Angelina Grimké Family's Journey from Slaveholders to Civil Rights Leaders|date=2002|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-200103-5|pages=312–314}}</ref> Na 1912, mgbe ọ na-ezi ihe, Burrill zutere Lucy Diggs Slowe, onye nkụzi Bekee si Baltimore. Mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara, Slowe kwagara DC ka ọ kuzie ihe na Armstrong Manual Training Academy. Ya na Burrill zukọtara ọnụ. <ref name="search.alexanderstreet.com">{{Cite web|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480/biographical-sketch-mary-p-burrill#page/1/mode/1/chapter/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480|title=Biographical Sketch of Mary P. Burrill {{!}} Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company|work=search.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2019-05-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480/biographical-sketch-mary-p-burrill#page/1/mode/1/chapter/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3957480 "Biographical Sketch of Mary P. Burrill | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company"]. </cite></ref> Slowe na Burrill nọkọtara ọnụ ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise, na ezigbo ndị enyi ha, bụ ndị na-abụkarị ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị ọzọ, mesoro ha dị ka di na nwunye. == Ntụaka == Ahụmahụ Black, ihe omume agụmagụ na omenala ha, na Black Elite. O gosipụtara ụdị ndị isi etiti dịka ndị a ma ama na ọha ojii Washington, DC, na ndị ọzọ nyere aka na enyemakauche na ikekwe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na Angelina Weld Grimké, nke nyere Burill umeuche na ikekwe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na [[Angelina Weld Grimké]], nke nyere Burill ume{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pmsvkkk8rqasdyj9p1hbrrrx2xazhe0 0 48159 697464 515755 2026-08-09T20:25:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Aleshea Harris''' bụ onye America na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-ese okwu, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Egwuregwu ya ''bụ Chineke'' meriri ihe nrite nke American Playwriting Foundation's Relentless Award na 2016. Na 2023, egwuregwu ya ''na Sugarland'' bụ onye ikpeazụ maka ihe nrite Pulitzer maka Drama . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023|title=Drama- The Pulitzer Prizes|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/218}}</ref> Enyerela ọrụ ya ọrụ maka Denver Center for Performing Arts . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bagofbeans.net/|title=Aleshea Harris|work=Aleshea Harris|accessdate=2024-06-14|archivedate=2024-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614225740/https://www.bagofbeans.net/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/24/theater/aleshea-harris-wins-a-playwriting-prize-for-is-god-is.html|title=Aleshea Harris Wins a Playwriting Prize for 'Is God Is'|first=Andrew R.|author=Chow|work=The New York Times|date=23 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2018/01/22/theater-talks-playwrights-aleshea-harris-jackie-sibblies-drury|title=Theater Talks: Playwrights Aleshea Harris & Jackie Sibblies Drury|work=The New York Public Library}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattlerep.org/Plays/1617/WF/Playwrights/Aleshea|title=Meet the Playwrights : Aleshea Harris|work=www.seattlerep.org|accessdate=2024-06-14|archivedate=2019-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723231822/https://seattlerep.org/Plays/1617/WF/Playwrights/Aleshea}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/playwright-aleshea-harris-receives-relentless-award_80516.html|title=Aleshea Harris Receives American Playwriting Foundation's Relentless Award|date=28 March 2017|publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/people/news/Aleshea-Harris/|title=Aleshea Harris News|work=www.broadwayworld.com}}</ref> Egwuregwu ya agagharịwo na France na [[Belgium]] ma gosipụta ya na Playfest na Orlando Shakespeare Theater, Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Harriet Tubman Center for Social Justice, [[California]] Institute of Arts, VOXfest na Dartmouth College na New Hampshire, na Comédie de Saint-Étienne-National Drama n Center na [[France]] . == Ndụ mbido == Harris na-ekwu na ya bụ nwa agha na o biri n'ọtụtụ ebe, nke ka ukwuu na South . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spaceonryderfarm.org/blog/2017/8/31/aleshea-harrisplaywrightpolite-sheep-dog|title=Aleshea Harris/Playwright/Polite Sheep Dog|publisher=|accessdate=2024-06-14|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070638/https://www.spaceonryderfarm.org/blog/2017/8/31/aleshea-harrisplaywrightpolite-sheep-dog}}</ref> Harris bụ onye nkuzi CalArts. <ref name="calarts_2016-11-23">{{Cite web|url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2016/11/23/playwright-aleshea-harris-wins-relentless-award/|title=Playwright Aleshea Harris Wins Relentless Award|date=23 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọgbakọ ụmụ akwụkwọ CalArts, mkpokọta nke jikọrọ aka na American Conservatory Theatre na San Francisco yana ya na ụlọ ọrụ Shakespeare nke Africa-American, nwere egwuregwu atọ na agụmagụ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2014/02/10/on-the-road-the-collective-staged-three-plays-in-san-francisco-last-month/|title=On the Road: The Collective Staged Three Plays in San Francisco Last Month|date=10 February 2014|publisher=}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Harris pụtara na anthology ''The BreakBeat Poets: New American Poetry in the Age of Hip-Hop'', nke e bipụtara na 2015. N'afọ 2016 ọ kesara mpempe nka arụmọrụ ya ''Kedu ihe ga-eziga mgbe ọ dara'' na Occidental College na Los Angeles. ''Ihe a ga-eziga mgbe ọ dara'' gụnyere egwu, asụsụ (okwu a na-ekwu), na nsonye ndị na-ege ntị iji sọpụrụ ahụ na ndụ ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoccidentalweekly.com/culture/2016/09/28/whos-who-a-survey-of-administrative-roles-at-occidental/2877582|title=In conversation with Aleshea Harris - The Occidental Weekly|date=28 September 2016|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2024|archivedate=29 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629033422/http://www.theoccidentalweekly.com/culture/2016/09/28/whos-who-a-survey-of-administrative-roles-at-occidental/2877582}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Branden Jacobs-Jenkins|date=2019-04-05|title='What to Send Up When It Goes Down': A Black Gaze|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2019/04/05/what-to-send-up-when-it-goes-down-a-black-gaze/|accessdate=2020-10-12|work=AMERICAN THEATRE|language=en-US}}</ref> A kọwara ya dị ka egwuregwu / ihu akwụkwọ / emume gbasara ọnwụ ndị ojii n'ihi ime ihe ike agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interfestnyc.org/schedule/interpret|title=Interpret - "What To Send Up When It Goes Down" by Aleshea Harris (Reading) + Open Discussion [w/ The Movement Theatre Co]|work=Interfest|accessdate=2024-06-14|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330081909/https://www.interfestnyc.org/schedule/interpret}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ya na The Movement Theater Company jikọrọ aka na ịgụ ihe egwu ya ''Ihe na-ezigara mgbe ọ dara'' . N'afọ 2018, ''ihe a ga-eziga mgbe ọ na-agbada'' bụ Off-Broadway site n'aka The Movement Theater Company na ụlọ ọrụ Drama-ahọpụtara, mmepụta agbatịkwuru. Mmepụta ahụ mechara gaa na American Repertory Theatre na Cambridge, Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company na Washington DC, The Public Theatre na New York maka Under the Radar Festival, na Playwrights Horizons na Brooklyn Academy of Music na New York. Na 2018, mmepụta nke ''Is God Is'', nke Harris dere na Taibi Magar duziri ya, meghere na Soho Rep na New York City wee malite na February 6 ruo March 11. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Soho-Rep-Announces-Complete-Casting-And-Creative-Team-For-Aleshea-Harriss-IS-GOD-IS-20180118|title=Soho Rep. Announces Complete Casting And Creative Team For Aleshea Harris's IS GOD IS|author=BWW News Desk|publisher=}}</ref> ''Chineke a'' na-anata 3 Obie Awards maka ịde egwuregwu, eduzi na ịrụ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/describe-the-night-will-swenson-dominique-morisseau-more-win-2018-obie-awards|title=Describe the Night, Will Swenson, Dominique Morisseau, More Win 2018 Obie Awards|work=Playbill}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/05/21/mary-jane-and-is-god-is-achieve-a-glorious-trifecta-at-the-63rd-obie-awards/|title="Mary Jane" and "Is God Is" Achieve a Glorious Trifecta at the 63rd Obie Awards|work=Village Voice|date=22 May 2018|accessdate=14 June 2024|archivedate=13 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813185132/https://www.villagevoice.com/2018/05/21/mary-jane-and-is-god-is-achieve-a-glorious-trifecta-at-the-63rd-obie-awards/}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ meriri ihe nrite nke American Playwriting Foundation's Relentless Award na 2016. <ref name="calarts_2016-11-23"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://creativepinellas.org/performing-arts/american-award-prestige-abroad-for-aleshea-harris/|title=American Award, Prestige Abroad for Aleshea Harris - Creative Pinellas|work=creativepinellas.org|accessdate=2018-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074505/http://creativepinellas.org/performing-arts/american-award-prestige-abroad-for-aleshea-harris/|archivedate=2018-01-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stage-directions.com/theatre-buzz/8932-aleshea-harris-wins-2016-relentless-award.html|title=Aleshea Harris Wins 2016 Relentless Award - Stage Directions|first=Jacob|author=Coakley|date=24 October 2016|publisher=|accessdate=14 June 2024|archivedate=8 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061249/http://stage-directions.com/theatre-buzz/8932-aleshea-harris-wins-2016-relentless-award.html}}</ref> Ihe nrite a nyere Harris ohere inwe agụ akwụkwọ ogbo na ihe nkiri mpaghara n'ofe obodo na mba ofesi. Emepụtara egwuregwu ya ''On Sugarland'' site na New York Theater Workshop na 2022, nke Whitney White duziri yana Raja Feather Kelly duziri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NYTW / ON SUGARLAND|url=https://www.nytw.org/show/on-sugarland/|accessdate=2024-03-15|work=NYTW|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe nrite == Na mgbakwunye na Award Relentless na 2016, Harris abụrụla onye ikpeazụ nke ugboro abụọ maka Susan Smith Blackburn Prize na onye otu MacDowell oge abụọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aleshea Harris|url=https://windhamcampbell.org/festival/2020/recipients/harris-aleshea|accessdate=2020-10-12|work=Windham Campbell Prizes|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023|title=Finalist: On Sugarland, by Aleshea Harris|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/aleshea-harris|work=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> Na 2019, Harris nwetara ihe nrite Helen Merrill maka ọdịde egwuregwu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-19|title=Five Talented Playwrights Win $30,000 Helen Merrill Awards|url=https://www.nycommunitytrust.org/newsroom/five-talented-playwrights-win-30000-helen-merrill-awards/|accessdate=2020-10-12|work=The New York Community Trust|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, e nyere Harris otu n'ime ihe nrite asatọ Windham-Campbell. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Flood|first=Alison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/mar/19/windham-campbell-literary-award-bhanu-kapil-yiyun-li-namwali-serpell-jonah-mixon-webster-anne-boyer-julia-cho-alesha-harris-maria-tumarkin-coronavirus|title=Eight authors share $1m prize as writers face coronavirus uncertainty|date=2020-03-19|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-03-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmXj-ANgLKo Arụmọrụ, abụ na okwu ọnụ: Aleshea Harris na TEDxCalArts] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9c6uqxmwmb5zohm0j6c1zu7mq9wbsml 0 48190 697808 540711 2026-08-10T08:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697808 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Marcus Gardley''' (amuru 1977/1978) bu onye America na-ede uri, onye ode akwukwo na onye ode akwukwo si West Oakland, California . Ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na-eme egwuregwu na Victory Gardens Theatre na Chicago na onye osote prọfesọ nke Ụlọ ihe nkiri na Ọmụmụ Ihe Omume na Mahadum Brown . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://victorygardens.org/our-season/a-wonder-in-my-soul/|title=A WONDER IN MY SOUL|work=Victory Gardens Theater|accessdate=September 9, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/humanities/marcus-gardley|title=Marcus Gardley - News from Brown|work=brown.edu|accessdate=September 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209175409/https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/humanities/marcus-gardley}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Gardley mụrụ ma zụlite na Oakland, California. Nwa onye nọọsụ na onye ozi, ọ kọwara na-etolite n'ụlọ nke akwụkwọ gbara ya gburugburu, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga ya n'ụzọ agụmakwụkwọ ya, na mbụ na-achọ ịghọ onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa anesthesiologist. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2014/02/19/playwright-marcus-gradley-weaves-poetry-history-together-to-create-his-masterpieces/|title=Playwright Marcus Gardley Weaves Poetry, History Together To Create His Masterpieces|date=February 19, 2014|work=AMERICAN THEATRE|first=Kerry|author=Reid|accessdate=September 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Gardley buru ụzọ mụọ ma dee uri na San Francisco State University (SFSU), ọ bụ ezie na ndị prọfesọ uri ya gwara ya na uri ya na-agụ dị ka egwuregwu. Na mbụ n'achọghị ịnakwere nke a, Gardley mesịrị bịarute iji kweta na uri ya na-ejikọtakarị akụkụ nke onye na-ede egwuregwu. Banyere oge a, Gardley mechara cheta, sị: "Oh, nke a bụ ebe m nọ. Ọ naghị amasị m ikwu okwu ọrụ m, ọ na-amasị m ịnụ ọrụ m. Ihe na-amasị m banyere ihe nkiri bụ dị ka òtù egwú. E nwere ụda ndị a dị iche iche si dị iche iche. ndị mmadụ. M na-eche banyere egwuregwu m dị ka ihe mejupụtara n'ụzọ." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kennedy|first=Lisa|title='Black Odyssey': Playwright Marcus Gardley's Big Ambitions Set Sail|work=The Denver Post|date=January 14, 2014|page=29|url=http://www.denverpost.com/theater/ci_24920492/playwright-marcus-gardleys-big-ambitions-set-sail-black|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> Gardley nwetara SFSU African American Student of External Achievement Award maka 2000 – 1 wee gụchaa na BFA ya Ọ gara n'ihu nweta MFA ya na edemede egwuregwu site na Yale School of Drama na 2004. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Gardley malitere ịkụzi ihe okike na Mahadum Columbia. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Barnett|first=Douglas Q.|title=Historical Dictionary of African American Theater|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00hill|date=2009|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-8108-5534-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00hill/page/n258 200]–201}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gardley so na otu ọhụrụ ndị na-eto eto na-eme egwuregwu n'Africa-America bụ ndị bịara bụrụ ndị a ma ama n'oge "Age of Obama". A na-ewere ndị na-ede egwuregwu a na-apụta dị ka ndị na-ese oji mechaa . O kwupụtala ihe ngosi nka Harlem ka ọ na-emetụta ọrụ ya, yana James Baldwin dịka mkpali mbụ. <ref name=":0"/> Egwuregwu ya ''Ụlọ nke Na-agaghị eguzo,'' nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Federico García Lorca's ''The House of Bernarda Alba'', nwere mmalite ụwa ya na Berkeley Repertory Theatre na January 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkeleyrep.org/season/1314/7248.asp|title=The House That Will Not Stand|work=Berkeley Rep|accessdate=April 12, 2016|archivedate=April 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120441/http://www.berkeleyrep.org/season/1314/7248.asp}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na nwanyị Creole ojii bụ onye di ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ga-alụ ọgụ maka mfu nke ụlọ ya na-abịanụ na ohere nke ịlụ nwoke ọcha bara ọgaranya na 1830s New Orleans; ọrụ ahụ na-eji ọchị ọchị na nke stylized melodrama na-akọ akụkọ gbasara mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chirico|first=Miriam|date=December 2014|title=The House that will not Stand by Marcus Gardley (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_theatre-journal_2014-12_66_4/page/619|journal=Theatre Journal|volume=66|issue=4|pages=619–621|doi=10.1353/tj.2014.0116}}</ref> E mechara mee ya na London na Tricycle Theatre, yana ihe ngosi Off-Broadway na New York Theatre Workshop na July 2018. <ref>Hitchings, Henry (October 20, 2014), [https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/the-house-that-will-not-stand-tricycle--theatre-review-9805542.html "The House That Will Not Stand, Tricycle - theatre review"], ''[[London Evening Standard]]''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytw.org/show/house-will-not-stand/|title=NYTW / The House That Will Not Stand|work=NYTW|accessdate=September 20, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2013 Gardley malitere okwu afọ atọ dị ka onye na-egwu egwuregwu na ebe obibi na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Victory Gardens, site na National Playwright Residency Program, nke Andrew W. Mellon Foundation kwadoro na HowlRound na-elekọta. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater-art/2013/01/07/mellon-funds-playwright-residencies/lSehoBMAAoCYvDSDbEJy0K/story.html|title=Mellon funds playwright residencies|work=Boston Globe|accessdate=September 9, 2017}}</ref> Emegharịrị ya na 2016 maka afọ atọ ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mellon.org/resources/news/articles/andrew-w-mellon-foundation-and-howlround-announce-558-million-grants-through-national-playwright-residency-program/|title=The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and HowlRound Announce $5.58 Million in Grants through the National Playwright Residency Program|date=April 5, 2016|work=mellon.org|language=en|accessdate=September 9, 2017|archivedate=September 9, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233155/https://mellon.org/resources/news/articles/andrew-w-mellon-foundation-and-howlround-announce-558-million-grants-through-national-playwright-residency-program/}}</ref> Na 2017, egwuregwu ya ''black odyssey'', nke Denver Center Theater Company nyere ya ọrụ ebe ọ malitere na 2014, ka edegharịrị maka mmepụta na California Shakespeare Theatre . Mmepụta nke abụọ a tọgharịa egwuregwu ahụ na Oakland wee tinye akara ọhụrụ nke Linda Tillery na Molly Holm. Ọ nwetara nhọpụta 11 na ihe nrite asaa Theater Bay Area Awards, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.theatrebayarea.org/resource/resmgr/awards/2017_Awards_Celebration/2017_Awards_Recipient_PDF.pdf|title=2017 Theatre Bay Area Awards Recipients|work=Theatre Bay Area}}</ref> gụnyere: Mmepụta pụtara ìhè, mkpokọta pụrụ iche, onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụrụ iche (Aldo Billingslea), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwanyị pụtara ìhè (Margo Hall), Ngosipụta pụtara ìhè (Eric Ting), Nhazi Ejiji pụtara ìhè (Dede). Ayite), na ihe nturu ugo Creative Specialties nyere Marcus Gardley maka mmegharị ya nke Homer 's ''Odyssey'' . Na 2013, Gardley nyere obere egwuregwu na New Black Fest dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmekọ ọnụ nke akpọrọ ''Facing Eziokwu Anyị: Egwuregwu 10-Minute na Trayvon, Race and Privilege,'' premiering na New York City ''.'' Mpempe akwụkwọ Gardley, akpọrọ ''No More Monsters Ebe a'', na-egosi onye isi mgbaka ojii nke na-akọwa na nwanyị ọcha na-ebi ndụ dị ka onye ojii ụbọchị atọ dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka "negroidphobia" ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Facing our truth : short plays on Trayvon, race, and privilege|others=Flores, Quetzal|isbn=978-0573704260|location=[New York]|oclc=910595854|year=2015}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwuregwu, Gardley edewo maka ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na Amazon Prime usoro ''Z: mmalite nke ihe niile'', na mgbe e mesịrị dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ akụkọ na onye edemede maka ''Chi'', nke malitere na Showtime na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5926700/|title=Marcus Gardley|work=IMDb|accessdate=September 20, 2018}}</ref> O dere maka usoro ihe onyonyo ''nke Exorcist'' . N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ gbara nkwekọrịta n'ozuzu ya na Amazon Studios wee dee ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri 2023 ''The Agba Purple'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=White|first=Peter|date=July 27, 2021|title='What's Going On' Screenwriter & Playwright Marcus Gardley Strikes Overall TV Deal With Amazon Studios|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/whats-going-on-marcus-gardley-overall-deal-amazon-studios-1234800713/|accessdate=July 28, 2021|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Ọ bụ onye nnata nke Helen Merrill Award na 2008 yana onyinye nsọpụrụ Kesselring . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=UMass Amherst Theater|title=Marcus Gardley|url=https://www.umass.edu/theater/gardley.php|accessdate=June 9, 2014|archivedate=July 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182101/https://www.umass.edu/theater/gardley.php}}</ref> Egwuregwu ya ''na ụwa a na aka nwanyị'' (2009) na ''ịhụnanya bụ ụlọ nrọ na Lorin'' (2007) ka akpọpụtara aha ya dị ka egwuregwu kachasị mma na ụlọ ihe nkiri Bay Area, na ''ịhụnanya bụ Ụlọ Nrọ na Lorin'' bụ onye a họpụtara maka National Critics Steinberg New Egwuregwu egwu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Veale|first=Lisa|title=Oakland Playwright Marcus Gardley Premieres New Play "The House That Will Not Stand"|work=Oakland Local|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Gardley|publisher=Playscripts Inc.|url=https://www.playscripts.com/playwrights/bios/1127|accessdate=June 9, 2014}}</ref> Gardley bụ onye edemede nke ''igbe: egwu banyere ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ'', nke e mere na Brooklyn na 2014 site na The Foundry; ''black odyssey'', nke malitere na Denver Theater Center n'otu afọ ahụ; ''The Road Weeps, Well Runs Dry'', nke nwere njem nleta mba na 2013; na ''Dance of the Holy Ghosts'', nke malitere na Yale Repertory Theatre na 2004. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2014 Glickman Award maka egwuregwu ya ''The House That Will Not Stand'', nke Berkeley Rep nyere ya ma mepụta ya. O nwere mmepụta ihe na-esote na Yale Rep na Tricycle Theatre na London ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2015 Kennedy Prize. Gardley bụ 2013 USA James Baldwin Fellow na 2011 PEN Laura Pels onye meriri nturu ugo maka onye na-egwu egwuregwu Mid-Career. Gardley emeriela San Francisco Bay Mpaghara Gerbode Emerging Playwright Award, National Alliance for Musical Theater Award, Eugene O'Neill Memorial Scholarship, na ASCAP Cole Porter Prize. Ọ bụ onye otu New Dramatists, The Dramatists Guild na Lark Play Development Center . A họọrọ Gardley ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwuregwu 50 nwere nkà maka ndị na-ege ntị ka ha soro na ''magazin Dramatists'' . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Brown University|title=Marcus Gardley|url=http://brown.edu/academics/theatre-arts-performance-studies/marcus-gardley|accessdate=June 9, 2014}}</ref> == Ntụaka == maka mfu nke ụlọ ya na-abịanụ na ohere nke ịlụ nwoke ọcha bara ọgaranya na 1830s New Orleans; ọrụ ahụ na-eji ọchị ọchị na nke p nyere ya ma mepụta ya. O nwere mmepụtabmmekọ ọnụ nke akpọrọ Facing Eziokwu Anyị: Egwuregwu 10-Minutebụ ebe m nọ. Ọ naghị amasị m ikwu okwu ọrụ m, ọ na-{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231249/https://www.worldtheatremap.org/en/profiles/5877b22117334f313edb4188 Profaịlụ Marcus Gardley na map ụwa ihe nkiri] * Marcus Gardley [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bn21inf2qz50bpx6jv4zib1s3ezwlyf 0 48251 697463 177737 2026-08-09T20:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697463 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:AlbertContreras.jpg|thumb|Albert Contreras]] Albert Contreras (1933 - June 17, 2017 ) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nke na-eke na Santa Monica, California mara maka gestural na geometric abstraction.  Contreras na-ese site na gburugburu 1960 ruo 1972, wee jide ịse ihe maka afọ 25. Ọ iche ihi ụra na 1997. Contreras enyela ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'ihu ihe mgbe ochie na veranda mahadum == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == {| | |[[Usòrò:Acgreen.jpg|thumb]] |} == Ntụaka == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|title=Artist Shares His X Factor With USC|work=USC News|date=October 13, 2011|url=https://news.usc.edu/32486/Artist-Shares-His-X-Factor-With-USC/|accessdate=September 12, 2015|archivedate=October 4, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004041320/http://news.usc.edu/32486/Artist-Shares-His-X-Factor-With-USC/}} * {{Cite web|title=Artist Albert Contreras|work=[[Getty Images]]|date=September 12, 2015|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/artist-albert-contreras-has-left-his-art-behind-and-has-news-photo/563597539|accessdate=September 12, 2015}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041127224323/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_1_90/ai_82012881 Albert Contreras na Bill Maynes - New York - Ihe ngosi eserese] si Art na America * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17z4cyOCsI0 Albert Contreras gosipụtara ka esi ese nnukwu X] 3snxt2mmu8ezaxesg0cw3nm1etme1cm 0 48814 697876 539336 2026-08-10T09:59:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697876 wikitext text/x-wiki Bart Exposito ( banyere 1970, na Texas, US) bụ onye na-ese ihe dabere na Los Angeles .  Ọ na-ese ihe oyiyi geometric n'ụdị ndu. Ụbọchị Exposito pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ngosi "Game Over" na Galerie Grimm/Rosenfeld na Munich na "Bilie & Mgbaghara" na Hayworth Gallery, Los Angeles.  O gosila mba ụwa na veranda dị ka Studio 9, London na Galerie Fur Gegenwarstkunst, Bremen. == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Exposito, Bart}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040816064030/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_10_40/ai_87453064 Nyochaa na ''Artforum'', Summer, 2002.] * Ozi ndị ọzọ na onyonyo sitere na [http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/bart_exposito.htm Saatchi Gallery] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oxr67zj68iyyzh0g3odw6lk73y4umw1 0 48962 697873 692664 2026-08-10T09:58:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Barnaby Furnas, (amụrụ Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1973), bụ onye na-ese ihe na Britain na onye bụbu onye na-ese ihe osise nke bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York City.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na School of Visual Arts na New York wee nweta BFA na 1995 tupu ọ gaa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York, na-enweta MFA na 2000. Ọ na-eme agba nke ya site na pigmenti jikọtara ya na urethane. == Ihe ngosi == Egosiputala ọrụ Furnas n'ụwa niile na veranda na ebe ngosi nka dị ka Baltic Center for Contemporary Art na Gateshead na UK, Kunsthalle Wien na Austria, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna, Whitney Museum of American.  Art na New York, na Royal Academy na London.  Ọ bụ Marianne Boesky Gallery na New York na Victoria Miro Gallery na London nọchitere ya. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/barnaby_furnas.htm Ihe ngosi Saatchi] na Barnaby Furnas gụnyere ọrụ nka, akụkụ ederede, akụkọ, na akụkọ ndụ zuru oke. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050129174459/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_3_42/ai_110913985 Nyochaa ''Artforum'', Nọvemba, 2003.] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Furnas, Barnaby}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9lnlckfqcagjap8mpk78kyek3u51byp 0 49016 697801 621549 2026-08-10T08:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Reginald McKnight''' (amuru Febụwarị 26, 1956) bụ onye edemede akụkọ akụkọ America na onye edemede . == Ndụ == A mụrụ McKnight na February 26, 1956 na Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany, na ezinụlọ Air Force ; ya mere, ọ kwagara ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ọ bụ nwata, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akpọ Colorado n'ụlọ. <ref name="Champion">{{Cite book|author=Champion|first=Laurie|title=Contemporary African American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook|publisher=Greenwood|year=1999|isbn=978-0-313-30501-6|editor=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|pages=314–318|chapter=Reginald McKnight}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta site na Pikes Peak Community College (AA), Colorado College (BA) na Mahadum Denver (MA); ọ bụkwa Phi Beta Kappa wee nata nzere doctorate na kọleji Colorado . <ref name="UGANews">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uga.edu/news/newsbureau/releases/2002releases/0203/020312mcknight.html|title=Noted Writer Regianld McKnight to Become Hamilton Holmes Professor at UGA; Honors Pioneer of Campus Integration|author=Williams|first=Phil|publisher=University of Georgia News Bureau|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101120445/http://www.uga.edu/news/newsbureau/releases/2002releases/0203/020312mcknight.html|archivedate=1 November 2005|accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> Dị ka onye nkuzi, McKnight abụrụla prọfesọ nke Bekee na Mahadum Maryland, College Park, Mahadum Carnegie Mellon, na Mahadum Michigan, Ann Arbor . Ọ kụzikwaara na Mahadum Pittsburgh, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọ matara na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na-ekwu njakịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banyere ndị ojii mgbe ọ na-anọghị n'ihu ha. <ref name="Kenyon">{{Cite journal|author=Walsh|first=William|year=1994|title=We Are, in Fact, a Civilization: An Interview with Reginald McKnight|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_kenyon-review_spring-1994_16_2/page/27|journal=The Kenyon Review|volume=16|issue=2|pages=27–42}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2002, ọ bụ Hamilton Holmes Prọfesọ nke Bekee na Mahadum Georgia dị na Athens; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archwaytoexcellence.uga.edu/news/050415/mcknight.html|title=Archway eNews: Recruiting and retaining top faculty|publisher=University of Georgia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404160533/http://www.archwaytoexcellence.uga.edu/news/050415/mcknight.html|archivedate=2007-04-04|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> ọ bụkwa ya bụ onye mbụ ji ọkwa ahụ. <ref name="UGANews" /> == Ihe nrite == * O. Henry Award * 1988 Drue Heinz Literature Prize * 1995 Whiting Award === Onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanw00regi|title=African American Wisdom|publisher=New World Library|year=1994|isbn=978-1-880032-34-3}} * {{Cite book|title=Wisdom of the African World|publisher=New World Library|year=1996|isbn=978-1-880032-56-5}} === Akụkọ mgbe ochie === kwagara ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ọ bụ nwata, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akpọ Colorado n'ụlọ. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta site na Pikes * {{Cite book|title=New Stories from the South: The Year's Best, 1992, Volume 2002|publisher=Algonquin Books|year=1992|isbn=978-1-56512-011-2|editor=Shannon Ravenel|chapter=Quitting Smoking|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fr9FicYlIgC&dq=Reginald+McKnight&pg=PA152}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/reginald-mcknight#/ Profaịlụ na Whiting Foundation] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g3gs5j817c1sau7zhr1ozf3eddm3h7d 0 49234 697483 515800 2026-08-10T01:05:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697483 wikitext text/x-wiki   James Gurney (amuru June 14, 1958) bu onye omenka na odee America ama ama maka usoro ihe osise ya Dinotopia, nke eweputara n’ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ihe mbụ nke 19 sitere na utopia nke ụmụ mmadụ na dinosaurs bi.. Gurney bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na-egosi ma na-eweghachi ya na yarụ ndị anụ ike dị ka ma dinosaur anụ ike na nke na-ahụ nke avian. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == James Gurney na June 14, 1958 na Glendale, [[California]].  [1] O tolitere na Palo Alto, California, ọdụdụ n'ime ụkpụrụ ise nke Joanna na Robert Gurney, onye injinia.. <ref>Jackson, Donald Dale (September 1995). "Daring Deeds, Bold Dreams, in a Land Removed from Time". p. 73. ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]''.</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere, o gosipụtara mmasị dị ukwuu na dinosaurs mana ọ chọtara akwụkwọ ole na ole gbasara isiokwu ahụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara ya. Fossil mbụ nke dinosaur ọ hụrụ bụ nke Allosaurus n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Mmasị ya na dinosaurs mere ka ọ nwee mmasị na nkà mmụta ihe ochie. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ gwupụtara ogige ụlọ ya na-achọ isi akụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ arụsị furu efu. <ref name="fosters">{{Cite news|title=Marvel at Dinotopia: The Fantastical Art of James Gurney|work=Foster's Daily Democrat|date=January 31, 2013|accessdate=February 19, 2024|url=https://www.fosters.com/story/entertainment/local/2013/01/31/marvel-at-dinotopia-fantastical-art/49128796007/}}</ref> Ọ ọmụmụ ọmụmụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, na-enweta nzere bachelọ nke nka na Phi Beta Kappa si na 1979. [1] Ọ wee ihe atụ na Art Center College of Design na Pasadena, California, maka semesters abụọ.. <ref name="fosters" /> == Ọrụ == N'ịbụ onye njem njem dị n'akpa okporo na-ebu ibu ibu, ya na Thomas Kinkade akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iche iche Artist's Guide to Sketching na 1982. Gurney na Kinkade rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ese ihe nkiri n'azụ [1] maka ihe nkiri nkiri Fire and Ice (1983), nke Ralph Bakshi na Frank Frazetta mebere. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=S.|title=James Gurney: Artist and Author Extraordinaire (b. 1958)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rocks-and-minerals_september-october-1997_72_5/page/335|doi=10.1080/00357529709605061|journal=[[Rocks & Minerals]]|volume=72|issue=5|pages=335–338|year=1997}}</ref> Ọrụ ihe atụ nke onye na-akwụghị ụgwọ nke Gurney malitere na 1980s, n'oge nke ọ zụlitere njirimara ya dị adị nke ihe nkiri dị egwu, na-ese ya na mmanụ site na iji ụzọ yiri ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Golden Age . Ọ na-ese ihe karịrị 70 mkpuchi maka akụkọ ifo sayensị na akwụkwọ akụkọ fantasy, ma mepụta ọtụtụ stampụ maka ọrụ nzi ozi US, ọkachasị ''The World of Dinosaurs'' na 1996. Malite na 1983, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ iri na abụọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ National Geographic, ihe nkiri nke Moche oge ochie, Kushite, na Etruscan na-egosianya, na njem Jason na Ulysses maka Tim Severin . Mkpali sitere n'ime nyocha nyochagharị ihe ochie ndị a dugara n'ọtụtụ panoramas ụwa furu efu, gụnyere ''Waterfall City'' (1988) na ''Dinosaur Parade'' (1989). Site na agbamume nke ndị lara ezumike nka Ian na Betty Ballantine, ọ ọrụ ya onwe ya wee tinye oge apụta abụọ iji dee na achọta Dinotopia: Ala E Nna Oge, nke e edi na 1992. Akwụkwọ ahụ mere The New York Times Bestseller List  , wee nweta Hugo, Fantasy World, Chesley, Spectrum, na ihe nrite akwụkwọ ụmụaka Colorado.  O rere ihe otu nde ma asụsụ ya n’asụsụ iri na. <ref>Parks, John (November 2006). "Fact & Fantasy: The Paintings of James Gurney". p. 43. ''[[American Artist (magazine)|American Artist]]''.</ref> Sequels nke ''Dinotopia'' nke Gurney dere ma gosipụta ya gụnyere ''Dinotopia: The World Beneath'' (1995), ''Dinotopia: First Flight'' (1999), na ''Dinotopia: Njem na Chandara'' (2007). Egosipụta ihe mbụ Gurney sitere na akwụkwọ Dinotopia na National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution, Norman Rockwell Museum, Royal Tyrrell Museum ma dị ugbu a.  </link> na njem nlegharị anya na ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie na United States na Europe. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o dela akwụkwọ nkuzi nka abụọ: Imaginative Realism: How to Paint What does not Exist (2009), akwụkwọ gbasara ịse na ihe na-adịghị;  [1] na Agba na Ìhè: Nduzi maka Onye Na-ese Ihe n'Ezigbo (2010).  [2] Akwụkwọ ndị a dabere na blọgụ Gurney, nke ọ na-enye ịbara uru nye ndị na-ese ihe n'ezie na echiche efu.. Na [[February|Febrụwarị]] 21, 2012, ụlọ ọrụ nka ewepụtara Gurney ka ọ bụrụ nna ukwu dị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artrenewal.org/Artist/Index/7389|title=James Gurney: ARC Living Master|publisher=[[Art Renewal Center]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gurneyjourney.blogspot.ca/2012/02/art-renewal-center.html|title=Art Renewal Center|date=21 February 2012}}</ref> Akpọrọ dinosaur Torvosaurus gurneyi aha maka Gurney na 2014. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088905|title=''Torvosaurus gurneyi'' n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=9|issue=3|year=2014|author=Hendrickx|first=C.|pmid=24598585}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Debus|first=Allen A.|title=Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey|year=2006|edition=1st|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina, and London|isbn=978-0-7864-2672-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Hintz|first=Carrie|title=Utopian and Dystopian Writing for Children and Young Adults|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and London|isbn=0-415-94017-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Reed|first=Walt|title=The Illustrator in America 1860–2000|year=2001|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|location=New York|isbn=0-8230-2523-3}} == Njikọ mpụga == * jamesgurney.com, Gurney's official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7r461uw5dhhdyy8raekuh5js5yba523 0 49382 697886 406707 2026-08-10T10:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Battery_hens_-Bastos,_Sao_Paulo,_Brazil-31March2007.jpg|thumb|Ebe nchekwa ụlọ maka ọkụkọ <ref name="Appleby et al. 1992">{{Cite book|title=Poultry Production Systems: Behaviour, Management and Welfare|author=Appleby, M.C.|publisher=CAB International|year=1992}}</ref>]]   Ịzụ anụ ọkụkọ bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ nke na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ dị ka ọkụkọ, ọbọgwụ, [[Turkéy|turkey]] na geese iji mepụta anụ ma ọ bụ akwa maka nri. A na-akọ anụ ọkụkọ - nke ka ukwuu n'ọkụkọ - n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu. A na-egbu ihe karịrị ijeri ọkụkọ iri isii maka oriri kwa afọ. A na-akpọ ọkụkọ a zụlitere maka akwa dị ka oyi akwa, ebe a na-akpọ ọkụkọ a zụlitere maka anụ ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/chickens/|title=Compassion in World Farming – Poultry|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=October 3, 2018|quote=Chickens farmed for meat are called broiler chickens, whilst those farmed for eggs are called egg-laying hens.|archivedate=April 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063521/https://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/chickens/}}</ref> Na United States, nzukọ mba na-ahụ maka mmepụta ọkụkọ bụ Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Na UK, nzukọ mba ahụ bụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA). [[Usòrò:Poultry_farm,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Ugbo ọkụkọ na South Africa, na-egosi ala ojii n'ihu mgbe a chịkwara ọkụ iji kpalie uto ọhụrụ nke ahịhịa na-edozi ahụ]] == Ihe siri ike na ihe ọzọ == {{Pie chart|caption='''[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]] of [[bird]]s on [[Earth]]'''<ref>Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study "Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study"], [[The Guardian]], 21 May 2018 (page visited on 19 August 2018).</ref>|label1=[[Chicken]] and other poultry|value1=70|color1=yellow|label2=[[Wildlife|Wild]] [[bird]]s|value2=30|color2=green}}Dị ka World Watch Institute si kwuo, pasent 74 nke anụ ọkụkọ dị n'ụwa, na pasent 68 nke àkwá ka a na-emepụta nke ọma. Otu uzo ozo maka ugbo okuko siri ike bu oru ugbo n'efu site n'iji nju ahia di ala. Ndị na-emepụta anụ ọkụkọ na-ejikarị ọgwụ ndị obodo kwadoro, dị ka ọgwụ nje, na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, iji gwọọ ọrịa ma ọ bụ igbochi ọrịa. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ FDA kwadoro ka akwadokwara maka iji nri emelitere emelitere.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food-Animal Production Practices and Drug Use|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232573/|year=1999|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|accessdate=February 28, 2016}}</ref> == Nnụnụ ọkụkọ == Ụlọ ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọkụkọ bụ ụlọ ebe a na-echekwa ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ anụ ufe ndị ọzọ na nchekwa. Enwere ike inwe igbe akwụ na perch n'ime ụlọ ahụ. Enwere esemokwu ogologo oge maka mkpa bụ isi maka ụlọ ọkụkọ. Otu nkà ihe ọmụma, nke a maara dị ka "ụlọ akwụkwọ ikuku ọhụrụ" bụ na ọkụkọ na-esikarị ike mana enwere ike iweta ya site na njide, àgwà ikuku na-adịghị mma na ọchịchịrị, ya mere ọ dị mkpa maka ikuku ikuku ma ọ bụ oghere mepere emepe na ọnọdụ dị ka n'èzí. ọbụna n'oge oyi. Agbanyeghị, ndị ọzọ na-edobe ọkụkọ kwenyere na ha na-enwekarị ọrịa na ihu igwe dị n'èzí ma chọọ ebe a na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a ebutela ụdị ụlọ abụọ maka ọkụkọ: ụlọ ikuku ọhụrụ nwere oghere sara mbara na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ karịa waya waya n'etiti ọkụkọ na ihu igwe (ọbụlagodi na Northern winters), ma ọ bụ ụlọ mechiri emechi nwere ọnụ ụzọ, windo na oghere nke nwere ike mechie ọtụtụ ikuku..<ref>North and Bell, "Commercial Chicken Production Manual", 5th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990, p 189.</ref> == Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá == Ọkụkọ ọkụkọ nke azụmahịa na-amalitekarị ịtinye àkwá na izu 16-21, n'agbanyeghị na mmepụta nke nta nke nta na-agbada ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka izu iri abụọ na ise. Nke a pụtara na n'ọtụtụ mba, ka ọ na-erule ihe dị ka izu iri asaa na abụọ, a na-ewere ìgwè anụ ụlọ dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike akụ na ụba, a na-egbukwa ha mgbe ha nwechara ihe dị ka ọnwa 12, n'agbanyeghị na ọkụkọ ga-adị ndụ ruo afọ 6 ma ọ bụ karịa. Na mba ụfọdụ, a na-amanye ọkụkọ ka ọ na-agba ume ịtinye akwa.. A na-achịkwa ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpaghị aka na sistemụ ịkwa akwa. Dị ka ihe atụ, na oge nke ìhè na-adọ na ibido na-abawanye na-akpali mmalite nke egg-ịtọ na 16-20 izu nke afọ na mgbe ahụ na-eṅomi okpomọkụ ụbọchị ogologo nke na-akpali ọkụkọ na-anọgide na-ịtọ akwa n'afọ nile; na-emekarị, mmepụta akwa na-apụta nanị n'ime ọnwa okpomọkụ. Ụfọdụ ụdị ọkụkọ ndị a na-ere ahịa nwere ike ịmị ihe karịrị àkwá 300 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homesteadchores.com/best-egg-laying-chickens/|title=How to Select the Perfect Breed of Best Egg Laying Chickens|publisher=homesteadchores.com|accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> === Ịga n'ihu === [[Usòrò:Baby_Chicken_in_Ishawarganj,_Mymensingh,_Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Nwa ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na Ishwarganj Upazila, Mymensingh, Bangladesh]] [[Usòrò:Free_Range_Hens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342791.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ na-ere ahịa n'efu na Scottish Borders]] [[Usòrò:Freerangechickens.jpg|thumb|A na-enye ọkụkọ ndị a na-anọghị n'èzí nri]] [[Usòrò:Chicken_coop_situated_in_a_compound_house.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọkụkọ na Ghana]] Ịkpa anụ ọkụkọ n'efu na-enye ọkụkọ ohere ịgagharị n'efu ruo oge ụfọdụ n'ụbọchị, n'agbanyeghị na a na-anọkarị ha n'ụlọ awụsa n'abalị iji chebe ha pụọ ​​​​na ndị na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ na-edebe ha n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụrụ na ihu igwe dị njọ. Na UK, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) na-ekwu na ọkụkọ na-enweghị ohere ga-enwe ohere ịnweta ikuku na-emeghe n'oge ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara nke ndụ ya. N'adịghị ka ọ dị na United States, nkọwa a na-emetụtakwa ọkụkọ na-edina akwa n'efu. European Union na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ ịzụ ahịa maka ịkwa akwa akwa nke na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ kacha nta maka àkwá na-enweghị ohere na "ọkụkọ na-aga n'ihu n'ehihie iji na-agba ọsọ ikuku, ma e wezụga n'ihe gbasara mgbochi nwa oge nke ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike nyere". RSPCA "ụkpụrụ ọdịmma maka ịtọ ọkụkọ na pullets" na-egosi na ọnụego ngwaahịa agaghị agafe 1,000 nnụnụ kwa hectare (10 m2 kwa hen) nke nso dị na mpaghara kacha nta nke ndò / ebe nchekwa 8 m2 kwa 1,000 hens ga-enyerịrị. Ịkpa anụ n'efu nke ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá na-abawanye òkè ya n'ahịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ DEFRA na-egosi na 45% nke àkwá e mepụtara na UK n'afọ 2010 niile bụ n'efu, 5% e mepụtara n'usoro ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na 50% site na ụlọ. Nke a na-eji ya tụnyere 41% ịbụ n'efu na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=50% of UK eggs laid by free range hens|url=http://www.theranger.co.uk/news/50percent-of-UK-eggs-laid-by-free-range-hens_21575.html|work=The Ranger|accessdate=November 18, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404072548/http://www.theranger.co.uk/news/50percent-of-uk-eggs-laid-by-free-range-hens_21575.html|archivedate=April 4, 2016}}</ref> Ala kwesịrị ekwesị chọrọ mmiri zuru oke iji belata ikpuru na coccidial oocysts, nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị pụọ na ifufe, ikuku dị mma, ịnweta na nchebe pụọ na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha. Okpomọkụ, oyi ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere ike imerụ ụmụ anụmanụ na mmepụta ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deeb|first=N.|title=Genotype-by-environment interaction with broiler genotypes differing in growth rate. 4. Association between responses to heat stress and to cold-induced ascites.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_2002-10_81_10/page/1454|journal=Poultry Science|date=October 2002|volume=81|issue=10|pages=1454–1462|pmid=12412909|doi=10.1093/ps/81.10.1454}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nwere obere njikwa karịa ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ụlọ na nri ọkụkọ ha na-eri, nke nwere ike iduga na mmepụta ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya, ọ bụ ezie na nri mgbakwunye na-ebelata ejighị n'aka a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mapiye|first=C.|date=2008-11-03|title=A Research Review of Village Chicken Production Constraints and Opportunities in Zimbabwe|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1680–1688|doi=10.5713/ajas.2008.r.07|issn=1011-2367}}</ref> N'ugbo ụfọdụ, enwere ike iji nsị sitere na anụ ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mee ihe iji baara ihe ọkụkụ uru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken Feed: Grass-Fed Chickens & Pastured Poultry|url=http://www.lionsgrip.com/pastured.html|work=Lions Grip|accessdate=July 6, 2007}}</ref> Uru dị n'ịkụkọ anụ ọkụkọ n'efu maka ịtọ ọkụkọ gụnyere ohere maka akparamagwa eke dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, nri nri na mmega ahụ n'èzí..<ref name="ciwf.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/higher_welfare_alternatives.aspx|title=Compassion in World Farming – Poultry – Higher welfare alternatives|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041645/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/higher_welfare_alternatives.aspx|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Ma ọrụ ugbo siri ike na nke na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. Iri anụ mmadụ, nku nku na ikuku ikuku nwere ike bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, na-eme ka ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo jiri mkpụcha beak dị ka ihe mgbochi, n'agbanyeghị na ibelata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa ga-ewepụ nsogbu ndị a. Ọrịa nwere ike na-emekarị na ụmụ anụmanụ na-adịghị ike nke anụ. Achọpụtala sistemu Barn nwere ọdịmma nnụnụ kacha njọ. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, enweghị njikwa ọrịa na ọrụ ugbo efu ejikọtala na ntiwapụ nke influenza Avian.. ==== Ịgba ọsọ n'efu ==== Kama idebe ha n'ime ụlọ, ọkụkọ na-agba ọsọ n'efu na-agagharị n'ime ogige a kpọchiri akpọchi. Ụdị ụlọ a na-enyekwa uru maka ọkụkọ, gụnyere igbe akwukwo na oghere ndị na-adịkarị n'ala nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. Ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ụdị ụlọ a dị mma maka nnụnụ karịa usoro ụlọ ọ bụla, mana ọ nwekwara ọghọm ya. N'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ nke nnụnụ, ọkwa uzuzu na-arị elu na ogo ikuku na-ebelata. Mgbe ikuku na-ada, mmepụta na-ada ka nke a na-emebi ahụike na ọdịmma nke nnụnụ na ndị na-elekọta ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=David|first=B|title=Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems May Have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part I—Dust|journal=Animals|date=2015|volume=3|issue=5|pages=495–511|pmid=26479370|doi=10.3390/ani5030368}}</ref> ==== Organic ==== Na usoro organic na US, njikwa organic na-amalite site na nhọrọ nke anụ ụlọ ma kwesị ịmalite "ọ bụghị mgbe ụbọchị nke abụọ nke ndụ gasịrị".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tipsheet: Organic Poultry Production for Meat and Eggs|url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Organic%20Poultry%20Production%20for%20Meat%20and%20Eggs_FINAL.pdf|work=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Mmepụta anụ ọkụkọ na-achọ nlekọta anụ ahụ na nri na-edozi ahụ, nlekọta ahụike mgbochi, ọnọdụ ndụ, njikwa / nhazi, na idebe ihe.<ref name=":1" /> Ụkpụrụ nke Soil Association nke a na-eji eme ihe iji kwado ìgwè anụmanụ na UK, na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'èzí nke 1,000 nnụnụ kwa hekta na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke ọkụkọ 2,000 n'ụlọ ọkụkọ ọ bụla.<ref name="scribd1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/26906267/Soil-Association-Organic-Standards-for-Producers-2009|title=Soil Association Standards|accessdate=December 5, 2011}}</ref> Na UK, a naghị edozi nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá mgbe niile. === Ịrụ ụlọ === Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya na ọrụ ugbo n'efu, ịdding bụ n'ezie ụzọ dị iche iche nke a na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ na ebe a gbara ogige n'èzí mgbe a na-azụ anụ ọkụkọ. Ihe dị iche bụ na anụ ọkụkọ nwere onwe ya bụ nke enweghị mgbidi kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ ngere ahụ dị anya nke na ọ naghị enwe mmetụta na nnwere onwe imegharị ha. Yarding bụ usoro a na-ejikarị obere ugbo na North Eastern U.S. A na-ahapụ nnụnụ ndị a kwa ụbọchị site na ọnụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ coops. Ọkụkọ ọkụkọ na-edina àkwá n'ala ụlọ coop ma ọ bụ na nkata ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo nyere ya. Usoro ịzụ nwa nwere ike gbagwojuru anya ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya na oke ọkpa, ọkachasị n'ihi omume ike ha.. [[Usòrò:Yarding_poultry_farm_02.jpg|center|thumb|Ugbo ọkụkọ]] [[Usòrò:Poultry_Farm_in_Namakkal,_Tamil_Nadu.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ọkụkọ na-eji ụlọ batrị na India]] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụkọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba na-anọ n'ụlọ batrị, n'agbanyeghị na European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC amachibidoro ọnụ ụlọ batrị a na-emekarị na steeti EU malite na Jenụwarị 2012. N'ihe dị ka Eprel 1, 2017, ọ nweghị oghere batrị ọhụrụ nwere ike ime. a ga-etinye na Canada. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-agarịrị n'ebe obibi bara ụba ma ọ bụ jiri usoro na-enweghị ụlọ. N'afọ 2016, ndị na-akụ akwa nke Canada kwupụtara na ndị ọrụ ugbo akwa nke mba ahụ ga-esi na usoro ụlọ obibi ọkụkọ (ụlọ batrị) na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ 2036. Ndị a bụ obere oghere, nke a na-ejikarị ígwè eme ihe na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ, ụlọ. 3 ruo 8 nne. A na-eji ígwè siri ike ma ọ bụ ntupu rụọ mgbidi ahụ, a na-ejikwa eriri waya sịrị elu ala iji mee ka nsị dapụta na àkwá ga-abata na eriri na-ebu akwa. A na-enyekarị mmiri site n'usoro n'elu ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ, nri dị n'ime ebe a na-esi mmiri dị n'ihu ọnụ ụlọ a na-ejupụta n'oge oge site na usoro igwe. A na-ahazi ụlọ batrị n'ahịrị dị ogologo dị ka ọtụtụ ọkwa, na-enwekarị ụlọ azụ azụ (ya mere okwu ahụ). N'ime otu ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, enwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ okpukpu nwere ụlọ batrị nke pụtara na otu ụlọ nkwari akụ nwere ike ịnwe iri puku ọkụkọ. A na-ejikarị ike ọkụ dị ala (dịka 10 lux) iji belata ịta ábụ́bà na ịta ájá. Uru nke ụlọ batrị gụnyere nlekọta dị mfe maka nnụnụ, a na-ewepụ àkwá a na-etinye n'ala (nke dị oke ọnụ iji chịkọta), àkwá dị ọcha karị, a na'ozuzu, a na na-achọ obere nri iji mepụta àkwá, a na - ewepụ ụmụ ọkụkọ, enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ ọkụkọ n'ime ụlọ, a na a na-agwọkwa ihe ndị dị n'ime n'ime, a na ndị ọrụ na-achọ n'ozuzu ha. N'ugbo ndị na-eji ụlọ maka mmepụta àkwá, enwere nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ọ bụla; nke a na-enye ohere maka mmepụta ihe ka ukwuu na ọnụahịa nri dị ala. Oghere dị n'ala na-aga n'elu site na 300 cm² kwa ọkụkọ. &nbsp;Ụkpụrụ EU na ² chọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 550 cm2 kwa ọkụkọ. &nbsp;Na US, aro nke United Egg Producers na-atụ ugbu a bụ 67 ruo 86 in² (430 ruo 560 cm²) kwa nnụnụ. &nbsp;A na-akọwakarị ohere dị maka ọkụkọ batrị dị ka ihe na-erughị nha nke akwụkwọ A4 (6² cm2). <ref name="washington post 2003">{{Cite news|title=Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable|work=Washington Post|date=September 3, 2003|url=http://www.cok.net/feat/article-wp.php|accessdate=July 30, 2009}}</ref> &nbsp;Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma anụmanụ akatọwo ụlọ batrị n'ihi na ha anaghị enye ọkụkọ ohere zuru ezu iji guzoro, gaa ije, kụọ nku ha, ma ọ bụ mee akwụ́, a na-ewerekwa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọkụkọ na-ata ahụhụ site na ike ọgwụgwụ na nkụda mmụọ site n'enweghị ike ime omume ndị a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Appleby|first=M.C.|year=2004|title=Poultry Behaviour and Welfare|publisher=CABI Publishing|location=Wallingford and Cambridge MA|isbn=978-0-85199-667-7}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ọtụtụ Omume na-adịghị mma, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emerụ ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ cagemates ha. === Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ===   N'afọ 1999, European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC <ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu">{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:203:0053:0057:EN:PDF|title=European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC|accessdate=November 15, 2011}}</ref> machibidoro ụlọ batrị maka ịtụrụ ọkụkọ na European Union site na Jenụwarị 1, 2012; a machibidoro ha iwu na mba ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[Switzerland]]. N'ịzaghachi mmachibido iwu ndị a, mmepe nke usoro ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ malitere na 1980s. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ 'enriched' ma ọ bụ 'modified' ụlọ nkwakọwa ihe, bụ ụlọ nkwakọrọ maka nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá nke e mere iji kwe ka nne ọkụkọ rụọ "omume okike" ha ka ha na-ejigide uru akụ na ụba na nke ịkpa anụ, yana inye ụfọdụ uru ọdịmma nke usoro ndị na-abụghị ụlọ. E webatara ọtụtụ ihe ndị e mere n'ụlọ ndị e ji ụlọ rụọ n'ihi na nyocha na sayensị ọdịmma anụmanụ egosila na ha bara uru maka ọkụkọ. Na UK, DEFRA "Code for the Welfare of Laying Hens" na-ekwu na ụlọ ndị e nyere ụlọ kwesịrị inye ọ dịkarịa ala 750 cm² nke ebe ụlọ maka ọkụkọ ọ bụla, 600 cm² nke kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe; ịdị elu nke ụlọ ahụ ma e wezụga nke ahụ n'elu ebe a ga-eji mee ihe kwesịrị ịbụ ọ dịkarịrị ² cm n'ebe ọ bụla ma ọ dịghị ụlọ kwesịrị inwe ngụkọta nke na-erughị 2000 cm2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb7274-laying-hens-020717.pdf|title=Defra Code For The Welfare Of Laying Hens|accessdate=December 5, 2011}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ndị a na-etinye n'ụlọ kwesịrị inye akwụ́, ihe mkpofu nke ga-eme ka ịta na ịta ahụ nwee ike, ebe kwesịrị ekwesị na-enye ohere ọ dịkarịa ala 15 cm kwa ọkụkọ, ngwaọrụ na-eme ka mbọ dị mkpirikpi, na ebe a na-eri nri nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'enweghị mgbochi na-enye 12 cm kwa ọkụ. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (Enriched) na-enye ọkụkọ ohere karịa ụlọ nkwakọwa batrị nkịtị, ka nnụnụ ọ bụla wee gbasaa nku ha n'emetụghị ibe ha aka ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ. A na-enyekwa enrichment dị ka igbe akwukwo, perches, na ebe ịsa ahụ uzuzu ka nnụnụ wee nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ha dị ka akwukwo akwukwo dị ka a ga-asị na ha nọ n'èzí. Ịbawanye ọgaranya n'ịtọ ụlọ ọkụkọ na-emecha mee ka ọkpụkpụ dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tactacan|first=G.B.|title=Performance and welfare of laying hens in conventional and enriched cages|journal=Poultry Science|date=April 2009|volume=88|issue=4|pages=698–707|doi=10.3382/ps.2008-00369|pmid=19276411}}</ref> Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ n'ime ọkụkọ site na ohere ọzọ na enrichment nyere na usoro ụlọ. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ụlọ bara ọgaranya nwere uru ya dị ka mbelata ime ihe ike megide ibe ha na àkwá dị ọcha, ụdị àkwá nke oge a na-enwekarị ọrịa osteoporosis nke na-eme ka usoro ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ ghara ịdị ike. N'oge mmepụta àkwá, a na-ebufe calcium buru ibu site na ọkpụkpụ iji mepụta mkpokoro àkwá. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkwa calcium nri zuru ezu, ịmịkọrọ calcium nri ezughị mgbe niile, nyere ike nke mmepụta, iji mejupụta calcium ọkpụkpụ zuru oke. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmụba nke ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji, ọkachasị mgbe a na-ewepụ ọkụkọ n'ụlọ na njedebe nke ịtụrụ. Osteoporosis nwere ike igbochi site na usoro ụlọ na-enweghị ụlọ, dịka ha gosipụtara na ha nwere mmetụta bara uru na usoro ọkpụkpụ nke ọkụkọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na usoro ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prafulla|first=R|title=Influence of housing systems on bone properties of laying hens|journal=ProQuest Dissertations and Theses|date=2015}}</ref> Mba ndị dị ka [[Austria]], [[Belgium]] ma ọ bụ Germany na-eme atụmatụ ịmachibido ụlọ ndị a na-etinye n'ụlọ ruo n'afọ 2025 na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ndị a machibidoro iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/other_comments/1046687/battery_egg_hens_still_face_hell_as_enriched_cages_phased_in.html|title=Ecologist, September 2011|accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref> == Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-emepụta anụ - usoro ịzụ anụ ==   [[Usòrò:Florida_chicken_house.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ere nri n'ụlọ mmepụta]] === Ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime ụlọ === A na-azụkarị anụ ọkụkọ, nke a na-akpọkarị broilers, n'ala dị ka ịkpụcha osisi, mkpokoro ahụekere, na mkpokoro osikapa, n'ime ụlọ n'ụlọ na-achịkwa ihu igwe. N'okpuru usoro ọrụ ugbo nke oge a, anụ ọkụkọ a zụlitere n'ime ụlọ na-eru arọ igbu egbu na izu 5 ruo 9, ebe ọ bụ na a zụpụtara ha iji mee ya. N'izu mbụ nke ndụ broiler, ọ nwere ike itolite ruo pasent 300 nke ogo ahụ ya. Onye na-ere nri nke dị izu itoolu na-ebu ihe karịrị kilogram anọ n'ịdị arọ. &nbsp;Na izu itoolu, ọkụkọ ga-adị ihe dị ka pound 7 (3.2 kilogram) na ọkụkọ ga na-adị ihe dịka pound 12 (5.5 kilogram), na-enwe nkezi pound itoolu (4 kilogram).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A naghị azụlite ndị na-agba ịnyịnya n'ime ụlọ. A na-azụlite ha n'ime nnukwu ụlọ mepere emepe a maara dị ka ụlọ na-eto eto. Onye ọrụ ugbo na-anata nnụnụ site na ebe a na-amụ ụmụ mgbe ọ dị otu ụbọchị. Uto na-agụnye izu 5 ruo 9 dabere na oke osisi na-egbu egbu chọrọ ka ọkụkọ bụrụ. A na-etinye ụlọ ndị a na usoro igwe iji nye nnụnụ nri na mmiri. Ha nwere usoro ikuku na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọ dị mkpa. A na-ekpuchi ala ụlọ ahụ na ihe ndina nke nwere ụyọkọ osisi, osikapa, ma ọ bụ mkpokoro ahụekere. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịzụlite ha n'elu ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ compost. N'ihi na ihe ndina kpọrọ nkụ na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe ahụike ìgwè atụrụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị a na-ere n'ime ala nwere usoro ịgba mmiri ("ndị na-aṅụ mmiri") nke na-ebelata nsị.<ref name="NCC Ani Welfare f Broiler Chickens">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/industry-issues/animal-welfare-for-broiler-chickens/|title=Animal Welfare For Broiler Chickens|publisher=National Chicken Council|accessdate=June 21, 2012|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712080042/http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/industry-issues/animal-welfare-for-broiler-chickens/}}</ref> Idebe nnụnụ n'ime ụlọ na-echebe ha pụọ n'aka ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka hawks na foxes. A na-eji mgbidi ákwà mgbochi eme ụlọ ụfọdụ, nke a pụrụ ịfụkọta na ihu igwe dị mma iji nabata ìhè na ikuku dị ọcha. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị e wuru n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nwere "mkpịsị ikuku," nke otu ndị na-akwado ya na-adọta ikuku dị ọcha n'ụlọ ahụ.<ref name="NCC Ani Welfare f Broiler Chickens"/> Dị ka omenala si dị, ìgwè anụmanụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ihe dị ka nnụnụ 20,000 n'ụlọ na-acha odo odo nke dị mita 400 / 500 n'ogologo na mita 40 / 50 n'obosara, si otú a na-enye ihe dị ka ụzọ asatọ n'ụzọ iri nke square ụkwụ kwa nnụnụ. Kansụl maka Sayensị na Teknụzụ Ọrụ Ugbo (CAST) na-ekwu na ohere kacha nta bụ ọkara square ụkwụ kwa nnụnụ. Ụlọ ndị ọzọ nke oge a na-abụkarị ndị buru ibu ma nwee ọtụtụ nnụnụ, mana ohere ala ka na-egbo mkpa nnụnụ. Ka nnụnụ ahụ na-etolite, a na-etinye ụmụ ọkụkọ ole na ole n'ụlọ ọ bụla, iji nye nnụnụ buru ibu ohere ka ukwuu kwa square ụkwụ.<ref name="NCC Ani Welfare f Broiler Chickens"/> N'ihi na ndị na-eto eto na-etolitebeghị, ha na-egosipụta obere omume ime ihe ike.<ref name="NCC Ani Welfare f Broiler Chickens"/> Nri ọkụkọ na-agụnye ọka na nri soybean na mgbakwunye nke vitamin na mineral dị mkpa. Enweghị homonụ ma ọ bụ steroid a na-ekwe ka ọ zụlite ọkụkọ.<ref name="NCC Ani Welfare f Broiler Chickens"/><ref name="USP&A FAQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uspoultry.org/faq/faq.cfm|title=Poultry Industry Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=U.S. Poultry & Egg Association|accessdate=June 21, 2012}}</ref> ==== Nsogbu na ịkpa anụ n'ime ụlọ ==== N'ime nnukwu ebe a na-etinye ihe n'ime mmiri, ikuku nwere ike imerụ ammonia site na nsị. N'ọnọdụ a, onye ọrụ ugbo ga-agba ọsọ karịa ndị na-akwado ya iji weta ikuku dị ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, nke a nwere ike imebi anya ọkụkọ na usoro iku ume ma nwee ike ịkpata ọkụ na-egbu mgbu na ụkwụ ha (nke a na-akpọ ọkụ ọkụ) yana blisters na ụkwụ ha. Ndị na-eto eto maka uto ngwa ngwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nkwarụ ụkwụ na-etolite n'ihi na nnukwu uru ahụ ara ha na-akpata mgbagwoju anya na ụkwụ na pelvis na-eto ngwa ngwa, na-eduga na ha na-enwekarị ike ịkwado ịdị arọ ahụ ha. N'ọnọdụ ebe ọkụkọ na-enwe nkwarụ ma ghara ịga ije, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-abanye ma wepụ ha. N'ihi ihe isi ike ha na-agagharị, ọkụkọ ahụ enweghị ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ha iji zere okpomọkụ, oyi, ma ọ bụ unyi dịka ha ga-eme n'ọnọdụ okike. Ibu a gbakwunyere na oke mmadụ na-etinye nsogbu n'obi ha na akpa ume ha, nke nwere ike iduga na Ascites. Na UK, ihe ruru nde iri na itoolu na-anwụ n'ụlọ ha site na nkụchi obi kwa afọ. N'oké okpomọkụ, ọ bụrụ na ike agwụ agwụ aghụghọ, ọkụkọ 20,000 nwere ike ịnwụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi. N'ime ezigbo uto, onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ire n'etiti 92% na 96% nke ìgwè atụrụ ha, na 1.80 na 2.0 nri ntụgharị. Mgbe ọ zụchara nnụnụ ahụ, onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ ga-ehicha ma kwadebe maka ìgwè atụrụ ọzọ. Onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị [[Iba|ịba]] ụba 4 ruo 5 n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/welfare_issues.aspx|title=Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens – Welfare issues|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062150/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/welfare_issues.aspx|archivedate=October 23, 2013}}</ref> ==== Ime ụlọ nwere ọdịmma dị elu ==== N'ime usoro "ọdịmma dị elu", a na-edebe ọkụkọ n'ime ụlọ mana enwere ohere ka ukwuu (ihe dị ka nnụnụ 14 ruo 16 kwa square mita). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Milella|first=Annalisa|date=2008-03-07|title=RFID-assisted mobile robot system for mapping and surveillance of indoor environments|journal=Industrial Robot|volume=35|issue=2|pages=143–152|doi=10.1108/01439910810854638|issn=0143-991X}}</ref> Ha nwere gburugburu ebe obibi bara ọgaranya dịka ọmụmaatụ na ọkụ okike ma ọ bụ ụgbụ ahịhịa nke na-agba ume ịchọ nri na ịnọ. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na-adịru izu abụọ karịa nnụnụ a na-azụ nke ọma. Uru nke usoro ọdịmma dị elu n'ime ụlọ bụ mbelata uto, obere mkpakọ na ohere maka omume okike.<ref name="ciwf.org.uk"/>Otu ihe atụ nke mmepụta ime ụlọ na mmepụta ọdịmma dị elu bụ ọkọlọtọ Better Chicken Commitment.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davies|first=Jake|url=https://poultry.network/3537-the-cost-and-returns-of-slower-growing-broilers/|title=The cost and returns of slower-growing broilers : Poultry Network|publisher=Poultry.network|date=2020-05-13|accessdate=2022-03-18}}</ref> === Ndị na-ere nri n'efu === [[Usòrò:Turkeys_on_pasture_at_an_organic_farm.jpg|thumb|Turkeys na-ata ahịhịa n'ugbo]] A na-azụlite ndị na-agba ọsọ n'efu n'okpuru ọnọdụ yiri nke ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá n'efu. Ụdị ndị ahụ na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ndị a na-eji maka ịzụlite n'ime ụlọ ma na-erute ibu igbu egbu n'ihe dị ka izu 8. Na EU, ọkụkọ ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị otu square mita nke ohere n'èzí.<ref name="ciwf.org.uk"/> Uru nke ịzụ anụ ọkụkọ n'efu gụnyere ohere maka omume okike dị ka ịta, ịta, ịchọ nri na mmega ahụ n'èzí. N'ihi na ha na-eji nwayọọ ma nwee ohere maka mmega ahụ, ndị na-agba ọsọ na-enwekarị ahụike ụkwụ na obi ka mma.<ref name="ciwf.org.uk" /> === Ihe ndị e ji esi nri === A na-azụlite ọkụkọ ndị na-eri anụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ yiri nke ndị na-ere anụ n'efu mana na-enwe ihe mgbochi na ojiji a na-eri ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị dị na mmiri, ihe mgbakwunye nri ndị ọzọ na amino acid. Ụdị ndị a na-eji nwayọọ na-eto, ụdị ọdịnala ndị ọzọ ma na-eru oke igbu egbu n'ihe dị ka izu 12.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/default.aspx|title=Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041623/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/meat_chickens/default.aspx|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Ha nwere ohere buru ibu n'èzí (ọ dịkarịa ala square mita 2 na mgbe ụfọdụ ruo square mita 10 kwa nnụnụ). <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/egg_laying_hens/default.aspx|title=Compassion in World Farming – Egg laying hens|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041331/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry/egg_laying_hens/default.aspx|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ nke Soil Association na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'èzí nke nnụnụ 2,500 kwa hekta na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke 1,000 broilers kwa ụlọ ọkụkọ.<ref name="scribd1"/> == Nsogbu == === Mmeso obi ọjọọ === [[Usòrò:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ batrị]] [[Usòrò:Nugget_Truck.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ ọkụkọ e ji gwongworo buru]] Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma anụmanụ akatọwo ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ ugboro ugboro maka itinye aka n'omume ha na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụ omume obi ọjọọ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na-emegide igbu ọkụkọ maka nri, "ọnọdụ ugbo" nke a na-azụlite ha, ụzọ njem, na igbu ọchụ. Animal Outlook (nke bụbu Compassion Over Killing) na ìgwè ndị ọzọ emeela nyocha nzuzo ugboro ugboro na ugbo ọkụkọ na ebe a na-egbu anụ nke ha na-ekwu na ọ na-akwado nkwupụta obi ọjọọ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/u-cok.asp|title=Undercover Investigations :: Compassion Over Killing Investigation|publisher=Kentucky Fried Cruelty|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213133546/http://www.kentuckyfriedcruelty.com/u-cok.asp|archivedate=February 13, 2012}}</ref> Omume a na-emekarị n'etiti ebe a na-amụ ụmụ ọkụkọ bụ igbu ụmụ ọkụkọ ọhụrụ ebe ọ bụ na ha anaghị amụ nwa ma ha anaghị eto ngwa ngwa iji baa uru maka anụ. E nwere atụmatụ iji mebie àkwá tupu a mụọ ụmụ ọkụkọ, site na iji mkpebi mmekọahụ "in-ovo".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brulliard|first=Karin|title=Egg producers pledge to stop grinding newborn male chickens to death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/06/10/egg-producers-say-theyll-stop-grinding-male-chicks-as-soon-as-theyre-born/|accessdate=12 June 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=10 June 2016}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ọkụkọ atụ egwu tupu e gbuo ya site na iji carbon dioxide ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na mmiri. Ụzọ ndị ọzọ a ga-eji mee ihe bụ nrụgide ikuku dị ala na inert gas asphyxiation.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Andy Coghlan|title=A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval|journal=New Scientist|date=Feb 3, 2018|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2159895-a-more-humane-way-of-slaughtering-chickens-might-get-eu-approval}}</ref> === Ịkpụcha ọnụ === A na-eme ka nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá na 1 ụbọchị iji belata mmetụta na-emebi ihe nke ime ihe ike, ịta ábụ́bà na iri mmadụ. Nnyocha sayensị egosila na ịkpụ ọnụ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu siri ike na nke na-adịghị ala ala.<ref name="Breward, (1984)">Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56</ref><ref name="Gentle, (1992)">{{Cite journal|author=Gentle|first=M.J.|year=1992|title=Pain in birds|journal=Animal Welfare|volume=1|issue=4|pages=235–247|doi=10.1017/S0962728600015189}}</ref><ref name="Gentle et al., (1982)">{{Cite journal|author=Gentle|first=M.J.|year=1982|title=The effect of beak-trimming on food-intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens|journal=Applied Animal Ethology|volume=8|issue=1–2|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/0304-3762(82)90140-7}}</ref><ref name="Duncan et al., (1989)">{{Cite journal|author=Duncan|first=I.J.H.|year=1989|title=Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=30|issue=3|pages=479–488|doi=10.1080/00071668908417172|pmid=2684349}}</ref><ref name="Gentle et al., (1991)">{{Cite journal|author=Gentle|first=M.J.|year=1991|title=The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuroscience-letters_1991-07-08_128_1/page/113|journal=Neuroscience Letters|volume=128|issue=1|pages=113–116|doi=10.1016/0304-3940(91)90772-l|pmid=1922938}}</ref><ref name="Gentle et al., (1997)">{{Cite journal|author=Gentle|first=M.J.|year=1997|title=Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak trimming methods in 1- and 10-d-old domestic chicks|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=38|issue=5|pages=453–463|doi=10.1080/00071669708418022|pmid=9510987}}</ref> Nnukwu ịkpụ ọnụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpụ ọnụ nnụnụ n'oge agadi, nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala. N'ịgbaso mkpụmkpụ ọnụ nke nne ọkụkọ toro eto ma ọ bụ okenye, nociceptors dị n'ọnụ na-egosi usoro na-adịghị mma nke nkwụsị akwara, na-egosi ihe mgbu dị egwu. <ref name="Breward, (1984)" /> <ref name="Breward, (1985)">Breward, J., (1985). ''An Electrophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Beak Trimming in the Domestic Fowl (''Gallus gallus domesticus'')''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh.</ref><ref name="Gentle,">Gentle, M.J., (1986). Beak trimming in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal', 42: 268–275</ref><ref name="Breward and Gentle, (1985)">{{Cite journal|author=Breward|first=L.|year=1985|title=Neuroma formation and abnormal afferent nerve discharges after partial break amputation (beak trimming) in poultry|journal=Experientia|volume=41|issue=9|pages=1132–1134|doi=10.1007/BF01951693|pmid=4043320}}</ref> Neuromas, ụyọkọ ụyọkọ nke ụyọkọ axon na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, <ref name="Devor and Rappaport, (1990)">Devor, M. and Rappaport, Z.H., (1990). ''Pain Syndromes in Neurology''., edited by H.L. Fields, Butterworths, London, p.&nbsp;47.</ref> a na-ahụ na ogwe ọnụ nnụnụ a gwọrọ na izu 5 ma ọ bụ karịa na nnụnụ ndị a gwọrọ nke ukwuu. <ref name="Lunam et al., (1996)">{{Cite journal|author=Lunam|first=C.A.|year=1996|title=The absence of neuromas in beaks of adult hens after conservative trimming at hatch|journal=Australian Veterinary Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=46–49|doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb13734.x|pmid=8894005}}</ref> A na-ejikọta neuromas na ihe mgbu na-adịghị mma n'ime mmadụ ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ya mere ejikọta ya na ihe mgbochi na-adịghị ala ala n'ime nnụnụ ndị a na-akpụ ọnụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịkpụ ọnụ dị njọ n'ihi usoro na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ mee ya na nnụnụ ndị toro eto, neuromas ga-anọgide na-egosi na nnụisi ndị toro eto a na-akpụ ọnụ na-enwe Ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala, ọ bụ ezie na arụrịta ụka banyere nke a.<ref name="Kuenzel, (2007)">{{Cite journal|author=Kuenzel|first=W.J.|year=2001|title=Neurobiological basis of sensory perception: welfare implications of beak trimming|doi=10.1093/ps/86.6.1273|pmid=17495105|journal=Poultry Science|volume=86|issue=6|pages=1273–1282}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị a na-akpụchasị ọnụ na-ebu ụzọ na-ata obere karịa ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị na-akpịghị akpụ, nke onye na-ahụ maka omume anụmanụ Temple Grandin na-ekwu na ọ na-echebe onwe ya pụọ na ihe mgbu.<ref name="grandin183">{{Cite book|title=Animals in Translation|author=Grandin|first=Temple|authorlink=Temple Grandin|year=2005|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7432-4769-6|url=https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/183}}</ref> Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ, Peter Singer, na-azọrọ na usoro a dị njọ n'ihi na ọnụ dị nro, ụfọdụ na-ewere omume a na-emekarị nke ịkpụ ha n'enweghị anesthesia dị ka omume obi ọjọọ.<ref name="singer176">{{Cite book|title=In Defense of Animals|author=Singer|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Singer|year=2006|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-1941-2}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ na-ekwu na igbu ọnụ anaghị egbu mgbu ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu ete usoro ahụ na-akpata ihe mgbu na obi erughị ala, ma na-ebelata ikike iri nri ma ọ bụ ịṅụ mmanya. <ref name="singer176" /> <ref name="washington post 2005">{{Cite news|title=Advocates Challenge Humane-Care Label on Md. Eggs|work=Washington Post|date=September 19, 2005|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/18/AR2005091801449_pf.html|accessdate=July 30, 2009|first=Nelson|author=Hernandez}}</ref><ref name="washington post 2001">{{Cite news|title=Md. Egg Farm Accused of Cruelty|work=Washington Post|date=June 6, 2001|url=http://www.isecruelty.com/article.php|accessdate=July 30, 2009}}</ref> === Ọgwụ mgbochi nje === A na-eji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ịkpa ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ ebe kemgbe 1951, mgbe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kwadoro iji ha eme ihe. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na ọkụkọ na-enye ọgwụ nje na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ndị na-achịkwa.<ref>Ogle, Maureen. [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/riots-rage-and-resistance-a-brief-history-of-how-antibiotics-arrived-on-the-farm/ "Riots, Rage, and Resistance: A Brief History of How Antibiotics Arrived on the Farm"]. Scientific American. Sep 3, 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá ndị ọzọ ma nwee ọnwụ dị ala na obere ọrịa. N'elu nchọpụta a, ndị ọrụ ugbo gbanwere site na protein anụmanụ dị oke ọnụ gaa na ọgwụ nje dị ọnụ ala na B12. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eruzi ibu ahịa ha n'ụzọ dị ngwa na ọnụahịa dị ala. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na ọchịchọ ka ukwuu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, ọgwụ nje yiri ka ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala iji mụbaa mmepụta nke ọkụkọ. Kemgbe nchọpụta a, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ nje eme ihe na mmepụta ọkụkọ, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ọ bụ isiokwu arụmụka nke abụọ na egwu nke nje bacteria na-eguzogide.<ref>Roth, Natalia. [http://www.wattagnet.com/articles/27602-how-to-reduce-antibiotic-resistance-on-poultry-farms "How to reduce antibiotic resistance on poultry farms."] July 27, 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> === Arsenic === Nri ọkụkọ nwere ike ịgụnye roxarsone ma ọ bụ nitarsone, ọgwụ arsenical antimicrobial nke na-akwalite uto. Roxarsone jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mbido broiler site na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị na-akụ broiler n'etiti 1995 na 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Broad View of Arsenic|url=http://ps.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/1/2|year=2007|volume=86|pages=2–14|journal=Poultry Science|first=F. T.|author=Jones|pmid=17179408|issue=1|doi=10.1093/ps/86.1.2}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị ahụ akpatawo esemokwu n'ihi na o nwere arsenic, nke na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike ibufe arsenic a site na ịgba ọsọ site na ogige ọkụkọ. Nnyocha nke afọ 2004 nke magazin US Consumer Reports kọrọ na "enweghị arsenic a na-achọpụta na samples nke uru ahụ anyị" mana chọpụtara na "A ole na ole n'ime samples ọkụkọ anyị nwere ego nke dịka ụkpụrụ EPA si dị nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nke akwara n'ime nwatakịrị na-eri 2 ounces nke imeju e siri esi kwa izu ma ọ bụ n'ime okenye na-eri 5.5 ounces kwa izu. "The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Otú ọ dị, bụ, bụ nzukọ na-ahụ maka ịchịkwa nri na America, na ihe niile a nwalere "karịa ala karịa... a kwadoro". [[Usòrò:Roxarsone.png|thumb|164x164px|Roxarsone, ihe arsenic na-ese okwu nke a na-eji dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ maka ọkụkọ.]] === Hormone na-eto eto === Ojiji nke hormone na mmepụta ọkụkọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na United States. <ref name="USP&A FAQ"/> <ref>[https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm110712.htm "The Use Of Steroid Hormones For Growth Promotion In Food-Producing Animals"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/fact_sheets/chicken_from_farm_to_table/index.asp#6|title=Chicken from Farm to Table &#124; USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service|publisher=Fsis.usda.gov|date=April 6, 2011|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903125813/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/fact_sheets/chicken_from_farm_to_table/index.asp#6|archivedate=September 3, 2011}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, ọ dịghị anụ ọkụkọ maka ire ere na Australia a na-enye homonụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/landline/stories/s543233.htm|title=Landline – 5/05/2002: Challenging food safety myths|work=Australian Broadcasting Corp|publisher=Abc.net.au|date=May 5, 2002|accessdate=August 26, 2011}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha sayensị edekọla eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọkụkọ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi na a zụlitere ha ime otú ahụ, ọ bụghị n'ihi homonụ na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets|journal=Poult. Sci.|volume=82|issue=10|pages=1509–18|date=October 2003|pmid=14601726|url=http://ps.fass.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14601726|doi=10.1093/ps/82.10.1509}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Carcass composition and yield of 1991 vs 1957 broilers when fed "typical" 1957 and 1991 broiler diets|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1994-12_73_12/page/1795|journal=Poult. Sci.|volume=73|issue=12|pages=1795–804|date=December 1994|pmid=7877935|doi=10.3382/ps.0731795}}</ref> === ''Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo'' === Dị ka Consumer Reports si kwuo, "nde 1.1 ma ọ bụ karịa ndị America [na-arịa] ọrịa kwa afọ site na ọkụkọ na-adịghị esi nri, nke na-adịghị mma. " Nnyocha USDA chọpụtara E. coli (Biotype I) na 99% nke ọkụkọ supermarket, nsonaazụ nke igbu ọkụkọ abụghị usoro na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ. <ref name="USDApdf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/baseline/broiler1.pdf|title=Nationwide Broiler Chicken Microbiological Baseline Data Collection Program July 1994 – June 1995|accessdate=November 6, 2012|archivedate=November 30, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130140830/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/baseline/broiler1.pdf}}</ref>[are] Otú ọ dị, otu nnyocha ahụ na-egosikwa na ụdị E. coli a chọtara bụ mgbe niile ụdị na-adịghị egbu egbu, ọ dịghịkwa ọkụkọ nwere ọ bụla n'ime patenogenic O157:H7 serotype.<ref name="USDApdf" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụkọ ndị a, kwa, nwere ọkwa dị ala nke mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/Baseline_Data_Young_Chicken.pdf|title=Revised Young Chicken Baseline|accessdate=August 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625141127/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/Baseline_Data_Young_Chicken.pdf|archivedate=June 25, 2012}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ahụ na-esi n'ozu ahụ na-agbapụta ruo mgbe evisceration stage, na eviscerations stage n'onwe ya na-enye ohere maka ime ozu ahụ ịnata nje bacteria nke eriri afọ. (Akpụkpọ ahụ nke ozu ahụ na-emekwa nke ọma, mana akpụkpọ ahụ na-egosi ihe mgbochi ka mma maka nje bacteria ma na-eru okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge isi nri.) Tupu 1950, nke a nwere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịghara ịkpụ ozu ahụ n'oge igbu ọchụ, na-eme ka nke a dị ngwa ruo mgbe a na-ere ya ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ. Nke a nyere nje bacteria eriri afọ ohere dị ala iji biri n'anụ a na-eri eri. Mmepe nke "ihe na-esi nri dị njikere" n'afọ ndị 1950 gbakwunyere ịdị mfe mgbe ọ na-ewebata ihe ize ndụ, n'okpuru echiche na friji site na njedebe ruo na njedebe na isi nri zuru oke ga-enye nchebe zuru oke. Enwere ike igbu E. coli site na oge nri kwesịrị ekwesị, mana a ka nwere ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ metụtara ya, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile na ọkụkọ a na-azụ ahịa na-enye ụfọdụ nsogbu. A tụwo aro irradiation dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka anụ ọkụkọ ghara ịdị ọcha mgbe e gbusịrị ya. Nje bacteria aerobic a hụrụ n'ụlọ ọkụkọ nwere ike ịgụnye ọ bụghị naanị E. coli, kamakwa ''Staphylococcus'', ''Pseudomona'', ''Micrococcus'' na ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike inye aka na uzuzu nke na-akpatakarị nsogbu na usoro iku ume nke ọkụkọ na ụmụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nje bacteria na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ọkụkọ ruru ọkwa dị elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata afọ ọsịsa nje bacteria nke nwere ike ibute nsị ọbara ma ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria ahụ gbasara site na eriri afọ mebiri emebi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poultry Dipslides Tests|url=http://dip-slides.com/farmingpoultry/32-poultry-dipslides-tests-box-of-10.html|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> ''Salmonella'' nwekwara ike ịbụ nrụgide na mmepụta ọkụkọ. A na-enyocha otú o si akpata ọrịa n'ụzọ zuru ezu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yashroy|first=Rakesh|title=Poultry production under Salmonella stress: Infection mechanisms|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233427248|work=Research Gate|accessdate=November 18, 2014}}</ref> === Influenza nnụnụ === Enwekwara ihe ize ndụ na ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ jupụtara n'ugbo ọkụkọ ga-eme ka influenza avian (ụmụ nnụnụ) gbasaa ngwa ngwa. Otu nkwupụta mgbasa ozi nke United Nations na-ekwu, sị: "Gọọmentị, ndị ọchịchị obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa kwesịrị iwere ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịlụso ọrụ nke ọrụ ugbo, azụmahịa na ọkụkọ dị ndụ, na ahịa anụ ọhịa nke na-enye ọnọdụ dị mma maka nje ahụ ịgbasa ma gbanwee n'ụdị dị ize ndụ karị..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=16342&Cr=bird&Cr1=flu|title=UN task forces battle misconceptions of avian flu, mount Indonesian campaign|date=October 24, 2005|publisher=UN News Center|accessdate=July 24, 2009}}</ref> === Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ === Ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dermatitis dị ịrịba ama na ọkụkọ karịsịa gangrenous dermatitis. GD sitere na ''Clostridium septicum'', <nowiki><i id="mwAcs">Clostridium perfringens</i></nowiki> ụdị A, ''Clostridium sordellii'', ''Clostridium novyi'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Staphylococcus xylosus'', ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Pasteurella multocida'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Enterococcus faecalis'', ''Proteus'' spp., Bacillus spp., ''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae'', na <nowiki><i id="mwAeU">Gallibacterium anatis</i></nowiki> var. <nowiki><i id="mwAeY">haemolytica</i></nowiki>. Beemer et al. 1970 chọtara ''Rhodotorula [[Rhodotorula mucilaginosa|mucilaginosa]]'' na-akpata dermatitis na ọkụkọ ndị na-agbagwoju anya na GD.<ref name="Churria-et-al-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Gornatti-Churria|first=Carlos D.|title=Gangrenous dermatitis in chickens and turkeys|journal=[[Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation]]|volume=30|issue=2|date=2017-11-16|issn=1040-6387|doi=10.1177/1040638717742435|pages=188–196|pmid=29145799}}</ref> === Ịrụ nke ọma === Ịkpa ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nri protein dị elu nke sitere na soybeans; na European Union soybean na-achịkwa protein maka nri anụmanụ, <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e03.htm#bm03|title=Protein Sources For The Animal Feed Industry|publisher=Fao.org|date=May 3, 2002|accessdate=August 26, 2011}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ bụ onye kachasị eri nri dị otú ahụ. A ghaghị inye ọkụkọ kilogram abụọ nke ọka iji mepụta 1 kilogram nke ibu, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lester R. Brown|chapter=Chapter 8. Raising Land Productivity: Raising protein efficiency|chapterurl=http://www.earthpolicy.org/Books/PB/PBch8_ss4.htm|title=Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=NY|year=2003|isbn=978-0-393-05859-8|url=https://archive.org/details/planbrescuingpla00brow}}</ref> nke dị obere karịa nke achọrọ maka anụ ezì ma ọ bụ anụ ehi. <ref name="sm201206">{{Cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/How-the-Chicken-Conquered-the-World.html|title=How the Chicken Conquered the World|work=Smithsonian|date=June 2012|accessdate=April 19, 2015|author=Adler, Jerry}}</ref> &nbsp;Otú ọ dị, maka gram ọ bụla nke protein a na-eri, ọkụkọ na-emepụta naanị 0.33 g nke protein a ga-eri eri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tom Lovell|title=Nutrition and feeding of fish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nYaKaddKfkC&pg=PA9|year=1998|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-412-07701-2}}</ref> === Ihe ndị metụtara akụ na ụba === Mgbanwe na ọnụahịa ngwaahịa maka nri ọkụkọ nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem na ọnụahịa nke ịme azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịrị elu dị ịrịba ama na ọnụahịa ọka na United States nwere ike itinye nrụgide akụ na ụba dị ukwuu na nnukwu ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jonathan Starkey|date=April 9, 2011|accessdate=April 10, 2011|title=Delaware business: Chicken companies feeling pinch as corn prices soar|work=News Journal|publisher=Delaware Online|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110410/BUSINESS/104100342/-1/NLETTER01/Chicken-companies-feeling-pinch-as-corn-prices-soar}}</ref> === Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu, nsị === [[Usòrò:A_THREE_HUNDRED_DOZEN_EGG_MISUNDERSTANDING_ON_INTERSTATE_59,_FIFTY_MILES_NORTH_OF_BIRMINGHAM_-_NARA_-_545543.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Àkwá n'ala mgbe ihe mberede mere na Interstate 59 na Alabama, July 1972]] Mmepụta ọkụkọ chọrọ njikwa nsị mgbe niile, na n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, ọrụ mmepụta, ọkachasị ọrụ buru ibu, kwesịrị ịgbaso ụkpụrụ na nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. N'adịghị ka nsị anụ na-enye nwa ara, nsị na nsị na-apụta n'ụmụ ọkụkọ (na nnụnụ niile) dị ka nsị jikọtara ọnụ, nsonaazụ ya dịkwa mmiri ma dị elu na nitrogen. Enwere ike ịchịkwa ihe mkpofu mmiri, kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ site na njikọta ụfọdụ. A na-eji njikwa mmiri eme ihe karịsịa na ọrụ batrị, ebe a na-eji mmiri na-asọ asọ mgbe niile ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-egbochi ihe mkpofu. A na-ejikwa mmiri eme ihe iji hichaa ala gburugburu ebe a na-anọ eme akwụ́ ndị dị iche na oghere. Nchịkwa mmiri na-ezo aka karịsịa na Ihe mkpofu kpọrọ nkụ dị ka ntụ nke a na-ewepụ dị ka ọ dị mkpa. Mmiri kpọrọ nkụ nwekwara ike ịgụnye ebe ahịhịa na-amịkọrọ nsị site n'ala na ahịhịhịa dị ugbu a, mana ọ dị mkpa ka a nyochaa ya nke ọma ka ọ ghara imeri ikike ala ma mee ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agbada na nsogbu mmetọ ndị ọzọ. A na-eji mmiri na ihe mkpofu kpọrọ nkụ eme ihe dị ka fatịlaịza, mana mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ siri ike ibubata ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ógbè, ebe nke ikpeazụ dị mfe ikesa n'ọtụtụ na n'ime nkwakọ ngwaahịa azụmahịa. === Ọnwụ === Ọnwụ bụ ihe a na-atụle kwa ụbọchị maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ, a ghaghịkwa ịchụpụ ozu iji belata mgbasa nke ọrịa na mgbasa nke ụmụ ahụhụ. E nwere ụzọ dịgasị iche iche e si efunahụ ya, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ ili, composting, ọkụ ọkụ, na nsụgharị. Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi gbara nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndị a gburugburu na-emetụta mmetọ ihe oriri n'ime ala na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala - n'ihi nchegbu ndị a, n'ọtụtụ mba na US na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ na-egbochi omume nke ili ozu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/B%201244_4.PDF|title=Mortality Management Options for Georgia Poultry Growers|author=Ritz|first=Casey|date=August 2017|work=UGA Extension|accessdate=2024-07-07|archivedate=2024-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183633/https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/B%201244_4.PDF}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iwu ụlọ ọrụ nke ha maka composting, ma ọ bụ zụta ngwá ọrụ iji malite ọkụ ma ọ bụ nchekwa maka ntụgharị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1167343.pdf|title=Animal Mortality Disposal|date=January 2011|work=Natural Resources Conservation Service|accessdate=2024-07-07|archivedate=2022-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809111209/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1167343.pdf}}</ref> Composting na-enye ojiji dị nchebe na nke bara uru maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ebe njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ebe composting na-egbochi ísì na ọnụnọ nke ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/B%201266_4.PDF|title=Poultry Mortality Composting Management Guide|author=Ritz|first=Casey|date=November 2015|work=Extension UGA|accessdate=2024-07-07|archivedate=2022-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313071250/https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/B%201266_4.PDF}}</ref> Incineration na-enye usoro mkpofu ngwa ngwa, mana ọ na-eji ike mmanụ ma si otú a na-eweta ọnụahịa dịgasị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wastemgmt.ag.utk.edu/Pubs/poultryincineration.pdf|title=Using Incinerators for Poultry Mortality Management|author=Burns|first=Robert|date=2015|work=Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering}}</ref> Rendering nwere uru nke ijikwa ya na saịtị, na iji freezers nwere ike iwepụ mgbasa nke pathogens na nchekwa na-echere nnweta. Òtù gọọmentị, dị ka USDA, nwere ike inye ndị ọrụ ugbo enyemaka ego na-achọ ịmalite iji ihe ngwọta ọnwụ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://articles.extension.org/sites/default/files/clark%20Freezer%20Conservation%20Practice%20Fact%20Sheet-Landscape_v_Jan2017.pdf|title=Conservations Fact Sheet : Poultry Freezers|date=April 2016|work=Natural Resources Conservation Service|accessdate=2024-07-07|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005224/https://articles.extension.org/sites/default/files/clark%20Freezer%20Conservation%20Practice%20Fact%20Sheet-Landscape_v_Jan2017.pdf}}</ref> === Ịchụ nta === Na mmepụta nke North America, ndị na-eri ibe ha bụ:<ref name="Ohioline-2018">{{Cite web|title=Predators of Poultry|work=Ohioline [[Ohio State University]]|date=2018-12-20|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/vme-22|accessdate=2022-04-21}}</ref><ref name="Extension-predators">{{Cite web|title=Predator Management for Small and Backyard Poultry Flocks|work=[[Cooperative Extension]] Poultry|url=http://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-management/predator-management-for-small-and-backyard-poultry-flocks/|accessdate=2022-04-21}}</ref> * Coyote * Nkịta ọhịa, ọkachasị nkịta ọhịa na-acha ọbara ọbara * bobcatNkịta ọhịa * Mustelids ** weasels, ọkachasị weasel kacha nta na weasel ogologo-tailedweasel nwere ọdụ ogologo * nnụnụ na-eri anụ ** Hawks, ọkachasị red-tailed, red-shouldered, na Cooper's hawkHawk nke Cooper ** owls, karịsịa nnukwu owls nwere mpiNnukwu nnụnụ nwere mpi * raccoon * opossum nke VirginiaVirginia opossum * skunks * ụmụ oke * agwọ, ọkachasị agwọ òké * nkịta na nwamba == Ahụike na nchekwa ndị ọrụ == Maka afọ 2013, e mere atụmatụ na 1.59 nke ọrịa metụtara ọrụ kwa 100 ndị ọrụ anụ na ọkụkọ zuru oke na United States, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0.36 maka ndị ọrụ na-emepụta ihe n'ozuzu.<ref>U.S. General Accountability Office. [http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/676796.pdf Workplace Safety and Health: Additional Data Needed to Address Continued Hazards in the Meat and Poultry Industry]. GAO-16-337. Washington, D.C. April, 2016.</ref> A na-ejikọta mmerụ ahụ na mmegharị ugboro ugboro, ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, na okpomọkụ oyi. A na-akọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa carpal tunnel na nsogbu ndị ọzọ nke uru ahụ na ọkpụkpụ. Chemicals na-egbu nje na nje bacteria na-efe efe na-akpata ọrịa iku ume, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma, [[afọ ọsịsa]], na ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/poultry|title=CDC – Poultry Industry Workers – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=2016-07-15}}</ref> E gosipụtara ụlọ anụ ọkụkọ nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike iku ume nke ndị ọrụ, sitere na ụkwara ruo na bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala. A na-ekpughere ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara ikuku ikuku (PM) na endotoxins (ihe mkpofu na-emerụ ahụ nke nje bacteria). N'ụlọ ọkụkọ a na-ahụkarị, eriri ebufe n'okpuru ngịga na-ewepụ nri. N'ime usoro aviary na-enweghị ọnụ, nri na-ekpuchi ala, na-eme ka uzuzu na nje bacteria na-amụba ka oge na-aga. A na-etinyekarị akwa n'ala ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ngịga n'ime ụlọ aviary, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ na-abịaru nso n'ala ma mee ka uzuzu na nje bacteria banye n'ikuku, nke ha na-ekunye mgbe akwa akwa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agcenter.ucdavis.edu/newsletters/documents/AGN201602.pdf|title=WCAHS Ag Health News – Aviary Housing Effects on Worker Health|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820193227/http://agcenter.ucdavis.edu/newsletters/documents/AGN201602.pdf|archivedate=August 20, 2016}}</ref> Oxfam America na-akọ na nnukwu ọrụ anụ ọkụkọ mepere emepe nọ n'okpuru nrụgide dị otú ahụ iji bulie uru nke ukwuu nke na ndị ọrụ anaghị anabata ụlọ mposi..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/livesontheline/|title=Lives on the Line: The high human cost of chicken|work=Oxfam America|accessdate=2016-05-14}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụkọ n'ụwa == Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n’Otu mere atụmatụ na n’afọ 2002, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri ọkụkọ iri na isii n’ụwa. N'afọ 2008, mba ndị kacha nwee ọkụkọ kacha elu n'ụwa bụ ndị China na-edu ndị kacha ibu ihe ruru ijeri 4.6, US sochiri ihe karịrị ijeri abụọ wee soro Indonesia, Brazil na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] sochiri ya. Na 2019, China nwere ihe karịrị ijeri ọkụkọ 5.14, ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa mba ọ bụla n'ụwa, Indonesia sochiri ya nwere ihe ruru ijeri ọkụkọ 3.7. Mba ndị nwere ego kachasị elu bụ US, Brazil, Pakistan, Iran, [[Ndia|India]], Mexico, Russia na Myanmar n'otu n'otu..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global number of chickens by country 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263961/top-countries-worldwide-by-chicken-stock-2007/|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1950, nkezi ndị America na-eri ọkụkọ 20 pound (9 kg) kwa afọ, mana 92.2 pound (41.9 kg) na 2017. Ọzọkwa, na 1980, a na-ere ọtụtụ ọkụkọ n'ozuzu ya, ma ka ọ na-erule 2000, a na-ere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 90 nke ọkụkọ mgbe erechara ya. gbuturu n'ime akụkụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Lives_on_the_Line_Full_Report_Final.pdf|title=Lives on the Line}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Onye na-ewepụta ọkụkọ * [[Environmental impact of agriculture|Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ugbo]] * Enweghị nkwụsị * Hy-Line International * Ịkpa ọkụkọ na United States * Ndepụta nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-egbu ọkụkọ na Europe == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oenlb9tk0ink1pxl65pcnajdqolkocn 0 49498 697686 179716 2026-08-10T05:39:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697686 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery widths="200" heights="154" perrow="6" caption="Ancient, Traditional, and Modern Granaries"> Usòrò:Kashan_icehouse_Barry_Kent.jpg|Granary in Kashan, Iran Usòrò:Golghar_४.jpg|Golghar granary, built in 1786, Patna, India Usòrò:Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg|[[Ọchíchí nke umunna Han|Han dynasty]] granary on Silk Road west of Dunhuang, China Usòrò:Kotiseutumuseo_aitat.jpg|Wooden granaries of the local museum in Iisalmi, Finland Usòrò:7-11_Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz_01.jpg|A large granary in Bydgoszcz, Poland, on the Brda River Usòrò:Kiszombor,_emeletes_magtár.jpg|Multi-storey granary with portico, built in 1835, Kiszombor, Hungary Usòrò:Verkhivnia_1913_granary_and_warehouse_of_farming_tools.jpg|Granary in Verkhivnia, Ukraine, built in 1913 Usòrò:Kaufhaus_1897.jpg|Former granary in Zürich, Switzerland, 1897 Usòrò:Old_Granary_at_Todoroki_Setagaya_Ward_Tokyo_Japan.jpg|Meiji period granary, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan Usòrò:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rijstschuren_in_Minangkabause_bouwstijl_te_Batipoe_in_de_Padangse_Bovenlanden_Sumatra`s_Westkust_TMnr_60003599.jpg|Two ''rangkiang'' in a photo {{c.|1895}} of rice granaries in the Minangkabau architectural style in Batipuh in the Padang Plateau, Sumatra, Indonesia Usòrò:Port_Perry_grain_mill_and_elevator_circa_1930.jpg|The Port Perry, Ontario, Canada mill and grain elevator, granary, built in 1873 (photographed {{c.|1930}}) Usòrò:Shelby_County,_Iowa._These_granaries_are_located_near_Irwin_Village,_and_much_of_the_corn_which_is_n_._._._-_NARA_-_522350.jpg|Modern steel granaries in [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], U.S. </gallery> [[Usòrò:Zaprice_One_cell_granary_03.JPG|thumb|Ebe a na-edebe nri (mmalite narị afọ nke 19), [[Slovenia]]]] Ebe a na-adọba ọka bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ dị n'ọba maka ọka ma ọ bụ nri anụmanụ a zọchaworo. A na-ejikarị ite ụrọ eme ọka ochie ma ọ bụ nke ochie. A na-arụkarị ebe a na-ebu ọka n'elu ala iji mee ka nri a na-echekwara ghara ịdị na òké na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na idei mmiri. == Mmalite mbụ == [[Usòrò:Chest_and_Lid_with_Model_Granaries.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Igbe ihe osise geometric nke Grik oge ochie n'ụdị granaries, 850 BC. A na-egosi ya na Ancient Agora Museum na Athens, nke dị na Stoa nke Attalos.]] Site n'oge ochie, a na-echekwa ọka n'ụba. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe kachasị ochie a chọtara malitere na 9500 BC ma dị na Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlements na Ndagwurugwu Jọdan.<ref name="PNAS09">{{Cite journal|author=Kuijt|first=I.|title=Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-07-07_106_27/page/10966|pages=10966–10970|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=June 2009|volume=106|issue=27|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0812764106|pmid=19549877}}</ref> Ndị mbụ dị n'etiti ụlọ ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị malite na 8500 BC, a kwagara ha n'ime ụlọ, na 7500 BC nchekwa mere n'ime ọnụ ụlọ pụrụ iche.<ref name="PNAS09" /> Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mbụ ahụ tụrụ 3 x 3 m n'èzí ma nwee ala kwụ ọtọ nke na-echebe ọka ahụ pụọ na ụmụ oke na ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-enye ikuku ikuku.<ref name="PNAS09" /> Ndị nọ na Mehrgarh na Ndagwurugwu Indus sochiri ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala site na 6000 BC. Ndị Ijipt oge ochie mere omume nke ịchekwa ọka n'ime afọ iriju afọ megide ọtụtụ afọ nke ụkọ. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Egypt ebe kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu, enwere ike ịchekwa ọka n'olulu ruo ogologo oge na-enweghị mbelata nke ọma. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, silo bụ olulu maka ịchekwa ọka. Ọ dị iche na granary, nke bụ ihe dị n'elu ala. == Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia == [[Usòrò:Eastern_Han_Pottery_Granary_(9940244743).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe nlereanya nke Granary, usoro ndị eze Han[[Ọchíchí nke umunna Han|Ọchịchị Han]]]] Ebe nchekwa dị mfe e welitere na post anọ ma ọ bụ karịa pụtara na Omenala Yangshao na China na mgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo siri ike na mpaghara Korea n'oge Oge ite ite Mumun (ihe dị ka 1000 BC) yana n'àgwàetiti Japan n'oge Oge Jōmon / Early Yayoi (ihe dịka 800 BC). N'asụsụ ndị e gwupụtara n'ala n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, a na-ejikọta ihe ndị a na ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe obibi ma na-akpọ ha 'ụlọ elu dị elu'. China wuru usoro dị mgbagwoju anya iji belata ọnwụ ụnwụ nri. E bibiri usoro ahụ na Taiping Rebellion nke 1850s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Will|first=Pierre-Etienne|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.0c483m200|title=Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850|date=2020-08-06|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-89264-091-1|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.19044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Edgerton-Tarpley|first=Kathryn Jean|date=2014-05-01|title=From "Nourish the People" to "Sacrifice for the Nation": Changing Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021911813002374/type/journal_article|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=73|issue=2|pages=447–469|doi=10.1017/S0021911813002374|issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shiue|first=Carol H.|date=2004-03-29|title=Local Granaries and Central Government Disaster Relief: Moral Hazard and Intergovernmental Finance in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century China|url=https://spot.colorado.edu/~shiue/Shiue%20proofs1.pdf|journal=The Journal of Economic History|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=100–124|doi=10.1017/S002205070400261X|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> == Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia == [[Usòrò:Leuit_os_080815-2283_srna.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leuit, ụlọ nri ọdịnala Sundanese, na West Java, Indonesia.]] N'Ihe owuwu obodo nke Àgwàetiti Indonesia, a na-eji osisi na ihe ndị e ji achara rụọ ọtụtụ n'ime ha ma na-ebuli elu na post anọ ma ọ bụ karịa iji zere ụmụ oke na ụmụ ahụhụ. Ihe atụ nke ụdị granary Indonesian bụ Sundanese leuit na Minang ''rangkiang''. == Great Britain == [[Usòrò:Staddle_stones,_Somerset_Rural_Life_Museum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-edebe nri n'elu nkume, na Somerset Rural Life MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Somerset]] Na South Hams nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Great Britain, e wuru obere ụlọ nri n'elu ogwe osisi ndị yiri anwụrụ a na-akpọ staddle stones. A na-ewu ha site na osisi-frame ma na-enwekarị elu ụlọ slate. Ndị buru ibu yiri linhays, mana ụlọ elu ya dị n'ime. A na-ejikarị steepụ nkume na mgbidi dị n'èzí abanye na okpukpu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barn Guide: Traditional Farm Buildings in the South Hams: Their Adaptation and Re-use|url=http://www.stoneroof.org.uk/historic/Historic_Roofs/South_Hams_slating_files/barn_guide_2004.pdf|accessdate=2021-04-12}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ndị e mere maka ijide ọka malitere ịba ụba na Great Britain. E nwere nsogbu ihu igwe n'ụzọ ichekwa ọka na Great Britain n'ụzọ buru ibu, mana emeriwo ihe isi ike ndị a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. == Oge A == Ọrụ ugbo ọka nke oge a na-ejikarị ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ígwè arụpụtara echekwa ọka n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe a ga-ebugharị ya na nnukwu ebe nchekwa na-atụ anya mbupu. A maara nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ, karịsịa na Russia na North America dị ka elevator ọka. == Ihe Nlereanya == <gallery widths="200" heights="154" perrow="6" caption="Ancient, Traditional, and Modern Granaries"> Usòrò:Kashan_icehouse_Barry_Kent.jpg|Granary in Kashan, Iran Usòrò:Golghar_४.jpg|Golghar granary, built in 1786, Patna, India Usòrò:Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg|[[Ọchíchí nke umunna Han|Han dynasty]] granary on Silk Road west of Dunhuang, China Usòrò:Kotiseutumuseo_aitat.jpg|Wooden granaries of the local museum in Iisalmi, Finland Usòrò:7-11_Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz_01.jpg|A large granary in Bydgoszcz, Poland, on the Brda River Usòrò:Kiszombor,_emeletes_magtár.jpg|Multi-storey granary with portico, built in 1835, Kiszombor, Hungary Usòrò:Verkhivnia_1913_granary_and_warehouse_of_farming_tools.jpg|Granary in Verkhivnia, Ukraine, built in 1913 Usòrò:Kaufhaus_1897.jpg|Former granary in Zürich, Switzerland, 1897 Usòrò:Old_Granary_at_Todoroki_Setagaya_Ward_Tokyo_Japan.jpg|Meiji period granary, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan Usòrò:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rijstschuren_in_Minangkabause_bouwstijl_te_Batipoe_in_de_Padangse_Bovenlanden_Sumatra`s_Westkust_TMnr_60003599.jpg|Two ''rangkiang'' in a photo {{c.|1895}} of rice granaries in the Minangkabau architectural style in Batipuh in the Padang Plateau, Sumatra, Indonesia Usòrò:Port_Perry_grain_mill_and_elevator_circa_1930.jpg|The Port Perry, Ontario, Canada mill and grain elevator, granary, built in 1873 (photographed {{c.|1930}}) Usòrò:Shelby_County,_Iowa._These_granaries_are_located_near_Irwin_Village,_and_much_of_the_corn_which_is_n_._._._-_NARA_-_522350.jpg|Modern steel granaries in [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], U.S. </gallery> == Nchịkwa mmiri == A ghaghị idebe ọka n'ebe mmiri na-adịghị ruo ogologo oge o kwere mee iji chekwaa ya n'ọnọdụ dị mma ma gbochie uto ebu. Mkpụrụ osisi a na-ewepụta ọhụrụ a na-eweta n'ime ụlọ nri na-enwekarị mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, nke na-agba ume uto ebu na-eduga n'ịgbasa na okpomọkụ, nke abụọ a bụ ihe a na-achọghị ma na-emetụta àgwà. Ịgbari n'ozuzu ya na-emebi ọka ma nwee ike ịkpata mgbanwe kemịkal nke na-emepụta mycotoxins na-egbu egbu. Otu ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala bụ ịgbasa ọka n'ime obere okpokoro n'ala, ebe a na-atụgharị ya iji mee ka ọ dị mma. Ozugbo ọka ahụ kpọrọ nkụ nke ọma, enwere ike ibufe ya n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe maka nchekwa. Taa, enwere ike ime nke a site na igwe na-ebugharị ọka site n'otu ụlọ nri gaa na nke ọzọ. Na silos nke oge a, a na-ejikarị ike ikuku na-eme ka ọka dị ''n'ebe ahụ'' ma ọ bụ na-agagharị site na ngwá ọrụ na-akwọcha ọka. == Hụkwa == * Hambar * Ihe ihere * Egwu * Ihe omuma * Ebe a na-echekwa ihe * [[Ebe a na-azụ ọka]] * Groote Schuur, nnukwu ụlọ South Africa bụbu ụlọ nri. * Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe osise * Treppenspeicher * Ghorfa * Ebe a na-edebe nri na parish == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pnnht7o3au5x2z58hboc5w3aoiitvyh 0 49501 697523 178362 2026-08-10T01:56:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697523 wikitext text/x-wiki Biennial bearing (ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ) bụ okwu ejiri na pomology na-ezo aka na osisi ndị nwere ibu ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. N'afọ "on" a na-edozi mkpụrụ osisi dị ukwuu, na-eduga na obere mkpụrụ osisi. Ibu ibu na isi alaka nwere ike ịdị oke maka nguzogide ha, na-eme ka ha gbajie. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ga-esi na ya pụta bụ na ntinye ifuru ga-adị ala, na afọ na-esote ga-abụ afọ "apụ" (obere mkpụrụ). Omume a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi homonụ nke osisi, karịsịa gibberellins na-emepụta n'ime afọ "na" n'ime embrayo nke mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto. Enwere ike ịkpata ya site na mbelata nke ihe nchekwa carbohydrate dị na osisi ahụ Mkpụrụ osisi abụọ na-adịkarị na mkpụrụ osisi ụfọdụ dị ka mango, [[Apple|apụl]], pear, apricot na avocado, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịdị na mkpụrụ vaịn. Biennial bearing bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta Kọfị Arabica na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na East Africa, na n'ezie n'ụwa niile na-akụ kọfị. Na Biennial na-amị ezigbo ma ọ bụ nke magburu onwe ya (bumper) na-esote ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma, nke na-amịa obere mkpụrụ n'afọ na-esochi. Ihe omume a na-eme n'enweghị ihu igwe na ihu igwe, nke mere na ọbụna mgbe ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma maka ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ, Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ịdị njọ. Enwere ike inwe ọdịiche okpukpu ise (x5) n'etiti afọ ndị na-abanye na ndị na-adịghị, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike enwere ike inwe ọdịdị okpukpu iri (x10) na Etiopia na mpaghara ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Usoro mmepụta ihe ubi nke afọ abụọ bụ n'ihi nkesa nke ihe onwunwe nke osisi ahụ: n'afọ 'na' na-amị mkpụrụ, osisi kọfị na-etinye ihe onwunwa ya n'ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mmefu nke uto ahịhịa (ọganihu osisi na ọkachasị mmepe osisi na mmepụta okooko osisi); n'afọ "off" osisi ahụ ga-emezi maka ụkọ ahịhịhịa a, na mmepụta nke okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi. Mkpụrụ osisi na-amụ nwa ugboro abụọ nwekwara ike ịbụ mmeghachi omume sitere n'osisi na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri ibe ha nke nwere ike imebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ntolite. A maara echiche a dị ka echiche afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01729.x|title=Both seedling banks and specialist seed predators promote the evolution of synchronized and intermittent reproduction (Masting) in trees|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_2010-11_98_6/page/1398|year=2010|author=Tachiki|first=Yuuya|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=98|issue=6|pages=1398–1408}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ ibu abụọ site na iji ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ịkpụchasị, mgbakwunye nke fatịlaịza, ịgba mmiri na-achịkwa na iji clones ma ọ bụ cultivars ahọpụtara. == Nlekọta ubi == Enwere ike Mbelata nsogbu a site na ibelata [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na mkpụrụ osisi. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 4l2mpeukqy9d7k0uq9cp0w5fq3g0pcq 0 49506 697890 178963 2026-08-10T10:16:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Golden_Rice.jpg|thumb|Nri dị n'aka nri nwere osikapa ọla edo, ihe atụ nke biofortification site na iji injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Agba ọla edo nke ọka na-abịa site na mmụba nke beta-carotene.]] Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, or through genetic engineering. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed. This is an important improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods. As such, biofortification is seen as an upcoming strategy for dealing with deficiencies of micronutrients in low and middle-income countries. In the case of iron, the WHO estimated that biofortification could help cure the 2 billion people suffering from iron deficiency-induced anemia<ref name="developments">{{Cite journal|doi=10.3389/fnut.2018.00012|title=Biofortified Crops Generated by Breeding, Agronomy, and Transgenic Approaches Are Improving Lives of Millions of People around the World|date=2018|author=Garg|first=Monika|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|volume=5|pmid=29492405}}</ref> == Usoro == Enwere ike ịzụlite osisi site na ịzụlite ha. N'ime usoro a, ndị na-azụ osisi na-achọ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ akụ germplasm maka ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị ugbu a nke nwere nnukwu ihe oriri. Mgbe ahụ, ha na-agwakọta ụdị ndị a na-edozi ahụ na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu, iji nye mkpụrụ nwere nnukwu ihe na uru nri na-edochi ahụ. A ghaghị ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ na ihe oriri zuru oke iji nwee mmetụta dị mma na ahụike mmadụ. N'ihi ya, a ghaghị ịzụlite ha site na itinye aka na ndị na-ahụ maka nri na-edozi ahụ bụ ndị na-amụ ma ndị na-azụ ihe ọkụkụ ka mma nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-edochi ahụ, na ókè nchekwa, nhazi, na isi nri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emetụta ọkwa ihe ọkụkụ ha.<ref>Wolfgang H. Pfeiffer & Bonnie McClafferty, ‘Biofortification: Breeding Micronutrient-Dense Crops’, in Manjit S. Kang & P.M. Priyadarshan (eds.), ''Breeding Major Food Staples'', Blackwell Publishing, (2007), pp. 63-64.</ref> A zụlitere ọka wit nwere nnukwu ígwè na zinc site na ịzụlite radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verma|first=Shailender Kumar|date=2016-03-03|title=Transfer of useful variability of high grain iron and zinc from Aegilops kotschyi into wheat through seed irradiation approach|journal=International Journal of Radiation Biology|volume=92|issue=3|pages=132–139|doi=10.3109/09553002.2016.1135263|issn=0955-3002|pmid=26883304}}</ref> Usoro a jupụtara ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ihe na-ese okwu karịa ihe ọkụkụ injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. HarvestPlus, otu NGO dị mkpa na mmepe nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị e wusiri ike, na-ejikarị usoro ịzụlite omenala, ma emefubeghị ihe karịrị 15% nke mmefu ego nyocha ha na ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe usoro omenala na-emezughị ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ.<ref name="TCEa">Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in ''TCE'', (February 2008), p. 27.</ref><ref>Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in ''Gourmet'', (November 2007), p. 197.</ref> Osikapa ọla edo bụ ihe atụ nke ihe ọkụkụ GM mepụtara maka uru nri ya. Ụdị osikapa ọla edo kachasị ọhụrụ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa sitere na nje bacteria ''Erwinia'' na ọka, ma nwee ọkwa beta-carotene dị elu nke ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe na vitamin A. A na-emepụta osikapa ọla edo dị ka ụzọ ọhụrụ iji dozie ụkọ vitamin A.<ref>International Rice Research Institute: [http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=764:golden-rice-at-irri&lang=en Golden Rice at IRRI]</ref> == Ojiji == === Mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti === Enweghị micronutrients dị iche iche, gụnyere vitamin A, zinc, na iron bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti ma na-emetụta ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike iduga, n'etiti mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ, oke ìsì, usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike, uto na-adịghị mma na mmepe ọgụgụ isi.<ref name="developments"/> Ndị ogbenye, ọka ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime ime obodo, na-eri nri nke ihe ọkụkụ dị ka [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], ọka wit na ọka, nke dị ala na micronutrients ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị ike ịzụta ma ọ bụ na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ anụ zuru oke nke dị mkpa iji nweta ọkwa dị mma nke ihe ndị a.<ref name="TCEb">Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in ''TCE'', (February 2008), p. 26.</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11049284 ‘The New Face of Hunger’], in ''The Economist'', (April 17th, 2008).</ref> N'ihi ya, ịbawanye ọkwa micronutrient n'ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nwere ike inye aka igbochi ma belata ụkọ micronutrients - n'otu nnwale na Mozambique, iri Poteto na-atọ ụtọ nke beta-carotene belatara ụkọ vitamin A n'ime ụmụaka site na 24%. N'ime nnwale ahụike abụọ dị iche iche na India, a chọpụtara na iri iron- na zinc- biofortified pearl millet na-eme ka ọnọdụ iron dị mma n'etiti ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma chọpụta na ọ na-emeziwanye Hemoglobin n'ime ụmụaka nwoke, na n'ime ụmụ nwoke dị ọnwa 12-18 bụ ndị na-enweghị iron na ntọala. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Finkelstein|first=J|date=July 2015|title=A Randomized Trial of Iron-Biofortified Pearl Millet in School Children in India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2015-07_145_7/page/1576|journal=J Nutr|volume=145|issue=7|pages=1576–1581|doi=10.3945/jn.114.208009|pmid=25948782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mehta|first=S|date=April 2022|title=A randomized trial of iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet-based complementary feeding in children aged 12 to 18 months living in urban slums|url=https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(22)00065-6/fulltext|journal=Clin Nutr|volume=41|issue=4|pages=937–947|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.014|pmid=35299084}}</ref> Usoro a nwere ike inwe uru karịa usoro ahụike ndị ọzọ dịka inye nri siri ike mgbe nhazi gasịrị, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ndị a egosila na ha na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu na-emeso, ha na-achọkarị ịnweta ahịa dị irè na usoro nlekọta ahụike nke na-adịghị adịkarị n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="TCEb">Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in ''TCE'', (February 2008), p. 26.</ref> Biofortification bụkwa ihe dị oke ọnụ mgbe nnukwu itinye ego na nyocha mbụ - ebe enwere ike ikesa mkpụrụ, "ọnụahịa mmejuputa [nke na-etolite nri biofortified] bụ ihe efu ma ọ bụ ihe a na-eleghara anya", ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbakwunye nke dị oke ọnụ ma chọọ nkwado ego na-aga n'ihu n'oge, nke nwere ike itinye n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref name="jnut">Penelope Nestel, Howarth E. Bouis, J. V. Meenakshi, & Wolfgang Pfeiffer, [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/136/4/1064 ‘Biofortification of Staple Food Crops’], in ''The Journal of Nutrition'', vol. 136, no. 4, (2006), p. 1066.</ref> A na-eme nnyocha banyere usoro a na mba ụwa, na mgbalị dị ukwuu na-aga n'ihu na Brazil, China na India. <ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040401091200.htm ‘HarvestPlus aid for boosting nutrition levels’], in ''The Hindu Business Line'', Retrieved on July 22, 2008</ref> === Mba ndị na-enweta ego dị elu === Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Warwick anọwo na-achọ ụzọ iji bulie ọkwa selenium dị ala na ọka ndị Britain, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka mepụta ọka iji mee achịcha na selenium.<ref>[http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/biofort/ ''The Researcher, the Farmer and the Baker''], Retrieved on July 22, 2008</ref> == Nsogbu == Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha anaghị emegide biofortification n'onwe ya, na-akatọ nri ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere ndị biofortified dị ka osikapa ọla edo. Enwere ike inwe ihe isi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'inweta nri ndị a na-akpọ biofortified ka a nabata ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere njirimara dị iche iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị a na'akpọ unfortified. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nri ndị a na-eme ka vitamin A dịkwuo mma na-abụkarị odo ma ọ bụ oroma - nke a bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nye ọtụtụ ndị n'Africa, ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-eri ọka ọcha na ọka na-acha odo odo nwere njikọ na-adịghị mma na nri anụmanụ ma ọ bụ enyemaka nri, <ref name="jnut"/> <ref>Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in ''Gourmet'', (November 2007), p. 104.</ref> ma ọ bụ ebe a na-ahọrọ poteto na-acha ọcha karịa ya na-acha mmiri, oroma. <ref name="TCEa">Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in ''TCE'', (February 2008), p. 27.</ref> Àgwà ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdị mfe iji belata ma ọ bụ mepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị e ji eme ihe dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ, dị ka mmiri nke poteto, ebe ndị ọzọ enweghị ike. N'ebe nke a dị, a ghaghị ịkpachara anya iji mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ahịa kwenye na ihe ọkụkụ a na-ekwu okwu ya bara uru ịzụlite ma rie. Enwere ike ime nke a site n'imeziwanye àgwà nke osisi ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ime ka oroma na-atọ ụtọ etolite n'oge karịa nwa nwanne ya na-acha ọcha ka e wee buru ya gaa ahịa n'ahịa n'oge. A pụkwara ime ya site na agụmakwụkwọ ahụike ọha na eze, na-eme ka uru nke iri nri biofortified pụta ìhè nye ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ule na-atụ aro na ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime ime obodo "ga-eri ụdị nri ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na agbanweela ụcha nri ahụ...ma ọ bụrụ na a gụrụ ha maka uru". Ọ bụ ezie na micronutrients ndị ọzọ dị ka zinc ma ọ bụ iron nwere ike ịgbakwunye na ihe ọkụkụ n'enweghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ụtọ ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ha, ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ijide n'aka na ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị eche na agbanweela nri ha na-enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma ha.<ref name="TCEa">Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in ''TCE'', (February 2008), p. 27.</ref><ref name="jnut"/> Ụfọdụ akatọwo mmemme biofortification n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgba ume "ịdị mfe nke nri mmadụ na usoro nri", n'ihi nde "[biofortification bụ] atụmatụ nke na-achọ itinye ihe oriri ndị ọzọ na nri ole na ole nwere ike inye aka mee ka nri ndị na-eri nri dị mfe nke dabere na nri ole. " Nke a nwere ike iyi ihe na-enweghị isi, dịka enweghị ike ịnweta nri dịgasị iche iche na nke ziri ezi bụ isi ihe kpatara nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ. N'ihi ya, ndị nkatọ a na-agba ume ka a kpachara anya, na iji biofortification dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ buru ibu nke na-agụnye ụdị nri dị iche iche na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti. Ndị na-akwado biofortification na-anabata nke a dị ka atụmatụ ogologo oge, mana na-ekwu na mmụba nke ụdị nri dị iche iche ga-ewe "ọtụtụ iri afọ na ọtụtụ ijeri dollar", nakwa na biofortilization nwere ike ịbụ usoro dị irè iji nyere aka belata nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref>[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/biofortification ''Biofortification: Harnessing Agricultural Technology to Improve the Health of the Poor''], IFPRI and CIAT pamphlet, (2002).</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osikapa ọla edo * Enweghị ike nri na-adịghị mma ("Ụnwụ Nzuzo") * [[Agụụ|Nsogbu Nri Na-edozi Ahụ]] * CGIAR * Ntọala Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150454/http://www.harvestplus.org/publications Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị metụtara biofortification] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140701182842/http://www.harvestplus.org/ Ihe ubi na-abaghị uru] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707094344/http://www.who.int/vmnis/en/ Usoro Ihe ọmụma Vitamin na Mineral Nutrition nke WHO] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l84w43ljpip0milnxftw5ea5t04r9b6 0 49511 697581 178679 2026-08-10T03:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697581 wikitext text/x-wiki Nri ọbara bụ nkụ, ntụ ntụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke sitere na ọbara, nke a na-eji dị ka fatịlaịza organic nwere nitrogen na nri anụmanụ nwere protein dị elu. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. Ọ bụ otu n'ime isi mmalite nitrogen na-abụghị synthetic kachasị elu. Ọ na-esitekarị na ehi ma ọ bụ ezì dị ka ebe a na-egbu anụ == Ojiji == === Ihe mgbakwunye nri === Enwere ike iji nri ọbara mee ihe dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri anụ ụlọ ma tinye ya iji nye lysine nri maka ehi, azụ na ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite book|first=William Arnon|author=Henry|year=1915|title=Feeds and feeding: a hand-book for the student and stockman|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SVgaAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Henry-Morrison}}</ref> Tupu e jiri ya mee ihe, a na-agwakọta ya na molasses mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=9719848|year=1998|author=King'ori|first=AM|title=Comparison of fermented dried blood meal and cooked dried blood meal as protein supplements for growing pigs.|url=https://archive.org/details/tropical-animal-health-and-production_1998-06_30_3/page/191|volume=30|issue=3|pages=191–6|journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production|doi=10.1023/a:1005015804804}}</ref> === fatịlaịza sitere n'okike === A na-ekwe ka nri ọbara, nri ọkpụkpụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ anụmanụ na-emepụta dị ka mmezi ala, ọ bụ ezie na a pụghị inye ha anụ ụlọ. Nri ọbara dị iche na nri ọkpụkpụ n'ihi na nri ọbara nwere nitrogen dị elu, ebe nri ọkpụ nwere phosphorus. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji eri ọbara gụnyere Nri ábụ́bà na nri alfalfa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using Blood Meal To Improve Your Garden Soil|url=http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/organic/blood-meal-fertilizer.htm}}</ref> A na-eji nri ọbara eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka composting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.extension.illinois.edu/homecompost/materials.cfm|title=University of Illinois Extension|author=|first=|date=|work=Composting For The Home Owner|publisher=|accessdate=2 September 2016|archivedate=3 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903132341/http://web.extension.illinois.edu/homecompost/materials.cfm}}</ref> === Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ === Enwere ike ịgbasa nri ọbara n'ogige iji gbochie anụmanụ na-egbu egbu dịka ewi. Echiche ahụ bụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-esi ísì ọbara ma na-esi nsị na-achụpụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Fern Marshall|author=Bradley|year=1997|title=Review: Rodale's All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening: The Indispensable Resource for Every Gardener|publisher=Rodale Press|isbn=978-0-87596-743-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Leandre|author=Poisson|year=1994|title=Solar gardening: growing vegetables year-round the American intensive way|url=https://archive.org/details/solargardeninggr0000pois|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-0-930031-69-5}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == * Ọ bụ protein dị nro dịka nhazi nke nri si dị. * Ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta protein dịka nhazi nke ihe oriri si dị. == Nhazi == Ọ dị mkpa ka a kpọọ ọbara tupu ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka nri ọbara. Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ịcha mmiri: ịcha mmiri site na anyanwụ, ịcha ọkụ, ịcha drum, ịcha mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ ịcha mmiri.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., 2016. Blood meal. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/221 Last updated on March 31, 2016, 10:31</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọbara dị ka nri * Ọkpụkpụ ntụ * Nri ọkpụkpụ * Hydroponics § Ngwọta mmiri na-emepụta mmiri  * Nri a machibidoro iwu == Ebem si dee == j2jibgu7xk46zptr9xsyg48mdlnjgie 0 49542 697598 496076 2026-08-10T03:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697598 wikitext text/x-wiki Fibre cellulose (/ ˈsɛljʊloʊs, -loʊz/) bụ eriri ethers ma ọ bụ esters nke cellulose, nke enwere ike nweta site na ogbugbo, osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ osisi, ma ọ bụ site na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye na cellulose, eriri nwere ike ịnwe hemicellulose na lignin, yana pasent dị iche iche nke ihe ndị a na-agbanwe ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke eriri. Ngwa ndị bụ isi nke eriri cellulose dị na ụlọ ọrụ textiles, dị ka ihe nzacha kemịkalụ, yana dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya na-eme ka eriri, n'ihi ihe ndị yiri ya na eriri ndị emepụtara, bụ nhọrọ ọzọ maka biocomposites na polymer composites. [[Usòrò:Zellstoff_200_fach_Polfilter.jpg|thumb]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Achọpụtara Cellulose na 1838 site n'aka onye France chemist Anselme Payen, onye kewapụrụ ya na ihe ọkụkụ ma kpebie usoro kemịkal ya. A na-eji cellulose mepụta polymer thermoplastic nke mbụ na-aga nke ọma, celluloid, nke Hyatt Manufacturing Company na 1870. Mmepụta rayon ("silk artificial") sitere na cellulose malitere na 1890, na cellophane mepụtara na 1912. Na 1893, Arthur D. Little nke Boston, chepụtara ngwaahịa cellulosic ọzọ, acetate, wee mepụta ya dị ka ihe nkiri. The mbụ azụmahịa textile eji maka acetate na eriri ụdị e mepụtara Celanese Company na 1924. Hermann Staudinger kpebisiri ike na polymer Ọdịdị nke cellulose na 1920. The compound bụ nke mbụ chemically synthesized (na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla biologically ewepụtara enzymes) na 1992, site na. Kobayashi na Shoda. [[Usòrò:Cellulose_strand.svg|thumb|Cellulose chains jikọtara site na hydrogen bonds]] == Ọdịdị nke cellulose == Cellulose bụ polymer mere nke na-emegharị molekul glucose na-ejikọta na njedebe na njedebe. Mkpụrụ ndụ cellulose nwere ike ịdị site na ọtụtụ narị ruo ihe karịrị 10,000 glucose nkeji ogologo. Cellulose dị n'ụdị nke carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya dị ka starch na glycogen. A na-emekwa polysaccharides ndị a site na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke glucose. Ihe dị iche n'etiti cellulose na ụmụ irighiri carbohydrate ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya bụ ka e si ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ glucose ọnụ. Na mgbakwunye, cellulose bụ polymer yinye kwụ ọtọ, na cellulose molecule ọ bụla dị ogologo ma dị ka mkpanaka. Nke a dị iche na starch, nke bụ molekul agbakọtara. Nsonaazụ nke ọdịiche ndị a na nhazi bụ na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere starch na carbohydrates ndị ọzọ, cellulose enweghị ike ịkụda ya n'ime glucose ya site na enzymes ọ bụla nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-emepụta.. == Ụdị == === Akara cellulose sitere n'okike === A ka na-amata eriri cellulose sitere n'okike dị ka akụkụ nke osisi mbụ n'ihi na a na-edozi ha dịka ọ dị mkpa iji sachaa eriri maka iji mee ihe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, eriri owuwe ihe ubi dị ka bọl owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ dị nro nke ha si na ya. Akpụkpọ anụ linin yiri eriri siri ike nke osisi flax. Fiber niile "okike" na-agafe usoro ebe a na-ekewapụ ha na akụkụ nke osisi ahụ nke a na-ejighị eme ihe maka ngwaahịa ikpeazụ, na-emekarị site na owuwe ihe ubi, ịsacha, wdg. Ọnụnọ nke agbụ nke ọtụtụ puku mkpụrụ ndụ glucose jikọtara ọnụ na-enye ohere nnukwu njikọ hydrogen n'etiti ìgwè OH na agbụ ndị dị n'akụkụ, na-eme ka ha na-etinye n'ime eriri cellulose. N'ihi ya, cellulose na-egosipụta obere mmekọrịta na mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na-agwọ mmiri. Dị ka ihe atụ, ogho na osisi anaghị agbaze kpamkpam na mmiri ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na cellulose enweghị usoro helix dị ka amylose, ọ naghị ejikọta na iodine iji mepụta ngwaahịa na-acha. === Fiber cellulose a rụrụ === Fiber cellulose a na-emepụta na-esite na osisi ndị a na-edozi n'ime anụ ma mechaa wepụ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ a na-eme eriri aka dị ka polyester ma ọ bụ naịlọn. Rayon ma ọ bụ viscose bụ otu n'ime eriri cellulose "mepụtara", a pụkwara iji osisi mee ya. == Ọdịdị na ihe onwunwe == Akwara okike nwere microfibrils nke cellulose na matrix nke hemicellulose na lignin. Ụdị ọdịdị a na kemịkalụ ha na-ahụ maka njirimara igwe nke enwere ike ịhụ. N'ihi na eriri ndị sitere n'okike na-ejikọta hydrogen n'etiti ogologo agbụ, ha nwere nkwụsi ike na ike dị mkpa. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe ndị bụ isi nke eriri okike (lignocelluloses) bụ cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin na ash. Pasentị nke ihe ọ bụla dịgasị iche maka ụdị eriri ọ bụla dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu, bụ ihe dị ka 60-80% cellulose, 5-20% lignin, na 20% nke mmiri, ma e wezụga hemicellulose na obere pasent nke ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. Njirimara nke eriri na-agbanwe dabere na ọnụọgụ nke ihe ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na hemicellulose na-ahụ maka ịmịkọrọ mmiri, mmebi nke bio- na okpomọkụ ebe lignin na-ahụ na nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ mana ọ bụ ihe kpatara mmebi UV. A na-egosi ihe ndị mejupụtara eriri ndị a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru ebe a; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Xue|first=L. G.|doi=10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3|title=Chemical Treatments of Natural Fiber for Use in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Review|journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment|volume=15|issue=1|pages=25–33|year=2007}}</ref> ndị a dịgasị iche dabere ma eriri ahụ bụ eriri bast (nke a na-enweta site na mkpo), eriri osisi (nke a nwetara site na osisi), ma ọ bụ eriri akwụkwọ (nke a hụrụ site na akwụkwọ). {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center; width:600px" ! colspan="2" |Ụdị eriri !Cellulose (%) !Lignin (%) !Hemicellulose (%) !Pectin (%) !Ash (%) |- | rowspan="6" |'''Akpụkpọ anụ''' |Fiber flax |71 |2.2 |18.6 – 20.6 |2.3 | - |- |Mkpụrụ flax |43–47 |21–23 |24–26 | - |5 |- |Kenaf |31–57 |15–19 |21.5–23 | - |2–5 |- |Jute |45–71.5 |12–26 |13.6–21 |0.2 |0.5–2 |- |Hemp |57–77 |3.7–13 |14–22.4 |0.9 |0.8 |- |Ramie |68.6–91 |0.6–0.7 |5–16.7 |1.9 | - |- |- | rowspan="2" |'''Akpụkpọ anụ''' |Kenaf |37–49 |15–21 |18–24 | - |2–4 |- |Jute |41–48 |21–24 |18–22 | - |0.8 |- |- | rowspan="3" |'''Akpụkpọ akwụkwọ''' |Abaca |56–63 |7–9 |15–17 | - |3 |- |Sisal |47–78 |7–11 |10–24 |10 |0.6–1 |- |Henequen |77.6 |13.1 |4–8 | - | - |- |} === Ihe onwunwe === Nzaghachi nke eriri cellulose na nrụgide igwe na-agbanwe dabere na ụdị eriri na ọdịdị kemịkal dị. A na-egosi ozi gbasara njirimara igwe dị na chaatị dị n'okpuru ma nwee ike iji ya tụnyere njirimara nke eriri ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka eriri iko, eriri aramid, na eriri carbon. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center; width:600px" !Fiber !Mkpụrụ (g/cm³) !Ịdị ogologo (%) !Ike nke ịdị nro (MPa) !Modulu Young (GPa) |- |Ogwe aka |1.5–1.6 |3.0–10.0 |287–597 |5.5–12.6 |- |Jute |1.3–1.46 |1.5–1.8 |393–800 |10–30 |- |Akpụkpọ anụ |1.4–1.5 |1.2–3.2 |345–1500 |27.6–80 |- |Hemp |1.48 |1.6 |550–900 |70 |- |Ramie |1.5 |2.0–3.8 |220–938 |44–128 |- |Sisal |1.33–1.5 |2.0–14 |400–700 |9.0–38.0 |- |Obi ọjọọ |1.2 |15.0–30.0 |175–220 |4.0–6.0 |- |Softwood kraft |1.5 | - |1000 |40.0 |- |Igwe E |2.5 |2.5–3.0 |2000–3500 |70.0 |- |Igwe S |2.5 |2.8 |4570 |86.0 |- |Aramid |1.4 |3.3–3.7 |3000–3150 |63.0–67.0 |- |Carbon |1.4 |1.4–1.8 |4000 |230.0–240.0 |} === Ihe onwunwe elu naihu ihu === Hydrophilicity, roughness na ụgwọ elu na-ekpebi mmekọrịta nke eriri cellulose na gburugburu mmiri. Ka ọ dị na 1950, a na-enyocha ụgwọ dị na interface dị n'etiti ogho dị ka eriri cellulose kachasị na gburugburu mmiri site na usoro nwere ike ịgba mmiri iji nyochaa ikike zeta elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mason|first=S. G.|title=Electrokinetic Properties of Cellulose Fibers: Ii. Zeta-Potential Measurements by the Stream-Compression Method|date=1950-06-01|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjr50b-040|journal=Canadian Journal of Research|language=en|volume=28b|issue=6|pages=323–338|doi=10.1139/cjr50b-040|issn=1923-4287}}</ref> N'ihi oke ọzịza nke eriri lignocellulosic, a hụla njikọ dị n'etiti ikike zeta na ikike mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bismarck|first=Alexander|date=2002|title=Surface characterization of flax, hemp and cellulose fibers; Surface properties and the water uptake behavior|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pc.10485|journal=Polymer Composites|language=en|volume=23|issue=5|pages=872–894|doi=10.1002/pc.10485|issn=0272-8397}}</ref> Ọbụna maka iji eriri mkpofu dị ka ihe nkwalite na ihe ndị mejupụtara, ejirila ihe ngwọta nyocha mmiri nyochaa eriri ndị buru ibu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pothan|first=Laly A.|date=2002-01-01|title=Influence of chemical treatments on the electrokinetic properties of cellulose fibres|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/156856102317293687|journal=Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=157–178|doi=10.1163/156856102317293687|issn=0169-4243}}</ref> A na-achọta nyocha banyere njirimara electrokinetic nke eriri okike gụnyere cellulose na eriri lignocellulosic na Handbook of Natural Fibers . == Ngwa == === Ihe ndị e ji mee ihe === {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center;" !Matrix ! style="width:200px" |Fiber |- |Epoxy |Abaca, achara, jute |- |[[Rubber sitere n'okike]] |Ịgba ọkụ, sisal |- |Nitrine rubber |Jute |- |[[Phenol-formaldehyde]] |Jute |- |Polyethylene |Kenaf, pineapple, sisal, eriri osisi |- |Polypropylene |Flax, jute, kenaf, sunhemp, ọka wit, eriri osisi |- |Polystyrene |Osisi |- |Polyurethane |Osisi |- |Polyvinyl chloride |Osisi |- |Polyester |Banana, jute, pineapple, sunhemp |- |Styrene-butadiene |Jute |- |[[Rubber sitere n'okike|Rubber]] |Mmanụ nkwụ |} Ihe ndị mejupụtara bụ ụdị ihe ndị a na-emekarị site na njikọta nke eriri na ihe na-ejikọta (matrix). Njikọ a na-agwakọta njirimara nke eriri na matrik iji mepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ịdị ike karịa eriri naanị. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na polymer, a na-eji eriri cellulose eme ihe iji mepụta ụfọdụ ihe ndị siri ike dịka Biocomposites na plastik siri ike. Tebụl ahụ na-egosipụta polymer matrices dị iche iche na eriri cellulose ha na-agwakọta mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Saheb|first=D. N.|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X|title=Natural fiber polymer composites: A review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_advances-in-polymer-technology_winter-1999_18_4/page/351|journal=Advances in Polymer Technology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=351–363|year=1999}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na njirimara macroscopic nke eriri na-emetụta omume nke ihe mejupụtara, ihe ndị a na-esonụ na-adọrọ mmasị: * Dimensions: Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogologo na dayameta nke eriri bụ ihe na-ekpebi na nnyefe nke mgbalị na matrix. Tụkwasị na nke a, akụkụ na-adịghị mma na ọdịdị fibrillated nke eriri osisi na-enyere aka ijikọta ha n'ime matrix na-emebi emebi. * Ọnụ ọgụgụ oghere na ịmịkọrọ mmiri: Fiber nwere oghere dị ukwuu na nnukwu oghere dị n'ime. N'ihi ya, mgbe a na-etinye eriri n'ime ihe na-ejikọta ya, ha na-amị nnukwu matrix. Mmetụta dị elu nwere ike ịkpata mkpụmkpụ fiber na ọzịza matrix. Otú ọ dị, oke oghere na-enye aka na mbelata ịdị arọ, mmụba ụda olu, na obere okpomọkụ nke ihe ikpeazụ. * Ike nke ike: yiri, na nkezi, na eriri polypropylene.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This doesn't make sense in this setting. Why does tensile strength affect the resulting composite? Isn't tensile strength a result of how the matrix and fiber binds? (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Elastic modulus: Fiber cellulosic nwere obere modulus nke elasticity. Nke a na-ekpebi ojiji ya n'ịrụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa na-agbawa agbawa, yana nnukwu ike na-amịkọrọ ma na-eguzogide ike dị ike.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Again, how does this apply the macroscopic characteristics of the fiber? This seems to be about the resulting material. (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Akwa akwa === N'ime ụlọ ọrụ akwa, a na-eji cellulose eme ihe dị ka eriri dịka rayon, (gụnyere modal, na Lyocell mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya). A na-emepụta eriri cellulose site na ịgbasa anụ ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Fiber ndị dabeere na cellulose nwere ụdị abụọ, nke e mere ka ọ dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ cellulose dị ọcha dịka site na usoro cupro-ammonium na cellulase gbanwere dịka cellulose acetates. Fiber aka mbụ, nke a na-akwalite dị ka silk aka, ghọrọ nke a maara dị ka viscose n'ihe dị ka 1894, ma mesịa bụrụ rayon na 1924. A chọpụtara ngwaahịa yiri nke a a maara dị ka cellulose acetate na 1865. Rayon na acetate bụ eriri aka, mana ọ bụghị nke aka mere n'ụzọ zuru oke, na-abụ ngwaahịa nke Ihe oriri a na-agbari nke nwere [[Ńkú|osisi]] sitere n'okike. Ha abụghịkwa ihe owuwu aka nke silk, nke bụ polymer nke protein anụmanụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtara eriri aka ndị a n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, mmepụta nke oge a na-aga nke ọma malitere mgbe e mesịrị. === Nchịkọta === Ngwa enyemaka nke eriri cellulose / nzacha nwere ike inye ihe nchebe iji nyochaa ihe dị ka cellulose ntụ ntụ, ma e wezụga ịkwalite mmeziwanye na nghọta.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dị ka ntụ na-enweghị ntụ na nke na-abụghị abrasive nzacha, mee ka nhicha ghara ime mgbalị mgbe usoro nzacha na-enweghị mmebi na mgbapụta ma ọ bụ valvụ. Ha na-enyocha ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nke ígwè ma na-amị ihe ruru 100% nke mmanụ emulsified na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. N'ozuzu, eriri cellulose na ngwa nzacha nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nzacha mgbe ejiri ya dị ka isi ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ precoat n'ụzọ ndị a: * Okporo ụzọ dị na septum nzacha na obere mgbapụta na gaskets na oche akwụkwọ * Imeziwanye nkwụsi ike nke achịcha enyemaka nzacha iji mee ka ọ na-eguzogide nrụgide na nkwụsịtụ * Ịmepụta uwe elu yiri nke ahụ na-enweghị oghere maka ebe nzacha dị irè karị * Imeziwanye ntọhapụ nke achịcha na ibelata ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ihicha * Igbochi obere ihe na-agba ọbara * Ịkwado ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa ma belata mmetọ a na-agbari agbari == Ntụnyere ya na eriri ndị ọzọ == N'iji ya tụnyere eriri ndị e mepụtara, eriri cellulose nwere uru dị mkpa dị ka obere, ọnụ ala, ha nwere ike imegharị, ma nwee ike imebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mohanty|first=A. K.|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1<1::AID-MAME1>3.0.CO;2-W|title=Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview|journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering|volume=276-277|issue=1|pages=1–24|year=2000}}</ref> N'ihi uru ya, enwere ike iji eriri cellulose mee ihe dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya eriri iko na ihe ndị mejupụtara. == Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == Ihe a na-ere ahịa mgbe niile dị ka "fiber bamboo" bụ n'ezie ọ bụghị eriri ndị na-eto n'ụdị ha sitere na osisi bamboo, kama ọ bụ anụ bamboo a na-edozi nke ọma nke a na-ewepụta dị ka eriri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys|author=Fletcher|first=Kate|date=2008|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849772778|location=London|oclc=186246363}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher, Kate (2008). ''Sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys''. London: Earthscan. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781849772778|<bdi>9781849772778</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:186246363|186246363]].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a adịghị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka "fiber bamboo" na-apụta, ịkụ na owuwe ihe ubi bamboo maka fiber nwere ike, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, bụrụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa owuwe ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma kpochapụ ebe obibi ọhịa dị ugbu a maka osisi. == Hụkwa == * Mgbanwe eriri == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kgnnom9nhbzlgyfl4k4eaxf42vpp0xm 0 49544 697562 515866 2026-08-10T02:45:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg|thumb|435x435px| Isi mmalite ego mmefu ahụike site na obodo]] Ndị nlekọta nsogbu na-akwado bụ ụdị ego ngwaọrụ emebere iji gboo ọnụ akara niile ma ọ bụ mkpa ngwaọrụ sitere na ego a na-achịkwa nsogbu.  Na-emekarị nke a n'okpuru ụdị ụfọdụ nke onye kwuo uche onye kwuo uche, ikike nke gburu nke e debere na iwu na-emetụta ndị mmadụ dum na-enye aka na ego ma ọ bụ na-enweta uru site na ya. Ego ahụ nwere ike ịbụ onye obi na-azụ nke uru nke na- enyo maka akwụkwọ dịka iwu iwu nke ndị otu ma ọ bụ site n'ụdị onye kwuo uche ya ọzọ.  Na mba ụfọdụ, ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na- ego njikwa ahụ maka abamuru nke ndị mmadụ niile.  Nke ahụ na-ekewa ya na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke mgbanwe onwe onye, ​​ikike nke mpaghara nke dị n'okpuru ọrụ n'etiti onye ego ma ọ bụ onye nkwado ha na ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-achọ uru  site n'ịchịkwa ego n'etiti ndị na-enye ego.  na ndị na-enye ọrụ ndekọ. Mgbe ụtụ isi bụ ụzọ bụ isi e si enweta ego nlekọta ahụike yana mgbe ụfọdụ nwere mkpuchi mmanye, ndị niile tozuru oke na-enweta otu ọkwa mkpuchi ahụ n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ego ha ma ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ. <ref name="Blanchette">Claude Blanchette, Erin Tolley. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111129041152/http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp438-e.htm "PUBLIC- AND PRIVATE-SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON OF OECD COUNTRIES."] May 1997. Retrieved September 12, 2006.</ref> == Ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro ọha == Ọtụtụ mba usoro mepere emepe na-echere nke obere ma ọ bụ nke nsogbu.  Ọtụtụ mba ụlọ ihie n'ebe ahụ ike njikwa ike ndị na-egosi mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na ikike nke ụlọ n'otu nke ọha mmadụ nke na-ekpuchi ndị tozuru etozu ka ha buru ibu kpọmkwem nke ọtụtụ ekpuchi ngwaọrụ, nke a  na-enweta site na ụtụ isi n'oge ndụ ọrụ ha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'ime mba nwere ike nnukwu ego ọha na eze maka ụmụaka ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche maka ego na ndị ọrụ.  Enwere ike ekiri site na ego izugbe (dị ka ọ dị na Canada, United Kingdom, Brazil na India ) ma ọ bụ site na nchekwa nchekwa nke ụzọ dị ka ọ dị na mba Australia, France, Belgium, Japan na Germany)  na fu ego dị iche na atụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ nri.  Ozi nke nkọwa ekpuchikwara iche: na Canada, na-njiko, na- ịgba ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ niile, ebe na Japan, ndị ọrịa ga- irí ruo pacenti iri atọ nke ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ ọgwụ.  Ọrụ nke sistemu nsogbu na-enye dị iche iche.  apeere, Belgium na- atụgharị maka akụkọ eze na anya, ebe Australia na-ekpuchi anya anya mana ọ bụghị nkwupụta eze.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Gọọmenti nwere ike ịhịa aka n'ahụ ọgwụ na-etinye ego na eze, dịka na mba Nordic, Portugal, Spain, na Ịtali ;  N'ime usoro ụfọdụ, n'agbanyeghị, a na-akwado ọgwụ n'ihu ọha mana ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ụlọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, dịka ọ dị na Canada.  a na-enye ndị mgbasa ozi ndị factor, yana fu ego ya nwere ike ikepụ iche na furu ego steeti.  Usoro ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-akpata nke zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ọ bụ ike na ụlọ ọrụ .  Mba ụfọdụ, dị ka Jamanị, nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị akwụkwọ àmà site na usoro iwu mkpado.  Ụfọdụ, dị ka Netherlands na Switzerland, na-ekwe ka ndị insurers na- echiche onwe ha sonye. === Nlekọta ahụike nke ọkwa abụọ === Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla bụ isi nwere usoro nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze na-enwetakwa usoro nkeonwe maka ndị ọrịa nwere mkpuchi ahụike nke onwe ma ọ bụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ. Na steeti ndị ahụ, ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nwere ike nweta ọgwụgwọ na nkasi obi nwere ike ọ gaghị adị maka ndị dabere na usoro steeti. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Site na akụkụ nke ụdị NHS (1948), ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na United Kingdom agụnyere "akwa ihe eme ihe" nke ga- ọnụ ụlọ nke dabara adaba nke ọma, yana ngalaba na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọgwụ ebe a na-enyekwu ihe eji.  Paris ndụ aka.  Ndị ọrịa na-eji akwa akwa ndị nọ n'iche ọgwụ NHS maka ire ịwa ahụ, a na-arụkwa ọrụ n'otu ebe a na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọrụ NHS na otu onye ọrụ mana ụlọ na-enweta na-enweta ego.  n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye ọrịa.  Ihe ndina ihe eji arụ ndụ aka adịghị na ike ego ọha, dịka na mba Spain.  Ndị NHS na-akwụkwa ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ nkeonwe ka ha were mee ihe gbasara ịwa ahụ n'okpuruokpuru.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mkparịta ụka amụma ==   [[Usòrò:ISSP_gov-healthcare.svg|thumb|329x329px| Nnyocha mba ụwa nke 2006 banyere otu ndị nwere ọrụ si eche na gọọmentị bụ maka ego nlekọta ahụike]] Ọtụtụ mba na-achọ nguzozi ziri ezi nke mkpuchi ọha na nke onwe, enyemaka ọha, na ịkwụ ụgwọ n'akpa. Ọtụtụ mba OECD emejuputala mgbanwe iji nweta ebumnuche amụma iji hụ na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike, melite ogo nlekọta ahụike na nsonaazụ ahụike, na-ekenye ọkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke mpaghara ọha na eze ndị ọzọ maka nlekọta ahụike mana n'otu oge ahụ na-ahụ na a na-enye ọrụ na a. ọnụ ahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ na ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ (ọrụ microeconomic). Usoro dị iche iche, dị ka ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ ka mma, emela ka mkpali akụ na ụba microeconomic na-eche ndị na-eweta ya ihu. Agbanyeghị, iwebata ihe mkpali emelitere site na mpaghara asọmpi karịa n'etiti ndị na-enye ọrụ na ndị insurers egosila ihe siri ike. <ref name="docteur/oxley">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/53/22364122.pdf|title=Health-Care Systems: Lessons from the Reform Experience|author=Elizabeth Docteur|year=2003}}</ref> Afọ Harvard nke afọ 2009 nke e ndidi na American Journal of Public Health ihe pụtara puku iri anọ na anọ, narị asatọ kwa afọ na United Steeti n'ihi , dhaawac ,adi fim nke ndị mba Amerika, ya na otu ngafe nke ọhụrụ iri na abụọ.  [1] [2] N'ịgbasawanye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na mba United Steeti, ma ọ bụ ụwa ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ, ndị na-anwụ n'ihi ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ e mere na-abụ n'afọ 1997 na ọ mgbanwe nke nta ka  ọ bụrụ puku narị kwa afọ. <ref>A 1997 study carried out by Professors David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler (''New England Journal of Medicine'' 336, no. 11 [1997]) "concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the United States each year because of lack of needed care—three times the number of people who died of AIDs." [https://web.archive.org/web/20110317040707/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0903navarro.htm The Inhuman State of U.S. Health Care], ''Monthly Review'', Vicente Navarro, September 2003. Retrieved 2009-09-10</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ahụ ike zuru ụwa ọnụ * Amụma ahụike * Usoro ahụike * Iwu ahụike * Nlekọta ahụike tụnyere ogo dị iche iche nke ego ọha * mkpuchi ahụike mba * Echiche ọha maka mgbanwe nlekọta ahụike na United States * Nlekọta ahụike onye na-akwụ otu onye * ọgwụ emekọrịtara ọnụ * mkpuchi ọha * Nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ * National Health Service nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing mortality rates of private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals|journal=CMAJ|volume=166|issue=11|pages=1399–406|date=May 2002|pmid=12054406}} * {{Cite journal|title=Payments for care at private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-medical-association-journal_2004-06-08_170_12/page/1817|journal=CMAJ|volume=170|issue=12|pages=1817–24|date=June 2004|pmid=15184339|doi=10.1503/cmaj.1040722}} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN3143203520080331?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews&rpc=22&sp=true Doctors support universal health care: survey], Reuters, March 31, 2008 (first reported in Annals of Internal Medicine). * Krauss, C. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/international/americas/26canada.html?ex=1142053200&en=06d7eacb3aa96155&ei=5070 As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care is Surging], New York Times, February 26, 2006. * {{Cite journal|title=When money is the mission—the high costs of investor-owned care|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1999-08-05_341_6/page/444|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=341|issue=6|pages=444–6|date=August 1999|pmid=10432332|doi=10.1056/NEJM199908053410611}} 3lsi5qrhrgptg5tp33mo2mg6fqboynh 0 49574 697574 178829 2026-08-10T03:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697574 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha''' nke ịhụ nsọ ('''MHD,''' MH Day na mkpirikpi) bụ Ụbọchị mmata kwa afọ na Mee 28 iji mee ka mkpa ọ dị ezigbo nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nsọ (MHM) n'ọkwa ụwa niile. Ọ bụ NGO [[WASH United]] malitere ya na 2013 wee hụ ya na nke mbụ na 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Menstrual Hygiene Day {{!}} MHDay|url=https://menstrualhygieneday.org/about/about-mhday/|accessdate=2022-05-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012160319/https://menstrualhygieneday.org/about/about-mhday/}}</ref> <ref name=":15">UNESCO (2014). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2213 Puberty Education & Menstrual Hygiene Management - Good Policy and Practice in health Education - Booklet 9]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, p. 32</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaur|first=Rajanbir|date=2018|title=Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2018|pages=1730964|doi=10.1155/2018/1730964|issn=1687-9805|pmid=29675047}}</ref>Na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe gbasara ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-abụkarị ọnụ ahịa, nnweta na ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.[1][2]  Ebe nchekwa zuru oke na ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị dị mkpa mana mkparịta ụka mmeghe ime ka agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ dịkwa oke mkpa.  Nnyocha achọpụtala na enweghị ohere ịnweta ngwaahịa nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nsọ nwere ike ime ka ụmụ agbọghọ ghara ịlọ akwụkwọ n'oge oge ha na-eme kwa ọnwa.[3]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=74142|title=Uganda Celebrates Menstrual Hygiene Day|author=Amme|first=Grace|date=28 May 2015|work=Uganda Radio Network|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Ubọchị ịdị ọcha nke nsọ nwanyị bụ oge maka ịkpọsa ozi na mgbasa ozi, gụnyere mgbasa ozi ọha, yana itinye aka na ndị na-eme mkpebi na mkparịta ụka amụma.&amp;nbsp; Ebumnuche ụbọchị a bụ ịkwado maka njikọta nke nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke nsọ nwanyị n'ime amụma na mmemme zuru ụwa ọnụ, mba na mpaghara [[Usòrò:WSUP_Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Ememe Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya na Bangladesh]] Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe Mmiri dị ọcha na ụlọ mposi na-ezughị ezu. Na mgbakwunye, ọdịbendị ọdịnala na-eme ka o sie ike ikwurịta banyere ịhụ nsọ n'ihu ọha. Nke a na-egbochi ịnweta ozi dị mkpa na nke dị mkpa banyere ọrụ dị mma nke ahụ nwanyị. Nke a na-emetụta ahụike ha, agụmakwụkwọ na ùgwù ha. Enwere ike iwere ịnweta ozi dị ka [[ikike mmadụ]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2015-07_105_7/page/1302|author=Sommer|first=Marni|date=July 2015|journal=American Journal of Public Health|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525|pmid=25973831|issue=7|volume=105|pages=1302–1311}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-320743-World-Menstrual-Hygiene-Day-observed|title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day Observed|author=Imran|first=Myra|date=29 May 2015|work=The International News|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === N'afọ 2012, ọtụtụ òtù na-ahụ maka ahụike ọha na eze malitere imebi mkpọtụ na MHM ma tụgharịa uche ha n'okwu ahụ n'ụwa niile, gụnyere ndị na-ahazi obodo, ndị ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ United Nations.<ref name=":1"/> Na Mee 2013, WASH United jiri mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ụbọchị 28, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Twitter, nke a na-akpọ "May #MENSTRAVAGANZA" iji mee ka a mara banyere ịhụ nsọ na MHM dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ime mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha (WASH) atụmatụ mmepe. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://menstrualhygieneday.org/faq-4/|title=FAQ|accessdate=29 June 2015|work=Menstrual Hygiene Day|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703082806/http://menstrualhygieneday.org/faq-4/|archivedate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2014/05/Menstrual-Hygiene-Day-A-Milestone-for-Women-and-Girls-Worldwide#.VZHNVEZKYsI|title=Menstrual Hygiene Day: A Milestone for Women and Girls Worldwide|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=29 June 2015|work=Impatient Optimists|publisher=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|author=Keiser|first=Danielle|archivedate=9 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123231/https://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2014/05/Menstrual-Hygiene-Day-A-Milestone-for-Women-and-Girls-Worldwide#.VZHNVEZKYsI}}</ref> Ndị na-etinye aka na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, gụnyere WASH Advocates, Girls' Globe na Ruby Cup, nwetara nzaghachi dị mma maka "May #MENSTRAVAGANZA" ma ha kpebiri ịmepụta ụbọchị mmata zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":9" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa mere emume Menstrual Hygiene Day na nke mbụ ya na nzukọ, ihe ngosi, ihe nkiri, ụlọ ọrụ na okwu. E nwere ndị mmekọ 145 metụtara MHD mbụ.<ref name=":9"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44052-do-away-with-taboos-surrounding-menstruation.html|title=Do Away With Taboos Surrounding Menstruation|author=Gyesi|first=Zadok Kwame|date=2 June 2015|work=Graphic|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Maka afọ 2015, mkpọsa hashtag na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nyere anya dị mfe na-ama ụkpụrụ ọha na eze aka na mkpado #IfMenHadPeriods.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2015/05/27/is-ifmenhadperiods-the-best-campaign-ever-5217830/|title=Is #IfMenHadPeriods the Best Campaign Ever?|author=Kentish|first=Francesca|date=27 May 2015|work=Metro.co.uk|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi nke WaterAid, nke e wepụtara n'oge maka Menstrual Hygiene Awareness Day, mepụtara vidiyo "mgbasa ozi" ebe ụmụ nwoke na-akpa nganga inwe oge ha ma jiri "Manpons" kama tampons.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foodworldnews.com/articles/19744/20150531/new-spoof-ad-shows-men-having-menstrual-periods.htm|title=New Spoof Ad Shows Men Having Menstrual Periods|author=Masculino|first=Maria Leonila|date=31 May 2015|work=Food World News|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ahụ nyeere aka "ịkwalite mmata banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ike ịnweta 'mmiri dị nchebe, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha,' mgbe onye nleta ha kwa ọnwa na-abịa. " Akụkụ ọzọ nke mkpọsa ahụ bụ na ọ nyeere aka iwebata ụmụ nwoke n'ime mkparịta ụka ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike "inyere aka ịnagide ihere n'etiti ndị nna ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ume ka ha jiri mpako nabata okirikiri ha kama ihere. " Na [[Uganda]], ememe 2015 malitere site na njem gaa na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ebe a bịanyere aka na MHM wee gaa n'ihu na mmemme nke abụọ.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/05/28/menstrual-hygiene-day|title=Ditch the Euphemisms: Menstrual Hygiene Day Calls Out Period Taboos|author=Cowan|first=Samantha|date=28 May 2015|work=TakePart|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":6"/> == Ihe Ndị E Mere == === Ịkwalite mmata === Ụbọchị ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ bụ iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ikpo okwu iji jikọta ndị mmadụ n'otu, òtù, azụmaahịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mgbasa ozi iji mepụta olu dị n'otu ma dị ike maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ. E mere ya iji mebie ịgbachi nkịtị banyere nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=2W62674349549&site=ehost-live|title=E. Equatoria Marks Global Menstrual Hygiene Day|author=Bosco|first=Ijoo|date=29 May 2014|work=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/health/health-alert/break-the-silence-around-menstrual-hygiene-89965|title=Break the Silence Around Menstrual Hygiene|date=31 May 2015|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke MHD gụnyere:<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/may/28/period-misery-schoolgirls-menstruation-sanitation-shame-stigma|title=Menstruation Misery for Schoolgirls as Sanitation Woes Hit Hopes for the Future|author=Bax|first=Tahmeena|date=28 May 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":9"/> * Iji dozie ihe ịma aka na ihe isi ike ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-eche ihu n'oge ịhụ nsọ ha. * Iji mee ka ihe ngwọta dị mma na nke ọhụrụ a na-ewere iji dozie ihe ịma aka ndị a pụta ìhè. * Iji kwalite mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eto eto nke na-amata ma na-akwado ikike ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ewu mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị mmekọ ahụ na mba na mpaghara. * Na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka iwu ma na-akwado itinye aka na njikwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ (MHM) n'ime iwu na mmemme zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke mba na nke mpaghara. * Iji mepụta oge maka ọrụ mgbasa ozi, gụnyere mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-eme ka a nụ ma hụ ihe na-eto eto nke na-akwalite ịgụ na ide na nnwere onwe, yana Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":10"/> Mee 28 nwere ihe nnọchianya: Mee bụ ọnwa nke ise n'afọ, na nkezi ogologo oge ịhụ nsọ bụ ụbọchị 5 kwa ọnwa. Ọzọkwa, usoro ịhụ nsọ na-eme nkezi ụbọchị 28. <ref name=":7"/> === Nkwado gọọmentị === Maka ndị mmekọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ụbọchị ahụ abụghị naanị ohere iji mee ka mmadụ mara, kamakwa iji nwusie nzaghachi gọọmentị metụtara okwu MHM. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2015, Ministri ahụike na Kenya wepụtara atụmatụ MHM mba. Kenya, ya na UNICEF, nwere ọgbakọ mebere maka njịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ọnwa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/MHM_fourth_annual_virtual_conference_proceedings.pdf|title=Proceedings of the Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference 2015|date=24 May 2018|work=unicef.org|accessdate=24 May 2018|archivedate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063344/https://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/MHM_fourth_annual_virtual_conference_proceedings.pdf}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ebenside == osf7ofi4sbibh95fb0of337q19awvry 0 49597 697503 178688 2026-08-10T01:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697503 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ (CTF) bụ ngwá ọrụ nlekọta nke a na-eji ebelata mmebi nke ala nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo dị arọ ma ọ bụ ugboro ugboro na-agafe na ala. Edekọwo mmebi a na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ma na-agụnye ịba ụba mmanụ ọkụ, ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma, mbelata ihe ọkụkụ na arụ ọrụ nke ala na-adịghị mma n'ihe banyere ntinye mmiri, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na griin haus n'ihi nkwụsị nke ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Compaction by agricultural vehicles: a review. III. Incidence and control of compaction in crop production|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Soane|first=B.D.|issue=2|year=1982|volume=2|pages=3–36|doi=10.1016/0167-1987(82)90030-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of induced soil compaction by wheel traffic on soil physical properties and yield of maize in Romania|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Canarache|first=A.|issue=4|year=1984|pages=199–213|doi=10.1016/0167-1987(84)90048-5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wheel traffic effects on tillage draught|journal=Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research|author=Tullberg, J.N.|volume=75|issue=4|year=2000|pages=375–382|doi=10.1006/jaer.1999.0516}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tillage and traffic effects on runoff|journal=Australian Journal of Soil Research|author=Tullberg|first=J.N.|issue=2|year=2001|volume=39|pages=249–257|doi=10.1071/SR00019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Vulnerability of subsoils in Europe to compaction: a preliminary analysis|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Jones|first=R.J.A.|issue=1–2|year=2003|volume=73|pages=131–143|doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00106-5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Soil compaction in cropping systems. A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Hamza|first=M.A|issue=2|year=2005|volume=82|pages=121–145|doi=10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Machinery-induced compaction of arable soils. Incidence – consequences – countermeasures|journal=Reports from the Division of Soil Management|author=Håkansson|first=I.|issue=109|year=2005|issn=0348-0976}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo okporo ụzọ a na-achịkwa bụ usoro na-egbochi ibu igwe niile na mpaghara kacha nta nke ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro ọrụ ugbo dị ugbu a na-enye ohere ka igwe na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị usoro n'elu ala, na-agbakọta ihe dịka 75% nke mpaghara n'ime otu oge yana mpaghara dum site na oge nke abụọ. Ala adịghị agbake ngwa ngwa, na-ewe ihe dị ka afọ ole na ole (dịka,> afọ 5, karịsịa na ala na-enweghị ihe na-eme ka ọzịza). Usoro CTF kwesịrị ekwesị n'aka nke ọzọ nwere ike ibelata nsochi naanị 15% na nke a na-adị mgbe niile n'otu ebe. CTF bụ ngwá ọrụ; ọ naghị agụnye ndenye ọgwụ maka ịkọ ugbo ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ewere CTF na-eji obere ihe ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị n'ihi na ọ dịghị mkpa ka edozi ya. Ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na-adịkarị ka ibe ya na nke a bụ ụzọ kachasị mma isi nweta CTF, mana nkọwa ahụ anaghị egbochi nsochi n'akụkụ. Enwere ike gbutuo ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ na-agaghị egbutu ya dabere n'ọtụtụ mgbanwe na mmachi mpaghara. == Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ == Enwere ike inweta ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ọ bụla mana iji nweta ebe ndị a na-agbaso ruo n'ókè dịkarịa ala o kwere mee, enwere ihe atọ achọrọ: * Iji mee ka obosara kwekọọ ka ụzọ ndị dị n'akụkụ dị n'otu ebe maka igwe niile na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa. * Iji kwekọọ n'obosara ụzọ (ebe dị n'etiti etiti ụkwụ n'otu axle) nke igwe niile. * Iji debe igwe n'otu ebe ahụ n'afọ n'afọ. Ijikọta obosara nke mmejuputa bụ ihe gbasara atụmatụ ịga n'ihu, ma ọ bụ ijide n'aka na ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla adabaghị ugbu a, onye ga-anọchi ya ga-abụ. Ọ bụkwa eziokwu na ka ngwa ndị ahụ buru ibu, otú ahụ ka ebe a na-agbaso ga-adịkarịa ala. Ndị na-akụ ihe na-ahụkarị na ha nwere ike iji igwe sara mbara n'ihi na na-enweghị mmebi ala, ọ dị mfe ịdọrọ ha na n'ihe banyere ndị ọrụ ugbo, o yikarịrị ka ọ dịghị mkpa ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe ọ bụla dị nso na omimi. Ịkwado obosara ụzọ siri ike karị n'ihi na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-ejikarị ụzọ nke 3 m ma ọ bụ karịa na ịhazi ihe ndị a ga-eme ka igwe niile buru ibu ma bụrụ ihe na-abaghị uru iji mee ihe kwa ụbọchị. Ijikọta ya na ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ebe ihe onwunwe na-adịkarị anya, enwere ọtụtụ ohere na njem okporo ụzọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị oke. N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, gụnyere ọtụtụ na Europe, achọtala ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata ebe a na-agbaso, mana inweta ihe na-erughị pasent 20 ka ga-ekwe omume. Na usoro ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa maka ịkọ akwụkwọ nri, obosara ụzọ dịgasị iche n'etiti 1.83 m (ụkpụrụ alaeze nke 72") na usoro ahaziri ahazi nke ma eleghị anya 3.2 m ma ọ bụ karịa. Njem okporo ụzọ nwere usoro ndị a sara mbara nwere ike isi ike mana ojiji ha na [[Netherlands]] na [[Denmark]] na-abawanye na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anabata ihe mgbochi n'ihi uru nke usoro ahụ na-eweta. Idebe igwe n'otu ebe ahụ dị mfe site na usoro nduzi satellite dabere na mgbaàmà mgbazi RTK na njikwa onwe onye. Naanị usoro RTK nwere ike ikwe nkwa idebe ụgbọala n'otu ebe n'otu afọ n'afọ ma ọ na-enwetakwa ihe kachasị elu iji gafee n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke ihe dị ka ± 2 cm. &nbsp;Usoro nduzi nwere ọtụtụ uru ndị ọzọ ma ozugbo a nabatara usoro nke ụdị a, ọganihu okike bụ ịkwaga n'ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa. Uru ndị dị n'ozuzu nke nduzi gụnyere mbelata nke ukwuu n'etiti usoro nke igwe, ọkachasị nke ndị ọrụ ugbo sara mbara nke nwere ike ikpuchi ihe dị ka 10%. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akụ osisi na ndị na'egwuregwu na-eji akara anụ ahụ iji kwekọọ n'etiti otu agafe na nke ọzọ, njehie na-agbakọta ọnụ nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu na nke a na-akpụghị akpụ nke igwe ndị a mepụtara (ụgbọ okporo ígwè) maka ngwa kemịkal nwere ike ịnwe mkpuchi nke 5%. Mmetụta nke a dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na a na-eji okporo ụzọ maka ngwa kemịkal niile. 5% overlap na-emebi ihe yiri ya na ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ na site na ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè, na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ mebie ma nwee ike iduga na mmetọ na mmetụ. == Uru ya == * mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ka mma, ọkachasị n'oge ọkọchị ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo * ntinye dị ala maka ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, nke: ** belata ojiji mmanụ ụgbọala ** belata mkpa ike nke pụtara obere traktọ na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ ** melite oge nke ọrụ * ahụike ala ọrụ nke ala ka mma, nke: ** na-eme ka ala nwee oghere nke pụtara na enwere ohere maka mmiri na ikuku. ** na-eme ka mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala nke na-ebelata ikike maka mbuze ala ma na-emewanye mmiri dị na ihe ọkụkụ. ** na-eme ka drainage dịkwuo mma nke na-ezere mmiri na ikike maka nitrous oxide na methane emissions na methane oxidation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Soil and residue management effects on cropping conditions and nitrous oxide fluxes under controlled traffic in Scotland. 2. Nitrous oxide, soil N status and weather|journal=Soil and Tillage Research|author=Ball|first=B.C.|volume=52|issue=3–4|year=1999|pages=191–201|doi=10.1016/s0167-1987(99)00081-1}}</ref> ** na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ ihe ọkụkụ dịkwuo mma na arụmọrụ nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, na-eduga na obere ihe mkpofu na ikike maka [[mmetọ]] gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relationship between wheel-traffic-induced soil compaction, nutrient availability and crop growth: a review|journal=Journal of Production Agriculture|author=Wolkowski|first=R.P.|volume=3|issue=4|year=1990|pages=460–469|doi=10.2134/jpa1990.0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Corn growth response to K fertilization on three compacted soils|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_soil-tillage-research_1991-11_21_3-4/page/n102|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Wolkowski|first=R.P.|issue=3–4|year=1991|volume=21|pages=287–298|doi=10.1016/0167-1987(91)90026-T}}</ref> * na-eme ka ohere ubi dịkwuo mma, ọkachasị mgbe mmiri dị elu. A na-achọkarị ọrụ n'ọhịa n'ọnọdụ na-erughị nke ọma ma mgbe a na-eme ya, ọ nwere ike ịkpata mmebi dị ukwuu. Ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ na-enye ntọala siri ike maka ọrụ ndị a (okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide) ma na-egbochi mmebi nke eriri dị warara. == Ọghọm ya == A chọrọ ọzụzụ ka ukwuu n'ọhịa, ma nwee ike ịbawanye oge njem mgbe ị na-ewepụ nnukwu ihe, dị ka sugar beet ma ọ bụ poteto. Ntinye ego mbụ na teknụzụ na akụrụngwa maka CTF nwere ike ịdị elu. Mmejuputa nke CTF chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka njikwa GPS, teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na igwe ndị a kwadoro iji rụọ ọrụ na ụzọ njem. Mgbanwe gaa na CTF nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe na omume na ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ lekwasịrị anya na usoro na teknụzụ ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe maka mmejuputa ihe ịga nke ọma. == Ọdịnihu == Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo a na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ ka na-amalite n'ihe gbasara nkuchi (n'otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya bụ na teknụzụ na-enyere aka nke nduzi satellite ka dịtụ ọhụrụ), enwere ngwọta injinia ka mma nke ga-ebelata ebe ndị a na-agbaso na-erughị 10%. Nke a abụghị echiche na-adịbeghị anya, ebe Alexander Halkett malitere ya na 1850s <ref>{{Cite journal|title=On guideway agriculture: being a system enabling all the operations of the farm to be performed by steam power|journal=Journal of the Society of Arts|author=Halkett|first=P.A.|issue=7|year=1858|pages=41–53}}</ref> na David Dowler na 1970s, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Design, operation and performance of a gantry system: experience in arable cropping|journal=Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research|author=Chamen|first=W.C.T.|issue=59|year=1994|volume=59|pages=45–60|doi=10.1006/jaer.1994.1063}}</ref> mana echiche nke ụgbọ ala sara mbara na-aghọwanye ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'ihi uru ndị ọzọ ọ na-eweta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of a wide span vehicle (gantry), and soil and crop responses to its use in a zero traffic regime|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|author=Chamen|first=W.C.T.|issue=24|year=1992|pages=359–380|doi=10.1016/0167-1987(92)90119-V}}</ref> A na-akọwa echiche ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ọrụ ugbo okporo ụzọ na-achịkwa peeji dị obosara nke Europe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.controlledtrafficfarming.com/content/widespan.aspx|title=CTF Europe's wide span page|accessdate=2010-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526105230/http://www.controlledtrafficfarming.com/content/widespan.aspx|archivedate=2010-05-26}}</ref> ma nweta mpaghara dị ala site na iji otu n'ime otu ụzọ ụkwụ ahụ na-agafe agafe. Usoro ahụ na-ebelata ịdabere na teknụzụ satellite n'ihi na a na-etinye ụzọ ụkwụ na-eduzi maka ịgafe ọzọ na-akpaghị aka. Site na ngwá ọrụ ndị dị n'ime ụzọ ụkwụ ya, ọrụ obosara akụkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ịkọ ugbo ma ọ bụ owuwe ihe ubi mgbọrọgwụ, bụ ihe zuru oke, ebe usoro traktọ dị ugbu a ha abụghị. == Ebem si dee == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.actfa.net Australian Controlled Traffic Farming Association (ACTFA)] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jzsvbprvzkfo6pf2sw8254rxra7dsuu 0 49639 697914 692449 2026-08-10T10:40:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Transporter Room.jpg|thumb|Transporter Room.]] Teleportation bụ echiche nke okwu ma ọ bụ ike site n'otu ebe gaa na nke ọzọ na- ịgafe oghere anụ ahụ n'etiti ha.  Ọ bụ isiokwu a na-ahụ na akwụkwọ ntuziaka na n'ọdịbendị ọzọ a ma ama.  A na-azụ teleportation na njem oge, ebe ọ bụ na njem n'etiti isi ihe abụọ ahụ na-ewe oge na-egosi ama, mgbe ụfọdụ na-abụ ụzọ.  Mpempe akwụkwọ bụ ihe omume yiri nke a na-agụ na parapsychology na spiritism <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parapsych.org/historical_terms.html|title=Historical Terms Glossary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314213256/http://archived.parapsych.org/historical_terms.html|archivedate=2016-03-14|accessdate=2016-12-29}}</ref> <ref name="Melton">{{Cite book|author=Melton|first=J. Gordon|authorlink=J. Gordon Melton|title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediareli00melt|date=2008|publisher=Visible Ink Press|location=Detroit|isbn=9781578592098|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediareli00melt/page/n25 12]–13}}</ref> Enweghị usoro anụ ahụ a ma nke ga-enye nhọrọ maka teleportation.  [1] akwụkwọ ọgbụgba na- ugboro ugboro ugboro na mgbasa ozi nwere okwu teleportation na-akọkarị na nke a na-akpọ " quantum teleportation " , weeynka maka ịfe ozi nke, n'ihi usoro iwu, ka ekwe ka ekwe  ngwa ọkụ ọkụ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/quantum-teleportation-real|title=Quantum teleportation is real, but it's not what you think|work=Popular Science|date=19 February 2019|accessdate=20 December 2022}}</ref> == Etymology == Eji okwu teleport nsogbu nke ihe mmetụta n'etiti otu ebe na ebe ọzọ na- elele ike ịgafe anya dị n'etiti ha ka edepụtala n'oge dị ka 1878 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1878-10-23/ed-1/seq-4/ocr/|title=The Hawaiian gazette. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865–1918, October 23, 1878, Image 4|work=loc.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65763678|title=29 Jun 1878 – The Latest Wonder|work=nla.gov.au|date=29 June 1878}}</ref> . A na-ekwu na onye edemede America bụ Charles Fort bụ onye chepụtara okwu teleportation na 1931 [1] [2] iji jide ihe na-eme n'anya na ndị nke anomalies, nke ọ bụ aro nwere ike iche.  Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, ọ sonyeere telefix nke Greek prefix tele- (nke dị "remote") na ngosi nke ngwaa Latin (nke-ere "ibu").  [3] Ebe mbụ Fort ji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi mere n'isi nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ 1931 ya, Lo! <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mr. X|url=http://www.resologist.net/lo102.htm|title=Lo!: A Hypertext Edition of Charles Hoy Fort's Book|publisher=Resologist.net|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref>   == Ntụaka omenala == === Akụkọ ifo === Teleportation bụ isiokwu a na-akụkọ na akwụkwọ ozi, ihe nkiri, egwuregwu vidio, na ike.  Ojiji nke ihe na-ekesa ihe na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ifo mgbaàmà opekata mpe na mbụ afụ nke 19. [1] Ihe atụ mbụ nke teleportation mgbaàmà (na-- teleportation nke ihe na-egosi ma ọ bụ ime ime) dị na akwụkwọ 1897 To Venus na  Sekọnd ise nke Fred T. Jane .  A na-ebuga onye na-eme ihe nkiri Jane site na gazebo nke nwere igwe dị iche na ụwa gaa na mbara ala Venus - ya mere aha ya. Akụkọ izizi aha “onye na- mada okwu” bụ Edward Page Mitchell's "The Man Without a Body" na 1877 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/teleportation.html|title=Teleportation in early science fiction|publisher=The Worlds of David Darling|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> Onye na-eme Saint Padre Pio edepụta ọrụ ebube nke Bilocation ekiri nke Pope John Paul II.  A kọwokwa ihe omume a n’opo ihe mere eme nile nke ụka dị ka n’ime Testament Ọhụrụ ya na ikpughe bụ ebe e bugara ya n’elu ugwu wee nwaa ya site n’aka Setan . == Mgbasa ozi nke Quantum == Quantum teleportation dị iche na teleportation mgbe niile, n'ihi na ọ naghị ebufe okwu site n'otu ebe gaa na nke ọzọ, kama ọ na-ebufe ozi dị mkpa iji ụzọ ( microscopic ) lekwasịrị anya n'otu ọnọdụ quantum dị ka  isi akụkụ.  Akpọrọ aha ahụ ahụ quantum “teleportation”, n'ihi na a na-enwetaghachi ụfọdụ ụfọdụ nke sistemu isi n'ime amụma na-achọ ihe ọ banyere doro anya na-ebu ozi ọnụọgụ na-agbasa n'etiti ha abụọ. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, dị ka okwu na ọnụ ụlọ ụlọ, kpọmkwem ọnọdụ quantum nke usoro mkpa maka nzube ọ blọlụ (n'ihi na ọ na- agbanwe ngwa na agbanyeghị, ọ " decoheres "), na ozi dị mkpa iji  me usoro ahụ bụ oge gboo.  N'ịbụ ndị nke ahụ, ike iji dị mfe nke ozi oge gboo mgbaàmà quantum teleportation, dị ka nzi ozi redio. N'afọ 1993, Bennett ''et al'' <ref>C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. K. Wootters (1993), Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Channels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895–1899.</ref> tụrụ aro na enwere ike ibufe ọnọdụ quantum nke urughuru gaa na ihe ọzọ dị anya, na-enweghị ibugharị akụkụ abụọ ahụ ma ọlị. A na-akpọ nke a quantum state teleportation. Enwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nyocha na nnwale ebipụtara. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bouwmeester|first=D.|year=1997|title=Experimental quantum teleportation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-12-11_390_6660/page/575|journal=Nature|volume=390|issue=6660|pages=575–579|doi=10.1038/37539}}</ref> <ref name="Werner2001">{{Cite journal|title=All teleportation and dense coding schemes|author=Werner|first=Reinhard F.|date=2001|journal=J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.|volume=34|pages=7081–7094|doi=10.1088/0305-4470/34/35/332}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ren|first=Ji-Gang|year=2017|title=Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-09-07_549_7670/page/70|journal=Nature|volume=549|issue=7670|pages=70–73|doi=10.1038/nature23675|pmid=28825708}}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta kwenyere na quantum teleportation bụ ntọala nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na nkwurịta okwu quantum. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 2008, M. Hotta ozi aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume ị na ike telifon site n'iji ike ike ume ike na-emekọ ihe nke oghere oghere nke akwụkwọ quantum.  [1] N'afọ 2023, Kazuki Ikeda ma dekọọ ikuku, quantum ume teleportation maka oge mbụ ụmụaka anya dị anya site na iji kọmpụta IBM superconducting nke a na-eji maka ya quantum <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikeda|first=Kazuki|date=2023|title=Demonstration of Quantum Energy Teleportation on Superconducting Quantum Hardware|journal=Physical Review Applied|issue=2|doi=10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.024051}}</ref> Na 2014, onye ndị agha Ronald Hanson na ndị ọrụ ibe si Technical University Delft na Netherlands, akwụkwọ teleportation nke ozi n'etiti quantumbits abụọ ọnụ na mita atọ.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/hansonlab-demonstrates-quantum-teleportation-0|title=Hansonlab demonstrates quantum teleportation|accessdate=2024-07-14|archivedate=2020-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605061055/https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/hansonlab-demonstrates-quantum-teleportation-0}}</ref> Na 2016, Y. Wei Track na n'ozuzu nke quantum mechanics, ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike na-esi n'otu ebe gaa n'ebe ọzọ.  [1] Nke a ka a na-akpọ teleportation.  Site na echiche a, mmetụta ike ile superconductivity dị ka teleportation nke ụfọdụ electrons na superconductor na superfluidity dị ka teleportation nke ụfọdụ n'ime atom ndị dị na cellular tube.  Atụghị mmetụta na ọdịiche a ga-eme n'usoro nhazi quantum ọkọlọtọ. == Nkà ihe ọmụma == Ọkà ihe Derek Parfit ji teleportation mee ihe n'ime ihe nhụsianya nke teletransportation ya.. == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == {{Commons category|Teleportation}} * {{Cite book|author=David Darling|authorlink=David J. Darling|year=2005|title=Teleportation: The Impossible Leap|url=https://archive.org/details/teleportationimp00darl|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-71545-0}} * Lawrence M. Krauss (1995), ''The Physics of Star Trek'', Basic Books,   * Eric W. Davis (2004), ''Teleportation Physics Study'', Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2003-0034 * {{Cite book|author=Bernd Thaller|title=Advanced Visual Quantum Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq1Gi6hmTRAC&pg=PA170|year=2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-27127-9}} * [http://discovermagazine.com/2014/julyaug/20-the-ups-and-downs-of-teleportation Will Human Teleportation Ever Be Possible?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151016083811/http://io9.com/human-teleportation-is-far-more-impractical-than-we-tho-988408753 Human teleportation is far more impractical than we thought] * Y. Wei (2016), How to teleport a particle rather than a state Phys Rev E 93. 066103 hjpeyomkmdpqg4qcn79dqr46d387iuj 0 49683 697842 195796 2026-08-10T09:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Automatic_Soap_Dispenser.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Automatic soap dispenser]] '''Ihe akpaka nkesa ncha''' bụ ngwaọrụ n' ebunye ọnụọgụ [[ncha]] a n'achịkwa (ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri yiri ya dị ka ihe ncha aka ). A na-ejikarị ngwa ngwa eme ihe n'ime ụlọ mposi ọha. Ha na-arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ọnụọgụ ncha ejiri wee kwụsị mgbasa ọrịa na-efe efe . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ Luka Petrovicc nyefere echiche maka ihe nkesa akpaka nke mbụ ka e mebere ya n'afọ 1989. Ikike ikike ahụ dị n'okpuru aha, "Ngwaọrụ n'ekpochapụ-akpaka-mmiri n'ekesa". E nyere onye ọrịa ahụ n'afọ 1991. Ngwaọrụ nwere onye ọrịa ahụ dị n'okpuru nkọwa ndị a: "Ngwaọrụ na-ekesa mmiri n'ekpochapụ akpaka gụnyere: ihe nwere nhazi maka inwe mmiri nhicha; ngwaọrụ nlebara anya nke etinyere na onye otu ntọala a na-etinye n'akụkụ ala nke ihe owuwu nwere ebe kwuru na onye isi bụ. enyere ya na ntinye, sekit sensọ nke etinyere na bọọdụ sekit, nhazi moto nke ejikọrọ na sekit sensọ, ihe ntinye maka ịfufu isi iyi nke sekit sensọ site na ya iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke ihe mpụga na-emechi ọkụ. isi iyi; na usoro nkesa, nke na-emi esịnede a push Ọdịdị na-arụ ọrụ ejikọrọ n'akwọ moto na akwogharị ya eji akwọghe Ọdịdị, arụnyere na isi so na n'ihe na-ahụ ihe ngwaọrụ; ngwaọrụ na-ahụ ihe, a ga-enye ego nke mmiri nhicha dị n'ime ihe owuwu ahụ na-akpaka maka ebumnuche ihicha." == Ngwa == === Ebe ọha === Teknụzụ akpaaka abanyela n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha. Onye nta akụkọ Michael Sasso kpọrọ ya otu oge dị ka, "Ụlọ ọrụ ịdị ọcha na-eweta Age Age na Bathroom." O dere maka ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Tampa. Emebere mmamịrị akpaaka nke mbụ n'afọ1987 na n'ime afọ irí na isii, "ọdụ ụgbọ elu nwere otu narị na iri anọ na atọ akpaaka ebe ana aǹụ amịrị, akpaka-nwụcha dị narị atọ na iri iteghete commodes n' akpaka faucets dị narị abụọ na iri asaa na isii". <ref>Sasso, Michael. "Hygienic Company Brings Space Age to Bathroom." Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [Washington] 24 Nov. 2003: 1. Print.</ref> Teknụzụ na-enweghị mmetụ abụrụla ihe eji eme ụlọ ịsa ahụ nke oge a mgbe niile. === Ntọala ụlọ ọgwụ === Emere ọmụmụ ihe na mpaghara ntinye nke ụlọ nyocha ọmụmụ nje ndí anaghị áhụ anya na-ahụ maka ahụike na ngalaba nlekọta eze na-ahụ maka ndị ọrịa na Mahadum Virginia Medical Center. Emere nyocha iji nyochaa otu ngwọta antiseptik na ihe ndị na-ekesa akpaka na ntọala ụlọ ọgwụ. A na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe maka ọnwa abụọ, na njedebe, a na-enyocha irè nke ngwọta na onye na-enye ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na mmanya na-egbu egbu ahụ enweghị mmasị n'ihi mmetụta na-ehichapụ akpụkpọ ahụ nke ngwọta mmanya na-egbu egbu, onye na-enye ihe n'onwe ya ka akwadoro maka iji ya mee ihe n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụike niile. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cronin|first=WA|title=A no-rinse alcohol antiseptic and a no-touch dispenser for hand decontamination|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology_1989-02_10_2/page/80|journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=80–3|year=1989|pmid=2926108|doi=10.1086/645967}}</ref> Uru, ịda ogbenye, ọrịa juru n'ọnụ ọha na eze narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ejirila mmegharị ịdị ọcha nke mgbanwe belata nke ukwuu na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ọganihu ndị ọzọ ... nwere ike jikọta ya na etiologically na nwa oge na ụfọdụ n'ime ọrịa ndị a, ihe akaebe na-akpata (dịka, usoro oge, nkwụsi ike, ihe dị ndụ) kwekọrọ n'echiche bụ na ịdị ọcha onwe onye bụ ihe ọzọ nyere aka chọpụta ọdịda ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aiello, Allison E.|title=Against Disease: The Impact of Hygiene and Cleanliness on Health|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=36|issue=10|year=2008|pages=S128–151|doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2008.09.005|pmid=19125441}}</ref> Ọganihu nke ịdị ọcha, dị ka nke ncha ncha akpaka, enwere ike ịtụle dị ka otu n'ime mmeri ndị na-agbachi nkịtị nke ahụike ọha ma na-aga n'ihu na-abụ atụmatụ mgbochi ọrịa dị mkpa, ọbụlagodi n'oge “oge a” mgbe “ozi ọma nke germs. " ebelatala na ewu ewu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomes|first=N|title=The making of a germ panic, then and now|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2000-02_90_2/page/191|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=90|issue=2|pages=191–8|year=2000|pmid=10667179|doi=10.2105/AJPH.90.2.191}}</ref> Nkọwa siri ike na mbelata nke ọnụọgụ ọnwụ bụ nke ịsacha aka (National Center for Health Statistics). == Usoro == Mgbe ị na-asa aka, a na-etinye aka onye ọrụ n'okpuru nọzụ́lụ na n'ihu ihe mmetụta. Ihe mmetụta a na-eme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ga-eme ka mgbapụta na-ebunye ncha nke eburula ụzọ tụọ ya na nozulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lenius, Pat|title=Sloan Valve|journal=Supply House Times|volume=47|issue=12|year=2005}}</ref> === Ihe mmetụta radar dabere === Ụdị ihe mmetụta a na-ezipụ mgbịrịgba nke igwe n'eme ihe ọdị ọkụ ma ọ bụ ume mnyocha ume ma na-echere ume ka ọ tụgharịa azụ. N'ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ, ike ga-alaghachi azụ n'ụdị nkịtị. Mgbe etinyere aka n'ime efere ahụ, ike na-esi na ihe mmetụta ga-alaghachi azụ n'oge ọ bụla nke na-akpalite ncha nke ncha. <ref name="Harris">Harris, Tom. [http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/security/burglar-alarm.htm "How Burglar Alarms Work"] 20 February 2001. HowStuffWorks.com. 11 December 2010.</ref> Ihe mmetụta ọgbara ọhụrụ a na-eji na ọkpọkọ eletrọnịkị, valvụ eletrọnịkị na ndị na-enye ncha eletrọnịkị na-eji ọkụ infrared nwere ogologo ogologo n'ogo 850.&nbsp;nm. Ihe mmetụta ahụ na-eji emitter na onye nchịkọta. Onye na-ebupụta ọkụ na-ewepụta ọkụ infrared mgbe onye na-achịkọta, nke edobere ihu n'otu aka ahụ dị ka emitter, 'na-anọdụ ala' na-eche ka ọ hụ ihe mpụtara. Mgbe ọ dịghị aka dị n'ihu ngwaọrụ, ọ dịghị ihe ngosi nke ìhè na-ewere ọnọdụ, ya mere, ọ dịghị pulse na-aghọta. Mgbe aka dị n'okporo ụzọ nke ọkụ a na-ewepụta, akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọkụ infrared a na-agbanye na-agbaghachi azụ na ntụziaka nke onye nchịkọta nke ọkụ ahụ na-enwe mmasị (na ihe omume a na-eji photodiode) ma na-emepụta voltaji ka ọ gbanwee gbanye. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri transistor foto mee ihe, mgbe ahụ transistor foto, mgbe ọ hụrụ usu infrared, ga-agbanye naanị mgbapụta ahụ. <ref name="MAC Faucets">Shakkour, Fadi. http://www.macfaucets.com/howitworks</ref> === Ihe mmetụta foto === Usoro a bụ akụkụ abụọ mejupụtara, isi iyi nke ìhè lekwasịrị anya (na-abụkarị ọkụ laser) na ihe mmetụta ọkụ. Mgbe a na-etinye aka onye ọrụ n'ahịrị nke ọkụ ọkụ, usoro mgbapụta na-arụ ọrụ site na nkwụsịtụ nke ihe mmetụta ọkụ na-ahụ. <ref name="Harris">Harris, Tom. [http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/security/burglar-alarm.htm "How Burglar Alarms Work"] 20 February 2001. HowStuffWorks.com. 11 December 2010.</ref> === Ihe mmetụta infraredi na-agafe agafe === Ihe mmetụta na-achọpụta oke ike nke okpomọkụ ahụ mmadụ na-ewepụta. Mgbe etinyere aka na nso ihe mmetụta ahụ, ike infrared na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa. Mgbanwe a na-akpalite mgbapụta ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma kesaa ego ncha a họpụtara. <ref name="Harris">Harris, Tom. [http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/security/burglar-alarm.htm "How Burglar Alarms Work"] 20 February 2001. HowStuffWorks.com. 11 December 2010.</ref> == Uru == === Enweghị mmetụ aka === Ọganihu nke ihe na-ekesa ncha akpaka na-ebutekwa ebe na-adịghị mma. Mgbe ndị dị iche iche na-eji mgbapụta ahụ, ha ga-ahapụ ebe dị iche iche nke nje bacteria. Obodo ndị a ga-agbakọta ọnụ wee bute nje ọrịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ nke nwere ike mebie aka dị iche iche na ncha na-egbochi nje agaghị ekpochapụ kpamkpam. Ihe nhụsianya sara mbara ma ọ bụ ọkwa dị elu nke nguzogide, na mpaghara ndị dị ugbu a, bụ n'ihi mmekọrịta na/ma ọ bụ mmeju n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eguzogide. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=N.|title=Pyramiding of bacterial blight resistance genes in rice: marker-assisted selection using RFLP and PCR|url=https://archive.org/details/theoretical-and-applied-genetics_1997-08_95_3/page/313|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=95|pages=313–320|year=1997|doi=10.1007/s001220050565|issue=3}}</ref> Na-enweghị ụdị mmadụ dị iche iche na-emetụ mgbapụta ahụ, a ga-ewepụ nje bacteria. === Nkwalite akwadoro === Ndị na-ekesa ga-ekesa naanị ncha edobere ncha n'otu mmegharị. Enwere ike ịtọ ego a kara aka nke a ga-enyefe ka ọ bụrụ nke kacha arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ihe mkpofu ga-adị ntakịrị. === Ntughari === Usoro nke ihe nkesa na-arụ ọrụ maka ncha nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ maka mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ: ncha, aka sanitiza, ude mmiri, akwa akwa akwa wdg. Ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ohere na-agbatị iji ihe nkesa na ebe dị iche iche na-abụghị ụlọ ịsa ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Ịsacha aka == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tbg43su3jphgzwvdlo4z9t0j9djiav4 0 49737 697882 179201 2026-08-10T10:05:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ahịa ndị ọrụ ugboahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo''' ọrụ ugbe dị ka akwụkwọ AP si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2014|title=AP Style tip: farmers market or farmer's market?|url=https://twitter.com/apstylebook/status/461495517680504832|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903223546/https://twitter.com/apstylebook/status/461495517680504832|archivedate=3 September 2021|accessdate=30 January 2022|work=[[Twitter]]|publisher=[[AP Stylebook]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2014|title=AP Style tip: farmers market or farmer's market?|url=https://www.facebook.com/apstylebook/posts/ap-style-tip-farmers-market-or-farmers-market-we-prefer-farmers-market-as-a-desc/718880441468378/|accessdate=30 January 2022|work=[[Facebook]]|publisher=[[AP Stylebook]]}}</ref> nakwa ahịa ndị ọrụ ubi na Cambridge Dictionary <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|title=FARMER'S MARKET {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/farmer-s-market?q=farmer%27s+market|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130152557/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/farmer-s-market?q=farmer%27s+market|archivedate=30 January 2022|accessdate=30 January 2022|work=[[Cambridge Dictionary]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|title=MARKET {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/market|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225233/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/market|archivedate=20 January 2022|accessdate=30 January 2022|work=[[Cambridge Dictionary]]}}</ref>) bụ ahịa mkpọsa anụ ahụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ere nri kpọmkwem na ndị n'azụ ahịa. Ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbụ n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ n'èzí ma n'enwekarị ụlọ, tebụl ma ọ bụ ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ere ihe ha n'emepụta, anụmanụ na [[osisi]] dị ndụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ. Ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo dị n'ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa niile ma gosipụta ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba obodo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị ụlọ ahịa ole na ole ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ịdị ukwuu dị ka ọtụtụ obodo. N'ihi ọdịdị ha, a n'achịkwa ha nke ọma karịa ụlọ ahịa n'emepụta ihe.<ref name="cbc1">{{Cite news|author=Denne|first=Luke|date=29 September 2017|title='People are being duped': CBC exposes homegrown lies at farmers markets|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/farmers-markets-lies-marketplace-1.4306231|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref> A n'ekewa ha n'Ahịa ọha na eze, nke a n'etinye n'ime ụlọ n'adịgide adịgide, n'emeghe n'afọ niile, ma n'enye ọtụtụ ndị n'abụghị ndị ọrụ ugbo / ndị n'adịghị emepụta, nri a n'ekpokọta na ngwaahịa ndị n'enweghị nri.<ref name="Michigan State University">{{Cite web|author=Bell|first=Randy|date=29 August 2013|title=Public markets differ from farmers markets|url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/public_markets_differ_from_farmers_markets|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226200703/http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/public_markets_differ_from_farmers_markets|archivedate=26 February 2018|accessdate=11 January 2021|work=MSU Extension|publisher=Michigan State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=The Difference Between Public Markets and Farmers Markets|url=http://www.7thstreetpublicmarket.com/2012/the-difference-between-public-markets-and-farmers-markets/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084411/http://www.7thstreetpublicmarket.com/2012/the-difference-between-public-markets-and-farmers-markets/|archivedate=7 April 2014|accessdate=|work=|publisher=7th Street Public Market}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Wildmarkt.jpg|thumb|''Auf dem Vogelmarkt'' (ụmụ nwanyị n'enye mgbada na nnụnụ ọhịa), narị afọ nke 18-19<br />]] [[Usòrò:Drawing_by_Marguerite_Martyn_of_Soulard_Market,_St._Louis,_in_1912.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Marguerite Martyn nke Soulard Farmers Market, St. Louis, Missouri, na 1912]] Echiche nke ugbu a nke ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo yiri echiche ndị gara aga, mana ọ dị iche na ụdị ndị ọzọ - dịka akụkụ nke ire ahịa ndị ahịa, n'ozuzu, n'aga n'ihu n'agbanwe n'oge. Ụdị yiri nke ahụ dị tupu Oge mmepụta ihe, mana ọ n'abụkarị akụkụ nke ahịa sara mbara, ebe ndị n'eweta nri na ngwongwo ndị ọzọ n'ezukọta iji ree ngwa ahịa ha. Ebe azụmahịa malitere n'afọ 1930, mgbanwe gaa na ndị n'ere ahịa n'ere ngwa ahịa ndị ọzọ karịa nke ha. Ụlọ ahịa na Ụlọ ahịa nri gara n'ihu n'eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe pụrụ iche na ire ere, n'emeziwanye ahụmịhe ndị n'azụ ahịa, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pyle|first=Jane|date=1971|title=Farmers' Markets in the United States: Functional Anachronisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1971-04_61_2/page/n4|journal=Geographical Review|volume=61|issue=2|pages=167–197|doi=10.2307/213994|issn=0016-7428}}</ref> ka ha n'ewepụ ya na mmepụta na mgbagwoju anya na-eto eto.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> 6ol65affqt2jk5cgbiqjk2vjqzy7r6c 0 49793 697862 205747 2026-08-10T09:41:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Diatomaceous_Earth.jpg|thumb|Ihe nlele nke ala diatomaceous nke dị n'ụdị nri]] [[Usòrò:Ziemia_okrzemkowa.JPG|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke diatomaceous ụwa]] Diatomaceous earth (/ ˌdaɪ.ətəˈmeɪʃəs/ DY-ə-tə-MAY-shəs), diatomite (/daɪˈætəmaɪt/ dy-AT-ə-myte), celite ma ọ bụ kieselgur/kieselguhr bụ ihe na-eme n'okike, dị nro, siliceous nke nwere sedimenti. a ga-akụtu ya ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọcha na ntụ ntụ na-acha ọcha. Ọ nwere nha nha nke sitere na ihe karịrị 3 mm ruo ihe na-erughị 1 μm, mana ọ na-adịkarị 10 ruo 200 μm.[1] Dabere na granularity, ntụ ntụ a nwere ike inwe mmetụta abrasive, dị ka ntụ ntụ ntụ, ma nwee njupụta dị ala n'ihi nnukwu porosity ya. Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke ụwa diatomaceous akpọnwụ akpọnwụ bụ 80-90% silica, yana 2-4% alumina (nke a na-ekwukarị na mineral ụrọ), yana 0.5-2% iron oxide..<ref name="USGS">{{Cite book|author=Antonides|first=Lloyd E.|title=Diatomite|year=1997|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/diatomite/250497.pdf|accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref> Ala diatomaceous nwere ihe fossilized nke diatoms, ụdị microalgae siri ike.[1] A na-eji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka filtration, abrasive dị nro na ngwaahịa gụnyere metal polishes na ntanya eze, igwe ụmụ ahụhụ, absorbent maka mmiri mmiri, matting gị n'ụlọnga maka coatings, ike filler na rọba na roba, mgbochi mgbochi na plastic fim, porous nkwado maka chemical catalysts, awụba nwamba, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ọmụmụ coagulation, ihe na-eme ka dynamite kwụsie ike, ihe mkpuchi ọkụ, na ala maka osisi na osisi ndị nwere ite dị ka ọ dị na nka nke bonsai.[2][3] A na-ejikwa ya na chromatography gas juru n'ọnụ ogidi ndị e ji iko ma ọ bụ ígwè mee dị ka oge nkwụsị.. == Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya == Ihe ọ bụla dị n'ala diatomaceous dị iche, ya na ngwakọta dịgasị iche iche nke ala diatomaceus dị ọcha jikọtara ya na ụrọ na mineral ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rojht|first=Helena|date=2010–2012|title=Impact of geochemical composition of diatomaceous earth on its insecticidal activity against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10340-010-0313-6|journal=Journal of Pest Science|language=en|volume=83|issue=4|pages=429–436|doi=10.1007/s10340-010-0313-6|issn=1612-4758}}</ref> Diatoms dị na nkwakọba ihe ọ bụla nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke silica, dabere na ọnọdụ sedimentation, na ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ (ụrọ, ájá, ntụ ọkụ), na afọ nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ (2" href="./Diagenesis" id="mwTQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis, silica (SiO2) dissolution / precipitation, diatoms ule ịka nká). Ụdị diatom nwekwara ike ịdị iche n'etiti ebe ndị a na-etinye ego. Ụdị diatom na-adabere na afọ na paleoecology n == Ọzụzụ == Diatomite na-emepụta site na mkpokọta nke silica amorphous (opal, ) nke nwụrụ anwụ diatoms (microscopic single-cell algae) na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri.  Ihe fọdụrụnụ nwere mkpokoro abụọ yiri ibe ha ma ọ bụ frustules.<ref name="USGS"/> A na-ahụ diatomites mmiri na njikọ ya na ụdị nkume ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche mana diatomites lacustrine fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-ejikọta ya na nkume mgbawa. Diatomaceous chert nwere diatomite nke e ji silica mee.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Boggs|first=Sam|title=Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy|date=2006|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|isbn=0131547283|edition=4th}}</ref> Diatoms na-enwe ike wepụ silica na mmiri nke na-erughị 1% juputara na silica amorphous (nchịkọta saturation (SI): -2). nkụda mmụọ ha na-anọgide na-agbaze n'ihi na ihe matriks organic gbara ha gburugburu. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ụrọ nwekwara ike ịmalite na nkụda mmụọ ma chebe ha pụọ ​​na mgbaze na mmiri oké osimiri. Mgbe diatom nwụrụ, nkụda mmụọ na-ewepụ oyi akwa ya ma kpughee ya na mmiri oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, naanị 1% ruo 10% nke frutules na-adị ndụ ogologo oge ka e wee lie ya n'okpuru sediments na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-agbaze n'ime sediments. Naanị ihe dị ka 0.05% ruo 0.15% nke silica mbụ nke diatoms mepụtara ka echekwara na ndekọ sedimentary.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Blatt|first=Harvey|title=Origin of sedimentary rocks|date=1980|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=0136427103|pages=578–579|edition=2d}}</ref> == Nchọpụta == N'afọ 1836 ma ọ bụ 1837, onye ọrụ ugbo Germany bụ Peter Kasten chọpụtara ala diatomaceous (German: ''Kieselgur'') mgbe ọ na-agbanye olulu mmiri na ndagwurugwu ugwu Haußelberg, na Lüneburg Heath na North Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ghobara|first=Mohamed M|title=On Light and Diatoms: A Photonics and Photobiology Review|journal=Diatoms: Fundamentals and Applications|date=June 28, 2019|doi=10.1002/9781119370741.ch7}}</ref><ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/kosmos/kultur/2001_002.htm|title=Deutschland - Wiege des Nobelpreis: Tourismus-Industrie und Forschung auf den Spuren Alfred Nobels|publisher=[[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]]|date=December 17, 2001|accessdate=October 12, 2018|author=Klebs|first=Florian|language=de|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117030549/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/kosmos/kultur/2001_002.htm|archivedate=November 17, 2002}}</ref> Ebe a na-ewepụta ihe na Lüneburg Heath bụ 1863-1994 Neuohe, ebe ebe nchekwa bụ: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ebe nchekwa !site na !na |- |Wiechel |1871 |1978 |- |Hützel |1876 |1969 |- |Hösseringen |1880  c. 1880  |1894 |- |Hammerstorf |1880  c. 1880  |1920 |- |Oberohe |1884 |1970 |- |Schmarbeck |1896 |1925  c. 1925  |- |Steinbeck |1897 |1928 |- |Breloh |1907 |1975 |- |Schwindebeck |1913 |1973 |- |Hetendorf |1970 |1994 |} Ihe ndị ahụ ruru mita 28 (92 n'ịdị arọ ma bụrụ ala diatomaceous mmiri dị ọcha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><gallery mode="packed"> Usòrò:KieselgurNeuohe4-2.jpg|{{circa|1900}}–1910 Diatomaceous earth pit at Neuohe Usòrò:KieselgurNeuohe3-2.jpg|{{circa|1900}}–1910 a drying area: One firing pile is being prepared; another is under way. Usòrò:KieselgurNeuohe2-2.jpg|1913: Staff at the Neuohe factory, with male workers and a female cook in front of a drying shed </gallery>Ruo Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmepụta ụwa niile nke ala diatomaceous sitere na mpaghara a.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ndị ọzọ e tinyere n'ọrụ == Na [[Poland]], a na-ahụ ala diatomaceous na Jawornik, ma mejupụtara ya na ọkpụkpụ diatomaceus (frustules). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lutyński|first=Marcin|date=October 31, 2019|title=Characterization of Diatomaceous Earth and Halloysite Resources of Poland|journal=Minerals|volume=9|issue=11|pages=670|doi=10.3390/min9110670}}</ref> In Germany, diatomaceous earth was also extracted at [[Altenschlirf]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.natpa.de/bonifatius/senken/p7.htm|title=Was ist es um die Kieselgur?|accessdate=March 10, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020701/https://www2.natpa.de/bonifatius/senken/p7.htm|archivedate=September 28, 2007}} Über den früheren Abbau von Kieselgur im Vogelsberg/Hessen</ref> on the Vogelsberg (Upper Hesse) and at Klieken (Saxony-Anhalt). E nwere ala diatomaceous karịrị mita 6 (20 n'ịdị arọ na ebe nchekwa okike nke [[Soos (Nature reservation)|Soos]] na Czech Republic.<ref name="SoosRef">{{Cite web|url=https://drusop.nature.cz/ost/archiv/plany_pece/index.php?frame&ID=26651|title=Protokol o vypořádání připomínek a schválení plánu péče NPR Soos na období 2016–2023|publisher=Ministerstvo životního prostředí [Ministry of the Environment]|date=February 1, 2016|accessdate=April 5, 2021|language=Czech}}</ref> A na-egwupụta ihe ndị dị na Isle of Skye, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Scotland, ruo n'afọ 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/news/skye-diatomite-a-lost-industry-1-118249|title=Skye diatomite: A lost industry|work=www.stornowaygazette.co.uk|accessdate=January 5, 2019|archivedate=January 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055145/https://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/news/skye-diatomite-a-lost-industry-1-118249}}</ref> Na [[Colorado]] na Clark County, Nevada, United States, e nwere nkwụnye ego ruru ọtụtụ narị mita n'obosara n'ebe ụfọdụ. A na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na Sisquoc Formation na Santa Barbara County, California nso Lompoc na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke Southern California. Nke a bụ nnukwu ebe diatomite dị n'ụwa. A rụkwara ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri na [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]], [[Végíníyà|Virginia]], [[Algeria]] na MoClay nke Denmark. Mmiri dị ọcha na-adị na Nevada, [[Oregon]], [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]] na [[California]]. Mmiri ọdọ mmiri na-emekwa na ọdọ mmiri interglacial n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, na Canada na Europe na Germany, [[France]], Denmark na Czech Republic. Njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke diatomite deposits na volcanic deposits na-egosi na nnweta nke silica site na ntụ volcanic nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nnukwu diatomite deposit.<ref name="AIME">Cummins, Arthur B., ''Diatomite'', in ''Industrial Minerals and Rocks'', 3rd ed. 1960, [[American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers]], pp. 303–319</ref> A na-ahụ ala diatomaceous mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu Ọzara. Nnyocha egosiwo na mbuze nke ala diatomaceous n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ (dị ka Bodélé Depression na Sahara) bụ otu n'ime isi iyi kachasị mkpa nke uzuzu na-emetụta ihu igwe na ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Todd|first=Martin C.|title=Mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx 2005|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|date=March 22, 2007|volume=112|issue=D6|pages=D06207|doi=10.1029/2006JD007170}}</ref> Siliceous frustules nke diatoms na-agbakọta na ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ na nke na-acha nnu. Ụfọdụ peats na mucks nwere ọtụtụ frustules nke mere na ha nwere ike igwu ala. A chọtawo ọtụtụ n'ime ala diatomaceous nke Florida n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ American Diatomite, site na 1935 ruo 1946, nụchara ihe ruru tọn 145 kwa afọ site na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ha dị nso na Clermont, Florida. A kpọrọ nkụ ma kpọọ muck si n'ọtụtụ ebe na Lake County, Florida ọkụ iji mepụta ala diatomaceous.<ref>{{Cite book|first=John H. Jr.|author=Davis|title=The Peat Deposits of Florida Their Occurrence, Development and Uses, Geological Bulletin No. 30.|publisher=Florida Geological Survey|year=1946}}</ref> A na-ewepụta ya na Lake Mývatn na Iceland. A na-ejedebe ego azụmahịa nke diatomite na oge Tertiary ma ọ bụ Quaternary. A maara ihe ndị dị n'oge ochie site na oge Cretaceous, mana ha dị ala.<ref name="AIME">Cummins, Arthur B., ''Diatomite'', in ''Industrial Minerals and Rocks'', 3rd ed. 1960, [[American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers]], pp. 303–319</ref> A chọtara ebe ndị a na-etinye ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na New Zealand, mana igwu ala nke ebe ndị a ma ama na Foulden Maar n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, maka ntụgharị gaa na nri anụmanụ, adọtawo mmegide siri ike.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hancock|first=Farah|date=May 13, 2019|title=Opposition grows to fossil mining|work=|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/05/13/581997/growing-opposition-to-fossil-mining|accessdate=January 21, 2021}}</ref> == Ụdị azụmahịa == Diatomaceous earth dị n'ahịa n'ọtụtụ usoro: * ala diatomaceous granulated bụ ihe a na-egbutu egbutu maka nkwakọba dị mfe * ala diatomaceous a na-egweri egweri egberi egwughi egwugji egwuggi egwugide egwugbu.&nbsp;&nbsp; * A na-agwọ ala diatomaceous a na-akpọ calcined ma na-arụ ọrụ maka nzacha. [[Usòrò:Diatomaceous_earth_closeup_2001-10-18.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ diatom nke ọ bụla na-ejikarị ọdịdị ha ọbụna na mgbasa ozi nzacha azụmahịa, dị ka nke a maka ọdọ mmiri.]] [[Usòrò:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg|thumb|Diatoms dị ndụ nke mmiri sitere na Antarctica (magnified) ]] == Ojiji == === Ihe na-agbawa agbawa === N'afọ 1866, Alfred Nobel chọpụtara na nitroglycerin nwere ike ime ka ọ kwụsie ike ma ọ bụrụ na a na-amịkọrọ ya na diatomite (''kieselguhr'' na German). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nitroglycerine and Dynamite|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/nitroglycerine-and-dynamite/|accessdate=November 27, 2023|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ụgbọ njem na njikwa dị nchebe karịa nitroglycerin dị ọcha n'okpuru ụdị mmiri. Nobel nyere ikike nke ngwakọta a dị ka dynamite na 1867; a na-akpọkwa ngwakọta ahụ guhr dynamite na-ezo aka na kieselguhr.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rustan|first=Agne|title=Rock Blasting Terms and Symbols: A Dictionary of Symbols and Terms in Rock Blasting and Related Areas like Drilling, Mining and Rock Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0FZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=February 1, 1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-4665-7178-5}}<br /><br />{{Cite book|author=Bulson|first=P.S.|title=Explosive Loading of Engineering Structures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U02uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=July 24, 1997|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-135-82980-3}}</ref> === Nchịkọta === Onye injinia Celle, Wilhelm Berkefeld, ghọtara ikike Nke a diatomaceous iji nyochaa ma mepụta nzacha tubular (nke a maara dị ka kandụl nzacha) nke sitere na ala diatomaces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://technomaps.veoliawatertechnologies.com/berkefeld-aquantis/en/|title=Berkefeld & Aquantis Water Treatment – Veolia Water Technologies|work=technomaps.veoliawatertechnologies.com|accessdate=February 19, 2022|archivedate=February 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064531/http://technomaps.veoliawatertechnologies.com/berkefeld-aquantis/en/}}</ref> N'oge ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Hamburg na 1892, e ji nzacha Berkefeld ndị a mee ihe nke ọma.A na-eji otu ụdị ala diatomaceous eme ihe dị ka ihe nzacha, ọkachasị maka ọdọ mmiri. Ọ nwere nnukwu oghere n'ihi na ọ nwere obere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala. A na-eji ala diatomaceous (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ aha akara ahịa dịka Celite) eme ihe na kemịkalụ dị ka enyemaka nzacha, iji mụbaa ọnụego na-agafe, ma nyochaa ezigbo ụmụ irighiri ihe ga-agafe ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nzacha. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe iji nyochaa mmiri, ọkachasị na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na [[Aquarium|tankị azụ]], na mmiri ndị ọzọ, dị ka biya na mmanya. Ọ pụkwara nzacha syrups, shuga, na mmanụ aṅụ n'ewepụghị ma ọ bụ gbanwee ụcha, ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ. === Abrasive === Ojiji kachasị ochie nke diatomite bụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma jiri ya mee ihe na ọgwụ ezé, metal polishes, na ụfọdụ mkpofu ihu. === Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ === Diatomite bara uru dị ka ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ n'ihi ihe abrasive na physico-sorptive Njirimara.[1] Ọmarịcha ntụ ntụ na-anabata lipids site na oyi akwa dị n'elu waxy nke exoskeleton nke ọtụtụ ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ; oyi akwa a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi na-egbochi mfu nke vepo mmiri site na ahụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Imebi oyi akwa na-eme ka ikuku nke mmiri si n'ahụ ha pụta, nke mere na ha na-akpọnwụ, na-egbukarị egbu. Nke a na-arụkwa ọrụ megide gastropods ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ubi iji merie slugs. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na slugs bi na gburugburu mmiri, ịdị irè dị ala. A na-agwakọta ala diatomaceous mgbe ụfọdụ na ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo irè. Ọdịdị nke diatoms dị n'ime nkwụnye ego egosighi na ọ na-emetụta ọrụ ha mgbe ọ na-abịa na adsorption nke lipids; Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ngwa, dị ka nke maka slugs na snails, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe ejiri diatom a kpụrụ akpụ, na-atụ aro na adsorption lipid abụghị naanị ihe metụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe banyere slugs na snails, nnukwu, spiny diatoms na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji merụọ epithelium nke mollusk. Diatom shells ga-arụ ọrụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-agafe ecdysis na cuticle, dị ka [[Arthropod|arthropods]] ma ọ bụ nematodes. O nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ndị ọzọ na lophotrochozoans, dị ka Mollusks ma ọ bụ annelids. A mụọla diatomite dị n'ọgwụ maka ịdị irè ya dị ka ihe na-ewepụworm n'ụmụ ehi; na nyocha abụọ ahụ kwuru na ìgwè ndị a na-agwọ na ala diatomaceous emeghị nke ọma karịa ìgwè nchịkwa.<ref name="Lartigue 2004 660–674">{{Cite journal|author=Lartigue|first=E. del C.|year=2004|title=Insecticide and anthelmintic assessment of diatomaceous earth in cattle|journal=Veterinaria Argentina|volume=21|issue=209|pages=660–674}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez 1998 635–641">{{Cite journal|author=Fernandez|first=M. I.|year=1998|title=Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers|journal=Animal Science|volume=66|issue=3|pages=635–641|doi=10.1017/S1357729800009206}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọnọdụ boric acid ma nwee ike iji ya nyere aka ịchịkwa ma eleghị anya kpochapụ ụmụ ahụhụ bed, ụmụ ahụhụ ájá ụlọ, cockroach, ndanda, na flea infestations. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 29, 2020|title=Bed Bug Control With Diatomaceous Earth|url=https://www.absorbentproductsltd.com/bed-bug-control-with-diatomaceous-earth/|accessdate=October 29, 2020|work=Absorbent Products|archivedate=November 4, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104022609/https://www.absorbentproductsltd.com/bed-bug-control-with-diatomaceous-earth/}}</ref><ref name="Faulde">{{Cite journal|first=M. K.|author=Faulde|title=Efficacy of modified diatomaceous earth on different cockroach species (Orthoptera, Blattellidae) and silverfish (Thysanura, Lepismatidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-pest-science_2006-08_79_3/page/155|journal=Journal of Pest Science|date=August 2006|volume=79|issue=3|pages=155–161|doi=10.1007/s10340-006-0127-8}}</ref> A na-eji ala diatomaceous eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ na nchekwa ọka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diatomaceousearth.com/blogs/learning-center/diatomaceous-earth-protect-food-storage|title=Diatomaceous Earth: Protect Food Storage|publisher=diatomaceousearth.com|accessdate=March 8, 2020}}</ref> A na-eji ya achịkwa omume cannibalistic na ụkwara ụkwara, nke na-emetụta ụkwara ụyọkọ. Iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, a ghaghị ime ka ala diatomaceous ghara ịgba ọkụ (ya bụ, a gaghị agwọ ya n'okpomọkụ tupu etinye ya n'ọrụ) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Entomology|author=Capinera|first=John L.|editor=Capinera|edition=Second|year=2008|chapter=Diatomaceous earth|publisher=Springer|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC|isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1}}</ref> ma nwee oke nke dị n'okpuru ihe dị ka 12 μm (ya bụ، ọkwa nri - lee n'okpuru).&nbsp; Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ize ndụ dị ala, ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ala diatomaceous anaghị ewepụ ya na iwu na United States n'okpuru Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ma ga-edebanye aha na Environmental Protection Agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/labels/labels_faq/lr_faq_1.html|title=Pesticide Labeling Questions & Answers - Advertising Claims|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]|accessdate=July 7, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530143625/https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/labels/labels_faq/lr_faq_1.html|archivedate=May 30, 2013}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ === Its thermal properties enable it to be used as the barrier material in some fire-resistant safes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> It is also used in evacuated powder insulation for use with cryogenics. Diatomaceous earth powder is inserted into the vacuum space to aid in the effectiveness of vacuum insulation. It was used in the classical AGA cookers as a thermal heat barrier.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} === Nkwado Catalyst === Diatomaceous earth na-enwetakwa ụfọdụ uru dị ka nkwado maka catalysts, n'ozuzu na-arụ ọrụ iji bulie elu na ọrụ nke catalyst. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịkwado nickel na ihe ahụ - a na-akpọ njikọta ahụ Ni-Kieselguhr - iji melite ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-akpali hydrogenation.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nishimura|first=Shigeo|title=Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis|date=2001|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|location=New York|isbn=9780471396987|pages=2–5|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjZRAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo === A na-eji ụwa diatomaceous mmiri dị ọcha eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo maka nchekwa ọka dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịchacha, yana ọgwụ ahụhụ.[1] Ndị nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ akwadoro ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri[2] iji gbochie caking. <ref name="FDA1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2001-title21-vol6/pdf/CFR-2001-title21-vol6-sec573-340.pdf|title=21 CFR 573.340 - Diatomaceous earth|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]/U.S. Government Publishing Office|work=Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition)—Title 21 - Food and Drugs—Part 573 - Food additives permitted in feed and drinking water of animals—Section 573.340 - Diatomaceous earth|date=April 1, 2001|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Diatomaceous Earth - How To Rid Bed Bugs Naturally - Organic|url=https://www.fertilizeronline.com/diato-earth.php|accessdate=April 17, 2022|work=www.fertilizeronline.com}}</ref> Ụfọdụ kwenyere na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka anthelmintic (dewormer), ọ bụ ezie na nnyocha egosighi na ọ dị irè.<ref name="Lartigue 2004 660–674"/><ref name="Fernandez 1998 635–641"/> Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agbakwunye ya na anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ ha iji gbochie nri ha.<ref name="usdade">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgggc.org/insect-management-food-processing-facilities-heat-diatomaceous-earth/|title=Diatomaceous Earth (DE)|date=January 15, 2024}}</ref> "Food-Grade Diatomaceous Earth" dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ahịa nri ugbo. Enwere ike iji diatomite mmiri dị ọcha mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eto eto n'ogige hydroponic. AA na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto n'ime ihe ọkụkụ, karịsịa dị ka ala bonsai. Ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Bonsai na-eji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye ala, ma ọ bụ ite osisi bonsai na 100% diatomaceous earth. N'ime ugbo akwukwo nri, a na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-edozi ala, n'ihi na dị ka perlite, vermiculite, na ụrọ gbasaa, ọ na-ejigide mmiri na nri nri, ebe ọ na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa na n'efu, na-enye ohere ikuku oxygen dị elu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto. === Ihe ịrịba ama na nnwale nri anụ ụlọ === A na-eji ala diatomaceous kpọrọ nkụ, nke a na-ejighị ọkụ eme ihe mgbe niile na nyocha nri anụ ụlọ dị ka isi iyi nke ntụ acid-insoluble (AIA), nke a na'eji dị ka ihe na-adịghị agbari agbari. Site n'ịtụle ihe dị n'ime AIA gbasara ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na nri nnwale na nsị ma ọ bụ digesta nke sitere na ileum ikpeazụ (otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke obere eriri afọ) enwere ike ịgbakọ pasent nke ihe ndị na'ime ihe ndị a na-edochi ahụ site na iji usoro ndị a:   ebe:      Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ahọrọ ala diatomaceous nke mmiri dị ọcha karịa chromic oxide, nke ejirila mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka otu nzube ahụ, nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe a ma ama na-akpata ọrịa kansa na, ya mere, ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịbịara ndị ọrụ nyocha. === Ihe owuwu === Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ala diatomaceous a na-emefu site na usoro ịṅụ mmanya na ụrọ maka mmepụta brik na-acha ọbara ọbara nke nwere oghere dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ferraz|first=E.|year=2011|title=Manufacture of ceramic bricks using recycled brewing spent kieselguhr|journal=Materials and Manufacturing Processes|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1319–1329|doi=10.1080/10426914.2011.551908}}</ref> A na-ewere ala diatomaceous dị ka ihe a ma ama na-abụghị ígwè nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe maka mmepụta nke ceramics dị iche iche, gụnyere mmepụta nke porous ceramics n'okpuru teknụzụ hydrothermal dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reka|first=Arianit A.|title=New optimized method for low-temperature hydrothermal production of porous ceramics using diatomaceous earth|journal=Ceramics International|date=October 2017|volume=43|issue=15|pages=12572–12578|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.06.132|url=https://www.academia.edu/34164748}}</ref> === Ngwongwo Ndị Dị n'Ụlọ === A na-eji ala diatomaceous eme ihe na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ụlọ ebe akpọnwụ ma ọ bụ ikike iwepụ mmiri dị oke mkpa. Karịsịa, e nwere ihe ịsa ahụ e ji DE mee nke na-amị mmiri site na onye ịsa ahụ ma kwe ka ọ gbasaa ihe ahụ ma pụọ ngwa ngwa. E nwekwara spoons e ji DE mee maka ịnakọta shuga na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mmiri. == Ụdị dị iche iche == * '''Tripolite''' bụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ na Tripoli, [[Libya]]. * Ọkpụkpụ Bann bụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ na ndagwurugwu Lower Bann na Northern Ireland. * Moler (mo-clay) bụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Denmark, ọkachasị n'àgwàetiti Fur na Mors. * Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ sitere na nri diatomaceous earth bụ ụdị eji eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo na United States maka nchekwa ọka, dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri, na dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ. A na-emepụta ya na-enweghị ọkụ, ọ nwere oke nke ọma, ma dị ala na crystal silica (<2%). * ''Ọdọ mmiri nnu / biya / mmanya nzacha'' akara adịghị adaba maka oriri mmadụ ma ọ bụ dị irè dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ. A na-akpọkarị ya ọkụ tupu a ree ya iji wepụ ihe na-adịghị ọcha na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, ọ nwere ihe ndị buru ibu karịa ụdị mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee nnukwu ihe crystalline silica (> 60%). == Mmebi nke nje == Ụdị nje bacteria ụfọdụ dị n'oké osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọnụego nke ịgbaze silica na diatoms nwụrụ anwụ na ndị dị ndụ site na iji hydrolytic enzymes mebie ihe algal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bidle|first=Kay D.|title=Accelerated dissolution of diatom silica by marine bacterial assemblages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-02-11_397_6719/page/508|journal=Nature|date=February 1999|volume=397|issue=6719|pages=508–512|doi=10.1038/17351}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zakharova|first=Yulia R.|title=The Structure of Microbial Community and Degradation of Diatoms in the Deep Near-Bottom Layer of Lake Baikal|journal=PLOS ONE|date=April 1, 2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e59977|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059977|pmid=23560063}}</ref> == Mkpa ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] nke ụwa na-emetụta uzuzu dị na ikuku, yabụ ịchọta isi iyi nke uzuzu ikuku dị mkpa maka ihu igwe. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ihe ndị dị n'elu ala diatomaceous na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Nnyocha na-egosi na nnukwu uzuzu sitere na Bodélé Depression na [[Chad]], ebe oké ifufe na-ebugharị gravel diatomite n'elu dunes, na-emepụta uzuzu site na abrasion.<ref name="WashingtonTodd2006">{{Cite journal|author=Washington|first=R.|title=Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé Depression, Chad|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=9|pages=L09401|year=2006|doi=10.1029/2006GL025827|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/40693/1/2006GL025827.pdf}}</ref> == Ntụle nchekwa == Mmetụta nke crystalline silica na-emerụ akpa ume, na-akpata silicosis. A na-ewere silica amorphous dị ka nke nwere obere nsị, mana iku ume ogologo oge na-akpata mgbanwe na akpa ume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pel88/68855-54.html|title=NIOSH 1988 OSHA PEL Project Documentation: List by Chemical Name: SILICA, AMORPHO|date=September 19, 2018|publisher=CDC}}</ref> Diatomaceous earth bụ ihe na-enweghị isi silica mana o nwere ụfọdụ crystalline silica, ọkachasị n'ụdị mmiri nnu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spca.bc.ca/assets/documents/welfare/professional-resources/farmer-resources/diatomaceous-earth-factsheet.pdf|title=Diatomaceous Earth: Its Use and Precautions|accessdate=November 9, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717171434/https://www.spca.bc.ca/assets/documents/welfare/professional-resources/farmer-resources/diatomaceous-earth-factsheet.pdf|archivedate=July 17, 2013}}</ref> N'ime nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1978 banyere ndị ọrụ, ndị na-ahụ ala diatomaceous ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise enweghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'akpa ume ebe 40% nke ndị na-ekpughe ụdị ọkụ ahụ nwere ọrịa oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0552.pdf|date=September 1978|title=Occupational Health Guideline for Amorphous Silica|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]|accessdate=March 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312013339/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0552.pdf|archivedate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> Usoro ụwa diatomaceous nke taa dị nchebe iji mee ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-ejikarị silica amorphous ma nwee obere ma ọ bụ enweghị silica crystalline.<ref name="Inert Dusts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/Teaching/GRSC651/GRSC651_Courses_Material/lecture_slides/GRSC651_lect_20(1)_Inert_Dusts.pdf|date=July 10, 2003|title=Inert Dusts|author=Bhadriraju Subramanyam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030710215341/https://www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/Teaching/GRSC651/GRSC651_Courses_Material/lecture_slides/GRSC651_lect_20(1)_Inert_Dusts.pdf|archivedate=July 10, 2003}}</ref> A na-achịkwa ihe dị n'ime ala diatomaceous na United States site na Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ma enwere ntuziaka sitere na National Institute for Occupational Security and Health nke setịpụrụ oke ego a kwadoro na ngwaahịa (1%) na ikuku dị nso na mpaghara iku ume nke ndị ọrụ, yana oke ngosi a tụrụ aro na 6 mg / m³ n'ime ụbọchị ọrụ 8.<ref name="Inert Dusts"/> &nbsp;OSHA setịpụrụ oke ikpughe maka ala diatomaceous dị ka ₂ mppcf (80 mg/m³/%SiO2). &nbsp;Na ọkwa nke ³,000 mg / m3, ala diatomaceous dị ize ndụ ozugbo maka ndụ na ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Silica, amorphous|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0552.html|publisher=CDC|accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref>&nbsp; N'afọ ndị 1930, a chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ala cristobalite diatomaceous bụ ndị a kpughere na ọkwa dị elu nke silica crystalline ikuku n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke silicosis.<ref name="HughesWeill1998">{{Cite journal|author=Hughes|first=Janet M.|title=Radiographic Evidence of Silicosis Risk in the Diatomaceous Earth Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_1998-09_158_3/page/807|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=158|issue=3|year=1998|pages=807–814|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9709103|pmid=9731009}}</ref> A na-eji okpomọkụ dị elu (calcination) na ihe na-agbapụta mmiri (soda ash), na-eme ka silicon dioxide na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na-ewere ọdịdị kristal ya.<ref name="Inert Dusts"/> == Hụkwa == * Aerogel - Ihe siri ike nke na-adịghị arọ * Biomineralization - Usoro nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emepụta mineral * Ala Fuller - Ihe ọ bụla e ji ụrọ mee nke nwere ike ime ka mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị ọzọ ghara ịdị mma * Perlite - Igwe ọkụ na-agbọpụta ọkụ * Mkpụrụ ọka nkume - Mmiri kpụkọrọ akpụkọ * Siliceous ooze - Biogenic pelagic sediment dị n'ala oké osimiri miri emi * Zeolite - Mineral aluminosilicate == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6tl9e51nw22o4k5scy6unuku4hxqln1 0 49830 697625 179482 2026-08-10T04:18:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Herdwicks_Lake_District.jpg|thumb|Atụrụ Herdwick n'ime nnukwu usoro Ọrụ ugbo n'ugwu, Lake District, England. Atụrụ nweere onwe ha ịrịgo n'ebe ugwu na-enweghị mgbidi.]] Oke ugbo ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọrụ ugbo (na-emegide ọrụ ugbo siri ike) bụ usoro mmepụta ugbo nke na-eji obere ntinye nke ọrụ, fatịlaịza, na isi obodo, dabere na mpaghara ala a na-akọ. == Usoro == [[Usòrò:Grazing,_continuous.svg|thumb|Ịnọgide na-ịta ahịhịa site n'aka atụrụ ma ọ bụ ehi bụ usoro ọrụ ugbo zuru oke, nke nwere obere ntinye na mmepụta.]] Ịkpa oke ugbo na-apụtakarị ịzụ atụrụ na ehi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị ala, mana gụnye nnukwu itolite ọka wit, ọka bali, mmanụ nri na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara dịka Murray-Darling Basin na Australia. N'ebe a, n'ihi oke afọ na ịda ogbenye nke ala, ihe ọkụkụ kwa hectare dị obere, mana ala dị larịị na oke ugbo buru ibu pụtara ihe na-amịpụta kwa nkeji ọrụ dị elu. Ịzụ anụ ụlọ bụ nnukwu ihe atụ nke oke ọrụ ugbo, ebe ndị na-azụ anụ na-ebuga anụmanụ ha iji nri sitere na mmiri ozuzo mgbe ụfọdụ. == Ọdịdị ala == A na-ahụ ọrụ ugbo sara mbara na mpaghara etiti latitude nke ọtụtụ kọntinent, yana mpaghara ọzara ebe mmiri maka ịkọ ugbo adịghị. Ọdịdị nke ọrụ ugbo sara mbara pụtara na ọ chọrọ obere mmiri ozuzo karịa ọrụ ugbo siri ike. Ugbo ahụ na-adịkarị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ego a na-emefu na ya. N'afọ 1957, ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Western Australia nwere ebe ịta nri dara ogbenye nke na ọ bụ naanị otu atụrụ na square mile nwere ike ịkwado.<ref>Wadham, Sir Samuel; Wilson, R. Kent and Wood, Joyce (1957) ''Land Utilization in Australia'' (3rd edition), Melbourne University Press.</ref> Dị nnọọ ka ihe achọrọ emeela ka e kewaa ihe ọkụkụ na ọrụ ịkpa anụ, a pụkwara kewaa mpaghara ndị a dabere na mmiri ozuzo nke mpaghara ahụ, ụdị ahịhịa na ọrụ ugbo n'ime mpaghara ahụ na ọtụtụ oghere ndị ọzọ metụtara data a. == Uru ya == Ọrụ ugbo buru ibu nwere ọtụtụ uru karịa ọrụ ugbo siri ike: # A chọrọ obere ọrụ n'otu mpaghara iji kọọ nnukwu mpaghara, ọkachasị ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe dị oke ọnụ na ala (dị ka terracing) adịghị kpamkpam. # Enwere ike iji mechanisation mee ihe nke ọma karịa nnukwu ebe dị larịị. # Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma pụtara n'ozuzu ọnụahịa ngwaahịa dị ala. # A na-eme ka ọdịmma anụmanụ dịkwuo mma n'ihi na anaghị etinye anụmanụ n'ọnọdụ na-egbu mgbochi. # Ihe ndị dị ala maka ntinye dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]]. # Ọ bụrụ na a na-azụ ụmụ anụmanụ n'ala ahịhịa nke obodo ahụ, o yighị ka ọ ga-enwe nsogbu na ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. # Anụ anụ ụlọ ahụ ga-atọ ụtọ ma na-amasị ndị ahịa. # Mpaghara na ala anaghị emebi site na iji kemịkal mee ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè. # Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala. # Anụmanụ a zụlitere n'ebe ndị buru ibu na-eto nke ọma. == Ọghọm ya == Ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu ndị a: # Mkpụrụ osisi na-adịkarị ala karịa nke ọrụ ugbo siri ike n'oge dị mkpirikpi. # Nnukwu ala achọrọ na-egbochi ebe obibi nke ụdị ọhịa (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọbụna ọnụego dị ala nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ), dịka ọ dị na ọrụ ugbo siri ike. # Ọrụ ugbo na-abaghị uru mgbe ahụ na square acreage. A na-eche na ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-emepụta methane na nitrous oxide kwa kilogram nke mmiri ara ehi karịa ọrụ ugbo siri ike.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite journal|pmid=8567486|year=1995|author=Johnson|first=K. A.|title=Methane emissions from cattle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-science_1995-08_73_8/page/2483|volume=73|issue=8|pages=2483–92|journal=Journal of Animal Science|doi=10.2527/1995.7382483x}}</ref> Otu nnyocha mere atụmatụ na carbon "footprint" kwa ijeri kilogram (2.2 ijeri lb.) nke mmiri ara ehi e mepụtara na 2007 bụ pasent 37 nke mmepụta mmiri ara ehi ya na 1944. <ref name="Capper">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2527/jas.2009-1781|title=The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007|year=2009|author=Capper|first=J. L.|journal=Journal of Animal Science|volume=87|issue=6|pages=2160–7|pmid=19286817|url=https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/pdfs/87/6/0872160|accessdate=2018-11-04}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site na Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement chọpụtara na usoro anụ ụlọ buru ibu na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi karịa usoro siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vigne|first=M.|date=2014|title=Efficiency of livestock systems in harsh environment. Perspective - Development strategies|work=Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260201457|accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * ''Dehesa'' na [[Spain]], ma ọ bụ montado na [[Portugal]], na osisi oak na Black Iberian pig. * Ìgwè atụrụ * Ịzụ atụrụ * Ịzụlite Mkpụrụ Obi Dị Iche * Ịkpa anụ * Ọrụ ugbo na-ere ọkụ * <nowiki><i id="mwZA">Taungya</i></nowiki> na Myanmar * Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} kxg6sd5c9c7mla671f23qo9two9npgf 0 49897 697838 208223 2026-08-10T09:11:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NRCSIA99613_-_Iowa_(3861)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif|thumb|Akụkụ ahịhịa na ihe mgbochi mmiri nke oké ọhịa nke a na-eji echebe iyi site na mmetọ ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị isi iyi]] Iberibe nzacha, nke a na-akpọkwa dị ka ebe nchekwa, bụ obere traktị dị n'akụkụ ala ahịhịa nke a na-eji belata mmetọ nke mmiri dị n'elu. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa mmetọ isi iyi na-abụghị isi, agbanyeghị, enwere ike iji ha belata sedimenti na mmiri mmiri ozuzo na-esi na ebe a na-ewu ụlọ.[1] Enwere ụdị nzacha dị iche iche gụnyere ibe nzacha ahịhịa, ihe nzacha mmiri nke ọhịa, na ihe nchekwa ikuku. N'ọrụ ugbo, ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata mkpokọta nitrogen (N) na phosphorus (P) na mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu mmiri [2][3] ma na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ibelata sedimenti mbuze na iwepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu.[4]. Nke a na-enyere aka igbochi eutrophication na egbugbere ọnụ azụ na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Iji nzacha nzacha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị mepere emepe[5] ma iwu chọrọ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ.[6] Mmejuputa na nrụzi nke nzacha nzacha adịghị ọnụ ma egosila na ojiji ha bara uru.<ref name=":6">Qiu, Z. (2003). "A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds". ''Environmental Management''. '''32''': 299–311.</ref> == Ọrụ == A na-ejikarị eriri nzacha eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa mmetọ isi iyi adịghị. Ha na-arụ ọrụ site n'ibelata ọsọ mmiri, na-ekwe ka mmiri na-asọpụta na ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbaze na-abanye n'ime ala.[1] Ahịhịa na-ebulitekwa ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a, ọkachasị nitrogen na phosphorus, na-ebelata mkpokọta ha na mmiri dị nso.. A pụkwara iji eriri nzacha mee ihe dị ka ọnyà sediment iji belata sediment na mmiri mmiri ozuzo site na ebe a na-ewu ụlọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Vegetated_filter_strips|title=Vegetated filter strips - Minnesota Stormwater Manual|work=stormwater.pca.state.mn.us|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> === Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi === [[Usòrò:Eutriphied_lake_and_farm_-_Maack_-_200908.jpg|thumb|Eutrophication n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke mmetọ na-abụghị isi sitere na ọrụ ugbo kpatara]] eutrophication na ọdọ mmiri kpatara site na mmetọ na-abụghị isi site na ọrụ ugbo A na-ejikarị eriri nzacha iji gbochie eutrophication n'elu mmiri. Eutrophication bụ nsogbu zuru ebe niile n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, estuaries, na oké osimiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke nitrogen na phosphorus na-aba ụba na-akpata; isi iyi nke bụ mmetọ na-enweghị isi site na ọrụ ugbo.{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter|first=S. R.|date=1998-08-01|title=Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_1998-08_8_3/page/559|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=559–568|doi=10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:nposww]2.0.co;2|issn=1939-5582}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ihe oriri ndị a karịrị akarị na-eduga na uto na-enweghị nchịkwa nke osisi na algae (na phytoplankton na gburugburu mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]]). Ka microorganisms na-emebi ha, oxygen na-agwụ, na-akpata hypoxia. Nke a nwere ike iduga na igbu azụ na ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ọnọdụ nke mbelata dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. === Mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ === Site n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fatịlaịza kemịkal n'ime mmiri dị n'elu, eriri nzacha nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụike mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na oke phosphorus dị na mmiri abụghị ihe na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ, nitrates na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter|first=S. R.|date=1998-08-01|title=Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_1998-08_8_3/page/559|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=559–568|doi=10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:nposww]2.0.co;2|issn=1939-5582}}</ref> Na oke, iri nitrates nwere ike ịkpata ọnọdụ siri ike a maara dị ka methemoglobinemia nke ikike ibu oxygen nke hemoglobin na-ebelata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ward|first=Mary H.|date=November 2005|title=Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2005-11_113_11/page/1607|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=113|issue=11|pages=1607–1614|doi=10.1289/ehp.8043|issn=0091-6765|pmid=16263519}}</ref> Ụmụ ọhụrụ na-emetụta ya karịsịa, nke bụ ihe mere a na-akpọkarị ọrịa ahụ "ọrịa nwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ". N'ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-adabere na ịkụ azụ ma ọ bụ aquafarming maka nri, mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ na shellfish nwere ike ibute nri na-edozi ahụ na ọrịa ndị metụtara ya. == Ụdị == === Akpụkpọ anụ === Akụkụ nzacha ahịhịa bụ obere, akụkụ nke ala ahịhịhịa. A na-akụ ụdị nzacha a na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ legumes na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere oke nitrogen. A na-eji ụdị dị iche iche eme ihe. Ahịhịa ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ switchgrass, orchardgrass, na fescue dị elu. Ụdị akwụkwọ nri bụ clovers na alfalfa. === Ebe a na-enyocha ala ahịhịa === Mgbasa ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, agbanyeghị na ha jupụtara na ahịhụ ahịhọn. Ojiji nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nwere uru ụfọdụ, ọkachasị mmụba nke ụdị dị iche iche, dị iche na ahịhịrị ahịhụ, na usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa na ogwe osisi siri ike na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma maka ihu igwe ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrem.iastate.edu|title=Natural Resource Ecology and Management|work=www.nrem.iastate.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County,_Iowa.JPG|thumb|Oké ọhịa na-egbochi osimiri na Bear Creek na Story County, Iowa]] === Ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'oké osimiri === Dị ka ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, ahịhịrị ahịhụ bụ ahịhọta ahịhụrụ ahịhọ ndị a na-akụghị, kama, osisi ndị obodo na ahịhịka ndị ọzọ jupụtara na ha. Ha nwere ike ịkwado anụmanụ ndị dị n'ala. N'adịghị ka ala a na-emetọghị, ihe mgbochi osimiri na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị nnụnụ na arthropod. Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị ike ịkwado ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka ala na-enweghị nsogbu. === Ihe mgbochi ikuku === Wind buffers (nke a na-akpọkwa windbreaks) bụ ahịrị osisi ma ọ bụ obere osisi a kụrụ akụ nke a na-eji gbochie mbuze ala n'ọhịa. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike iji ha gbochie snow ịkwaga n'okporo ụzọ ma nwee ike belata mkpọtụ n'okporong ụzọ awara awara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nac.unl.edu/practices/windbreaks.htm|title=Windbreaks|work=nac.unl.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-02|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175001/https://nac.unl.edu/practices/windbreaks.htm}}</ref> == Ịdị irè == Akara nzacha dị nnọọ irè n'ibelata nitrogen (N) na phosphorus (P) na mmiri na-asọba n'elu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Zhou|first=X.|date=2014-01-01|title=Nutrient removal by prairie filter strips in agricultural landscapes|journal=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation|language=en|volume=69|issue=1|pages=54–64|doi=10.2489/jswc.69.1.54|issn=0022-4561|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1881&context=abe_eng_pubs}}</ref> Zhou et al. (2014) chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrate, nitrogen zuru ezu, na phosphorus zuru ezu na mmiri na-agbapụta site na 35%, 73%, na 82% n'otu n'otu. Abu-Zreig, Majed, et al. (2003) chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-arụ ọrụ n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ phosphorus, na nsonaazụ sitere na 61% ruo 89% maka ahịhịrị ahịhọta 2m na ahịha ahịhọrọ 15m. Nke a na-egosi na eriri nzacha dị irè ọbụna na obere obosara. E gosikwara na ihe nzacha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịgbanye ihe. Nnyocha nke mwepụ nke sediment chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nwere arụmọrụ nke 96% n'ime afọ 4.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Helmers|first=Matthew J.|date=2012-09-01|title=Sediment Removal by Prairie Filter Strips in Row-Cropped Ephemeral Watersheds|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=1531–9|doi=10.2134/jeq2011.0473|pmid=23099945|issn=0047-2425|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/313}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị na mbelata nitrogen na phosphorus, arụmọrụ nke sediment trap nke eriri nzacha dịgasị iche site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ọnọdụ dị n'okpuru ala, ọnọdụ elu, na njirimara sediment.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osman Akan A.|date=2017-03-01|title=Suspended Sediment Trap Efficiency of Vegetative Filter Strips|journal=Journal of Hydrologic Engineering|volume=22|issue=3|pages=06016018|doi=10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001469}}</ref> == Mgbasawanye == Ojiji nke eriri nzacha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa niile mepere emepe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Choi|first=Kyung-Sook|date=2016-12-01|title=Vegetative Filter Strip (Vfs) Applications for Runoff and Pollution Management in the Saemangeum Area of Korea|journal=Irrigation and Drainage|language=en|volume=65|pages=168–174|doi=10.1002/ird.2043|issn=1531-0361}}</ref> Iwu na-ekwu maka iji ha eme ihe n'ebe ụfọdụ. [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]], dịka ọmụmaatụ, chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo wụnye eriri nzacha n'akụkụ mmiri niile na ọwara mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.twincities.com/2017/07/11/new-state-funding-will-help-landowners-install-buffer-strips-along-minnesotas-waters/|title=New state funding will help landowners install buffer strips along Minnesota's waters|date=2017-07-12|work=Twin Cities|accessdate=2017-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọnụ ego == Isi ego a na-akwụ na eriri nzacha bụ mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ n'ihi mfu nke ala a na-akọ ugbo.<ref>Helmers, Matthew J., et al. “Buffers and Vegetative Filter Strips.” Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop September 26–28, 2005, Ames, IA, 2006, p. 17, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/2006_8_24_msbasin_symposia_ia_session4-2.pdf .</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-efu bụ ndị metụtara ịmepụta, ịkụ, na idebe eriri nzacha. A chọpụtara na ego onwe onye na-efu kwa afọ nke idebe eriri nzacha abụọ na mmiri [[Mizurị|Missouri]] bụ $ 62.40 / ac. (4046.86m²), ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa dịgasị iche site na ebe n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ala dị iche iche.<ref name=":6">Qiu, Z. (2003). "A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds". ''Environmental Management''. '''32''': 299–311.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nchịkwa mbuze * Eutrophication * Mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi * Runoff == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4mmz2iem9igz3mhuq2xdtruz586e03z 0 49899 697885 687105 2026-08-10T10:08:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Furrow_irrigated_Sugar.JPG|thumb|Ịgba okpete mmiri na [[Ostraliya|Australia]], 2006]] Ịgba mmiri n'elu bụ ebe a na-etinye mmiri ma kesaa n'elu ala site na ike ndọda. Ọ bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa niile ma bụrụkwa nke a na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe agbanwebeghị kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ. A na-akpọkarị ogbugba mmiri n'elu dị ka mmiri idei mmiri, na-egosi na nkesa mmiri adịghị achịkwa ya mere, na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. N'ezie, ụfọdụ omume ịgba mmiri agbakọtara n'okpuru aha a gụnyere oke njikwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba mmiri). == Usoro == Enwere ike ịkọwa usoro ịgba mmiri n'elu site na iji akụkụ anọ. Ka a na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ubi ọ ga-asọba ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu n'ogologo ubi. Usoro n'ihu na-ezo aka na ogologo oge ahụ ka a na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ubi ahụ ma na-asọba ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu n'ogologo ubi. Mgbe mmiri ahụ rutere na njedebe nke ubi ọ ga-agbapụ ma ọ bụ malite ọdọ mmiri. A na-akpọ oge dị n'etiti njedebe nke oge aga n'ihu na nkwụsị nke nbata a na-akpọ wetting, ntughari ma ọ bụ nchekwa nchekwa. Ka ntinye ahụ na-akwụsị, mmiri ga-aga n'ihu na-agbapụta ma na-abanye n'ime ya ruo mgbe a ga-ekpochapụ ubi ahụ dum. Oge nkwụsịtụ bụ obere oge ka ebipụchara mgbe ogologo ubi ka na-emikpu. Oge nlaazu na-akọwa oge oge ebe mmiri dị n'ihu na-alaghachi azụ na njedebe ala nke ubi ahụ. Mmiri omimi nke a na-etinye na ebe ọ bụla n'ọhịa bụ ọrụ nke oge ohere, ogologo oge nke mmiri dị n'elu ala. == Ụdị ịgba mmiri n'elu ala == === Ịgba mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri === [[Usòrò:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo na ọka wit]] [[Usòrò:Residential_flood_irrigation_in_Phoenix,_Arizona,_in_the_United_States_of_America.jpg|thumb|Mmiri ozuzo na Southwest, United States of America.]] A na-eji mgbaba mmiri dị larịị mee ihe n'obere ebe nwere oke elu nke akụkụ mmiri ụwa gbara ya gburugburu. A na-etinye mmiri ahụ ngwa ngwa na efere dum ma hapụ ya ka ọ banye. N'ọwa mmiri ọdịnala, ọ dịghị mmiri a na-ekwe ka ọ gbapụta n'ubi ozugbo agbasara ya mmiri. A na-enwe mmasị ịgba mmiri n'ime ala n'ime ala nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ntinye dị ntakịrị.[1] Nke a bụkwa usoro nke ịgba mmiri n'elu. A na-edobe ubi ka ọ na-eso akụkụ ala nke ala mana iwebata ọkwa laser na nhazi ala ekwela ka e wuo nnukwu efere akụkụ akụkụ anọ nke dabara adaba maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ. ==== Mmiri na-asọba n'ala ==== Mmiri mmiri (DBLBs) ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri dị n'akụkụ bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri nke mmiri ebe a na-ekewa ubi ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri rectangular nke a na-eme ka ọ dị larịị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ndagwurugwu. A na-etinye mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ (nke kachasị elu) wee kwe ka omimi mmiri a na-etinye na ya pụọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma na-aga n'ọdụ osimiri ọzọ nke dị ala karịa nke mbụ. A na-agba mmiri ọ bụla n'otu n'otu site na iji ngwakọta nke mmiri na-esi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri gara aga na-aga n'ihu na-esi na ọwa mmiri. Ọrụ na-aga nke ọma nke usoro ndị a dabere na ọdịda dị elu n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-esote. A na-ejikarị usoro ndị a eme ihe na Australia ebe a na-akụ [[Oskàpà|osikapa]] na ọka wit na ntụgharị. === Ịgba mmiri === [[Usòrò:SiphonTubes.JPG|thumb|Usoro ịgba mmiri nke eriri site na iji tubes siphon]] [[Usòrò:GatedPipe.JPG|thumb|Usoro ọkpọkọ a na-etinye n'ọnụ ụzọ]] A na-agba mmiri site n'ịmepụta obere ọwa ndị kwụ ọtọ n'ogologo ubi ahụ kwụ n'akụkụ ntụziaka nke ndagwurugwu ya. A na-etinye mmiri na njedebe elu nke ọ bụla ma na-agbadata n'ọhịa n'okpuru mmetụta nke ike ndọda. Enwere ike inye mmiri site na iji ọkpọkọ, siphon na olulu isi, ma ọ bụ usoro na-enweghị ụlọ akụ. A na-ekpebi ọsọ nke mmegharị mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ihe dịka ndagwurugwu, mkpụmkpụ elu, na ọdịdị oghere, mana nke kachasị mkpa site na ọnụego ntinye na ọnụego ịbanye n'ala. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ na-achịkwa ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, oghere ndị a na-ahụkarị na-adịkarị site na 0.75 ruo 2 . A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ n'elu ugwu dị n'etiti oghere nke nwere ike ịnwe otu ahịrị osisi ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ahịrị ma ọ bụrụ na usoro ihe ndina. Akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịdị n'ebe ọ bụla site na ihe na-erughị 100 ruo 2,000 mi) ogologo dabere na Ụdị ala, ebe, na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ. A na-ejikọkarị oghere ndị dị mkpirikpi na otu ihe dị elu nke itinye n'ọrụ mana ọ na-akpata ohere dị ukwuu maka mfu. Ịgba mmiri na-adaba adaba karịsịa maka ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ogho, ọka, na okpete. A na-emekwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ ubi dị iche iche dị ka citrus, Mkpụrụ osisi nkume, na tomato. Mmiri ahụ nwere ike iwe ogologo oge iji ruo na njedebe nke ọzọ, nke pụtara na mmiri anọwo na-abanye ogologo oge na njedebe elu nke ubi ahụ. Nke a na-ebute otu ihe na-adịghị mma na ngwa dị elu na njedebe dị ala na njedebe dị n'okpuru. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, enwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ịgba mmiri site n'ịbawanye ọsọ nke mmiri na-aga n'ihu n'ọhịa (ọnụego na-agafe). Enwere ike inweta nke a site n'ịbawanye ọnụego mmiri ma ọ bụ site n'omume ịgba mmiri. Ịbawanye ọnụego ọganihu ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-eme ka ịdị n'otu dị mma kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ngụkọta mmiri achọrọ iji mezue ịgba mmiri. ==== Mmiri na-agba mmiri ==== Ụdị ịgba mmiri a bụ ihe ọhụrụ na nyocha na mmepe n'ime omume ya na imepụta ihe malitere na mbido afọ 1980.<ref>Haie, Naim (1984) Hydrodynamic Simulation of Continuous and Surged Surface Flow. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (approved in mid 1983)</ref> Surge Irrigation bụ ụdị ịgba mmiri nke ebe a na-etinye mmiri na oge a haziri ahazi (dịka 1 awa maka elekere 1 na ọkara). Okirikiri mmiri na ịcha na-ebelata ọnụego na-abanye n'ime mmiri nke na-akpata ọnụego na ngwa ngwa na ịdị n'otu dị elu karịa ịga n'ihu.<ref name="ElDine">{{Cite journal|author=El-Dine|first=T. G.|year=2000|title=Field evaluation of surge and continuous flows in furrow irrigation systems|journal=Water Resources Management|volume=14|issue=2|pages=77–87|doi=10.1023/a:1008189004992}}</ref> Mbelata nke infiltration bụ n'ihi nkwụsi ike n'elu, jupụta na oghere na micro pores na disintegration nke ala particles n'oge ngwa ngwa na-ede mmiri na-eme ka elu sie ike n'oge ọ bụla na-akpọnwụ.<ref name="Kemper">{{Cite journal|author=Kemper|first=W. D.|year=1988|title=Mechanisms by which surge irrigation reduces furrow infiltration rates in a silty loam soil|journal=Transactions of the ASAE|url=https://eprints.nwisrl.ars.usda.gov/504/|volume=31|issue=3|pages=821–829|doi=10.13031/2013.30787}}</ref> N'ala ndị ahụ ebe ọwụwa dị irè, a kọọrọ na ọ na-enye ohere ka a rụchaa ịgba mmiri na obere ojiji mmiri ma ya mere arụmọrụ dị elu ma nwee ike inye ikike ịme ịgba mmiri na-adịghị mma.<ref name="Horst">{{Cite journal|author=Horst|first=M. G.|year=2007|title=Assessing impacts of surge-flow irrigation on water saving and productivity of cotton|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-water-management_2007-01-24_87_2/page/115|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=87|issue=2|pages=115–127|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2006.06.014}}</ref> Ịdị irè nke ịgba mmiri na-adabere n'ụdị ala; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ ala ụrọ na-enwe omume mkpuchi ngwa ngwa n'okpuru mmiri na-aga n'ihu ma ya mere ịgba mmiri na na-enye obere uru.<ref name="Walker">{{Cite book|author=Walker|first=W.R.|title=Surface irrigation|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs|year=1987}}</ref> === Mmiri a na-agba n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri === A pụrụ iwere ókèala, nke a makwaara dị ka ókèala ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ka ngwakọta nke ọdọ mmiri na ịgba mmiri. A na-ekewa ubi ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ eriri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla na-ekewaa site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị elu (ókè). Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-adịkarị ogologo ma dị warara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgba mmiri n'ọhịa ma na-eche ihu iji kwekọọ n'ogologo na ndagwurugwu nke ubi ahụ. Ụdị ọnụ mmiri bụ 10 ruo 70 n'obosara na 100 ruo 700 n"ogologo. A na-etinye mmiri ahụ na njedebe elu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke a na-ewukarị iji mee ka ọnọdụ na-aga n'efu dị mfe na njedebe ala. Otu ojiji a na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe gụnyere ịgba ala ịta ahịhịa maka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi. === Ịgba mmiri === Mmiri ara ehi (site n'okwu Bekee bụ tide, nke pụtara: a. idei mmiri ma ọ bụ idei mmiri. b. osimiri na-eme ka osimiri, iyi, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri jupụta n'akụkụ mmiri ya). Ọ bụ usoro oge ochie nke ịgba mmiri na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, North Africa, West Asia, East Africa na akụkụ Latin America.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bashir|first=Eiman Mohamed Fadul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szf3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|title=Strategies to Cope with Risks of Uncertain Water Supply in Spate Irrigation Systems|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2020|isbn=9781000047189}}</ref> N'ịgba mmiri mmiri, a na-ewepụ mmiri site na ala osimiri kpọrọ nkụ mgbe osimiri ahụ na-agba mmiri. A na-ebugharị mmiri nke idei mmiri gaa n'ọhịa. Enwere ike ime nke a site na nnwere onwe, site na ntụgharị ma ọ bụ site na bunds, nke a na-ewu gafee osimiri. Mmiri idei mmiri, nke na-adịkarị awa ole na ole ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole, na-agafe site na netwọk nke ọwa idei mmiri nke mbụ, nke abụọ na mgbe ụfọdụ nke atọ. Mpaghara nchịkwa nwere ike ịdị site na ihe ọ bụla dị n'agbata hekta ole na ole ruo ihe karịrị hekta 25,000 (62,000 acres). Usoro ịgba mmiri na-achọ nnukwu mbọ nchịkwa iji chịkwaa ma melite mmiri na-aga. N'ihi na mmiri na-aga ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịkwaga nnukwu ihe, ịdị elu nke osimiri na ihe mejupụtara ala ha nwere ike ịgbanwe ngwa ngwa. Ịgbanwe mmiri nke ike dị ike nke nwere ike ịkwaga nkume, ala na ihe ndị ọzọ eji mee ka ụzọ mmiri si pụọ nwere ike isi ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tadesse|first=Kassahun Birhanu|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxeQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|title=Landscape Architecture; The Sense of Places, Models and Applications|publisher=[[IntechOpen]]|year=2018|isbn=9781789237122|editor=Almusaed|pages=141–160|chapter=Improving Traditional Spate Irrigation Systems: A Review}}</ref> == Nsogbu ndị metụtara ịgba mmiri n'elu ala == Ọ bụ ezie na a pụrụ ịgba mmiri n'elu ala n'ụzọ dị irè site na iji njikwa ziri ezi n'okpuru ọnọdụ ziri ezi, a na-ejikọkarị ya na ọtụtụ nsogbu na-emebi mmepụta ihe na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi: <ref>ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 - 34. On line: </ref> * Waterlogging - Nwere ike ime ka osisi ahụ mechie na-egbu oge uto ọzọ ruo mgbe mmiri zuru ezu ga-esi na mgbọrọgwụ pụta. Enwere ike igbochi mmiri site na drainage, drainage tebụl ma ọ bụ njikwa mmiri site na ụdị ọzọ nke drainage n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands|year=1993|publisher=Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation|isbn=0-16-061623-9}}</ref><ref name="Waterlog">{{Cite web|title=Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control|url=http://www.waterlog.info|accessdate=2010-07-28|work=waterlog.info}}</ref> * Mmiri na-agba mmiri nke ukwuu - Ịgba mmiri gabigara ókè nwere ike ime ka mmiri na-aga n'okpuru mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ nke na-akpata tebụl [[Tashin matakin teku|mmiri na-arị elu]]. N'ógbè ndị nwere ala [[Ńnú|nnu]] na-apụta (dịka ọmụmaatụ salinity na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Australia) ma ọ bụ aquifers saline, tebụl mmiri ndị a na-arị elu nwere ike iweta nnu n'ime mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ na-eduga na nsogbu nke salinity ịgba mmiri. * Mmanụ nnu - Dabere na mmiri mmiri ịgba mmiri nwere ike ịgbakwunye nnu dị ukwuu na profaịlụ ala. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ obere nsogbu maka ịgba mmiri n'elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịgba mmiri ndị ọzọ (n'ihi oke mmiri dị elu), enweghị mmiri n'okpuru ala nwere ike igbochi mmiri nnu si n'ala. Enwere ike idozi nke a site na drainage na njikwa nnu nke ala site na ịsacha. Ebumnuche nke njikwa ịgba mmiri n'elu ala nke oge a bụ iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta ọjọọ ndị a nwere ike ime. == Hụkwa == * Ịgba mmiri * Ịgba mmiri n'ịkpa mmanya * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba mmiri * Nchịkwa ịgba mmiri * Mmetụta ịgba mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi * Mmiri na-agba mmiri * Ịgba mmiri n'ime ala * Ịgba mmiri na-adịghị * Mpaghara ịgba mmiri == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0231E/t0231e00.HTM Akwụkwọ 45 nke FAO maka imepụta na ịtụle usoro ịgba mmiri n'elu ala] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406012407/https://experimental-hydrology.net/wiki/index.php?title=Infiltration_-_Hood_Infiltrometer The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Infiltration - Hood Infiltrometer] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qzrb0p19ppqrhfa92bgb8w4l57ecpl4 0 49920 697958 632409 2026-08-10T11:46:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mkpụrụ osisi [[Common sunflower|Sunflower]], ụbọchị atọ mgbe ọ gbasịrị]] [[Usòrò:Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif|thumb|Oge okooko osisi na-agbada n'ala. Akụkụ dị n'elu, na-egosi otú mgbọrọgwụ na akụkụ elu nke osisi ahụ si eto]] Germination bụ usoro nke akụkụ ahụ na-esi na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ spore tolite. A na-etinye okwu ahụ maka ipu nke seedling site na mkpụrụ nke angiosperm ma ọ bụ gymnosperm, uto nke sporeling site na spore, dị ka spores nke fungi, ferns, nje bacteria, na uto nke pollen tube site na ọka pollen. nke osisi mkpụrụ. == Mkpụrụ osisi == [[Usòrò:Horticulture_Tray3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Igbe mkpụrụ osisi a na-eji n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgha mkpụrụ na ịkpụ osisi na plọg na-eto eto]] [[Usòrò:Sprossenglas.JPG|thumb|Igwe na-agbasa (glass sprouter jar) na plastik sieve-lid]] [[Usòrò:Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_(Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds).jpg|thumb|250x250px|''Brassica campestris'' na-epulite mkpụrụ]] [[Usòrò:Mung_bean_germination.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|250x250px|Vidio oge nke mkpụrụ mung bean na-epulite]] Germination na-abụkarị uto nke ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ime mkpụrụ nke na-ebute nguzobe nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ịmaliteghachi ígwè ọrụ metabolic nke mkpụrụ ahụ na-ebute mpụta nke radicle na plumule. Mkpụrụ nke osisi vaskụla bụ obere ngwugwu a na-emepụta na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ cone mgbe njikọ nke nwoke na nwanyị na-amụ nwa. Mkpụrụ niile topụtara nke ọma nwere ẹmbrayo na, n'ọtụtụ ụdị osisi, ụfọdụ ebe nchekwa nri, kechie ya na uwe mkpuru. Mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra bụ mkpụrụ nwere ike ime nke na-adịghị eto n'ihi na ha chọrọ mkpali ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi kpọmkwem iji maliteghachi uto. N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, mkpụrụ ahụ na-amalite itolite na ẹmbrayo na-amalitekwa itolite, na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Usòrò:Seed_Germination.png|thumb|Nzọụkwụ 1: Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri, na-akpata mgbawa nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Nzọụkwụ 2: Mmiri nke mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ (1) na plumule (2) pụta; a na-emeghe cotyledons (3).<br />Nzọụkwụ 3: Nke a na-egosi nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ na ntolite nke mkpụrụ ahụ, ebe cotyledons na-agbasa, nke bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ. Rịba ama: A ghaghị idebe okpomọkụ n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma.]] Mmekpahu nke ala nwere ike ime ka osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa site n'ikpughe mkpụrụ nke dị n'ime ala maka mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ebe ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e gbochiri germination na mbụ site na omimi nke mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ala nke dị oke ọnụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'ebe a na-eli ozu ma e liri ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Forensic Botany|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2012}}</ref> Mkpọpụta mkpụrụ na-adabere na ọnọdụ ime na mpụga. Ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mpụga gụnyere oke okpomọkụ, mmiri, oxygen ma ọ bụ ikuku na mgbe ụfọdụ ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị.[1] Osisi dị iche iche chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche iche maka ịmị mkpụrụ nke ọma. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adabere n'ụdị mkpụrụ dị iche iche ma na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ebe obibi nke osisi. Maka ụfọdụ mkpụrụ, mmeghachi omume germination ha n'ọdịnihu na-emetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a na-emepụta mkpụrụ; Ọtụtụ mgbe nzaghachi ndị a bụ ụdị ezumike mkpụrụ. * A chọrọ '''Mmiri''' maka ntolite. Mkpụrụ ndị tozuru etozu na-akpakarị oke akọrọ ma chọọ [[Iba|ịba]] mmiri dị ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịdị arọ nke mkpụrụ ahụ, tupu metabolism na uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ amaliteghachi. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ chọrọ mmiri zuru ezu iji mee ka mkpụrụ ahụ dị mmiri mana ezughị iji mee ka ha dị mmiri. A na-akpọ mmịpụta mmiri site na mkpụrụ, nke na-eduga na ọzịza na ịgbaji mkpuchi mkpụrụ. Mgbe a na-emepụta mkpụrụ, ọtụtụ osisi na-echekwa nri na mkpụrụ ahụ, dị ka starch, protein, ma ọ bụ mmanụ. Ihe oriri a na-enye nwa e bu n'afọ nri. Mgbe mkpụrụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, a na-arụ ọrụ hydrolytic enzymes nke na-emebi ihe oriri ndị a echekwara n'ime kemịkalụ bara uru.<ref name="Raven">{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}</ref> Mgbe mkpụrụ osisi ahụ si na mkpuchi mkpụrụ osisi pụta ma malite itolite mgbọrọgwụ na akwụkwọ, nri mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-agwụkarị; n'oge a, photosynthesis na-enye ike dị mkpa maka uto na-aga n'ihu na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ chọrọ mmiri, ihe oriri, na ìhè na-agagide. * Mkpụrụ na-etolite na-achọ oxygen maka metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1962|title=Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension on Germination and Seedling Growth|journal=Physiologia Plantarum|volume=15|issue=3|pages=437–444|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x}}</ref> A na-eji oxygen eme ihe na iku ume aerobic, isi iyi nke ike mkpụrụ osisi ruo mgbe ọ na-eto akwụkwọ.<ref name="Raven" /> Oxygen bụ gas ikuku nke a na-ahụ n'ime oghere ala; ọ bụrụ na e liri mkpụrụ n'ime ala ma ọ bụ ala jupụtara na mmiri, mkpụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ n'agụụ. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ nwere mkpuchi mkpụrụ nke na-egbochi ikuku oxygen ịbanye na mkpụrụ ahụ, na-akpata ụdị ụra nke na-agbaji mgbe mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ kpọnwụrụ iji kwe ka mgbanwe gas na mmiri si na gburugburu ebe obibi. ** N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke osisi, dị ka osikapa, ntolite anaerobic nwere ike ime n'ọnọdụ mmiri. Mkpụrụ ahụ na-emepụta oghere coleoptile nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'snorkel', na-enye mkpụrụ ahụ ohere oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Magneschi|first=Leonardo|title=Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen|journal=Annals of Botany|date=25 July 2008|volume=103|issue=2|pages=181–196|doi=10.1093/aob/mcn121|pmid=18660495|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/103/2/181/187259|accessdate=27 March 2022}}</ref> * '''Okpomọkụ''' na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic na uto. Mkpụrụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche na ọbụna mkpụrụ sitere na otu osisi ahụ na-epulite n'ọtụtụ okpomọkụ. Mkpụrụ na-enwekarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ha ga-epulite, ha agaghị eme ya n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nke a. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ na-epulite na okpomọkụ dịtụ elu karịa 60-75 F (16-24 C) [okpomọkụ ime ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ], ebe ndị ọzọ na-ewulite n'elu oyi na ndị ọzọ na'epulite naanị na nzaghachi na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti okpomọkụ na oyi. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-epulite mgbe ala dị jụụ 28-40 F (-2 - 4 C), na ụfọdụ mgbe ala dị ọkụ 76-90 F (24-32 C). Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ikpughe na okpomọkụ oyi (vernalization) iji kwụsị ụra. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-ehi ụra agaghị epulite ọbụlagodi na ọnọdụ dị mma. Mkpụrụ ndị na-adabere na okpomọkụ iji kwụsị ụra nwere ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndị chọrọ oyi nke oge oyi ka ha ghara itolite ruo mgbe ha na-abanye na mmiri n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma nwee okpomọkụ dị jụụ. oyi stratification bụ usoro nke na-eme ka ụra kwụsị tupu ìhè na-apụta nke na-akwalite ntolite.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Variation in Seed Dormancy and Germination within and between Individuals and Populations of a Species. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.|first=Carol C|author=Baskin|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2014|isbn=9780124166837|location=Burlington|pages=5–35}}</ref> Degree Celsius anọ dị jụụ iji kwụsị ụra maka ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ehi ụra, mana ụfọdụ ìgwè, ọkachasị n'ime ezinụlọ Ranunculaceae na ndị ọzọ, chọrọ ọnọdụ dị jụụ karịa -5 C. Mkpụrụ ụfọdụ ga-epulite mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'oge ọkụ n'Ọkụ ọhịa nke na-agbaji uwe mkpụrụ ha; nke a bụ ụdị ụra anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-ahụkarị kwa afọ nwere okpomọkụ kacha mma n'etiti 75-90 F (24-32 C), ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị (dịka radishes ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri) nwere ike ịmalite na okpomọkụ dị ala, dị ka 40 F (4 C), si otú a na-enye ha ohere ịmalite. a ga-esi na mkpụrụ osisi dị na oyi oyi. Okpomọkụ na-adịchaghị mma na-eduga n'ọnụọgụ ihe ịga nke ọma dị ala yana ogologo oge germination. * '''Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị''' nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi maka ntolite ma bụrụ ụdị ụra nke ahụike. Ìhè ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị anaghị emetụta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ, mana ọtụtụ mkpụrụ photoblastic, gụnyere ụdị ndị a na-ahụ n'ọhịa, agaghị epulite ruo mgbe oghere dị n'elu ụlọ ahụ na-enye ohere ìhè zuru ezu maka uto nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> * Scarification na-eṅomi usoro okike nke na-eme ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike tupu ya efọọ. N'okike, mkpụrụ ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji pulite, dị ka okpomọkụ nke ọkụ (dịka, ọtụtụ osisi ndị Australia), ma ọ bụ ịba n'ime mmiri ruo ogologo oge. Ndị ọzọ ga-agafe n'ụzọ mgbari nri nke anụmanụ iji mee ka mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ ghara ịdị ike iji kwe ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ pụta.<ref name="Raven" /> [[Usòrò:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mkpụrụ ọka bali a na-agbanye n'ime ya]] === Ihi ụra === Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ na-ehi ụra ma chọọ oge ka ukwuu, na / ma ọ bụ mkpa ka a nọrọ n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ tupu ha emee ka ha bilie. Mmiri na-Ihi ụra nke mkpụrụ nwere ike ịmalite n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime embryo; n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, mkpuchi mkpụrụ ahụ na-emetụta. Ịkwụsị ụra na-agụnyekarị mgbanwe na membranes, nke a na-amalite site na mgbaàmà na-akwụsị ụra. Nke a na-emekarị naanị n'ime mkpụrụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|first=J Derek|author=Bewley|title=The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses Cabi Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA203|year=2006|pages=203|isbn=978-0-85199-723-0}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-emetụta ụra mkpụrụ na-agụnye ọnụnọ nke homonụ ụfọdụ nke osisi, ọkachasị abscisic acid, nke na-egbochi ntolite, na gibberellin, nke na'akwụsị ụra mkpụrụ. N'ime ime mmanya, a na-eji gibberellin edozi mkpụrụ ọka bali iji hụ na mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite maka mmepụta nke malt ọka bali.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ === Na nkọwa ụfọdụ, mpụta nke radicle na-egosi njedebe nke germination na mmalite nke "ntọala", oge na-eji ihe nchekwa nri echekwara na mkpụrụ. Germination na nguzobe dị ka akụkụ ahụ nwere onwe ya bụ akụkụ dị oke egwu na ndụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe ha kacha nwee mmerụ ahụ, ọrịa na nrụgide mmiri.[1]. Enwere ike iji ndepụta germination mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi phytotoxicity na ala. Ọnwụ anwụ n'etiti ịgbasa mkpụrụ na mmecha nke nguzobe nwere ike ịdị elu nke na ọtụtụ ụdị emezigharịla imepụta mkpụrụ buru ibu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite na ikike ntolite == [[Usòrò:Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg|thumb|mkpụrụ osisi eucalyptus na-epulite mgbe ụbọchị atọ nke ịgha mkpụrụ gasịrị]] N'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ịkọ ubi, '''Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite''' na-akọwa mkpụrụ ole nke otu ụdị [[osisi]], ụdị ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike itolite n'otu oge. Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke oge ntolite ma na-egosipụtakarị dị ka pasent, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ ntolite 85% na-egosi na ihe dị ka 85 n'ime 100 mkpụrụ ga-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge ntolite enyere. A na-ekpebi ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi na-etolite site na ihe ndị mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ, ọdịdị ọdịdị na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite bara uru maka ịgbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ dị mkpa maka mpaghara a nyere ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi achọrọ. Maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mkpụrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ "ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite" bụ oge a na-ewe maka usoro ntolite iji mezue malite n'oge ịgha mkpụrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-akpọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ nwere ike mezue ntolite n'ime ndị mmadụ (ya bụ, mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka '''ikike ntolite'''. Mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] nke ala bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka nrụgide ghara ịdị na ya. Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpali ụfọdụ ọrụ metụtara nchekasị [CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, L-ascorbate oxidase (AO), DNA polymerase Delta 1 (POLD) -1, Chaperon (CHAPE) na okpomọkụ shock protein (HSP) -21], nkwụsi ike nke template mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmelite nke ihe nketa photosynthetic pigment. <ref name="FH">{{Cite journal|first=Kamile|author=Ulukapi|title=The role of exogenous glutamine on germination, plant development and transcriptional expression of some stress-related genes in onion under salt stres|url=https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2024-0002|journal=[[Folia Horticulturae]]|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–17|date=February 2024|pmid=|doi=10.2478/fhort-2024-0002}}</ref>. Ntinye nke exogenic glutamine na-egbochi usoro a. Nnyocha e mere na mkpụrụ yabasị na-egosi mbelata n'oge ntolite, mmụba na coefficient nke ọsọ ntolite, ọnụọgụ ntolite na pasentị ntolite mgbe enyere osisi glutamine exogenous.<ref name="FH" /> === Nrụzi nke mmebi DNA === Àgwà mkpụrụ na-akawanye njọ ka mmadụ na-aka nká, nke a na-ejikọkwa na mkpokọta mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref name="pmid25750428">{{Cite journal|title=The importance of safeguarding genome integrity in germination and seed longevity|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=66|issue=12|pages=3549–58|date=June 2015|pmid=25750428|doi=10.1093/jxb/erv080}}</ref> N'oge ntolite, a na-arụ ọrụ usoro nrụzi iji dozie Mmebi DNA.<ref name="pmid11321247">{{Cite journal|title=The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay: a way to study DNA repair in radicle cells of germinating Vicia faba|journal=Folia Biologica|volume=47|issue=2|pages=50–4|year=2001|pmid=11321247}}</ref> Karịsịa, enwere ike idozi otu na abụọ na DNA.<ref name="pmid20584150">{{Cite journal|title=A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity|journal=The Plant Journal|volume=63|issue=5|pages=848–60|date=September 2010|pmid=20584150|doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04285.x}}</ref> DNA mmebi kinase ATM nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgwakọta ọganihu site na ntolite na nzaghachi nrụzi na mmebi DNA nke mkpụrụ ochie ahụ gbakọtara. <ref name="pmid27503884">{{Cite journal|title=DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM regulates germination and maintains genome stability in seeds|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=34|pages=9647–52|date=August 2016|pmid=27503884|doi=10.1073/pnas.1608829113}}</ref> === Mkpụrụ osisi Dicot === [[Usòrò:Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg|thumb|Nzọụkwụ nke ntolite nke osisi pea: A. mkpụrụ osisi, B. radicle, C. mgbọrọgwụ mbụ, D. mgbọrọ ndụ nke abụọ, E. cotyledon, F. plumule, G. leaf, H. tap mgbọrọgwụ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]] Akụkụ nke osisi nke mbụ na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ bụ mgbọrọgwụ embryonic, nke a na-akpọ mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ mgbọrọ ndụ bụ isi. Ọ na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-arapara n'ala ma malite ịmị mmiri. Mgbe mgbọrọgwụ ahụ na-amị mmiri, mkpụrụ osisi na-apụta site na mkpụrụ ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi a nwere akụkụ atọ: cotyledons (akwụkwọ mkpụrụ), ngalaba nke osisi n'okpuru cotyledones (hypocotyl), na ngalaba nke osisi karịa cotyledon (epicotyl). Ụzọ osisi ahụ si apụta dị iche n'etiti ìgwè osisi.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ==== Epigeal ==== EEpigeal germination (ma ọ bụ epigeous germination) bụ okwu botanical na-egosi na germination na-ewere ọnọdụ n'elu ala. Na germination epigeal, hypocotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko, na-adọkpụrụ kama ịkwanye cotyledons na apical meristem n'ime ala. Ozugbo ọ rutere n'elu, ọ na-agbatị ma na-adọta cotyledons na agbapụ n'ọnụ nke seedlings na-eto eto n'ikuku. Agwa, tamarind, na pọọpọ bụ ihe atụ nke osisi na-eto n'ụzọ dị otú a.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ==== Hypogeal ==== A pụkwara ime ntolite site na hypogeal germination (ma ọ bụ hypogeous germination), ebe epicotyl na-agbatị ma mepụta nko. N'ụdị ntolite a, cotyledons na-anọ n'okpuru ala ebe ha na-emesị mebie. Peas, Chickpeas na mango, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-epulite n'ụzọ a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant propagation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gQh6OI7GcC&q=mango+hypogeous+germination&pg=PA61|year=1989|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-0065-6}}</ref> === Uto nke monocot === N'ime mkpụrụ monocot, a na-ekpuchi mgbọrọgwụ embryo na cotyledon site na coleorhiza na coleoptile, n'otu n'otu. Coleorhiza bụ akụkụ mbụ na-etolite site na mkpụrụ ahụ, mgbọrọgwụ na-esote. A na-akwagharị coleoptile n'ala ruo mgbe ọ ruru n'elu. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-akwụsị ịgbatị ma akwụkwọ mbụ na-apụta.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Uto n'oge === Mgbe mkpụrụ na-epulite n'enweghị usoro anọ niile nke mmepe mkpụrụ, ya bụ, globular, ọdịdị obi, ọdịdị torpedo, na ọkwa cotyledonary, a maara ya dị ka ntolite ngwa ngwa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mkpụrụ osisi na-epulite == Ihe ọzọ na-eme ka mkpụrụ na-etolite n'oge ndụ nke gymnosperms na Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi bụ ntolite nke mkpụrụ ntụ ọka mgbe mmịpụta. Dị ka mkpụrụ, a na-eme ka mmiri gwụ mkpụrụ pollen n'ụzọ siri ike tupu a tọhapụ ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgbasa ha site n'otu osisi gaa na nke ọzọ. Ha nwere uwe nchebe nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (ruo 8 na gymnosperms, 2-3 na osisi na-agbasa okooko). Otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a bụ [[Tube cell (plant)|mkpụrụ ndụ tube]]. Ozugbo mkpụrụ ntụ ọka ahụ dara na stigma nke [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-anabata (ma ọ bụ cone nwanyị na gymnosperms), ọ na-ewe mmiri ma na-epulite. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe site na mmiri na stigma, yana nhazi na physiology nke stigma na ụdị.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> A pụkwara ime ka ntụ ọka na-epulite ''in vitro'' (n'ime efere petri ma ọ bụ tube nnwale). <ref name="Martin">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_1972-06_49_6/page/924|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=49|issue=6|pages=924–5|date=June 1972|pmid=16658085|doi=10.1104/pp.49.6.924}}</ref><ref name="Pfahler">{{Cite journal|title=In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_1981-01_37/page/125|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=37|pages=125–32|date=January 1981|pmid=7460877|doi=10.2307/3429260}}</ref> N'oge ntolite, mkpụrụ ndụ tube na-agbatị n'ime tube pollen. N'ime okooko osisi ahụ, tube pollen na-etolite n'akụkụ àkwá ebe ọ na-ewepụ sperm mepụtara na mkpụrụ pollen maka imeju. Mkpụrụ ntụ ọka na-etolite na mkpụrụ ndụ sperm abụọ ya bụ microgametophyte nwoke tozuru etozu nke osisi ndị a.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya === Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ osisi na-ebu ma akụkụ ọmụmụ nwoke ma nke nwanyị na okooko osisi ha, enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmịpụta mkpụrụ n'onwe ya ma si otú a na-ịmụ nwa. Ụfọdụ osisi na-eji njikwa nke ntolite ntụ ọka dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi a. Uto na uto nke pollen tube na-agụnye mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti stigma na pollen. Na enweghị nkwekọ n'onwe ya na osisi, stigma nke osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmata pollen site n'otu osisi ahụ ma gbochie ya itolite.<ref name="Takayama">{{Cite journal|title=Self-incompatibility in plants|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=467–89|year=2005|pmid=15862104|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144249}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ osisi spore na-epulite == Mkpụrụ osisi pụkwara izo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ site na spores na-ezu ike na uto nke sporeling hyphae ma ọ bụ thalli site na spors na fungi, algae na ụfọdụ osisi. Conidia bụ ụmụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ (mmụba na-enweghị njikọta nke gametes) spores nke fungi nke na-epulite n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dịgasị iche iche site na conidia na-etolite. Ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ germ tubes nke na-eto ma na-etolite na hyphae. Ọdịdị mbụ na mgbatị nke nje tube na fungus ''Aspergillus niger'' ejirila 3D jiri Holotomography microscopy. Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọzọ bụ conidial anastomosis tube (CAT); ndị a dị iche na germ tubes n'ihi na ha dị gịrịgịrị, dị mkpụmkpụ, enweghị alaka, na-egosipụta uto siri ike na ụlọ n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nwere ọdịdị tubular, mana tube anastomosis conidial na-emepụta àkwà mmiri nke na-enye ohere njikọta n'etiti conidia.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conidial anastomosis fusion between Colletotrichum species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2004-11_108_11/page/1320|journal=Mycological Research|volume=108|issue=Pt 11|pages=1320–6|date=November 2004|pmid=15587065|doi=10.1017/S0953756204000838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cell biology of conidial anastomosis tubes in Neurospora crassa|journal=Eukaryotic Cell|volume=4|issue=5|pages=911–9|date=May 2005|pmid=15879525|doi=10.1128/EC.4.5.911-919.2005}}</ref> [[Usòrò:3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif|thumb|3D-visualization nke ''Aspergillus niger'' spore germination. E jidere onyinyo a site na iji microscopy Holotomography.]] === Mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-ezu ike === Na spores na-ezu ike, ntolite na-agụnye ịgbaji nnukwu mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke spore na-ehi ụra. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na zygomycetes, zygosporangium nwere mgbidi dị arọ na-emeghe ma zygospore dị n'ime na-ebute sporangiophore na-apụta. N'ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ntolite na-ezo aka na mpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ amoeboid site na spore siri ike. Mgbe ọ gbawara akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe ọzọ na-agụnye nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ, mana ọ bụghị mmepe nke ihe dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ na amoebas na-ebi ndụ n'efu nke slime molds). <ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Osisi ndị a na-akpọ Ferns na mosses === N'ime [[osisi]] ndị dị ka Briophytes, ferns, na ndị ọzọ ole na ole, spores na-epulite n'ime gametophytes onwe ha. Na bryophytes (dịka, mosses na liverworts), spores na-epulite n'ime protonemata, yiri fungal hyphae, nke gametophyte na-etolite. Na ferns, gametophytes bụ obere prothalli dị ka obi nke a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru osisi toro eto na-ewepụ spore.<ref name="Raven" />{{Cite book|first=Peter H|author=Raven|title=Biology of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0|edition=7th|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers|year=2005|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504 504–508]|isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Nje bacteria === Nje bacteria spores nwere ike ịbụ exospores ma ọ bụ endospores nke bụ ihe na-adịghị eme ụra nke ọtụtụ nje bacteria dị iche iche mepụtara. Ha enweghị ma ọ bụ ọrụ metabolic dị ala ma na-emepụta ha na nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma.<ref name="GhuysenHakenbeck1994">{{Cite book|author=J.-M. Ghuysen|title=Bacterial Cell Wall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjBxBsRY-AEC&pg=PA167|date=9 February 1994|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-086087-9|pages=167–}}</ref> Ha na-enye ohere ịdị ndụ ma ọ bụghị ụdị ọmụmụ.<ref name="SolomonBerg2010">{{Cite book|author=Eldra Solomon|title=Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC&pg=PT554|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-74125-5|pages=554–}}</ref> N'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, spore na-epulite iji mepụta nje bacteria dị ndụ. A na-emepụta endospores n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nne, ebe a na-emepụta exospores na njedebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ nne dị ka bud.<ref name="Britannica2002">{{Cite book|author=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Encyclopedia britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-787-2}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ osisi na-akpali ìhè == Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ìhè nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-akpali usoro ntolite. Mkpụrụ ahụ kwesịrị inwe ike ikpebi mgbe oge zuru oke iji bulie ma ha na-eme nke ahụ site n'ịghọta ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ozugbo ntolite malitere, ihe oriri ndị echekwara n'oge ntozu okè na-amalite ịgbari nke na-akwado mgbasawanye mkpụrụ ndụ na uto zuru oke.<ref name="Penfield-2017" />{{Cite journal|title=Seed dormancy and germination|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=17|pages=R874–R878|date=September 2017|pmid=28898656|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050}}</ref> N'ime ntolite na-akpali ìhè, phytochrome B ([[PHYB]]) bụ photoreceptor nke na-ahụ maka mmalite mmalite nke ntolite. Mgbe ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara dị, a na-agbanwe PHYB ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ya na-arụ ọrụ ma si na cytoplasm gaa na nucleus ebe ọ na-eme ka mbelata nke PIF1. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, na-achịkwa ntolite n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma site n'ịbawanye ngosipụta nke protein ndị na-egbochi njikọ nke gibberellin (GA), nnukwu hormone na usoro ntolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Light-Mediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|volume=67|pages=513–37|date=April 2016|pmid=26905653|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252}}</ref> Ihe ọzọ na-akwalite ntolite bụ HFR1 nke na-agbakọta n'ìhè n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma na-emepụta heterodimers na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na PIF1.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nitric oxide promotes light-initiated seed germination by repressing PIF1 expression and stabilizing HFR1|journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry|volume=123|pages=204–212|date=February 2018|pmid=29248678|doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.012}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị kpọmkwem usoro ahụ, nitric oxide (NO) na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụzọ a. A na-eche na NO na-egbochi ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa PIF1 ma mee ka HFR1 kwụsie ike n'ụzọ ụfọdụ iji kwado mmalite nke ntolite.<ref name="Penfield-2017">{{Cite journal|title=Seed dormancy and germination|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=17|pages=R874–R878|date=September 2017|pmid=28898656|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050}}</ref> Bethke et al. (2006) kpughere mkpụrụ Arabidopsis na-ehi ụra na NO gas ma n'ime ụbọchị 4 sochirinụ, 90% nke mkpụrụ ahụ kwụsịrị ụra ma mebie. Ndị dere ya lere anya n'otú NO na GA si emetụta usoro vacuolation nke mkpụrụ ndụ aleurone nke na-enye ohere ka a gbarie mmegharị nke ihe oriri. A NO mutant mere ka igbochi vacuolation mana mgbe e mesịrị gbakwunye GA usoro ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ na-eduga na nkwenye na NO bụ tupu GA na ụzọ. NO nwekwara ike ibute mbelata nke mmetụta nke abscisic acid (ABA), hormone osisi nke na-akpata n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ụra mkpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2007-03_143_3/page/1173|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=143|issue=3|pages=1173–88|date=March 2007|pmid=17220360|doi=10.1104/pp.106.093435}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti GA na ABA dị mkpa. Mgbe ọkwa ABA dị elu karịa GA mgbe ahụ nke ahụ na-eduga na mkpụrụ na-ehi ụra na mgbe ọkwa GA dị elu, mkpụrụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dormancy and germination: How does the crop seed decide?|journal=Plant Biology|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1104–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26095078|doi=10.1111/plb.12356}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị n'etiti ụra mkpụrụ na ntolite kwesịrị ime n'oge mkpụrụ nwere ohere kachasị mma nke ịdị ndụ na ihe dị mkpa nke na-amalite usoro ntolite mkpụrụ na uto osisi n'ozuzu ya dị mfe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aj8luyen7343bv2y63352baubz9yvi0 0 49928 697414 182777 2026-08-09T12:19:16Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358443716|2024 Lekki flood]]" 697414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lekki_flooding_2024.jpg|thumb|Idè mmiri na 11 Julaị 2024]] Na ubochi nke anọ na onwa Julaị na afọ 2024, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara idei mmiri na [[Lekki|Lekkị]], obodo dị na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagọs Steeti]], Naịjirịa.<ref name="u522">{{Cite news|author=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|title=Flood takes over residential areas in Ibeju-Lekki [VIDEO]|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|date=3 Jul 2024|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/03/flood-takes-over-residential-areas-in-ibeju-lekki-video/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> Idei mmiri ahụ mebiri ebe obibi dị na [[Ibeju-Lekki|Ibejụ-Lekkị]] na ebe ndị ọzọ ọ metụtara.<ref name="n509">{{Cite news|author=George|first=Godfrey|title=10-hour rainfall: Lekki, Ikoyi residents flee luxury mansions as flood ravages homes, streets|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 Jul 2024|url=https://punchng.com/10-hour-rainfall-lekki-ikoyi-residents-flee-luxury-mansions-as-flood-ravages-homes-streets/|accessdate=10 Jul 2024}}</ref> Mmiri kpuchiri okporo ámá, ụlọ dara, ụgbọala wee kpochapụ.<ref name="i162">{{Cite news|author=Daramola|first=Kunle|title=PHOTOS: Commuters stranded, homes submerged as flood ravages Lagos|work=[[TheCable]]|date=3 Jul 2024|url=https://www.thecable.ng/photos-commuters-stranded-homes-submerged-as-flood-ravages-lagos/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == [[Lekki]] bụ obodo dị na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagọs Steeti]], Naịjirịa . Ọ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Lagos. A na-emepụta peninsula, na-ejikọta ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ bụ Viktọria Island na [[Ikoyi]] districts nke Lagọs, na nekwu ọshimiri Atlantik n'ebe ndịda ya, Lagọs Lagoon n'ebe ugwu, na Lekki Lagoon n"ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya; na ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ obodo ahụ, nke na-ejedebe na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Refuge Island, na-egbochi akụkụ ọwụwaba nke Ibeju-Lekki LGA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-18|title=Lagos State Government|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19|accessdate=2024-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091652/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=19|archivedate=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Ihe mere na idei mmiri == N'ụtụtụ nke onwa Julaị, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo malitere nke na-akwụsịbeghị ruo mgbe awa iri gasịrị.<ref name="c884">{{Cite web|author=Kegbegbe|first=Ibrahim|title=Nigeria's Rainy Season: Can Lagos Lead the Fight Against Floods?|work=Sunrise News|date=7 Jul 2024|url=https://sunrise.ng/nigerias-rainy-season-can-lagos-lead-the-fight-against-floods/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref name="t948">{{Cite web|title=10-Hour Rainfall Floods Luxury Mansions in Lekki and Ikoyi, Forcing Residents to Flee|work=VMT News|date=7 Jul 2024|url=https://vmtnews.ng/10-hour-rainfall-floods-luxury-mansions-in-lekki-and-ikoyi-forcing-residents-to-flee/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> Idei mmiri nke kpatara ya mebiri ebe ahụ nke ukwuu. Idei mmiri mebiri ọtụtụ ụlọ, azụmaahịa, okporo ụzọ, na ihe ịrịba ama.<ref name="e298">{{Cite news|title=Torrential Rain Causes Widespread Flooding in Lagos|work=[[This Day]]|date=3 Jul 2024|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/07/03/torrential-rain-causes-widespread-flooding-in-lagos/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == E nwere mgbochi nke okporo ụzọ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị ka ụlọ ọrụ na ndị bi na-ehicha site na idei mmiri wee malite ịrụzi ụlọ mebiri emebi. Ụfọdụ ndị bi ebe ahụ hapụrụ ụlọ ha ka ha laghachi mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="t747">{{Cite news|title=Flood takes over residential areas in Ibeju-Lekki|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=3 Jul 2024|url=https://ads.thenationonlineng.net/flood-takes-over-residential-areas-in-ibeju-lekki/amp/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref name="b684">{{Cite news|author=Trust|first=Daily|title=Flood takes over houses, roads in Lagos|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=3 Jul 2024|url=https://dailytrust.com/flood-takes-over-houses-roads-in-lagos/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> N'oge nleta nke Kọmishọna maka gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa mmiri na steeti Lagọs Tokunbo Wahab, kwuru na idei mmiri na-eme ugboro ugboro bụ omume ndị bi na ya nke iwu ụlọ iji gbochie usoro 156, o mesiri ike na steeti ahụ agaghị agbaji aka ya ma kwe ka ụfọdụ ndị maka uru na-eme ka ha bibie akụrụngwa ọha na eze nyere.<ref name="l813">{{Cite news|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|title=48hrs rainfall: Agungi, Lekki environs in Lagos submerge in flood|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=27 Jun 2024|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/48hrs-rainfall-agungi-lekki-environs-in-lagos-submerge-in-flood/|accessdate=11 Jul 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  9i1jskasl9ee6ish3qp9rrm7jvajkkn 0 49930 697531 596376 2026-08-10T02:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchkühe.JPG|thumb|Ịkpa ehi na Germany]] N'ọrụ ugbo, ịhịa aka n'ahụ bụ usoro ịzụ anụ ụlọ nke a na-ahapụ anụ ụlọ n'èzí ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu (na-agagharị) ma na-eri ahịhịa ọhịa iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ (site na eriri afọ mmadụ) cellulose n'ime ahịhịa na ihe oriri ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ anụ, mmiri ara ehi. ajị na anụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na-adịkarị n'ala nke na-adịghị mma maka ịkọ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike were ọtụtụ usoro ịta nri dị iche iche maka mmepụta kacha mma: ịta nri nwere ike na-aga n'ihu, nke oge, ma ọ bụ ntụgharị n'ime oge ịta nri. A na-ahụ ntụgharị ogologo ogologo n'ọrụ ugbo ley, na-atụgharị ihe ubi na nri anụ; na ntughari izu ike, ntughari ebugharị, na ìgwè mmadụ na-ata nri, na-enye ahịhịa ogologo oge iji gbakee ma ọ bụ hapụ ala. Patch-burn na-ewepụta ntụgharị nke ahịhịa ọhụrụ mgbe ejiri ezumike afọ abụọ gbaa ọkụ. Ịta nri nchekwa na-atụ aro ka a na-eji anụmanụ na-ata nri na-emeziwanye ihe dị iche iche nke saịtị <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=32369874|year=2020|author=Filazzola|first=A.|title=The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: A meta-analysis|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=23|issue=8|pages=1298–1309|doi=10.1111/ele.13527}}</ref> Ịkpa anụ adịla kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo; atụrụ na [[ewu]] bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-azụlite n'ụlọ tupu e wuo ebe obibi mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, na-eme ka e nwee ike ịzụ ehi na ezì.&nbsp; Ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-enye aka n'ọtụtụ Mmetụta ala-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere [[Mgbukpọ]] ọhịa, mkpochapụ nke anụ ọhịa, mmetọ nke iyi na osimiri, ịtabiga nri ókè, mmebi ala, Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/grazing/|title=Grazing|work=www.biologicaldiversity.org}}</ref> na Nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liang|first=M.|date=2021|title=Grazing-induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2054–2064|doi=10.1111/ele.13826|pmid=34319652}}</ref><ref name="Hautier-Plas-2022">{{Cite book|author=Hautier|first=Yann|chapter=Biodiversity and Temporal Stability of Naturally Assembled Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales in a Changing World|publisher=[[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]]|date=2022-02-16|doi=10.1002/9781119902911.ch9|pages=189–209|title=The Ecological and Societal Consequences of Biodiversity Loss|isbn=978-1-78945-072-9}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   [[Usòrò:Fat_tailed_sheep,_Afghanistan,_1976.jpg|thumb|Ịzụlite anụ ndị na-eri anụ site na 7000 BC, dị ka atụrụ ndị a nwere ọdụ buru ibu na Afghanistan, nyere ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị gafee Middle East na etiti Eshia ihe oriri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.&nbsp;]] A zụlitere atụrụ, ewu, ehi, na ezì n'oge mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ ugbo. A na-ebu ụzọ zụlite atụrụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ewu sochiri ya; ụdị abụọ ahụ dabara adaba maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị. A zụlitere ehi na ezì n'ụlọ obere oge ka e mesịrị, n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, ozugbo ndị mmadụ malitere ibi n'ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gascoigne|first=Bamber|authorlink=Bamber Gascoigne|title=HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab57|work=History World|accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref>&nbsp; Na America, a na-azụ anụ ụlọ n'ala ọha na eze site na [[Agha Obodo America|Agha Obodo]]. E tiri iwu Taylor Grazing Act nke 1934 mgbe Great Depression gasịrị iji chịkwaa ojiji nke ala ọha na eze maka ebumnuche ịta nri. == Mmepụta == Dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo si kwuo, ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ala ahịhịa ụwa (ihe na-erughị ọkara nke elu ụwa a na-eji eme ihe) bụ usoro ịta ahịhịa kpuchiri. Ọ na-ekwu na "usoro ịta nri na-enye ihe dị ka pasent 9 nke mmepụta anụ ehi n'ụwa na ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke mmepụta atụrụ na anụ ewu n'ụwa. Maka ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 100 n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ, ma eleghị anya ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ịta nri. anụ ụlọ bụ nanị ebe e nwere ike isi nweta ihe e ji ebi ndụ.. "<ref name="Haan1997">{{Cite book|author=de Haan|first=Cees|date=1997|title=Livestock & the Environment: Finding a Balance|chapter=Chapter 2: Livestock grazing systems & the environment|chapterurl=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5303E/x5303e05.htm#chapter%202:%20livestock%20grazing%20systems%20&%20the%20environment|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5303E/x5303e00.htm#Contents|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Commission of the European Communities (under auspices of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]])}}</ref> === Nchịkwa === [[Usòrò:Grazing_effect.jpg|thumb|A na-egbochi akụkụ ahịhịa ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ebe ịta nri a na New Zealand iji kwe ka ahịhịhịa too ọzọ tupu a na-ata ya nri ọzọ.]] Nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ: # Ichebe ogo nke ebe ịta nri megide mmebi site na ịta nri gabigara ókè: n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, mee ka ebe ịta ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide # Ichebe [[Health|ahụike]] nke ụmụ anụmanụ pụọ na egwu siri ike, dị ka: #* Mmetụta ahịhịa na nsị nitrate #* Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ka molybdenum na nsị [[selenium]] #* Ọrịa ahịhịa na laminitis n'ime ịnyịnya #* Ọrịa mmiri ara ehi n'ime ụmụ ehi Ojiji kwesịrị ekwesị nke ala na usoro nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa * nlekọta nke nri na mmepụta anụ ụlọ, na * nlekọta nke ụdị dị iche iche na [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3ef%2bGcq2VLw%3d&tabid=82|title=Mountains, Moorlands and Heaths; National Ecosystem Assessment|accessdate=2024-07-25|archivedate=2024-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725212623/http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3ef%2BGcq2VLw%3D&tabid=82}}</ref> It does this by allowing sufficient recovery periods for regrowth. Producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Controlled burning of the land can help in the regrowth of plants.<ref name="Fuhlendorf2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00937.x|author=Fuhlendorf|first=S. D.|year=2004|title=Application of the fire–grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-ecology_2004-08_41_4/page/604|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=41|issue=4|pages=604–614}}</ref> Although grazing can be problematic for the ecosystem, well-managed grazing techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} Na commons na England na Wales, ikike nke ịta ahịhịa (ịta ahịhi) na pannage (ịta anụ ọhịa) maka onye ọ bụla nkịtị na-akọwa nke ọma site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị anụmanụ, na oge nke afọ mgbe enwere ike iji ikike ụfọdụ mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-ekwe ka onye bi n'otu ụlọ na-ata ehi iri na ise, ịnyịnya anọ, Ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu, na agụ iri ise, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agbata obi ha kwere ka ọ dị iche. Na ụfọdụ ndị nkịtị (dị ka Ọhịa Ọhụrụ na ndị dị n'akụkụ ya), ikike anaghị ejedebe na nọmba, kama a na-akwụ 'ụgwọ akara' kwa afọ maka anụmanụ ọ bụla 'a tụgharịrị'. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905035546/http://verderers.org.uk/rights.html Forest rights].</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe a na-ahụkarị mee ihe gabigara ókè, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịzụbiga nri ókè, a ga-etinye ihe a na'ahụkarị 'stiny'; ya bụ, a ga na-etinye oke na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ onye ọ bụla a hapụrụ ka ọ na-ata nri. Iwu ndị a na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụ na ụba. Ya mere, kama ikwe ka ihe a na-ahụkarị mebie, a machibidoro ohere ọbụna karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Susan Jane Buck Cox|title=No tragedy on the Commons|journal=Environmental Ethics|volume=7|year=1985|pages=49–62|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/3113/buck_NoTragedy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|issue=1|doi=10.5840/enviroethics1985716}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|center|thumb|{{Centre|A [[Maasai people|Maasai]] herdsman grazing his cattle inside the [[Ngorongoro crater]]}}]] == Usoro == Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na ndị na-eme nchọpụta sayensị dị iche iche emepụtala usoro ịta ahịhịa iji melite mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide maka anụ ụlọ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere ịzụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ oriri. === Ịga n'ihu === [[Usòrò:Grazing,_continuous.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-aga n'ihu, usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, nke na-adịghị emepụta ihe]] Site n'ịkpa anụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-ekwe ka anụ ụlọ banye n'otu ebe ịta nri n'afọ niile. === Oge === Ịkpa anụ n'oge na-agụnye "anụmanụ na-ata anụ n'otu ebe naanị maka akụkụ nke afọ". Nke a na-enye ohere ka ala a na-adịghị eri nri zuru ike ma na-enye aka maka nri ọhụrụ. [[Usòrò:Grazing,_rotational.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-egosi ojiji nke paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-enye nri na mmiri maka anụ ụlọ maka oge ahọrọ. A na-ahapụ ahịhịa ka ọ zuru ike ma belata ọgba aghara, ikekwe na-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere Usoro nri.]] Ịzụ anụ na-agbanwe agbanwe "na-agụnye ịkewa ebe ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ebe ịta nri wee na-azụ anụ n'usoro n'oge ịta nri". Iji ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike imeziwanye nkesa anụ ụlọ ka ị na-etinye oge ezumike maka nri ọhụrụ. === Ọrụ ugbo === === Mgbanwe ezumike === Ịta nri izu ike "na-ekewa mpaghara ahụ n'ime opekata mpe ebe ịta nri anọ. Otu ebe ịta nri ka na-ezu ike n'ime afọ yana ịta nri na-atụgharị n'etiti ahịhịa ndụ ndị fọdụrụ." Usoro ịta nri a nwere ike ịba uru karịsịa mgbe ị na-eji ahịhịa dị nro na-achọ oge maka izu ike na itolite === Mgbanwe a na-eweghachi === Ntụgharị akwụsịla "gụnyere opekata mpe ebe ịta nri abụọ nke a na-ataghị ahịhịa ruo mgbe etinyechara mkpụrụ". Site n'iji ntughari agbagoro agbagoro, ahihia nwere ike nweta oke uto n'ime oge a na-agaghị eri nri. === Ọkụ ọkụ === Ịkpọ anụ na-ere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ebe ịta nri kwa afọ, n'agbanyeghị ogo nke ebe ịkpa anụ. Ogige a na-ere ọkụ na-adọta ndị na-azụ anụ (ụmụ ehi ma ọ bụ atụ) na-ata nri n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ahịhịa ọhụrụ na-eto n'ihi ya. Ogige ndị ọzọ na-enweta obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ịta nri. N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, a na-ere ihe abụọ na-esote ọkụ n'usoro, mgbe ahụ, okirikiri ahụ malitere ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, patches na-enweta afọ abụọ nke ezumike na mgbake site na ịta nri siri ike. Usoro a na-ebute ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na nnụnụ dị iche iche nwere ike iji - na-eṅomi mmetụta nke mmekọrịta prehistorical n'etiti bison na ọkụ, ebe bison na-ata nri nke ukwuu n'otu ebe na ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ohere izu ike, dabere na echiche nke pyric herbivory.<ref name="Fuhlendorf2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fuhlendorf|first=Samuel D.|title=Pyric Herbivory: Rewilding Landscapes through the Recoupling of Fire and Grazing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2009-06_23_3/page/588|journal=Conservation Biology|date=June 2009|volume=23|issue=3|pages=588–598|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01139.x|pmid=19183203}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tallgrass Prairie dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Oklahoma ejirila ìgwè anụ ọhịa bea na-ata nri ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri. Mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mmekọrịta ọkụ bison dị n'ụzọ dị irè na nnukwu ala nke 30,000 acres (12,000 hectare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/tallgrass.html|title=The Nature Conservancy in Oklahoma|work=www.nature.org|accessdate=2010-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223051941/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/tallgrass.html|archivedate=2011-02-23}}</ref> N'ọhịa na-ata ahịhịa nke Devon, a maara ọkụ ọkụ oge dị ka swailing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-22054636|title=Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'|date=7 April 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Nchịkwa mpaghara osimiri === Ebumnuche ịta ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri bụ imeziwanye anụ ọhịa [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa] na ebe obibi ha.  Ọ na-eji mgbidi eme ihe iji gbochie anụ ụlọ n'akụkụ iyi ma ọ bụ ebe mmiri ruo mgbe anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ nnụnụ mmiri gasịrị, ma ọ bụ iji belata oke ịta nri ruo obere oge. [[Usòrò:Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg|thumb|Ịchekwa anụ ụlọ site na Highland Cattle na London Wetland Centre nature reserve]]   Ịchekwa anụ bụ iji anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịa nyere aka melite ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe. N'ihi ọdịdị ha siri ike, a na-ejikarị ụdị ndị dị ụkọ na ndị a mụrụ n'ebe a na-azụ anụ.<ref name="RBST">{{Cite web|title=Conservation grazing|publisher=[[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]]|url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Uses-of-Rare-Breeds/Conservation-Grazing|accessdate=May 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429051643/http://www.rbst.org.uk/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Uses-of-Rare-Breeds/Conservation-Grazing|archivedate=2016-04-29}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, iji weghachite ala ahịhịa ọdịnala, a na-eji ehi dị ka English Longhorn na Highland eme ihe iji nye ịta nri.<ref name="Shapwick">{{Cite web|url=http://www.avalonmarshes.org/Shapwick_Moor|accessdate=April 24, 2016|title=Shapwick Moor Nature Reserve|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401224556/http://www.avalonmarshes.org/Shapwick_Moor|archivedate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> === Ịkpa anụ === Ụdị ịta ahịhịa na-eji ọtụtụ obere paddocks dị ka mgbidi na-enye ohere, a na-ekwu na ọ ga-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mla.com.au/research-and-development/Grazing-pasture-management/native-pasture/grazing-management/grazing-strategies/|title=Grazing strategies|author=<!--Not stated-->|publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> === Ịkpa anụ === Ịkpa anụ bụ usoro, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-adịgide adịgide, nke e mepụtara na 2002; ọ na-eji nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ n'ala fọdụrụ ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dịbu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Salatin|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Salatin|title=Tall grass mob stocking|url=http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/May08_Salatin.pdf|work=Acres USA May 2008 vol 8 no 5|accessdate=11 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111035028/http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/May08_Salatin.pdf|archivedate=11 January 2012}}</ref> == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Cattle_at_Velika_Planina,_Slovenia.jpg|thumb|Ịkpa anụ n'oge ọkọchị n'ebe dị elu na Big Pasture Plateau, Slovenia]] === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === [[Usòrò:Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prestøya,_Brønnøy,_Norway.JPG|thumb|Old Norwegian Sheep grazing at an island on the coast of Norway. This is a vulnerable habitat where the sheep take part in a delicate ecological balance.]] A number of ecological effects derive from grazing, and these may be either positive or negative. Negative effects of grazing may include overgrazing, increased soil erosion, compaction and degradation, [[Igbukpọ osisi|deforestation]], biodiversity loss,<ref name="Haan1997"/> and adverse [[Ịdị mma mmiri|water quality]] impacts from run-off.<ref name="Nemecek 987–992">{{Cite journal|author=Nemecek|first=T.|date=2018-06-01|title=Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-06-01_360_6392/page/987|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6392|pages=987–992|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0216|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29853680}}</ref> Sometimes grazers can have beneficial environmental effects such as improving the soil with nutrient redistribution and aerating the soil by trampling, and by controlling fire and increasing biodiversity by removing biomass, controlling shrub growth and dispersing seeds.<ref name="Haan1997" /> In some habitats, appropriate levels of grazing may be effective in restoring or maintaining native grass and herb diversity in rangeland that has been disturbed by overgrazing, lack of grazing (such as by the removal of wild grazing animals), or by other human disturbance.<ref name="Launchbaugh 2006">{{Cite book|author=Launchbaugh|first=Karen|title=Targeted Grazing: A natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement|date=2006|publisher=National Sheep Industry Improvement Center in Cooperation with the American Sheep Industry Association|url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/handbook.htm}}</ref> Conservation grazing is the use of grazers to manage such habitats, often to replicate the ecological effects of the wild relatives of domestic livestock, or those of other species now absent or extinct. Grazer urine and faeces "recycle nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other plant nutrients and return them to the soil". Grazing can reduce the accumulation of litter (organic matter) in some seasons and areas,<ref name="Fergus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/news/2008/feb/21/waterfowl-area-grazing-benefits-birds-cattle/|title=Waterfowl area grazing benefits birds, cattle - The Fergus Falls Daily Journal|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=9 December 2008|archivedate=16 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616043130/http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/news/2008/feb/21/waterfowl-area-grazing-benefits-birds-cattle/}}</ref> but can also increase it, which may help to combat soil erosion. This acts as nutrition for insects and organisms found within the soil. These organisms "aid in carbon sequestration and water filtration".<ref name="NHO" /> When grass is grazed, dead grass and litter are reduced which is advantageous for birds such as waterfowl. Grazing can increase [[biodiversity]]. Without grazing, many of the same grasses grow, for example brome and bluegrass, consequently producing a monoculture.<ref name="Fergus"/> The ecosystems of North American tallgrass prairies are controlled to a large extent by nitrogen availability, which is itself controlled by interactions between fires and grazing by large herbivores. Fires in spring enhance growth of certain grasses, and herbivores preferentially graze these grasses, producing a system of checks and balances, and allowing higher plant biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Bison-Grazing-Increases-Biodiversity-In-Grasslands-14701-1/|title=Bison Grazing Increases Biodiversity|work=news.bio-medicine.org|accessdate=2008-12-09|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427120239/http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Bison-Grazing-Increases-Biodiversity-In-Grasslands-14701-1/}}</ref> In [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] heathland is a cultural landscape which requires grazing by cattle, sheep or other grazers to be maintained.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of the Countryside|first=Oliver|author=Rackham|authorlink=Oliver Rackham|publisher=Phoenix|year=1997}}</ref> === Conservation === Otu onye edemede nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) akụkọ Livestock's Long Shadow, kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ: <ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Harmful Environmental Effects Of Livestock Production On The Planet 'Increasingly Serious,' Says Panel|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070220145244.htm|work=[[ScienceDaily]]|date=22 February 2007|accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref>   Ọtụtụ ala ịta ahịhịa sitere na usoro nke iwepụ ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ mmiri nke ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka ọhịa ma ọ bụ ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/113025|title=Lowland Grassland Management Handbook|author=A. Crofts}}</ref> Dabere n'echiche nke Center for Biological Diversity, [[Ọrụ ugbo buru ibu|ịta ahịhịa]] dị ukwuu n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref>[[Center for Biological Diversity]]|source=[http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/grazing/ Grazing]</ref> {{Reflist|30em}} N'ebe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States, ịkpa anụ ụlọ emebiwo mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ala mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri ma ọ bụ iyi. [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi]] na-ekwu na ọrụ ugbo nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetọ iyi na osimiri karịa isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ na-abụghị isi. Ịzụ anụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike inye aka na mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi nke ógbè ndị dị na osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ls-fact/0002.html|title=Negative Effects of Livestock Grazing Riparian Areas|author=Hoorman|first=James|work=ohioline.osu.edu|publisher=Ohio State University School of Environment and Natural Resources|accessdate=15 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617072453/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ls-fact/0002.html|archivedate=June 17, 2015}}</ref> A na-akpọ mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ebe kpọrọ nkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Luoma, Jon|title=Discouraging Words|journal=[[Audubon (magazine)|Audubon]]|volume=88|date=September 1986|issue=92}}</ref> Mmiri, biomass dị elu, microclimate dị mma na ihe omume idei mmiri oge na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị elu karịa na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/wr_lifeblood_west.htm|title=Lifeblood of the West|accessdate=August 8, 2007|author=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|archivedate=August 22, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822185405/http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/wr_lifeblood_west.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, "dị ka ngalaba ogige ntụrụndụ steeti [[Arizona]] si kwuo, ihe karịrị 90% nke mpaghara osimiri mbụ nke Arizona na [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]] apụọla". Akụkọ nke 1988 nke Gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ mere atụmatụ na 90% nke 5,300 kilomita nke ebe obibi osimiri nke Bureau of Land Management na [[Colorado]] na-achịkwa nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, dị ka 80% nke mpaghara osimiri [[Idaho]], na-ekwubi na "ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ebe obibi osimiri mebiri emebi na ala ịkpa anụ. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wuerthner, George|title=The Price is Wrong|journal=[[Sierra (magazine)|Sierra]]|date=September–October 1990}}</ref> em si deeAkụkọ FAO nke afọ 2013 mere atụmatụ na anụ ụlọ na-akpata 14.5% nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/tackling_climate_change/index.htm|title=Tackling climate change through livestock // FAO's Animal Production and Health Division|work=Fao.org|accessdate=16 August 2018}}</ref> Ịkpa anụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na [[New Zealand]]; na 2004, methane na nitrous oxide sitere n'ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke New Zealand, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maf.govt.nz/climatechange/slm/vggr/page-01.htm#P610_60455|title=New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Feasibility Study – Summary|work=Maf.govt.nz|accessdate=16 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526205034/http://www.maf.govt.nz/climatechange/slm/vggr/page-01.htm|archivedate=2010-05-26}}</ref> Akụkọ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency nke afọ 2008 banyere ikuku na-esi n'ahụ chọpụtara na ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe kpatara 6% nke ngụkọta gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na United States na 2006. Nke a gụnyere mmepụta [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], ịgbaze enteric n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ, njikwa nsị anụ ụlọ, na njikwa ala ugbo, mana wepụrụ ihe ụfọdụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="epa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218171807/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html|title=Climate Change|first=OAR|author=US EPA|date=August 12, 2013|archivedate=December 18, 2011|work=www.epa.gov}}</ref> Nnyocha na-atụnyere ikuku methane sitere na ịta ahịhịa na ehi na-eri nri kwubiri na ehi na'ahịhịa nwere methane karịa ehi na-enye ọka. <ref name="Capper2012">{{Cite journal|author=Capper|first=JL|title=Is the Grass Always Greener? Comparing the Environmental Impact of Conventional, Natural and Grass-Fed Beef Production Systems|journal=Animals|date=Apr 10, 2012|volume=2|issue=2|pages=127–43|doi=10.3390/ani2020127|pmid=26486913}}</ref><ref name="Pelletier2010">{{Cite journal|author=Pelletier N|title=Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States|journal=Agricultural Systems|date=Jul 2010|volume=103|issue=6|pages=380–389|doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.009}}</ref> Otu nnyocha dị na Journal of Animal Science chọpụtara okpukpu anọ karịa, ma kwuo, sị: "nlele ndị a na-edekọ n'ụzọ doro anya mmepụta CH₄ dị elu maka ehi na-enweta nri dị ala, nri fiber dị elu karịa maka ehi na nri dị elu. "<ref name="Harper1999" /> === Agrico-agwọ ọrịa === [[Usòrò:Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg|thumb|Usoro anyanwụ n'elu ubi ịta ahịhịa]] Agrivoltaics maka ịta nri ga-enye ohere maka ndò maka ụmụ anụmanụ yana akwụkwọ nri ka ala wee nwee mmiri dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smallfarmcanada.ca/news/Research%20Notes/agri-voltaics/|title=Agri-voltaics - Small Farm Canada}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b0laxo7e142qaqrox5hh5rp1xz6hjav 0 50380 697620 181403 2026-08-10T04:15:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Monoporeia affinis.png|thumb|Monoporeia]] '''''Monoporeia affinis''''', (syn. ''Pontoporeia affinis'' ) ( Greek , ''{{Lang|el|póntos}}'' = Pọntọs / Oké Osimiri Ojii; {{Lang|el|πορεία}} == Nkọwa == ''Monoporeia affinis'' ruru 8 mm (0.31 in) ogologo oge mgbe o toro nke ọma, nwere ụzọ abụọ nke antennae na otu ụzọ ojii anya. <ref name="GU" /> A na-agbasa ụkwụ ndị na-esite na akụkụ atọ mbụ nke afọ ime ka ọ bụrụ efere sara mbara. <ref name="GU" /> ''Monoporeia affinis'' yiri amphipod benthic ọzọ, ''[[Pontoporeia femorata]]'', nke enwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' site na anya uhie uhie ya. <ref name="GU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vattenkikaren.gu.se/fakta/arter/crustace/amphipod/monoaffi/monoafe.html|title=Amphipod ''Monoporeia affinis''|work=Aquascope|publisher=Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory|accessdate=May 7, 2005|year=2000}}</ref> == Ecology == ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' bụ otu n'ime glacial Baltic. Na mbụ ụdị mmiri dị ọcha, ọ dịkwa na ọdọ mmiri. ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' na-ebi n'ala ala dị nro, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna dị ka 10,000-20,000 mana ọ na-abụkarị narị puku mmadụ na puku kwuru puku mmadụ kwa square mita. <ref name="FIMR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fimr.fi/fi/itamerikanta/sanasto/valkokatkat.html|title=Valkokatkat / Itämeri-sanakirja|work=The Baltic Sea Portal|publisher=[[Finnish Institute of Marine Research]]|language=Finnish|accessdate=May 7, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205162457/http://www.fimr.fi/fi/itamerikanta/sanasto/valkokatkat.html|archivedate=February 5, 2007|date=January 13, 2005}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">. </cite></ref> Amphipod nwere ọrụ dị mkpa na bioturbation (ịgwakọta na oxidating sedimenti ala). ''Monoporeia'' na-eri nri na phytoplankton na ihe ndị mebiri emebi na-emikpu na ala. ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' bụ anụ anụ n'onwe ya nke ''Saduria entomon'', ''[[Harmothoe sarsi]]'' (a polychaete ) na azụ ndị dị ka cod, azụ asa na sculpin mpi anọ, ''Myoxocephalus quadricornis'' . Mbelata ikuku oxygen na-abawanye na oke osimiri Baltic - ọkachasị na Ọwara nke Finland - na-emetụta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ''M.&nbsp;''ọnụ ọgụgụ ''affinis'', ebe ọ bụ na akwa ya na embrayo na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka enweghị oxygen. Ya mere ''M.&nbsp;''a na-ejikarị ''affinis'' eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ụdị ọnọdụ nke mmiri. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Pertti Heinonen, Giuliano Ziglio & André Van der Beken|year=2008|title=Hydrological and Limnological Aspects of Lake Monitoring|series=Water Quality Measurements|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-51113-8|chapter=Use and applicability of zoobenthic communities in lake monitoring|author=Eva Koskenniemi|pages=105–118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USGtfTkgSfwC&pg=PA112}}</ref> == Okirikiri ndụ == Mgbe ha na-emekọ ihe n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma na-ebuli oge oyi, nwanyị ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' na-amụ ụmụ 20-30, nke na-eme naanị otu ugboro n'ime afọ 2-4 ya. <ref name="FIMR"/> == Taxonomic akụkọ ihe mere eme == ''Monoporeia affinis'' bụ nke Gustaf Lindström kọwara na mbụ n'ime ụdị ọdịdị ''Pontoporeia'' na 1855. [[Edward L. Bousfield]] kwagara ya na ''Monoporeia'' ọhụrụ na 1989, yana ụdị abụọ ọzọ, " ''M.&nbsp;microphthalma'' " na " ''M.&nbsp;gurjanovae'' ", <ref>{{Cite journal|author=E. L. Bousfield|year=1989|title=Revised morphological relationships within the amphipod genera ''Pontoporeia'' and ''Gammaracanthus'' and the 'glacial relict' significance of their postglacial distributions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-fisheries-and-aquatic-sciences_1989-10_46_10/page/1714|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]]|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1714–1725|doi=10.1139/f89-217}}</ref> nke a na-ewere ugbu a n'otu okwu nke ''M.&nbsp;affinis'' . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|32em}} 7qxtwfxlob463rliqo35geton8hmah4 0 50593 697910 516966 2026-08-10T10:36:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697910 wikitext text/x-wiki   Achọpụtala n'ụzọ Okomu National Park, nke bụbu ebe nss anụ anụ Okomu, dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké nhọrọ .  [1] [2] N'ihi nnukwu ihe dị iche iche iche iche iche a na-ahụ na mgbochi Okomu, ebe mbụ e hiwere ebe obibi anụ ebe ahụ ahụ.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olaleru|first=F|date=2014-11-03|title=Wildlife conservation challenges in Okomu National Park, Nigeria|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v7i6.10|journal=Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management|volume=7|issue=6|pages=670|doi=10.4314/ejesm.v7i6.10|issn=1998-0507}}</ref> Ọ bụ ngọngọ n'ime 1,082 kilomita Okomu Forest Reserve na Ovia South-West Local Government Area nke [[Ȯra Edo|Edo State]] na Nigeria ma dị n'etiti latitudes 6° 15′ and 6° 25′ North and longitude 5° 9′ and 5°  23′ East.  Ogige ọdịdị dị ihe dịka 60 km (37 mi) north west of [[Benin City]] .  Ogigeahụ ahụ nwere obere obere akọ nna nna nke kpuchiri mpaghara ahụ, ma bụrụ ebe obibi ikpeazụ maka ọtụtụ ụdị dị egwu.  Ọ bụ nke kacha nta n'ime ihiere mba asaa dị na Naijiria, nke nwere ikike ala dị ihe dị ka 200 km2 ma na-aga n'ihu na-agbada ka obodo nta na-abanye na ya, ma ugbu a eru eri otu.  ụzọ n'ụzọ nke nha mbụ ya.  Ndị ọrụ ndị siri ike na-etinye aka na mmepụta ihe na ịgha osisi na gburugburu ahụ, nke na-ebutekwa ihe egwu. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ogigeahụ ahụ nwere ihe ike n'ime ike ndị Nigeria dị ike bụ ndị na-emebu 50–100 na-aga n'ihu.  Chere site n'osimiri eriri Niger ike ruo Dahomey Gap na Benin.  [2] N'ebe ndịda na ndị na-eme egwuregwu nkenke mangrove na ƙarin apiti kewapụrụ n' ike oké osimiri ahụ, ebe n'ebe ugwu ọ Ireland n'ime egwuregwu Guinean-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion.  [3] Nrụgide akụkụ ihe ọhụrụ.  N'ime akpa Okomu, e nwere nnukwu unyi na ite dị n'okpuru ntọala ahụ, na-egosi na arụ ọrụ ya wee me ya n'ime afọ 700 gara aga.  Ka ọ na-erule nke nke akpan afụ nke 20, Manzon ahụ dịgidere na ngozi ndị a, bụ ndị na-enwe ike siri ike site na ọrụ mmadụ. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Nke 200 km2 ebe nsso anụ, ebe obibi nke oke ike nke bụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, bụ nke sitere na Okomu Reserve Reserve na 1935.  na Nigeria na 1982 dugara n'atụ maka mbọ siri ike ichekwa ebe nsasị ahụ.  Gọọmenti steeti kọwapụtara ebe nsasị na 1986, yana mpaghara naanị 66 km2 .  Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) weghaara akụkọ nke ebe nsasị na 1987, marị ya ruo 114 km2 site n'ịgbakwunye 1.6-kilomiter-wide (1 mi) mpaghara nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Nigeria Drops Buffer Zone for Superhighway Project But More Must Be Done to Protect Communities and Wildlife|url=https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9857/Government-of-Nigeria-Drops-Buffer-Zone-for-Superhighway-Project-But-More-Must-Be-Done-to-Protect-Communities-and-Wildlife.aspx|accessdate=2022-02-11|work=newsroom.wcs.org|language=en-US}}</ref> A tụ NCF n'inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ aka na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, iji nyere ndị obodo ahụ aka iso ụzọ ọzọ ha ga-esi ebi na-abanyeghị n'ime mgbochi.  Atụmatụ ọrụ ugbo nke NCF nwere ihe mgbaka nke ndị ọrụ nketa ndị si mba ndị dara ogbenye, wee si a na--aB ቀላል site na otú nta na igbu osisi na-akwadoghị.  N'afọ 1997, a meberekwara na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ NCF etinyela aka na igbu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe nsso.  Na Mee 1999, National Park Service weghaara ebe nsasị ahụ. == gburugburu == staka Osse na-agbapụta mbipụta ahụ nke na-ahụ oke akara ya.  ike Okomu bụ oke ike egwuregwu.  Mmiri mmiri dị n'etiti 1,524 na 2,540 mm kwa afọ.  [3] [4] Ala bụ acidic, ihe na-edozi ahụ-ogbenye aja aja.  Ahịhịa bụ Guinea-Congo oke mgbochi mmiri mmiri, ndị mpaghara apiti- Charger, oke mkpa, nnukwu nke abụọ, na mgba mepere emepe.  [5] N'ime osisi ndị a na- bụ Kapok, Celtis zenkeri, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Antiaris africana, Pycnanthus angolensis na Alstonia congensis .  Ogige ahụ nwere ike ọ bụrụ ihe atụ kacha mma nke oke ike tozuru oke na ndị ọrụ ike Nigeria. Ogige ahụ nwere ike ime ndị njem nlegharị anya, ma nwee ụdị akara nke ọma.  Enwere ụlọ osisi abụọ, otu mita 140 n'ịdị elu na osisi silk-owu, nke ndị ọbịa nwere ike isi na-ekiri ihuenyo ahụ n'elu wee hụ ndụ oyiyi.  [3] Ndị ọbịa nwere ike na-acha na chalet ndị e wuru n'elu stilts, dị nnọọ na ọnụ ọnụ ụzọ ahụ, nke osisi fig na-enwekarị nke anụ ndị Mona gburugburu.  Ntuziaka maka ịga njem n'ime ndị, ma ga-mpụtapụta ihe ndị dị ka ndị na-enye na ọtụtụ osisi osisi. == Anụ anụmanụ == [[Usòrò:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|thumb| African ọhịa elephant]] Ogige ahụ nwere anụ ọhịa dị iche iche, nwere ụdị anụmanụ 33 gụnyere buffalo Africa na elephant ọhịa Africa nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ịhụ elephant dị ụkọ, ọ bụ ezie na n'afọ 2007, a chọtara ozu enyí dị otu afọ, o yighị ka ọ̀ ga-anwụ n'ihi ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Ndị ọrụ ogige na-ekwu na ịchụ nta elephant anaghịzi eme, n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ahịa dị elu e nyere iwu maka ọdụm na [[Lagos]] . E ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-adịghị ike na-acha ọcha-agụ guenon, a primate.  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na-abụ ọkụ ihe nke ọma ọnụ ọgụgụ primate 1982, a kọrọ na chimpanzees dị na mpaghara ahụ na 2009. A na-eche na ọnụọgụ chimpanzees ga-ebi n'ime ike Okomu dị 25-50 na 2003, ụfọdụ  nwere ike iji gbochie mba mgbe ụfọdụ.  Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ịgba n'ogige ahụ agụ agụ iyi dwarf, red river hog, sitatunga, warthog, civet cat, Maxwell's duiker, onye na-egbu osisi, enwe monkey, Thomas's galago na osisi pangolin na mangabey na-acha uhie.  (Cercocebus torquatus) Achọpụtala ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 150. Ndị a na-agụnye Angolan pitta, gray parrot, mkpọ mkpọ a wrinkled, ugo azụ, egbe egbe, nkụ nkụ, nnukwu ikwiikwii, gray mpi isi awọ, ehi egret, black-casqued hornbill, odo  -mkpagbu mpi, Ogwu Sabine, Ọcha nke Cassin, Black spinetail, Cassin's spinetail White, chestnut-breasted negrofinch, negrofinch ihu na-acha odo odo na cuckoo nwere ikikekpa. Molluscs nke ala dị ka ihe na- ike ike ikpochapụ, na obere nwere ike igosi gburugburu ebe obibi iche iche.  size e mere nke molluscs ala na obere mpaghara nke ụdị aha ụdị 46 na 11 molluscan, bụ nke ejula Streptaxidae ruru ihe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ.  Nke a dị nnọọ ala ụfọdụ ka a Hindura na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na Sabah .  Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe ngosi ihe n'otu mpaghara.  Ikekwe nke kacha nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa,ahụ ahụ ihe ụdị ụdị 700 nke urukurubụba ndị mara mma. == Osisi == N'ime oke nwere ike Okomu, mmadụ ike ịhụ ọtụtụ osisi dị iche iche.  mkpokọta 90 n'ime osisi ndị a, nke sitere na isiokwu 45 dị iche iche.  N'ime akara a, Euphorbiaceae na legumes nwere ụdị ngosi;  Eziniche 22 nwere ikike otu ụdị nke ọ gbara n'ime ebe nchekwa.  [3] Emere nsogbu iji mata na katalọgụ ọgwụ bara uru n'ime oke ike Okomu.  Nsonaazụ ụdị nke ụdị 60 dị iche iche, nke nwere ike 50 na ụdị ero 10. Aghọtala osisi ndị a dị ka esi bara uru maka usoro ọdịnala n'etiti ndị bi n'obodo dị iche na mpaghara South-South nke Nigeria. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=African Journals Online (AJOL)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_554|accessdate=2023-10-07|work=African Studies Companion Online}}</ref> == Egwu == Ndị ọbịa ga-agbasọ iwu siri ike ka ha mba gburugburu ebe obibi.  Otú ọ dị, ahụ na-eyi nnukwu igbutu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbasawanye nke nnukwu ugbo rọba na-ahụ n'ụdị, na mbubata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto na-etinye aka na ọrụ ugbo na  nta.  N'afọ 2009, onye isi ụlọ LifeTag, otu na-azụ nke nzaghachi (NGO) nke na-egosi na Lagos, pịa oku ka ụzọ Edo mee ngwa ngwa iji mmegide ọzọ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na ọrụ igbutu osisi na  fuskar ahụ, nke abụọ na-eyi ụdị dị ụkọ na egwu.  ga-emebi ego ga-adịte aka a ga-enweta site na njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi .  Gọọmenti etiti aarin na ọ na-agụsi ya agụụ ike ka ya na ndị na-ahụ ego si mba ofesi rụkọọ ọrụ iji kwalite njem nlegharị anya na Okomu na akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi. N'October 2010, ndị nnọchi anya ndị nlekọta ogige ahụ zutere ndị isi sitere na obodo asaa dị n'akụkụ ogige ahụ ma guzobe Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Mpaghara. Onye nchekwa ogige ahụ bụ Mohammed Yakubu Kolo kwuru na kọmitii a bụ ka ha wepụta ụzọ maka ndị na-ahụ maka ogige ahụ na ndị obodo ka ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara ọdịmma onwe ha, ka ha wee nweta ebumnobi nke ogige ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo "Ntọala LAC maka Ogige Okomu bụ ihe kachasị mkpa emere iji kwado nchekwa na-aga n'ihu nke akụ na ụba dị iche iche nke ndụ ya". Otu onye ọrụ na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa kwuru na ihe a ga-enyere ndị obodo aka ịgbakọ aka kwụsị ịkpa anụ. === Ọrụ Ecotourism === Okomu Forest Reserve na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ njem nlegharị anya iji mee ka ndị ọbịa mara mma n'okike ya dị egwu. Njegharị okike eduzi bụ nhọrọ na-ewu ewu, na-enye ndị njem nlegharị anya ka ha nyochaa usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche wee zute nnukwu ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ nke na-eme nke ọma n'ime ebe nchekwa. Ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nnụnụ ga-enwe ekele maka ohere maka ikiri nnụnụ, na-enwe ohere ịhụ ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ. Ikiri anụ ọhịa bụ ihe pụtara ìhè, na-enye ndị primates, antelopes na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi n'oké ọhịa na-ezute. Maka echiche pụrụ iche, nlegharị anya nlegharị anya dị, na-enye ndị ọbịa ohere ịnya elu n'etiti osisi. Ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, mgbe ọnọdụ kwenye, na-enye njem dị jụụ site n'okporo ụzọ mmiri nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. A na-enwekwa njem nlegharị anya nkuzi, na-enye nghọta na mbọ nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Mmemme mmụta === Ogige Okomu gbara mbọ n'ịkwalite mmata gbasara nchekwa na ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Ọ na-enye mmemme mmụta dị iche iche, gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ. A na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe na ọmụmụ ihe iji kwalite nghọta maka mkpa ọ dị ichekwa ebe obibi eke. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'otu aka ahụ nwere ike iji ohere nyocha dị n'ime ebe nchekwa, na-enye aka na ọmụma anyị banyere gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. Ebe nchekwa ahụ na-ahazikarị mmemme na atụmatụ na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa, dị ka ịkụ osisi na ọrụ nchekwa anụ ọhịa, iji tinye ndị ọbịa aka n'ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi a pụrụ iche. === Mmekọrịta na mmekorita === Okomu National Park ewepụtala mmekọrịta bara uru na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị iji kwado mmemme mmụta na mbọ nchekwa ya. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịkwalite ozi ogige ahụ nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> 1. Ndị ọrụ ọrụ: Okomu National Park na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu, Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) na National Parks Service (NPS).  Sign ndị a ngosi ngosi iji manye gburugburu ebe obibi, chebe anụ , na omume iji ala na-adigide n'ime na gburugburu ahụ.  Ndị NPS, ndị, na-ahụ maka mgbasa na njikwa mkpuchi mba na Nigeria, na-enye Nkwado dị mkpa maka nchekwa nchekwa Okomu. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> 2. akwụkwọ akwụkwọ: Ogige ahụ akwụkwọ ozi na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ na mahadum, na-enye ọhọre maka Aha na-ama aka.  Nke a na-agụnye ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ọrụ, internships, na nsogbu ubi.  pon ndị a foto na-------Car ntụrụndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara na-agbakwa ụgbọ nke ihe ndị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ume ume.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> 4. Aka obodo: Ogige ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị obodo iji hụ na ha na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nchekwa na omume iji ala eme ihe.  obodo ndị a na-enyere aka n'ịkwalite njem nlegharị anya dị mkpa na echiche nke oke ọrụ maka nchekwa ahụ ahụ.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na imekọ ihe ọnụ na-Ụzọ nwera ego nke Okomu National Park na-etinye na ebe aka ya n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na-echebe ebe obibi.  Site n'ịrụkọ ọnụ na ndị dị iche iche, ụdị mma nke ọma iji nweta ebumnobi nchekwa ya na nkwado ogologo oge nke gburugburu ebe obibi a dị mkpa. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name=Adeshida2010>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010290687.html |title=FG Courts Foreign Investors for Eco-Tourism Development |work=Vanguard |author=Abayomi Adeshida |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=BirdLifeIntl>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6739 |title=Okomu National Park |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=Cowlishaw2000>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-469DsQ-bWEC&pg=PA346 |page=346 |title=Primate conservation biology |author=Guy Cowlishaw, Robin Ian MacDonald Dunbar |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-226-11637-9 }}</ref> <ref name=Erha2010>{{cite web |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/National/5628418-147/okomu_national_wildlife_park_regains_fresh.csp |title=Okomu national wildlife park regains fresh life |author=Tony Erha |work=Next |date=10 October 2010 |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122929/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/National/5628418-147/okomu_national_wildlife_park_regains_fresh.csp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Greengrass2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/PC24.Greengrass_chimps_v2.pdf |title=Chimpanzees are Close to Extinction in Southwest Nigeria |author=Elizabeth J. Greengrass |date=23 April 2009 |publisher=World Conservation Union |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823015927/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/PC24.Greengrass_chimps_v2.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2024 |archivedate=23 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823015927/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/PC24.Greengrass_chimps_v2.pdf }}</ref> <ref name=Ham2009>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HapewBo3c0C&pg=PA638 |page=638 |chapter=Okomu National Park |title=West Africa |author=Anthony Ham |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-74104-821-6}}</ref> <ref name=Hospitality>{{cite web |url=http://hospitalitynigeria.com/okomu_park.php |title=Okomu National Park, Edo State |work=Hospitality Nigeria |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144907/http://hospitalitynigeria.com/okomu_park.php |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2024 |archivedate=22 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144907/http://hospitalitynigeria.com/okomu_park.php }}</ref> <ref name=Ikemeh2009>{{cite journal |url=http://www.pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachy/article/viewDownloadInterstitial/7/51 |title=Preliminary data on forest elephants (''Loxodonta africana cyclotis'') in southwestern Nigeria |author=Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh |journal=Pachyderm |volume=45 |pages=117–123 |date=July 2008 – June 2009 |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=Kormos2003>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aerjXoZglAQC&pg=PA127 |page=127 |title=West African chimpanzees: status survey and conservation action plan |author=Rebecca Kormos |publisher=IUCN |year=2003 |isbn=2-8317-0733-1}}</ref> <ref name=Lutz1998>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdfBc1EyEDEC&pg=PA179 |page=179 |title=Agriculture and the environment: perspectives on sustainable rural development |author=Ernst Lutz |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=1998 |isbn=0-8213-4249-5 }}</ref> <ref name=Lydeard2004>{{Cite journal |last1=Lydeard |first1=Charles |last2=Cowie |first2=Robert H. |last3=Ponder |first3=Winston F. |last4=Bogan |first4=Arthur E. |last5=Bouchet |first5=Philippe <!--11 more co-authors--> |display-authors=3 |date=April 2004 |title=The global decline of nonmarine mollusks |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2004-04_54_4/page/321 |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access= }}</ref> <ref name=Mmuta2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.compassnewspaper.com/NG/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12330:expert-cautions-edo-over-threats-to-okomu-national-park-&catid=42:commune&Itemid=796 |title=Expert cautions Edo over threats to Okomu National Park |date=10 March 2009 |author=Cajetan Mmuta |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=NNPS>{{cite web |url=http://nigeriaparkservice.org/okomu/Default.aspx |title=Okomu National Park |publisher=Nigeria National Park Service |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625050834/http://www.nigeriaparkservice.org/okomu/Default.aspx |archive-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2024 |archivedate=25 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625050834/http://www.nigeriaparkservice.org/okomu/Default.aspx }}</ref> <ref name=Oke2006>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.klobex.org/journals/afs/afs7/afs730606014.pdf |title=The land snail diversity in a square kilometre of tropical rainforest in Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria |author=O. C. Oke and F. I. Alohan |journal=African Scientist |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=135–142 |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=Klobex Journals |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726231025/http://www.klobex.org/journals/afs/afs7/afs730606014.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=OKUNGBOWA>{{cite web |url=http://www.edo-nation.net/okomu1.htm |title=Dip Deep in Okomu's Safari |last=Okungbowa |first=Andrew Iro |work=Edo Nation |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> <ref name=Terborgh2002>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sQtZ7XRGUwC&pg=PA64 |page=64ff |title=Making parks work: strategies for preserving tropical nature |author=John Terborgh |publisher=Island Press |year=2002 |isbn=1-55963-905-9 }}</ref> <ref name=Williams2008>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA191 |page=191 |chapter=Okomu National Park |title=Nigeria: the Bradt travel guide |author=Lizzie Williams |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-239-2 }}</ref>}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Edo]] svck4x0tk39g02fz1t2l3ygnk5f96jc 0 50617 697654 515768 2026-08-10T04:58:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 6 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Time_course_imaging_of_two_maize_inbreds_LH198_and_PHG47_and_their_F1_hybrid.gif|thumb|300x300px|Ihe osise oge nke ọka abụọ F1 ngwakọta F1 ha (etiti) na-egosipụta heterosis.]] Heterosis, ike ngwakọ, ma ọ bụ nkwalite mmepụta bụ nkwalite ma ọ bụ ịbawanye ọrụ nke ụdị ndu ọ bụla n'ime mkpụrụ ngwakọ. Nwa bụ heterotic ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emewanye àgwà ya n'ihi ịgwakọta onyinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nne na nna ya. Ụmụ heterotic na-enwekarị àgwà ndị karịrị mfe mgbakwunye nke àgwà nne na nna, nke Mendelian ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị Mendelian nwere ike ịkọwa ya. Àgwà ọma heterotic/ngwakọ nke mmasị na ọrụ ugbo bụ mkpụrụ dị elu, ntozu oke ngwa ngwa, nkwụsi ike, nnabata mmiri ozuzo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-06|title=Drought-tolerant hybrid seed offers farmers reprieve from hunger|url=https://www.cimmyt.org/news/drought-tolerant-hybrid-seed-offers-farmers-reprieve-from-hunger/|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=CIMMYT|language=en-US}}</ref> wdg. == Nkọwa == N'ịtụ aro okwu '''heterosis''' iji dochie okwu ochie '''heterozygosis''', G.H. Shull bu n'uche izere igbochi okwu ahụ na mmetụta nke enwere ike ịkọwa site na heterozygoity na ihe nketa Mendelian.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1948|title=What Is "Heterosis"?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genetics_1948-09_33_5/page/439|author=George Harrison Shull|journal=Genetics|volume=33|issue=5|pages=439–446|doi=10.1093/genetics/33.5.439|pmid=17247290}}</ref>   A na-ekwukarị Heterosis dị ka ihe megidere ịda mbà n'obi ịmụ nwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọdịiche dị na echiche abụọ a nwere ike ịhụ na echiche evolushọn dị ka ọrụ mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na obere mmadụ na echiche ndị a. Ịda mbà n'obi na-amụba na-eme mgbe ndị nne na nna nwere mmekọrịta nwere ụmụaka nwere àgwà ndị na-emetụta ahụ ike ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi homozygosity. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ịpụpụ kwesịrị ịkpata heterosis. Ọ bụghị mpụ niile na-ebute heterosis. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ngwakọ na-eketa àgwà n'aka nne na nna ya na-adabaghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ahụike nwere ike ibelata. Nke a bụ ụdị ịda mbà n'obi na-esiwanye ike, mmetụta ya yiri ịda mbà n'obi ịmụ nwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Edmands|first=Suzanne|date=2006-11-15|title=Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and management: RELATIVE RISKS OF INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03148.x|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=463–475|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03148.x|pmid=17257106}}</ref> == Ntọala mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na epigenetic == Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1900, e mepụtara echiche abụọ na-asọ mpi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke na-abụghị nke na-emegide ibe ya, iji kọwaa ike ngwakọta. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e guzobekwara akụkụ epigenetic nke ike ngwakọta. <ref name="Ni">{{Cite journal|title=Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids and allopolyploids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-01-15_457_7227/page/327|journal=Nature|volume=457|issue=7227|pages=327–31|date=January 2009|pmid=19029881|doi=10.1038/nature07523}}</ref><ref name="Baranwal">{{Cite journal|title=Heterosis: emerging ideas about hybrid vigour|journal=J. Exp. Bot.|volume=63|issue=18|pages=6309–14|date=November 2012|pmid=23095992|doi=10.1093/jxb/ers291}}</ref> === Nchịkwa na ikike karịrị akarị ===   Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ zụlitere, ọ na-atụfu ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche. Ịda mbà n'obi na-amụba bụ ọnwụ nke ahụ ike n'ihi nkwụsị nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche. Udiri ekere eke na-abụkarị homozygous maka recessive alleles nke na-adị nwayọọ na-emerụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ na-emepụta àgwà na-adịghị mma site n'echiche nke onye na-azụ ya). Heterosis ma ọ bụ ike ngwakọ, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ ọdịdị nke ụdị anụ ahụ na-agafe karịa ndị nne na nna mụrụ na ahụike. Nhọrọ nke osisi na anụmanụ, gụnyere ngwakọ, malitere ogologo oge tupu enwee nghọta nke ụkpụrụ sayensị dị n'okpuru. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mgbe a bịara ghọta ma nabata iwu Mendel, ndị ọkà mmụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mere ọrụ ịkọwapụta ike dị elu nke ọtụtụ ngwakọ ihe ọkụkụ. Echiche abụọ na-asọrịta mpi, nke na-abụghị nke na-ekewa, ka ewepụtara. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crow, James F.|year=1948|journal=Genetics|title=Alternative Hypotheses of Hybrid Vigor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genetics_1948-09_33_5/page/477|volume=33|issue=5|pages=477–487|doi=10.1093/genetics/33.5.477|authorlink=James F. Crow|pmid=17247292}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Heterosis.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| '''Ihe ndabere nke heterosis'''. ''Echiche nke ịchịkwa''. '''Ihe nkiri A'''. A na-egosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ole na ole na homozygous. Ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime ụmụ ahụ hà ka ngosipụta nke nne na nna kachasị mma. Echiche nke ikike karịrị akarị. '''Ihe nkiri B'''. Ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ụfọdụ na ụmụ heterozygous. (Ọdịdị nke okirikiri ahụ na-egosi ọkwa ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa A) ]] * '''Echiche nke ịchịkwa'''. Echiche nchịkwa na-ekwu na ịdị elu nke ngwakọta na mgbochi nke alleles recessive na-adịghị mma site n'otu nne ma ọ bụ nna site na alleles na-achịkwa site na nke ọzọ. Ọ na-ekwu na arụmọrụ na-adịghị mma nke ụdị ndị a na-amụ amụnye na-efu ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ụdị ndị ahụ na-aghọ homozygous n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe nketa bụ Charles Davenport gosipụtara echiche nke mmeri na 1908. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Davenport CB|year=1908|journal=Science|title=Degeneration, albinism and inbreeding|volume=28|pages=454–5|doi=10.1126/science.28.718.454-b|pmid=17771943|issue=718|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448006}}</ref> N'okpuru echiche nke nchịkwa, a na-atụ anya na a ga-anọgide na-enwe alleles na-emerụ ahụ n'etiti ndị na-alụ na mberede na nguzozi nhọrọ-mutation nke ga-adabere na ọnụego nke mutation, mmetụta nke alleles na ogo nke alleles gosipụtara na heterozygotes. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Carr|first=David E.|date=2003-06-29|title=Recent approaches into the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in plants|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=358|issue=1434|pages=1071–1084|doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1295|issn=0962-8436|pmid=12831473}}</ref> * Echiche nke ikike karịrị akarị. Njikọ ụfọdụ nke alleles nke enwere ike inweta site na ịgafe ụdị abụọ a na-amụ amụba bara uru na heterozygote. Echiche nke overdominance na-ekwu na uru heterozygote na-adịgide adịgide nke ọtụtụ alleles ndị na-agbadata ma na-emerụ ahụ na homozygotes. Ọ na-ekwu na arụmọrụ na-adịghị mma nke ụdị ndị a na-amụ amụ na pasent dị elu nke ihe ndị a na'ụzọ na-emerụ ahụ. Edward M. East (1908) na George Shull (1908) mepụtara echiche nke overdominance n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=East EM|year=1908|journal=Reports of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiments Station for 1907|title=Inbreeding in corn|pages=419–428}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shull GH|year=1908|journal=Reports of the American Breeders Association|title=The composition of a field of maize|pages=296–301}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na a ga-enwe ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na locus karịrị akarị site na nhọpụta nguzozi. Ọdịdị dị elu nke heterozygous genotypes na-akwado nnọgidesi ike nke polymorphism allelic n'ime ndị mmadụ. <ref name=":0" /> A na-ekwukarị echiche a iji kọwaa nnọgidesi ike nke ụfọdụ alleles (nke a ma ama bụ Sickle cell trait allele) nke na-emerụ ahụ na homozygotes. N'ọnọdụ dị mma, a ga-ewepụ ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-emerụ ahụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ site na usoro nhọrọ okike. Dị ka echiche nke nchịkwa, ọ na-ekwu na arụmọrụ na-adịghị mma nke ụdị ndị a na-amụ n'ime na-egosipụta ụdị ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-emerụ ahụ. Nchịkwa na overdominance nwere nsonaazụ dị iche iche maka njirimara ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ. Ọ bụrụ na overdominance bụ isi ihe kpatara uru ahụike nke heterosis, mgbe ahụ, a ga-enwe ngosipụta nke ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ụmụ heterozygous ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nne na nna homozygous. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na nchịkwa bụ ihe kpatara ya, a ga-egosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ole na ole na ụmụ heterozygous ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nne na nna. Ọzọkwa, maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọ bụla, ngosipụta ahụ kwesịrị ịdị ka nke a hụrụ na fitter nke nne na nna abụọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, njikọ aka na-enye uru nke ikpuchi ihe ndị na-emebi emebi na ụmụ. A tụwo aro ka uru a bụrụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọmụmụ mmekọahụ n'etiti eukaryotes, dịka akọwapụtara na isiokwu Evolution of sexual reproduction. ==== Ntụle akụkọ ihe mere eme ==== Nke n'ime usoro abụọ ahụ bụ "isi" ihe kpatara heterosis abụwo esemokwu sayensị n'ọhịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Birchler J.A.|year=2003|title=In search of the molecular basis of heterosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-cell_2003-10_15_10/page/2236|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=15|issue=10|pages=2236–2239|doi=10.1105/tpc.151030|pmid=14523245}}</ref> Onye na-ahụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa James Crow (1916-2012) kwenyere, n'oge ọ bụ nwata, na mmeri bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na ike ngwakọta. N'afọ 1998, o bipụtara nyocha nke sayensị na-emepe emepe.<ref name="Crow">{{Cite journal|author=Crow, James F.|year=1998|journal=Genetics|title=90 Years Ago: The Beginning of Hybrid Maize|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genetics_1998-03_148_3/page/n6|volume=148|pages=923–928|pmid=9539413|issue=3|doi=10.1093/genetics/148.3.923|authorlink=James F. Crow}}</ref> Dị ka Crow si kwuo, ngosipụta nke ọtụtụ ikpe nke uru heterozygote na ''Drosophila'' na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ bu ụzọ mee ka nnukwu ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka echiche nke overdominance n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ngwakọta osisi. Mana oke mmeri na-egosi na mmepụta nke ụdị a na-amụ amụ kwesịrị ibelata ka a na-ahọrọ ụdị a na'amụ amụ maka arụmọrụ nke cross cross ha, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ n'ime ndị a na-azụ amụ amụ na-arị elu. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, nnwale na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osisi egosila na ihe dị iche na-eme, nke na-eme ka mmụba dị na ụdị na ngwakọta, na-atụ aro na nchịkwa naanị nwere ike zuo ezu iji kọwaa mmepụta dị elu nke ngwakọta. Naanị ihe ole na ole doro anya nke oke mmeri ka a kọrọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile. Kemgbe afọ 1980, ka ihe akaebe nnwale na-arị elu, echiche nchịkwa alaghachila. Crow dere, sị:<blockquote>Echiche dị ugbu a ... bụ na echiche nchịkwa bụ nkọwa bụ isi nke mbelata inbreeding na nnukwu mmepụta nke ngwakọta.[of] E nwere obere ihe akaebe ọnụ ọgụgụ maka onyinye sitere na overdominance na epistasis. Mana ma ngwakọta kachasị mma na-enweta nkwado ọzọ site na overdominance ma ọ bụ onyinye epistatic dị mma ka bụ ajụjụ a na-enweghị isi.<ref name="Crow"/></blockquote> === Epigenetics ===   E guzobere onyinye epigenetic na heterosis na osisi, a kọwakwara ya na anụmanụ. <ref name="Baranwal"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hybrid vigor and transgenerational epigenetic effects on early mouse embryo phenotype|journal=Biol. Reprod.|volume=79|issue=4|pages=638–48|date=October 2008|pmid=18562704|doi=10.1095/biolreprod.108.069096}}</ref> MicroRNAs (miRNAs), chọpụtara na 1993, bụ klas nke obere RNAs na-abụghị koodu nke na-egbochi ntụgharị nke ozi RNAs (mRNAs) ma ọ bụ na-akpata mmebi nke mRNAs.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inter- and intra-combinatorial regulation by transcription factors and microRNAs|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=8|pages=396|year=2007|pmid=17971223|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-8-396}}</ref> N'ime osisi ngwakọta, ọtụtụ miRNAs nwere ngosipụta na-abụghị nke mgbakwunye (ọ nwere ike ịdị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala karịa ọkwa dị na ndị nne na nna). <ref name="Baranwal" /> Nke a na-egosi na obere RNAs na-etinye aka na uto, ume na mgbanwe nke ngwakọta. <ref name="Baranwal" /> E gosipụtara mmetụta 'Heterosis na-enweghị ngwakọta' na nha osisi na osisi F1 triploid (autopolyploid) nke isogenic, ebe nna F1 tripleids na-egosipụta heterosis dị mma, ebe nne F1s na-egosiputa mmetụta heterosis na-adịghị mma.<ref name="Fort 590–599">{{Cite journal|title=Disaggregating polyploidy, parental genome dosage and hybridity contributions to heterosis in Arabidopsis thaliana|journal=The New Phytologist|date=2016-01-01|issn=1469-8137|pmid=26395035|pages=590–599|volume=209|issue=2|doi=10.1111/nph.13650|first=Antoine|author=Fort}}</ref> Nchọpụta ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi na mmetụta heterosis, nke nwere ntọala epigenetic dabere na dosage, nwere ike ịmepụta na ụmụ F1 nke bụ isogenic (ya bụ, enweghị heterozygosity). <ref name="Fort 590–599" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gamete fertility and ovule number variation in selfed reciprocal F1 hybrid triploid plants are heritable and display epigenetic parent-of-origin effects|journal=The New Phytologist|date=2013-04-01|issn=1469-8137|pmid=23368793|pages=71–81|volume=198|issue=1|doi=10.1111/nph.12147|first=Dorota|author=Duszynska}}</ref> E gosipụtara na ike ngwakọta na ngwakọta allopolyploid nke ụdị Arabidopsis abụọ bụ n'ihi njikwa epigenetic na mpaghara elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa abụọ, nke kpatara nnukwu mgbanwe na chlorophyll na nchịkọta starch.<ref name="Ni"/> Usoro a na-agụnye acetylation ma ọ bụ methylation nke amino acid ụfọdụ na histone H3, protein nwere njikọ chiri anya na DNA, nke nwere ike ime ka ma ọ bụ gbochie mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara ya. == Usoro ndị a kapịrị ọnụ == === Nnukwu mgbagwoju anya histocompatibility n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ === Otu ihe atụ nke ebe ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ịdị mkpa na anụmanụ nwere azụ maka heterosis bụ isi histocompatibility complex (MHC). Vertebrates ketara ọtụtụ mbipụta nke MHC klas I na MHC klas II site na nne ma ọ bụ nna ọ bụla, nke a na-eji na ngosipụta antigen dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Nke ọ bụla dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ijikọta ma gosipụta usoro dị iche iche nwere ike ịbụ peptide na T-lymphocytes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a bụ ndị polymorphic n'etiti ndị mmadụ niile, mana ha yiri ibe ha na ndị pere mpe, ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ịzụlite n'etiti ndị ọzọ dị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ebelata ohere nke iketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ubi abụọ bụ otu ma ọ bụ yiri ya, na-enye ohere ka e gosipụta ụdị peptide dịgasị iche iche. Ya mere, nke a na-eme ka ohere nke a ga-amata pathogen ọ bụla, ma ọ pụtara na a ga-ahụkarị protein ndị ọzọ na pathogen niile, na-enye ọtụtụ T-cell activation, yabụ mmeghachi omume ka ukwuu. Nke a pụtakwara na ikike mgbochi ọrịa a nwetara na pathogen na-emegide ọtụtụ antigens, nke pụtara na pathogens ga-agbanwe karịa tupu ikike mgbochi ahụ efunahụ. N'ihi ya, ngwakọta nwere ike ọ gaghị anwụ n'ọrịa na-akpata ọrịa ma nwee ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ. Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọrịa autoimmune.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Osisi == Mmekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ sitere n'ìgwè heterotic dị iche iche na-ebute ngwakọta F1 siri ike na heterosis karịa ngwakọta F 1 sitere na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime otu ìgwè ma ọ bụ usoro heterotic. Ndị na-azụ osisi na-emepụta ìgwè dị iche iche iji kewaa usoro ndị a na-azụlite, a pụkwara imeziwanye ya site na nhọrọ ugboro ugboro. A na-eji Heterosis eme ihe iji mụbaa mmepụta, otu, na ume. A na-eji usoro ọmụmụ ngwakọta eme ihe na ọka, [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], shuga beet, onion, spinach, sunflowers, broccoli na ịmepụta cannabis na-arụ ọrụ. === Mkpụrụ ọka === Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọka niile a na-akụ n'ọtụtụ Mba ndị mepere emepe na-egosipụta heterosis. Mkpụrụ ọka nke oge a na-eme ka ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị ghara ịpụta ma na-emeghachi omume nke ọma na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]]. George H. Shull na Edward M. East gosipụtara heterosis ọka na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe Dr. William James Beal nke Mahadum [[Michigan]] State mepụtara ọka ngwakọta dabere na ọrụ malitere na 1879 na agbamume nke Charles Darwin. Ọrụ Dr. Beal dugara na akụkọ mbụ e bipụtara banyere nnwale n'ọhịa na-egosi ike ngwakọta na ọka, site n'aka Eugene Davenport na Perry Holden, 1881. Ndị ọsụ ụzọ dị iche iche nke botany na mpaghara ndị metụtara ya gosipụtara na crossings nke ahịrị ndị a na-emepụta site na Southern dent na Northern flint, n'otu n'otu, gosipụtara heterosis dị ukwuu na mmepụta omenala nke oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ahụ, a pụghị ime ụdị ngwakọta dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba n'ọtụtụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. Donald F. Jones na [[Kónétíkùt|Connecticut]] Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven mepụtara usoro mbụ bara uru nke ịmepụta ọka ngwakọta na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu na 1914-1917. Usoro Jones mepụtara ngwakọta okpukpu abụọ, nke chọrọ nzọụkwụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ site na ahịrị anọ dị iche iche. Ọrụ ndị na-azụ ọka mechara mepụta usoro ndị a na-azụ n'ime ha nwere ume zuru ezu maka mmepụta nke ngwakọta azụmahịa n'otu nzọụkwụ, ngwakọta otu cross. A na-eme ngwakọta nke otu cross site na nne na nna abụọ mbụ. Ha na-adịkarị ike ma na-adịkwa otu karịa ngwakọta abụọ mbụ. Usoro nke ịmepụta ngwakọta ndị a na-agụnyekarị iwepụ. A na-enweta ngwakọta ọka dị nro site na ìgwè abụọ dị iche iche: 'Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic', na non-tiff stalk.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Osikapa (''Oryza sativa'') === Osikapa ngwakọta na-ahụ ọrụ ugbo n'ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere China, [[Ndia|India]], Vietnam, na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Shellen X.|date=2021-07-01|title=Yuan Longping (1930–2021)|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01732-2|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=595|issue=7865|pages=26|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01732-2|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> N'iji ya tụnyere ahịrị ndị a na-azụlite, ngwakọta na-emepụta ihe dịka 20% nke mkpụrụ osisi, ma mejupụtara 45% nke ebe a na-akụ osikapa na China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Chancan|date=June 2021|title=Innovation and development of the third-generation hybrid rice technology|journal=The Crop Journal|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=693–701|doi=10.1016/j.cj.2021.02.003}}</ref> Mmepụta osikapa ahụla ịrị elu dị ukwuu na China n'ihi ojiji siri ike nke osikapa ngwakọta. Na China, mgbalị emeela ka ụdị osikapa super hybrid ('LYP9') nwee ikike mmepụta ihe dị ka tọn 15 kwa hekta. Na India kwa, ọtụtụ ụdị egosila ike dị elu, gụnyere 'RH-10' na 'Suruchi 5401'.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ọ bụ na osikapa bụ ụdị na-amị mkpụrụ n'onwe ya, ọ chọrọ iji akara nwoke na-amụghị iji mepụta ngwakọta site na agbụrụ dị iche iche. Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme nke a bụ iji ahịrị ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwoke, ebe ọ bụ na ịkpụcha aka abụghị ihe kachasị mma maka ngwakọta buru ibu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kim|first=Yu-Jin|date=January 2018|title=Molecular Control of Male Fertility for Crop Hybrid Breeding|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1360138517302315|journal=Trends in Plant Science|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=53–65|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2017.10.001|pmid=29126789}}</ref> E mepụtara ọgbọ mbụ nke osikapa ngwakọta na 1970s. Ọ na-adabere na ahịrị atọ: ahịrị nwoke na-adịghị eme nke cytoplasmic (CMS), ahịrị onye na-elekọta, na ahịrị onye weghachiri.<ref name=":1"/> A nabatara ọgbọ nke abụọ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":1" /> Kama akara CMS, ọ na-eji akara nwoke na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (EGMS), nke nwere ike ịgbanwe enweghị amị dabere na ìhè ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ.<ref name=":2" /> Nke a na-ewepụ mkpa maka onye na-elekọta, na-eme ka usoro ngwakọta na ịzụlite dịkwuo irè (ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka dị elu). Usoro ọgbọ nke abụọ na-egosi mmụba nke 5-10% karịa usoro ọgbọ mbụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọgbọ nke atọ na nke ugbu a na-eji akara nuklia nwoke na-adịghị eme ihe (NMS). Ọgbọ nke atọ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa recessive sterility, na ịzụlite ha dị nro karịa maka usoro nlekọta na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Tụkwasị na nke a, transgenes dị naanị na onye na-elekọta ya, yabụ osisi hybrid nwere ike irite uru site na ike hybrid n'achọghị nlekọta pụrụ iche.<ref name=":1" /> == Anụmanụ == === Anụ ụlọ ngwakọta === A na-etinyekwa echiche nke heterosis na mmepụta nke anụ ụlọ azụmahịa. N'ụmụ ehi, obe dị n'etiti Black Angus na Hereford na-emepụta obe a maara dị ka "Black Baldy". N'ime Ezì, a na-emepụta "ụgbọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" site na obe nke Hampshire na Yorkshire. Ndị ọzọ, ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọzọ (ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, ya mere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche), dị ka "beefalo" nke bụ ngwakọta nke ehi na atụ, a na-ejikwa ya maka ahịa pụrụ iche. ==== Nnụnụ ==== N'ime ọkụkọ, ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara mmekọahụ mepụta ngwakọta nke a ga-ahazi ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'otu ụbọchị site na agba. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a na-eji eme nke a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkesa maka igbochi na uto nku. Obe nke ụdị a na-emepụta ihe a na-ere dị ka Black Sex-links, Red Sex-links. A na-emepụta [[Ihe a na-esi n'ọkụ|broilers]] azụmahịa site na ịgafe ụdị dị iche iche nke White Rocks na White Cornish, Cornish na-enye nnukwu etiti na Rocks na-enye ọnụego ngwa ngwa nke uru. Ike ngwakọta a na-emepụta na-enye ohere mmepụta nke nnụnụ ejiji na arọ ozu a na-ere ahịa na izu 6-9 nke afọ. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-eji ngwakọta dị n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche nke White Leghorn emepụta ìgwè atụrụ na-enye ọtụtụ [[Ákwà|àkwá]] ọcha maka ire ere na United States. === Nkịta === N'afọ 2013, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ụdị ngwakọta na-adị ndụ na nkezi afọ 1.2 karịa ụdị dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Neill|first=D. G.|title=Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020|journal=The Veterinary Journal|year=2013|pmid=24206631|volume=198|issue=3|pages=638–43|url=https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7826/1/7826.pdf}}</ref> John Scott na John L. Fuller mere nnyocha zuru ezu banyere Cocker Spaniels, Basenjis, na ngwakọta n'etiti ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=Tyrone C.|year=2008|title=Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2008-01_82_1/page/n8|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=82|issue=1|pages=10–8|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.001|pmid=18179880}}</ref>Ha chọpụtara na ngwakọta na-agba ọsọ karịa nne na nna ọ bụla, ikekwe n'ihi heterosis. Njirimara ndị ọzọ, dị ka obi na-akụ, egosighi heterosis ọ bụla - obi nkịta ahụ dị nso na nkezi nke ndị mụrụ ya - ikekwe n'ihi mmetụta mgbakwunye nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref>John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ajPrMYi6a2kC "Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog"]. 1965. p. 307 and p. 313.</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme ịzụlite nkịta anaghị ahụ heterosis bara uru.<ref>Per Jensen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SpkSd__EdKYC "The Behavioural Biology of Dogs"]. 2007. p. 179</ref> N'ikwu ihe a niile, ọmụmụ anaghị enye ihe akaebe doro anya nke ike ngwakọta na nkịta. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe nketa a na-amaghị ama nke ọtụtụ nkịta a na-eji eme ihe. Nsonaazụ dịgasị iche iche, na ụfọdụ nnyocha na-egosi uru na ndị ọzọ na-achọpụta na nkịta ndị a na-agwakọta na-enwekwu ọnọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref name="Nicholas">{{Cite journal|author=Nicholas|first=Frank W|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27387730/|title=Hybrid vigour in dogs?|date=2016|journal=Veterinary Journal|volume=214|pages=77–83|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.013|pmid=27387730|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oliver">{{Cite journal|author=Nicholas|first=J A C|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22278634/|title=Survey of ophthalmic abnormalities in the labradoodle in the UK|date=2012|journal=The Veterinary Record|volume=170|issue=15|doi=10.1136/vr.100361|pmid=22278634|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sharkey">{{Cite web|author=Sharkey|first=Laura|url=https://functionalbreeding.org/2020/09/27/hybrid-vigor-in-dogs/|title=Hybrid Vigor in Dogs|date=2020|work=The Functional Dog Collaborative|accessdate=29 July 2020|archivedate=20 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020122044/https://functionalbreeding.org/2020/09/27/hybrid-vigor-in-dogs/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, nnyocha nke Centre for Integrative Ecology na Mahadum Deakin na Geelong, Victoria, kwubiri na ngwakọta intraspecific n'etiti subspecies ''Platycercus elegans flaveolus'' na ''P. e. elegans'' nke crimson rosella (''P. elegans'') nwere ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ karịa ndị ibe ha dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Australian Geographic|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/09/hybrid-birds-better-at-fighting-disease-than-purebreds|title=Hybrid birds better at fighting disease than purebreds|date=September 2014}}</ref> === Ụmụ mmadụ === Ụmụ mmadụ niile yitere ibe ha nke ukwuu.[29][30][31] Michael Mingroni atụpụtala heterosis, n'ụdị ike ngwakọ jikọtara ya na mbelata akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọkwa ọmụmụ, dị ka nkọwa nke mmetụta Flynn, ịrị elu na-aga n'ihu na nyocha IQ n'ụwa niile n'ime narị afọ nke 20,  [ntụgharị chọrọ] n'agbanyeghị. nyocha nke ọmụmụ itoolu chọpụtara na ọ dịghị ihe àmà na-egosi na inbreeding nwere mmetụta na IQ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kamin|first=Leon J.|date=1980|title=Inbreeding depression and IQ.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.469|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=87|issue=3|pages=469–478|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.469|pmid=7384341|issn=1939-1455}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Okwu heterosis na-ebutekarị mgbagwoju anya na ọbụna esemokwu, karịsịa n'ịhọpụta anụ ụlọ, n'ihi na a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ (na-ezighi ezi) na-ekwu na osisi na anụmanụ niile a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ dị "oke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa" karịa ndị mụrụ ha, n'ihi heterosis, [ntụgharị chọrọ]. mana nsogbu abụọ dị na nkwupụta a. # Dị ka otu isiokwu e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Genome Biology'' si kwuo, "ịdị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa" bụ okwu akọwaghị nke ọma na nke a na-anabataghị n'ozuzu ya n'ime ngalaba sayensị nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ihe nkesa.<ref name="Risch">{{Cite journal|title=Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease|journal=Genome Biol.|volume=3|issue=7|pages=comment2007|date=July 2002|pmid=12184798|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007}}</ref> A na-akọwa okwu ahụike yiri ya nke ọma, mana ọ naghị adịkebe a ga-atụle ya n'onwe ya. Kama nke ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ebumnuche, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-atụle, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi na-emepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite nke mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ pasent nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide ruo n'oge ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inbreeding depression and heterosis in populations of Schiedea viscosa, a highly selfing species|journal=J. Evol. Biol.|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1434–44|date=November 2005|pmid=16313456|doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00965.x}}</ref> Site n'echiche a, osisi na anụmanụ na-egosipụta heterosis nwere ike ịnwe àgwà "dị elu", mana nke a anaghị adaba na ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke "ịdị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa". Ojiji nke okwu "ịdị elu" bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị dịka ọmụmaatụ na ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ, ebe a ghọtara ya nke ọma ka ọ pụtara osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke ọma, nke siri ike maka ọrụ ugbo. Osisi dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịmị mkpụrụ nke ọma n'ugbo, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-agbasi mbọ ike ịlanarị n'ọhịa, na-eme ka ojiji a ghere oghe maka nkọwa na-ezighi ezi. Na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ, ajụjụ ọ bụla gbasara "ịdị elu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme" bụ ọbụna nsogbu karịa n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nkwupụta ọ bụla dị otú ahụ. Ụfọdụ nwere ike ọbụna ịga n'ihu ịkọwa ya dị ka ikpe a na-enyo enyo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụghị sayensị.<ref name="Risch" /> # Ọ bụghị ngwakọta niile na-egosipụta heterosis (lee ịda mbà n'obi). Ihe atụ nke ikpe ndị a na-ejighị n'aka nke a na-enye na ngwakọta na ume ngwakọta bụ ịnyịnya ibu. Ọ bụ ezie na ịnyịnya ibu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, a na-eji ha akpọrọ ihe maka njikọta nke ike na àgwà nke dị iche na nke nne na nna ha ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu. Ọ bụ ezie na àgwà ndị a nwere ike ime ka ha "dị elu" maka iji ya eme ihe ụfọdụ site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ, nsogbu enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na-egosi na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a ga-apụ n'anya na-enweghị ntinye aka nke ụmụ mmadụ site na ịzụ anụmanụ, na-eme ka ha "n'okpuru" n'ihe gbasara nhọrọ okike. == Hụkwa == * F1 ngwakọta * Ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa * Uru Heterozygote == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lfjl6c4ft96oggfcoteev46kmlsmxy4 0 50620 697752 182625 2026-08-10T07:14:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Trichoptera_caddisfly_1.jpg|thumb|Caddisfly (usoro Trichoptera), a macroinvertebrate eji dị ka ihe na-egosi [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].]] Ihe bioindicator bụ ụdị ọ bụla (ụdị egosi) ma ọ bụ otu ụdị nke ọrụ ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ọkwa ha nwere ike ikpughe ọkwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ihe na-egosikarị bụ anụmanụ.[2] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, copepods na obere mmiri crustaceans ndị ọzọ dị n'ọtụtụ mmiri nwere ike nyochaa maka mgbanwe (biochemical, physiological, ma ọ bụ omume) nke nwere ike igosi nsogbu dị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Ihe ngosi bioindicators nwere ike ịgwa anyị gbasara mkpokọta mmetọ dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ogologo oge nsogbu nwere ike ịdị, nke nnwale anụ ahụ na kemịkal enweghị ike.<ref name="Karr">{{Cite journal|author=Karr|first=James R.|year=1981|title=Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities|url=https://archive.org/details/fisheries_november-december-1981_6_6/page/21|journal=Fisheries|volume=6|issue=6|pages=21–27|doi=10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2|issn=1548-8446}}</ref> Ihe nleba anya ma ọ bụ biomonitor bụ ihe dị n'ahụ na-enye ozi ọnụọgụ maka ogo gburugburu ebe obibi gbara ya gburugburu.[4] Ya mere, ezigbo biomonitor ga-egosi ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ahụ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ịgbalị ịnye ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ego na ike nke ikpughe. Ngosipụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụkwa aha e nyere usoro maka inyocha amụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi site n'iji ụdị microorganism na-eguzogide ọgwụ (dịka Bacillus ma ọ bụ Geobacillus).[5] Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ngosi ihe ndụ dị ka iwebata microorganisms na-eguzogide nke ukwuu na gburugburu ebe enyere tupu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nwa, a na-eme ule iji tụọ ịdị irè nke usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji microorganisms ndị na-eguzogide nke ukwuu, usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ọ bụla nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ ga-egbuwokwa nje ndị na-ahụkarị, ndị na-esighị ike.. == Nchịkọta == A bioindicator bụ ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe site na mpụta nke mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ nzaghachi a na-atụle ma, ya mere, ọ dị mma.Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a (ma ọ bụ obodo nke ihe ndị dị ndụ) nye ozi gbasara mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịgbanwe n'otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a: n'ụzọ ahụike, n'ụzọ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ n'omume. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ozi ahụ site na ọmụmụ nke: # ọdịnaya ha nke ihe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ngwakọtaihe ndị mejupụtara # ọdịdị ha ma ọ bụ Ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ # Usoro kemịkalụ metabolic # omume # Ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Mkpa na mkpa nke biomonitors, kama ngwá ọrụ mmadụ mere, bụ ihe ziri ezi site n'ịhụ na ihe ngosi kachasị mma nke ọnọdụ nke ụdị ma ọ bụ usoro bụ n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tingey|first=David T.|year=1989|title=Bio indicators in Air Pollution Research – Applications and Constraints|pages=73–80|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1414&page=73|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-309-07833-7}}</ref> Bioindicators nwere ike ikpughe mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè nke mmetọ mgbe ọtụtụ nyocha anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke kemịkal enweghị ike. Site na bioindicators, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwesịrị ileba anya naanị otu ụdị na-egosi na ọ ga-enyocha gburugburu ebe obibi kama ileba anya na obodo dum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1538-bioindicators|title=Bioindicators|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2015-02-10|work=Science Learning Hub|publisher=The University of Waikato, New Zealand}}</ref> A pụkwara iji obere ụdị ihe ngosi mee ihe iji buo amụma banyere ọgaranya nke ụdị maka ọtụtụ ìgwè taxonomic. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fleishman|first=Erica|date=August 2005|title=Using Indicator Species to Predict Species Richness of Multiple Taxonomic Groups|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00168.x|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=1125–1137|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00168.x|issn=0888-8892}}</ref> A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor dị ka Nlekọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma bụrụ ojiji nke njirimara nke ihe dị ndụ iji nweta ozi gbasara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke biosphere. Biomonitoring nke ikuku mmetọ nwere ike ịbụ passive ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị ọkachamara na-eji usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ iji hụ osisi na-eto n'ụzọ okike n'ime ebe mmasị. A na-eji usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ achọpụta ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ikuku site na itinye osisi nnwale nke nzaghachi a maara na genotype n'ime mpaghara ọmụmụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor dị ka Nlekọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nke a na-ezo aka n'ịtụle ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe dị ndụ iji nweta ozi gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na kemịkal. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/nrsa_0809_march_2_final.pdf|title=National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009: A Collaborative Study|author=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development.|date=March 2016}}</ref> A na-ewere ihe ngosi nke bioaccumulative ugboro ugboro dị ka biomonitors. Dabere na ihe a họọrọ na ojiji ha, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị bioindicators. <ref name="bioportal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biobasics.gc.ca/english/View.asp?x=740|author=Government of Canada|title=Biobasics: bio-indicatorrs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003162258/http://www.biobasics.gc.ca/english/View.asp?x=740|archivedate=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="chessman">{{Cite book|title=SIGNAL 2 – A Scoring System for Macro-invertebrate ('Water Bugs') in Australian Rivers|author=Chessman|first=Bruce|year=2003|series=Monitoring River Heath Initiative Technical Report no. 31|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Environment and Heritage|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0642548979|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/environmental/rivers/nrhp/pubs/signal.pdf}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ oge, a na-anakọta data ndabere maka ọnọdụ biotic n'ime saịtị ntụaka ekpebiela. A ga-eji ntakịrị ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ọgba aghara n'èzí mara saịtị ntụnyere aka (dịka ọmụmaatụ ọgba aghara anthropogenic, mgbanwe ojiji ala, ụdị mmegide). A na-atụle ọnọdụ biotic nke otu ụdị ihe ngosi n'ime ma saịtị ntụaka yana mpaghara ọmụmụ ka oge na-aga. A na-atụnyere data anakọtara site na mpaghara ọmụmụ megide data yiri nke ahụ anakọtara site na saịtị ntụaka iji chọpụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mpaghara ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewin|first=Iga|date=2013-06-01|title=Biological indices applied to benthic macroinvertebrates at reference conditions of mountain streams in two ecoregions (Poland, the Slovak Republic)|journal=Hydrobiologia|language=en|volume=709|issue=1|pages=183–200|doi=10.1007/s10750-013-1448-2|issn=1573-5117}}</ref> Mbelata dị mkpa nke bioindicators n'ozuzu bụ na a kọwapụtara ha dị ka ezighi ezi mgbe etinyere ya na mpaghara mpaghara na gburugburu ebe obibi.[13]. N'ihi ya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eji bioindicators kwesịrị ijide n'aka na usoro nke ọ bụla dị mkpa n'ime ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-eme atụmatụ ileba anya..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mazor|first=Raphael D.|date=2016-03-01|title=Bioassessment in complex environments: designing an index for consistent meaning in different settings|journal=Freshwater Science|volume=35|issue=1|pages=249–271|doi=10.1086/684130|issn=2161-9549}}</ref> == Ihe na-egosi osisi na fungal == [[Usòrò:Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108c.jpg|thumb|Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku.]] Ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị osisi ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ndụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye ihe ngosi dị mkpa banyere ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi: Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi biomonitors, gụnyere mosses, lichens, osisi osisi, akpa osisi, Mgbaaka osisi, na akwụkwọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, enwere ike ịmịkọrọ mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma tinye ya n'ime mkpo osisi, nke enwere ike nyochaa ya na mmetọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Caldana|first=Cristiane R. G.|date=2023-01-01|title=Evaluation of urban tree barks as bioindicators of environmental pollution using the X-ray fluorescence technique|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565352203750X|journal=Chemosphere|volume=312|issue=Pt 2|pages=137257|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137257|pmid=36423726|issn=0045-6535}}</ref> Akwụkwọ nke ụfọdụ osisi vascular na-enwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na ọnụnọ nke ozone, ọkachasị mmebi anụ ahụ, na-eme ka ha baa uru n'ịchọpụta mmetọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bioindicators - Air (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/bioindicators.htm|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manning|first=William J.|date=1998|title=The use of plants as bioindicators of ozone|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/26947|journal=In: Bytnerowicz, Andrzej; Arbaugh, Michael J.; Schilling, Susan L., Tech. Coords. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-166. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 19-26|language=en|volume=166}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị osisi ndị a n'àgwàetiti Atlantic na Northern Hemisphere, Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, ụsọ oké osimiri India, mpaghara Himalayan, ndịda Eshia, na Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agathokleous|first=Evgenios|date=2020-08-14|title=Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=6|issue=33|pages=eabc1176|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc1176|issn=2375-2548|pmid=32851188}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị a nwere nnukwu akụ na ụba na-emetụta mmetọ ozone, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ụfọdụ ụdị osisi vascular dị ka ihe ngosi bara uru nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-echekwa ihe na-eji ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ, na-enye ha ohere ịchọpụta mgbanwe na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka ihe atụ, a chọpụtala Lobaria pulmonaria dị ka ụdị ihe na-egosi maka ịtụle afọ na ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ọhịa Cedar-Hemlock nke ọwụwa anyanwụ-etiti British Columbia, na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Jocelyn|date=2004-07-01|title=Lobaria pulmonaria abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior CedarHemlock forests of east-central British Columbia|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/b04-074|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=82|issue=7|pages=970–982|doi=10.1139/b04-074|issn=0008-4026}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Lobaria pulmonaria nwere njikọ siri ike na mmụba a na ụdị dị iche iche, na-atụ aro ikike ya dị ka ihe na-egosi afọ nke iguzo na ICH.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Jocelyn|date=2004-07-01|title=Lobaria pulmonaria abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior CedarHemlock forests of east-central British Columbia|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/b04-074|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=82|issue=7|pages=970–982|doi=10.1139/b04-074|issn=0008-4026}}</ref> Ụdị Lichen ọzọ, ''Xanthoria parietina'', na-eje ozi dị ka ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ịdị mma nke ikuku, na-achịkọta mmetọ dị ka ọla dị arọ na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nnyocha egosila na ihe nlele ''X. parietina'' anakọtara site na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-egosipụta oke mmetọ ndị a ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị sitere na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vitali|first=Matteo|date=2019-11-01|title=Air quality assessment in different environmental scenarios by the determination of typical heavy metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in native lichen Xanthoria parietina|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113013|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=254|issue=Pt A|pages=113013|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113013|pmid=31415978|issn=0269-7491}}</ref> Nke a na-eme ka ọrụ bara uru nke lichen na-enyocha ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na ịchọpụta ebe ndị nwere oke mmetọ, na-enyere aka na mgbalị ndị a na-achọ iji belata na usoro nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Fungi na-aba uru dị ka bioindicators, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ ha n'ụwa niile ma na-enwe mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Warnasuriya|first=Sashika D.|date=September 2023|title=Fungi as environmental bioindicators|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164583|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=892|pages=164583|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164583|pmid=37277042|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Lichens bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ma fungi na algae. A na-ahụ ha na nkume na ogwe osisi, ha na-emeghachi omume na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi n'oké ọhịa, gụnyere mgbanwe na ọdịdị oké ọhịa - nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ, ikuku, na ihu igwe. Mfu nke lichens n'ime ọhịa nwere ike igosi nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ọkwa dị elu nke sulfur dioxide, sulfur-based pollutants, na nitrogen oxides.Ihe mejupụtara na ngụkọta nke ụdị algal na usoro mmiri na-eje ozi dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mmetọ mmiri na ntinye nri dịka nitrogen na phosphorus.E nwere ihe ndị a gbanwere site na Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwere ike imeghachi omume na ọkwa nsị na gburugburu ebe obibi; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị ahịhịa a gbanwere na mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-eto n'ụdị dị iche ma ọ bụrụ na enwere nsị n'ime ala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1565508,00.html#ixzz0geEjnTG1|title=Saving Lives And Limbs With a Weed|author=Halper|first=Mark|date=2006-12-03|work=Time|accessdate=2016-06-22}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi anụmanụ na nsí == [[Usòrò:Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ugoloọma America (''Corvus brachyrhynchos'') nwere ike ibute nje West Nile, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụdị ihe na-egosi ọrịa ahụ n'otu mpaghara.]] Mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ, ma ọ na-abawanye ma ọ bụ na-ebelata, nwere ike igosi mmetọ.[24] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na mmetọ na-akpata mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ, ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-adabere na osisi ahụ ga-enwe mbelata nke mmadụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, oke mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ uto nke ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi mfu nke ụdị ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmetụta ndị na-akpata nchekasị nwere ike ịpụta na physiology anụmanụ, morphology, na omume nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ogologo oge tupu e kwupụta nzaghachi ma hụ na ọkwa ndị mmadụ.[25]. Nzaghachi ndị dị otú ahụ na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịba uru dị ka "mgbama ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ" iji buo amụma ka ndị mmadụ ga-esi meghachi omume ọzọ. Enwere ike nyochaa mmetọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nrụgide site n'ịtụle nke ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ: ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị n'ime anụmanụ; ọnụego nke nkwarụ na-ebilite n'ime ndị anụmanụ; omume n'ọhịa ma ọ bụ na ụlọ nyocha; na site n'inyocha mgbanwe na physiology nke ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=França|first=Filipe|date=2016-12-01|title=Does selective logging stress tropical forest invertebrates? Using fat stores to examine sublethal responses in dung beetles|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=6|issue=23|pages=8526–8533|doi=10.1002/ece3.2488|pmid=28031804}}</ref> === Akịrịka na awọ === Amphibians, ọkachasị anurans (frogs na toads), na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi mkpokọta mmetọ na ọmụmụ mmetọ.<ref name="Simon, E. 2010">Simon, E., Braun, M. & Tóthmérész, B. Water Air Soil Pollut (2010) 209: 467. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0214-6</ref> Anurans na-amịkọrọ kemịkal na-egbu egbu site na akpụkpọ ahụ ha na oghere oghere ha ma na-emetụta mgbanwe na gburugburu ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Lambert|first=M. R. K.|date=1997-01-01|title=Environmental Effects of Heavy Spillage from a Destroyed Pesticide Store near Hargeisa (Somaliland) Assessed During the Dry Season, Using Reptiles and Amphibians as Bioindicators|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_1997-01_32_1/page/80|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=80–93|doi=10.1007/s002449900158|pmid=9002438}}</ref> Ha nwere ikike na-adịghị mma iji wepụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị a na-amị, na-ekuru, ma ọ bụ na-eri site na iri nri na-adịghị ọcha.<ref name=":0" /> Nke a na-enye ohere ka ihe fọdụrụnụ, ọkachasị nke ọgwụ ahụhụ organochlorine, gbakọta na usoro ha.<ref name=":0" /> Ha nwekwara akpụkpọ ahụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ kemịkal na-egbu egbu n'ụzọ dị mfe, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe nlereanya maka ịtụle mmetụta nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike ịkpata mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị a na-enye ohere iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ iji soro mgbanwe na ebe obibi ha na nyocha ecotoxicological n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Center for Global Environmental Education. What are the frogs trying to tell us? OR Malformed Amphibians. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20220305232717/https://cgee.hamline.edu/frogs/archives/corner3.html</ref> Ihe ọmụma na njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ịkwado ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị anurans eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ na nyocha mmetọ, dị ka ịmụ mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-eme nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi iji mụọ gburugburu ebe obibi ha bi site n'inyocha ụbara ha n'ógbè ahụ yana ịtụle ikike locomotive ha na mgbanwe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma, nke bụ nkwarụ na ihe na-adịghị njọ na mmepe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mbelata nke anurans na malformations nwekwara ike ịnye echiche ka ìhè ultra-violet na parasites na-abawanye.<ref name=":1"/> Ntinye aka nke agrochemicals dị ka glyphosate egosila na ọ nwere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ frog n'oge ndụ ha niile n'ihi na agrochemists ndị a na-abanye na usoro mmiri ndị a na nso ha na mmepe mmadụ.<ref>(Herek et al., 2020)</ref> Anurans na-amụ nwa n'olulu mmiri na-emetụta mmetọ karịsịa n'ihi usoro ndụ ha dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ndụ ala na nke mmiri.<ref name="Simon, E. 2010">Simon, E., Braun, M. & Tóthmérész, B. Water Air Soil Pollut (2010) 209: 467. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0214-6</ref> N'oge uto ha, mgbanwe ọdịdị na omume bụ mmetụta ndị a na-ekwukarị na ha metụtara ikpughe kemịkal.<ref>Venturino, A., Rosenbaum, E., De Castro, A. C., Anguiano, O. L., Gauna, L., De Schroeder, T. F., & De D'Angelo, A. P. (2003). Biomarkers of effect in toads and frogs. Biomarkers, 8(3/4), 167.</ref> Mmetụta nke ikpughe nwere ike ịkpata ogologo ahụ dị mkpirikpi, ịdị arọ dị ala na nkwarụ nke aka ma ọ bụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Simon, E. 2010" /> Ọganihu dị nwayọ, mgbanwe ọdịdị, na obere nha metamorph na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ na ikpughe na predation.<ref name="Simon, E. 2010" /> === Anụmanụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie === A na-echekwakwa crayfish dị ka ihe ngosi bioindicators kwesịrị ekwesị, n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị.[33] Otu ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ nyocha nke mkpokọta microplastics na tract digestive nke red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) na-eji dị ka bioindicator nke wider microplastics mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Baxter|first=Samantha|date=2023-09-15|title=Research Brief: Using Red Swamp Crayfish as Bioindicators of Microplastic Pollution|url=https://www.lakescientist.com/research-brief-using-red-swamp-crayfish-as-bioindicators-of-microplastic-pollution/|accessdate=2024-01-18|work=Lake Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe na-egosi nje == === Mmiri na-emetọ === Enwere ike iji microorganisms mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ahụike nke mmiri ma ọ bụ nke ala. A na-ahụ ya n'ụba, microorganisms dị mfe ịnwale karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ microorganisms ga-emepụta protein ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ stress protein, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya na mmetọ dịka cadmium na benzene. Enwere ike iji protein ndị a dị ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge iji chọpụta mgbanwe na ọkwa mmetọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nnyocha mmanụ na gas === Enwere ike iji nchọpụta nje maka mmanụ na gas (MPOG) chọpụta ebe ndị a ga-enwe ike inweta mmanụ na gas.   N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a maara mmanụ na gas ka ha na-abanye n'elu ebe nchekwa hydrocarbon ga-agbapụta ma ọ bụ na-agbapụta n'elu site na ike na-ese n'elu na-emeri nrụgide. Hydrocarbons ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe kemịkal na ihe ndị na-eme n'ime ala dị nso ma ọ bụ enwere ike iwere ha ozugbo. Usoro eji eme ihe maka MPOG gụnyere Nnyocha DNA, ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị mfe mgbe a zụlitere ihe nlele ala na ihe na-adabere na hydrocarbon ma ọ bụ site n'ile anya na ojiji nke gas hydrocarbon na mkpụrụ ndụ ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rasheed|first=M. A.|title=Application of geo-microbial prospecting method for finding oil and gas reservoirs|journal=Frontiers of Earth Science|date=2015|volume=9|issue=1|pages=40–50|doi=10.1007/s11707-014-0448-5}}</ref> === Microalgae na ogo mmiri === Microalgae enwetawo nlebara anya n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya gụnyere mmetụta ha dị ukwuu na mmetọ karịa ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, ha na-apụta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na okike, ha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ webụ nri, ha dị mfe omenala na iji mee ihe na nnwale ma enwere ole na ole ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla okwu omume metụtara ojiji ha. [[Usòrò:Gravitactism_Euglena.png|thumb|Usoro gravitactic nke microalgae ''Euglena gracilis'' (A) na-enweghị na (B) na ọnụnọ nke mmetọ.]] ''Euglena gracilis'' bụ motile, mmiri dị ọcha, photosynthetic flagellate. Ọ bụ ezie na ''Euglena'' na-anabata acidity, ọ na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa na nlezianya na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọla dị arọ ma ọ bụ inorganic na organic compounds. Nzaghachi ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ igbochi mmegharị na mgbanwe nke nhazi. Ọzọkwa, ihe a dị ndụ dị mfe ijikwa ma too, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka nyocha nke toxicological. Otu ihe bara uru nke ihe a dị ndụ bụ ntụziaka gravitational, nke na-emetụta mmetọ nke ukwuu. Ndị na-anabata ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe dịka ọla dị arọ na ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na'ime ala na-emebi ihe ndị na. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-ejikọta ya na mmegharị mberede nke mkpụrụ ndụ na kọlụm mmiri. Maka ule dị mkpirikpi, ntụziaka gravitational nke ''E. gracilis'' dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Azizullah|first=Azizullah|title=Gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis - a sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicological assessment of water pollutants|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|date=2013|volume=1|issue=4|pages=1–4|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2013.00004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tahedl|first=Harald|title=Automated Biomonitoring Using Real Time Movement Analysis of Euglena gracilis|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=48|issue=2|pages=161–169|doi=10.1006/eesa.2000.2004|pmid=11161690|year=2001}}</ref>Ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ka ''Paramecium biaurelia'' (lee ''Paramecium aurelia'') na-ejikwa ntụziaka ike ndọda.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hemmersbach|first=Ruth|title=Impact of a High Magnetic Field on the Orientation of Gravitactic Unicellular Organisms—A Critical Consideration about the Application of Magnetic Fields to Mimic Functional Weightlessness|journal=Astrobiology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=3|doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1085|pmid=24621307|pages=205–215}}</ref> [[Nnyocha Bio|Nnyocha ndụ]] na-akpaghị aka ga-ekwe omume, site na iji flagellate ''Euglena gracilis'' na ngwaọrụ nke na-atụle motility ha na dilutions dị iche iche nke mmiri mmetọ nwere ike, iji chọpụta EC<nowiki><sub id="mwARA">50</sub></nowiki> (nchịkọta nke sample nke na-emetụta pasent 50 nke ihe ndị dị ndụ) na G-value (ihe dị ala nke enweghị ike ịlele mmetụta na-egbu egbu ).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Tahedl|first=Harald|title=Fast examination of water quality using the automatic biotest ECOTOX based on the movement behavior of a freshwater flagellate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_1999-02_33_2/page/426|journal=Water Research|date=1999|volume=33|issue=2|pages=426–432|doi=10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00224-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahmed|first=Hoda|title=Monitoring of Waste Water Samples Using the ECOTOX Biosystem and the Flagellate Alga Euglena gracilis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_2011-03_216_1-4/page/547|journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution|date=2011|volume=216|issue=1–4|pages=547–560|doi=10.1007/s11270-010-0552-4}}</ref> == Nnukwu anụmanụ na-enweghị azụ == Macroinvertebrates bụ ihe ngosi bara uru ma dị mma nke [[Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi ala. <ref name="waterbug">{{Cite book|title=The Waterbug Book: A Guide to the Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Temperate Australia|author=Gooderham|first=John|year=2002|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Collingswood, Victoria|isbn=0-643-06668-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_Paklse3XcC&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bicknell|first=Jake E.|title=Dung beetles as indicators for rapid impact assessments: Evaluating best practice forestry in the neotropics|journal=Ecological Indicators|volume=43|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.030|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.aloki.hu/indvol12_2.htm|title=Structure and composition of edaphic arthropod community and its use as bioindicators of environmental disturbance|author=Beiroz|first=W.|date=2014|journal=Applied Ecology and Environmental Research|issn=1785-0037|accessdate=2017-08-02|volume=12|issue=2|pages=481–491|doi=10.15666/aeer/1202_481491}}</ref> Ha na-adịkarị, ọ dịkwa mfe ịnwale ma mata ha. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-ahụ ọtụtụ macro-invertebrates na anya nkịtị, ha na-enwekarị ndụ dị mkpirikpi (nke na-adịkarị ogologo oge) ma na-anọkarị otu ebe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Dickens|first=CWS|year=2002|title=The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/methods/dickens%20and%20graham.pdf|journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science|volume=27|pages=1–10|doi=10.2989/16085914.2002.9626569|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> Ọnọdụ osimiri dịbu adị dị ka ụdị osimiri na mmiri ga-emetụta nchịkọta macro invertebrate ya mere ụzọ dị iche iche na ihe ngosi ga-adaba adaba maka ụdị iyi ụfọdụ na n'ime mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ anụmanụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-anabata ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị iche iche, ndị ọzọ anaghị anabata. Mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụdị ụdị dị iche iche na mpaghara ọmụmụ ihe ụfọdụ na-egosi ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke iyi na osimiri. <ref name=":2"/> A na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ nnagide eme ihe iji nyochaa mmetọ mmiri na [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]], dị ka ọrụ mmadụ (dịka igbu osisi na Ọkụ ọhịa) n'oké ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chang, F.C.|title=Tolerance Values of Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Stream Biomonitoring: Assessment of Assumptions Underlying Scoring Systems Worldwide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-monitoring-and-assessment_2014-04_186_4/page/2135|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|year=2014|volume=186|issue=4|pages=2135–2149|doi=10.1007/s10661-013-3523-6|pmid=24214297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barlow|first=Jos|title=Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation|journal=Nature|volume=535|issue=7610|pages=144–147|doi=10.1038/nature18326|pmid=27362236|year=2016|url=https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/617293/11/author%20accepted%281%29.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=França|first=Filipe|date=2016-08-01|title=Do space-for-time assessments underestimate the impacts of logging on tropical biodiversity? An Amazonian case study using dung beetles|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=1098–1105|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12657|issn=1365-2664}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi Benthic maka nnwale mmiri === A na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie n'ime mpaghara mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri. Ha nwere Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị bi n'ime mmiri, anụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie, ikpuru na Mollusks ndị bi na ahịhịa na mmiri iyi nke osimiri. <ref name=":2"/> Enwere ike ịchọta ụdị Macroinvertebrate n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iyi na osimiri ọ bụla, ma e wezụga na ụfọdụ n'ime ebe kachasị njọ n'ụwa. A pụkwara ịchọta ha n'ọtụtụ iyi ma ọ bụ osimiri ọ bụla, na-amachibido naanị ndị na-akpọnwụ n'ime obere oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aquatic Macroinvertebrates|url=https://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/learnaboutsurfacewater/propertiesofwater/aquaticmacros|work=Water Quality|publisher=Utah State University Extension|accessdate=2020-10-11}}</ref> Nke a na-eme ka ọ baa uru maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ n'ihi na enwere ike ịchọta ha na mpaghara ebe mmiri na-adịghị omimi iji kwado ụdị buru ibu dị ka azụ.<ref name=":2" /> A na-ejikarị ihe ngosi Benthic atụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke iyi na osimiri. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ọrụ nke iyi dị ka nke dị mma, mgbe ahụ, a na-eche na kemịkal na ihe ndị dị na iyi ahụ dịkwa mma.<ref name=":2" /> Ihe ngosi Benthic bụ ule mmiri a na-ejikarị eme ihe na United States. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ekwesighi iji ihe ngosi benthic nyochaa mmalite nke ihe na-eme ka nrụgide dị n'osimiri na iyi, ha nwere ike inye ndabere na ụdị isi iyi ndị a na-ejikọkarị na ihe ndị a hụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=A. J.|date=2018|title=Long-term trends in biological indicators and water quality in rivers and streams of New York State (1972–2012)|journal=River Research and Applications|volume=34|issue=5|pages=442–450|doi=10.1002/rra.3272|issn=1535-1467}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ụwa === Na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]], Ntuziaka Water Framework (WFD) malitere n'October 23, 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html|title=The EU Water Framework Directive - integrated river basin management for Europe|work=Environment|publisher=European Commission|date=2020-08-04}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ka mba niile so na EU gosipụta na mmiri niile dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala dị mma. WFD chọrọ ka steeti ndị otu mejuputa usoro nlekota iji tụọ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị na iyi maka ụdị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ihe a achọrọ mere ka ihe na-eme na biometrics na-etinye iji chọpụta ahụike iyi na Europe. E mepụtara usoro nyocha biomonitoring dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ịntanetị na 2006.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Monteagudo|first=Laura|date=2016-08-01|title=Benthic freshwater cyanobacteria as indicators of anthropogenic pressures|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X1630139X|journal=Ecological Indicators|language=en|volume=67|pages=693–702|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.035|issn=1470-160X}}</ref> Ọ dabeere na bivalve Molluscs na mgbanwe nke data oge n'etiti ngwaọrụ nwere ọgụgụ isi dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ọhịa (nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị 1 afọ na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ) na ebe data e mere iji jide, hazie ma kesaa ozi weebụ sitere na data ahụ. Usoro a na-ejikọta omume bivalve, ọkachasị ọrụ mkpokoro, na mgbanwe mmiri. A na-eji teknụzụ a eme ihe nke ọma maka nyocha nke mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mba dị iche iche (France, Spain, Norway, Russia, Svalbard (Ny-Ålesund) na New Caledonia). Na United States, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) bipụtara Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, na 1999, dabere na ịtụle macroinvertebrates, yana periphyton na [[Fish|azụ]] maka nyocha nke [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwla.org/index.php?ht=display/ContentDetails/i/1479/pid/1976|title=Biological Stream Monitoring|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|publisher=Izaak Walton League of America|accessdate=2010-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421203157/http://www.iwla.org/index.php?ht=display%2FContentDetails%2Fi%2F1479%2Fpid%2F1976|archivedate=2015-04-21}}</ref> i deewNa South Africa, usoro Southern African Scoring System (SASS) dabeere na benthic macroinvertebrates, a na-ejikwa ya maka nyocha nke ogo mmiri na osimiri South Africa. A nụchara ngwá ọrụ SASS nke na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ma ugbu a ọ dị na mbipute nke ise (SASS5) dịka usoro ISO / IEC 17025 si dị.<ref name=":3"/> Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na South Africa na-eji usoro SASS5 eme ihe dị ka usoro ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha Ahụike Osimiri, nke na-enye National River Health Programme na National Rivers Database.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe omume imposex dị na nkịta conch ụdị eju mmiri na-eduga na mmepe na-adịghị mma nke amụ na nwanyị, ma ọ dịghị eme ka ịmụ nwa. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ aro ụdị ndị a dị ka ezigbo ihe na-egosi mmetọ na ogige tin nke mmadụ mere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Malaysia.<ref name="CobImposex">{{Cite journal|author=Cob|first=Z. C.|title=Description and evaluation of imposex in ''Strombus canarium'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Strombidae): a potential bio-indicator of tributyltin pollution|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|year=2011|volume=178|issue=1–4|pages=393–400|doi=10.1007/s10661-010-1698-7|pmid=20824325|url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/23629/1/Description%20and%20evaluation%20of%20imposex%20in%20Strombus%20canarium%20Linnaeus.pdf}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nwcdphe3o00smn2e53iqrpj013d9uc1 0 50713 697595 199535 2026-08-10T03:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Poultry_of_the_world.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ nke ụwa (ihe dị ka ) ]] Anụ ọkụkọ (/ ˈpoʊltri/) bụ nnụnụ anụ ụlọ nke mmadụ na-edobe maka ebumnobi nke iweta ngwaahịa anụmanụ dị ka anụ, akwa ma ọ bụ nku.[1] A maara omume ịzụ ọkụkọ dị ka ịzụ anụ ọkụkọ. Nnụnụ ndị a na-abụkarị ndị otu superorder Galloanserae (anụ ufe), ọkachasị usoro Galliformes (nke gụnyere ọkụkọ, quail, na toki).[2] Okwu a na-agụnyekwa nnụnụ mmiri nke ezinụlọ Anatidae (ducks na geese) ma ọ dịghị agụnye nnụnụ ọhịa ndị a na-achụgharị maka nri a maara dị ka egwuregwu ma ọ bụ mgbawa. Nnyocha gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nso nso a metụtara ụdị anụ ọhịa anọ dị ugbu a na-ekpughe na anụ ụlọ ọkụkọ, ụdị anụ ọkụkọ kacha nwee mmadụ, mere n'ihe dị ka afọ 8,000 gara aga na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.[3] Ekwenyere na nke a mere n'ihe dị ka afọ 5,400 gara aga, nakwa na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.[4] Usoro a nwere ike bụrụ na mbụ mere n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-akpụpụta ma na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ n'àkwá anakọtara n'ọhịa, ma emesịa gụnyere idobe nnụnụ ndị ahụ kpamkpam n'agha. O nwere ike ịbụ na a na-eji ọkụkọ ndị nọ n'ụlọ alụ ọgụ na mbụ[5] na quail na-edebekwa abụ ha, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ndị mmadụ ghọtara uru dị n'inwe nri a dọọrọ n'agha. Ahọpụta ozuzu maka uto ngwa ngwa, ikike ịti akwa akwa, nhazigharị, ịla n'iyi na ime ihe na-ewere ọnọdụ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ụdị nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na-adịkarị iche na ndị nna ochie ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-edobe ụfọdụ nnụnụ n'ìgwè atụrụ nta n'ọtụtụ ebe, a na-azụ ọtụtụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ahịa taa n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa siri ike. Tinyere anụ ezi, anụ ọkụkọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị anụ abụọ a na-erikarị n'ụwa niile, yana ihe karịrị 70% nke anụ ahụ na 2012 n'etiti ha; nke abụba. A na-edozi anụ ọkụkọ niile nke ọma ma sie ya nke ọma iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke nsị nri. Ndị na-eri anụ anaghị eri anụ bụ ndị na-eri anụ ọkụkọ dị ka naanị ebe a na-esi enweta anụ ka a na-ekwu na ha na-agbaso pollotarianism. == Okwu mmalite == Okwu ahụ bụ "nnụnụ" sitere na Middle English pultry ma ọ bụ ''pultrie'', nke sitere na Old French / Norman okwu {{Lang|fro|pouletrie}}. Okwu maka ọkụkọ na-eto eto, Pullet, dị ka ''poult'' ya, sitere na Middle English ''pulet'' na Old French polet, ma site na okwu Latịn pullus, nke pụtara nwa nnụnụ ma ọ bụ nwa anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fowl|title=Fowl|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|accessdate=February 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Poultry|url=https://poule-dor.com/our-poultry/|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=Poule D'or Chicken|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195438/https://poule-dor.com/our-poultry/}}</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nnụnụ" sitere na German (cf. Old English ''Fugol'', German ''Vogel'', Danish Fugl). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=poultry|title=Poultry|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Ehitymonline.com|accessdate=February 12, 2014}} </ref> == Nkọwa == "Anụ ọkụkọ" bụ okwu a na-eji maka ụdị nnụnụ ọ bụla a na-azụ anụ, ndị a dọọrọ n'agha maka uru ya, na omenala ejirila okwu ahụ na-ezo aka na anụ ọhịa (Galliformes) na mmiri mmiri (Anseriformes) ma ọ bụghị nnụnụ cagebirds dị ka nnụnụ na-abụ abụ na parrots." A na-akọwa anụ ọkụkọ" dị ka anụ ụlọ, gụnyere ọkụkọ, turkeys, geese na ọbọgwụ, ndị a zụlitere maka mmepụta anụ ma ọ bụ akwa ma a na-ejikwa okwu ahụ maka anụ nnụnụ ndị a na-eri nri. Akwụkwọ bụ́ Encyclopædia Britannica depụtara otu ìgwè nnụnụ ahụ ma gụnyekwara anụ ufe na squabs (ụmụ kpalakwukwu).[13] Na R.D. Crawford's Poultry ozuzu na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ahapụla squabs mana agbakwunyere quail Japanese na pheasant nkịtị na ndepụta ahụ, a na-azụkarị nke ikpeazụ na ndọrọ n'agha wee hapụ ya n'ime ọhịa.[14] N'akwụkwọ ochie ya nke 1848 banyere anụ ọkụkọ, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: History, and Management, Edmund Dixon gụnyere isiakwụkwọ na peafowl, nnụnụ guinea, swan ogbi, toki, ụdị geese dị iche iche, ọbọgwụ muscovy, ọbọgwụ ndị ọzọ na ụdị ọ bụla. ọkụkọ gụnyere bantam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management|author=Dixon|first=Rev Edmund Saul|year=1848|publisher=Gardeners' Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/Dixon1848ix59U|quote=poultry history.}}</ref> N'okwu mkparịta ụka, a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "anụ ufe" eme ihe nso-ya na "ọkụkọ ụlọ" ( Gallus gallus ), ma ọ bụ "anụ ọkụkọ" ma ọ bụ ọbụna "nnụnụ", ọtụtụ asụsụ adịghị ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti "anụ ọkụkọ" na "anụ ufe". ". A na-ejikwa okwu abụọ ahụ mee ihe maka anụ nnụnụ ndị a.[16] Enwere ike ịmata anụ ọkụkọ na "egwuregwu", nke akọwara dị ka nnụnụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ anụ anụ ndị a na-achụgharị maka nri ma ọ bụ egwuregwu, okwu a na-ejikwa kọwaa anụ ndị a mgbe a na-eri ya. === Ihe Nlereanya === {| class="wikitable" !Nnụnụ !Nna nna ọhịa !Ịzụ n'ụlọ !Ojiji !Foto |- |Nne ọkụkọ |Nnụnụ na-acha uhie uhie |Ndịda na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia |Àkwá na anụ |[[Usòrò:Male_and_female_chicken_sitting_together.jpg|160x160px]] |- |Turkey |Anụ ọhịa |[[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] |Anụ |[[Usòrò:Bronzepute_04.jpg|120x120px]] |- |Nkịta ọhịa nke Japan |Akara |[[Japan]] |Àkwá na anụ |[[Usòrò:3_Japanese_quails_less_than_1_year_old.JPG|120x120px]] |- |Ọbọgwụ |Mallard |Ihe dị iche iche |Àkwá na anụ |[[Usòrò:Taiwanese_duck_farm.jpg|120x120px]] |- |Nnụnụ |Greylag |Ihe dị iche iche |Àkwá na anụ |[[Usòrò:Neugierige_Hausgans.JPG|120x120px]] |- |Nnụnụ Guinea |Nnụnụ guinea nwere okpu |[[Afrịka]] |Àkwá na anụ |[[Usòrò:Guinea_fowl.jpg|120x120px]] |- |nduru a na-azụ n'ụlọ |Nkume nduru |Eurasia |Anụ |[[Usòrò:American_Giant_Runt.jpg|frameless|120x120px]] |} == Nkịta ọkụkọ == [[Usòrò:Rooster_portrait2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nnụnụ nwere akwa na wattles]] Hickens bụ nnụnụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, nnụnụ na-adịghị mma nwere nguzo ziri ezi ma jiri combs na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na wattles n'isi ha mara. Ụmụ nwoke, nke a maara dị ka ọkpa, na-ebukarị ibu, na-acha nkwuwa okwu, ma na-enwe oke nrịbama karịa ụmụ nwanyị (ọkụkọ). Chickens bụ nnụnụ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, ndị na-ebi n'ala bụ ndị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-achọ n'etiti akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka mkpụrụ, invertebrates, na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ha anaghị efekarị efe ma e wezụga n'ihi ihe egwu ha chere, na-ahọrọ ịgbaba n'okpuru osisi ma ọ bụrụ na a bịaruo ya nso.[18] Ọkụkọ anụ ụlọ taa ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) sitere na anụ ọhịa na-acha uhie uhie nke Eshia, na-enwetakwa ihe mgbakwunye ọzọ sitere na anụ ọhịa isi awọ, anụ ọhịa Sri Lankan, na anụ ọhịa ndụ ndụ. <ref name="Lawal">{{Cite journal|author=Lawal|first=Raman Akinyanju|title=The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2020|volume=18|issue=1|pages=13|doi=10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1|pmid=32050971}}</ref> Nnyocha genomic na-eme atụmatụ na a zụlitere ọkụkọ ahụ afọ 8,000 gara aga na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia wee gbasaa China na India afọ 2000-3000 ka e mesịrị.<ref name="Lawal"/> Ihe akaebe e gwupụtara n'ala na-akwado ọkụkọ ụlọ na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia tupu 6000 BC, China site na 6000 BC na India site na 2000 BC. <ref name="Lawal" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=West|first=B.|year=1988|title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication|journal=J. Archaeol. Sci.|volume=14|issue=5|pages=515–533|doi=10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Al-Nasser|first=A.|title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication|journal=World's Poultry Science Journal|date=1 June 2007|volume=63|issue=2|pages=285–300|doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X}}</ref> Nnyocha okike dị ịrịba ama nke 2020 nke kwadoro ọkụkọ 863 n'ofe ụwa na-atụ aro na ọkụkọ niile sitere na otu ihe omume obibi nke red junglefowl nke nkesa ya ugbu a bụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China, n'ebe ugwu Thailand na Myanmar. Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị a a na-azụ n'ụlọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Eshia ebe ha na ụdị anụ ọhịa ọhịa dị iche iche na-emekọrịta ihe, na-emepụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mpaghara dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke ụdị azụmahịa kachasị ewu ewu na-egosi na ụdị White Leghorn nwere ụdị nna dị iche iche e ketara site na ụdị nke red junglefowl.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken|year=2020|doi=10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y|author=Wang|first=Ming-Shan|journal=Cell Research|volume=30|issue=8|pages=693–701|pmid=32581344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Yi-Ping|title=Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2006_38_1/page/12|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=January 2006|volume=38|issue=1|pages=12–19|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014|pmid=16275023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeder|first=Melinda A.|title=Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2006-03_22_3/page/139|journal=Trends in Genetics|date=March 2006|volume=22|issue=3|pages=139–155|doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007|pmid=16458995}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ bụ otu n'ime anụmanụ a na-azụ n'ụlọ nke ndị Austronesian na-agafe n'oké osimiri na Taiwan, Island Southeast Asia, Island Melanesia, [[Madagascar]], na Pacific Islands; malite site na 3500 ruo 2500 BC.<ref name="Piper">{{Cite book|first=Philip J.|author=Piper|editor=Piper|title=New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory|chapter=The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity|publisher=ANU Press|series=terra australis|year=2017|isbn=9781760460945|chapterurl=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch15.xhtml}}</ref><ref name="Blust2002">{{Cite journal|author=Blust|first=Robert|title=The History of Faunal Terms in Austronesian Languages|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|date=June 2002|volume=41|issue=1|pages=89–139|doi=10.2307/3623329|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623329}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000 BC, ọkụkọ yiri ka ha eruola Ndagwurugwu Indus na afọ 250 ka e mesịrị, ha rutere Ijipt. A ka na-eji ha eme ihe maka ịlụ ọgụ ma na-ewere ha dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ọmụmụ. Ndị Rom jiri ha mee ihe n'ịgba afa, ndị Ijipt mekwara ọganihu mgbe ha mụtara usoro siri ike nke ikuchi aka.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How the Chicken Conquered the World|author=Adler, Jerry|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-chicken-conquered-the-world-87583657/?no-ist|work=Smithsonian Magazine|date=June 1, 2012|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ịzụ ọkụkọ agbasaala gburugburu ụwa maka mmepụta nri na nnụnụ ụlọ bụ isi iyi bara uru nke àkwá na anụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Storey, A. A.|year=2012|title=Investigating the global dispersal of chickens in prehistory using ancient mitochondrial DNA signatures|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e39171|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0039171|pmid=22848352}}</ref> Kemgbe a zụlitere ha, e guzobere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị ọkụkọ, mana ewezuga Leghorn ọcha, ọtụtụ nnụnụ azụmahịa sitere na ngwakọta.<ref name="Card">{{Cite book|title=Poultry Production|author=Card|first=Leslie E.|year=1961|publisher=Lea & Febiger|isbn=978-0-8121-1241-2|url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19610102428.html}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 1800, a malitere idebe ọkụkọ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu, ugbo ọkụkọ dị elu nke oge a dịkwa na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] site n'ihe dị na 1920 wee guzobe ya na United States n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, [[Ịkpa ọkụkọ|ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta anụ ọkụkọ]] dị mkpa karịa ụlọ ọrụ na'eyi àkwá. Ịzụlite ọkụkọ emeela ka ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche gboo mkpa dị iche iche; nnụnụ na-eyi àkwá nke nwere ike imepụta àkwá 300 n'afọ; nnụisi na-eto ngwa ngwa, nnụnụ nwere anụ maka iri n'oge ha dị obere, na nnụnụ bara uru nke na-emepụta ma ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke àkwá na ozu nwere anụ ahụ. Nnụnụ ndị nwoke anaghị achọ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-eyi àkwá ma enwere ike ịmata ha ozugbo ha pụtara maka igbu ha. N'ụdị anụ, a na-akpụkarị nnụnụ ndị a (nke a na-ejikarị kemịkal) iji gbochie ime ihe ike. Nnụnụ a na-emepụta, nke a na-akpọ [[capon]], nwekwara anụ dị nro ma na-atọ ụtọ.<ref name="Basley">{{Cite book|title=Western poultry book|publisher=Mrs. A. Basley|author=Mrs A Basley|year=1910|url=https://archive.org/details/westernpoultrybo00basl_0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/westernpoultrybo00basl_0/page/112 112]–15}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Cockfight_Santangelo_MAN_Napoli.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise ndị Rom na-egosi ọgụ ọkụkọ]] bantam bụ obere ụdị ọkụkọ ụlọ, ma ọ bụ obere ụdị nke onye otu ụdị, ma ọ bụrụ "ezi bantam" na-enweghị nnukwu ibe ya. Aha ahụ sitere n'obodo Bantam na Java ebe ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Europe zụrụ obere ọkụkọ maka ihe ha na-etinye n'ụgbọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bantam&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|accessdate=February 21, 2014}}</ref> Bantams nwere ike ịbụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke nha nnụnụ ma na-eyi obere àkwá. Ndị nwe obere na ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ na-edebe ha maka mmepụta àkwá, iji ha dị ka ọkụkọ, ebumnuche ịchọ mma, na ngosi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poultryclub.org/breed-gallery/|title=Breed gallery|publisher=The Poultry Club of Great Britain|accessdate=February 21, 2014}}</ref> === Ịlụ ọgụ ọkụkọ === A na-ekwu na ịlụ ọgụ bụ egwuregwu ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri kachasị ochie n'ụwa. Ụmụ nwoke abụọ tozuru etozu (ụmụ oke ma ọ bụ ụmụ oke) ga-alụ ọgụ, ha ga-emekwa ya n'ike ruo mgbe otu merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ya. Ịlụ ọgụ ọkụkọ jupụtara n'Àgwàetiti Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ọ na-enwekarị ihe dị mkpa na mgbakwunye na ịbụ egwuregwu ịgba chaa chaa.<ref name="Blust2002"/> Ha sokwa n'omenala nke India oge ochie, China, Persia, Gris, Rome, a na-emeri ma ọ bụ furu nnukwu ego dabere na nsonaazụ nke ọgụ. A zụlitere ụdị ndị dị ka Aseel na mpaghara India maka omume ime ihe ike ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aseellovers.20m.com/custom.html|title=History of Aseel|author=Nadeem Ullah|accessdate=February 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227163240/http://www.aseellovers.20m.com/custom.html|archivedate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> A machibidoro ịlụ ọgụ ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ mba n'ime narị afọ gara aga n'ihi obi ọjọọ a na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ. == Ọbọgwụ ==   Ducks bụ nnụnụ mmiri dị n'etiti nwere ọnụ sara mbara, anya n'akụkụ isi, olu dị ogologo, ụkwụ dị mkpirikpi n'azụ, na ụkwụ nwere eriri. Ụmụ nwoke, ndị a maara dị ka drakes, na-adịkarị ukwuu karịa ụmụ nwanyị (nke a maara dị wa ọkụkọ) ma nwee ụcha dị iche na ụdị ụfọdụ. Ọbọgwụ ndị bi n'ụlọ bụ ndị na-eri ihe niile, na-eri anụmanụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche dịka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri, molluscs, ikpuru, obere anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala, ahịhịa mmiri, na ahịhịhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Facts About Ducks|url=https://www.four-paws.org/campaigns-topics/topics/farm-animals/10-facts-about-ducks|accessdate=2022-07-05|work=FOUR PAWS International - Animal Welfare Organisation|language=en}}</ref> Ha na-eri nri na mmiri na-adịghị omimi site na ịpị, na-etinye isi ha n'okpuru mmiri na ọdụ ha. Ọtụtụ ọbọgwụ ụlọ dị arọ nke ukwuu iji felie, ha bụkwa nnụnụ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, na-ahọrọ ibi ma na-agagharị ọnụ n'ìgwè. Ha na-eme ka ábụ́bà ha ghara ịba mmiri site na preening, usoro nke na-agbasa ihe ndị na-esi n'ahụ pụta n'elu ábụ́tụ̀ ha.<ref name="RSPCA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rspca.org.uk/ImageLocator/LocateAsset?asset=document&assetId=1232730067367&mode=prd|title=Information sheet: The Welfare of Farmed Ducks|date=July 1, 2012|publisher=RSPCA|accessdate=March 8, 2014|archivedate=July 7, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707160911/https://www.rspca.org.uk/ImageLocator/LocateAsset?asset=document&assetId=1232730067367&mode=prd}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Pekin_Ducks_cropped.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọbọgwụ ndị dị na Beijing]] Ụdị ụrọ nke ọbọgwụ ndị a chọtara na China nke malitere na 4000 BC nwere ike igosi na domestication nke ọbọbọgwụ mere n'ebe ahụ n'oge ọdịbendị Yangshao. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na nke a abụghị eziokwu, ịzụlite ọbọgwụ mere na Far East ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1500 tupu na West. Lucius Columella, na-ede na narị afọ mbụ BC, dụrụ ndị chọrọ ịzụlite ọbọgwụ ọdụ ka ha chịkọta àkwá nnụnụ ọhịa ma tinye ha n'okpuru ọkụkọ, n'ihi na mgbe a zụlitere ha n'ụzọ a, ọbọgwụ ahụ "na-ahapụ ọdịdị ọhịa ha ma ghara ịla azụ mgbe ha mechiri n'ogige nnụnụ". N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọbọgwụ apụtaghị n'ihe odide ọrụ ugbo na Western Europe ruo n'ihe dị ka 810 AD, mgbe a malitere ịkpọ aha ha n'akụkụ geese, ọkụkọ, na peafowl dị ka ndị a na-eji maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị nwe ala.<ref name="Cherry">{{Cite book|title=Domestic Duck Production: Science and Practice|author=Cherry|first=Peter|year=2008|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-441-5|pages=1–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48sgHPrbUiQC&q=Duck+domestication&pg=PA3}}</ref> A na-ekwenye n'ọtụtụ ebe na mallard (''Anas platyrhynchos'') bụ nna nna nke ụdị ọbọgwụ ụlọ niile (ma e wezụga ọbọgwụ Muscovy (''Cairina moschata''), nke na-enweghị njikọ chiri anya na ọbọgwụ ndị ọzọ).<ref name="Cherry"/> A na-azụ ọbọgwụ maka anụ ha, àkwá, na ala.<ref name="Dean" /> Dị ka ọ dị na ọkụkọ, e mepụtara ụdị dị iche iche, ahọrọ maka ikike ịmụ àkwá, uto ngwa ngwa, na ozu kpuchiri nke ọma. Ụdị azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị na United Kingdom na United States bụ ọbọgwụ Pekin, nke nwere ike ịtụrụ àkwá 200 n'afọ ma nwee ike iru ịdị arọ nke 3.5 kg (7 n'ime ụbọchị 44.<ref name="RSPCA"/> N'Ụwa Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọbọgwụ anaghị ewu ewu dị ka ọkụkọ, n'ihi na nke ikpeazụ na-emepụta anụ ọcha buru ibu, anụ na-adịghị mma ma dị mfe idebe ya nke ọma, na-eme ka ọnụahịa Anụ ọkụkọ dị ala karịa nke anụ ọbọgwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ewu ewu na ''Nri dị elu'', ọbọgwụ na-apụta obere ugboro na ụlọ ọrụ nri. Otú ọ dị, ihe dị iche na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Ọbọgwụ na-ewu ewu n'ebe ahụ karịa ọkụkọ ma na-abụkarị ndị a na-azụ n'ụzọ ọdịnala ma họrọ maka ikike ha ịchọta nri zuru ezu n'ubi osikapa a na-ewe na gburugburu mmiri ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite web|url=http://www.duckhealth.com/dmstduck.html|title=Domestic ducks|author=Dean, William F.|year=2008|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=February 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015173440/http://www.duckhealth.com/dmstduck.html|archivedate=October 15, 2013}}</ref> == Nnụnụ ==   [[Usòrò:Domestic_Goose.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nnụnụ Emden, nwa nnụnụ ọhịa greylagNnụnụ na-acha odo odo]] Ndị Ijipt zụlitere greylag goose (''Anser anser'') ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 3000 gara aga, na ụdị ọhịa dị iche, swan goose (''Anser cygnoides''), zụliuru na Siberia ihe dị ka otu puku afọ ka e mesịrị, a maara dị ka Chinese goose. <ref name="faogeese">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4359E/y4359e03.htm|title=Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese|author=Buckland, R.|publisher=FAO Agriculture Department|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bird-friends.com/BirdPage.php?name=White%20Chinese%20Goose|title=White Chinese Goose|author=Streit, Scott|year=2000|work=Bird Friends Of San Diego County|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref> Ha abụọ na-agwakọta ibe ha na nnukwu bọtịnụ dị n'ala ọnụ, ihe a na-ahụ anya nke Chinese goose, dị n'ụzọ dịgasị iche na ngwakọta ndị a. Mkpụrụ ndị a na-amị mkpụrụ ma mepụta ọtụtụ ụdị nke oge a. N'agbanyeghị na ha bụ ndị a zụlitere n'oge gara aga, geese enwetụbeghị mkpa azụmahịa nke ọkụkọ na ọbọgwụ.<ref name="faogeese" /> Geese ndị bi n'ụlọ buru ibu karịa ndị ibe ha dị n'ọhịa ma na-enwekarị olu siri ike, ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ, na nnukwu ahụ nwere nnukwu azụ azụ. Nnụnụ ndị sitere na greylag buru ibu ma nwee anụ ma jiri ya mee anụ, ebe geese ndị China nwere obere okpokoro ma jiri ya emepụta àkwá. A na-eji ezigbo ala nke abụọ ahụ akpọrọ ihe maka iji ya mee ihe na ohiri isi na uwe a na-etinye na ya. Ha na-eri ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa, na-agbakwunye nke a na obere anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ, otu n'ime ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ịzụlite geese bụ ikike ha itolite ma na-eto eto na usoro ahịhịrị.<ref name="CALU" /> Ha na-eme mkpakọrịta ma nwee ezi ncheta ma nwee ike ikwe ka ha na-agagharị n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihe ọmụma na ha ga-alaghachi n'ụlọ n'oge mgbede. Nnụnụ China na-eme ihe ike ma na-eme mkpọtụ karịa nnụnụ ndị ọzọ ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka anụ nche iji dọọ ndị na-abanye aka ná ntị.<ref name="faogeese"/> Anụ anụ geese na-acha oji ma nwee protein dị elu, mana ha na-etinye abụba n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na abụba a nwere ọtụtụ monounsaturated fatty acids. A na-egbu nnụnụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe dị ka izu 10 ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka izu 24. N'etiti afọ ndị a, nsogbu na-eyi ozu na-eme n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ábụ́bà na-eto eto.<ref name="CALU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.calu.bangor.ac.uk/Technical%20leaflets/040803seasonalgeese.pdf|title=CALU factsheet: Meat geese seasonal production|date=June 1, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> Na mba ụfọdụ, a na-enye geese na ọbọgwụ nri iji mepụta afọ nwere abụba dị elu maka mmepụta nke foie gras. Ihe karịrị 75% nke mmepụta ụwa nke ngwaahịa a na-ewere ọnọdụ na [[France]], yana ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị obere na Hungary na Bulgaria na mmepụta na-eto eto na China.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China to boost foie gras production|author=Mo Hong'e|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/11/content_4409586.htm|work=China View|date=April 11, 2006|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> A na-ewere Foie gras dị ka ihe okomoko n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, mana a machibidoro usoro inye nnụnụ nri n'ụzọ a n'ọtụtụ mba n'ihi ọdịmma anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foodfancy.net/docs/out17_en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219011901/http://foodfancy.net/docs/out17_en.pdf|archivedate=December 19, 2013|title=Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese|date=December 16, 1998|work=Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> == Akị Turkey ==   [[Usòrò:Turkeybird.JPG|thumb|Anụ ọhịa turkey a zụlitere n'ụlọ na-egosipụta mmekọahụ site n'igosi anwụrụ ọkụ na-ese n'elu ọnụ ya, caruncles na-ese na akpịrị ya, na 'afụ ọnụ' nke obere, ojii, ábụ́bà siri ike n'obi]] Turkeys bụ nnụnụ buru ibu, ndị ikwu ha kacha nso bụ pheasant na guineafowl. Ụmụ nwoke buru ibu karịa ụmụ nwanyị ma nwee ọdụ na-agbasa, nke yiri fan na nke pụrụ iche, nke anụ ahụ, nke a na-akpọ snow, nke na-anọdụ n'elu ọnụ ma jiri ya mee ihe na ngosipụta mbedo. Turkeys ọhịa nwere ike ife efe, mana ha anaghị eme ya, ha na-ahọrọ ịgba ọsọ ogologo, na-agagharị agagharị. Ha na-anọ n'osisi ma na-eri nri n'ala, na-eri mkpụrụ, mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, akwụkwọ osisi, anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ, ezé, na obere agwọ.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite book|title=The Turkey: An American Story|author=Smith|first=Andrew F.|year=2006|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-03163-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252031632/page/4 4]–5, 17|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252031632|quote=turkey bird name.}}</ref> Anụ ọhịa [[Turkéy|turkey]] nke oge a sitere n'otu n'ime ụdị isii nke anụ ọhịa turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') nke a hụrụ na steeti Mexico nke Jalisco, Guerrero na Veracruz ugbu a. Agbụrụ ndị dị na ndịda etiti Mexico bu ụzọ chọta nnụnụ ahụ n'ihe dị ka 800 BC, ndị Pueblo Indian bi na Colorado Plateau na United States mekwara otu ihe ahụ n'ebe 200 BC. Ha na-eji ábụ́bà eme ihe maka uwe elu, blanket, na ebumnuche ememe. Ihe karịrị 1,000 afọ ka e mesịrị, ha ghọrọ ihe oriri dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Native Americans First Tamed Turkeys 2,000 Years Ago|author=Viegas, Jennifer|url=http://news.discovery.com/history/us-history/native-americans-turkeys-domestication.htm|date=February 1, 2010|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}</ref> Ndị Europe mbụ zutere nnụnụ ahụ mehiere ya dị ka guineafowl, nnụnụ a maara dị ka "nnụnụ ọkụkọ" n'oge ahụ n'ihi na e webatara ya na Europe site na Turkey.<ref name="Smith"/> A na-azụkarị turkey ndị ahịa n'ime ụlọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwa. Ndị a na-abụkarị nnukwu ụlọ, nke e wuru iji nye ikuku na obere ìhè (nke a na-ebelata ọrụ nnụnụ ma si otú ahụ na-abawanye ọnụego ibu). Enwere ike ịgbanye ọkụ maka awa 24 / ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ usoro ọkụ dị iche iche iji gbaa nnụnụ ume iri nri ugboro ugboro ma yabụ na-eto ngwa ngwa. &nbsp;Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ibu igbu egbu n'ihe dị ka izu 15 na ụmụ nwoke n'ihe dịka afọ 19. Nnụnụ azụmahịa tozuru etozu nwere ike ịdị arọ okpukpu abụọ karịa ndị ibe ha n'ọhịa. E mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, mana ọtụtụ nnụnụ azụmahịa na-acha ọcha, ebe nke a na-eme ka ọdịdị nke ozu ahụ dị mma, na-adịghị ahụkebe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turkeys: Behavior, Management and Well-Being|editor=Pond|year=2010|publisher=Marcell Dekker|isbn=978-0-8247-5496-9|pages=847–849}}</ref> A na-eri turkeys n'otu oge n'oge pụrụ iche dị ka Krismas (ndị nnụnụ 10 nde na United Kingdom) ma ọ bụ Ekele (ndị ndụnụ 60 nde na United States). Otú ọ dị, ha na-aghọwanye akụkụ nke nri kwa ụbọchị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourshepway.co.uk/news/can_turkey_rule_the_roost_all_year_round_1_3120818|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140303210320/http://www.yourshepway.co.uk/news/can_turkey_rule_the_roost_all_year_round_1_3120818|archivedate=March 3, 2014|title=Can turkey rule the roost all year round?|author=Bill, Joe|date=December 18, 2013|publisher=Your Shepway|accessdate=March 3, 2014}}</ref> == Nnụnụ ndị ọzọ == Guineafowl malitere na ndịda Afrịka, ụdị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ọkụkọ bụ guineafowl nwere okpu (''Numida meleagris''). Ọ bụ nnụnụ na-acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ nke nwere ntụpọ nke nwere obere isi gba ọtọ na wattles mara mma na bọtịnụ n'elu, a zụkwara ya n'oge ndị Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie. Guineafowl bụ nnụnụ siri ike, nke nwere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ, mana ọ na-erikwa ahịhịa na mkpụrụ. Ha ga-eme ka ubi akwụkwọ nri ghara ịba na nje ma rie akọrọ na-ebu Ọrịa Lyme. Ha ji obi ụtọ na-anọ n'osisi ma na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị olu banyere ịbịaru ndị na-eri ibe ha nso. Enwere ike iri anụ na àkwá ha n'otu ụzọ ahụ ọkụkọ, ụmụ nnụnụ dị njikere maka tebụl mgbe ha dị ihe dị ka ọnwa anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ASC/ASC209/ASC209.pdf|title=Keeping Guinea fowl|author=Jacob, Jacquie|publisher=University of Kentucky|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> A squab bụ aha e nyere ụmụ nduru ụlọ ndị a kara aka maka tebụl. Dị ka nduru ndị ọzọ a na-azụ n'ụlọ, nnụnụ ndị a na-eji eme ihe maka nzube a sitere na nduru nkume (''Columba livia''). A na-eji ụdị ọrụ pụrụ iche nwere njirimara ndị a na-achọsi ike. A na-eyi àkwá abụọ ma kụọ ha ihe dị ka ụbọchị 17. Mgbe ha pupụtara, ndị nne na nna abụọ na-enye squabs nri na "mmiri ara nduru", nke nwere protein dị elu nke ihe ọkụkụ ahụ mepụtara. Squabs na-eto ngwa ngwa, mana ha na-eji nwayọ na-efe efe ma dị njikere ịhapụ akwụ́ na ụbọchị 26 ruo 30 na-adị ihe dị ka 500 . Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, nduru ndị toro eto ga-eyi àkwá abụọ ọzọ ma na-amụba abụọ kwesịrị imepụta squabs abụọ kwa izu anọ n'oge oge ọmụmụ nke na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/213221/Squab-raising.pdf|title=Primefacts: Squab raising|author=Bolla, Gerry|journal=Primefacts|date=April 1, 2007|issn=1832-6668|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref> == Ịkpa ọkụkọ ==   [[Usòrò:Duck_farm_in_Hainan_02.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Ọbọgwụ ndị na-agagharị n'efu na Hainan Province, China]] [[Usòrò:Battery-farm.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Nnụnụ ndị dị n'ụlọ batrị enweghị ike ịgagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, ọtụtụ nnụnụ bi n'otu ụlọ.]] N'ụwa nile, a na-azụ ọtụtụ ọkụkọ karịa ụdị ọkụkọ ọ bụla ọzọ, na ihe karịrị ijeri nnụnụ 50 a na-akpalite kwa afọ dị ka isi iyi nke anụ na àkwá.<ref name="Compassion">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm_animals/poultry|title=Compassion in World Farming: Poultry|publisher=Ciwf.org.uk|accessdate=February 12, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227233132/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm%5Fanimals/poultry/|archivedate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> Dị ka omenala si dị, a ga-edebe nnụnụ ndị dị otú ahụ n'ọtụtụ obere ìgwè, na-eri nri n'ehihie ma na-ebi n'abalị. Nke a ka bụ eziokwu na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-enyekarị aka dị mkpa maka ndụ ezinụlọ site n'ịzụ ọkụkọ. Otú ọ dị, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụwa na ime obodo emeela ka ọtụtụ mmepụta dị na nnukwu, ndị ọkachamara na-arụsi ọrụ ike. A na-adịkarị nso n'ebe a na-akụ nri ma ọ bụ nso n' ebe anụ dị mkpa, ma na-eme ka nri dị ọnụ ala, dị nchebe maka obodo ndị mepere emepe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/poultry/home.html|title=Animal production and health: Poultry|date=September 25, 2012|publisher=FAO|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> Uru nke mmepụta na-adabere nke ukwuu na ọnụahịa nri, nke na-arị elu. Ọnụ ego nri dị elu nwere ike igbochi mmepe nke mmepụta ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Agritrade|title=Poultry Brief 2013|url=http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Poultry/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Poultry-sector|publisher=CTA|accessdate=February 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709034856/http://agritrade.cta.int/Agriculture/Commodities/Poultry/Executive-Brief-Update-2013-Poultry-sector|archivedate=July 9, 2014}}</ref> N'ịkpa anụ n'efu, nnụnụ nwere ike ịgagharị n'èzí n'enweghị nsogbu ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke ụbọchị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adị n'ime nnukwu ogige, mana nnụnụ nwere ike ịnweta ọnọdụ okike ma nwee ike igosipụta omume ha. Usoro siri ike karị bụ yarding, ebe nnụnụ nwere ike ịbanye n'ogige e ji mgbidi gbaa gburugburu na [[Ịkpa ọkụkọ|ụlọ ọkụkọ]] na ọnụego dị elu. A pụkwara idebe ọkụkọ n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, na-enweghị ohere ịnweta ikuku, mana enwere ike ịgagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'ime ime ụlọ ahụ. Usoro kachasị sie ike maka ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá bụ Ụlọ batrị, nke a na-etinyekarị n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. N'ime ndị a, ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-ekerịta obere ụlọ nke na-egbochi ikike ha ịgagharị ma na-akpa àgwà n'ụzọ dị mma. A na-eyi àkwá n'ala nke ụlọ ahụ ma tụgharịa ya n'ime olulu n'èzí maka ịdị mfe nke nchịkọta. Batrị maka ọkụkọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na EU kemgbe Jenụwarị 1, 2012.<ref name="Compassion"/> [[Usòrò:Yarding_poultry_farm_02.jpg|center|thumb|Ugbo ọkụkọ na Vernon County, Wisconsin na ogige gbara ogige na ebe mkpuchi maka ọkụkọ ịgagharị]] Chickens raised intensively for their meat are known as "broilers". Breeds have been developed that can grow to an acceptable carcass size ({{convert|2|kg|lboz|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in six weeks or less.<ref name="Browne" /> Broilers grow so fast, their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles. Mortality rates at 1% are much higher than for less-intensively reared laying birds which take 18 weeks to reach similar weights.<ref name="Browne">{{Cite news|title=Ten weeks to live|author=Browne, Anthony|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/mar/10/foodanddrink.features1|work=The Guardian|date=March 10, 2002|accessdate=February 21, 2014}}</ref> Processing the birds is done automatically with conveyor-belt efficiency. They are hung by their feet, stunned, killed, bled, scalded, plucked, have their heads and feet removed, eviscerated, washed, chilled, drained, weighed, and packed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poultryhub.org/anatomy-and-physiology/meat-chicken-farm-sequence/|title=Meat chicken farm sequence (processing)|publisher=Poultry Hub|date=August 20, 2010|accessdate=February 21, 2014}}</ref> all within the course of little over two hours.<ref name="Browne" /> Ma ọrụ ugbo siri ike ma nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. N'ime usoro siri ike, cannibalism, feather pecking na vent pecking nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ọnụ trimming dị ka ihe mgbochi.<ref name="Sherwin">{{Cite journal|author=Sherwin, C. M.|year=2010|title=A comparison of the welfare of layer hens in four housing systems in the UK|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=51|issue=4|pages=488–499|doi=10.1080/00071668.2010.502518|pmid=20924842}}</ref> Ọrịa nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma gbasaa ngwa ngwa n'ìgwè atụrụ. N'ime usoro sara mbara, nnụnụ na-ahụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe ọjọọ ma bụrụ ndị na-eri ibe ha na nnụnụ ọhịa na-ebu ọrịa na-emetụta. Achọpụtala na usoro ụmụ nnụnụ nwere ọdịmma nnụnụ kachasị njọ.<ref name="Sherwin" /> Na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, enweghị nchịkwa ọrịa na ọrụ ugbo n'efu ejikọtara ya na ntiwapụ nke influenza nnụnụ.<ref name="WSPA">{{Cite web|url=http://wspa-international.org/publicfiles/Free_range_farming_and_avian_flu__3_.pdf|title=Free-range farming and avian flu in Asia|publisher=WSPA International|accessdate=February 12, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216083304/http://www.wspa-international.org/publicfiles/Free_range_farming_and_avian_flu__3_.pdf|archivedate=December 16, 2013}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ọkụkọ == N'ọtụtụ mba, a na-eme ihe ngosi ọkụkọ nke mba na nke mpaghara ebe ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-egosi nnụnụ ha nke a na-ekpe ikpe na ụfọdụ àgwà ọmụmụ dị ka akọwapụtara site na ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ ha. Echiche nke ngosi ọkụkọ nwere ike ịmalite mgbe emechara ọgụ ọkụkọ iwu na-akwadoghị, dị ka ụzọ isi nọgide na-enwe asọmpi na ịzụ ọkụkọ. E debere ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ maka ịtụrụ àkwá, ụdị anụ, na nnụnụ ịchọ mma, na-achọ ka ha bụrụ otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poultryclub.org/poultry/history-of-poultry/|title=History of poultry|publisher=Poultry Club of Great Britain|accessdate=February 23, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228121601/http://www.poultryclub.org/poultry/history-of-poultry/|archivedate=February 28, 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe ngosi ọkụkọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi anụ ụlọ n'ozuzu ya, mgbe ụfọdụ ha bụ ihe omume dị iche iche dị ka "National Championship Show" kwa afọ na United Kingdom nke Poultry Club of Great Britain haziri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poultryclub.org/showing/types-of-show/|title=Types of Show|publisher=Poultry Club of Great Britain|accessdate=February 23, 2014|archivedate=February 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226031644/http://www.poultryclub.org/showing/types-of-show/}}</ref> == Anụ ọkụkọ dị ka nri == === Azụmaahịa === [[Usòrò:HK_Central_結志街_Gage_Street_market_雞蛋_Chicken_n_鴨蛋_Duck_Eggs_on_sale_March-2012.jpg|thumb|A na-ere àkwá ọkụkọ na ọbọgwụ na Hong Kong]] Anụ ọkụkọ bụ ụdị anụ nke abụọ a na-eri n'ụwa, na-eme ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke anụ niile a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ezì na pasent 38. A na-azụlite ijeri nnụnụ iri na isii kwa afọ maka oriri, ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe.<ref name="sciencenews.org">Raloff, Janet. [http://www.sciencenews.org/blog/food-for-thought/global-food-trends Food for Thought: Global Food Trends]. Science News Online. May 27, 2003.</ref> Mmepụta anụ a na-egweri egweri n'ụwa niile rịrị elu ruo nde tọn 84.6 n'afọ 2013. Ndị na-emepụta ihe kachasị ukwuu bụ United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) na European Union (11.3%). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=1788|title=USDA Livestock & Poultry: World Markets & Trade|date=April 30, 2013|publisher=The Poultry Site|accessdate=February 24, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227185757/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=1788|archivedate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> E nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke mmepụta; ụdị usoro nnyefe nke European Union na-achọ ịnye ngwaahịa nke enwere ike ịchọta azụ na ugbo mmalite. Ihe nlereanya a na-eche ọnụahịa na-arịwanye elu nke itinye n'ọrụ ihe nchekwa nri ndị ọzọ, nsogbu ọdịmma na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ihu. N'ụzọ dị iche, ihe nlereanya United States na-agbanwe ngwaahịa ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manning, Louise|year=2007|title=Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain|journal=British Food Journal|volume=109|issue=5|pages=332–342|doi=10.1108/00070700710746759}}</ref> Mmepụta ụwa nke anụ ọbọgwụ bụ ihe dị ka nde tọn 4.2 na 2011 na China na-emepụta ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ngụkọta, ihe dị ka ijeri nnụnụ 1.7.<ref name="DuckGoose">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3234|title=USDA International Livestock & Poultry: World Duck, Goose and Guinea Fowl Meat Situation|date=December 19, 2013|publisher=The Poultry Site|accessdate=March 9, 2014|archivedate=June 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629181151/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?id=3234}}</ref> Mba ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-emepụta ọbọgwụ na Far East gụnyere Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia na South Korea (12% n'ozuzu). France (3.5%) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị na West, mba EU ndị ọzọ (3%) na North America (1.7%) sochiri.<ref name="Cherry"/> China bụkwa onye kachasị emepụta anụ goose na guinea fowl, na òkè 94% nke ahịa ụwa nde tọn 2.6. <ref name="DuckGoose" /> A na-atụ anya na mmepụta àkwá zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-eru nde tọn 65.5 na 2013, karịa afọ niile gara aga.<ref name="Trend">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2653/global-poultry-trends-world-egg-production-sets-a-record-despite-slower-growth|title=Global Poultry Trends: World Egg Production Sets a Record Despite Slower Growth|date=January 16, 2013|publisher=The Poultry Site|accessdate=February 24, 2014}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2000 na afọ 2010, mmepụta àkwá na-eto n'ụwa niile na ihe dị ka 2% kwa afọ, mana kemgbe ahụ, uto ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ruo ihe dị nso na 1% . <ref name="Trend" /> N'afọ 2018, mmepụta àkwá ruru nde tọn 76.7, nnukwu uto 24% kemgbe afọ 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Global Egg Production Continues to Grow|url=https://www.internationalegg.com/resource/global-egg-production-continues-to-grow/|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=International Egg Commission|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Ebe a na-egbu anụ ọkụkọ === [[Usòrò:MIN_Rungis_volaille.jpg|thumb|N'ụlọ ọkụkọ nke Rungis International Market, France]] A na-enweta ọkụkọ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ, dị ka nnụnụ dum ma ọ bụ dị ka nkwonkwo (nke a na-ebipụ), ọkpụkpụ ma ọ bụ nke a na-ewepụ, nke a na'ụzọ dị iche iche, nke a chịrị ma ọ bụ sie.<ref name="FeedCo" /> Akụkụ anụ kachasị mma nke nnụnụ bụ uru ahụ na-efe efe n'obi ya, nke a na-akpọ anụ "obi", na uru ahụ na na-agagharị agagharị n'ụkwụ ya, nke akpọrọ "mkpịsị ụkwụ" na "ụbọ". A na-eri nku ya (nku Buffalo bụ ihe atụ a ma ama na United States) ma nwee ike kewaa ya n'akụkụ atọ, "drumette", "wingette" (nke a na-akpọkwa "flat"), na isi nku (nke a makwaara dị ka "flapper"). <ref name="FeedCo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feedcousa.com/poultrymeatcuts.htm|title=Poultry meat cuts|publisher=FeedCo USA|accessdate=March 1, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031413/http://www.feedcousa.com/poultrymeatcuts.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chow.com/food-news/105062/america-youre-getting-two-thirds-of-the-chicken-wing/|title=America, You're Getting Two-Thirds of the Hot Wing|accessdate=April 3, 2014|archivedate=September 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907193642/http://www.chow.com/food-news/105062/america-youre-getting-two-thirds-of-the-chicken-wing/}}</ref> Na Japan, a na-ekewa nku ahụ ugboro ugboro, a na'akpọkwa akụkụ ndị a 手羽元 (''Teba-moto'' "ala nku") na 手羽先 (teba -saki "isi nku"). <ref>{{Cite book|title=日本料理用語辞典 (英文): Ingredients & Culture|author=Hosking|first=Richard|year=1996|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-2042-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1avA7zEYCQ0C&q=teba-moto+teba-saki&pg=PA156}}</ref> A na-eji anụ ojii, nke ndị na-ahụ maka myology nnụnụ na-akpọ "ọbara uhie", eme ihe maka ọrụ na-aga n'ihu - ọkachasị ịga ije, n'ihe gbasara ọkụkọ. Agba gbara ọchịchịrị na-abịa site na protein myoglobin, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ikuku oxygen na nchekwa n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mkpụrụ obi ọcha, n'ụzọ dị iche, dị mma naanị maka obere ọrụ dịka, maka ọkụkọ, na-efe efe. Ya mere, ụkwụ ọkụkọ na anụ apata ụkwụ ya gbara ọchịchịrị, ebe anụ ara ya (nke mejupụtara uru ahụ isi) na-acha ọcha. Nnụnụ ndị ọzọ nwere uru ara dabara adaba maka nnụnụ na-aga n'ihu, dị ka ọbọgwụ na geese, nwere uru ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara (ya mere anụ ojii) n'ebe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c10/c10links/www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/mpcolor.htm|title=The color of meat and poultry|date=May 1, 2000|publisher=USDA: Food Safety and Inspection Service|accessdate=March 1, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080043/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/mpcolor.htm|archivedate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Ụfọdụ anụ ndị a na-egbu gụnyere anụ ọkụkọ na-ekpughe usoro microscopic nke intracellular muscle fibrils nke nwere ike iwepụ ìhè ma mepụta ụcha na-egbuke egbuke, ihe ọhụụ a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ụcha.<ref name="foods">{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Martinez-Hurtado, J. L.|title=Iridescence in Meat Caused by Surface Gratings|journal=Foods|volume=2|pages=499–506|doi=10.3390/foods2040499|issue=4|pmid=28239133}}</ref> == Ahụike na ọrịa (mmadụ) == [[Usòrò:LemonChicken2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe e gburu site na ọkụkọ ndị e gburu egbu]] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ọ dịghị nnwale ahụike nyochara nri ọkụkọ na ahụike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2022|title=Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=13|issue=6|pages=2115–2124|doi=10.1093/advances/nmac074|pmid=36351778}}</ref> Anụ ọkụkọ na àkwá na-enye nri bara uru na-edozi ahụ nke nwere protein dị elu. Nke a na-esonyere obere abụba nke nwere ngwakọta abụba dị mma.<ref name="FAOhealth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/poultry/human_health.html|title=Poultry and human health|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=FAO|accessdate=February 25, 2014}}</ref> Anụ ọkụkọ nwere ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ ruo atọ karịa abụba polyunsaturated dị ka ọtụtụ ụdị anụ na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe a na-atụ ya site na ịdị arọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nuinfo-proto4.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/lipids.html|title=Feinberg School: Nutrition Fact Sheet: Lipids|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=August 24, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014201/http://nuinfo-proto4.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/lipids.html|archivedate=July 20, 2011}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, maka ara ọkụkọ na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ, nke na-enweghị akpụkpọ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dị ala. 100 gram (3.5 nke ara ọkụkọ a na-esighị esi nwere gram 2 (0.071 nke abụba na gram 22 (0.78 nke protein, ma e jiri ya tụnyere gram 9 (0.32 nke fatty na gram 20 (0.71 ya nke protein maka otu akụkụ nke [[anụ uhie]] a na-adịghị esi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|authorlink=Agricultural Research Service|title=FoodData Central {{!}} Chicken, breast, boneless, skinless, raw|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/2646170/nutrients|accessdate=2024-03-13|work=fdc.nal.usda.gov|archivedate=2019-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/2646170/nutrients}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|authorlink=Agricultural Research Service|title=FoodData Central {{!}} Beef, flank, steak, boneless, choice, raw|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/2646175/nutrients|accessdate=2024-03-13|work=fdc.nal.usda.gov|archivedate=2019-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/2646175/nutrients}}</ref> Nnyocha 2011 nke Translational Genomics Research Institute gosipụtara na 47% nke anụ na anụ ọkụkọ a na-ere na ụlọ ahịa nri [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] emetọla ''Staphylococcus aureus'', na 52% nke nje bacteria gosipụtara iguzogide ọ dịkarịa ala ìgwè atọ nke ọgwụ nje. Nri zuru oke nke ngwaahịa ahụ ga-egbu nje bacteria ndị a, mana ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ site na njikwa na-ezighị ezi nke ngwaahịa ahụ ka dị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=US meat and poultry is widely contaminated with drug-resistant Staph bacteria, study finds|author=The Translational Genomics Research Institute|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110415083153.htm|work=Science Daily|date=April 15, 2011|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ dị maka ndị na-eri anụ ọkụkọ na àkwá na nje bacteria dịka ''Salmonella'' na ''Campylobacter''. Ngwaahịa ọkụkọ nwere ike imerụ nje bacteria ndị a n'oge njikwa, nhazi, ahịa, ma ọ bụ nchekwa, na-akpata ọrịa sitere na nri ma ọ bụrụ na esighị ngwaahịa ahụ ma ọ bụ jikwa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.<ref name="FAOhealth"/> N'ozuzu, influenza nnụnụ bụ ọrịa nnụnụ nke nje influenza A nke nnụnụ na-akpata nke a na-adịghị ebufe ndị mmadụ; Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emetụta ọkụkọ dị ndụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ kachasị ukwuu nke ibute nje ahụ na nke a bụ nchegbu pụrụ iche na mpaghara ndị dị ka Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ebe ọrịa ahụ dị na nnụnụ ọhịa na ọkụkọ ụlọ nwere ike ibute ọrịa. Nje ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-egbu egbu ma na-efe efe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma na-akpata ọrịa influenza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/|title=Information on Avian Influenza|work=Seasonal Influenza (Flu)|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=March 3, 2014}}</ref> Enwere ike ịzụlite nje bacteria na ụlọ nyocha na mgbasa ozi ọdịbendị na-edozi ahụ, mana nje virus chọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ iji mepụta. Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi Ọrịa na-efe efe na àkwá ọkụkọ. A na-eji ọtụtụ nde àkwá eme ihe kwa afọ iji mepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa influenza a chọrọ kwa afọ, usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-ewe ihe dị ka ọnwa isii mgbe e mere mkpebi banyere ụdị nje virus ga-etinye na ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ ahụ. Nsogbu na iji àkwá maka ebumnuche a bụ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-adịghị anabata àkwá enweghị ike imeri ha, mana enwere ike imeri nsogbu a ka usoro ọhụrụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ kama ịba ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm336267.htm|title=The evolution, and revolution, of flu vaccines|date=January 18, 2013|work=FDA: Consumer updates|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref> Ọdịbendị dabeere na mkpụrụ ndụ ga-aba uru na ọrịa na-efe efe mgbe o nwere ike isi ike inweta nnukwu ego nke àkwá kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/vaccines-pandemic-threats|title=Vaccines for pandemic threats|date=January 15, 2014|work=The History of Vaccines|accessdate=March 5, 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nnụnụ Egwuregwu * Ọrịa na-adịghị anabata ọkụkọ * Ọrịa na-efe efe nke Newcastle == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 73gy11vzjojgww9bhxcsnz6g1m1qhvj 0 50728 697657 182596 2026-08-10T05:01:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Puddling.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ ịgba égbè na Tamil Nadu, India]] Puddling bụ ịkụ ahịhịa n'osisi osikapa mgbe idei mmiri juru, ihe ochie a na-eji akwado maka ịkụ osikapa. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e mezuru nke a site n'ịdọkpụrụ harrow dị arọ gafere n'ubi paddy nke idei mmiri juru n'azụ buffalo ma ọ bụ ehi, a na-arụzukwa ya ugbu a site n'iji usoro eji arụ ọrụ eme ihe, na-ejikarị traktọ nwere ụkwụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/puddling|title=Puddling - an overview &#124; ScienceDirect Topics}}</ref> Puddling na-ebelata ọnụego mmiri site na ịpị ụrọ ma mee ka ha mechie ọtụtụ oghere ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1004898504550|year=2000|author=Lu|first=Jun|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=223|pages=209–218|title=The effects of irrigation regimes on the water use, dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-and-soil_2000_223_1-2/page/209}}</ref> Puddling nwekwara nsonaazụ nke ịgbanwe ala ka ọ bụrụ "...a structally more or less homogeneous mass of ultimate particles.<ref> Buehrer, T.F., and Rose, M.S., 1943. Studies in soil structure. V. Bound water in normal and puddled soils, Ariz. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull, No. 100, pp. 155–218. </ref> Gwakọta ya na ezigbo ọrụ ugbo puddling egosila na ọ na-adịgide adịgide maka ọtụtụ usoro osikapa. Ma ọnwụ nke ihe ndị a na-agbakọta na usoro ndị ọzọ na-abụghị osikapa (osikapa, osikapa, wdg) na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-adịchaghị adịgide adịgide na-akpata ọnwụ nke ahụike na mmebi ala. Nke a emeela ka e nwee usoro nchịkwa ala ọzọ ebe obere nsogbu ala site na [[obere ọrụ ugbo]], ọrụ ugbo na nke a na-akọghị nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị ịkwụsị mmebi ala kamakwa ọ na-emeziwanye ahụike ala (ọrụ ugbo na-eme ka ọ dịghachi mma). == Ebem si dee == j8dtn4hy1l7hkfj3hufk5kynf3cthg2 0 50729 697768 687693 2026-08-10T07:49:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-08-14_388_6643/page/631|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve. === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala. A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2010_61_15/page/4185|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu. Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ. Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rdbn4ugq9vs6ptx61new24ukvqaoan6 0 50742 697478 198063 2026-08-10T01:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 9 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697478 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Barnevelder Cock.png|thumb|Nne ọkụkọ]] ọkụkọ ( Gallus domesticus ) bụ nnukwu nnụnụ nwere nku dị mkpụmkpụ, nke sitere na anụ ọhịa na-acha uhie uhie nke Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ihe dị ka afọ 8,000 gara aga. A na-azụ ọtụtụ ọkụkọ maka nri, na-enye anụ na akwa; A na-edobe ndị ọzọ dị ka anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ maka ọgụ ọkụ. Ọkụkọ bụ anụ ụlọ nkịtị na nke zuru ebe niile, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ ruru ijeri 23.7 dị ka nke 2018, yana mmepụta ihe karịrị ijeri 50 kwa afọ. Otu ọkụkọ a na-amụ maka ịtọgbọ nwere ike ịmị ihe karịrị akwa 300 kwa afọ. Enwere ọtụtụ ntụaka omenala maka ọkụkọ n'akụkọ ọdịnala, okpukperechi na akwụkwọ. == Nomenclature == Okwu maka ọkụkọ gụnyere: * Biddy: ọkụkọ, ma ọ bụ ọkụkọ a mụrụ ọhụrụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biddy|title=Definition of biddy|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=May 7, 2021|archivedate=May 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507151125/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/biddy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/biddy|title=Biddy definition and meaning|publisher=Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=May 7, 2021|archivedate=May 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507010137/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/biddy}}</ref> * ''[[Capon]]'': ọkụkọ nwoke a na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ nke a na-akwapụ akpụ [lower-alpha 1] * Chick: ''Nwa ọkụkọ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chick|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chick|publisher=Cambridge Dictionary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907132725/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chick|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}</ref> * Chook /tʃʊk/: ọkụkọ (Australia/New Zealand, nke a na-amaghị ama) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chook|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chook|accessdate=March 4, 2021|work=Cambridge Dictionary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907151220/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chook|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}</ref> * ''Nkịta ọhịa'': ọkụkọ toro eto nke na-amị mkpụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cock|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cock|accessdate=March 4, 2021|publisher=Cambridge Dictionary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907102240/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cock|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hen|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cock|accessdate=March 4, 2021|publisher=Cambridge Dictionary|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907102240/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cock|archivedate=September 7, 2015}}</ref> * ''Nkịta ọhịa'': obere ọkụkọ * ''Hen'': ọkụkọ nwanyị toro eto <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hen noun|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hen|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=2 February 2024}}</ref> * ''Pullet'': nwa ọkụkọ nwanyị na-erubeghị otu afọ. N'ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ, pullet bụ ọkụkọ na-eto eto na-erughị izu 22.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of the Poultry Industry|url=https://dese.mo.gov/sites/default/files/aged%20-PoultrySR.pdf|publisher=Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023230530/https://dese.mo.gov/sites/default/files/aged%20-PoultrySR.pdf|archivedate=October 23, 2020}}</ref> * Nkịta ọkụkọ: ọkụkọ nwoke na-amị mkpụrụ, ọkachasị na North America. Ọ malitere na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ma eleghị anya dị ka okwu euphemism iji zere ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke okwu cock.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Rooster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rooster|publisher=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=March 6, 2021|archivedate=April 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422030634/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rooster}}</ref> * Yardbird: ọkụkọ (n'ebe ndịda United States, dialectal) <ref name="berhardt">{{Cite book|author=Berhardt|first=Clyde E. B.|title=I Remember: Eighty Years of Black Entertainment, Big Bands|year=1986|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=978-0-8122-8018-0|oclc=12805260}}</ref> Chicken nwere ike ịpụta ọkụkọ, dị ka ọ dị na egwuregwu William Shakespeare nke Macbeth, ebe Macduff na-akwa arịrị maka ọnwụ nke "ọkụkọ m niile mara mma na mmiri mmiri ha".[15] A na-echekwa ojiji a n'aha ebe dị ka Hen na Chicken Islands.[16] N'ebe ochie, ma ka na-emekarị ahịa na nkà mmụta sayensị, a na-akọwa ọkụkọ dị ka ụdị dị ka anụ ufe nkịtị ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stevens|first=Lewis|title=Genetics and evolution of the domestic fowl|pages=11 and throughout|year=1991|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-DXqQ9UOmAC&dq=%22domestic+fowl%22&pg=PA11}}</ref> == Nkọwa ==   Chickens bụ nnụnụ buru ibu, na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị. Ahụ dị okirikiri, ụkwụ enweghị nku n'ọtụtụ ụdị, na nku dị mkpụmkpụ.[18] Nnụnụ ọhịa nwere ike ife; ọkụkọ na akwara ụgbọ elu ha dị arọ nke ukwuu nke na ha agaghị efe efe karịa obere oge.[19] Nha na agba dị iche iche n'etiti udiri anumanu.[18] Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị toro eto nke ma nwoke ma nwanyị nwere anụ ahụ n'isi ha nke a na-akpọ mbo ma ọ bụ cockcomb, na kpọgidere akpụkpọ anụ n'akụkụ abụọ n'okpuru ọnụ ọnụ ha a na-akpọ wattles; combs na wattles na-ewu ewu karịa ụmụ nwoke. Ufodu udiri udiri nwere ngbanwe nke na-ebute feathering ozo n'okpuru ihu, na-eme ka ajị agba di. Ọkụkọ bụ anụ ọhịa.[21] N'ime ọhịa, ha na-akpụcha ala ka ha chọọ mkpụrụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, na anụmanụ ndị buru ibu dị ka ngwere, obere agwọ, [22] na ụmụ oke.[23]. Otu ọkụkọ nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo afọ 5 ruo 10, dabere n'ụdị ya.[24] Ọkụkọ kacha ochie n'ụwa biri afọ iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Jamon|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20060806/News/606120381/TL|title=World's oldest chicken starred in magic shows, was on 'Tonight Show'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002804/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060806%2FNEWS%2F608060400%2F1007%2FNEWS02|archivedate=February 20, 2019|work=[[Tuscaloosa News]]|date=August 6, 2006|accessdate=May 18, 2020}}</ref> Ọkụkọ na-ebu ibu, na-ebi n'ìgwè ewu na atụrụ, na-amụba àkwá ma na-azụ ụmụ. Ọkụkọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-achị ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka usoro pecking; ndị na-achị achị na-ebute ụzọ maka ịnweta nri na ebe akwụ akwụ. Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe kọwara echiche nke ịchịisi, gụnyere pecking, n'ime ọkụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na 1921 dị ka "usoro n'usoro".[26][27] Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị nwoke na-amali ma na-eji aka ha na-alụ ọgụ.[28] Ọkụkọ na-enwe ike ịkpa nkata ma gbuo onye na-eri anụ na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị ahụmahụ, dị ka nwa nkịta ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFP|date=March 12, 2019|title=Chickens 'teamed up to kill fox' at Brittany farming school|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/chickens-teamed-up-to-kill-fox-at-brittany-farming-school|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313002528/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/chickens-teamed-up-to-kill-fox-at-brittany-farming-school|archivedate=March 13, 2019|accessdate=March 13, 2019|work=Theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Rooster_crowing_small.ogv|thumb|Igwe (nke nwere ụda) ]] Mkpu nwoke bụ mkpu na-ada ụda ma na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mgbaàmà ala nye ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ, na nzaghachi maka nsogbu mberede n'ime gburugburu ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-07-cock-roosters-crow.html|title=Top cock: Roosters crow in pecking order|work=Phys.org|accessdate=January 14, 2018}}</ref> Hens na-eti mkpu n'olu dara ụda mgbe ha nwụsịrị [[Ákwà|àkwá]] ma kpọọ ụmụ ha. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-akpọ oku ịdọ aka ná ntị dị iche iche iji gosi na anụ na-eri ibe ya na-abịa site na ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evans|first=Christopher S.|title=On the meaning of alarm calls: functional reference in an avian vocal system|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=July 1993|volume=46|issue=1|pages=23–38|doi=10.1006/anbe.1993.1158}}</ref> == Ịmụ nwa na ndụ == Iji malite ịkpa oke, ụfọdụ ọkụkọ nwere ike ịgba egwú gburugburu ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ọkụkọ (agba egwú gburugburu), na-emekarị ka nku nke dị nso na ọkụkọ.<ref name="grandin69">{{Cite book|title=Animals in Translation|author=Grandin|first=Temple|year=2005|publisher=[[Scribner's]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-7432-4769-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69 69–71]|url=https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69}}</ref> Egwú ahụ na-akpali nzaghachi n'ime ọkụkọ ahụ ma mgbe ọ zaghachiri oku ya, ọkụkọ ahụ nwere ike ịba n'elu ọkụkọ ahụ ma gaa n'ihu na mmekọrịta ahụ.<ref name="grandin69" /> Mmekọrịta na-agụnyekarị usoro nke nwoke na-abịaru nwanyị nso ma na-eme ihe ngosi waltzing. Ọ bụrụ na nwanyị ahụ anaghị anabata ya, ọ na-agba ọsọ; ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-ehulata, nwoke ahụ na-arịgo, na-aga ije na ụkwụ abụọ n'azụ ya. Mgbe ha nwesịrị mmekọahụ, nke oké na-eme ngosipụta nke ọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cheng|first=Kimberly M.|title=Dominance Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_condor_1988-08_90_3/page/697|journal=[[Ornithological Applications|The Condor]]|date=August 1988|volume=90|issue=3|pages=697–704|doi=10.2307/1368360}}</ref> Mbufe nke sperm na-eme site na njikọ cloacal n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, n'omume a na-akpọ 'cloacal kiss'.<ref name="Briskie1997">{{Cite journal|author=Briskie|first=J. V.|year=1997|title=Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=28|issue=1|pages=73–86|doi=10.2307/3677097}}</ref> Dị ka nnụnụ niile, usoro neuroendocrine, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons na hypothalamus na-achịkwa ọmụmụ. Hormone ọmụmụ gụnyere Estrogen, progesterone, na gonadotropins (hormone luteinizing na hormone follicle-stimulating) na-amalite ma na-eme ka mgbanwe ntozu oke mmekọahụ. Mmụba na-ebelata na afọ, a na-eche na ọ bụ n'ihi mbelata GnRH-I-N.<ref name="Bain-et-al-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Bain|first=M. M.|title=Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges?|journal=[[British Poultry Science]]|volume=57|issue=3|date=May 3, 2016|doi=10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727|pages=330–338|pmid=26982003}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Newly-hatched_chickens.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ ọkụkọ a mụrụ ọhụrụ]] Hens na-agbalịkarị itinye àkwá ndị nwere àkwá ma na-ebugharị àkwá site na akwụ́ ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'ime nke ha. Ìgwè atụrụ na-eji naanị ebe ole na ole a na-ahọrọ, karịa inwe akwụ́ dị iche maka nnụnụ ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sherwin|first=C.M.|year=1993|title=Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages|url=https://archive.org/details/applied-animal-behaviour-science_1993-04_36_2-3/page/211|journal=[[Applied Animal Behaviour Science]]|volume=36|issue=2–3|pages=211–222|doi=10.1016/0168-1591(93)90011-d}}</ref> N'okpuru ọnọdụ okike, ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-eyi naanị ruo mgbe a ga-enwe àkwá zuru ezu; mgbe ahụ, ha na-ekpuchi àkwá niile. A na-akpọ nke a "going broody". Nnụnụ ahụ na-anọdụ n'akwụ́ ya, na-efegharị ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọ na-echebe ya ma ọ bụrụ na a na-enye ya nsogbu. Ọ naghị ahapụ akwụ́ ya ruo mgbe àkwá ya pụtara.<ref name="Puff-up-Feathers">{{Cite web|title=Why Do Chickens Puff up Their Feathers? I 4 Reasons Explained|date=August 8, 2020|url=https://chickenandchicksinfo.com/why-do-chickens-puff-up-their-feathers/|accessdate=June 16, 2021|archivedate=June 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618091939/https://chickenandchicksinfo.com/why-do-chickens-puff-up-their-feathers/}}</ref> Àkwá nke ọkụkọ sitere na mpaghara dị elu nke Tibet nwere mgbanwe anụ ahụ pụrụ iche nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke na-apụta na gburugburu ebe ikuku oxygen dị ala. Mgbe a na-etinye àkwá n'ime ebe hypoxic, ụmụ ọkụkọ si n'ìgwè ndị a na-egosipụta Hemoglobin karịa ụmụ ọkụkọ sitere n'ìhè ọkụkọ ndị ọzọ. Hemoglobin a nwere njikọ ka ukwuu na oxygen, na-ejikọta oxygen ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=H.|date=October 2008|title=Influences of Hypoxia on Hatching Performance in Chickens with Different Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude|journal=Poultry Science|volume=87|issue=10|pages=2112–2116|doi=10.3382/ps.2008-00122|pmid=18809874}}</ref> Àkwá ọkụkọ na-amị mkpụrụ na-apụta na njedebe nke oge nku, ihe dị ka ụbọchị 21; ọkụkọ na'ime ezé ya na-apụpụ na mkpokoro ahụ.<ref name="grandin69">{{Cite book|title=Animals in Translation|author=Grandin|first=Temple|year=2005|publisher=[[Scribner's]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-7432-4769-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69 69–71]|url=https://archive.org/details/animalsintransla00gran/page/69}}</ref> Hens na-anọ n'akwụ́ ruo ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ mgbe nwa ọkụkọ mbụ pụtara; n'oge a, ụmụ ọkụkọ ọhụrụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ na-eri nri site na ịmịkọrọ akpa yolk dị n'ime.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ali|first=A.|year=1985|title=Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1985-05_64_5/page/789|journal=Poultry Science|volume=64|issue=5|pages=789–794|doi=10.3382/ps.0640789|pmid=4001066}}</ref> Nnụnụ ahụ na-echebe ụmụ ya ma na-amụ ha iji mee ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọ na-eduga ha na nri na mmiri ma kpọọ ha maka nri. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-etinye akara na ọkụkọ ahụ ma mesịa soro ya mgbe niile. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-elekọta ha ruo mgbe ha gbara ọtụtụ izu.<ref name="Edgar Held Jones Troisi 2016 p. 2">{{Cite journal|author=Edgar|first=Joanne|title=Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare|journal=Animals|volume=6|issue=1|date=2016-01-05|pmid=26742081|doi=10.3390/ani6010002}}</ref> Inbreeding nke ọkụkọ White Leghorn na-akpatakarị ịda mbà n'obi nke na-egosipụta dị ka mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ àkwá na igbu oge ntozu mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sewalem|first=A.|title=Inbreeding and inbreeding depression on reproduction and production traits of White Leghorn lines selected for egg production traits|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=40|issue=2|date=1999|doi=10.1080/00071669987601|pages=203–208}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ Langshan siri ike na-egosipụta ịda mbà n'obi doro anya na ọmụmụ, ọkachasị maka àgwà ndị dị ka afọ mgbe a na-eyi àkwá mbụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ àkwá.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Xue|first=Qian|title=Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens|journal=Animal Bioscience|volume=34|issue=6|date=1 June 2021|issn=2765-0189|pmid=33152217|doi=10.5713/ajas.20.0248|pages=975–984}}</ref> == Mmalite == === Ọdịdị === [[Usòrò:Red_Junglefowl.jpg|thumb|Red junglefowl, nna ochie ọhịa nke ọkụkọ]] Mmiri ma ọ bụ nnụnụ bi n'ala yiri partridges nke oge a, na Galliforms, usoro nnụnụ nke ọkụkọ nọ na ya, lanarịrị Ihe omume mkpochapụ nke Cretaceous-Paleogene nke gburu nnụnụ niile bi n'osisi na ndị iwu ha dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pennisi|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth Pennisi|title=Quaillike creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact|journal=Science|date=May 24, 2018|doi=10.1126/science.aau2802}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ sitere na red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus'') ma na-ekewapụta ya na sayensị dị ka otu ụdị.<ref name="nature">{{Cite journal|title=A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-09_432_7018/page/717|journal=Nature|date=December 9, 2004|volume=432|issue=7018|pages=717–722|doi=10.1038/nature03156|pmid=15592405|author=Wong|first=G. K.}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ a na-azụ n'ụlọ na-agwakọta n'efu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke red junglefowl.<ref name="nature" /> Nne ọkụkọ a na-azụ n'ụlọ na-agwakọta na Nnụnụ ọhịa na-acha ntụ ntụ, nnụnụ junglefowl nke Sri Lanka na nnụisi junglefoull na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ; a na-etinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka akpụkpọ anụ na-acha odo odo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime nnụnụ ụlọ site na nnụkọ ọhịa na-adịghị mma (''G. sonneratii''). <ref name="Lawal">{{Cite journal|author=Lawal|first=Raman Akinyanju|title=The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2020|volume=18|issue=1|pages=13|doi=10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1|pmid=32050971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eriksson|first=Jonas|title=Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken|journal=PLOS Genetics|date=February 29, 2008|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e1000010|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010|pmid=18454198}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ọkụkọ na-ekerịta n'etiti 71 na 79% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha na red junglefowl.<ref name="Lawal" /> === Ịzụ n'ụlọ ===   Ezigbo mgbe na ebe a zụlitere ọkụkọ ahụ ka na-ese okwu. Nnyocha genomic na-eme atụmatụ na a zụlitere ọkụkọ ahụ afọ 8,000 gara aga na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma gbasaa na China na [[Ndia|India]] afọ 2,000 ruo 3,000 ka e mesịrị.<ref name="Lawal">{{Cite journal|author=Lawal|first=Raman Akinyanju|title=The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens|journal=BMC Biology|date=December 2020|volume=18|issue=1|pages=13|doi=10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1|pmid=32050971}}</ref> Ihe akaebe e gwupụtara n'ala na-akwado ọkụkọ ụlọ na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia tupu 6000 BC, China site na 6000 BC na India site na 2000 BC.<ref name="Lawal" /><ref name="West Zhou 1988">{{Cite journal|author=West|first=B.|year=1988|title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication|journal=J. Archaeol. Sci.|volume=14|issue=5|pages=515–533|doi=10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Al-Nasser|first=A.|title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication|journal=World's Poultry Science Journal|date=June 1, 2007|volume=63|issue=2|pages=285–300|doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nnyocha okike dị ịrịba ama nke 2020 nke kwadoro ọkụkọ 863 n'ofe ụwa na-atụ aro na ọkụkọ niile sitere na otu ihe omume obibi nke red junglefowl nke nkesa ya ugbu a bụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China, n'ebe ugwu Thailand na Myanmar. Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị a a na-azụ n'ụlọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Eshia ebe ha na ụdị anụ ọhịa ọhịa dị iche iche na-emekọrịta ihe, na-emepụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mpaghara dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke ụdị azụmahịa kachasị ewu ewu na-egosi na ụdị White Leghorn nwere ụdị nna dị iche iche e ketara site na ụdị nke red junglefowl.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken|year=2020|doi=10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y|author=Wang|first=Ming-Shan|journal=Cell Research|volume=30|issue=8|pages=693–701|pmid=32581344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Yi-Ping|title=Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2006_38_1/page/12|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=January 2006|volume=38|issue=1|pages=12–19|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014|pmid=16275023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeder|first=Melinda A.|title=Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2006-03_22_3/page/139|journal=Trends in Genetics|date=March 2006|volume=22|issue=3|pages=139–155|doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007|pmid=16458995}}</ref> == Mgbasawanye == === Austronesia === [[Usòrò:Map_showing_prehistoric_diffusion_of_domestic_chickens_(Gallus_gallus)_into_the_Pacific_via_the_Austronesian_migrations_(Thomson,_Lebrasseur,_&_Austin,_2014).png|thumb|Mmalite nke ọkụkọ a zụlitere n'ụlọ n'ime Oceania site na Philippines site na mgbasawanye Neolithic Austronesian (malite na c. 4000 BP), nke sitere na akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na DNA ọkụkọ oge ochie na nke oge a (Thomson et al., 2014) <ref name="Thomson">{{Cite journal|author=Thomson|first=Vicki A.|title=Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 2014|volume=111|issue=13|pages=4826–4831|doi=10.1073/pnas.1320412111|pmid=24639505}}</ref>]] Okwu maka ọkụkọ ụlọ (''*manuk'') bụ akụkụ nke Asụsụ Proto-Austronesian e wughachiri, na-egosi na Ndị Austronesian zụlitere ha kemgbe oge ochie. A na-eburu ọkụkọ, tinyere nkịta na ezì, n'ebe niile nke njem ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian na-aga Island Southeast [[Asia]], Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, na [[Madagascar]], malite na ọ dịkarịa ala 3000 BC site na Taiwan.<ref name="Thomson">{{Cite journal|author=Thomson|first=Vicki A.|title=Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 2014|volume=111|issue=13|pages=4826–4831|doi=10.1073/pnas.1320412111|pmid=24639505}}</ref><ref name="Piper">{{Cite book|first=Philip J.|author=Piper|editor=Piper|title=New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory|chapter=The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity|publisher=[[ANU Press]]|series=terra australis|year=2017|isbn=9781760460945|chapterurl=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch15.xhtml|accessdate=May 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ9ULYwX3zgC&pg=PA56|title=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|first=Malama|author=Meleisea|date=March 25, 2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|accessdate=March 13, 2019|isbn=9780521003544}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlSspaBLkhoC&pg=PA411|title=Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications|first=Michael H.|author=Crawford|date=March 13, 2019|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|accessdate=March 13, 2019|isbn=9780521546973}}</ref> &nbsp;Enwere ike iwebata ọkụkọ ndị a n'oge Tupu oge Columbus na [[South Amerika|South America]] site n'aka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Polynesia, mana ihe akaebe maka nke a ka bụ ihe a na-ekwu.<ref name="Neumann">{{Cite news|author=Neumann|first=Scott|title=Study: The Chicken Didn't Cross The Pacific To South America|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/03/18/291182073/study-the-chicken-didnt-cross-the-pacific-to-south-america|accessdate=May 5, 2023|work=The Two Way|date=March 18, 2014}}</ref> Ikekwe na ọkụkọ ụlọ nọ na Amerịka tupu njikọ ọdịda anyanwụ bụ nke ndị nchọpụta na-arụrịta ụka, mana ọkụkọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke a na-ahụ naanị na Amerịka na Eshia, na-atụ aro mmalite Eshia maka ọkụkọ America mbụ. Enweghị data sitere na Thailand, Russia, mpaghara India, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na mpaghara Sahara Africa na-eme ka o sie ike ịdepụta map doro anya nke mgbasa nke ọkụkọ n'ógbè ndị a; nkọwa ka mma na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụdị ndị dị n'ọ́ ebe a na-eyi egwu site na mkpochapụ nwekwara ike inye aka na nyocha n'óbe a.<ref name="CHOF">The Cambridge History of Food, 2000, [[Cambridge University Press]], vol.1, pp. 496-499</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ sitere na Arauco Peninsula nke dị na ndịda etiti [[Chile]] bụ radiocarbon nke e dere dị ka pre-Columbian, nyocha DNA na-atụ aro na ha nwere njikọ na ndị bi na Polynesia.<ref name="Borrell 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Borrell|first=Brendan|title=DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-06-07_447_7145/page/620|journal=Nature|date=June 1, 2007|volume=447|issue=7145|pages=620–621|doi=10.1038/447620b|pmid=17554271}}</ref><ref name="Storey 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Storey|first=A. A.|title=Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-06-19_104_25/page/10335|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=June 19, 2007|volume=104|issue=25|pages=10335–10339|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703993104|pmid=17556540}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nyocha ọzọ nke otu ọkpụkpụ ahụ mere ka a nwee obi abụọ na nchọpụta ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=Jaime|year=2008|title=Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2008-07-29_105_30/page/10308|journal=PNAS|volume=105|issue=30|pages=10308–10313|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801991105|pmid=18663216}}</ref><ref name="Thomson14">{{Cite journal|author=Thomson|first=Vicki A.|title=Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 1, 2014|volume=111|issue=13|pages=4826–4831|doi=10.1073/pnas.1320412111|pmid=24639505}}</ref> === Eurasia === Ọ na-esiri ike ịchọta ụbọchị ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ, n'ihi obere ọkpụkpụ nnụnụ na-emebi emebi; nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ọdịiche dị na ụbọchị ndị sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche nyere. A na-agbakwunye ihe akaebe ihe mgbe ochie site na ịkpọ aha n'ihe odide akụkọ ihe mere eme site na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BC, yana ihe ngosi na ọrụ nka prehistoric, dịka gafee Central Asia.<ref name="Peters24">{{Cite journal|author=Peters|first=Carli|title=Archaeological and molecular evidence for ancient chickens in Central Asia|journal=Nature Communications|volume=15|issue=1|date=2024-04-02|issn=2041-1723|pmid=38565545|doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46093-2}}</ref> Ụmụ ọkụkọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Central Asia site na narị afọ nke anọ BC.<ref name="Peters24" /> Ihe fọdụrụ n'anụ ọkụkọ nke Middle East laghachiri na obere oge tupu afọ 2000 BC na Siria.<ref name="CHOF">The Cambridge History of Food, 2000, [[Cambridge University Press]], vol.1, pp. 496-499</ref> &nbsp;Ndị Finishia gbasara ọkụkọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mediterenian ruo Iberia. N'oge Hellenistic (narị afọ nke anọ na nke abụọ BC), na ndịda Levant, a malitere ịzụlite ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ ebe maka nri.<ref name="pmid26195775">{{Cite journal|author=Perry-Gal|first=Lee|date=August 11, 2015|title=Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=32|pages=9849–9854|doi=10.1073/pnas.1504236112|pmid=26195775}}</ref> A na-ahụ foto mbụ nke ọkụkọ na Europe na ite Ndị Kọrịnt nke narị afọ nke asaa BC.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrIapgM4LwQC&pg=PA176|title=Regional Greek Cooking|first=Dean|author=Karayanis|date=March 13, 2019|publisher=[[Hippocrene Books]]|accessdate=March 13, 2019|isbn=9780781811460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwq1lunLkuoC&pg=PA207|title=Cooking with the Bible: Biblical Food, Feasts, and Lore|first=Anthony F.|author=Chiffolo|date=March 13, 2019|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|accessdate=March 13, 2019|isbn=9780313334108}}</ref> Ịzụlite mụbara n'okpuru Alaeze Ukwu Rom ma belata na Middle Ages.<ref name="CHOF">The Cambridge History of Food, 2000, [[Cambridge University Press]], vol.1, pp. 496-499</ref> Nchịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ site na ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe na Europe kpughere na n'oge ndị dị elu, ọkụkọ ghọrọ ndị na-adịghị eme ihe ike ma malite itinye àkwá n'oge mmalite oge ọmụmụ.<ref name="brown">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Marley|title=Fast Food|journal=Archaeology|date=Sep–Oct 2017|volume=70|issue=5|url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/269-1709/from-the-trenches/5820-trenches-europe-chicken-domestication|accessdate=July 25, 2019|issn=0003-8113}}</ref> === Afrịka === Ụmụ ọkụkọ rutere Ijipt site na Middle East maka ebumnuche nke ịlụ ọgụ ọkụkọ n'ihe dị ka 1400 BC ma bụrụ ndị a zụlitere n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Ijipt n'ihe dịka 300 BC.<ref name="CHOF">The Cambridge History of Food, 2000, [[Cambridge University Press]], vol.1, pp. 496-499</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Ụzọ atọ nwere ike isi banye n'Africa n'ihe dị ka puku afọ mbụ AD nwere ike ịbụ site na Ndagwurugwu Naịl nke Ijipt, ahịa Roman-Grik ma ọ bụ India nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, ma ọ bụ site na Carthage na ndị Berber, gafee Sahara. Ihe ncheta ndị mbụ a maara sitere na [[Mali]], Nubia, East Coast, na South Africa ma laghachi azụ n'etiti puku afọ mbụ AD.<ref name="CHOF" /> == Ọrịa == [[Usòrò:Pesse_oujheas_H9N2_tanfla.JPG|thumb|Nwa nnụnụ dị ụbọchị 8 na-arịa influenza nnụnụ]] Ụmụ ọkụkọ nwere ike ibute nje dịka ụmụ ahụhụụmụ ahụhụ ndị pathogens dịka nje bacteria na Nje virus kpatara. Nje ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' na-eri ọbara, na-akpata iwe ma na-ebelata mmepụta àkwá, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa nje dịka Salmonellosis na spirochaetosis.<ref name="Schiavone Pugliese 2022">{{Cite journal|author=Schiavone|first=Antonella|date=2022-01-20|title=''Dermanyssus gallinae'': the long journey of the poultry red mite to become a vector|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=15|issue=1|pages=29|doi=10.1186/s13071-021-05142-1|pmid=35057849|issn=1756-3305}}</ref>Ọrịa nje na-agụnye influenza nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barjesteh|first=Neda|title=Antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus|journal=Cytokine|date=March 2020|volume=127|pages=154961|doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961|pmid=31901597}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 56b531b4hnbrttq43iehusn8qb44h5u 0 50773 697659 183192 2026-08-10T05:04:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697659 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihe mgbochi ikuku (ebe nchekwa) bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-enwekarị otu ahịrị osisi ma ọ bụ osisi ndị a na-akụ n'ụzọ iji chebe ala pụọ ​​na mbuze. A na-akụkarị ha n'ogige dị n'akụkụ akụkụ ubi n'ubi. Ọ bụrụ na emebere ya nke ọma, ikuku ikuku na gburugburu ụlọ nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ahịa ikpo ọkụ na oyi ma chekwaa ike. A na-akụkwa ihe mgbochi ikuku iji nyere aka mee ka snow ghara ịfefe n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ mbara ala.[1] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ihe mgbochi ikuku na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ka snow na-efegharị n'ala ugbo nke ga-enye mmiri mgbe snow gbazere n'oge opupu ihe ubi. Uru ndị ọzọ gụnyere inye aka na microclimate gburugburu ihe ọkụkụ (nke na-adị ntakịrị ihicha na oyi n'abalị), inye anụ ọhịa ebe obibi, [2] na, na mpaghara ụfọdụ, inye osisi ma ọ bụrụ na a na-egbute osisi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blue-berry.pl/index.php/blog/role-of-trees-in-agriculture|title=Role of trees in agriculture|accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> Enwere ike ijikọ ihe nkwụsị ikuku na ịkọrọ ọnụ n'omume ọrụ ugbo nke a na-akpọ alleycropping, ma ọ bụ na-ebuga ya n'akụkụ ọnya nchekwa mmiri.[3] A na-akụ ubi n'ahịrị nke ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche gbara ahịrị osisi gbara ya gburugburu. Osisi ndị a na-enye mkpụrụ osisi, osisi, ma ọ bụ na-echebe ihe ọkụkụ ahụ pụọ na ifufe. Ịkụ osisi Alley enweela ihe ịga nke ọma na India, Africa, na Brazil, ebe ndị na-akụ kọfị jikọtara ọrụ ugbo na oke ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Withgott|first=Jay|year=2008|title=Environment: The Science Behind the Stories|edition=3rd|location=San Francisco|publisher=Pearson Benjamin Cummings|isbn=978-0131357051}}</ref> Ihe ọzọ a na-eme maka bel nchekwa bụ ịlele ugbo site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ.[5] Nke a na-eme ka ala ubi dịkwuo mma site n'ibelata mbanye a na-ahụ anya nke okporo ụzọ, na-ebelata mkpọtụ okporo ụzọ na inye ihe mgbochi dị n'etiti anụmanụ ugbo na okporo ụzọ. A na-ejikwa mgbidi a na-akpọ "windbreaks". A na-ejikarị ogho, naịlọn, ákwà, na ákwà ifufe eme ihe, ikuku na-enwekarị ogwe atọ ma ọ bụ karịa ejide ya na ogwe osisi ndị na-agbadata n'akpa uwe a dụkọtara n'ime panel ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ n'ime ala ma mepụta ikuku. A na-eji windbreaks ma ọ bụ "mgbidi ifufe" belata ọsọ ifufe n'ebe ndị na-emebi emebi dị ka ogige mepere emepe, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ mmepụta uzuzu. Dị ka mbuze na-adabere na ọsọ ifufe, mbelata nke ọsọ ifufe nke 1/2 (dịka ọmụmaatụ) ga-ebelata mbuze site na 87.5%.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ ebe ndị ikuku na-enweghị ikuku nke ikuku na-eme ka ha ghara ikuku. Windbreaks nwere ike ibelata mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/ps.341|title=Windbreaks as a pesticide drift mitigation strategy: A review|url=https://archive.org/details/pest-management-science_2001-08_57_8/page/663|date=2001|author=Ucar|first=Tamer|journal=Pest Management Science|volume=57|issue=8|pages=663–675}}</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Usòrò:FieldWindbreaks.JPG|alt=Aerial view of field windbreaks in North Dakota|Nlegharị anya n'elu nke ikuku na-emebi n'ọhịa[[North Dakota]] Usòrò:Svappavaara_1965a.jpg|alt=One of the original buildings at Svappavaara, designed by Ralph Erskine, which forms a long windbreak|Otu n'ime ụlọ ndị mbụ naSvappavaara, nke e mere site naRalph Erskine, nke na-eme ka ikuku na-agafe agafe Usòrò:Lesja_leplanting.JPG|alt=Windbreaks in Lesja, Norway, also used to collect snow in a dry area.|Ifufe na-agbaLesja, Norway, a na-ejikwa ya na-anakọta snow n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ. </gallery> == Ụgbọelu na-eme ka ifufe kwụsị == [[Usòrò:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-15117-0005,_Infografik,_Windschutz,_Ertragssteigerung.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nkwalite nke East Germany, 1952]] Mgbe ifufe zutere ihe mgbochi, dị ka windbreak ma ọ bụ shelterbelt, ikuku ikuku na-abawanye n'akụkụ ifufe ma na-ebelata n'akụkụ leeward. N'ihi ya, ikuku na-abịaru ihe mgbochi ahụ nso na-akpaghasị, akụkụ ya na-agafe ihe mgbochi, na-akpata jet nke ọsọ ifufe dị elu. Ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ikuku ahụ na-agafe ihe mgbochi ahụ ruo n'akụkụ ya, nke mbelata nrụgide gafee obosara nke ebe nchekwa ahụ na-ebugharị; ka ọ na-apụta ọzọ, ikuku ahụ na'ihu ka ikuku ya na-agbanwe na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Nke a na-eme ka ifufe na-aga n'ihu na-agafe n'ihu, na-eru ihe dịkarịa ala n'ihe dị ka okpukpu 3 ruo 5 nke ịdị elu nke ifufe. Ka ọ gafere ebe ahụ, ọsọ ifufe na-agbake, site n'enyemaka nke iyi na-agafe ngwa ngwa. Site n'echiche nke Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, enwere ike ịghọta mmetụta ndị a dị ka ihe sitere na mfu nke ike kpatara site na ịdọrọ akwụkwọ na alaka ma ga-anọchite anya ya site na ike ahụ ''f_i'' (a distributed momentum sink). <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0167-6105(85)90001-7|title=Numerical studies of flow through a windbreak|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-wind-engineering-and-industrial-aerodynamics_1985-09_21_2/page/119|year=1985|author=Wilson|first=John D.|journal=Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics|volume=21|issue=2|pages=119–154}}</ref> Windbreaks na-ebelata ọsọ ikuku nke ikuku ma mee ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka ifufe na-agwakọta nke ọma karịa ka ọ na-eme n'ihu ifufe. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbanwe ndị a niile na omume ifufe na-ebute mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmefu ego ike nke ala nwere ike imetụta, ebe ifufe na-ebelata na-ewepụ okpomọkụ sitere n'anyanwụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị irè; omume a nwere ike ịlaghachi n'ihu n'okpuru ifufe, na ihe dị ka okpukpu 8 nke ịdị elu nke ifufe na ala, ifufe nwere ike ịkpata okpomọkụ dị jụụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0168-1923(89)90016-6|title=The microclimate in the centre of small square sheltered plots|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-and-forest-meteorology_1989-10_48_1-2/page/185|year=1989|author=Argete|first=J.C|journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology|volume=48|issue=1–2|pages=185–199}}</ref> == Òtù ndị na-akwụsị ikuku == * Great Plains Shelterbelt bụ atụmatụ America iji mepụta eriri mgbaba na ala ahịhịa na USA n'oge ájá nke afọ 1930. * Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration na Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Canada kwadoro mkpụrụ osisi nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ala ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 afọ iji belata mbuze ala ma mee ka ndụ dị mma na ala dị larịị. == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == spphs3z0h7ckzi9q2mc76gf91pckya9 0 50792 697965 632545 2026-08-10T11:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697965 wikitext text/x-wiki Microbial inoculants, nke a makwaara dị ka inoculants ala ma ọ bụ bioinoculants, bụ mmezi ọrụ ugbo na-eji rhizosphericic ma ọ bụ endophytic microbes bara uru iji kwalite ahụike osisi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nje ndị ahụ metụtara na-emekọrịta mmekọrịta symbiotic na ihe ọkụkụ a na-achọsi ike ebe akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-erite uru (mutualism). Ọ bụ ezie na a na-etinye inoculants microbial iji meziwanye nri ihe ọkụkụ, a pụkwara iji ha kwalite uto osisi site na-akpali mmepụta hormone osisi.[1][2] Ọ bụ ezie na inoculants nje bacteria na fungal na-adịkarị, a na-amụbawanye ọmụmụ ihe na archaea iji kwalite uto osisi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chow|first=Chanelle|date=2022-09-20|title=An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y|journal=Current Microbiology|language=en|volume=79|issue=11|pages=322|doi=10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y|pmid=36125558|issn=1432-0991}}</ref> Nnyocha banyere uru nke inoculants na ọrụ ugbo gbatịrị karịa ike ha dị ka ihe na-emepụta biofertilizers. Inoculants microbial nwere ike ibute nguzogide sistemu enwetara (SAR) nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ n'ọtụtụ ọrịa a na-ahụkarị n'ihe ọkụkụ (na-enye mgbochi megide nje nje). Ka ọ dị ugbu a egosipụtara SAR maka powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Heitefuss, 2001), were-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Khaosaad et al., 2007), ntụpọ akwukwo (Pseudomonas syringae, Ramos Solano et al. al., 2008) na mgbọrọgwụ ire ere (Fusarium culmorum, Waller et al. 2005) Agbanyeghị, a na-amatawanye na inoculants microbial na-agbanwekarị obodo microbial nke ala (Mawarda et al., 2020). == Nje bacteria == === Rhizobacterial inoculators === Rhizobacteria ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka nitrogen na-agbanye ọgwụ na-agụnye nitrogen-fixers, phosphate-solubilisers na nje bacteria ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-emeziwanye nnweta nke nitrogen na phosphorus na osisi ahụ. A na-akpọkarị nje bacteria dị otú ahụ dị ka osisi na-akwalite uto rhizobacteria (PGPR). ==== Nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen ==== Ihe rhizobacteria a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ Rhizobium na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe jikọrọ ya. Rhizobium bụ nje na-edozi nitrogen nke na-etolite mkpakọrịta symbiotic n'ime nodules na mgbọrọgwụ nke mkpo. Nke a na-abawanye [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|nri nitrogen]] ndị ọbịa ma dị mkpa maka ịkụ soybean, chickpeas na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Maka ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị nke ahịhịa, Azospirillum egosila na ọ bara uru n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ maka nhazi nitrogen na nri osisi.<ref name="Bashan 1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1139/m97-015|title=Azospirillum – plant relationships: Environmental and physiological advances (1990–1996)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-microbiology_1997-02_43_2/page/103|journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology|volume=43|issue=2|pages=103–121|year=1997|author=Bashan|first=Yoav}}</ref> Maka ihe ubi ọka, diazotrophic rhizobacteria amụbawo ihe ọkụkụ, [4] mkpụrụ ọka (Caballero-Mellado et al., 1992), nitrogen na phosphorus, [4] na nitrogen (Caballero-Mellado et al., 1992), phosphorus ( Caballero-Mellado et al., 1992; Belimov et al., 1995) na potassium ọdịnaya (Caballero-Mellado et al., 1992). Rhizobacteria na-ebi na mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ, na-ejikọta ya na mkpo. ==== Nje bacteria na-agbaze phosphate ==== Iji meziwanye nri nri phosphorus, ojiji nke nje bacteria phosphate-solubilising (PSB) dị ka Agrobacterium radiobacter enwetawokwa nlebara anya (Belimov et al., 1995a; 1995b; Singh & Kapoor, 1999). Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, PSB bụ nje bacteria na-enwere onwe ya nke na-akụda phosphates ala inorganic ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dị mfe nke na-eme ka osisi buru ibu. == Ihe na-egbochi nje fungus == A na-akpọ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti fungi na mgbọrọgwụ osisi dị ka njikọ Mycorrhiza.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Elements of the nature and properties of soils|author=Brady, Nyle C.|others=Weil, Ray R.|year=2010|isbn=9780135014332|edition=Third|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|pages=343–346|oclc=276340542}}</ref> Mmekọrịta symbiotic a dị n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ osisi niile dị n'ala ma na-enye ma osisi ma fungus uru maka ịdị ndụ.<ref name=":02" /> Osisi ahụ nwere ike inye ihe karịrị 5-30% nke mmepụta ike ya na fungus iji gbanwere maka ịbawanye ebe mgbọrọgwụ na-amịkọrọ na hyphae nke na-enye osisi ahụ ohere ịnweta ihe oriri ọ gaghị enwe ike inweta. <ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.psu.edu/dmsylviaweb/mycorrhiza-overview/|title=Mycorrhiza {{!}} David Sylvia's Web Resources|work=sites.psu.edu|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref> mycorrhizae abụọ a na-ahụkarị bụ arbuscular mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae. A na-ahụkarị njikọ Ectomycorrhizae na ụdị osisi, ma nwee mmetụta dị ala maka usoro ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Chapin 2011 243–244">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology|author=Chapin|first=F. Stuart|date=2011|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=9781441995032|location=New York, NY|pages=243–244|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9504-9}}</ref>   === Mycorrhiza nke osisi === [[Usòrò:Mycorrhiza_(3).svg|alt=|thumb|321x321px|Ihe osise a na-egosi mmekọrịta bara uru n'etiti mgbọrọgwụ osisi na onye mmekọ fungus, nke a na-akpọ njikọ mycorrhiza.<ref name=":02" /> Osisi nwere ike inye ihe karịrị 5-30% nke mmepụta photosynthetic ha na mmekọrịta a, nke G na-anọchite anya ya, iji gbanwere ihe oriri dị mma, site na hyphae, nke na-agbatị ebe mgbọrọgwụ na-amịkọrọ, na-enye ya ohere ịnweta ihe oriri ọ gaghị enwe ike inweta, nke N na P na-anọchi anya ya.<ref name=":02" />]] Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) enwetala nlebara anya dị ka mmezigharị ọrụ ugbo maka ikike ya ịnweta ma nye osisi phosphorus.<ref name="Chapin 2011 243–244" /> N'okpuru usoro na-ebelata uto nke ejiri ngwakọta nke AM Fungi AM Rhizobacteria mee ka ọ dị mma, a na-enweta tomato nke e nyere site na 100% ọmụmụ na 70% ọmụmụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adesemoye|first=A. O.|date=November 2009|title=Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Allow Reduced Application Rates of Chemical Fertilizers|journal=Microbial Ecology|volume=58|issue=4|pages=921–929|doi=10.1007/s00248-009-9531-y|pmid=19466478|issn=0095-3628|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/561}}</ref> Mbelata 30% a na itinye fatịlaịza nwere ike inye aka belata mmetọ ihe oriri, ma nyere aka gbatịkwuo ihe onwunwe mineral dị ka phosphorus (Peak phosphorum). Mmetụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere mmụba nke nnagide [[Ńnú|nnu]], nnagide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na nnagide nchọpụta nke nsị metal.<ref>Hirrel, M.C. and Gerdemann, J.W., 1980. Improved Growth of Onion and Bell Pepper in Saline Soils by Two Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(3), pp.654-655.</ref><ref>Ferrazzano, S. and Williamson, P. (2013). Benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in reintroduction of endangered plant species under drought conditions. Journal of Arid Environments, 98, pp.123-125.</ref><ref> Firmin, S., Labidi, S., Fontaine, J., Laruelle, F., Tisserant, B., Nsanganwimana, F., Pourrut, B., Dalpé, Y., Grandmougin, A., Douay, F., Shirali, P., Verdin, A. and Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, A. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation protects Miscanthus×giganteus against trace element toxicity in a highly metal-contaminated site. Science of the Total Environment, 527-528, pp.91-99.</ref> === Ndị mmekọ fungus === Ọ bụ naanị ọgwụ nje fungus nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru na osisi ndị na-elekọta ya. Inoculation jikọtara ya na mmezigharị ndị ọzọ nwere ike imeziwanye ọnọdụ. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation jikọtara ya na compost bụ mmezigharị ezinụlọ a na-ahụkarị maka ogige onwe onye, ọrụ ugbo, na ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka. A chọpụtala na njikọta a nwekwara ike ịkwalite ọrụ microbial n'ala nke igwu ala metụtara.<ref>Kohler, J., Caravaca, F., Azcón, R., Díaz, G. and Roldán, A. (2015). The combination of compost addition and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation produced positive and synergistic effects on the phytomanagement of a semiarid mine tailing. Science of the Total Environment, 514, pp.42-48. </ref> Ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ fungal na-eme nke ọma na mpaghara ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation jikọtara ya na uto osisi na-akwalite nje bacteria mere ka ọ na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu ma na-eto ngwa ngwa na upland rice paddys.<ref>Diedhiou, A., Mbaye, F., Mbodj, D., Faye, M., Pignoly, S., Ndoye, I., Djaman, K., Gaye, S., Kane, A., Laplaze, L., Manneh, B. and Champion, A. (2016). Field Trials Reveal Ecotype-Specific Responses to Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Rice. PLOS ONE, 11(12), p.e0167014.</ref> Uto ọka ka mma mgbe emezigharịrị arbuscular mycorrhizae na biochar. Mgbanwe a nwekwara ike belata cadmium site na ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>Liu, L., Li, J., Yue, F., Yan, X., Wang, F., Bloszies, S. and Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and biochar amendment on maize growth, cadmium uptake and soil cadmium speciation in Cd-contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 194, pp.495-503. </ref> === Iji ya eme ihe na-egbu mgbochi === Enwere ike iji ọgwụ mgbochi fungus mee ihe na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị mmezigharị ndị ọzọ na ogige onwe onye, homesteads, mmepụta ugbo, ebe a na-azụ ụmụ, na ọrụ mweghachi ala. == Ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa == E gosipụtara njikọta nke ụdị nke Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) iji baara osikapa na ọka bali uru.<ref name=":2">Belimov, A. A., Kojemiakov, A. P. & Chuvarliyeva, C. V. (1995a) Interaction between barley and mixed cultures of nitrogen fixing and phosphate-solubilising bacteria. Plant and Soil, 173, 29-37.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kennedy|first=Ivan R.|date=2001|title=Biofertilisers in action|journal=Functional Plant Biology|volume=28|issue=9|pages=825|doi=10.1071/pp01169|issn=1445-4408}}</ref> Isi uru sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi abụọ bụ mmụba nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ site na ala na fatịlaịza.<ref name=":2" /> E gosikwara ọtụtụ ụdị inoculant iji mụbaa ọrụ nitrogenase zuru oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu ụdị inoculants, ọbụlagodi mgbe naanị otu ụdị bụ diazotrophic.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khammas|first=K. M.|date=August 1992|title=Pectin decomposition and associated nitrogen fixation by mixed cultures of Azospirillum and Bacillus species|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-microbiology_1992-08_38_8/page/794|journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology|volume=38|issue=8|pages=794–797|doi=10.1139/m92-129|pmid=1458371|issn=0008-4166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cacciari|first=Isabella|date=July 1989|title=Response to oxygen of diazotrophic Azospirillum brasilense ? Arthrobacter giacomelloi mixed batch culture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-microbiology_1989-07_152_2/page/111|journal=Archives of Microbiology|volume=152|issue=2|pages=111–114|doi=10.1007/bf00456086|issn=0302-8933}}</ref> PGPR na arbuscular mycorrhizae na njikọta nwere ike ịba uru n'ịbawanye uto ọka wit n'ala na-adịghị edozi ahụ na imeziwanye nitrogen-extraction site na ala fatịlaịza. <ref>Singh, S. & Kapoor, K. K. (1999) Inoculation with phosphate-solubilising microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 28, 139-144.</ref><ref>Galal, Y. G. M., El-Ghandour, I. A., Osman, M. E. & Abdel Raouf, A. M. N. (2003), The effect of inoculation by mycorrhizae and rhizobium on the growth and yield of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization as assessed by 15n techniques, Symbiosis, 34(2), 171-183.</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j5uez88xst3e88gnczuqao176fajk2l 0 50827 697880 184130 2026-08-10T10:04:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Cover of Feminist Africa, issue 11 (2008).jpg|thumb|Mkpuchi Feminist Africa, mbipụta 11 (2008)]] Feminist Afrika bụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a na-Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ nke na-ekwu maka isiokwu ụmụ nwaanyị site na "echiche kọntinent Afrịka".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Groves|first=Sharon|year=2003|title=News and Views|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_fall-2003_29_3/page/673|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=673–675}}</ref> Ọ bụ Afrikan Gender Institute (Mahadum nke Cape Town) bipụtara ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|year=2003|title=African Feminist Discourse: A Review Essay|journal=Agenda|volume=58|issue=58|pages=31–36}}</ref> Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ [[Amina Mama]] (Mills College na Mahadum California, Davis). <ref>"[https://archive.today/20130415233111/http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/amina-mama/person_view Amina Mama]" on SSRC (Social Science Research Council), accessed 24 October 2012.</ref> Ngalaba Mmụta South Africa kwadoro ya na 2005. Nke a na-enye ndị edemede na-ebipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ ohere ịnakọta enyemaka mbipụta.<ref name="Gray2009" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bụ nke dị n'ịntanetị mana ọ na-ekesa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mbipụta. <ref name="Gray2009" /> Dị ka Mama si kwuo, e mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi na agụmakwụkwọ dị ugbu a maka "Nwaanyi In nwulite" (WID). Isiokwu ndị pụrụ iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyere: mmegide ụmụ nwanyị, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, militarism na udo, na ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name="Mama 2011">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1057/fr.2011.22|title=What does it mean to do feminist research in African contexts?|url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/conf-proceedings/n1s/full/fr201122a.html|journal=Feminist Review|volume=98|pages=e4–e20|year=2011|author=Mama|first=Amina|authorlink=Amina Mama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Groves|first=Sharon|title=News and Views|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_fall-2003_29_3/page/673|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=673–675|year=2003}}</ref> Patricia van der Spuy na Lindsay Clowes dere na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke Ụmụ nwaanyị South Afrika.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Van der Spuy|first=Patricia|year=2007|title=Accidental Feminists? Recent Histories of South African Women|journal=[[Kronos: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Synthesis]]|volume=33|issue=33|pages=211–235}}</ref> Iris Berger akatọwo akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (dị ka ihe na-egosi ụmụ nwaanyị Afrika nke oge a n'ozuzu ya) maka ịhapụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwaanyị Afrika.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1353/jowh.0.0021|title=Feminism, Patriarchy, and African Women's History|url=http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~judithb/documents/JMBHistMattersForumBergerComment.pdf|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=20|issue=2|pages=130–135|year=2008|author=Iris Berger}}</ref> Feminist Afrika bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ "kontinental" nke Afrika na-amụ banyere okike.<ref name="Mama 2011">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1057/fr.2011.22|title=What does it mean to do feminist research in African contexts?|url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/conf-proceedings/n1s/full/fr201122a.html|journal=Feminist Review|volume=98|pages=e4–e20|year=2011|author=Mama|first=Amina|authorlink=Amina Mama}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMama2011">[[Amina Mama|Mama, Amina]] (2011). [http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/conf-proceedings/n1s/full/fr201122a.html "What does it mean to do feminist research in African contexts?"]. ''Feminist Review''. '''98''': e4–e20. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1057/fr.2011.22|10.1057/fr.2011.22]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144016018 144016018].</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ebipụta ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Afrika nọ na Amerika ma na-atụle ọnọdụ nke ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ gafee ndị Afrịka. <ref>Karen MacGregor, "[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=197041&sectioncode=26 Out of Africa]", ''Times Higher Education'', 1 July 2005.</ref><ref>See ''Feminist Africa'' 7, December 2007, particularly the editorial introduction by Rhoda Reddock: "The journal ''Feminist Africa'' has come an important voice for feminists and scholars within the continent, making a space for continental voices in a world dominated by voices from the North including those of diasporic women. The publication of this issue from within the continent and edited by a woman from the economic South is an important development which opens up new possibilities for South-South collaboration and debate within the African diaspora. But the diasporic experience is not limited to those of African descent and must include all those who share and inhabit these diasporic spaces. Many parts of the world are today becoming spaces of inter-locking diasporic communities for example from Asia, Africa, China, Europe and even the Middle East" (pp. 4-5).</ref> Ndị a na-enye onyinye na mba ụwa emeela ka profaịlụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị elu mana ha gbochiri ya ịnata enyemaka nke Ngalaba Mmụta. Feminist Afrika anaghị enweta ego site na Mahadum Cape Town (ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ UCT na-akwụ ụgwọ na-edezi ya) ma dabere na nkwado nke ndị na-enye onyinye mba ụwa - ọkachasị Ford Foundation na Hivos. <ref name="Gray2009" /> == Hụkwa == * Ọmụmụ Africa * ''Ihe Ndị Afrịka Na-eme'' * <nowiki><i id="mwSg">Ihe omume</i></nowiki> * ''Journal of African Cultural Studies'' * ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' * Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ọmụmụ Africa * Ụmụ nwanyị na South Africa == EDENSIBIA == {{Reflist|30em}} 28zlzwb77kufs4vhlrc1qojgmu2do4s 0 50842 697915 580537 2026-08-10T10:41:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697915 wikitext text/x-wiki Kansụl Women's Afghan (AWC) bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ ebere na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, nke anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, na nke na-abụghị nke ngalaba hiwere na 1986 na ebumnuche bụ isi nke inye aka nye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Afghanistan.[1] Ebumnuche nzukọ a bụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike, kwalite ọnọdụ obibi ndụ ha, na ịkwalite ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha na akụ na ụba n'etiti ọha mmadụ site na itinye aka na atụmatụ mmepe dị iche iche. Ha na-atụkwa anya ịbawanye mmata banyere ikike mmadụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikike ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, ikike ụmụaka, iwu udo na okwu ochichi onye kwuo uche n'ime ọnọdụ Afghanistan.[1] Edebara aha AWC nke ọma na ma Gọọmenti Pakistan na Gọọmenti Afghanistan dị ka ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGO). <ref name="Afghanistan Women Council Our Profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghanistanwomencouncil.org/index.html#features1-3|title=Our Profile|work=Afghanistan Women Council|accessdate=2024-08-21|archivedate=2024-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809044516/http://afghanistanwomencouncil.org/index.html#features1-3}}{{primary source inline|date=December 2023}}</ref> == Ịdu == N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1980, ndị kansụl ahụ bụ Masuma Esmati-Wardak na-edu ya, bụ onye kwusiri ike na ebumnobi bụ isi nke AWC gụnyere ịkwalite mmụọ ụmụ nwanyị, ime ka ha mara ikike ha, na imeziwanye ọnọdụ obibi ụmụ nwanyị na nka ọkachamara. Kemgbe mmalite ya na 1986, AWC na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji kwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan na Peshawar, Pakistan. Ọzọkwa, nzukọ a na-arụ ụlọ ọgwụ na Kabul kemgbe 1992, na-enye ndị obodo ọrụ nlekọta ahụike siri ike. AWC na-ejide ndebanye aha gọọmentị na ndị isi gọọmentị na otu mba ụwa, gụnyere Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Women Affairs, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Office for Partnerships, na World Food Programme, dị ka. NGO nke Afghan. Na mgbakwunye, edebanye aha ya na Ministry of Justice dị ka ọgbakọ mmekọrịta ama ama. <ref name="Tétreault 1994 p227">{{Cite book|author=Tétreault|first=Mary Ann|title=Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World|date=1994|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-016-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X95R043HBJwC&pg=PA227}}</ref> Tinyere Wardak, ndị ọrụ nwanyị asatọ na-achịkwa AWC. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrụ a bụkwa ndị otu People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). Mgbe ọchịchị Kọmunist malitere na 1978, n'okpuru Nur Muhammad Taraki, gọọmentị nyere ụmụ nwanyị ikike hà nhata. Nke a nyere ụmụ nwanyị ikike ime mkpebi gbasara ndụ ha.<ref name="Tétreault 1994 p227"/> Nke a bụ ọchịchị dị ịrịba ama, dịka ikike mmadụ maka ndị niile nọ na Afghanistan, na ọkachasị maka ụmụ nwanyị, nwere ike ijide n'aka site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahmed-ghosh|first=Huma|title=Voices of Afghan women: Human rights and economic development|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|date=March 2006|volume=8|issue=1|pages=110–128|doi=10.1080/14616740500415508}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha na-aga n'ihu nke Afghanistan apụtala na a na-anọgide na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba nke ndị Afghanistan. A na-anọgide na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan na usoro mkpebi n'ihi ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{Gale|A601553281}} {{ProQuest|2297100368}}|author=Samar|first=Sima|title=Feminism, Peace, and Afghanistan|journal=Journal of International Affairs|date=22 March 2019|volume=72|issue=2|pages=145–159}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Onye isi oche nke AWC ugbu a, Fatana Ishaq Gailani, kwenyere na ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan ataala ahụhụ nke ukwuu n'oge agha a na-aga n'ihu. E gbuola ha, ụmụ ha anwụọla ma nwee ọtụtụ nhụjuanya. Gailani ekwuola na AWC "enyela enyemaka puku ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na ụmụ mgbei abụọ nọ ná mkpa. " Gailani ekwuputala nkwenye ya na ijikọ Afghanistan dị ka mba iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu ma kweta ikike ha: "Anyị anaghị anabata ugwu na ndịda na Afghanistan. Anyị na-amata naanị otu Afghanistan nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=563&task=view&total=1110&start=340&Itemid=2|title=Database}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|450571027}}|title=Afghan Women Council calls for united Afghanistan|work=BBC Monitoring Central Asia|date=2 February 2002}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Àgwà Banyere Ọrụ Mmekọahụ na Afghanistan == Mgbe a na-ekwu maka àgwà gbasara ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan, enwere ọdịiche pụtara ìhè n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Dịka, ụmụ nwoke na-egosipụta echiche ọdịnala karịa ka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọdịiche a pụtara ìhè n'agbanyeghị ma a na-elekwasị anya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ isi ma ọ bụ ike ọchịchị ha. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na àgwà ndị a adịghị edozi. Ihe ndị dị ka ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ, agbụrụ agbụrụ, na ibi obodo nwere ike imetụta echiche ndị a. Na mgbakwunye, maka ụmụ nwanyị, mgbanwe n'ofe ọgbọ na-ekerekwa òkè n'ịhazi echiche ha na ọrụ okike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manganaro|first=Lynne L.|title=Gender Role Attitudes: Who Supports Expanded Rights for Women in Afghanistan?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sex-roles_2011-04_64_7-8/page/516|journal=Sex Roles|date=April 2011|volume=64|issue=7–8|pages=516–529|doi=10.1007/s11199-011-9931-6}}</ref> Njem ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan na-aga n'ihu na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ nke a maara site na ọganihu n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_13|chapter=Afghanistan: Uphill Challenges for Women's Political Rights|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Women's Political Rights|date=2019|author=Fleschenberg|first=Andrea|pages=185–199|isbn=978-1-137-59073-2}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ TOLO News ya na ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị Taliban Sayed Zekrullah Hashimi na 2021, o kwuru na "nwaanyị enweghị ike ịbụ onye minista, ọ dị ka ị na-etinye ihe n'olu ya nke ọ na-enweghị ike iburu. Ọ dịghị mkpa ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ na kansụl - ha kwesịrị ịmụ nwa. "Mgbe onye gbara ajụjụ ọnụ kwuru na "Ndị inyom bụ ọkara nke ọha mmadụ", Hashimi zara na "Ma anyị anaghị ele ha anya ebe a dị ka ọkara. Ọkara n'onwe ya. Ọkara ka ị kọwaa ya. Ọ bụ ihe ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-spokesperson-zekrullah-hashimi-woman-cant-be-a-minister-they-should-give-birth-2536193|title="Woman Can't be a Minister... They Should Give Birth": Taliban}}</ref> Ọganihu e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Gordon Brown na Ụlọikpe Mpụ Mba Nile emeela ka a kpụpụ ndị Taliban maka mpụ megide mmadụ n'ihi "mmegbu a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ" na Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/talibans-treatment-of-women-is-crime-against-humanity-says-gordon-brown-5hhh3b3gv|title=Taliban's treatment of women is crime against humanity, says Gordon Brown}}</ref> Nke a bụ mmepe na-adịbeghị anya nke etinyere n'ọrụ mgbe ndị Taliban weghaara Kabul n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021. Nke a dugara na mmebi nke ikike mmadụ na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na Afghanistan, n'agbanyeghị nkwa mbụ nke ndị Taliban ịkwanyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nke ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù.<ref>https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/2023-05/TALIBAN%20WAR%20ON%20WOMEN_ICJ%20AI%20Afghanistan%20Report_Final_0.pdf?VersionId=kg7a.wDtZsI0oXKtdCMAemddQCilLNSq{{full citation needed|date=December 2023}}{{page needed|date=December 2023}}</ref>Mmegbu a bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu nsogbu nke ikike mmadụ na Afghanistan, ebe ndị Taliban mebiri ikike nke otu dị iche iche, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ngagharị iwe, ụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nkuzi, na ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/5914/2022/en/|title=Afghanistan: The Rule of Taliban: A year of violence, impunity and false promises}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi mmebi iwu ndị a, ndị mba ụwa, nke United Nations na-edu, na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta ha na ndị Taliban. Roza Otunbayeva, onye isi nke UN Assistance Mission na Afghanistan, na-akwado maka "atụmatụ nkwekọrịta a tụgharịrị atụgharị," na-ekwusi ike na mkparịta ụka na nkwekọrịta dị mkpa maka ịnwa ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ ndị a.<ref name="UN News Engagement key to reform of Taliban decrees restricting women’s rights">{{Cite news|title=Engagement key to reform of Taliban decrees restricting women’s rights|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1141477|work=UN News|date=26 September 2023}}</ref> Sima Bahous, onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ UN na-ahụ maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, emeela ka nsogbu akụ na ụba, ahụike uche, na mmepe nke sitere na iwu Taliban pụta ìhè. Ọ na-agba ume ka a na-ele ọnọdụ dị na Afghanistan anya site na nsogbu nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma na-atụ aro ka Kọmitii Nchebe nke UN na-ahụ maka ntaramahụhụ megide Afghanistan kpọọ nnọkọ iji dozie mmebi iwu ndị a.<ref name="UN News Engagement key to reform of Taliban decrees restricting women’s rights"/> == Mkpa Agụmakwụkwọ Dị == N'ime afọ gara aga, UN Women etinyela aka na UNAMA (United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) na IOM (International Organisation for Migration) iji na-eme mkparịta ụka mgbe niile na ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan bi na mba ahụ. Ebumnobi nke atụmatụ a bụ idobe ụmụ nwanyị n'ihu n'ime mkpebi mba ụwa. N'ime nkeji iri na ise kacha nso nso a, ụmụ nwanyị gwara otu kansụl ọzọ na ihe kacha ha mkpa bụ inweta ohere agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe karịrị anọ n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ ise kwesịrị inwe ohere ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ enweghị ike ime ya ugbu a. Agaghị ekwupụta ihe ga-adịte aka na ọnọdụ a, n'ihi na ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ọ metụtara kamakwa ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ezinụlọ ha na obodo ha nọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-26|title=Speech: The women's rights crisis: Listen to, invest in, include, and support Afghan women|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/speech/2023/09/speech-the-womens-rights-crisis-listen-to-invest-in-include-and-support-afghan-women|accessdate=2023-11-28|work=UN Women – Headquarters|language=en}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, dị ka National Intelligence Council si kwuo, ihe dị ka nde 3.5 n'ime nde 9 ụmụ amaala Afghanistan debanyere aha ugbu a na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ka o sina dị, ọ bụ nanị pasentị 17 nke ụmụ agbọghọ ime obodo nwere ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, n'adịghị ka ndị ogbo ha n'obodo mepere emepe, ebe pasent 45 na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ihe karịrị pasenti 80 nke ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan ndị gbara afọ 15 na ndị okenye enweghị ikike ọgụgụ isi. Mpaghara agụmakwụkwọ dị na Afghanistan nwetara nnukwu uto na-esote afọ 2001, na-ahụ mmụba karịa okpukpu iri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, ịrị elu nke enweghị nchebe na-aga n'ihu emewo ka e mechie ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị a n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.<ref>https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/SOCM-AFG_Women.pdf</ref> == Ọrụ mmepe nke AWC == AWC na-agbasi mbọ ike itinye aka na obodo na mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ ndị metụtara ndị ga-erite uru na ime mkpebi, atụmatụ, na mmezu ọrụ. Kọmiti Ndụmọdụ nwere nnọchite anya dị iche iche na-akwado itinye aka a, yana ọrụ mpaghara na-eme ka obodo nwee oke na mmejuputa mmemme. === 1. Mmụta === AWC na-enye nka n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ịgụ akwụkwọ, mgbakọ na mwepụ, ahụike, ịzụ ụmụ, mkpebi esemokwu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, AWC na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo, atụmatụ nlekọta ahụike, mmemme ibi ndụ ọzọ, yana mmepe nke obere ụlọ ọrụ obere na ọkara. Kemgbe e hiwere ya na 1986, AWC enyela ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan mmụta bara uru na nkwado. === 2. Nlekọta ahụike === Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ahụike Nne na Nwatakịrị: Malite ọrụ ya na 2000, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nyere nkwado maka ihe dị ka ezinụlọ 25,000 dara ogbenye bi na mpaghara Shahrak Khurasan nke Kabul. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya ruo n'afọ 2002, na-enweghị ịdabere na ndị na-enye onyinye n'èzí. Otu ndị otu iri na otu na-elekọta mkpa nke ndị nne na ụmụaka 60-80 kwa ụbọchị, na-enye nlekọta ahụike dị mkpa, nyocha ụlọ nyocha, na ọgwụ, niile na-enweghị ụgwọ ego. Nkwado na ndụmọdụ nke Psychosocial: AWC na-ebute nkwado nke psychosocial ụzọ, na-egbo mkpa nke onye ọ bụla na nke otu. Ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike onwe onye, ịkwalite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti otu, yana inye ngwá ọrụ dị irè maka ịchịkwa nrụgide, iwe na iru uju. === 3. Enyemaka na imezigharị === N'afọ gara aga, AWC nyere 1,000 ụmụ nwanyị enyemaka enyemaka dị mkpa n'oge oge oyi ma gaa n'ihu na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa ọnwa. Kemgbe afọ 2002, AWC emeela ọrụ enyemaka nke baara ezinụlọ 500 uru, gụnyere inye mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha, ihe ndị dị mkpa, na ihe oriri na Paktika na Parwan Provinces. === 4. Ọgbọ ego === AWC na-enye mmemme ọzụzụ zuru oke n'ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa site na obere ọrụ azụmaahịa ruo n'ubi akwụkwọ nri. === 5. Ikike, udo na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya === AWC abụwo onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan, na-ekere òkè na ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, iwu udo, na ihe omume ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya kemgbe 1933. Tinyere inye ọzụzụ n'ebe ndị dị mkpa, ha na-emekwa nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na ogbako iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị mara na ịdị n'otu, na-enyere ha aka ịkwado ikike ha site n'ezinụlọ ruo n'ọkwa gọọmentị. Nzukọ ahụ na-agbakwa ụmụ nwanyị ume itinye aka na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. === 6. Nkwado mba ụwa === AWC na-ekwusi ike na mmepe ọkachamara nke ndị ọrụ ya. Nzukọ ahụ akwadowo ndị ọrụ ahọpụtara ka ha gaa nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na ogbako na ebe ndị dị ka New Delhi na Sri Lanka. == Hụkwa == * Ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Afghanistan * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ahụike Ụmụ nwanyị * Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dnyf0lkusfgae622hnroz11lr1nui4x 0 50934 697568 184013 2026-08-10T02:52:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697568 wikitext text/x-wiki Caucus Women's Vancouver bụ ọgbakọ nwanyị Canada na-arụ ọrụ site na 1968 ruo 1971.[1] Otu a tọrọ ntọala mgbasa ozi gbasara ite ime nke gụnyere Caravan ite ime. Otu a bụkwa ọrụ maka imechi nzuko omeiwu nke mbụ na akụkọ ntolite Canada. Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ịnabata ọgbakọ udo n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Indo-Chinese.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/|title=Vancouver Women's Caucus|work=Vancouver Women’s Caucus|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Simon Fraser dị na Burnaby, British Columbia guzobere otu ahụ na 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/herstory/early-days/|title=Beginnings of Women's Caucus|date=2017-08-23|work=Vancouver Women’s Caucus|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Caucus ụmụ nwanyị Vancouver (VWC) malitere n'oge ọkọchị nke 1968 dị ka klọb ụmụ nwanyị niile akpọrọ Feminist Action League. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgharịrị ìgwè ahụ aha Caucus ụmụ nwanyị Vancouver.[4] Ha nwere mmasị na mbụ ịnye ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ha rụrụ bụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ozi gbasara mgbochi ọmụmụ na ite ime. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụike ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ wepụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọmụmụ ọmụmụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na Mahadum McGill mere, VWC ebipụtakwara obere mgbasa ozi n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, The Peak, nke nyere ozi nke otu ahụ gbasara njikwa ọmụmụ na ime ime.[5] Mgbasa ozi ahụ kpaliri ọtụtụ oku ekwentị, ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya na Saskatchewan;[4] nke a nyeere ndị òtù VWC aka iche echiche ka ukwuu karịa naanị okwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ha.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis|last1=Wasserlein|first1=Frances Jane|title='An arrow aimed at the heart' : the Vancouver Women's Caucus and the abortion campaign, 1969-1971|date=1990|url=https://summit.sfu.ca/item/4914|s2cid=73118477}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, otu ahụ si n'ogige mahadum kwaga n'etiti obodo Vancouver. Nke a mere ka otu ahụ nwee ike ịnabata ọtụtụ ndị otu. Site n'ebe ahụ, otu ahụ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya akpọrọ The Pedestal, nke bụ otu nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Sethna|first=Christabelle|title=Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-historical-review_2009-09_90_3/page/463|journal=Canadian Historical Review|date=September 2009|volume=90|issue=3|pages=463–496|id={{Project MUSE|316900}}|doi=10.3138/chr.90.3.463}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stettner|first=Shannon|title='We Are Forced to Declare War': Linkages between the 1970 Abortion Caravan and Women's Anti-Vietnam War Activism|journal=Histoire sociale|date=2013|volume=46|issue=92|pages=423–441|id={{Project MUSE|534567}}|doi=10.1353/his.2013.0054}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> VWC tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na nzukọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka metụtara Mahadum Simon Fraser. VWC nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na New Left ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma nwee mmasị n'ọtụtụ okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Otu a nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Women's Liberation Movement na Vancouver n'oge ahụ nke ejikọtakwara na inwe echiche ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime mmemme nke otu ahụ dere na 1969, ha depụtara ebe ha kwenyere na ha nyere aka na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Mpaghara ndị a gụnyere ọrụ, ikike agụmakwụkwọ nhata na ikike ịhọrọ n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> === Isikwopụ afọ ime na ikike ịmụ nwa === Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe ndị a. Na SFU, ha nwere ndụmọdụ na ntụziaka ha maka ite ime, ebe ha nyeere ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na kọleji aka ndị hụrụ onwe ha na ime na-achọghị, yana inye, ozi gbasara igbochi ọmụmụ. Ha nyekwara aka hazie Abortion Caravan, nke bụ akụkụ nke mkpọsa Abortion Campaign. Ndị na-esoghị n'ụgbọ njem ahụ nọrọ na Vancouver ebe ha nyere ndị nta akụkọ akụkọ banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ ma mee ka mmasị dị elu. N'ime caucus e nwere Kọmitii Ọrụ Mmụta. Kọmitii a lekwasịrị anya n'ime ka a mara na enweghị nhata ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu ọ bụghị naanị mgbe ha na-aga akwụkwọ, kamakwa ka ha na-anwa ịchụso ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha nyere aka mepụta otu panel maka nzukọ na Mahadum nke British Columbia lekwasịrị anya n'ịhazi ndị nkuzi. == Nlekọta gọọmentị == N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara ókè gọọmentị Canada debere otu ahụ n'okpuru nlekota.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Sethna|first=Christabelle|title=Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-historical-review_2009-09_90_3/page/463|journal=Canadian Historical Review|date=September 2009|volume=90|issue=3|pages=463–496|id={{Project MUSE|316900}}|doi=10.3138/chr.90.3.463}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSethnaHewitt2009">Sethna, Christabelle; Hewitt, Steve (September 2009). "Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP". ''Canadian Historical Review''. '''90''' (3): 463–496. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3138/chr.90.3.463|10.3138/chr.90.3.463]]. </cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSethnaHewitt2009">[[Ọrụ Muse|Project&nbsp;MUSE]]&nbsp;[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316900 316900].</cite></ref> N'agbanyeghị nlekota ahụ, ndị uwe ojii ka na-akwadoghị maka ngagharị iwe Abortion Caravan mgbe ọ rutere Ottawa. Nke a nyere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ohere ịkpaghasị usoro na House of Commons, n'ikpeazụ mechie ụlọ omebe iwu.<ref name=":2" /> == Ndị otu == Ndị otu ahụ, ọkachasị na mbido, mejupụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọcha, ụmụ nwanyị Canada ndị nwere ma ọ bụ na-agbaso agụmakwụkwọ post-secondary. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ahụ enweghị ụmụ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ole na ole mere. Ndepụta zuru ezu nke ndị otu ahụ ka ga-apụta, ya mere ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a ezughi oke. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/|title=Vancouver Women's Caucus|work=Vancouver Women’s Caucus|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/ "Vancouver Women's Caucus"]. ''Vancouver Women’s Caucus''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ebem si dee == 67zv73687xlaz889pb84i5d5thlrggx 0 51123 697457 516258 2026-08-09T19:37:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697457 wikitext text/x-wiki Akko bụ ọchịchị ime obodo dị na Gombe, Gombe Steeti, Naịjiria.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na obodo Kumo n'okporo ụzọ A345 na ndiida nke isi obodo [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe steeti]], [1] gbasara iri anọ. km mfe.  [2] Kumo (isi ụlọ ọrụ) bụ obodo dị iche iche nke nwere ihe ebo iri atọ dị iche iche, sitere na ruo Fulani na-achị Tangale, Tera, Hausa na ndị ọzọ.. <ref name="Nigeria">{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Media|date=22 April 2022|title=History Of Akko LGA, Gombe State|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/history-of-akko-lga-gombe-state/|accessdate=8 July 2023|work=Media Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Kumo na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nke tele na steeti na esote ọchịchị ime obodo gọọmenti Gombe, mpaghara ime obodo nwere nnukwu mpaghara atọ na ngalaba iri na otu.  Emebere ndị ime obodo Akko maka isi ihe bụ ime ka mmadụ nwee njikọ n'etiti steeti steeti na nkeji etiti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akko Local Government Area Kumo Gombe State|authorlink=Akko|date=|title=Finelib.com - [1]|url=https://www.finelib.com/|accessdate=23 March 2022|work=www.finelib.com}}</ref> <ref name="Nigeria"/> Ndị odeakwụkwọ mpaghara Ọchịchị ime obodo gọọmenti Akko, Kumo,Gombe Steeti, Nigeria [3] Local Akko dị n'okpuru Gombe steeti, ma onye na-achị ugbu a bụ Alhaji [[Muhammad]] Inuwa Yahaya, na-achị n'okpuru otu esi enweta All Progressives  Congress (APC) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria|title=Rome2rio: Discover how to get to Akko from anywhere.|work=Rome2rio|language=en|accessdate=30 March 2020|archivedate=6 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106051422/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria}}</ref> Onye isi oche ọchịchị ime obodo Akko bụ Alhaji Abubakar Usaman. Akko Local Government dị na Kumo Town na mpaghara kansụl na-agụ Akko, Gona, Kumo, Pindiga, Garin Garba, [[Jalingo]], Jauro Tukur, Kembu, Kumo North, Kumo East, Panda, Kumo Central, Lergo, Garin Liman Kumo, Mararraban-Tumu  , Tashan Magarya, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Finelib.com - Nigeria Business Directory and Search Engine|url=https://www.finelib.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115029/https://www.finelib.com/|archivedate=23 March 2022|accessdate=23 March 2022|work=www.finelib.com}}</ref> Obodo Akko, nke aha uzo ime obodo si, dị na ike egwuregwu Gombe na == Geomorphology nke Akko == ịrịba ime obodo Akko dị square kilomita 2627 nwere iru mmiri ruru eru iri atọ na ndekọ na ihe 8 km / h ruru ifufe .  Oge ọkọchị na mmiri mmiri bụ oge abụọ bụ isi na mpaghara ahụ, na nkezi akwụkwọ na Akko LGA na-akọ na ọ dị ogo 30 Celsius. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Akko Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/319/akko|accessdate=8 July 2023|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> .  Akko nwere onu ogugu ndi mmadu 337,853 na ngụkọ 2006 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akko (Local Government Area, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/gombe/NGA016001__akko/|accessdate=2023-08-15|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref> <ref>https://www.city-facts.com/akko-gombe/population</ref> Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ 771102 ruo 771104. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=20 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=7 October 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akko LGA Postal Code: Gombe State|url=https://www.zipcode.com.ng/2018/11/akko-lga-postal-code.html|accessdate=30 September 2022|work=Nigeria ZIP Code|language=en-NG}}</ref> Enwere ihe dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị 100 na Akko LGA. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Secondary Schools in Akko, Gombe State|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/lists/government-secondary-schools/lga/319/akko|accessdate=2023-08-15|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Akụ na ụba Akko == Ebe aha dị ka Tike, Babbar Kusawa, na Tashar Gwari na-eweta ọtụtụ iri puku ndị na-azụ na ndị na-ere ahụhụ kwa afọ, ọrụ ugbo na azụmahịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata na-ahụ Akko LGA. <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Soluap|date=2023-05-09|title=AKKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE STATE|url=https://soluap.com/akko-local-government-area-of-gombe-state/|accessdate=2023-08-15|work=Soluap|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815134409/https://soluap.com/akko-local-government-area-of-gombe-state/}}</ref> == Ọchịchị == Onye isi oche echiche ime obodo na osote oche bụ Abubakar Usman Barambu na Mahmud Saleh Tabra n'otu n'otu.  [12] Ha abụọ sitere na pati ụgbọ elu All Progressive Congress .  [12] [13] mmegharị ime obodo nwere nnukwu Emirates atọ bụ: Kumo, Akko, na Pindiga. == Ụbọchị ahịa == Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ steeti ugwu Nigeria, e nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ugbo ihe ndị a: <ref name="GSG">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Akko LGA|publisher=Gombe State Government|url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/akko-lga/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=9 June 2020|work=}}</ref> * [[Mkpụrụ|Agwa]] * Owu * Gum arabic * Groundnut * Maize * Millet * [[Sorghum bicolor|Sorghum]] * Tomato * [[Usòrò:Rice_farm_within_Gombe.jpg|thumb| Rice ugbo na Akko]] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emepụta na-abanye n'ahịa obodo nwere ụbọchị a kapịrị ọnụ maka obodo na obodo: <ref name="GSG"/> * Monday: Garko, Pindiga & Kalshingi * Tuzdee: Kashere * Wednesday: Ọ dịghị * Tọzdee: Kumo * Friday: Kembu * Satọde: Tumu, Kalshingi * ụbọchị ụka: Tukulma == Wards dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Akko == Enwere ngalaba iri na otu dị na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Akko <ref>{{Cite web|author=Olaitan|title=AKKO LGA wards new and existing polling unit|url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/akko-lga-wards-new-and-existing-polling-unit/|accessdate=2 June 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> # Akko # Garko # [[Kalshingi]] # Kashere # Kumo Central # Kumo East # Kumo North # Kumo West # Pindiga # Tumu # Tukulma == Ihu igwe == Oge mmiri ozuzo na Akko bụ mmegbu na urukpuru, [[oge ọkọchị]] na-enwekwa urukpuru, ọ na-ekpokwa ọkụ n'afọ niile. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ sitere na 56 ruo 99 degrees Fahrenheit na obere mgbanwe dị n'okpuru ma ọ bụ karịa 103 degrees. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Gombe Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68815/Average-Weather-in-Gombe-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=Climate%20and%20Average%20Weather%20Year,it%20is%20hot%20year%20round.|accessdate=10 July 2023|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather in Akko, Gombe State, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io|url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/GO/Akko/076763/|accessdate=11 July 2023|work=Tomorrow.io Weather|language=en|archivedate=11 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711000528/https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/GO/Akko/076763/}}</ref> === Okpomọkụ kacha dị ala na Akko === Na nkezi kwa ụbọchị elu okpomọkụ nke 95&nbsp;Celsius F, oge okpomọkụ na-adị maka ọnwa 2.3, site na 19 February ruo 28 Eprel. Na nkezi elu nke 97&nbsp;Celsius F na obere 73&nbsp;°F, Eprel bụ ọnwa kacha ewu ewu n'afọ na Akko. <ref name=":4"/> === Oke mmiri ozuzo Akko === N'agbata May 25 na 6 October, nke bụ ogologo oge mmiri mmiri, enwere ike karịa 43% na ụbọchị ọ bụla e nyere ga-ezo. Na Akko, Ọgọst nwere nkezi nke ụbọchị 26.0 yana opekata mpe 0.04 inch nke mmiri ozuzo, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa na-enwe ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo kacha. <ref name=":4"/> Site na Ọktọba 6 ruo 25 Mee, enwere ọnwa 7.6 nke ọ na-akpọ nkụ. Ọnwa nke kacha nta nke ụbọchị nwere opekata mpe 0.04 inch nke [[mmiri ozuzo]] na Akko bụ Disemba, yana nkezi nke ụbọchị 0.0. <ref name=":4"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA016001|title=AKKO- Local Government Area in Nigeria-Population|author=|first=|date=2017|work=AKKO- Local Government Area in Nigeria|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}} * {{Cite web|url=https://worldpostalcode.com/nigeria/gombe/akko/|title=Akko Post Codes: Nigeria|author=|first=|date=|work=World Postal Code|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Akko, Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aq1ixmrt2cxnmuxyatngmccqieof5wn 0 51930 697953 538597 2026-08-10T11:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Bina Mondal|image=|caption=|office=Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|term_start=May 2011|birth_date=|birth_place=|residence=|party=[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]|profession=}} Bina Mondal bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India. A họpụtara ya na West Bengal Legislative Assembly site na Swarupnagar dị ka onye otu Trinamool Congress. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/|title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners|publisher=Financial Express|date=3 May 2021|accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/swarupnagar-election-result-2021-live-updates-swarupnagar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695198.html|title=Swarupnagar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Bina Mondal of TMC wins|publisher=News18|accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/swarupnagar-west-bengal-election-result-2021|title=Swarupnagar Election Result 2021|publisher=Times Now|accessdate=8 May 2021|archivedate=8 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508173031/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/swarupnagar-west-bengal-election-result-2021}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Bina}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aauifkk7kmhw5zkh0pvun4xmwkabcar 0 52015 697794 638950 2026-08-10T08:29:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo|lang}} [ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav Lü klezjo]; 13 Eprel 1940), nke a na-akpọkarị '''J. M. G. Le Clézio''', nke French na Mauritian obodo, bụ odee na prọfesọ. Onye dere ihe karịrị ọrụ iri anọ, e nyere ya 1963 Prix Renaudot maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Le Procès-Verbal na 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature maka ọrụ ndụ ya, dị ka "onye edemede nke ọpụpụ ọhụrụ, njem uri na obi ụtọ anụ ahụ, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri. mmadu gafere na n'okpuru mmepeanya na-achị."<ref name="nobelweb"/> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ nne Le Clézio n'obodo French Riviera nke Nice, nna ya n'àgwàetiti [[Mauritius]] (nke bụ ihe onwunwe Britain, mana nna ya bụ agbụrụ Breton, na France). Ma nna nna ya ma nne ya sitere na Morbihan, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda Brittany.<ref name="geo"> {{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a Geographer|accessdate=9 December 2008|work=5th paragraph|publisher=review is taken from the TLS|date=21 April 2006|quote="Le Clézio's family were originally from Morbihan on the west coast of Brittany. At the time of the Revolution, one of his ancestors, who had refused to enlist in the Revolutionary Army because they had insisted he cut his long hair, fled France intending to reach India, but disembarked on Mauritius, and stayed there|first=Adrian|author=Tahourdin}}</ref>Nna nna ya François Alexis Le Clézio gbapụrụ na France na 1798 wee biri na nwunye ya na nwa ya nwanyị na Mauritius, bụ nke bụ obodo France mgbe ahụ mana ọ ga-abanye n'aka ndị Britain n'oge na-adịghị anya. E kwere ka ndị na-achị obodo na-edebe omenala ha ma na-asụ French. Le Clézio ebibeghị na Mauritius ihe karịrị ọnwa ole na ole n'otu oge, mana o kwuru na ya na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye France na onye Mauritian.<ref name="roots">{{Cite web|url=http://www.comcast.net/articles/news-entertainment/20081207/EU.Sweden.Nobel.Le.Clezio/|title=Internet might have stopped Hitler|accessdate=12 December 2008|publisher=comcast.net|date=7 December 2008|quote="Though he was born in France, Le Clézio's father is British and he holds dual nationality with Mauritius, where his family has roots"|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209075618/http://www.comcast.net/articles/news-entertainment/20081207/EU.Sweden.Nobel.Le.Clezio/|archivedate=9 December 2008}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a geographer|accessdate=11 December 2008|work=Adrian Tahourdin|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=21 April 2006|quote="Le Clezio regards himself as Franco-Mauritian}}</ref> O nwere ụmụ amaala France na Mauritius abụọ (Mauritius nwetara nnwere onwe na 1968) ma na-akpọ Mauritius "obere ala nna ya". <ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/10/nobelprize-france|title=Nobel award restores French literary pride|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Angelique Chrisafis|date=10 October 2008|quote="He has joint Mauritian citizenship and calls the island his "little fatherland"}}</ref><ref name="times"/> A mụrụ Le Clézio na Nice, obodo nne ya, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] mgbe nna ya na-eje ozi na Ndị agha Britain na Naịjirịa.<ref> {{Cite book|title=Multicultural Writers Since 1945|author=della Fazia Amoia|first=Alba|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-30688-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse/page/313 313–318]|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse/page/313}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Roquebillière, obere obodo dị nso na Nice ruo 1948 mgbe ya, nne ya, na nwanne ya nwoke banyere ụgbọ mmiri iji sonyere nna ya na Naịjirịa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1991 bụ ''[[Onitsha (novel)|Onitsha]]'' bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. N'otu edemede nke afọ 2004, ọ chetara banyere oge ọ bụ nwata na Naijiria na mmekọrịta ya na ndị mụrụ ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bristol na England site na 1958 ruo 1959, Le Clézio gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Institut d'études littéraires nke Nice. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio wins Nobel Prize|publisher=University of Bristol|date=10 October 2008|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2008/5946.html|accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1964, Le Clézio nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum Provence na thesis banyere Henri Michaux na ahụmịhe ihe omimi. Mgbe Le Clézio nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na London na Bristol, ọ kwagara United States ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi. Na 1967 ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ enyemaka na Thailand dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mba ya, mana a chụpụrụ ya ngwa ngwa na mba ahụ maka mkpesa megide ịgba akwụna ụmụaka wee ziga Mexico ka ọ rụchaa ozi mba ya. Site na 1970 ruo 1974, o biri na ebo Embera-Wounaan na Panama. Ọ lụrụ kemgbe 1975 na Jémia Jean, onye bụ Moroccan, ma nwee ụmụ nwanyị atọ (otu site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya na Rosalie Piquemal). Kemgbe 1990s ha kewara ebe obibi ha n'etiti Albuquerque, Mauritius, na Nice.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pollard|first=Niklas|title=Nomadic writer wins Nobel prize|work=International Herald Tribune|date=9 October 2008|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/10/09/europe/OUKWD-UK-NOBEL-LITERATURE.php|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, Le Clézio dere edemede doctoral banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico maka Mahadum Perpignan, banyere mmeri nke Ndị Purépecha bi na steeti Michoacán nke oge a. E bipụtara ya na magazin French ma bipụta ya na Spanish na 1985.<ref>Le Clézio, ''La Conquista divina de Michoacán''. Fondo de Cultura Económica</ref> Le Clézio akụziwo na ọtụtụ mahadum gburugburu ụwa. Onye na-eleta South Korea ugboro ugboro, ọ kụziri asụsụ French na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ewha Women na Seoul n'oge afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2007. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2884578|title=Acclaimed French author praises Korean literature|publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]]|date=2 January 2008|author=Lee Esther}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?f=total&n=200810090575|work=[[Dong-a Ilbo]]|language=ko|author=Yonhap News|date=9 October 2008|authorlink=Yonhap News}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2013, Le Clézio sonyeere Mahadum Nanjing na China dị ka prọfesọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nju.edu.cn/english/_t317/04/75/c99a1141/page.psp|title=Nobel Laureate Le Clézio Officially Joins Nanjing University|date=Nov 6, 2013|accessdate=27 May 2019|archivedate=2 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802163611/https://www.nju.edu.cn/english/_t317/04/75/c99a1141/page.psp}}</ref> == Ọrụ edemede == LE Clézio malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa; mbụ ọrụ ya bụ akwụkwọ banyere oké osimiri. Ọ nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Le Procès-Verbal (The Interrogation), bụ Prix Renaudot ma bụrụ onye ahọpụtara maka Prix Goncourt.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|title=Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio wins the 2008 Nobel Literature Prize|work=Times Online|date=9 October 2008|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article4913765.ece|accessdate=2008-10-09|quote=Le Clézio, who was born in Nice and has lived in England, New Mexico and South Korea, said that he was touched by the honour. He mentioned his British father, a surgeon, and his childhood in Mauritius and Nigeria. "I was born of a mix, like many people currently in Europe," he said.|first=Charles|author=Bremner}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBremner2008">Bremner, Charles (9 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183321/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article4913765.ece "Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio wins the 2008 Nobel Literature Prize"]. ''Times Online''. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>. <q>Le Clézio, who was born in Nice and has lived in England, New Mexico and South Korea, said that he was touched by the honour. He mentioned his British father, a surgeon, and his childhood in Mauritius and Nigeria. "I was born of a mix, like many people currently in Europe," he said.</q></cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, o bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri atọ na isii, gụnyere akụkọ mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede, nsụgharị abụọ gbasara akụkọ ifo ndị American Indian, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka. Site na 1963 ruo 1975, Le Clézio nyochara isiokwu ndị dị ka isi mgbaka, [[asụsụ]], okike, na edemede. O tinyere onwe ya n'ime nnwale n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi ndị dị ka Georges Perec ma ọ bụ Michel Butor. Omume ya bụ nke onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na onye nnupụisi, nke Michel Foucault na Gilles Deleuze toro ya maka ya. N'ime ngwụsị 1970s, ụdị Le Clézio gbanwere nke ukwuu; ọ gbahapụrụ nnwale, na ọnọdụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya adịchaghị emekpa ahụ ka ọ na-eji isiokwu dịka nwata, oge uto, na njem, nke dọtara ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu. Na 1980, Le Clézio bụ onye mmeri mbụ nke Grand Prix Paul Morand emebere ọhụrụ, nke Académie Française nyere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Desert.<ref name="TLS">{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a geographer|accessdate=9 December 2008|work=5th paragraph|publisher=review is taken from the TLS|date=21 April 2006|quote="Le Clezio received the Academie Francaise's Grand Prix Paul Morand in 1980 for Desert, a novel that revealed a move towards a more expansive and lyrical style. The book has a dual narrative. The first, dated 1909–10, chronicles the tragic fate of a Tuareg clan fleeing across Morocco from their French and Spanish colonial oppressors ("les chrétiens")".|first=Adrian|author=Tahourdin}}</ref> N'afọ 1994, nnyocha nke magazin French Lire mere gosiri na pasent 13 nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ weere ya dị ka onye edemede kachasị ukwuu na-asụ French.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaterre.org/ocean-indien/actu%2C20081014083035.html|title=Maurice : Source d'Inspiration pour le Prix Nobel de Littérature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (''Lire'', "Le Clézio N° 1", 1994, 22s. )|accessdate=12 December 2008|work=Portail Ocean Indie|publisher=modéré par CEDREFI|date=14 October 2008|language=fr|quote=Prix du plus grand écrivain francophone du magazine Lire|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121104091801/http://www.mediaterre.org/ocean-indien/actu,20081014083035.html|archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref> == Ihe nrite Nobel == [[Usòrò:Nobel2008Literature_news_conference1-1.jpg|thumb|Horace Engdahl kwupụtara na Le Clézio meriri Nobel Prize for Literature na 9 Ọktoba 2008]] Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede maka afọ 2008 gara Le Clézio maka ọrụ ndị Swedish Academy gosipụtara dị ka "ihe omume abụ na ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ" na maka ilekwasị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị ọzara.<ref name="nobelweb">{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008|accessdate=2008-10-09|publisher=Nobelprize.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008"]. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref>Ụlọ akwụkwọ Swedish, n'ịkpọsa ihe nrite ahụ, kpọrọ Le Clézio "onye edemede nke ọpụpụ ọhụrụ, egwu egwu egwu na obi ụtọ nke anụ ahụ, onye na-enyocha ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ofe na n'okpuru mmepeanya na-achị." " Le Clézia jiri okwu nnabata ihe nrite Nobel ya wakpo isiokwu nke ịda ogbenye ozi. <ref name="post">{{Cite news|author=Thompson|first=Bob|title=France's Le Clézio Wins Nobel Literature Prize|work=The Washington Post|date=9 October 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/09/AR2008100900243.html?hpid=topnews|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref><ref name="lecture">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/08/jmg-clezio-nobel-lecture|title=Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty|accessdate=14 December 2008|publisher=guardian.co.uk home|date=8 December 2008|first=Richard|author=Lea}}</ref> Isi okwu ya bụ Dans la forêt des paradoxes ("N'oké ọhịa nke paradoxes"), aha o kwuru na ọ bụ Stig Dagerman.<ref name="english">{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/clezio-lecture_en.html|title=The Nobel Foundation 2008|accessdate=11 December 2008|author=The Nobel Foundation 2008|date=7 December 2008|work=Nobel Lecture|publisher=The Nobel Foundation 2008}}</ref> Gao Xingjian, onye China émigré na-ede na Mandarin, bụ nwa amaala France gara aga iji nweta ihe nrite (maka 2000); Le Clézio bụ onye edemede mbụ n'asụsụ French nwetara Nrite Nobel na Akwụkwọ kemgbe Claude Simon maka 1985, na nke iri na anọ kemgbe Sully Prudhomme, onye nwetara ihe nrite mbụ nke 1901. == Arụmụka == Le Clézio bụ onye na-agbachitere Mama Rosa, onye isi ụlọ nchekwa Mexico nke ndị uwe ojii wakporo na Julaị 2014 mgbe ahụrụ ụmụaka ka ha na-eri nri rere ure ma na-emegide ọchịchọ nke nne na nna ha. O dere otu akụkọ na Le Monde na-arụ ụka na ọ nọ nso nso nso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2014/07/23/plaidoyer-pour-mama-rosa_4461743_3232.html|title=Foyer de l'horreur au Mexique : plaidoyer pour " Mama Rosa " par JMG Le Clézio|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2014-07-24|author=JMG Le Clézio}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Ọmụmụ Okwu (1963). ''Ajụjụ'', trans. Daphne Woodward (1964). * ''Iju Mmiri'' (1966). Iju Mmiri, trans. Peter Green (1967). * <nowiki><i id="mwng">Terra Amata</i></nowiki> (1967). ''Terra Amata'', trans. Barbara Bray (1967). * Akwụkwọ ịgba ọsọ (1969). Akwụkwọ nke ụgbọ elu, trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1971). * ''Agha'' (1970). ''Agha'', trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1973). * ''Ndị dike'' (1973). ''Ndị dike'', trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1975). * ''Njem n'akụkụ nke ọzọ'' (1975). * <nowiki><i id="mwrg">Ọzara</i></nowiki> (1980). ''Ọzara'', trans. C. Dickson (2009). * ''Onye Na-achọ Ọlaedo'' (1985). ''Onye Na-achọ Ihe'', trans. Carol Marks (1993); C. Dickson (2016). * [[Onitsha (novel)|''Onitsha'']] (1991). ''Onitsha'', trans. Alison Anderson (1997). * ''Kpakpando Na-agagharị Agagharị'' (1992). Wandering Star, trans. C. Dickson (2005). * La Quarantaine (1995). * Azụ̀ ọlaedo (1997). * <nowiki><i id="mwxA">Mgbanwe</i></nowiki> (2003). * <nowiki><i id="mwxw">Urania</i></nowiki> (2006). * Rituurnelle de la faim (2008). * Alma (2017). === Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Ụbọchị Beaumont zutere ihe mgbu ya'' (1964). ''Ụbọchị Beaumont bịara mara ihe mgbu ya''. * ''Okpomọkụ'' (1965). ''Okpomọkụ'', trans. Daphne Woodward (1966) * ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (1978). ''Mondo na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ'', trans. Alison Anderson (2011). * La Ronde et autres faits divers (1982). The Round & Other Cold Hard Facts, trans. C. Dickson (2002). * ''Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ndị ọzọ'' (1989) * A na-echere Pawana (1992). ''Pawana'', onye na-agbanwe agbanwe Christophe Brunski (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-12|title=AGNI Online: Pawana by J. M. G. Le Clézio|url=http://www.bu.edu/agni/fiction/print/2001/53-clezio.html|accessdate=2023-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012090741/http://www.bu.edu/agni/fiction/print/2001/53-clezio.html|archivedate=12 October 2008}}</ref> * Ememe a na-abụ abụ na edemede ndị ọzọ nke ndị American Indian (1997) * Ohere sochiri Angoli Mala (1999) * Obi na-ere ọkụ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (2000) * ''Mmụọ Mmụọ n'okporo ámá'' (2000). Mmụọ ndị dị n'okporo ámá. * ''Tabataba sochiri Pawana'' (2002) * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atọ ọchị (2011) * Tempête: deux novellas (2014). ''Oké Ifufe''. * ''Abụ Briten'', nke L'Enfant et la Guerre sochiri (2020) * Ihe ndị dị n'ihu (2023) ''N'akụkụ na-ezighi ezi'', trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Seagull Books, 2024) === Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * Le Rêve mexicain ma ọ bụ La Pensée interompue (1965). Nrọ Mexico, Ma ọ bụ, Echiche Nkwụsị nke Mmepeanya Amerindian, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (1993). * "Na ịgụ ihe dị ka ezigbo njem" (1965). "Na Ịgụ dị ka Ezigbo Njem", trans. Julia Abramson.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clezio|first=J M G Le|title=On reading as true travel|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-literature-today_spring-2002_76_2/page/103|journal=World Literature Today|volume=76|issue=2|date=Spring 2002|pages=103–106|doi=10.2307/40157273|id={{Gale|A90307339}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * "Nnwere Onwe Ịrọ nrọ" (1965). "Nnwere Onwe Ịrọ Ụra", trans. Ralph Schoolcraft.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Le Clézio|first=J. M. G.|date=1997|title=Freedom to Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-literature-today_autumn-1997_71_4/page/671|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=4|pages=671–674|doi=10.2307/40153284}}</ref> * "Nnwere Onwe Ikwu Okwu" (1965). "Nnwere Onwe Ikwu Okwu", trans. Osimiri Clézio.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Le Clézio|first=J. M. G.|date=1997|title=Freedom to Speak|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-literature-today_autumn-1997_71_4/page/675|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=4|pages=675–677|doi=10.2307/40153285}}</ref> * ''Obi ụtọ nke ihe onwunwe'' (1967). Ihe onwunwe Ecstasy. * ''Mkparịta ụka ya na J. M. G. Le Clézio'' (1971) * <nowiki><i id="mwASA">Haï</i></nowiki> (1971) * ''Mydriasis'' (1973). Mydriasis, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, nke e bipụtara na Mydriasis: Followed by "To the Icebergs" (2019). * N'ebe a na-akpọ iceberg (1978). Na Icebergs, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, nke e bipụtara na Mydriasis: Followed by "To the Icebergs" (2019). * ''Onye A Na-amaghị N'Ụwa'' (1978) * ''Obodo Atọ Dị Nsọ'' (1980) * ''Akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka J. M. G. Le Clézio'' (1982) * Banyere Lautréamont (1987) * ''Diego na Frida'' (1993) * ''Ebe ndị ọzọ'' (1995) * ''N'ụlọ Edith'' (1997) * Ụmụaka (1998) * ''Nwatakịrị nọ n'okpuru àkwà mmiri'' (2000) * <nowiki><i id="mwAUc">Onye Afrịka</i></nowiki> (2004). Onye Afrịka, trans. C. Dickson (2013). * ''Ballaciner'' (2007) * ''Abụ Briten sochiri L'Enfant et la guerre'' (2020) * ''Ịbụ onye na-akwagharị akwagharị'' (2024) === Akwụkwọ njem === * ''Njem gaa Rodrigues'' * ''Ndị igwe ojii'' * ''Raga Ịbịaru kọntinent a na-adịghị ahụ anya nso'' === Nchịkọta nke onye edemede ahụ sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French === * ''Amụma nke Chilam Balam'' * ''Mmekọrịta nke Michoacan'' * ''Sirandanes'' === Akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka === * ''Njem n'ala osisi'' (1978) * Lullaby (1980). Site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ.'' * Ndị nke eluigwe, sochiri Les Bergers (1981). Ma site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ''. * Onye na-ahụtụbeghị oké osimiri, sochiri ''Ugwu nke Chi Dị Ndụ'' (1982). Ma site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ''. * ''Villa Aurore'', sochiri ''Orlamonde'' (1985) * ''Balaabilou'' (1985). Ihe ndị sitere na Désert. * La Grande Vie, sochiri Peuple du ciel (1990). "La Grande Vie" from La ''Ronda na ihe ndị ọzọ''. === Akwụkwọ ndị edemede ndị ọzọ dere na okwu mbido nke Le Clézio dere === * Okwu mmalite nke asụsụ French maka nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Juan Rulfo Le Llano en Flammes''Osimiri Llano na-ere ọkụ'' * Okwu mmalite nke onye France na-eme ihe nkiri Robert Bresson "Notes Sur Le Cinématographe" == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == === Onyinye === {| cellspacing="5" style="position:relative; left:30" |'''Afọ''' |'''Ihe nrite''' |'''Ọrụ''' |- |1963 |ihe nrite Théophraste-Renaudot |Ikpe Okwu (The Interrogation) |- |1972 |Ihe nrite akwụkwọ Valery-Larbaud |Maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu <ref>{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Prix Valery Larbaud|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/440,prix-valery-larbaud.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Prix littéraires|quote=Pour l'ensemble de son oeuvre|archivedate=4 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304113049/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/440,prix-valery-larbaud.html}}</ref> |- |1980 |Grand prix de littérature Paul-Morand, nke Académie française nyere<br />Ụlọ Akwụkwọ French |- |1997 |Ihe nrite Jean Giono<ref>{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Prix Jean Giono|url=http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/site/Litterature-200.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105204458/http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/site/Litterature-200.html|archivedate=5 January 2009|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Fondation Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent|language=fr}}{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Grand Prix Jean Giono|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/117,grand-prix-jean-giono.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Prix littéraires|archivedate=16 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816155826/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/117,grand-prix-jean-giono.html}}</ref> |Azụ ọlaedo |- |1998 |Ihe nrite Prince-de-Monaco |Maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu na mgbe e bipụtara Poisson d'or <ref>pour l'ensemble de son œuvre, à l'occasion de la sortie de Poisson d'or 2008</ref> |- |2008 |Stig Dagermanpriset<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2008|title=Ljusgestalt i ondskans tid|url=http://www.svd.se/kultur/litteratur/ljusgestalt-i-ondskans-tid_1935451.svd|accessdate=27 October 2012|work=SvD|language=sv|author=Jarlsbo|first=Jeana}}</ref> |maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu na mgbe e bipụtara nsụgharị Swedish nke akụkọ njem Raga . Ịbịaru kọntinent a na-adịghị ahụ anya nso<ref>{{Cite web|year=2008|title=Ritournelle de la faim – Jean-Marie-Gustave Le Clézio|url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/leclezio.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|work=Ses Prix et Récompenses|publisher=ciao.fr|language=fr|quote=pour l'ensemble de son œuvre, à l'occasion de la sortie suédoise de Raga. Approche du continent invisible|archivedate=2011-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219042055/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/leclezio.html}}</ref> |- |2008 |Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede |} === Nsọpụrụ === * E mere ya Chevalier (Knight) nke Légion d'honneur na 25 Ọktoba 1991 ma bulie ya n'ọkwa Officier (Officer) na 2009 <ref name="jorf"> {{Cite journal|date=1 January 2009|title=Décret du 31 décembre 2008 portant promotion et nomination|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0828237D|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=2009|issue=1|id=PREX0828237D|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref><ref name="Legion">{{Cite web|date=1 January 2009|title=Simone Veil, Zidane et Lagardère décorés|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/01/01/01016-20090101ARTFIG00231-simone-veil-zidane-et-lagardere-decores-.php|accessdate=2009-04-14|work=C.M. (lefigaro.fr) avec AFP|publisher=lefigaro.fr|language=fr|quote=Le Clézio est pour sa part élevé au grade d'officier}}</ref> * N'afọ 1996, e mere ya ''Onye isi'' (Officer) nke Ordre National du Mérite . <ref name="jorf19961115"> {{Cite journal|date=15 November 1996|title=Ordre national du Mérite Décret du 14 novembre 1996 portant promotion et|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX9612403D|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=1996|issue=266|id=PREX9612403D|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> * Lycée Français J. M. G. Le Clézio na Port Vila, Vanuatu ka akpọrọ aha ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == ; Ọrụ nkatọ * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Jennifer R. Waelti-Walters, Icare ou l'évasion impossible, mbipụta Naaman, Sherbrooke, Canada, 1981. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Keith Moser, ''"Oge ndị dị mkpa" na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke J.M.G. Le Clézio'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2008. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 3–4, 2011. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraJean-Marie Gustave Le Cléziona Wikimedia Commons * Nkwupụta ndị metụtaraJ. M. G. Le Cléziona Wikiquote * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140428051652/http://sam-network.org/SAMLiterature/video/VID_50c9b917b48bd59b75223e36 Nnukwu ajụjụ ọnụ na J. M. G. Le Clezio na ihe niile jikọtara ya na encyclopedia vidiyo SAM Network] * Petri Liukkonen. "J. M. G. Le Clézio". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222193640/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/label-france-issues_2555/label-france-no.-45_3724/literature_3732/interview-with-jean-marie-clezio_5092.html Ajụjụ ọnụ na Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio], na Label France No. 45 (Bekee) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100412063506/http://www.mathieu-bourgois.com/photos-auteur.asp?Clef=823 J.M.G Le Clézio] - Foto nke Mathieu Bourgois. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022203732/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=12477 J.M.G. Le Clézio], banyere mmalite ya na Breton. * "Nobel Goes Global With Literary Prize", nke Bob Thompson, ''Washington Post'', 10 Ọktoba 2008 * "A Nobel Undertaking: Getting to Know Le Clézio", nke Richard Woodward, Wall Street Journal, 30 Ọktoba 2008 * "J. M. G. Le Clézio, Nobel laureate": nchịkọta nke ihe gbasara Clézio. * Ndụ edemede na foto: Nobel laureate Jean-Marie Le Clézio, ''The Guardian'', 9 October 2008 * Artelittera Ọtụtụ isi nke ọmụmụ banyere Le Clezio iji bulite * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608071341/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=28597 J.M.G. Le Clézio: A French NovelistWins 2008 Nobel Prize for Literature] * [http://www.godine.com David R. Godine, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ] * Jean-Marie Gustave Le Cléziona Nobelprize.org * [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=127 Ndepụta nke Ọrụ] {{J. M. G. Le Clézio}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards received by J. M. G. Le Clézio|list1={{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 2001-2025}} {{2008 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Prix Renaudot}}}}{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}{{Stig Dagerman Prize winners}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Le Clezio, J. M. G.}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6k2xs55fpgsh84pv1zxju1bu28gb652 0 52163 697549 624280 2026-08-10T02:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou''' (Arabic; amụrụ n'April 3, 1968 wee nwụọ Septemba 17, 2024) bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha. Onye nkuzi nke Mahadum Harvard, Mohamedou bụ Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/resources/calendarofevents_en.html?evenementId=105175|title=The Graduate Institute, Geneva – Calendar of events|publisher=Graduateinstitute.ch|date=November 18, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002065125/http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/resources/calendarofevents_en.html?evenementId=105175|archivedate=October 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/development/development/etudes/page9718.html|title=IA006 : Understanding Terrorism: History, Perspectives and New Challenges|publisher=Graduateinstitute.ch|date=August 30, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009140917/http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/development/development/etudes/page9718.html|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref> nke ọ bụ osote onye nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/leadership|title=Leadership &#124; IHEID}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu obodo, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mba ụwa. Ọ bụ onye so na Center on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding na Albert Hirschman Center on Democracy na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye isi ọkachamara mba ụwa na ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu transnational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/decouverte/dossiers/2011/terrorisme/|title=découverte – dossiers – 2011 – terrorisme|publisher=tsr.ch|date=August 30, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910104417/http://www.tsr.ch/decouverte/dossiers/2011/terrorisme/}}</ref> Mohamedou bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Sciences Po Paris na Doctoral School. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi na onye isi agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke Mauritania site na 2008 ruo 2009. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na nke mmekọrịta mba na mba == [[Usòrò:Mohammad-Mahmoud_Mohamedou.jpeg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou na 1997, Mahadum Harvard]] A mụrụ Mohamedou na Atar, Mauritania na Eprel 3, 1968. O tolitere na Paris, Madrid, na New York ebe nna ya bụ onye nnọchianya na United Nations. Na Spain, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lycée Français de Madrid ebe ọ nwetara Baccalaureate na Economic and Social Sciences na 1986. Na France, ọ natara Diploma d'Etudes Universitaires Generales (DEUG) na International Law na Pantheon-Sorbonne University Paris I. na 1988. Na United States, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Hunter College dị na New York n'afọ 1991. O nwetara nzere Master's in International Relations na 1993 na Ph.D. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum City nke New York Graduate Center na 1996. N'ebe ahụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Arthur Schlesinger, Dankwart Rustow, Ralph Miliband, Irving Leonard Markowitz, Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, Stanley Renshon, Kenneth Sherrill, na Kenneth Erickson. Howard Lentner na-elekọta ya, akwụkwọ nyocha doctoral ya nọ na "Nchebe Ọchịchị na Ọchịchị: Ọmụmụ Ihe Mkpebi Iraq mere n'oge Agha Ọwara nke Abụọ nke 1991". Na 1997, ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta Post-doctoral na Center for Middle Eastern Studies nke Harvard University na-arụ ọrụ na Roger Owen, na 1998 a họpụtara Research Associate na Ralph Bunche Institute na United Nations na New York, mgbe ahụ Benjamin Rivlin duziri. . Mohamedou bụ onye nduzi nyocha na International Council on Human Rights Policy, nke dị na Geneva, site na 1998 ruo 2004, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na mgbasa ozi gbasara ihe ndị ru ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/102|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513013004/http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/102|archivedate=May 13, 2008|title=National human rights institutions: effectiveness and legitimacy|publisher=Ichrp.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511215506/http://www.ichrp.org/en/projects/106|archivedate=May 11, 2008|title=Media: reporting human rights issues|publisher=Ichrp.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> O so dee akụkọ abụọ banyere nnọgidesi ike na mgbanwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nchụpụ agbụrụ na akụ na ụba., na na mwepu agbụrụ na akụ na ụba.,[9] nke ewepụtara na Nzukọ Ụwa maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Durban, South Africa na Septemba 2001. Site na 2004 ruo 2008, Mohamedou bụ osote onye nduzi nke mmemme na Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research na Mahadum Harvard ebe o guzobere Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tagsproject.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=640|title=Staff|publisher=Tagsproject.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112508/http://tagsproject.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=640|archivedate=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tagsproject.org/|title=Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Project|publisher=Tagsproject.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925172303/http://www.tagsproject.org/}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya na onye isi nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation na Mauritania na 2008, ma mesịakwa minista nke mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ laghachiri na agụmakwụkwọ na 2009. Mohamedou na-akụzi na Ngalaba Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva kemgbe afọ 2010, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/faculty/mohamed-mahmoud-mohamedou|title=Mohamed Mahmoud MOHAMEDOU &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref> bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye ntụzi nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institute of International and Development Studies. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy si 2014 ruo 2017. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Doctoral School na Sciences Po Paris kemgbe 2013 ma na-akụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ okpomọkụ na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/2019-senior-level-course-conflict-and-humanitarian-response|title=2019 senior-level course on conflict and humanitarian response|work=ODI|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2021-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218230132/https://www.odi.org/2019-senior-level-course-conflict-and-humanitarian-response}}</ref> Mohamedou bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Milan na 2014-2017. Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii sayensị nke Middle East Programme nke European University Institute na na kọmpat nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Relations Internationales, Middle East Law and Governance, Etudes Internationales.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190529122445/http://middleeastdirections.eu/scientific-committee/ Scientific Committee]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-history/revue-relations-internationales|title=Revue Relations internationales &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2021-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192348/https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-history/revue-relations-internationales}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/melg/melg-overview.xml|title=Middle East Law and Governance|work=Brill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/about/editorialTeam|title=Editorial Team &#124; Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal &#124; Cogitatio Press|work=www.cogitatiopress.com}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye kọmishọna na West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD) nke onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Kofi Annan họpụtara, na, kemgbe 2017, onye so na High-Level Panel on Migration nke United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) na African Union guzobere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/profiles-of-commissioners/|title=COMMISSIONERS' BIOGRAPHIES &#124; West African Drugs Commission|date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> == Dị ka onye edemede == Mohamedou dere akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta na Al Qaeda nke isiokwu ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War nke e bipụtara na 2006 (na United Kingdom) site na Pluto Press, na 2007 (na United States) nke University of Pennsylvania Press. Ụdị agbasawanye na nke edegharịrị aha ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: Changing War and Global Politics E wepụtara na 2011. Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ọdịdị ọhụrụ ya, "ụzọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ na nke ezi uche dị na ya", na asụsụ dị nkọ nke na-echetara onye nkatọ Slavoj Žižek. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/p/article_228.shtml|title=>> Al Qaïda: une analyse qui renouvelle nos perspectives – Au sujet du livre de Mohammed-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|publisher=Terrorisme|date=June 5, 2007|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/23663240|title=zack (San Jose, CA)'s review of Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War|publisher=Goodreads.com|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Mahadum Columbia Mahmood Mamdani kwuru na "Mohamedou na-enye nghọta dị mkpa nke ụwa nke Al Qaeda. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị edemede, ọ na-ekwusi ike ịghọta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke okwu Al Qaeda megide akụkọ ihe mere eme ". ebe Abdullahi An-Naim nke Mahadim nke Emory gosipụtara "nnyocha dị ọcha" nke Mohamedou dị ka "agụ ihe dị mkpa".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abbott|first=Carl|url=http://www.powells.com/biblio/7-9780745325927-1|title=Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War by Moha Ould Mohamedou – Powell's Books|publisher=Powells.com|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745325927&|title=Pluto Press – Understanding Al Qaeda|publisher=Plutobooks.com|date=October 20, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 27, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103352/http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745325927&}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha kwuru na: "[Mohamedou] ewepụtala echiche ọhụrụ kpamkpam banyere isiokwu ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka akwụkwọ ahụ bụrụ ihe a ga-agụ, maka ndị ọkà mmụta yana ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa. " N'ezie, nkwenye siri ike nke Mohamedou na-emeso Al Qaeda dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa okpukpe emeela ka a mara ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya onye mbụ nwere nnwere onwe ịnwa ịghọta Al Qaeda kpamkpam. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nazre Imam|url=http://www.futureislam.com/20070501/reviews/asmerbeg/Understanding_Al-Qaeda.asp|title=Review: Understanding Al-Qaeda|publisher=Futureislam.com|date=September 11, 2001|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003161449/http://www.futureislam.com/20070501/reviews/asmerbeg/Understanding_Al-Qaeda.asp|archivedate=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leninology.blogspot.com/2006/11/al-qaeda-is-misunderstood_22.html|title=LENIN'S TOMB: Al Qaeda is Misunderstood|publisher=Leninology.blogspot.com|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Na 2017, Mohamedou gbasaa nyocha ya nke Al Qaeda site n'inyocha ihe gbasara Islamic State na A Theory of ISIS: Ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe nke usoro ụwa. Pluto Press bipụtara na United Kingdom na Mahadum Chicago Press dị na United States, akwụkwọ a nyere echiche izizi zuru oke nke agụmakwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ISIS. Prọfesọ Hamid Dabashi nke Mahadum Columbia kpọrọ ya "ọrụ mgbagha nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị."Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na "ọrụ Mohamedou jupụtara n'oghere... echiche ya dị oke egwu banyere akwụkwọ ndị dị na IS na-enye echiche ọhụrụ banyere mmalite na ọdịda nke otu ahụ. Mohamedou na-enye ihe pụrụ iche, nke akụkọ ihe mere eme iji ghọta ihe kpatara ịrị elu nke IS... onyinye dị mkpa na nyocha iyi ọha egwu. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/9781786801708/a-theory-of-isis|title=A Theory of ISIS|work=Pluto Press}}</ref>[and]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1492187|title=A theory of ISIS: political violence and the transformation of the global order, by Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, London, Pluto Press, 2018, Rs. 1,520, Kindle edition. {{text|ISBN:}} 9781786801708|first=Saloni|author=Kapur|date=January 2, 2019|journal=Critical Studies on Terrorism|volume=12|issue=1|pages=180–181|doi=10.1080/17539153.2018.1492187}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ rụtụrụ aka n'akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ederede nuanced na-enye ume ọhụrụ ... [ihe] ọgụgụ dị mkpa nye onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịghọta ihe ngosi ISIS karịrị echiche agha na nchekwa mba kwa ụbọchị nke bịara na-achịkwa ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka banyere otu ahụ. ... Mmanye echiche na ntụgharị uche bụ ike kachasị ike Mohamedou".<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order - Review - Middle East Media and Book Reviews|url=http://middleeastreviewsonline.com/membr_review/theory-isis-political-violence-transformation-global-order/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180145/http://middleeastreviewsonline.com/membr_review/theory-isis-political-violence-transformation-global-order/|work=middleeastreviewsonline.com|archivedate=2 July 2018}}</ref> Mohamedou "na-enye echiche doro anya banyere mmalite, ọdịdị, na ụzọ nke ihe bụ otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu kachasị ike n'ụwa. N'ime nke a, [ọ] na-eweta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime echiche nke ihe a na-akpọ Islamic State, karịa ọdịdị ya kpọmkwem na nke Islamist. "[he]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/76391?lang=en|title=What Book on the Broader Middle East, New or Old, Do You Recommend As Summer Reading?|work=Carnegie Middle East Center}}</ref> Mohamedou bụkwa onye dere Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: State-Building and Regime Security . N'ịbụ nke Austin & Winfeld bipụtara na 1998 na San Francisco ma bipụtaghachi na 2002, a na-ewere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ihe nlereanya maka ọmụmụ ọzọ gbasara Gulf War". Na French, Mohamedou dere Contre-Croisade: Origines et Conséquences du 11 Septembre, nyocha miri emi nke ihe ndị mere na mgbe mwakpo September 11 gasịrị, bụ nke l'Harmattan bipụtara na Paris na 2004 wee maliteghachi na 2011 n'okpuru. aha Contre-Croisade: Le 11 Septembre et le Retournement du Monde. E bipụtara nsụgharị Arabic n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/EXERES/2F3161A5-9827-41F3-B081-6D7F22E3709B.htm|title=المعرفة – كتب – عروض كتب – الهجمة المضادة للحملة الصليبية|publisher=Aljazeera.net|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alraimedia.com/Alrai/Article.aspx?id=232823&date=19102010|title=جريدة الراي – ثقافة – "الهجمة المضادة للحملة الصليبية" – - 19/10/2010|publisher=Alraimedia.com|date=October 19, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 4, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004223623/http://www.alraimedia.com/Alrai/Article.aspx?id=232823&date=19102010}}</ref> O nyela isiakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị The Handbook of Political Science: A Global Perspective (Sage, 2020) The Routledge Handbook of South-South Relations (Routledge, 2019), Orientalismes/Occidentalismes: A Propos de L'Oeuvre d'Edward Said (Hermann, 2018), The UN and the Global South, 1945 and the Global Perspectives, Raking the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change (CIGI, 2016), World) Nkwurement, Contemporary Press, World (Cau Men), World (CIGCaule Men), World Reconnect Management, World (M), World (Mess, Contemporary, World) (Caule World) (M), 2013), World Reconceptional Press, La Guerre (Cau, Canada, Canada, World<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7aTmxB63ycC&dq=violent+non-state+actors+in+world+politics+mohamedou&pg=PA207|title=Violent Non-State Actors in World ... – Kledja Mulaj – Google Books|accessdate=October 19, 2011|isbn=9780231701204|author=Mulaj|first=Kledja|year=2010}}</ref> O bipụtara akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Third World Quarterly, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Relations Internationales, La Revue Internationale et Strategique, Esprit, The Muslim World, Europe's World, na The Buffalo Human Rights Review. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha emetụta bụ ọmụmụ banyere mmụgharị nke ụdị agha ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịrị elu nke iyi ọha egwu transnational nke Mahadum Harvard bipụtara na 2005 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Non-Linearity of Engagement", nke sitere na op-ed si nweta ma bipụta ya na The New York Times[32] na The Boston Globe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/opinion/15iht-edmoha.html|title=Time to talk to Al Qaeda? – The New York Times|work=The New York Times|date=September 16, 2005|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/09/14/time_to_talk_to_al_qaeda/|title=Time to talk to Al Qaeda? – The Boston Globe|work=Boston Globe|date=September 14, 2005|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> N'imelite Martin Van Creveld's 1991 "The Transformation of War" na Herfried Munkler's 2005 "The New Wars", a na-eto ọrụ Mohamedou dị ka otu n'ime nyocha sayensị kachasị nghọta na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Al Qaeda, na-enyocha karịsịa usoro nke franchising ya, site na ihe ọ kpọrọ 'nne Al Qaeda' (Al Qaeda al Oum), ma na-enyochaa mmetụta ogologo oge nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu na eze, nke ISIS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-terrorism/asymmetry_4195.jsp|title=The dividends of asymmetry: al-Qaida's evolving strategy|publisher=openDemocracy|date=December 18, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_terror/real_al_qaida|title=Towards the real al-Qaida|publisher=openDemocracy|date=September 10, 2007|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=January 11, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111132214/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_terror/real_al_qaida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Militarization of Islamism: Al-Qā'ida and Its Transnational Challenge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_muslim-world_2011-04_101_2/page/307|date=April 27, 2011|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01358.x|volume=101|issue=2|journal=The Muslim World|pages=307–323|author=Mohamedou|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould}}</ref> Mohamedou edewokwa banyere okwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ gụnyere Le Monde Le Monde Diplomatique; na Libération pụtara na BBC World News, BBC2, Al Jazeera, Al Jazeèra English, Voice of America, Radio France Internationale, France 2, France3, France 24 Deutsche Welle, VPRO46] Swiss telivishọn, Swiss Radio na ABC News na-ede na "The post-blogger na American<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/imprimer/article/2011/03/07/1489526.html|title=Imprimer|publisher=Le Monde.fr|date=January 31, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=247636|title=Démocratisation de façade au Maghreb|work=Le Monde|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012308572-les-visages-changeants-du-nouveau-terrorisme|title=Les visages changeants du nouveau terrorisme – Libération|work=Libération|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x462nx_mm-mohamedou-on-9-11-fifth-annivers_news|title=MM Mohamedou on 9/11 fifth anniversary – a Nieuws & Politiek video|publisher=Dailymotion|date=January 26, 2008|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mots-croises.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=accueil&onglet=debats&id_rubrique=38|title=Mots CroisĂŠs – Accueil – France2|publisher=Mots-croises.france2.fr|date=December 23, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822130518/http://mots-croises.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=accueil&onglet=debats&id_rubrique=38|archivedate=August 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41Onmn2pw0U|title=Mohamedou chez Taddei "L'Empire a une Adresse" Enorme...|publisher=YouTube|date=April 14, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr/index-fr.php?page=emission&id_rubrique=263|title=L'émission du lundi 21 avril – Ce soir ou jamais – France 3|publisher=Ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr|date=March 26, 2009|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=July 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220625/http://ce-soir-ou-jamais.france3.fr/index-fr.php?page=emission&id_rubrique=263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsceaOm1p-M|title=CSOJ – Terrorisme l'Europe menacée par l'AQMI – 04.10.10 – 1/5|publisher=YouTube|date=February 26, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110816-africa-libya-gaddafi-rebels-tripoli-scud-nato|title=Rebels continue push toward capital Tripoli – LIBYA|date=August 16, 2011|publisher=FRANCE 24|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2005-2006/onderhandelen-met-al-qaeda.html|title=Onderhandelen met Al Qaeda|publisher=Tegenlicht|date=February 17, 2010|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 29, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929173922/http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2005-2006/onderhandelen-met-al-qaeda.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/2974682-chaos-en-libye-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-expert-centre-politiques-de-securite-geneve.html#id=2974682|title=Chaos en Libye: entretien avec Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, expert Centre politiques de sécurité, Genève – tsr.ch – vidéo – info – 12:45 le journal|publisher=tsr.ch|date=February 22, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 5, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120709/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/2974682-chaos-en-libye-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-expert-centre-politiques-de-securite-geneve.html#id=2974682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/ir/1821-laden-mort-maintenant#id=3119557|title=Ben Laden mort: et maintenant? – tsr.ch – Infrarouge – Forums|publisher=Infrarouge|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=September 30, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154649/http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/ir/1821-laden-mort-maintenant#id=3119557}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/3115539-mort-d-oussama-ben-laden-l-analyse-de-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-enseignant-iheid-et-chercheur-au-centre-de-politique-et-de-securite.html#id=3115539|title=Mort d'Oussama Ben Laden: l'analyse de Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, enseignant IHEID et chercheur au Centre de politique et de sécurité – tsr.ch – vidéo – info – 12:45 le journal|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=May 8, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508231850/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/journal-12h45/3115539-mort-d-oussama-ben-laden-l-analyse-de-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou-enseignant-iheid-et-chercheur-au-centre-de-politique-et-de-securite.html#id=3115539}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/#id=2976076|title=Tous les débats d'Infrarouge|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303104723/http://infrarouge.tsr.ch/#id=2976076|archivedate=March 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/#nav=info/journal-12h45/;id=2963260|title=vidéo – info|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=October 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010131331/http://www.tsr.ch/video/info/#nav=info/journal-12h45/;id=2963260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsr.ch/emissions/religion/faut-pas-croire/2635212-faut-pas-croire.html|title=Faut pas croire – tsr.ch – émissions – religion – faut pas croire|publisher=tsr.ch|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archivedate=November 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125040241/http://www.tsr.ch/emissions/religion/faut-pas-croire/2635212-faut-pas-croire.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsr.ch/#/la-1ere/programmes/forum/|title=rts.ch - Radio Télévision Suisse|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/geneva-based-prof-says-al-quaeda-cells-more-menaci.shtml?24635|title=WRS &#124; Geneva-based prof says Al Quaeda{{sic|hide=y}} cells more menacing after Bin Laden's death|publisher=Worldradio.ch|date=May 16, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009053032/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/geneva-based-prof-says-al-quaeda-cells-more-menaci.shtml?24635|archivedate=October 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=rustyjames777|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_l3AM81ufM|title=MM Mohamedou on Islamic Cartoons Affair|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=2673347&page=1|title=Election of Hamas Presents New Opportunity – ABC News|publisher=Abcnews.go.com|date=November 22, 2006|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2006/06/mohammad_mohame_2/|title=Mohammad Mohamedou: The Meaning of al Zarqawi's Death|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2006/06/mohammad_mohame/|title=Mohammad Mohamedou: "Ethical Training" – What about Moral Leadership?|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/001426.php|title=Mohammad Mohamedou:: The 1970s Redux – In Politics and at the Movies|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2011/06/which_summer_fo/|title=Which Summer for the Arab Spring?|publisher=The Washington Note|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha, Mohamedou jere ozi na kansụl ndụmọdụ nke Dart Center for Journalism na onye ndụmọdụ na Small Arms Survey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casaarabe-ieam.es/casa-arabe-tv/show/312?pes=2|title=Casa Árabe|publisher=Casaarabe-ieam.es|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921081237/http://www.casaarabe-ieam.es/casa-arabe-tv/show/312?pes=2|archivedate=September 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture-rencontre.ch/conferences/actu0411.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=June 13, 2011|archivedate=March 25, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325162248/http://www.culture-rencontre.ch/conferences/actu0411.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dartcenter.org/council|title=Advisory Council &#124; Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma|publisher=Dartcenter.org|accessdate=October 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025551/http://dartcenter.org/council|archivedate=October 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/staff.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125024823/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/staff.html|archivedate=November 25, 2010|title=Staff|publisher=Small Arms Survey|date=October 4, 2011|accessdate=October 19, 2011}}</ref> == Onyinye na ihe nrite == N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2016, magazin New African kpọrọ Mohamedou aha n'etiti ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ n'Afrịka iri ise. Na Nọvemba 2017, kọleji de France nyere Mohamedou ihe nrite nnabata ya na emume nkuzi o nyere na Amphithéâtre Marguerite de Navarre-Marcelin Berthelot na Paris, France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/henry-laurens/guestlecturer-2017-11-29-17h30.htm|title=Henry Laurens - Histoire contemporaine du monde arabe|language=fr|work=college-de-france.fr|date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye International Studies Association (ISA) Global South Caucus Distinguished Scholar Award na 2020-2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/professor-mohamedou-receives-international-studies-association-global-south|title=Professor Mohamedou Receives International Studies Association Global South Distinguished Scholar Award &#124; IHEID|work=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2022, o kwuru okwu nke anọ na Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpfpr.de/2022/05/31/prof-mohamed-mahmoud-mohamedou/|title=Prof. Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamedou delivers the Fourth 'Perspectives' Lecture at the Max Planck Foundation – Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == nke a na-egosi ọrụ Mohamedou. Onye na-eduzi Dan Davies nke Blackleaf Films, ihe nkiri nke nkeji 26 na Mohamedou na-eme njem gburugburu ụwa ka ọ na-ezute ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị ọkachamara, na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji kwurịta ajụjụ nke extremism ime ihe ike. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Mohamedou na-enye nkọwa dị oke egwu na mgbagha nchekwa na egwuregwu ụwa niile kemgbe 9/11, yana ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa steeti ndị uwe ojii na iwu nke iyi ọha egwu / ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/19/deciphering-the-extremism-narrative|title=Deciphering the extremism narrative|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould|author=Mohamedou|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * Ihe owuwu steeti na Middle East na North Africa: Otu narị afọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya, okpukpe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (IB Tauris Bloomsbury, 2021) * A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order (University of Chicago Press and Pluto Press, 2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Global Order, Mohamedou|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/T/bo27405381.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512090650/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/T/bo27405381.html|work=press.uchicago.edu|archivedate=12 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Ịghọta Al Qaeda: Mgbanwe Agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa'' (Pluto Press, London 2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745331676&|title=Pluto Press - Advanced Search|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914100610/http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745331676&}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/2007/06/21/al-qaida-une-analyse-qui-renouvelle-nos-perspectives-au-sujet-du-livre-de-mohammed-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou/|title=Jean-Marc Flükiger|date=June 20, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> * ''Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: Iwu ala na Nchebe Ọchịchị'' (Austin na Winfeld, San Francisco 2002) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Iraq and the Second Gulf War|first=Mohammad-Mahmoud|author=Mohamedou|date=December 1, 2001|publisher=Austin & Winfield Publishers|isbn=978-1572920965}}</ref> * ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu'' (Routledge, London 2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Democratisation-in-the-21st-Century-Reviving-Transitology/Mohamedou-Sisk/p/book/9781138673823|title=Democratisation in the 21st Century: Reviving Transitology (Hardback) - Routledge|publisher=}}</ref> * Agha Agha Ntụte: Septemba 11 na Nlaghachi nke Ụwa (L'Harmattan, Paris 2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=34482&razSqlClone=1|title=Contre-Croisade - Le 11 septembre et le retournement du monde - Seconde édition mise à jour et augmentée, Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou - livre, ebook, epub|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oumma.com/Contre-croisade-le-11-Septembre-et|title="Contre-croisade, le 11 Septembre et le retournement du monde" : une nouvelle version passionnante|author=Oumma|date=July 5, 2011|publisher=}}</ref> * ''Uto na Ọdịda nke Al Qaeda'' (2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcsp.ch/Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Geneva-Papers/Research-Series/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Al-Qaeda-Lessons-in-Post-September-11-Transnational-Terrorism|title=Geneva Centre for Security Policy - GCSP / Resources & Publications / Publications / GCSP Publications / Geneva Papers / Research Series / The Rise and Fall of al Qaeda: Lessons in Post-September 11 Transnational Terrorism|accessdate=August 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928165719/http://www.gcsp.ch/Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Geneva-Papers/Research-Series/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Al-Qaeda-Lessons-in-Post-September-11-Transnational-Terrorism|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> * Non-Linearity of Engagement (Harvard University 2005) <ref>[http://www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/Non-Linearity_of_Engagement.pdf Non-Linearity of Engagement] Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. Harvard University</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcr.org/pdfs/guerre_non_lineaire.pdf|title=Reprinted and translated in A Contrario|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2024-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918063842/http://www.hpcr.org/pdfs/guerre_non_lineaire.pdf}}</ref> * Ihe ịma aka nke Transnational Non-State Armed Groups (Harvard University 2007) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tagsproject.org/_data/global/images/Report_Empowered_Groups_Nov2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618210937/http://www.tagsproject.org/_data/global/images/Report_Empowered_Groups_Nov2007.pdf|archivedate=June 18, 2022|title=Tag project – Weapons are like money; no one knows the meaning of enough.|publisher=}}</ref> == Isiokwu ndị ọzọ == * Harvard Human Rights Journal mbipụta pụrụ iche nke afọ 20 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss20/mohamedou.pdf|title=Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -|publisher=}}</ref> * Harvard Human Rights Journal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss18/cavallaro.pdf|title=Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -|publisher=}}</ref> * Harvard Gazette<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/08/looking-at-war-through-a-legal-lens/|title=Looking at war through a legal lens|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> * Okwu ndị Alakụba<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/Jahia/site/iheid/cache/bypass/lang/en/institute/news;jsessionid=3E4CC91CA68E2976D421231EAC918938?newsId=113492|title=The Graduate Institute, Geneva - Teaching and Research in International and Development Studies|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-16|archivedate=2012-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001715/http://graduateinstitute.ch/Jahia/site/iheid/cache/bypass/lang/en/institute/news;jsessionid=3E4CC91CA68E2976D421231EAC918938?newsId=113492}}</ref> * Ụwa<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/03/07/regardons-enfin-les-pays-arabes-autrement_1489526_3232.html|title=Regardons enfin les pays arabes autrement|work=Le Monde.fr|date=March 7, 2011|publisher=}}</ref> * Nnwere Onwe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012308572-les-visages-changeants-du-nouveau-terrorisme|title=Les visages changeants du nouveau terrorisme|publisher=}}</ref> * Terrorism.net <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terrorisme.net/2007/11/04/al-qaida-la-transformation-de-la-guerre-et-le-droit-international-entretien-avec-mohammad-mahmoud-ould-mohamedou/|title=Jean-Marc Flükiger|date=November 3, 2007|publisher=}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamedou, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 84uikk0froi7r82lj5a0jzefkmym3p9 0 52406 697490 673525 2026-08-10T01:11:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697490 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox officeholder|name=Aref Ali Nayed|image=[[File:Dr Aref.jpg|thumb|]]|caption=Dr Aref Ali Nayed in 2021|office=[[Libya–United Arab Emirates relations|Libyan Ambassador to United Arab Emirates]]|primeminister=[[Abdullah al-Thinni]]|term_start=June 2011|term_end=October 2016<ref>Mojutaz Ali, [https://web.archive.org/web/20211108164948/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/10/22/aref-nayed-resigns-as-libyan-ambassador-to-uae/ "Aref Nayed resigns as Libyan ambassador to UAE"], ''Libya Herald'', 22 October 2016.</ref>|preceded=Omar al Ghanai|birth_place=[[Benghazi]], [[Kingdom of Libya]]|birth_date={{birth year and age|1962}}|alma_mater=[[University of Guelph]]<br>[[University of Toronto]]<br>[[Pontifical Gregorian University]]|party=[[Ihya Libya]]|website=http://arefnayed.com}} {{Small|[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]}} Dr. Aref Ali Nayed (Arabic: عارف علي النايض, romanized: ʿArif ʿAli al-Nayid; amuru 1962) bu onye oka mmụta Islam nke Libya na onye bu onye nnọchi anya Libyan na United Arab Emirates.[1] Nayed bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke Kalam Research & Media (KRM), nke dabeere na Tripoli, Libya na Dubai. Ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke mgbanwe na Libya, ọ kụziri na nkà mmụta okpukpe islam, mgbagha, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na Uthman Pasha Madrassa eweghachiri na Tripoli, ma na-elekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na College Call College ebe ahụ. Tupu ntọhapụ nke Tripoli na 2011, National Transitional Council họpụtara ya dị ka onye nhazi nke Tripoli Taskforce. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Tripoli na ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2011, a gbasapụrụ ego ahụ ma mee ya onye isi nhazi nke otu Libya Stabilization Team. N'afọ gara aga, ọ bụ onye nhazi maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkwado nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị nke National Transitional Council (NTC) nke Libya. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Network of Free Ulema - Libya. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thinking si kwuo, Nayed na-ahọrọ 50th n'etiti ndị Alakụba 500 kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://themuslim500.com/profile/dr-aref-ali-nayed|title=Dr Aref Ali Nayed - The Muslim 500|work=Themuslim500.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Aref Ali Nayed na Benghazi na 1962 wee zụlite na Tripoli. Na 1978, Gaddafi weghaara ihe onwunwe na azụmahịa ezinụlọ Nayed na ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Libya, kwaga Costa Rica, Hong Kong, na n'ikpeazụ United States. O mechara gaa Canada ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na nkwụsi ike nke nna ya, wee nweta BSc na injinia na Mahadum Guelph dị na Ontario. Na Guelph, ọ nwere mmasị miri emi na nkà ihe ọmụma na sayensị wee nọgide na-emecha MA na Philosophy of Science, na mgbe ahụ a PhD na Hermeneutics. E bipụtara ọrụ doctoral ya na hermeneutics arụ ọrụ na 2011 site na Kalam Research and Media. N'ịga n'ihu n'ọkwa mmụta ya ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta okpukpe Islam na Mahadum Toronto wee bụrụ ọkachamara na nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Mahadum Pontifical Gregorian dị na Rome.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oOb6HttUR0|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض مع نبيل الحاج قناة ليبيا الأحرار (الجزء الأول)أمين|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu were ọtụtụ ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ma bụrụ Prọfesọ na Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies na Rome, na International Institute for Islamic Thought and Civilization na Malaysia. N'afọ ndị 1990, ọ laghachiri Libya ma duzie ụlọ ọrụ IT nwere ọfịs na Tripoli, Benghazi, Sharjah, na Hyderabad. Ka ọchịchị Libya mbụ malitere ibuli ihe mgbochi na nkuzi okpukpe, o nyere aka weghachite na imeghe Madrasa Othman Pasha a ma ama na Old Madina nke Tripoli. Madrasa a bụ ebe ama ama maka ntuziaka nkà mmụta okpukpe na nke mmụọ na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta Tripolitania na-eduga n'oge gara aga jikọtara ya na ya. Nayed kụziri nkà mmụta okpukpe, mgbagha, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ n'ebe ahụ, ruo February 2011, mgbe ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tripoli na-abawanye na ndị agha nke mbụ na-eme ihe ike, igbu mmadụ na nchịkọta nchịkọta nke ndị na-akwado Free Libyan ije. Nayed bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ukwu na Cambridge Inter-Faith Programme; Fellow nke Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute na Jọdan; a họpụtakwara ya na Board of Advisors nke Templeton Foundation. == Ọrụ == Site na 1984 ruo 1998, Nayed bụ onye nkuzi, na-akụzi na mahadum dị na North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia, na Middle East. Na 1998, Nayed kwụsịrị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ihi ikike nna ya wee guzobe Agathon Systems Limited/Alada, ụlọ ọrụ injinịa na teknụzụ lekwasịrị anya na iwu ebe data, ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet, na akụrụngwa ụlọ akụ n'ofe Libya. Tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe Libya na 2011, Agathon nọchitere anya ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ụwa 33 na Libya, gụnyere IBM, CITRIX, NCR, Nortel, Microsoft, na APC. Nayed na-ahụ maka mmejuputa ọrụ n'ofe Libya wee bute ụfọdụ ọrụ izizi na akpaaka nke mpaghara mmanụ na ụlọ akụ nke Libya. Companieslọ ọrụ Nayed webatara sistemụ ATM n'ofe mba ahụ ma bụrụkwa maka usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ mba maka Central Bank of Libya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ arụkọla ọrụ na ụlọ akụ ọ bụla dị na Libya ma wuo netwọk data maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala Libya (NOC) na National Utility (GECOL), ma mepụta ebe data na Libya maka Schlumberger, British Petroleum, na WesternGECO. Alada wuru netwọk ụlọ ọrụ maka Total Oil. Site na oru Alada, NAted zụrụ ihe karịrị ndị injinia Libyan na-eto eto 200 wee nyere aka ịmalite azụmahịa IT asaa na nkwukọrịta n'aha ndị ọrụ mbụ.<ref name="auto"/> Dr Aref Nayed, Onye isi oche nke Ihya Libya Party nyere akwụkwọ ya iji kwupụta na ọ ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka ntuli aka nke 24 Disemba 2021 na isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Election Commission (HNEC) na Benghazi. == Ọrụ ebere == Site na 1990 Nayed tinyere onwe ya na ihe onwunwe ya maka ọrụ ebere na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Libya na mba ọzọ. Ọ rụọla ọrụ iji chekwaa ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, kwalite mmụta na iwulite ikike nke ndị Libya na-eto eto. Nayed nyere ọba akwụkwọ na Libya, Mali, Turkey, na Tajikistan. Site na ego nke ya, Nayed weghachiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Uthman Pasha Madrassa na ọbá akwụkwọ ya na Tripoli. Nayed guzobere ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum mbụ na Bani Walid na ọba akwụkwọ mpịakọta 25,000 ọzọ na Tripoli. Nayed rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta na ịgbasa ihe odide na-akwalite mweghachi nke omenala Libya.<ref name="auto"/> Nayed nyekwara ego iji weghachi Al Ahly Sports, Cultural, and Social Club na Benghazi, yana klọb egwuregwu ndị ọzọ gafee Libya. Nayed na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Board of Directors nke Al Ahly SC na Benghazi. == Kalam Research & Media == N, 2009 Nayed tọrọ ntọala Kalam Research & Media dabere na Tripoli, Tobruk, na Bayda na Libya, na Dubai, UAE. Emebere Kalam Research & Media dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke kọleji na ebe ọzụzụ raara nye nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ, mmepe ọdịnaya na iwulite ikike na nkà mmụta okpukpe islam, nkà ihe ọmụma na amamihe. == Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Libya == Nayed sonyeere Mgbanwe Libya na 19 February 2011, mgbe o sonyechara na ngagharị iwe a ma ama na Tripoli. O guzobere Network of Free Ulema nke ndị ọkà mmụta Libyan mejupụtara, bụ ndị kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị igbu ndị ọchịchị ozugbo. Mgbe ndị ọchịchị leghaara oku a anya wee gaa n'ihu na-egbu ndị ngagharị iwe, Network of Free Ulema kwadoro nnupụisi mepere emepe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freeulema.org/|title=Free business profile for FREEULEMA.ORG provided by Network Solutions|work=Freeulema.org|accessdate=2024-09-22|archivedate=2023-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124134722/http://www.freeulema.org/}}</ref> Mgbe National Transition Council (NTC), Free Libya's de facto ọchịchị, e guzobere na Benghazi na 27 February, Nayed a na-akpọ ka guzobe na-elekọta ndị Nkwado otu na NTC Executive Office. N'oge mmalite nke mgbanwe mgbanwe, Nayed nyere aka n'inweta nkwado mpaghara na nke mba ụwa ma na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ime ka United Arab Emirates kwenye ịnakwere ọchịchị Libya ọhụrụ. N'ikpeazụ, a họpụtara Nayed ka ọ guzobe ma na-edu ndị ọrụ Tripoli Task Force maka ntọhapụ nke isi obodo, ọrụ nke NTC na Stabilization Team gbasapụrụ iji chekwaa akụrụngwa dị mkpa nke mba ahụ ma hụ na ndị nkịtị nọ na nchekwa na nchekwa ma nwee ohere ịnweta ihe ndị dị mkpa. na ọrụ. N'ime ọrụ a, Nayed mere mgbalị iji wepụ akụ Libyan wee nweta enyemaka enyemaka mba ụwa iji gboo mkpa nri, mmiri na ahụike ozugbo nke ndị Libya kacha emetụta esemokwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NbCgUlUvAU|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض (نبيل الحاج ليبيا الأحرار) الجزء الخامس والأخير|date=4 March 2014}}</ref> == Onye nnọchi anya == [[Usòrò:LibyanPM.jpg|thumb|Nleta ndị minista na UAE]] [[Usòrò:LibyaMinisterofCulture.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Minista ọdịbendị nke Libya na Abu Dhabi Book Fair]] N'August 2011 Nayed bụ onye nnọchi anya onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke gọọmentị Libya post-Qaddafi họpụtara, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya United Arab Emirates. Mgbe emere ntuli aka na 2012, Nayed nyefere arụkwaghịm ya, ọnọdụ ọ siri ọnwụ na nhọpụta ya. Ndị ọchịchị Libya jụrụ arụkwaghịm ya. Kemgbe oge ahụ, Nayed agbaala arụkwaghịm ugboro ise, ndị ọchịchị Libya nọchiri anya jụrụ arụkwaghịm nke ọ bụla. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya, Nayed anarala ọtụtụ ụgwọ ọnwa ma gosipụta oke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Mmụta == Nayed kpọkọtara nhọrọ nke nnukwu mahadum mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Libya maka ọmụmụ dị elu. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ikike n'etiti ndị na-eto eto Libya n'ógbè ndị ga-abara ọdịnihu mba ahụ uru. == Nkà mmụta okpukpe == Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba gụrụ akwụkwọ na Maliki jurisprudence na ozizi Sufi oge gboo, Nayed gụrụ nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Pontifical Gregorian University dị na Rome wee jee ozi dị ka prọfesọ na Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies na Rome, na International Institute for Islamic Thinking and Civilization in Rome. Malaysia.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pkf5Hacz13g|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض مع نبيل الحاج ليبيا الأحرار (الجزء الثالث)|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Nayed bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ndị Alakụba n'ọhịa nke mmekọrịta okpukpe, ọ na-etinye aka na atụmatụ dị iche iche nke okpukpe kemgbe 1987, gụnyere A Common Word Between Us and You, nke ọ bụ otu n"ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acommonword.com/signatories/|title=Signatories - A Common Word Between Us and You|work=Acommonword.com}}</ref> Nayed bụ akụkụ nke ndị nnọchi anya Muslim na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'etiti ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na Vatican, Lambeth Palace, Cambridge, Yale, na Georgetown. Na 2006 mgbe Pope Benedict XVI kwuru okwu ndị na-ese okwu banyere Islam na Regensburg, Germany, Nayed bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta Muslim 138 ndị depụtara akwụkwọ ozi na-akpọ mkparịta ụka Katọlik na Muslim. Nayed sokwa na ogbako nke ndị ụkọchukwu kọgharịrị akwụkwọ Fatwa nke narị afọ nke 14 Ibn Taymiyya na jihad, na-arụ ụka na ndị Islamist radical na-eji ya akwado igbu mmadụ bụ ndị na-eduhie eduhie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/africa/aref-nayed-man-of-god-and-technology-tries-to-steady-libya.html?_r=0|title=Aref Nayed, Man of God and Technology, Tries to Steady Libya|first=Anne|author=Barnard|work=The New York Times|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> Ruo mgbe Mgbanwe Libya malitere, Nayed kụziri ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba, arụmụka, na ime mmụọ na Uthman Pasha Madrassa e weghachiri na Tripoli, ma lekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Islamic Call College. Na mgbakwunye, Nayed edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba.<ref name="auto1"/> Nayed bụ onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Cambridge Inter-Faith Programme, Fellow nke Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought na Jọdan, a họpụtakwara ya na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ na Templeton Foundation . <ref name="auto1"/> == Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Elu na Libya == N'afọ 2012, Nayed guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies (LIAS), ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, ndụmọdụ, na agụmakwụkwọ nke mbụ e guzobere mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lias.ly/en/main/About|title=About LIAS|work=Lias.ly|accessdate=2024-09-22|archivedate=2018-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114722/https://lias.ly/en/main/About}}</ref> LIAS nwere ọfịs na Tripoli, Bayda, na Tobruk yana Dubai. LIAS lekwasịrị anya n'iwulite ikike n'etiti ndị ntorobịa Libya iji nyere ha aka itinye aka na obodo na obodo ha. LIAS nwere ikike asatọ pụrụiche yana incubator azụmahịa nwere mmekọ. Ọ na-enye ọrụ ndụmọdụ na nkuzi sitere na agụmakwụkwọ ọkachamara ruo na mmemme nzere maka mmepe ọkachamara na nke onwe. Ngalaba LIAS gụnyere ọmụmụ Libya, ọmụmụ nkwụsi ike, ọmụmụ atụmatụ, ndị ntorobịa na okike, gọọmentị, njikwa, mgbasa ozi, na nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lias.ly/en/main/departments|title=Academics|work=Lias.ly|accessdate=2024-09-22|archivedate=2018-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121725/https://lias.ly/en/main/departments}}</ref> == Ịlụso ime ihe ike ọgụ na Libya == Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke mba ụwa, Nayed abụrụla otu n'ime ndị na-akatọ ndị echiche Islamist na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Nayed so na ndị mbụ ọha na eze mata ndị Islamist dị ka ndị bụ isi na-akpaghasị ike na mgbe mgbanwe Libya na dị ka ndị bụ isi na-enyere ISIL na ndị ọzọ extremists. Nayed edeela na nkuzi nke ukwuu megide echiche ndị na-eme ihe ike ma na-akwado atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji jụ ime ihe ike na ịkụziri ndị Alakụba na Islam dị ka okpukpe ọmịiko na ndidi. Nayed akwadola atụmatụ Sheikh Abdallah Bin Bayyah duziri. Na Febụwarị 2015, Nayed gara Washington D.C. iji dọọ ndị omeiwu America aka na ntị megide egwu nke ISIL na Libya.<ref>Julian Pecquet, [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/libya-islamic-state-aumf-terror-base-aref-ali-nayed.html# "Islamic State covets Libya as global terror base, envoy warns"], ''Al-Monitor'', 2 February 2015.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nayed lụrụ Nadia Hashani si Misrata; ha nwere ụmụ atọ.<ref name="auto"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Operational Hermeneutics: Nkọwa dị ka itinye aka na Operational Artifacts''; KRM Press, Dubai (2011); * The Author's Intention; ya na Jeff Mitscherling na Tanya Ditommaso dere; Lexington Books (2004) * Mmekọrịta Vatican: Njem Onye Ọkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba na mkparịta ụka ndị Alakụba; KRM Press, Dubai (2016); * Mmekọrịta siri ike;Essays on Religion, Extremism, Politics and Libya; KRM Press, Dubai (na-abịa 2017) * The Future of Muslim Theology (nke Blackwell ga-ebipụta na The Future of Jewish Theology nke Stephen Kepnes na The Future nke Christian Theology nke David F. Ford. === Akwụkwọ edemede === * "Nkwupụta Ikwo nke Oké Mgbasa Ozi, Nkwekọrịta na Nkwekọ: Nzaghachi nke ndị Alakụba na 'Manifesto Muscat'". * "Ọnụ Ụtọ nke PROXIMITY: N'akụkụ nkà mmụta okpukpe nke agbata obi" * "Ụgwọ arịrịọ: Ọbịbịa nke Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah na nkwupụta Somalia" * "N'elu Fascism: A New Libya Actualized" * "Libya: Site na Iwu Mgbanwe gaa na Iwu Iwu" * "Imerie ISIS na Libya: Atụmatụ Nweghachi Ọdachi" * "ISIS na Libya: Ịmeri Agha Mgbasa Ozi" == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://archive.today/20130127214135/http://www.livestream.com/worldeconomicforum/video?clipId=pla_06feff64-45da-4ca0-9fc1-9ebfef88e237 World Economic Forum Jordan 2011-Nchọpụta banyere ọdịnihu nke Libya panel mkparịta ụka, gụnyere Aref Nayed] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0l1GvQsS7s&feature=channel_video_title "Ọmịiko na nghọta na Islam", The Bradley Lecture na Pontifical Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Rome, May 2007] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvbkHmQTVc8 Okwu mmeghe maka Nzukọ nke 1 nke ndị ọkà mmụta Libya na UAE, onye nnọchi anya Libya, Dubai, UAE, 15 Ọktoba 2011] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5wv_XGlrfk Libya Stabilization Team, nzukọ mgbasa ozi ikpeazụ], Libyan Consulate, Dubai, 21 Septemba 2011 * [http://www.alarabiya.net/programs/2011/10/21/172990.html AlArabiya Ajụjụ ọnụ na Aref Nayed] * [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/commentary_on_benedict.php Nkọwa nke onye Alakụba banyere "Okwukwe, Ezi Uche na Mahadum: Ncheta na Ntụgharị"] * Akụkọ profaịlụ na ''The New York Times'' * Akụkọ dị na La VieNdụ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240922005053/https://kalamresearch.com/ Nnyocha Kalam na mgbasa ozi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231124134722/http://www.freeulema.org/ Network nke Free Ulema] * Akụkọ profaịlụ na Reuters * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190125141500/https://lias.ly/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Libya Maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Elu] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayed, Aref Ali}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0qdjmsva3g8mwnj5vtpjtzouvr1ayjl 0 52453 697636 624202 2026-08-10T04:31:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697636 wikitext text/x-wiki   PEO Sisterhood (Philanthropic Educational Organisation) bụ ndu ụmụ mba ụwa dabere na United States nwere nke ihe dị ka ndị otu 197,000, na-eke anya n'inye onyeisi maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ụwa niile.  Ụmụnna bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ na Des Moines, Iowa, nwere isi akwụkwọ na United States na Canada.  N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ma na-akwado College Cottey, alụlụ onwe ya maka ụmụ amụrụ Nevada, Missouri == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere òtù njikọ na Jenụarị 21, 1869, [1] ka sorority mmadụ asaa na Mahadum Iowa Wesleyan na Mount Pleasant, Iowa .  Ọ bụ sorority nke atọ ntọala na US, mgbe IC Sorosis (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Pi Beta Phi ) na Monmouth, Illinois n'April 1867. [2] Ndị otu ntọala bụ Mary Allen [Stafford] (1848 – 1927).  ), Ella Stewart (1848–94), Alice Bird Babb (1850 – 1926), Hattie Briggs [Bousquet] (1849–77), Franc Roads [Elliott] (1852).  –1924), Alice Virginia Coffin (1848–88), na Suela Pearson [Penfield] (1851–1920).  [1] E hiwere otu isiokwu mgbe a kpọchara ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ asaa ndị a ka ha sonye n'isi akwụkwọ nke IC Sorosis ahaziri na Mount Pleasant otu nwanyị gara aga.  Mana ha nso eso na- ndị ọzọ enyi ha ndị ọzọ wee kpara sorority nke ha. <ref name="Clapp p.1">Clapp 1968, p. 1.</ref> <ref name="Axel" /> nwa a gbanyere ụkwụ na nkà ihe ndị na ụlọ ọrụ nke Methodist Church, bụ nke kwalitere ikike na alụ ụmụ na America n'ime obere nke 19 <ref>Moudry 2013.</ref> E hiwere isi akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na afọ 1883, isi asụsụ mpaghara nke PEO hiwere otu "Isi Kasị Elu" iji chịkọta otu na ọkwa mba.  [1] Isi nke mbụ International (ya bụ n'ahụ United States) ka e hiwere na Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada na 1911. <ref>Clapp 1968, p. 289.</ref> Ọ bụ ebe na PEO ahụ dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Iowa Wesleyan, àmà n'etiti isi akwụkwọ mbụ ahụ na ahụ dum.  Na 1902 isi Iowa Wesleyan PEO, ka eweghachi ya dị ka isi nke abụọ nke Alpha Xi Delta (nke ntọala ntọala na 1893 na Lombard College, Illinois).  [1] ahụ, PEO bụ n'ezie eze dabere na obodo. == Akara na omenala == Ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ihe mere eme ya, ihe "PEO" ụda n'aha ahụ ahụ bụ ihe njikere nke ọma na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ llala e mere ka ọhaneze.  [1] Na 1924, e kwuru na "ozi ndị a bụ 'ihe omimi'. Ọ dịghị onye ọ blá ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ebido mara ihe ha nwoke."  [2] Mwepu nke ihe a nke mgbasa ozi, na ihe nke aha ya, mere ka a na-ewere ya dị ka " òtù . ". <ref name="Axel">{{Cite book|author=Axelrod|first=Alan|title=The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders|location=New York|publisher=Facts on File|year=1997|isbn=0816023077|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00axel/page/196}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAxelrod1997">Axelrod, Alan (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:internationalenc00axel/page/196|''The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders'']]</span>. New York: Facts on File. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:internationalenc00axel/page/196|196]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0816023077|<bdi>0816023077</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="whalen">{{Cite book|author=Whalen|first=William J.|title=Handbook of Secret Organizations|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofsecret00whal|location=Milwaukee|publisher=Bruce Publishing Co.|year=1966}}</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nWOysp4DUcYC&dq=peo+%22secret+society%22&pg=PA250 "Hide it Under a Bush, Hell No: Women's Volunteer Associations as Adult Education Initiatives"] Patricia Moran (2007). ProQuest.</ref> Na mmalite ya, onye ọ bụla so na-enweta akara ngosi PEO, kpakpando nwere isi ise. A na-agba ndị otu ume iyi ihe nnọchianya ha na Jenụwarị 21, ụbọchị ndị ntọala. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Becque|first=Fran|date=21 January 2015|title=Helping Women Reach for the Stars – The P.E.O. Sisterhood Turns 146!|url=https://www.franbecque.com/helping-women-reach-stars-p-e-o-sisterhood-turns-146/|accessdate=6 January 2019|work=Fraternity History and More}}</ref> A na-agbazinye onye ahụ ihe nnọchianya ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ na-anọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na isiakwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, enwere ike lie ya na ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ rịọrọ nke a na ederede; ma ọ bụghị ya, a ga-eweghachi ya na isiakwụkwọ ya ma ọ bụ na PEO Executive. <ref name="faq">{{Cite web|url=http://www.peointernational.org/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=P.E.O.|accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref> Otu n'ime PEO sitere na ọkpụkpọ òkù mana ọ bụghị nzuzo. Otú ọ dị, a na-echekwa nzukọ maka ndị otu nke ukwuu yana a ga-ejikwa paswọọdụ nzuzo iji gosi na ọ bụ otu. A na-eji ekpere meghere ha yana ịgụ akwụkwọ mkpali nke ndị otu họpụtara, mana nzukọ na mmemme PEO achọghị okpukpere chi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ omume okpukperechi, ewezuga nkwenye na Chineke. <ref name="membership">{{Cite web|url=http://www.peointernational.org/peo-membership|title=P.E.O. Membership|publisher=P.E.O.|accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref> Nzukọ na-eso usoro a haziri ahazi, mana anaghị etinye aka na mmemme okpukperechi, na-ezuteghị nkọwa ọ bụla nke "ememe." == Ihe omume == fim PEO bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ maka ụmụ.  Ọ nwere ndị ọrụ isii, nke akpọ Cottey College,nke nwere onwe, nka na ultrasonic maka ụmụ anụmanụ.  enyere ise na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka maka njikọ ka elu: PEO Educational Loan Fund, PEO International Peace Scholarship Fund, PEO akwụkwọ maka Ịga n'ihu Education, PEO Scholar Awards, na PEO STAR Scholarship Dịka nke Eprel 2023, PEO Sisterhood bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke nyerela ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 122,000 aka ịchụso ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ site n'inye ihe karịrị nde $ 415 na enyemaka agụmakwụkwọ, na-eme mgbanwe na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị site na enyemaka enyemaka isii na ntọala: <ref>{{Cite web|title=About P.E.O. {{!}} P.E.O. International|url=https://www.peointernational.org/about-peo|accessdate=2020-04-16|work=www.peointernational.org}}</ref> * '''Mmemme PEO maka Ọzụzụ Na-aga n'ihu (PCE)''' - E hibere na 1973 iji nye ndị inyom nọ na US na Canada ohere agụmakwụkwọ ha kwụsịrị na ndị hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa ịlaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kwado onwe ha na/ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ha. enyela nde $70 na onyinye. * '''PEO Scholar Awards (PSA)''' - Eguzobere na 1991 iji nye nnukwu onyinye maka ụmụ nwanyị US na Canada ndị na-agbaso akara ugo mmụta doctoral na kọleji ma ọ bụ mahadum akwadoro. Enyerela $34 nde na scholarships. * '''Kọleji Cottey''' - Kọleji dị na mba, nke enwetara ikike zuru oke, nọọrọ onwe ya, kọleji nka nka / sayensị na-emesapụ aka maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na Nevada, Missouri, PEO nweburu / kwado ya kemgbe 1927 ma na-enye nzere baccalaureate na onye mmekọ n'ọtụtụ majors. Kọleji Cottey, ụlọ ọrụ akwụghị ụgwọ, na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị si gburugburu ụwa. == Ndị otu == Otu n'ime PEO sitere na ike mana ọ bụghị ihe.  N’afọ 1966, otu nwanna nwere nwere ndị otu 130,000.  N'oge ahụ, ụmụ ndị ndị na-eru afọ iri na , bụ ndị kwere na Chineke ma biri n'adres ha ugbu a maka otu afọ nwere ike ịbụ otu.  Ekwuru na ọ na-amasị "ụmụ Protestant nke ụfọdụ okpukpe na eze na mahadum".  [1] Otu n'ime ndị otu na-yiyiyi kacha elu na 1999 yana ihe ụmụaka 252,000. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye na-agbata nke otu mgbe niile, PEO etolitela n'ọgbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya ka ọ bụrụ igwe nwere ụma dị iche iche, nke nwere isi akwụkwọ 5,632 na ụfọdụ ndị otu 197,000 na- nnyonye anya.  O nwere isi akwụkwọ na nke ọ ALA n'ime 50 United States, District of Columbia na ntọ isii Canada. == Ndị otu ama ama == * Laura Chenoweth Butz, onye nkuzi <ref name="Binheim">{{cite book|last1=Binheim|first1=Max|last2=Elvin|first2=Charles A. |title=Women of the West: a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America|date=1928 |publisher=Publishers Press |location=Los Angeles |url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwestserie00binh }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> * Saidie Orr Dunbar, nọọsụ <ref name="Binheim" /> * Isabel H. Ellis, nwanyị klọb <ref name="Binheim" /> * Iris Pavey Gilmore, odee <ref name="Binheim" /> * Kate Wetzel Jameson, onye isi ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Montana State, Mahadum Arizona, na kọleji Oregon State <ref name="Binheim" /> * Jeanette Lawrence, onye edemede <ref name="Binheim" /> * Ona F. Meens, onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ <ref name="Binheim" /> * Sara E. Morse, onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ <ref name="Binheim" /> * Edith Allen Phelps, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ <ref name="Binheim" /> * Effie Hoffman Rogers, onye nkuzi na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ * Rachel Irene Seibert, nwanyị klọb === Eserese ndị ntọala === N'ime 1920s, PEO nyere otu usoro na isiokwu nke ndu ya asaa sitere na Marion Dunlap Harper.  Ei ahi ndu ndị a na PEO Memorial Hall na Mount Pleasant na September 23, 1929. Ha bụ ihe ndị sitere na nchịkọta ihe osise, usoro na foto: nke Alice Coffin na okporo ụzọ Franc dabere na foto ndị e sere n'otu ụlọ  ọrụ, ma ha yi otu egwuregwu. <ref>Clapp 1968.</ref><gallery widths="180px" heights="200px"> File:P.E.O._Founder_Alice_Bird_Babb.jpg|alt=Alice Bird Babb (May 8, 1850 – November 21, 1926)|Alice Bird Babb (Mee 8, 1850 - Nọvemba 21, 1926) File:P.E.O._CoFounder_Mary_Allen_Stafford.jpg|alt=Mary Allen Stafford (December 30, 1848 – July 10, 1927)|Mary Allen Stafford (December 30, 1848 - Julaị 10, 1927) File:FrancRoads.jpg|alt=Franc Roads Elliot (February 10, 1852 – August 9, 1924)| Ụzọ Franc Elliot(February 10, 1852 - Ọgọst 9, 1924) File:SuelaPearsonPenfield.jpg|alt=Suela Pearson Penfield (August 24, 1851 – September 20, 1920)|Suela Pearson Penfield (Ọgọst 24, 1851 - Septemba 20, 1920) File:HattieBriggs.gif|alt=Hattie Briggs Bousquet (October 10, 1849 – June 22, 1877)|Hattie Briggs Bousquet (October 10, 1849 - Jun 22, 1877) </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite book|author=Clapp|first=Stella|title=Out Of The Heart: A Century of P.E.O. 1869–1969|publisher=P.E.O. Sisterhood|date=1968|location=Des Moines, Iowa}} * {{Cite journal|author=Moudry|first=Susan|title='A society of our own': Methodists, coeducation and the founding of P.E.O.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_methodist-history_2013-10_52_1/page/33|journal=Methodist History|volume=52|issue=1|pages=33–42|date=October 2013}} * {{Cite book|author=Preuss|first=Arthur|title=A Dictionary of Secret and Other Societies|location=St. Louis|publisher=B. Herder Book Co.|year=1924|pages=395–396|url=https://archive.org/details/PreussPDF/page/n205}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [http://www.cottey.edu Cottey College] qvcjpyoz56tz2mnzunzobhenuxg3yde 0 52496 697812 620842 2026-08-10T08:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website={{URL|ayachebbi.com}}}} {{Databox}}'''Aya Chebbi''' ( Arabic {{Lang|ar-Latn|Aya al-Chebbi}}; amuru na 1988), bu onye omekorita mba Tunisia, na onye na-akwado Pan-African na ndi nwanyi . Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya [[Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara|Africa Union]] mbụ a họpụtara na Nọvemba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auyouthenvoy.org/|title=OYE|author=Chebbi|first=Aya|date=Jan 2020|work=auyouthenvoy.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929125622/https://auyouthenvoy.org/|archivedate=2019-09-29|accessdate=}}</ref> Onye isi oche nke African Union Commission Moussa Faki họpụtara na Nọvemba 2018, dịka onye isi nke ọdụdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African Union na onye nnọchi anya nke ọdụdụ na ụlọ ọrụ onye isi oche. Ọ na-akwado Onye isi oche n'ịkọba mkpa isiokwu ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na ndị na-eto eto na ịkwado ịgbachi egbe site na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/en/flagships/silencing-guns-2020|title=AU silencing the guns 2020|author=|first=|date=January 2020|work=African Union|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090517/https://au.int/en/flagships/silencing-guns-2020|archivedate=2020-01-30|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref name="wrc">{{Cite web|title=WRC Councillor Aya Chebbi Named African Union Youth Envoy|url=https://www.worldrefugeecouncil.org/article/wrc-councillor-aya-chebbi-named-african-union-youth-envoy|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=28 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928143639/https://www.worldrefugeecouncil.org/article/wrc-councillor-aya-chebbi-named-african-union-youth-envoy}}</ref> <ref name="africanews">{{Cite news|title=Tunisian activist Aya Chebbi appointed African Union's Youth Envoy|url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/11/03/tunisian-activist-aya-chebbi-appointed-african-union-s-youth-envoy/|accessdate=28 September 2019|publisher=[[Africanews]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aya Chebbi|url=https://www.accord.org.za/people/aya-chebbi/|accessdate=2021-05-20|work=ACCORD|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Dahmani, Chebbi nwetara BA na International Relations na Mahadum Tunis El Manar . Ọ gara n'ihu na-anata Masters na ọmụmụ ihe Africa na Ọdịiche sitere na Mahadum SOAS nke London, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/cas/|title=SAOS University of London|author=African Studies|first=|date=January 2020|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429045407/http://www.soas.ac.uk:80/CAS/|archivedate=2001-04-29|accessdate=}}</ref> ebe nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta obodo-ntorobịa jikọtara na ndenye aha ha na Jihadism, na akwụkwọ edemede akpọrọ "Youth Radicalization, a comparative Study of Tunisia. - Kenya." == Ọrụ == Chebbi la mujer más bella bịara bụrụ onye a ma ama na nlebara anya mba ụwa dị ka onye na-ede blọgụ n'oge mgbanwe mgbanwe Tunisian 2010. <ref>Tom Esslemont (February 29, 2016), [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-charities-campaigning-idUKKCN0W21U6 Rich world joins charity crackdown as social media boosts influence] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref> A na-akpọ ya onye Pan-African Feminist na onye na-ede blọgụ a ma ama <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Amy|date=2016-01-28|title=Aya Chebbi|url=https://www.bond.org.uk/person/aya-chebbi|accessdate=2021-05-20|work=Bond|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520111129/https://www.bond.org.uk/person/aya-chebbi}}</ref> E bipụtara blọọgụ ya na ''OpenDemocracy'' na Al-Jazeera n'etiti ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aya Chebbi English and International Relations Student|url=https://www.wise-qatar.org/biography/aya-chebbi/|work=wise-qatar.org|accessdate=28 September 2019}}</ref> O mechara njem gafee mpaghara Afrịka iji kwado ma zụọ puku kwuru puku ndị isi na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na mkpokọta, ịde blọgụ, onye ndu na ime ihe ike dị ka ọkà mmụta, onye ndụmọdụ, ọkà okwu na onye na-eme ihe ike. <ref name="africanews"/> == Mbipụta == Chebbi ghọrọ onye na-ede blọgụ ama ama n'ụwa na onye na-ekwu okwu kemgbe mgbanwe Tunisia na mpempe ya ka ọtụtụ uwe mgbasa ozi mpaghara na nke ụwa bipụtala ya. Euronews: [https://www.euronews.com/2019/08/26/the-g7-should-deliver-progress-not-promises-on-gender-equality-view G7 kwesịrị iwepụta ọganihu, ọ bụghị nkwa, na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị] Jeune Afrique: [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/818647/societe/tribune-g7-il-ny-aura-pas-de-revolution-durable-sans-feminisme/ i n'y aura pas de révolution inogide enweghị féminisme] Der TagessPiegel: [https://m.tagesspiegel.de/politik/g7-und-die-frauenfrage-was-wir-afrikanerinnen-uns-vom-dem-treffen-erhoffen/24934608.html Ọ bụ Afrikanerinnen na-akwado Treffen erhoffen.] Africa.com [https://africa.com/op-ed-dont-you-dare-leave-us-behind/ Adịla gị amala Hapụ anyị n'azụ] OGP: [https://www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/empowering-the-african-youth-through-education/ Inye ndị ntorobịa Africa ike site na agụmakwụkwọ] CNBC Africa: Op-Ed: [https://www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/empowering-the-african-youth-through-education/ Ụbọchị ịda ogbenye ụwa: ohere iji chegharịa ọdịnihu nke ndị ntorobịa Africa] Africa niile: Africa: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250219181339/https://allafrica.com/stories/201910170300.html Ụbọchị ịda ogbenye nke ụwa - ohere iji chegharịa ọdịnihu nke ndị ntorobịa Africa] UNIDO, [https://issuu.com/makingit/docs/makingit-27-46pp/20 Ime ka ọ bụrụ Magazin ka ọ bụrụ ọgbọ nke ndị na-eme mgbanwe] Maverick kwa ụbọchị [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-11-27-every-one-of-us-must-act-to-combat-gender-based-violence/?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=d5d16bcdcc67d49dd9f1b89b8abef31c19a62986-1575485577-0-AcNtVIyJXiubUK6pHMgf1Ax51e6Z-h4LLRmiB0iscMGuuOUMGeauvR5WqU-a8D8K46JxSNJMk9k06dV4QSDycBORi3fBTVPzXAZ4Y2ZMpo7VuD1TmIwzhOQ6kP9f0n9WOr2LGmiTMhG8nBkpcDmZyPAeY8NQH27h8urrkucS2Ukrv1vbB3YO9g2szPAJjmLvpwjNv4NL5jq5Sqs8Kb3YGTQ5qvLtLzPLwWOQ9GmCz6ABzFl0ubj6-O9fH5qDF_esCA-SCsz76JCBlTECdNFi3i67RTEFj2MecyZMDvOjgVW8hRrXTKJ4NtxQEJnl4_-PB5CIAqwNgPTtiTMdo1oScASL6Wqn7TCVUqs6-szn0_SbQOILo49lWCbWXw28I1bPDCsUh9jTtG6bydCN4BpOlf6Pu7a-vjTVjaC2zWhw-ojeCsJ60RZioZk0QlHH-09Hai1o65mCnjKjJVIwT-VCc8k Onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị ga-emerịrị ihe iji luso ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200131150126/https://www.metro-un.com/en/2019-10-29/african-youth/youth-leaders-positive-agents-change Ndị isi ndị ntorobịa Metro dị ka ezigbo ndị ọrụ mgbanwe] Addis Standard [https://addisstandard.com/op-ed-assuring-women-young-girls-a-life-free-from-violence-should-be-everyones-business/ OP-ED: Na-emesi obi ike na ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto ndụ nweere onwe ha pụọ na ime ihe ike kwesịrị ịbụ azụmahịa onye ọ bụla.] https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/01/yarmouk-camp-victim-water-wars-syria-201514102955303689.html https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/aya-chebbi/ https://web.archive.org/web/20241009014834/https://una.org.uk/strengthening-civil-society-engagement-united-nations [https://www.opengovpartnership.org/trust/youth-radicalisation-and-distrust/ https://www.opengovpartnership.org/trust/youth-radicalization-and-distrust/] https://www.dandc.eu/en/contributors/aya-chebbi https://web.archive.org/web/20220522012152/https://30thingstothinkabout.org/voices/ == Njikọ mpụga == * https://twitter.com/aya_chebbi?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor * https://www.linkedin.com/in/ayachebbi/?originalSubdomain=ke {{Visual Collaborative|state=collapsed}} == Hụkwa == * Moussa Faki * Chido Cleopatra Mpemba * Bogolo Kenewendo == Ntụaka == African Union Commission Moussa Faki họpụtara na Nọvemba 2018, dịka onye isi nke ọdụdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African Union BankAfrican Union Commission Moussa Faki họpụtara{{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 87k7ejse9pe6jfatvypm1tpaq6befaq 0 52632 697473 696896 2026-08-10T00:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697473 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Anna Mercury''''' bụ usoro akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị nke onye edemede Warren Ellis na onye na-ese ihe Facundo Percio mepụtara. Usoro abụọ na-egosi onye ahụ ka Avatar Press bipụtara. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike na mbipụta == Ellis jiri onye ahụ tụnyere ngwakọta nke Daredevil, Lara Croft na onye sitere na Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, na-ekwukwa mmetụta nke magazin akụkọ sayensị pulp {{Cite web|url=http://www.previewsworld.com/Article/66025-WARREN-ELLIS-INTERVIEW--THE-DIRT-ON-ANNA-MERCURY|title=WARREN ELLIS INTERVIEW--THE DIRT ON ANNA MERCURY|work=www.previewsworld.com|accessdate=2024-10-03|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007110424/https://www.previewsworld.com/Article/66025-WARREN-ELLIS-INTERVIEW--THE-DIRT-ON-ANNA-MERCURY}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''www.previewsworld.com''.</cite></ref> na usoro ''Lensman''. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/who-is-anna-mercury-warren-ellis-gives-hints/|title=Who is "Anna Mercury?" Warren Ellis Gives Hints|first=Shaun|author=Manning|date=February 14, 2008|work=CBR}}</ref> Onye edemede ahụ na Percio rụkọrọ ọrụ na Ellis 'webcomic FreakAngels, na-achọpụta na ọ hụrụ njikọ nke ihe atụ nke European na ihe ọchị Anglo-American.[1] Anna Mercury bụ onye mbụ n'ime usoro echere maka obere usoro maka Avatar, usoro Ellis chere na ọ bụ "ọdịnihu".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.previewsworld.com/Article/66025-WARREN-ELLIS-INTERVIEW--THE-DIRT-ON-ANNA-MERCURY|title=WARREN ELLIS INTERVIEW--THE DIRT ON ANNA MERCURY|work=www.previewsworld.com|accessdate=2024-10-03|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007110424/https://www.previewsworld.com/Article/66025-WARREN-ELLIS-INTERVIEW--THE-DIRT-ON-ANNA-MERCURY}}</ref> Akara ahụ malitere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 na usoro ise. Usoro nke abụọ nke ise, ''Anna Mercury 2'', sochiri na 2009, mana ọ bụ naanị atọ n'ime mbipụta ndị ahụ ka e bipụtara. N'afọ 2012, Ellis kwuru na nkwubi okwu ahụ - nke a rụgharịrị dị ka otu ugboro ugboro - bụ nke zuru ezu. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, ọ dịghị ihe ọmụma ọzọ gbasara usoro ahụ ka a tọhapụrụ. == Nkọwa == Anna Mercury bụ dike na-eyi vinyl, nke nwere isi uhie nke na-eme njem n'etiti ụwa dị iche iche, na-alụ ọgụ iji gbochie ndị ụwa ndị ọzọ iji ngwá agha dị elu. Otu n'ime ndị a bụ obodo New Ataraxia, ebe a na-elekarị ya anya dị ka akụkọ ifo obodo. N'ụwa, na United Kingdom nke oge a, Anna Mercury bụ n'ezie Anna Louise Britton, onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị, e nyere ọrụ ọrụ na ụwa itoolu dị iche iche dị n'akụkụ nke anyị. Njem Anna na-agafe oghere dị n'etiti ụwa na-ebo ngwá ọrụ ya nke na-ahapụ ya ka ọ mebie ike ike ndọda, na-aga n'ime ihe siri ike, ma rụọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ike ahụ nwere oke na a ga-enyocha ya nke ọma. == Mbipụta ndị a chịkọtara == {| class="wikitable" !Aha ya !ISBN !Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya !Nsogbu |- |''Anna Mercury - Onye Na-egbu Egwu'' |  |Machị 2009 |''Anna Mercury'' #1-5 |} == Nnakwere == A họọrọ mbipụta mbụ nke ''Anna Mercury'' maka Comics Bulletin's "Sunday Slugfest", ndị nyocha atọ ahụ nyere mbipụta ahụ 'mgbọ' anọ n'ime ise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comicsbulletin.com/reviews/120751005233023.htm|title=Sunday Slugfest: Anna Mercury #1 (of 5) Review - Line of Fire Reviews - Comics Bulletin|date=March 3, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205636/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/reviews/120751005233023.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> Rich Johnston nwere obi ụtọ banyere mbipụta mbụ nke ''Anna Mercury 2'' na nyocha maka Bleeding Cool: "Ọ buru ibu, ọ dị obi ike ma ọ dị egwu mana ọ nwekwara omimi na ndabere na ọbụna oge ụfọdụ ọmịiko nke ndị dị ka ''Planetary''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/recent-updates/review-anna-mercury-volume-2-1/|title=Review: Anna Mercury Volume 2 #1|first=Rich Johnston &#124; Last updated|author=Comments|date=June 4, 2009|work=Bleeding Cool News And Rumors}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Anna MercurynaEbe nchekwa data nke Grand Comics * Anna Mercury 2naEbe nchekwa data nke Grand Comics ntumkea22reg407arfmtshtk2idh8d4 0 52840 697732 538484 2026-08-10T06:51:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|image=Carolyn Bertozzi by Christopher Michel in 2022 4.jpg|caption=Bertozzi in 2022}} '''Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi''' (amuru Ọktoba 10, 1966) bu onye America chemist na Nobel laureate, nke amara maka oru ya buru ibu nke gbasara ma kemistri na bayoloji. Ọ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ " kemịkalụ bioorthogonal " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/carolyn-r-bertozzi|title=Carolyn R. Bertozzi|work=HHMI.org|language=en|accessdate=February 5, 2020}}</ref> maka mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dabara na sistemu ndụ. Mgbalị ya na nso nso a gụnyere njikọ nke ngwa kemịkalụ iji mụọ shuga dị n'elu cell a na-akpọ glycans yana otu ha si emetụta ọrịa dịka kansa, mbufụt, na ọrịa nje dị ka COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Bertozzi {{!}} Department of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/carolyn-bertozzi|accessdate=March 16, 2022|work=chemistry.stanford.edu}}</ref> Na Mahadum Stanford, ọ na-ejide Anne T. na Robert M. Bass Prọfesọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Humanities na Sciences. <ref name="Adams">{{Cite news|author=Adams|first=Amy|title=Stanford chemist explains excitement of chemistry to students, the public|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/june/chemistry-bertozzi-qna-060515.html|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Bertozzi bụkwa onye nyocha na Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) <ref name="GLBT">{{Cite news|title=Carolyn Bertozzi honored by GLBT organization|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2007/02/21_awards.shtml|accessdate=February 8, 2013|work=UC Berkeley News|date=February 27, 2007}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Molecular Foundry, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nanoscience na Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . <ref name="HHMI Bio" /> Ọ natara ihe nrite MacArthur "genius" mgbe ọ dị afọ 33. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Bertozzi, Organic Chemist|url=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/600/|work=MacArthur Foundation|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref> Na 2010, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ngalaba Lemelson – MIT Prize . Ọ bụ onye so na National Academy of Sciences (2005), Institute of Medicine (2011), na National Academy of Inventors (2013). Na 2014, a mara ọkwa na Bertozzi ga-edu ''ACS Central Science'', American Chemical Society 's first peer-reviewed open access journal, nke na-enye ọdịnaya niile n'efu na ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Bertozzi To Lead ACS Central Science {{!}} Chemical & Engineering News|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/09/Carolyn-Bertozzi-Lead-ACS-Central.html|work=cen.acs.org|accessdate=August 19, 2015|first=Linda|author=Wang}}</ref> Kemgbe 2021 ọ bụbu onye otu Accademia dei Lincei . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lincei.it/en/node/9765|title=Alla lincea Carolyn Bertozzi uno dei Nobel per la Chimica 2022|publisher=Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei|work=www.lincei.it|language=it|accessdate=October 7, 2022}}</ref> Dị ka nwanyị nwanyị mepere emepe na agụmakwụkwọ na sayensị, Bertozzi abụrụla ihe nlereanya maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ibe ya. <ref name="Cassell">{{Cite news|author=Cassell|first=Heather|title=Two Bay Area gay scientists honored|url=https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&sc=&sc2=&id=237708|accessdate=October 5, 2022|work=Bay Area Reporter|date=February 22, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=NOGLSTP to Honor Bertozzi, Gill, Mauzey, and Bannochie at 2007 Awards Ceremony in February|accessdate=February 19, 2019|url=https://www.noglstp.org/publications-documents/announcements/2007-01-21-noglstp-to-honor-bertozzi-gill-mauzey-and-bannochie-at-2007-awards-ceremony-in-february/|publisher=NOGLSTP}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Carolyn Bertozzi nwetara BA, ''summa cum laude'', na kemịkalụ si Mahadum Harvard, ebe ya na Prọfesọ Joe Grabowski na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi na iwu nke calorimeter fotoacoustic. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=214–26|doi=10.1016/0003-2697(92)90003-P|title=Fluorescence probes in biochemistry: An examination of the non-fluorescent behavior of dansylamide by photoacoustic calorimetry|url=https://archive.org/details/analytical-biochemistry_1992-12_207_2/page/214|year=1992|author=Grabowski|first=Joseph J.|journal=[[Analytical Biochemistry]]|volume=207|issue=2|pmid=1481973}}</ref> Ọrụ ya masịrị Grabowski ma chọọ ka Bertozzi dee akụkọ banyere ọrụ a, bụ nke e debere na Bertozzi jiri nnukwu ego nrite nweta ihe nrite Thomas T. Hoopes Undergraduate Thesis Prize . <ref name=":6" /> Mgbe ọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ, ọ na-egwuri egwu n'ọtụtụ ìgwè, karịsịa Bored of Education na Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello . <ref name="NIGMS Bio">{{Cite web|title=Meet Carolyn Bertozzi|url=http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/chemist_bertozzi.htm|publisher=NIGMS|accessdate=February 8, 2013|archivedate=October 5, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005223521/https://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/chemist_bertozzi.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Houlton|first=Sarah|date=January 12, 2018|title=Carolyn Bertozzi|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/carolyn-bertozzi/3008380.article|accessdate=October 7, 2020|work=Chemistry World|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard na 1988, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Bell Labs na Chris Chidsey. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inchemistry.acs.org/content/inchemistry/en/acs-and-you/carolyn-bertozzi.html|title=Carolyn Bertozzi' s Winding Road to an Extraordinary Career|work=inChemistry|accessdate=February 17, 2020|first=Eric|author=Stewart|date=March 27, 2017|publisher=[[American Chemical Society]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Berkeley na Ph.D., Bertozzi bụ onye ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum California, San Francisco (UCSF) na Steven Rosen, bụ ebe ọ mụrụ ọrụ nke endothelial oligosaccharides n'ịkwalite adhesion cell na saịtị mbufụt . <ref name="Davis" /> <ref name="Gardiner">{{Cite journal|author=Gardiner|first=Mary Beth|title=The Right Chemistry|journal=HHMI Bulletin|date=Winter 2005|pages=8–12|url=https://www.hhmi.org/sites/default/files/Bulletin/2005/Winter/winter2005_fulltext.pdf|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ya na Rosen na-arụ ọrụ na UCSF, Bertozzi nwere ike gbanwee protein na sugar molecules na mgbidi nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-anabata ihe ndị mba ọzọ dị ka ntinye. <ref name="CHFBio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/biomolecules/proteins-and-sugars/bertozzi.aspx|title=Carolyn Bertozzi|work=Chemical Heritage Foundation|archivedate=July 12, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164415/http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/biomolecules/proteins-and-sugars/bertozzi.aspx}}</ref> Na 1996 Bertozzi ghọrọ onye nkuzi na UC Berkeley College of Chemistry <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sanders|first=Robert|title=Chemistry Nobelist Carolyn Bertozzi's years at UC Berkeley|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2022/10/05/chemistry-nobelist-carolyn-bertozzis-years-at-uc-berkeley/|accessdate=15 October 2022|work=Berkeley News|date=5 October 2022}}</ref> na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Molecular Foundry . <ref name="Davis" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2022/10/05/carolyn-bertozzi-wins-2022-nobel-chemistry|title=Former Berkeley Lab Scientist Carolyn Bertozzi Wins 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry|accessdate=September 7, 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nyocha na HHMI kemgbe 2000. <ref name="HHMI Bio">{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Bertozzi|url=http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/bertozzi_bio.html|publisher=HHMI|accessdate=February 8, 2013|archivedate=May 16, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204149/http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/bertozzi_bio.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. HHMI. Archived from on May 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1999, mgbe ya na HHMI na-arụ ọrụ na Berkeley, o hiwere ngalaba nke kemịkalụ bioorthogonal wee chepụta okwu ahụ na 2003. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/people/profiles/Carolyn-Bertozzis-glycorevolution/98/i5|title=Carolyn Bertozzi's glycorevolution|work=Chemical & Engineering News|language=en|accessdate=February 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/carolyn-bertozzi|title=NIHF Inductee Carolyn Bertozzi Invented Bioorthogonal Chemistry|work=www.invent.org|language=en|accessdate=February 5, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sletten|first=Ellen M.|date=September 20, 2011|title=From Mechanism to Mouse: A Tale of Two Bioorthogonal Reactions|journal=Accounts of Chemical Research|volume=44|issue=9|pages=666–676|doi=10.1021/ar200148z|issn=0001-4842|pmid=21838330}}</ref> Mpaghara ọhụrụ a na usoro a na-enye ndị na-eme nchọpụta ohere iji kemịkal gbanwee mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ghara ịkwụsị usoro nke cell. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sletten|first=Ellen M.|date=2009|title=Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English|volume=48|issue=38|pages=6974–6998|doi=10.1002/anie.200900942|issn=1433-7851|pmid=19714693}}</ref> Na 2015, Bertozzi kwagara na Mahadum Stanford iji sonye na CheM-H Institute. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bertozzigroup.stanford.edu/bio.htm|title=Carolyn R. Bertozzi|work=bertozzigroup.stanford.edu|accessdate=April 13, 2018|archivedate=August 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806163551/https://bertozzigroup.stanford.edu/bio.htm}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Bertozzi tolitere na Lexington, Massachusetts, ada Norma Gloria (Berringer) na William Bertozzi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/norma-bertozzi-obituary?id=30733422|title=NORMA GLORIA BERTOZZI Obituary (2021) Boston Globe|work=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye Ịtali . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lavocedinewyork.com/en/news/2022/10/05/italian-american-scientist-carolyn-bertozzi-wins-the-nobel-prize-in-chemistry|title=Italian American Scientist Carolyn Bertozzi Wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry|date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Il Nobel per la chimica 2022 a Bertozzi, Meldal e Sharpless|url=https://www.rainews.it/tgr/piemonte/articoli/2022/10/attesa-per-lassegnazione-del-nobel-per-la-chimica-2022-7e183214-ce64-4cf4-b5b4-a1fac3bccbd8.html}}</ref> Nne na nna nne ya si [[Nova Scotia]], [[Kánada|Canada]] . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/3xomins|title=Oral history interview with Carolyn R. Bertozzi}}</ref> O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha, Andrea Bertozzi, nọ na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles . <ref name="UCLA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.math.ucla.edu/~bertozzi/|title=UCLA Math Department Faculty|accessdate=June 4, 2012}}</ref> Nna ya bụ prọfesọ physics na Massachusetts Institute of Technology . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/bertozzi_william.html|title=MIT Physics Department Faculty|accessdate=June 4, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Davis" /> Bertozzi na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ tolitere gburugburu sayensị. N'ihi na nna ha bụ prọfesọ physics, mgbe a jụrụ ya ihe ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị chọrọ ịbụ mgbe ha tolitere, azịza ya bụ otu onye: ọkà mmụta sayensị nuklia. Ụmụ agbọghọ atọ ahụ ga-aga ogige MIT, dịka nna ha rọrọ nrọ na ha ga-aga MIT n'ihi "ngwakọta mpako na nkwa nke nkuzi n'efu." O wutere William, Carolyn gara Harvard kama n'ihi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nyere ike na-abụghị naanị sayensị. <ref name="Davis" /> Bertozzi tụlere obere oge ọrụ na egwu. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ meriri ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka nhazi egwu na mmezu egwu. Nkà ya na kiiboodu nwetara onyinye ya dị ka onye isi egwu sitere na egwu egwu mahadum dị iche iche, mana ọ chere na ọ "na-elekwasị anya mgbe niile na sayensị". <ref name="Davis">{{Cite journal|author=Davis|first=T.|title=Profile of Carolyn Bertozzi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-02-16_107_7/page/2737|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=February 16, 2010|volume=107|issue=7|pages=2737–2739|doi=10.1073/pnas.0914469107|pmid=20160128}}</ref> Bertozzi bụ nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ọ nọla kemgbe ngwụcha 1980s. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Navals|first=Pauline|date=April 5, 2022|title=ONE ON ONE WITH CAROLYN BERTOZZI|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|language=en|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/One-on-one-with-Carolyn-Bertozzi/100/i12}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mgbe a jụrụ ya ihe ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị chọrọ ịbụ mgbe ha tolitere, azịza ya bụ otu onye: ọkà mmụta sayensị nuklia. Ụmụ agbọghọ atọ ahụ ga-aga ogige MIT, dịka nna ha rọrọ nrọ na ha ga-aga MIT n'ihi "ngwakọta {{DEFAULTSORT:Carolyn,Bertozzi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l9ctguyvst01or3xkt4jmeslmfu4mlt 0 52843 697561 189807 2026-08-10T02:43:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A kọwawo '''Evelyn Torton Beck''' (amuru Jenụwarị 18, 1933) dị ka "ọkà mmụta, onye nkuzi, onye na-ahụ maka nwanyị, na onye Juu na-ekwu okwu n'ekwughị okwu". Ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2002 ọ pụrụ iche na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị Juu <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beck|first=Evelyn|title=Diana Kurz's Holocaust Paintings: A Chance Encounter That Was No Accident|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-2006_32_1/page/54|journal=Feminist Studies|date=Spring 2006|volume=32|issue=1|pages=54–81|doi=10.2307/20459065}}</ref> na ọmụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na Mahadum Maryland, College Park . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beck|first=Evelyn|title=Lesbians in Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-2000_26_2/page/477|journal=Feminist Studies|date=Summer 2000|volume=26|issue=2|pages=477–495|doi=10.2307/3178546}}</ref> Beck ebipụtala ọtụtụ edemede na akwụkwọ gbasara okpukpe ndị Juu. Ọ bịara bụrụ onye a ma ama na 1982 site n'akwụkwọ ya, ''Nice Jewish Girls: A Lesbian Anthology'', nchịkọta uri, edemede, ncheta na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, kwenyere na ọ bụ nchịkọta ọrụ mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu nwere mmasị na United States bipụtara na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States. Steeti]] . == Akụkọ ndụ == === Provenance na mmalite afọ === A mụrụ Evelyn Torton n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu na Vienna, Austria. Max Torton, nna ya, sitere na Buchach, obere obodo nke a ga-ewere n'oge ahụ dị ka Polish . (Kemgbe 1944 ọ nọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ukraine .) Nne ya, onye a mụrụ Irma Lichtmann, si Vienna . Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Austria|n'Austria]] bịara na-agbasawanye n'ime 1930s, na n'oge ọmụmụ Evelyn obodo ahụ ghọrọ ọchịchị aka ike nke otu pati . Gọọmenti Austria bịara na-abawanye n'okpuru mmetụta German . Mgbe Austria jikọtara ya na Germany gbasaara na March 1938 antisemitism ghọrọ akụkụ bụ isi nke amụma gọọmentị: na 1938, e jidere Max Torton ma kpọga ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Dachau . Ndị ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịhapụ ụlọ Vienna ma banye n'ime ghetto . N'ebe a, ha na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ bi n'otu ụlọ nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1939 Max Torton ebugharịla n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Buchenwald, wee hapụ ya n'ọnọdụ ndị na-edoghị anya. N'afọ ahụ Evelyn dị afọ isii, ya na nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke nta, Edgar, gbagara [[Italy]] ebe ezinụlọ ahụ biri ọnwa ole na ole na Milan . Ọ bụ naanị na enwere ike ịnweta visa anọ, ha ga-ahapụkwa nne nne Evelyn, onye ya na ezinụlọ ya na-ebikarị, n'azụ Vienna . Ndị ọchịchị Nazi ga-emecha chụpụ ya ma gbuo ya. <ref name="ETBlautEM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.judentum.net/kultur/beck.htm|title=Nice Jewish Girls|work=Interview mit Evelyn Torton Beck|publisher=haGalil, München & Tel Aviv|author=Elisabeth Malleier|accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ya na ndị mụrụ ya rutere [[New York City|New York]] na June 1940 ọ dị afọ asaa. Nna ya gwara ya na ụgbọ mmiri ha bụ ụgbọ mmiri ikpeazụ e kwere ka ọ pụọ Italy gaa United States. <ref name="ETBlautEM" /> Nwanne ya nwoke nke nta bụ Edgar nọgidere na Europe, ma ọ ga-alanarị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ wee kwaga [[New York City|New York]] mgbe [[World War II|agha]] ahụ gasịrị. === Afọ ụmụ akwụkwọ === Evelyn Torton Beck gụrụ akwụkwọ ntụnyere wee nata BA (nke mbụ) na kọleji Brooklyn na 1954, nke bụkwa afọ nke alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya. N'afọ sochirinụ ọ natara MA ya na [[Yale University|Yale]] . Doctorate ya na Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison ga-eso na 1969. <ref name="ETBlautT">{{Cite web|title=Torton-Beck Evelyn; Literaturwissenschafterin Geb. Wien, 18.1.1933|work=T|publisher=De Gruyter (open Access)|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/books/9783205793489/9783205793489-021/9783205793489-021.pdf|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral ya metụtara Franz Kafka na mmetụta nke ihe nkiri Yiddish na ọrụ ya. <ref name="ETBPhDlautResearchGate">{{Cite web|title=Kafka and the Yiddish theater : a study of the impact of the Yiddish theater on the work of Franz Kafka.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36262959|date=January 1969|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref> === Edemede === * "Kahlo's World Split Open", na: ''Ọmụmụ nwanyị'', Nr. 32, 1/2006, p.&nbsp;54–83 * "Ọtụtụ Ihu Iv: Ụmụ nwanyị, Yiddish, na Isaac Bashevis Onye na-abụ abụ", na: ''Studies in American Jewish Literature'' No. 1/1981, p.&nbsp;112–123 * "LB. Misogyny nke onye ọbụ abụ", na: ''Lilith.'' ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị Juu,'' Frühling 1980 == Ntụaka == mmadụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1939 Max Torton ebugharịla n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Buchenwald, wee hapụ ya n'ọnọdụ ndị na-edoghị anya. N'afọ ahụ Evelyn dị afọ isii, ya na nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke nta, Edgar,{{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ckk09z6ecy3dloty4kfqdwuf9krvzny 0 52975 697942 364866 2026-08-10T11:16:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697942 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:GertrudeStein JackHemingway Paris.jpg|thumb|Ememe Na-aga N'ihu]] Ememe a na-emegharị emegharị bụ ihe ncheta nke Ernest Hemingway gbasara afọ ya dị ka onye odeakụkọ na onye ode akwụkwọ si mba ọzọ na Paris n'oge 1920s. E bipụtara ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1964.[1] Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọ akụkọ alụmdi na nwunye mbụ Hemingway na Hadley Richardson na mmekọrịta ya na ndị omenala omenala ndị ọzọ nke Ọgbọ Lost na interwar [[France]]. Ihe ncheta Hemingway na-ezo aka ọtụtụ ndị ama ama n'oge ahụ gụnyere Sylvia Beach, Hilaire Belloc, Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Aleister Crowley, John Dos Passos, F. Scott na Zelda Fitzgerald, Ford Madox Ford, James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, Pascin, Ezra Pound. , Evan Shipman, Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas, na Hermann von Wedderkop. Ọrụ ahụ kwuru banyere ọtụtụ ụlọ mmanya, cafes, na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị ka dị na Paris taa. Ernest Hemingway gburu onwe ya na Julaị 1961 egbu oge ibipụta akwụkwọ ahụ, mana nwunye ya nke anọ na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, Mary Hemingway, bipụtara ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1964 site na ihe odide mbụ na ndetu. E bipụtara mbipụta ọzọ, nke nwa nwa ya nwoke bụ Seán Hemingway megharịrị na 2009.   == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1956, Hemingway chọtara obere igbe ụgbọ mmiri abụọ nwere akwụkwọ mpịakọta ya site na afọ 1920 nke o debere n'okpuru ala nke Họtel Ritz Paris na Machị 1928. Enyi Hemingway na onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ A. E. Hotchner, onye ya na ya nọ na Paris na 1956, chetara ihe omume ahụ: <ref name="Hotchner"/>   Hemingway dere akwụkwọ mpịakọta ahụ wee malite ịgbanwe ha ka ha bụrụ akwụkwọ ncheta nke ga-emesị ghọọ A Moveable Feast . <ref name="HowItWas">{{Cite book|author=Hemingway|first=Mary|title=How It Was|location=New York|publisher=Ballantine|year=1977}}</ref> Mgbe Hemingway nwụsịrị na 1961, nwunye ya di ya Mary Hemingway dezigharịrị ihe odide ahụ tupu e bipụta ya na 1964. <ref name="HowItWas" /><ref name="Hotchner"/> N'ihe odide "n'akwụkwọ" na mbipụta 1964 nke ọrụ ahụ, o dere, sị:   Researchers, including literary scholar Gerry Brenner from the University of Montana, examined Hemingway's notes and initial drafts of ''A Moveable Feast'' in the collection the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]]. In a 1982 paper titled "Are We Going to Hemingway's Feast?", Brenner documented Mary Hemingway's editing process and questioned its validity. He concluded that some of her changes were misguided and that others had questionable motives.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brenner, Gerry|title=Are We Going To Hemingway's Feast?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literature_1982-12_54_4/page/528|journal=American Literature|volume=54|date=December 1982|pages=528–544|doi=10.2307/2926004}}</ref> Brenner suggested that the changes contradicted Mary's "hands off" policy as executor.<ref name="HowItWas"/> Brenner stated that Mary had changed the order of the chapters in Hemingway's final draft to "preserve chronology" and disrupted the juxtaposition of character sketches of individuals like Sylvia Beach, owner of the bookstore Shakespeare and Company, and Gertrude Stein.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mary reinserted a chapter titled "Birth of a New School", which Hemingway had dropped from his draft.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Brenner's most serious change was that the 1964 book deleted Hemingway's lengthy apology to Hadley, his first wife, which had appeared in various forms in every draft of the book.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Brenner suggested that Mary deleted it because it impugned her role as wife.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Hotchner kwuru na ọ natara ihe odide ikpeazụ nke A Moveable Feast na 1959, nakwa na mbipụta Mary Hemingway bipụtara bụ n'ezie ihe odide ọ gụrụ n'oge ahụ. N'echiche Hotchner, mbipụta mbụ nke 1964 bụ mbipụta Hemingway bu n'obi na Mary Hemingway mezuru ebumnuche Ernest.<ref name="Hotchner">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/opinion/20hotchner.html|work=The New York Times|title=Don't Touch 'A Moveable Feast'|first=A. E.|author=Hotchner|date=2009-07-19|accessdate=2015-12-08}}</ref> Hotchner kọwara akwụkwọ ncheta Hemingway dị ka "ọrụ siri ike", nke Hemingway "n'ezie bu n'obi ka e bipụta ya", ma kwuo, sị: "N'ihi na Mary na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ihe onwunwe Ernest, o nweghị obere aka na akwụkwọ ahụ.... Ihe m gụrụ n'ụgbọelu na-alọta site na Cuba [na 1959] bụ n'ezie ihe e bipụtara. Enweghị isi ọzọ nke Mary mepụtara.<ref name="Hotchner" /> == Aha ya ==   Aha ahụ, A Moveable Feast (egwuregwu na okwu maka okwu eji eme ihe maka ụbọchị nsọ nke a na-ejighị ụbọchị ahụ), bụ nke enyi Hemingway na onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ A. E. Hotchner tụrụ aro, onye chetara Hemingway jiri okwu ahụ mee ihe na 1950. <ref name="PapaHem" /> Ihe Hotchner chetara okwu Hemingway ghọrọ isi iyi nke epigraph na peeji isiokwu maka mbipụta 1964. <ref name="PapaHem">{{Cite book|author=Hotchner, A.E.|title=Papa Hemingway|location=New York|publisher=Random House|date=1966}}</ref> Okwu a pụtara na nsụgharị Bekee nke 1946 nke The Stranger nke Albert Camus: "Masson kwuru na anyị nwere nri ehihie n'oge, mana n'ezie nri ehihie bụ oriri a na-agagharị agagharị, ị nwere ya mgbe ị nwere mmasị na ya. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Camus|first=Albert|title=The Stranger|date=1946|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|edition=Vintage Books|url=https://www.macobo.com/essays/epdf/CAMUS,%20Albert%20-%20The%20Stranger.pdf|accessdate=2 July 2022}}</ref> == Isiokwu == Mbipụta 1964 nke akwụkwọ ncheta Hemingway nwere okwu mbido nke Hemingway (pg. ix), "ihe odide" nke nwunye ya di ya nwụrụ (pg, xi), na isi ma ọ bụ ngalaba 20 nwere onwe ha.<ref name="MoveableFeast1" /> Enwere ike ịgụ nke ọ bụla dị ka otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe, ọ bụghị dabere na ihe gbara ọrụ ahụ gburugburu, ma ọ bụ hazie ya n'usoro ọ bụla: <ref name="MoveableFeast1">Hemingway, Ernest - ''A Moveable Feast'', Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1964.</ref> ::* "Ezigbo Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'ebe St.-Michel dị" ::* "Miss Stein Instructs" ::* "''Otu Ọgbọ Furu Efu''" ::* "Shakespeare na ụlọ ọrụ" ::* "Ndị Seine" ::* "Osimiri Mmiri Na-ezighị Ezi" ::* "Ọgwụgwụ nke Mkpọrọ" ::* "Ụnwụ bụ Ezi Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị" ::* "Ford Madox Ford na Onye na-eso ụzọ Ekwensu" ::* "Ọmụmụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọhụrụ" ::* "Na Pascin na Dome" ::* "Ezra Pound na ''Ezigbo Mmụọ'' Ya" ::* "Ọgwụgwụ Dị Iche Na-ezighi Iche" ::* "Nwoke A Na-etinye Aka na Ọnwụ" ::* "Evan Shipman na Lilas" ::* "Onye na-eme ihe ọjọọ" ::* "Scott Fitzgerald" ::* "Ndị nnụnụ anaghị ekerịta" ::* "Ihe Ndị A Na-atụle" ::* "Ọ dịghị mgbe Paris kwụsịrị" == Akụkọ mbipụta == E dezigharịrị mbipụta mbụ site na ihe odide Hemingway na ihe odide ya site na Mary Hemingway, nwunye ya nke anọ na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, ma bipụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1964, afọ atọ mgbe ọnwụ Hemingway gasịrị. <ref name="Hotchner"/><ref name="HowItWas"/> N'afọ 2009, nwa nwa Hemingway bụ Seán Hemingway, onye nlekọta na Metropolitan Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Staff|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/greek-and-roman-art/meet-the-staff|accessdate=2024-07-04|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> na Pauline Pfeiffer bipụtara mbipụta ọzọ, nke akpọrọ "Restored Edition". Mbipụta 2009 mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe: * The introductory letter by Hemingway, pieced together from various fragments by Mary Hemingway,{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} was removed. * The chapter called "Birth of a New School" and sections of "Ezra Pound and the Measuring Worm" and "There Is Never Any End to Paris" (which has been renamed as "Winter in Schruns" and moved to chapter 16) included earlier omissions. The unpublished "The Pilot Fish and the Rich" was added. * Chapter 7 ("Shakespeare and Company") became chapter 3; chapter 16 ("Nada y Pues Nada") moved to the end of the book as an "Additional Paris Sketch". * Hemingway's use of the second person was restored in many places, a change that Seán said "brings the reader into the story".<ref name="restoredp4">{{Cite book|author=Hemingway, Ernest|editor=Hemingway, Seán|title=A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition|publisher=Scribner's|location=New York|date=2009}}</ref> Site n'okwu mmalite ọhụrụ nke Patrick Hemingway:<blockquote>"[Nke a bụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke edemede ọkachamara nke nna m, ezi okwu mbido nke A Moveable Feast: 'Akwụkwọ a nwere ihe sitere na ncheta m na obi m. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na e mebiri otu ma nke ọzọ adịghị adị'. "<ref name="restoredpxiv">Hemingway, Seán (ed.) (2009), p. xiv</ref></blockquote> == Nnakwere == === Mmeghachi omume na mbipụta 2009 === A.E. Hotchner kwuru, n'etiti nkatọ ndị ọzọ ọ katọrọ mbipụta 2009, na Seán Hemingway dezigharịrị ya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, iji wepụ okwu banyere nne nne ya (nwunye nke abụọ nke Hemingway Pauline Pfeiffer) nke ọ hụrụ ihe na-erughị ịja mma.<ref name="Hotchner"/> Na mbipụta 2009, Hotchner kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ernest chebere okwu ndị o dere, okwu ndị nyere ụwa akwụkwọ ụdị edemede ọhụrụ. O doro anya na o nwere ikike iji chebe okwu ndị a pụọ na mwakpo na-enweghị isi, dị ka mpịakọta a rụgharịrị arụgharị nke a ga-akpọ "A Moveable Book".<ref name="Hotchner"/></blockquote>Ndị nkatọ ndị ọzọ achọpụtala mmejọ na ụfọdụ mgbanwe ndezi Seán Hemingway.[1] Irene Gammel dere banyere mbipụta ọhụrụ ahụ, sị: "N'ụzọ ziri ezi na n'ụzọ ziri ezi, iweghachi ebumnobi mbụ nke onye edemede bụ mkpọda na-amị amị mgbe ederede e bipụtara kwụsiri ike na oge na mgbe ndị odee ma ọ bụ ndị nnọchiteanya iwu kwadoro ndezigharị." N'ịrụtụ aka na mgbagwoju anya nke onye edemede, o kwubiri na "Ekwesịrị iwere nsụgharị Mary dị ka nke doro anya, ebe nsụgharị 'weghachiri eweghachi' na-enye ohere ịnweta isi mmalite ndị dị mkpa a na-ebipụtaghị na gburugburu nke na-eme ka mmalite nke mbipụta 1964 pụta ìhè.".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gammel, Irene|date=August 21, 2009|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/books/a-changeable-feast/article1259835/|title=A Changeable Feast|work=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=February 16, 2013}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == === Mgbanwe === Na Septemba 15, 2009, Variety kọrọ na Mariel Hemingway, nwa nwa Ernest Hemingway na nwunye mbụ ya, enwetala ikike ihe nkiri na ihe onyonyo na ihe ncheta ya na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri America bụ John Goldstone.[1] N'afọ 2019, a kọrọ na a na-emepụta usoro telivishọn site na Village Roadshow Entertainment Group, mana enweghị ụbọchị mwepụta a haziri ahazi..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemingway's 'A Moveable Feast' in the Works as TV Series|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hemingways-a-moveable-feast-works-as-tv-series-1231429|accessdate=2020-07-09|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=13 August 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2019-08-13|title=Ernest Hemingway's 'A Moveable Feast' In Works For TV With Village Roadshow Entertainment Group, Mariel Hemingway Among Producers|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/ernest-hemingways-a-moveable-feast-tv-village-roadshow-entertainment-group-mariel-hemingway-producers-1202667381/|accessdate=2020-07-09|work=Deadline|language=en}}</ref> === Ihe odide ọdịbendị === ==== Na fim ==== * Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị The Moderns (1988) na-eweta ihe odide nke A Moveable Feast na ndụ mgbe ọ na-eme ka ihe ngosi nke Lost Generation. * E gosipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na ihe nkiri City of Angels (1998) n'oge mgbanwe dị n'etiti Nicolas Cage na Meg Ryan. * Ihe nkiri Woody Allen nke afọ 2011 ''Midnight na Paris'' dị na Paris nke afọ 1920 dịka egosiri n'akwụkwọ Hemingway, ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara onye Owen Wilson na Hemingway na-emekọrịta ihe, Gertrude Stein, na F. Scott na Zelda Fitzgerald, ma jiri ahịrịokwu ahụ "ememme a na-agagharị agagharị" n'ọnọdụ abụọ. * Okwu (2012) na-eji ihe si na A Moveable Feast na-anọchite anya akwụkwọ e dere n'aka nke dị n'akpa ozi ochie. * Na ihe nkiri America Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị dị na shelf na ụlọ Steve Rogers bụ Hemingway's A Moveable Feast . * Na ihe nkiri America French Postcards (1979), otu onye na-ekwu okwu sitere n'akwụkwọ ahụ iji mee ka nwa akwụkwọ America ibe ya nke ya na ya na-amụ ihe na France kwenye ọ bụghị naanị ịmụ ihe, kamakwa ịnụ ụtọ ndụ na Paris. * Na ihe nkiri America Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008), onye na-eyi uwe aha ya bụ Tits Hemingway kwuru na ọ nwetara akụkụ ikpeazụ nke aha ya n'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị amasị ya bụ A Moveable Feast . ==== N'akwụkwọ ==== * Onye edemede Enrique Vila-Matas kpọrọ akwụkwọ ya Never Any End to Paris (2003) mgbe isi nke ikpeazụ nke ọrụ Hemingway gasịrị. ==== N'egwuregwu ==== * N'egwuregwu ya na ngwụcha afọ 1960, Woody Allen mere ihe omume nke zoro aka n'akwụkwọ ahụ e bipụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ma kọwaa oge ndị ya na Hemingway, Fitzgeralds, na Gertrude Stein na-eji ahịrị ọkpọ ugboro ugboro: "Na Hemingway kụrụ m aka n'ọnụ. "<ref>{{Cite news|author=Buchanan, Kyle|date=March 14, 2012|url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/03/fifty-years-ago-woody-allen-plotted-midnight-in-paris-in-this-stand-up-routine.html/|title=Fifty Years Ago Woody Allen Plotted Midnight in Paris in this Stand Up Routine|work=Vulture|accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref> === Mbilite n'Ọnwụ na France === Ememme a na-emegharị emegharị ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma na France na-esochi mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na November 13, 2015 na Paris.[1] N'ihe gbasara mwakpo ahụ, a na-ahụ aha akwụkwọ a n'asụsụ French, Paris est une fête dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nnupụisi na ememe. Ọnụ ego a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ a gbagoro na mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ pụtara n'ihe ncheta ndị e mere n'ofe obodo ahụ iji sọpụrụ ndị mwakpo ahụ metụtara. <ref name="CNN112015">{{Cite news|title=A Moveable Feast: Sales surge for Hemingway's Paris memoir|author=Watson, Ivan|work=CNN|date=November 22, 2015|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/22/europe/paris-hemingway-moveable-feast/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How Hemingway's ''A Moveable Feast'' Has Become a Bestseller in France; Following the deadly attacks in Paris, the author's memoir about life in the city has sold out of bookstores|author=Chandler, Adam|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/ernest-hemingway-paris-attacks-a-moveable-feast/417294/|work=The Atlantic|date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> === Mmanya Hemingway === Na A Moveable Feast, Hemingway kọwara otú ndụ dị ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na 1920s Paris. Na mgbakwunye na ide banyere ọbụbụenyi ya, alụmdi na nwunye, na ide ihe ọ na-eme na cafes Parisian, Hemingway kwurịtakwara ịhụnanya ya maka ezigbo mmanya, na-achọpụta mmanya dị iche iche ya na ndị enyi ya na-eri nri ha..<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Moveable Feast Box & Tasting|url=https://www.mummywineclub.com/hemingway-moveable-feast-wine|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Mummy Wine Club|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094714/https://www.mummywineclub.com/hemingway-moveable-feast-wine}}</ref> * Sancerre: A False Spring, "Ụbọchị ọzọ ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ mgbe anyị si n'otu n'ime njem anyị lọta ma nwee ihu ọma ọzọ anyị kwụsịrị na Prunier n'ụzọ ịlaghachi, na-abanye ịnọdụ ala n'ụlọ mmanya mgbe anyị lere anya n'ihe ịtụnanya dị ọnụ ala na windo. Anyị nwere oysters na crabane mexic na iko nke Sancerre. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sancere Gérard Fiou|url=https://www.mummywineclub.com/sancerre-g%C3%A9rard-fiou|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Mummy Wine Club|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927044545/https://www.mummywineclub.com/sancerre-g%C3%A9rard-fiou}}</ref> * Mâcon: ''Scott Fitzgerald'', "Anyị nwere nri ehihie dị egwu site na họtel dị na Lyon, ezigbo ọkụkọ a siri esi, achịcha dị ụtọ na mmanya Mâcon ọcha na Scott nwere obi ụtọ mgbe anyị ṅụrụ Maconnais ọcha na nke ọ bụla anyị kwụsịrị. Na Mâcon, m zụrụ karama anọ ọzọ nke ezigbo mmanya nke m wepụrụ dịka anyị chọrọ ha. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Domaine Corsin Macon|url=https://www.mummywineclub.com/domaine-corsin-macon|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Mummy Wine Club|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921082342/https://www.mummywineclub.com/domaine-corsin-macon}}</ref> * Corsican: Na Pascin na Dôme, "N'ụlọ, n'elu ebe a na-awa osisi, anyị nwere mmanya Corsican nke nwere ikike dị ukwuu na ọnụ ala. Ọ bụ mmanya Corsician ma ị nwere ike iji mmiri mee ka ọ bụrụ ọkara ma ka nata ozi ya. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Domaine Culombu Corse|url=https://www.mummywineclub.com/clos-culombu-corse|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Mummy Wine Club|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917004115/https://www.mummywineclub.com/clos-culombu-corse}}</ref> * Cahors: Na Pascin na Dôme, "Na Negre de Toulouse anyị ṅụrụ ezigbo mmanya Cahors site na nkeji iri na ise, ọkara ma ọ bụ carafe zuru ezu, na-ejikarị mmiri eme ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ... Na Paris, mgbe ahụ, ị nwere ike ibi ndụ nke ọma na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla ma na-agafe nri mgbe ụfọdụ ma ghara ịzụta uwe ọhụrụ ọ bụla, ị nwere ikike ịchekwa ma nwee ihe okomoko. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chateau Chambert Cahors|url=https://www.mummywineclub.com/chateau-de-chambert-cahors|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Mummy Wine Club|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921090924/https://www.mummywineclub.com/chateau-de-chambert-cahors}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tqrh2g10gae6aalg8eoz1lez6btdfk2 0 53174 697528 207196 2026-08-10T02:02:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isikwopụ afọ ime na District of Columbia''' bụ iwu n'oge niile nke ime ime. N'afọ 1971, na ''United States v. Vuitch'', Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwadoro iwu na-ekwu na a na-ekwe ka ite ime n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike, nke gụnyere "obi na ahụike". N'ihi ya, District of Columbia ghọrọ ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ite ime malite n'afọ ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-ewepụ afọ ime na District anọwo na-ebelata n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, site na iri na anọ na 1982 ruo iri na ise na 1992 ruo ise na 2014. N'afọ 2017, e nwere naanị otu ụlọ ọgwụ Planned Parenthood na distrikti na-enye ọrụ ite ime.E nwere 2,790 iwu kwadoro ite ime na District na 2014 na 1,424 na 2015. Gọọmentị ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ikike ite ime na mmegide ikike ite ime.N'akụkụ na-akwado ikike ite ime, Catholics for Choice na EMILY's List dabeere n'ebe ahụ. N'akụkụ na-emegide ikike ite ime, March for Life na-ewere ọnọdụ kwa afọ na-ime mkpesa ma omume na iwu nke ite ime na ma ọ bụ gburugburu ncheta nke Roe v. Wade. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ihi ọdịdị nke iwu ha gbasara ite ime, New York City na District of Columbia ghọrọ ebe ụmụ nwanyị na 1971 na-achọ ite ime iwu kwadoro.<ref name="Abor DC">{{Cite journal|author=Tyler|first=C. W.|date=1983|title=The public health implications of abortion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-public-health_1983_4/page/223|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=4|pages=223–258|doi=10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255|issn=0163-7525|pmid=6860439}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, District of Columbia nyere ego maka ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye na-achọ ite ime. Ego ndị a kpuchiri ihe dị ka 85% nke ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ na distrikti ahụ na-achọ ite ime. Enweghịzi ego gọọmentị etiti n'ihi Hyde Amendment.Ego obodo pụtara na n'agbanyeghị mbelata nke ite ime iwu kwadoro na steeti 39 ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ego obodo, District of Columbia hụrụ mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ite ime iwu.<ref name="Abor DC" /> === Akụkọ iwu === A mara iwu na Washington, D.C., nke kwere ka ite ime iji chebe ndụ ma ọ bụ ahụ ike nke nwanyị ahụ, n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 1971 na United States v. Vuitch. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwadoro iwu ahụ, na-eche na "ahụike" pụtara "ọdịmma nke mmụọ na nke anụ ahụ", na-ekwe ka ite ime na Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/22/charts-how-roe-v-wade-changed-abortion-rights/|title=CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights|author=Kliff|first=Sarah|date=January 22, 2013|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> === Akụkọ ikpe === Ikpe 1971 nke United States v. Vuitch metụtara otu nwanyị si District nke Columbia kpebiri na ite ime nwere ike izi ezi n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka ahụike uche nke nwanyị dị ime.<ref name="Abor DC" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/timeline-important-reproductive-freedom-cases-decided-supreme-court|title=Timeline of Important Reproductive Freedom Cases Decided by the Supreme Court|work=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-25}}</ref> === Akụkọ ahụike === [[Usòrò:Number_of_abortion_clinics_in_the_District_of_Columbia_by_year.png|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-ewepụ afọ ime na District of Columbia site n'afọ]] N'agbata afọ 1982 na 1992, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-ete ime na steeti ahụ mụbara otu, site na iri na anọ na 1982 ruo iri na ise na 1992.[1] Na 1996, District nwere ụlọọgwụ ite ime iri na asatọ ma bụrụ otu n'ime naanị atọ nwetara ụlọọgwụ n'etiti 1992 na 1996.[2] N'afọ 2014, e nwere ụlọ ọgwụ ise na-ete ime na mpaghara.[3][4] Na 2017, e nwere otu ụlọọgwụ Planned Parenthood, nke nyere ọrụ ime ime, na mpaghara nwere ụmụ nwanyị 200,588 dị afọ 15–49.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-planned-parenthood-locations-states/|title=Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood|accessdate=2019-05-23|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ == N'ime oge n'etiti 1972 na 1974, Texas na District nke Columbia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ọnwụ na-akwadoghị iwu na-akwadoghị na United States na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnwụ 62 na 21 n'otu nde mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ọnwụ ndị dị na District nke Columbia na New York n'oge a gosipụtara na ọbụna n'ebe iwu kwadoro ite ime, ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ha nwee ike ime oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-abụghị ndị dibịa na-enyere aka ime ime. Enwere ihe dị iche iche maka nke a gụnyere enweghị agụmakwụkwọ, ịda ogbenye na enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike.[1] Na 1990, ụmụ nwanyị 93,000 nọ na mpaghara chere ihe ize ndụ nke ịtụrụ ime na-atụghị anya ya ihu.[2] Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị gbara afọ 15–44, na 2001, Idaho nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha ala nke ime ime na 3 n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 1,000 ebe District nke Columbia nwere nke kachasị na 37 kwa 1,000.[3]. Na 2014, 70% nke ndị okenye kwuru na ntuli aka nke Pew Research Center na ite ime kwesịrị ịbụ iwu n'ihe niile ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Views about abortion by state|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/compare/views-about-abortion/by/state/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite ime a kọrọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ite ime na mgbanwe pasentị site na mpaghara na steeti na 1992, 1995 na 1996 <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1998/11/abortion-incidence-and-services-united-states-1995-1996|title=Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996|date=2005-06-15|work=Guttmacher Institute|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-02}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Nkewa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na steeti ! colspan="3" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ! colspan="3" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ! rowspan="2" |Mgbanwe pasent 1992-1996 |- |'''1992''' |'''1995''' |'''1996''' |'''1992''' |'''1995''' |'''1996''' |- |Ndịda Atlantic |269,200 |261,990 |263,600 |25.9 |24.6 |24.7 |–5 |- |Delaware |5,730 |5,790 |4,090 |35.2 |34.4 |24.1 |–32 |- |Mpaghara nke Columbia |21,320 |21,090 |20,790 |138.4 |151.7 |154.5 |12 |- |Florida |84,680 |87,500 |94,050 |30 |30 |32 |7 |- |Georgia |39,680 |36,940 |37,320 |24 |21.2 |21.1 |–12 |- |Maryland |31,260 |30,520 |31,310 |26.4 |25.6 |26.3 |0 |- |North Carolina |36,180 |34,600 |33,550 |22.4 |21 |20.2 |–10 |- |South Carolina |12,190 |11,020 |9,940 |14.2 |12.9 |11.6 |–19 |- |Virginia |35,020 |31,480 |29,940 |22.7 |20 |18.9 |–16 |- |West Virginia |3,140 |3,050 |2,610 |7.7 |7.6 |6.6 |–14 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite ime a kọrọ, site na ịkọ ebe obibi na ihe omume na site na pasent nke ite ime nke ndị bi na steeti ọzọ nwetara, US CDC atụmatụ ! rowspan="2" |Ebe ! colspan="3" |Ebe obibi ! colspan="3" |Ihe mere ! rowspan="2" |% nwetara site n'aka ndị bi na steeti ! rowspan="2" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" |Nkwupụta |- |Mba. |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ^ |Ọnụ ọgụgụ |Mba. |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ^ |Ọnụ ọgụgụ |- |Mpaghara nke Columbia |1,407 |7.9 |148 |2,790 |15.7 |293 |55.6 |2014 |<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2017|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|language=en-us|volume=66|issue=24|pages=1–48|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1|issn=1546-0738|pmid=29166366}}</ref> |- |Mpaghara nke Columbia |1,424 |7.9 |149 |1,267 |7 |132 | - |2015 |<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2018|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|language=en-us|volume=67|issue=13|pages=1–45|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1|issn=1546-0738|pmid=30462632}}</ref> |- |Mpaghara nke Columbia | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |2016 |<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2019|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|language=en-us|volume=68|issue=11|pages=1–41|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1|pmid=31774741|issn=1546-0738}}</ref> |- | colspan="10" |^ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite ime maka otu puku ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 15-44; ^^ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite afọ ime maka otu narị ụmụ a mụrụ dị ndụ |} == Echiche na ọrụ ndị metụtara ikike ite ime == === Nzukọ === E guzobere otu nzukọ nkwado a na-akpọ Catholics for Choice (CFC) na 1973 iji kwado nnweta nke ite ime, na-ekwu na ọnọdụ a kwekọrọ na ozizi Katọlik karịsịa na "isi nke akọ na uche" na mkpa ndị nkịtị dị n'ịkpụzi iwu ụka.<ref name="truth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/topics/abortion/documents/TruthaboutCatholicsandAbortion.pdf|title=The Truth About Catholics and Abortion|publisher=Catholics for Choice|accessdate=2019-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314013534/http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/topics/abortion/documents/TruthaboutCatholicsandAbortion.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-14}}</ref> E hiwere EMILY's List na District of Columbia na 1985.Otu n'ime ebumnuche ya bụ ịnwa ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado ikike ite ime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2017-01-20/timeline-the-womens-rights-movement-in-the-us|title=Stepping Through History, A timeline of women's rights from 1769 to the 2017 Women's March on Washington.|author=Milligan|first=Susan|date=January 20, 2017|work=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=May 23, 2019}}</ref> === Ihe omume === N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1984, CFC (nke bụ Catholics for a Free Choice) tinyere mgbasa ozi, nke ihe karịrị otu narị ndị Katọlik a ma ama, gụnyere ndị nọn, bịanyere aka na ''New York Times''. Mgbasa ozi ahụ, nke a na-akpọ A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion na-agbagha nkwupụta nke ndị isi Chọọchị na ndị Katọlik niile na-emegide ikike ite ime, ma kwuo na "itinye afọ ime kpọmkwem ... nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ omume ọma mgbe ụfọdụ". Holy See malitere usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị megide ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nọn bịanyere aka na nkwupụta ahụ, na-akpata esemokwu n'etiti ndị Katọlic na okwu ite ime nọgidere bụrụ akụkọ ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ abụọ na United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicidentity00dill_0|title=Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power|author=Dillon|first=Michele|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780521639590}}</ref> === Ngagharị iwe === Kemgbe afọ 2017, e nweela ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị kwa afọ na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] na Jenụwarị, ngwụsị izu nke ncheta Roe v. Wade. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Noor|first=Poppy|title=Women's March draws thousands across US after Roe v Wade overturned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/22/womens-march-2023-roe-v-wade-abortion-rights|work=The Guardian|accessdate=January 22, 2023|date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> E mepụtara #StopTheBans na nzaghachi maka steeti 6 na-eme iwu na mbido 2019 nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ iwu machibido afọ ime kpamkpam. Ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ime mkpesa n'ọrụ a ka ndị omeiwu steeti ndị ọzọ malitere ịtụle mmachibido iwu yiri nke ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke mmegharị iji gbalịa iwepu Roe v. Wade.<ref name=":1" />Ụmụ nwanyị si na Gọọmenti ahụ sonyere na ngagharị iwe na-akwado ikike ite ime dị ka akụkụ nke #StoptheBans movement na Mee 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/21/abortion-laws-stopthebans-rallies-set-across-nation-today/3750913002/|title=Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation|author=Bacon|first=John|work=USA TODAY|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-25}}</ref> Nnukwu ngagharị iwe dị ka akụkụ nke #StopTheBans mere na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States na Washington, D.C., na Mee 21. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/05/stop-the-bans-abortion-protest-everything-to-know.html|title=How to Join the Nationwide Abortion-Ban Protest Today|author=Arnold|first=Amanda|date=2019-05-21|work=The Cut|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-25}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Ndị bịara gụnyere Onye isi ala NARAL Ilyse Hogue na Onye isi ala Planned Parenthood Dr. Leana Wen. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eyi ọbara ọbara, na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwanyị na Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale . <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe a kwaturu Roe v. Wade na June 24, 2022, ndị na-emegide ite ime na ndị na-akwado ikike ite ime gosipụtara n'èzí ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I cannot believe we are here again': Protesters take to streets across US after Supreme Court overturns Roe|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-protests/7723620001/|work=USA Today|accessdate=February 4, 2024|date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ehihie, e nwere nnukwu ọnụnọ ndị uwe ojii gburugburu ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu na ụlọ Capitol, gụnyere ndị uwe ojii nwere ngwá agha ọgba aghara, na ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii na SUVs. Ndị uwe ojii gbochiri ọtụtụ okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Protest Latest: More Justice Homes Targeted in Day Two of Crowds|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-24/crowd-grows-quickly-outside-supreme-court-protest-update|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=February 4, 2024|date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> Na June 30, 2022, e jidere ihe karịrị ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike ite ime 180 na Washington, D.C. mgbe ha nọdụrụ ala ma gbochie ụzọ dị nso n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Daniels|first=Omari|title=More than 180 arrested at abortion rights protest near Supreme Court|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/30/abortion-protest-dc-supreme-court/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=July 1, 2022|date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i5k0ag01aj6ywmyt4tpfppwxxetsp1o 0 53203 697427 194754 2026-08-09T17:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adelyn Noda''' (née '''Benjamin'''; amụrụ 5 Ọktoba 1950) bụ onye nkuzi mbụ si Kosrae na Federated States of Micronesia . N'afọ 1983, ọ ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị kachasị nta si Kosrae ka a họpụtara dị ka diọn. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na 5 Ọktoba 1950 na Malem, mana o tolitere na Utwe. Nna ya bụ Reverend Benjamin Benjamin. Ọ gara Utwe Elementary School na Bethania High School na Belau site na 1965 ruo 1969. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1972 na Micronesia Community College. Ọ lụrụ onye mekaniki Henry Noda wee laghachi na Utwe Elementary School ka ọ kụzie ihe. N'afọ 1974, ọ kwagara ịkụziri Bekee na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Kosrae na site na 1978 ruo 1985 bụ onye isi ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="ERIC">{{Cite book|author=Simon-McWilliams|first=Ethel|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED280923.pdf|title=Glimpses into Pacific Lives: Some Outstanding Women (Revised).|date=1987|publisher=Northwest Regional Educational Lab.|location=Portland, Oregon|pages=52–3|accessdate=25 October 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, e chiri ya echichi dị ka dikọn, wee bụrụ nwanyị nke ọdụdụ ka e chiri echichi n'ọkwa na akụkọ ntolite nke Kosra Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, ọ bụ onye nkuzi ọdịbendị Kosraean na College of Micronesia . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kosrae Upward Program: 14|url=http://pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010---4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text---00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.3&d=HASH013d935dc390c0d66eac9e9d.14|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=pacificdigitallibrary.org|archivedate=2025-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124175537/https://pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010---4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text---00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.3&d=HASH013d935dc390c0d66eac9e9d.14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Current Staff / Teachers - Kosrae High School|url=https://sites.google.com/site/kosraehs/KHS/current-staff-teachers|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=sites.google.com|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025211625/https://sites.google.com/site/kosraehs/KHS/current-staff-teachers}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Kosrae Onye Nkụzi nke Afọ (1982) <ref name="ERIC"/> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] knfwbuibex062vx6pa2c45exwvn1wdx 0 53204 697426 195449 2026-08-09T16:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Adeline_de_Monseignat.jpg|thumb]] '''Adeline de Monseignat (amụrụ 1987) bụ onye omenkà nke oge a Dutch-Monegasque nke bi ma na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti London na Mexico City.[1] Emere site na ihe ndị sitere n'okike dị ka ajị anụgharị,[2] ala, textiles, iko na marble, ihe osise ya na nrụnye ya na-egosi mmasị na akụkọ ifo, nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na akparamàgwà mmadụ, karịsịa Uncanny.''' == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Adeline de Monseignat nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Asụsụ na Omenala site na Mahadum University London na 2009, ya na afọ Erasmus na 2007 nọrọ na-amụ Architecture na Design na Politecnico di Milano. Ọ gụchara nkuzi nke Fine Art Foundation na Slade School of Fine Art na 2010 tupu ya gụchaa ya na Master of Fine Arts, na iche, site na City na Guilds nke London Art School na 2011. N'ihi ihe ngosi nzere ya, onye nlekọta Justin Hammond họọrọ ya ka ọ pụta na Catlin Guide, akwụkwọ nke gosipụtara ndị omenkà iri anọ ọhụrụ na-ekwe nkwa na United Kingdom. <ref name="theguardian1">{{Cite news|author=Needham, Alex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jan/17/new-young-british-artists-guide|title=Young British Artists 2.0 Try to Make Way in Wake of Hirst and Co|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 January 2012|accessdate=4 March 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNeedham,_Alex2012">Needham, Alex (17 January 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jan/17/new-young-british-artists-guide "Young British Artists 2.0 Try to Make Way in Wake of Hirst and Co"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="independent1">{{Cite web|author=Owen, Jonathan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/catlin-art-prize-young-gifted-and-british-7687343.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090359/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/catlin-art-prize-young-gifted-and-british-7687343.html|archivedate=2015-04-02|title=Catlin Art Prize: Young, Gifted, and British|work=[[The Independent]]|date=29 April 2012|accessdate=4 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOwen,_Jonathan2012">Owen, Jonathan (29 April 2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/catlin-art-prize-young-gifted-and-british-7687343.html "Catlin Art Prize: Young, Gifted, and British"]</span>. ''[[Onye nweere onwe ya|The Independent]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090359/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/catlin-art-prize-young-gifted-and-british-7687343.html Archived] from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e depụtara ya maka Catlin Art Prize, ya na ndị omenkà itoolu ndị ọzọ gụnyere Julia Vogl, Jonny Briggs na Gabriella Boyd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artcatlin.com/en/news/2012/artist%20julia%20vogl%20named%20winner%20of%20the%20catlin%20art%20prize%202012public%20vote%20winner%20adeline%20de%20monseignat|title=Artist Julia Vogl named winner of the Catlin Art Prize 2012Public vote winner Adeline de Monseignat|publisher=Art Catlin|date=25 May 2012|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref> Enyere ya ihe nrite nke Catlin Art Prize Public Vote Prize na 2012.[1][2] N'otu afọ ahụ, e depụtara ya aha maka Threadneedle Prize na Ụlọ ahịa Mall ma bụrụ onye nnata nke Royal Society of Sculptors Bursary Award na 2013. N'afọ 2013, onye nlekọta James Putnam kpọkọtara Monseignat na onye na-ese ihe Berndnaut Smilde ọnụ maka ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Ronchini Gallery, The Uncanny. N'afọ 2014, Ronchini Gallery mere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ onye omenkà ahụ nke akpọrọ Home . <ref name="Interview Adeline de Monseignat">{{Cite web|url=https://frameweb.com/article/interview-adeline-de-monseignat|title=Interview Adeline de Monseignat|publisher=Frame Web|date=12 November 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://frameweb.com/article/interview-adeline-de-monseignat "Interview Adeline de Monseignat"]. Frame Web. 12 November 2014.</cite></ref> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Jo Applin dere ederede maka katalọgụ nke e bipụtara iji soro ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/homesick-adeline-de-monseignats-home%287b8b6337-9e06-423d-a24b-07b885d575c8%29/export.html|title=Homesick: Adeline de Monseignat's 'Home'|publisher=Research Database, [[University of York]]|date=|accessdate=4 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140040/https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/homesick-adeline-de-monseignats-home(7b8b6337-9e06-423d-a24b-07b885d575c8)/export.html}}</ref> BBC World Service gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'afọ ahụ banyere ojiji o ji ajị anụ mee ihe n'ọrụ ya, nke gosipụtara na The Forum ma mesịa na BBC Radio 4.<ref name="The Forum, Hair, Fur and Cilia">{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01y0scg|title=The Forum, Hair, Fur and Cilia|publisher=[[BBC World Service]]|date=5 May 2014|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Monseignat mere onye nkuzi Gianpietro Carlesso onye kuziri ya ịkpụ nkume. Ọ bụ kemgbe ahụ na kemgbe ọ malitere ịnọrọ na Mexico na 2017 ka o mebere mabụbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke omume ya. Ihe ngosi solo ya nke 2018 nke akpọrọ O nke emere na Ronchini Gallery nwere ọrụ ọkpụ akpụ yana ihe nkiri ya N'ime anụ ahụ nke ọ gbara na 2016 na ebe a na-agba marble nke Carrara. N'afọ ahụ kwa, oge mbụ Monseignat gosipụtara ọrụ na Mexico, na gallery a na-akpọ Galería de Arte Mexicano nke nwere ngosi Surrealist nke 1940 nke André Breton haziri. Ihe ngosi a kpọrọ Synergia, nke nwere ọrụ Pablo de Laborde Lascaris, Samuel Zealey, James Capper, Luke Hart, Manuel Munoz G.G. na Amy Stephens dọtara uche nke na ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Latin America raara nye ihe ọkpụkpụ, Museo Federico Silva na San Luis Potosi, Mexico, weere ya n'afọ sochirinụ.<ref name="Synergia">{{Cite web|url=https://myartguides.com/exhibitions/mexico-city/synergia/|title=Synergia|publisher=My Art Guides|date=2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://myartguides.com/exhibitions/mexico-city/synergia/ "Synergia"]. My Art Guides. 2018.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/18-10-2019/exposicion-synergia-se-presentara-en-el-museo-federico-silva|title=Exposicion Synergia se presentara en el Museo Federico Silva|publisher=El Universal|date=18 October 2019}}</ref> Na 2020, o gosipụtara nke ukwuu na Mexico, ọkachasị na Salon Acme, Zona Maco, Museo de Geologia UNAM, Studio Block M74 na Masa Galeria n'akụkụ ndị nka dịka Jose Davila, Perla Krauze, Gabriel Rico na Tezontle. == Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ == * 2011 - Ikpughe esemokwu, ihe ngosi nke Samia Calbayrac haziri na Norman Rea Gallery, York, United Kingdom <ref>Hutchinson, Charles (18 January 2011). [http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/exhibitions/8819188.print "Adeline de Monseignat, Reveal The Tension"]. York Press.</ref> * 2012 - Art Moscow, ngosi nke ọrụ ya nke Christie's na British Council kwadoro, Moscow, Russia * 2012 - The Catlin Art Prize, nke Justin Hammond haziri na Londonewcastle Project Space, London, United Kingdom <ref name="theguardian1"/><ref name="independent1"/> * 2012 - Dividing Line, nke Sumarria Lunn haziri na High House Gallery, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highhousegallery.com/news/the-dividing-line-at-high-house/|title=The Dividing Line at High House Gallery|publisher=High House Gallery|date=15 May 2012|accessdate=10 October 2024|archivedate=2 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802012754/http://www.highhousegallery.com/news/the-dividing-line-at-high-house/}}</ref> * 2013 - The Future Can Wait, nke Zavier Ellis haziri na Victoria House, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tractionmagazine.co.uk/post/64214568971/adeline-de-monseignat|title=Adeline de Monseignat|publisher=Traction Magazine|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> * 2013 - The Uncanny, ihe ngosi mmadụ abụọ na onye na-ese ihe Berndnaut Smilde nke James Putnam haziri na Ronchini Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|author=MacFarlane, Eleanor|url=http://www.theupcoming.co.uk/2013/01/16/exhibition-review-adeline-de-monseignat-berndnaut-smilde-the-uncanny/|title=Adeline de Monseignat & Berndnaut Smilde – The Uncanny &#124; Exhibition Review|publisher=Theupcoming.co.uk|date=16 January 2013|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref> * 2013 - The London Project, nke Gerson Zevi haziri na Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Yorkshire, United Kingdom <ref>Stelfox, Hilarie (22 November 2013). [http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/yorkshire-sculpture-park-hosts-pop-up-6329121 "Yorkshire Sculpture Park Hosts Pop Up"]. ''[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]]''.</ref> * 2013 - Articulate, Victoria Miro Gallery for Dramatic Need, ihe Amber Sainsbury mere, gụnyere ọrụ Anish Kapoor, Antony Gormley, Whitney McVeigh na Chapman Brothers, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite news|author=Thorpe, Vanessa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/24/art-world-voice-africa-children|title=Jake and Dinos Chapman Head a Stellar Cast to Tell Stories of World's Children in Need &#124; Art and design|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref> * 2014 - Oge Ịkụ n'Ụzọ, Leila Heller Gallery, New York City, United States * 2014 - Home, solo show, Ronchini Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref name="Interview Adeline de Monseignat"/> * 2015 - Ebe ndị a kọntaktị, Cob Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBL80xaqFqM&feature=youtu.be|title=Points of Contact at Cob Gallery|publisher=ZCZ Films|date=29 October 2015}}</ref> * 2015 - [http://www.ronchinigallery.com/exhibitions/whispers-project-by-adeline-de-monseignat/ ''Whispers - Ọrụ nke Adeline de Monseignat''], Ronchini Gallery, London, United Kingdom * 2015 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20201026013659/https://www.saatchigallery.com/uk/raine/ ''UK/RAINE''], Saatchi Gallery, London, United Kingdom * 2016 - Beyond Borders, Blain Southern, London, United Kingdom * 2016 - Art Barter Dubai, Alserkal Avenue, Dubai, United Arab Emirates * 2016 - Amaghị m tino sehgal, nke Francesco Bonami, Nahmad Projects, London, United Kingdom haziri<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atpdiary.com/30-unique-performancesnahmad-projects/|title=30 Unique Performances over 30 Days|publisher=ATP Diary|date=17 July 2016}}</ref> * 2016 - Sigmund's Shorts: In the Flesh, Freud Museum, London, United Kingdom, * 2017 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302191624/http://gaiaartfoundation.org/alteria-art-the-modern-penelope-collective/ ''Ụlọ Penelope''], nke Alteria Art haziri, nke Gaia Art Foundation kwadoro, Gallery 46, London, United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallery46.co.uk/exhibitions/house-of-penelope/|title=House of Penelope|publisher=Gallery 46|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artlyst.com/whats-on-archive/the-house-of-penelope/|title=The House of Penelope|publisher=Artlyst|date=20 January 2017}}</ref> * 2017 - Force of Nature, nke James Putnam haziri, Mile End Art Pavilion, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/force-of-nature-mile-end-art-pavilion|title=Force of Nature|publisher=Art Rabbit|date=2017}}</ref> * 2017 - Ihe osise Fulmer nke oge a, nke Brooke Benington haziri, Fulmer, United Kingdom * 2017 - L'Attesa, ihe ngosi nke Roberto Lacarbonara, Exchiesetta, Polignano a Mare, Puglia, Italy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pugliain.net/lattesa-adeline-de-monseignat-mostra-polignano/|title=L'Attesa di Adeline de Monseignat in mostra a Polignano|publisher=pugliain.net|date=21 June 2017}}</ref> * 2018 - Synergia, Galería de Arte Mexicano, Mexico City, Mexico <ref name="Synergia"/> * 2018 - ''O'', Ronchini Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref name="Adeline de Monseignat">{{Cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/41757-adeline-de-monseignat|title=Adeline de Monseignat|publisher=Wall Street International|date=12 August 2018}}</ref> * 2018 - ''Skulpturenpark'', Galerie Kandlhofer, Vienna, Austria<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kandlhofer.com/exhibitions/69/works/|title=Galerie Kandlhofer|date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diepresse.com/5685823/wie-man-mit-skulpturen-lebt|title=Wie man mit Skulpturen lebt|publisher=Die Presse|date=6 September 2019}}</ref> * 2018 - Cure3, Bonhams, London, United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artdaily.cc/news/109912/Sales-by-major-artists-raise-half-a-million-pounds-for-Parkinson-s#.X2jSedZ7m3U|title=Sales by major artists raise half a million pounds for Parkinson's|publisher=Artdaily|date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cure3.co.uk/exhibitions/7/overview/|title=Cure3 2018 Exhibition|publisher=cure3.co.uk|date=2018}}</ref> * 2019 - Through the Looking Glass, nke Alteria Art na James Putnam haziri, Cob Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/artguide/cob-gallery-16146/through-the-looking-glass-164173|title=Through the Looking Glass|publisher=Art Forum|date=2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cobgallery.com/exhibitions/65/overview/|title=Through the Looking Glass|publisher=Cob Gallery|date=2019}}</ref> * 2019 - Silogismos de la Construcción, nke Alberto Rios haziri, Studio Block M74, Mexico City, Mexico <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coolhuntermx.com/silogismos-de-la-construccion-arte-guerrero/|title=Silogismos de la Construcción|publisher=Cool Hunter Mx|date=21 February 2019}}</ref> * 2019 - Sisyphus na Retrograde, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c8f21a30-8386-11e9-a7f0-77d3101896ec|title=How do art fairs contribute to the climate crisis?|publisher=Financial Times|date=7 June 2019}}</ref> * 2019 - Synergia, Museo Federico Silva, San Luis Potosi, Mexico <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elexpres.com/2015/nota.php?story_id=217856|title=Synergia en el Museo Federico Silva Escultura Contemporánea|publisher=El Exprés|date=29 December 2019|accessdate=10 October 2024|archivedate=7 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207222056/https://elexpres.com/2015/nota.php?story_id=217856}}</ref> * 2020 - Ọkụ Ọkụ, Museo de Geologia, Mexico City, Mexico <ref name="Museo de Geologia Mexico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geologia.unam.mx/actividades/exposicion-escaleras-de-incendios-fire-ladders|title=Exposición: Escaleras de Incendios (Fire Ladders)|publisher=Museo de Geologia Mexico|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> * 2020 - Nweghachi/Nkọwapụta, Masa Galeria, Mexico City, Mexico <ref name="MASA Gallery presenta exhibición">{{Cite web|url=https://www.archdaily.mx/mx/933822/masa-gallery-presenta-exhibicion-con-trabajos-de-hector-esrawe-lanza-atelier-tezontle-y-savvy-studio|title=MASA Gallery presenta exhibición|publisher=ArchDaily|date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Architectural Digest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.admagazine.com/agenda/descubre-recover-uncover-una-exposicion-de-galeria-masa-20200309-6562-articulos.html|title=Descubre ''Recover/Uncover'' una exposición de Galería MASA|publisher=Architectural Digest|date=9 March 2020|accessdate=10 October 2024|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614013922/https://www.admagazine.com/agenda/descubre-recover-uncover-una-exposicion-de-galeria-masa-20200309-6562-articulos.html}}</ref><ref name="Vogue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/mexico-city-art-world-style-masa-curators-su-wu-constanza-garza|title=Meet the Cool-Girl Curators Defining Mexico City's New Art-Scene Style|publisher=Vogue|date=7 February 2020}}</ref> * 2020 - Salon Acme no.8, Salon Acme, Mexico City, Mexico<ref name="Salon Acme: Selected Artists">{{Cite web|url=https://salonacme.com/en/opencall|title=Salon Acme: Selected Artists|publisher=Salon Acme|date=February 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2019, Adeline de Monseignat lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Pablo de Laborde Lascaris onye ọ zutere site na Royal Society of Sculptors. Ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nguzobe nke Studio Block M74 na Mexico City, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studioblockm74.mx/mission/|title=Studio Block M74 Official Website|accessdate=2024-10-10|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015350/https://studioblockm74.mx/mission/}}</ref> oghere 900m2 a raara nye ihe ọkpụkpụ nke nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe, ebe obibi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na oghere gallery, nke di ya na-agba n'akụkụ ọrụ nke ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookebenington.com/mexico-city/|title=BB Residencies: Mexico City|publisher=brookebenington.com|date=2020}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Dutch na-ese ihe * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe {{Clear}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140556/http://www.ronchinigallery.com/archives/artists/adeline-de-monseignat Ronchini Gallery Artist Page] * [https://artfacts.net/artist/adeline-de-monseignat/117826 ArtFacts Artist Page] * [https://www.instagram.com/adelinedemonseignat/?hl=en Instagram] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cg5msuxlm3jy19rkb41fa3tqn837obj 0 53228 697833 515786 2026-08-10T09:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697833 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Suzanne Eaton (Disemba 23, 1959 - Julaị 2, 2019) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị America na prọfesọ nke bayoloji ihe omimi na Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics na Dresden, Germany.''' == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Eaton na Disemba 23, 1959, na Oakland, [[California]]. Otu n'ime ihe nlereanya Eaton gosipụtara onwe ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata bụ Spock, n'ihi ezi uche ya iji dozie nsogbu. Ọ bụkwa onye pianist nwere nkà, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu kemgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, Eaton nọ n'etiti ọrụ dị ka onye na'ihe ndị dị ndụ, prọfesọ na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ihe na-ekpebi ihe bụ ihe ọmụmụ a kụziiri site na akwụkwọ praịmarị kama ịbụ akwụkwọ nkuzi, na-akpali ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascb.org/files/0703profile.pdf|title=ASCB Profile: Suzanne Eaton|author=|first=|date=March 2007|work=ASCB Newsletter|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> Eaton dechara B.S. na bayoloji na Mahadum Brown na 1981 tupu inweta Ph.D. na microbiology na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1988.[1] Edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke akpọrọ nyocha Molecular nke onye na-akwalite yinye dị arọ nke immunoglobulin, ka emechara n'okpuru nlekọta Kathryn Calame.[2] Enyere ya onyinye nturu ugo Sydney C. Rittenberg maka mmezu mmụta dị iche iche na Microbiology site na Association of Academic Women na 1988 maka ọrụ doctoral ya. == Ọrụ na nyocha == Eaton malitere ọrụ nyocha ya na-arụ ọrụ na immunoglobulin heavy chain genes na Mahadum California, Los Angeles, na ụlọ nyocha nke Kathryn Calame.<ref name="interview">{{Cite journal|author=Sedwick|first=Caitlin|date=2013-07-22|title=Suzanne Eaton: The beautiful logic of development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cell-biology_2013-07-22_202_2/page/184|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|language=en|volume=202|issue=2|pages=184–185|doi=10.1083/jcb.2022pi|issn=0021-9525|pmid=23878270}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Eaton gbanwere ngalaba gaa na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-enyocha otu mkpụrụ ndụ si enweta njirimara anụ ahụ ha na nnụnụ mkpụrụ osisi, ''Drosophila melanogaster'', mgbe ọ nọ n'òtù Thomas B. Kornberg na Mahadum California, San Francisco.<ref name="interview" /> Eaton kwagara [[Jémanị|Germany]] na 1993 iji rụọ ọrụ na European Molecular Biology Laboratory na Heidelberg n'òtù Kai Simons, ebe ọ jikọtara nka ya na microbiology na biology mmepe iji nyochaa otu cytoskeleton si enyere mkpụrụ ndụ aka iru polarity ha na anụ ahụ, na-eji mkpụrụ osisi dị ka usoro ihe nlereanya. <ref name=":0"/><ref name="embl">{{Cite web|url=https://news.embl.de/alumni/in-remembrance-of-suzanne-eaton/|title=In remembrance of Suzanne Eaton|date=July 12, 2019|accessdate=2019-07-12|archivedate=July 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712153758/https://news.embl.de/alumni/in-remembrance-of-suzanne-eaton/}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, Eaton ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics na Dresden, Germany, bụ ebe ndị otu ya nyochara ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-egosi na sel na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na-akpụzi anụ ahụ na ijiji mkpụrụ.Na 2015, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ nke mmepe cell biology nke invertebrates na TU Dresden. == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == * 1977: New York State Regents Scholar<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpi-cbg.de/research-groups/current-groups/suzanne-eaton/group-leader/|title=MPI-CBG: Group Leader|work=www.mpi-cbg.de|accessdate=2019-07-09|archivedate=July 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706125356/https://www.mpi-cbg.de/research-groups/current-groups/suzanne-eaton/group-leader/}}</ref> * 1988: Sydney C. Rittenberg Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement in Microbiology, Association of Academic Women<ref name="profile" /> * 2006: Women in Cell Biology Junior Award for Excellence in Research, American Society for Cell Biology <ref name="wcbaward">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascb.org/award/women-in-cell-biology-awards/|title=Women in Cell Biology Awards|work=|accessdate=2019-07-09}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Eaton lụrụ onye sayensị Britain bụ Anthony A. Hyman. Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ.<ref>''ASCB Profile: Tony Hyman''. In: ASCB-Newsletter, November 2012, S. 41 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190706125358/https://hymanlab.mpi-cbg.de/hyman_lab/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ASCB-Profile-November-2012.pdf online]).</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-agba ọsọ, ma nwee belt ojii na Taekwondo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/09/europe/american-scientist-suzanne-eaton-crete-greece-intl/index.html|title=American scientist who went missing on Greek island found dead|author=McKenzie|first=Sheena|date=2019-07-09|work=CNN|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-07-10}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nwanne ya nwanyị dere, sị: "O nwere obi ụtọ dị ukwuu n'ịkwadebe nri ndị mara mma ma nwee ọdịdị ejiji mara mma. Ọ hụrụ senti n'anya. Ọ kụziiri ma na-eme Tae Kwon Do dị ka eriri ojii nke abụọ. Ọ gụchara egwuregwu mgbagwoju anya ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa. , na-egwuri egwu, ma na-agụ nke ọma, ọ dabara nkọwa siri ike Jane Austen kwuru banyere 'nwanyị mezuru' ebe ọ na-anọgide na-adị umeala n'obi na 'ọchịchọ na-enweghị afọ ojuju'". == Mfu na ọnwụ == Eaton furu efu na Julaị 2, 2019. A hụrụ ya n'oge ikpeazụ ka ọ na-akpọ piano n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ebe ọ na-aga nzukọ na Orthodox Academy na Chania, Crete. E kwenyere na ọ lara n'iyi n'oge ọ na-agba ọsọ. Ndị uwe ojii [[Greece|Gris]] hụrụ ozu ya na July 8 n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-usa-scientist-idUSKCN1U4237|title=Missing American scientist found dead in Crete|date=July 9, 2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=July 10, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-10|title=Suzanne Eaton, US scientist, found dead in WW2 bunker on Crete|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48944021|accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref> E meghere nyocha igbu ọchụ mgbe e kpebiri na ọ nwụrụ site na iku ume ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/10/europe/american-scientist-suzanne-eaton-crete-greece-investigation-intl/index.html|title=Death of American scientist who went missing on Greek island investigated as homicide|author=Sheena McKenzie and Ray Sanchez|work=CNN|date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> Giannis Paraskakis (kpọkwara Yiannis [1] [2] ma ọ bụ Ioannis, [3] Greek: Ιωάννης Παρασκάκης), nwoke Gris dị afọ 27 ma lụọ nna nke abụọ, kwetara n'oge ndị uwe ojii na-agba ya ajụjụ ka o jiri ụgbọ ya gbuo ya ugboro abụọ. na-akụ ya n'amaghị ama, ma tinye ya n'ime ogwe ya. O wee banye ụgbọ ala ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe ọ dọọrọ ya n'ike wee hapụ ya ka ọ nwụọ.[4][5] N'October 2020, a mara Paraskakis ikpe maka igbu ọchụ Eaton ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ndụ. == Ihe ncheta == Iji kwanyere ihe nketa interdisciplinary nke Eaton nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology na [[Austria]] guzobere ego ncheta na ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke ịkwado mbọ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma na-eto eto na isiokwu interdisciplinario.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suzanne Eaton Memorial Fund|url=https://www.imba.oeaw.ac.at/suzanne-eaton-memorial-fund/|accessdate=23 July 2019|archivedate=July 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723080540/https://www.imba.oeaw.ac.at/suzanne-eaton-memorial-fund/}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) malitere New Venture Fellowship iji cheta Suzanne Eaton nke pụtara "[kwado] ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eto eto si n'ofe sayensị ndụ ịbanye n'ọhịa ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ weta ntụziaka ọhụrụ n'ọrụ ha. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embo.org/funding/fellowships-grants-and-career-support/new-venture-fellowships/|title=New Venture Fellowship|work=EMBO|date=February 11, 2021|accessdate=2021-09-20|archivedate=2021-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920132648/https://www.embo.org/funding/fellowships-grants-and-career-support/new-venture-fellowships/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embo.org/features/embo-new-venture-fellowship-launched-in-memory-of-suzanne-eaton/|title=News Feature|work=EMBO|date=March 2021|accessdate=2021-09-20}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ntọrọ * Ndepụta nke ikpe ndị furu efu == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe ngosi apical, basal, na akụkụ maka epithelial polarization. " Cell. '''82:''' 5. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://jcb.rupress.org/content/135/5/1277.abstract "Ọrụ maka Rac1 na Cdc42 na polarization planar na ntutu isi na nku nke Drosophila".] ''Journal of Cell Biology.'' '''135''': 1277. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03504 "A chọrọ ụmụ irighiri lipoprotein maka Hedgehog na Wingless signaling".]. " Nature. '''435:''' 58. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Cell Flow Reorientes the Axis of Planar Polarity in the Wing Epithelium of Drosophila". '''142:''' 773. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Suzanne Eatonmbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190723080540/https://www.imba.oeaw.ac.at/suzanne-eaton-memorial-fund/ Suzanne Eaton Memorial Fund] E debere na July 23, 2019, na Wayback Machine 9h0gq81l1g0482qqqt11b2pidoqddge 0 53261 697510 515547 2026-08-10T01:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697510 wikitext text/x-wiki Mgbalị megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bu n'obi ibelata ime ihe ike a na-eme megide ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị oke.. [[Usòrò:A_Bulgarian_poster_urging_open_your_eyes_-_against_women_being_abused.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Ihe ngosi nke Bulgaria na-agba ndị mmadụ ume imeghe anya ha banyere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Usòrò:MintoParkMemorial.JPG|thumb|Ihe ncheta na Minto Park, Ottawa, nke ndị nwụrụ na ogbugbu École PolytechniqueMgbukpọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Polytechnique]] [[Usòrò:Tami_end_violence_against_women_jpg.jpg|thumb|Ngagharị iwe iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị]] == Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbasa ozi na-ezo aka na "ozizi ma ọ bụ omume na-emesi ike kpọmkwem, ime ihe siri ike, karịsịa na nkwado ma ọ bụ imegide otu akụkụ nke esemokwu."[1]. Na activism maka ime ihe ike megide Women (VAW), ebumnobi bụ iji lebara na ịdọrọ ọha anya na okwu nke VAW nakwa dị ka na-achọ na-atụ aro jikoro iji gbochie na ikpochapụ a ime ihe ike.[2] Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta na-atụ aro na a na-ewere VAW dị ka mmebi nke ikike mmadụ, [3][4] [5] yana okwu ahụike ọha. <ref name="Htun&Weldon">{{Cite journal|author=Htun|first=Mala|date=August 2012|title=The civic origins of progressive policy change: combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2012-08_106_3/page/548|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=106|issue=3|pages=548&ndash;569|doi=10.1017/S0003055412000226}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053243/http://polisci.unm.edu/common/documents/htun_apsa-article.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carraway|first=G. Chezia|date=July 1991|title=Violence against women of color|journal=[[Stanford Law Review]]|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1301&ndash;1309|doi=10.2307/1229040}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Nancy P.|date=July–December 2006|title=Origins of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The Caribbean contribution|journal=[[Caribbean Studies (UPR)|Caribbean Studies]]|volume=34|issue=2|pages=141&ndash;161}}</ref><ref name="Michau, L. 2007 95–109">{{Cite journal|author=Michau|first=Lori|date=March 2007|title=Approaching old problems in new ways: community mobilisation as a primary prevention strategy to combat violence against women|journal=[[Gender & Development]]|volume=15|issue=1|pages=95&ndash;109|doi=10.1080/13552070601179144}}</ref> Ka mma ịghọta mgbochi ime ihe ike mmegharị megide VAW, e nwere mkpa nakwa ịghọta izugbe akụkọ ihe mere eme ndabere nke feminist mmegharị na a holistic n'ụzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ekewaala mmegharị ndị a n'ime ebili mmiri atọ[1] dịka nkwenye, atụmatụ na ebumnuche ha dị iche iche siri dị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rupp|first=Leila J.|date=Winter 1999|title=Forging feminist identity in an international movement: a collective identity approach to twentieth-century feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-1999_24_2/page/363|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=24|issue=2|pages=363&ndash;386|doi=10.1086/495344}}</ref> Mmalite nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, ma ọ bụ nke a na-akpọ "mgbasa mbụ" nke ụmụ nwanyị, malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 na United States na Europe. N'oge a, òtù ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ihe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere nnwere onwe, nke kpatara ịrị elu nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-echegbu onwe ha maka inweta ohere na ohere nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Kroløkke&Sørensen">{{Cite book|author=Kroløkke|first=Charlotte|title=Gender communication theories & analyses: from silence to performance|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2006|isbn=9780761929185|editor=Kroløkke|location=Thousand Oaks, California|pages=1&ndash;23|chapter=Three waves of feminism: from suffragettes to grrls|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhqiWR1Rt0C&pg=PA1}}</ref>: 1 Ifufe a na-egosi oge nke "mkpesa, nnwere onwe, ikike nke mba, ọrụ na ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata" maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Prügl, E. December 2013">{{Cite book|author=Prügl|first=Elisabeth (Lecturer)|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/study/courses/courses-2017-2018/masters-interdisciplinaires/mia/ia039---gender-and-international.html|title=Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013|date=2 December 2013|publisher=Lecture conducted from [[The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]] (IHEID)|location=Geneva, Switzerland|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref> Ebili nke abụọ nke nwanyị bụ usoro mmegharị site na ngwụcha 1960 ruo mmalite 1970s. Ndị ọkà mmụta feminist chọpụtara na e nwere ike iji ebili mmiri a dị ka oge ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ịrị elu ngalaba nke feminism nke a maara dị ka "radical feminism". Oge mgbe agha gasịrị[1]: 8  n'ime ọha mmadụ, ebe mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ na-arụkwa nnukwu ọrụ; dị ka ọmụmaatụ, mmegharị ikike obodo,[2] nke pụtara ịkatọ ikekekete, ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ dabere n'echiche nke agbụrụ, agbụrụ, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na usoro mmekọahụ. ikike n'ụlọ na n'ebe ọrụ yana ikike mmepe[2] maka ebumnuche nke ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche, agbụrụ, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na njirimara okike.<ref name="Prügl, E. December 2013" />   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ugboro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ oge kachasị ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, nke ndị na-eto eto na-eduzi, ndị nghọta na ihe gbara ya gburugburu bụ nke usoro ụwa na ọganihu teknụzụ nke bịara na ya. Ifufe a bụ mgbanwe site na ọdịda nke ọchịchị Kọmunist <ref name="Kroløkke&Sørensen"/>: 17 gaa na nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị 'agha' ọhụrụ [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa], egwu, na ime ihe ike.  Mmiri ọhụrụ a "na-anabata mgbagwoju anya" <ref name="Kroløkke&Sørensen" /> ma na-ewebata usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke 'intersectionality' nke gụnyere okwu agbụrụ, okike, afọ, na klas.: 17 Ewezuga nke ahụ, oge nke atọ na-egosi oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emeso ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ yana nsogbu nke ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lind|first=Amy (Lecturer)|url=http://graduateinstitute.ch/directory?detail=people/faculty/lind|title=Gender and International Affairs 2013: International Feminist Movements|date=2 December 2013|publisher=Lecture conducted from [[The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]] (IHEID)|location=Geneva, Switzerland|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Papua_New_Guinean_children,_men_and_women_show_their_support_for_putting_an_end_to_violence_against_women_during_a_White_Ribbon_Day_march_(21614943268).jpg|thumb|Ndị Papua New Guinea na-egosi nkwado ha maka ịkwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ngagharị White Ribbon Day.]] A malitere òtù VAW n'afọ ndị 1970 mgbe ụfọdụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị malitere iweta mkparịta ụka banyere okwu ime ihe ike n'ime okwu ụmụ nwanyị <ref>{{Cite book|author=Eng|first=Phoebe|url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/Ms_StoppingVAWTheMovementFromInterventionToPrevention_Aug2005.pdf|title=Stopping the violence against women: the movement from intervention to prevention|date=August 2005|publisher=[[Ms. Foundation for Women]]|series=A Safety Program Report|location=New York|authorlink=Phoebe Eng|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> nakwa na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ, na mba na mba ụwa, gbalịrị ịmanye ụmụ nwanyị ka mma site na ịmanye ndị ọrụ na ndị nnọchiteanya steeti, na-achọ nzukọ na 'okwu nwoke na nwanyị' <ref name="Prügl, E. December 2013"/> wee mee ka ndị VAW mara ndị mmadụ. Ya mere, iji tinye nke a n'ime ihe ndị a na-ekwu, enwere ike ịhazi VAW yana nke abụọ na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ka ha na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Òtù ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe VAW na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị, na-arụ ọrụ na mba ụwa, mba na mpaghara <ref name="Youngs_368325">{{Cite journal|author=Youngs|first=Gillian|date=Summer 2003|title=Private pain/public peace: women's rights as human rights and Amnesty International's report on violence against women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-2003_28_4/page/1209|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=28|issue=4|pages=1209&ndash;1229|doi=10.1086/368325}}</ref> ma na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na usoro ahụike na ikike mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=Alice M.|date=2004|title=Sexuality, violence against women, and human rights: women make demands and ladies get protection|journal=[[Health and Human Rights]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=16&ndash;47|doi=10.2307/4065347}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị a sitere n'ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ahụ mkpa ọ dị ịmepụta òtù iji 'kwado' gọọmentị ha iji guzobe "ebe nsọ, ebe mgbaba" na inye ọrụ ndị na-enyere aka ichebe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkwa "ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe", site n'omume ime ihe ike. A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ụmụ nwanyị a kụrụ akụ" mee ihe n'ọtụtụ òtù VAW ma nwee mgbọrọgwụ ya na mbido nke ịhazi mbọ iji dozie nsogbu nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa dịka Africa, Asia Pacific, Latin America na Caribbean.<ref name="Fried">{{Cite journal|author=Fried|first=Susana T.|date=2003|title=Violence against women|journal=[[Health and Human Rights]]|volume=6|issue=2|pages=88&ndash;111|doi=10.2307/4065431}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20191129002842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065431 Pdf.]</ref>: 94 Òtù ndị na-eme ihe megide VAW, ma na nkwado nke gọọmentị ha, gbalịrị ịzụlite "mgbalị ọhụrụ" iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe aka site n'inye ha ọrụ dịka ebe obibi na ebe obibi; idepụta ma na-eme ka gọọmentị tinye nkwenye na asụsụ nke VAW n'ime iwu mba na Ngwá ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa; na-akwado ịkwalite mmata nke ndị mmadụ site na oge ọzụzụ; ịmepụta netwọk mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa iji mee ka ndị ọzọ nwee ike ịkwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Fried" />: 88-89 Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ okwu ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị dị ka isi ihe na-elekwasị anya na mmegharị ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ìgwè ndị a na-ewere usoro ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ dị ka usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ ha. Ndị otu VAW ndị a na-ejikwa echiche ahụ bụ na "ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ikike mmadụ", na-agbanwe echiche na echiche nke ikike mmadụ, nke a na-ewere dị ka "echiche ọdịda anyanwụ" ma 'me ka ha bụrụ echiche ndị a pụrụ ịghọta na ụlọ ọrụ ha dị n'ógbè ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Merry|first=Sally Engle|date=March 2006|title=Transnational human rights and local activism: mapping the middle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2006-03_108_1/page/38|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|volume=108|issue=1|pages=38&ndash;51|doi=10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.38}}</ref>: 39  [[Usòrò:Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_(14498368279).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ihe ngosi megide ụmụaka na alụmdi na nwunye a manyere]] [[Usòrò:Marcha_Ni_una_menos_1.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Nnukwu ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na Buenos Aires na 2015]] Na mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba, òtù VAW dịgasị iche ma dị iche na mmemme atụmatụ ha. Atụmatụ ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ n'ime mmegharị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa onye ọ bụla na-ekwusi ike na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, mmekọrịta na ezinụlọ. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ewere 'mgbochi' dị ka ụzọ iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị n'ala site n'ịgba ndị mmadụ ume "ịtụleghachi àgwà na nkwenkwe ha" iji mee ka ma mepụta mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa na "nkwenkwe na omume ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ".<ref name="Michau, L. 2007 95–109"/> N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na atụmatụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ ma nyere ndị na-ekere òkè ogologo oge aka, mmetụta na ọkwa ọha na eze yiri ka ọ na-egbochi ma nwee mmetụta dị nta. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke òtù ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na ha ga-amalite mgbanwe na àgwà ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ na ọkwa obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heise|first=L.|date=December 1999|title=Ending violence against women|url=https://vawnet.org/sites/default/files/assets/files/2016-10/PopulationReports.pdf|journal=Population Reports|volume=L|issue=11}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke ime ihe ike na mpaghara na South Africa. Mgbanwe nke VAW n'ọnọdụ a na-eji usoro nke dabeere na usoro 'mgbochi', nke na-emetụta n'otu n'otu na ọkwa ọha na eze: n'ezinụlọ na obodo. Mgbanwe a na-agba ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obere ndị mmadụ ume ịtụgharị uche n'àgwà na nkwenkwe ha iji mepụta ohere iji gbanwee nkwenkwe na omume ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ, nke na-eduga n'omume ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Michau, L. 2007 pp.96">{{Cite journal|author=Michau|first=Lori|date=March 2007|title=Approaching old problems in new ways: community mobilisation as a primary prevention strategy to combat violence against women|journal=Gender & Development|volume=15|issue=1|pages=95&ndash;109|doi=10.1080/13552070601179144}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ mmegharị nke mpaghara na East Africa nke na-eji usoro mgbochi, nke na-emetụta na mpaghara obodo. Ha na-akpọ nke a usoro "ịkwalite olu". Usoro a na-eji usoro 'ad hoc' nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'akụkụ usoro onye ọ bụla ebe atụmatụ ahụ bụ ime ka nsogbu ọnọdụ dị njọ na nghọta nke ndị mmadụ na obodo ma guzobe otu ihe na-amasị ha iji kwalite maka mmegharị ahụ, niile n'oge dị mkpirikpi.<ref name="Michau, L. 2007 pp.96" /> Na mgbakwunye, na mpaghara ụlọ, o yiri ka e nwere ọtụtụ 'mgbasa ozi na-achị onwe ha.' Enwere ike ịghọta mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị (maka VAW) dị ka "ụdị mmegharị ụmụnwaanyị nke a raara nye ịkwalite ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịmma onwe ya n'enweghị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na njikọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka isi nchegbu ha". <ref name="Htun&Weldon"/><ref name="Htun&Weldon" /> Ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa agbakọtawo iji dozie ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Na South America, Southern Cone Network Against Domestic Violence arụwo ọrụ nke ukwuu iji dozie ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ kemgbe 1989. The Latin American and Caribbean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, nke e guzobere na 1990, gụnyere nnọchiteanya sitere na mba iri abụọ na otu dị iche iche ma bụrụkwa ihe enyemaka n'ịbawanye ọhụụ nke VAW.<ref name="Fried"/>: 88 Na Septemba 1999, ndị isi steeti nke Southern African Development Community (SADC) zutere ma dee "Nkwụsị na Ikpochapụ nke Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị na Ụmụaka," akwụkwọ na-akatọ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma kpebie usoro 13 nke ịza ya, iru n'ime iwu; mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba; na agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, na ụlọ ọrụ mmata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=SADC|date=September 1999|title=The prevention and eradication of violence against women and children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-african-political-economy_1999-09_26_81/page/415|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=26|issue=81|pages=415&ndash;417|doi=10.1080/03056249908704404}}</ref> Na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ndị na-emegide ime ihe ike na-ejikwa usoro dị iche iche dabere na ọdịbendị na nkwenkwe ha na mpaghara ha. N'ọkwa a, a maara òtù ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị ka "network transnational feminist", ma ọ bụ TFNs.<ref name="Htun&Weldon"/>:: 556  TFNs nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama, dị ka òtù ndị na-achị onwe ha na ọkwa mba, n'ịkpụzi usoro iwu yana ịmanye maka ịnakwere na itinye asụsụ VAW na usoro ikike mmadụ nke United Nations: nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa. <ref name="Htun&Weldon" /> Ọrụ ha na-amalite site na ịmanye ndị na-eme iwu; ịhazi ngagharị iwe na mpaghara na mpaghara; ịmepụta nrụgide ụlọ ọrụ nke nwere ike ịmanye mgbanwe na usoro ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref name="Htun&Weldon" /> N'ọkwa mba ụwa, mmegharị ahụ nke na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na megide VAW bụ ngwakọta nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si n'ụlọ na mpaghara mpaghara. Ebumnuche nke mmegharị VAW ndị a na-elekwasị anya na "ịmepụta atụmanya nkekọrịta" n'ime ọkwa ụlọ na mpaghara yana "ịkpọkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obodo obodo" iji mepụta "ụkpụrụ na ọha obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ". iji gbanwee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa na ogbako na "ogbako na ikike ụmụ nwanyị" site n'ịkwado maka "asụsụ siri ike na nghọta doro anya" nke okwu VAW. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, United Nations na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite na mgbasa ozi maka mmegharị VAW na ọkwa mba ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2008 Secretary General UN Ban Ki-Moon malitere wee malite mgbasa ozi akpọrọ "UNITE iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị". Mgbasa ozi a "na-akpọku gọọmentị, ọha mmadụ, òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-eto eto, ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo, mgbasa ozi na usoro UN dum ka ha jikọọ aka n'ịgbasa ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị".[2] Ọzọkwa, mkpọsa a na-ekwupụtakwa kwa ụbọchị 25 nke ọnwa ọ bụla ịbụ "Ụbọchị Orange" ma ọ bụ "ụbọchị ime ihe iji kwalite mmata na igbochi ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="UNiTE_Orange">{{Cite web|author=UNiTE|authorlink=UNiTE to End Violence against Women|date=2013|title=Take action to Orange your day|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220093826/http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/take-action|archivedate=20 December 2013|accessdate=20 December 2013|publisher=[[UN Women]]}}</ref> Ọkwa ọ bụla nke ime ihe ike na-ejikọta ma nwee ebumnuche otu iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbalị na mpaghara nwere ike imetụta mba, mba, na mba ụwa. N'otu edemede ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ''Ịlụso Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ'', ndị edemede gosipụtara site na nyocha nyocha ha banyere otu ụkpụrụ nke mba ụwa nwere ike isi kpụzie ma metụta ime iwu n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ nke mba na vice versa. Ha na-ekwu na e nwere usoro atọ nke nwere mmetụta na ime iwu mba yana nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ: "1) mmetụta nke nkwekọrịta ụwa na akwụkwọ dịka [[Nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụ nwanyị|CEDAW]] na ikike ụmụ nwanyị" na iwu mba, "2) mmetụta nke nkwenye mpaghara na VAW (karịsịa mgbe e ruru ụfọdụ) "na iwu obodo na nkwekọ mba ụwa na "3) mmetụta ngosipụta mpaghara ma ọ bụ nrụgide maka nkwekọrịta e jidere dị ka mgbasa ozi n'ime mpaghara" na ụkpụrụ na nkwekwere mba ụwa.<ref name="Htun&Weldon"/> === Mgbasa ozi ndị e mere n'oge gara aga === Na Nọvemba 2021, Iamhere mba ụwa, otu lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye nkwupụta okwu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, malitere mkpọsa ụbọchị 16 ụdị niile nke ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke, ọkachasị ime ihe ike cyber.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2021|title=I am Here International calls for an end to all forms of gender-based violence and that includes cyber violence!|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2966519066935418|publisher=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=Raise your voice against gender-based cyberviolence|url=https://iamhereinternational.com/gender-based-cyberviolence/|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=iamhere international}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe n'ụwa niile ekwuola maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ngosipụta pụrụ iche nke ime ihe ike pụta ìhè n'ofe akụkọ ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ese ihe n'Italian nke Argentina Natalia Saurin (2020) na-azaghachi na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ịtali na-eji akụkọ ịhụnanya eme ihe iji kwado igbu ọchụ onye òtù ọlụlụ na usoro mgbasa ozi ya, "Ti Amo Troppo".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Saurin|first=Natalie|title=Ti amo troppo [mixed media postcards]|url=http://natalia.saurin.it/tiamotroppo.html|accessdate=25 March 2022|work=Natalie Saurin|archivedate=27 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527230344/http://natalia.saurin.it/tiamotroppo.html}}</ref> Na United States, onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá Sophie Sandberg na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ịkọ ahụmahụ ha nke iyi egwu n'ebe ha mere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sophie Sandberg|url=https://www.sophiesandberg.com|accessdate=25 March 2022}}</ref> Ihe omuma ihe omuma "Priya's Shakti" na-ekwu maka àgwà ịta ndị mmadụ ụta na India na nzaghachi maka ndina n'ike nke otu ndị Delhi na 2012 nke nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Site n'iji akụkọ ifo Hindu, "Priya's Shakti" na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye e dinara n'ike n'ọrụ dike na-ese okwu na-akpọ ndị India ka ha tụlee echiche ndị nna ochie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priya Shakti|url=https://www.priyashakti.com}}</ref> Ihe osise na-ekwu maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe ma na-eme ka okwu nke ime ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè ma na-akpali mgbanwe na iwu na gọọmentị. Na "And So I Stayed" (2021), ihe nkiri na-ekwu maka ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na United States, ndị nduzi Natalie Pattillo, na Daniel Nelson na-eche enweghị nghọta iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pattillo|first=Natalie|title=And So I Stayed|url=https://andsoistayedfilm.com|accessdate=25 March 2022}}</ref> N'ihi ihe nkiri ahụ, Pattillo na Nelson chịkọtara ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi maka ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke Tanisha Davis, onye lanarịrị ime ihe ike n'ụlọ nke na-enweghị ike ịnata ebere maka igbu enyi ya nwoke n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ nke mmetọ anụ ahụ na mmetụta uche.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ryzik|first=M|date=11 June 2021|title=A film tries to make a difference for domestic violence survivors|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/movies/domestic-violence-law.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a tọhapụrụ Tanisha Davis n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, n'ihi "Domestic Violence Survivor's Justice Act" na Pattillo na Nelson's nuanced portrait of Davis site na obere ihe nkiri ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Domestic Violence Survivors Justice Act (DVSJA)|url=https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/our-approach/advocacy/justice-for-incarcerated-survivors-ny/|work=Sanctuary for Families}}</ref> " Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị art Map " bịara mpụta na 2021 dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha nyocha nke Mahadum Pennsylvania nke Lauren Stetz mere iji jiri anya nke uche hụ nzaghachi ndị nka na-aza maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. N'igosipụta ndị nka 24 n'ụwa niile, maapụ ahụ na-akọwapụta ụzọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị si enweta ime ihe ike n'ihi njirimara, omenala, na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Emepụtara maapụ dijitalụ mmekọrịta site na usoro nyocha nke dabere na nka, na-eji ajụjụ ọnụ ndị nka na ihe osise ha. Site na eserese anya, ndị na-ese ihe na-ekwu okwu banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na ọrụ ha jikọtara na mba ọzọ maka ebumnuche nke imekọ ihe ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Violence Against Women Art Map|url=http://vawartmap.com}}</ref> === Nsogbu mmekọahụ nke abụọ (SOSH) === beNsogbu mmekọahụ nke abụọ (SOSH) bụ nsogbu nke ndị na-eguzo ma na-akwado ndị a na-eme ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flecha|first=Ramón|year=2021|title=Second-Order Sexual Harassment: Violence Against the Silence Breakers Who Support the Victims|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=27|issue=11|pages=1980–1999|doi=10.1177/1077801220975495|pmid=33635745}}</ref> Idozi ụdị iyi egwu mmekọahụ a dị mkpa iji chebe ndị na-eme ihe ike. Dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị, atụmatụ kachasị dị irè maka idozi ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-agụnye ịkwalite ntinye aka nke ndị na-agafe agafe, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Powers|first=Ráchael A.|year=2018|title=Bar Training for Active Bystanders: Evaluation of a Community-Based Bystander Intervention Program|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217741219|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1614–1634|doi=10.1177/1077801217741219|pmid=29332525}}</ref> na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ichebe ndị na-enye nkwado maka ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kania|first=Rachel|year=2021|title=Preventing Sexual Violence Through Bystander Intervention: Attitudes, Behaviors, Missed Opportunities, and Barriers to Intervention Among Australian University Students|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518764395|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|volume=36|issue=5–6|pages=2816–2840|doi=10.1177/0886260518764395|pmid=29557711}}</ref> Iji nye ndị merụrụ ahụ ikike ịkọ akụkọ ma belata mmetụta nke ịnọpụ iche ha, ọha mmadụ ga-ahụ maka nchebe nke ndị na-akwado ha n'ịgbachi nkịtị.<ref>Vidu, A., Valls, R., Puigvert, L., Melgar, P., & Joanpere, M. (2017). [[doi:10.17583/remie.2017.2505|Second order of sexual harassment—SOSH]]. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 1–26.</ref> E nwere iwu ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'ụwa gbasara okwu iwu. N'afọ 2020, ndị omeiwu Katalan wepụtara iwu mbụ n'ụwa megide ụdị ime ihe ike a n'okpuru aha nke Second-Order Violence. <ref>[https://dogc.gencat.cat/ca/document-del-dogc/?documentId=889760 Law 17/2020, of 22 December, amending Law 5/2008, on the right of women to eradicate gender-based violence]</ref> N'afọ 2013, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya na-akpọ maka nchebe nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Norway Post">{{Cite news|author=NRK|date=30 November 2013|title=Protection of women human rights defenders|work=The Norway Post|url=http://www.norwaypost.no/index.php/news/latest-news/29260-protection-of-women-human-rights-defenders|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> Mkpebi ahụ na-agba steeti ume ka ha tinye iwu na ụkpụrụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị maka ichebe ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ụmụ nwanyị na iji hụ na ndị na- ịgbachitere onwe ha na-etinye aka na imepụta na mmejuputa usoro ndị a ma na-akpọ steeti ka ha chebe ndị na na-agbachite ikike mmadụ ụmụ agbọghọ pụọ na mmegwara maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na UN na iji hụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ha na nkwurịta okwu na ndị otu na ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa.<ref name="awid.org">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2013|title=UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders|url=http://www.awid.org/Library/UN-adopts-landmark-resolution-on-Protecting-Women-Human-Rights-Defenders|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819203819/http://www.awid.org/Library/UN-adopts-landmark-resolution-on-Protecting-Women-Human-Rights-Defenders|archivedate=19 August 2014|accessdate=6 August 2014|publisher=[[Association for Women's Rights in Development]] (AWID)}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 5 nke United Nations Sustainable Development bụkwa atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ iwepụ ụdị ime ihe ike niile megide ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality|accessdate=2020-09-23|work=UN Women|language=en|archivedate=2020-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126102330/https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5e1gr0re21aa37ratrqilt69aujkzyk 0 53725 697699 207070 2026-08-10T05:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:ಅಕ್ಕ_ಮಹಾದೇವಿ.jpg|thumb|305x305px|''murti'' nke Akka Mahadevi raara nye n'ụlọ nsọ n'ebe a mụrụ ya, Udutadi]] Akka Mahadevi (Kannada: ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ, c. 1130–1160) bụ onye mbụ na-ede uri nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Kannada[1] na onye ama ama na otu Lingyat Shaiva na narị afọ nke 12.[2] Vachanas ya dị 430 (ụdị uri ihe omimi na-apụtaghị ìhè), na akwụkwọ mkpirisi abụọ a na-akpọ Mantrogopya na Yogangatrividh ka a na-ewere onyinye amara ama na akwụkwọ Kannada.[3] Okwu ahụ Akka (“nwanne nwanyị nke okenye” ma ọ bụ “nne”) bụ nsọpụrụ nke ndị nsọ dị ka Basavanna, Siddharama, na Allamaprabhu nyere ya dị ka ihe na-egosi ọkwa ya dị elu na mkparịta ụka ime mmụọ e nwere na “Anubhava Mantapa” [4] ] A na-ele ya anya dị ka onye isi nwanyị na akwụkwọ Kannada na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Karnataka. O weere chi Shiva ('Chenna Mallikarjuna') dị ka di ya (nke a na-aghọtakarị dị ka 'madhura bhava' ma ọ bụ 'madhurya' ụdị nraranye). == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Akka Mahadevi na Udutadi, na nso Shivamogga na steeti India nke Karnataka[1] gburugburu 1130.[2] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na ọ bụ di na nwunye aha ya bụ Nirmalshetti na Sumati, bụ́ ndị na-efe Parama Shiva, mụrụ ya.[3] Isi mmalite ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-ekwu na amachaghị banyere ndụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụla isiokwu nke hagiographic India, nkwupụta ọdịnala na akụkọ ifo, dabere na ọdịnala ọnụ na egwu nke ya. Otu n'ime egwu ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, yiri ka ọ na-edekọ ahụmahụ ya nke ịhapụ ebe a mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ ya iji chụọ Shiva.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|author=Tharu|first=Susie J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=78|language=en}}</ref> Tharu na Lalita dekwara nzọrọ na otu eze Jain obodo aha ya bụ Kaushika chọrọ ịlụ ya, mana na ọ jụrụ ya, họrọkwa imezu nkwupụta nke nraranye nye chi Para Shiva.[1] Otú ọ dị, isi mmalite ndị dị n'oge ochie na-adabere na akaụntụ a bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na nke na-enweghị isi.[2] Ha na-agụnye ntụaka n’otu n’ime uri ya, ma ọ bụ vachanas, bụ́ ebe o debere ọnọdụ atọ maka ịlụ eze, gụnyere ịchịkwa nhọrọ nke itinye oge ya na nraranye ma ọ bụ soro ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ndị ọzọ na-akparịta ụka, kama iso ndị eze na-akparịta ụka. eze.[3] Ọkà mmụta oge ochie na onye na-ede uri Harihara na-atụ aro na akụkọ ndụ ya banyere alụmdi na nwunye ahụ bụ naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ, ebe akụkọ ndị ọzọ sitere na Camasara na-egosi na anabataghị ọnọdụ ndị ahụ na alụmdi na nwunye emeghị.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mudaliar|first=Chandra Y|date=1991-01-01|title=Religious Experiences of Hindu Women: A Study of Akka Mahadevi|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3|pages=137–146}}</ref> Akụkọ Harihara gara n'ihu na-ekwu na mgbe Eze Kaushika mebiri ọnọdụ ndị o debere, Akka Mahadevi hapụrụ ụlọ eze ahụ, na-ahapụ ihe onwunwe ya niile gụnyere uwe, ịga Srisailam, ụlọ nke chi Parama Shiva.[1]. Akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi na omume nchụpụ nke Akka Mahadevi bụ nzaghachi nye iyi egwu eze mgbe ọ jụrụ atụmatụ ya.[2] O yikarịrị ka ọ gara obodo Kalyana ka ọ na-aga, bụ ebe ọ zutere ndị na-ede uri abụọ ọzọ na ndị a ma ama nke òtù Lingayat, Allama na Basava.[3] Ekwenyere na ọ gara njem, na njedebe nke ndụ ya, n'ugwu Srisailam, ebe o biri dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ ma mesịa nwụọ.[3] Vachana ekwuru na Akka Mahadevi na-atụ aro na ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ndụ ya, Eze Kaushika gara leta ya ebe ahụ ma rịọ mgbaghara ya..<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Akkamahadevi_Udathadi.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|333x333px|Ihe oyiyi nke Akka Mahadevi arụnyere n'ebe a mụrụ ya, Udathadi]] Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-ewere ya dị ka onye ama ama n'ọhịa nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị. Aha a ma ama na Karnataka, o dere na ọ bụ nwanyị naanị n'aha nakwa na uche ya, ahụ ya, na mkpụrụ obi ya bụ nke Shiva. N'oge esemokwu na ejighị n'aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ọ họọrọ nghọta ime mmụọ ma guzo site na nhọrọ ya. O sonyere na mkpokọta nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ dịka ''Anubhavamantapa'' na Kalyana (nke bụ Basava Kalyana ugbu a) iji rụrịta ụka na nkà ihe ọmụma na nghọta (ma ọ bụ Moksha, nke ọ kpọrọ "arivu"). N'ịchọ onye ibe mkpụrụ obi ya Lord Shiva, o mere ụmụ anụmanụ, okooko osisi na nnụnụ ndị enyi ya na ndị enyi ya, na-ajụ ndụ ezinụlọ na njikọ ụwa. A na-edekọ nchụso Akka maka nghọta n'abụ uri nke asụsụ dị mfe ma nwee ọgụgụ isi. Abụ ya na-enyocha ịjụ ịhụnanya na-anwụ anwụ maka ịhụnanya Chineke. Vachanas ya na-ekwukwa banyere ụzọ nke nghọta chọrọ onye na-achọ, dị ka igbu 'M', imeri ọchịchọ na uche na ihe ndị ọzọ. Kausika bụ onye obodo Jain, nke bara ọgaranya ma bụrụ nke ndị ọzọ bi na ya na-ewe iwe. Ọ jụrụ ndụ okomoko ya ibi ndụ dị ka onye na-ede uri na-agagharị agagharị, na-agafe n'ógbè ahụ ma na-eto Onyenwe ya Shiva. Ọ gara ịchọ ndị na-achọ ibe ya ma ọ bụ sharanas n'ihi na a kwenyere na mkpakọrịta nke saintly ma ọ bụ sajjana sanga na-eme ka mmụta dị ngwa. Ọ chọtara ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị sharanas dị otú ahụ na Basavakalyana, Mpaghara Bidar ma dee ọtụtụ vachanas iji too ha. Ụzọ ya na-ekwekọghị na ya kpatara nkụda mmụọ n'etiti ndị na-agbaso omenala n'oge ahụ: ọbụna guru ya Allama Prabhu chere ihe isi ike ihu n'ịtinye ya na nnọkọ ndị dị na Anubhavamantapa. Onye na-ata onwe ya ahụhụ, a na-ekwu na Mahadevi jụrụ iyi uwe ọ bụla. Akụkọ ọdịbendị na-ekwu na n'ihi ezi ịhụnanya na nraranye ya na Chineke, ntutu na-echebe ahụ ya dum. Ndị Sharna niile nke Anubhavamantapa, ọkachasị Basavanna, Chenna Basavanna، Kinnari Bommayya, Siddharama, Allamaprabhu na Dasimayya ji okwu "Akka" kelee ya. N'ezie ọ bụ ebe a ka ọ na-aghọ Akka, nwanne nwanyị meworo agadi. Allama na-egosi ya ụzọ ọzọ isi nweta obi ụtọ dị ukwuu nke njikọ ya na Lord Chenna Mallikarjuna. Akka hapụrụ Kalyana na vachana ndị a:   N'oge mbụ nke ndụ ya, ọ jụrụ ihe na ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'ụwa; na nke abụọ, ọ tụfuru iwu na ụkpụrụ niile dabeere na ihe. N'oge nke atọ, ọ malitere njem ya gaa Srishila, ebe ụlọ nsọ Chenna Mallikarjuna dị na ebe nsọ maka ndị na-efe Shiva kemgbe tupu narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Njem ime mmụọ nke Akka kwụsịrị na Kadali, mpaghara oké ọhịa nke Shrisaila (Srisailam) ebe a na-eche na ya na Chennamallikarjuna nwere njikọ (aikya). Otu n'ime vachana ya a ma ama sụgharịrị dị ka:   Abụ ya gosipụtara ịhụnanya ya maka Chenna Mallikarjuna, na nkwekọrịta ya na okike na ndụ dị mfe.   == Ọrụ == A pụrụ ịchọta ọrụ Akka Mahadevi, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ede uri nke Bhakti, site na iji ankita ya, ma ọ bụ aha mbinye aka nke o ji kpọtụrụ onye ofufe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|author=Tharu|first=Susie J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> N'okwu Akka Mahadevi, ọ na-eji aha ''Chennamallikarjuna'' na-ezo aka na chi Shiva.<ref name=":1" /> Enwere ike ịsụgharị aha ''Chennamallikarjuna'' n'ụzọ dị iche iche, mana nsụgharị a ma ama bụ nke ọkà mmụta na ọkà mmụta asụsụ A.K. Ramanujan, onye na-akọwa ya dị ka 'Onyenwe anyị, ọcha dị ka jasmine'.<ref name=":1" /> Nsụgharị nkịtị ga-abụ 'Arjuna mara mma nke Mallika', dị ka Tharu na Lalita si kwuo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|author=Tharu|first=Susie J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=78|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTharuLalita1991">Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, Ke (1 January 1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india ''Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century'']. Feminist Press at CUNY. p.&nbsp;78. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781558610279|<bdi>9781558610279</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dabere na ojiji nke ankita ya, ihe dị ka uri 350 ma ọ bụ vachanas ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Akka Mahadevi.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|author=Tharu|first=Susie J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-ejikarị ihe atụ nke ịhụnanya iwu na-akwadoghị, ma ọ bụ nke ịkwa iko akọwa nraranye ya na ''Chennamallikarjuna'' (Shiva). <ref name=":2" /> Okwu ya na-egosi Akka Mahadevi na-achọsi ike mmekọrịta ya na ''Chennamallikarjuna'' (Shiva), ma na-emetụta isiokwu nke ịgbahapụ, ịhụnanya anụ ahụ na nkewa.<ref name=":2" /> A kọwawo okwu ndị doro anya na ndị doro anya nke Akka Mahadevi dere dị ka ndị na-egosipụta "nnukwu iwu na-akwadoghị" nke na-enyocha ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ọrụ na-eme ihe nkiri na uche, na-akpa àgwà na-emegide ụlọ ọrụ na omume ọha na eze.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|author=Tharu|first=Susie J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=79|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, Ke (1 January 1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india ''Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century'']. Feminist Press at CUNY. p.&nbsp;79. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781558610279|<bdi>9781558610279</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eji ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ siri ike na-anọchite anya njikọ dị n'etiti onye na-efe ofufe na ihe a na-efe efe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1996-01-01|title=Madness, Holiness, Poetry : The Vachanas Of Virasaivite Women|journal=Indian Literature|volume=39|issue=3 (173)|pages=147–155}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agbagha nghọta a na-ahụkarị banyere njirimara mmekọahụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'otu vachana ọ na-atụ aro na okike, ma ọ bụ ike nke chi Shiva, bụ nwoke, ebe ihe okike niile, gụnyere ụmụ nwoke, na-anọchite anya nwanyị: "Ahụrụ m nna ukwu dị mpako, Mallikarjuna / onye ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwoke niile, bụ ma e wezụga ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị {{Cite journal|author=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1992-01-01|title=Rebels — Conformists? Women Saints in Medieval South India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1992_87_1-3/page/133|journal=Anthropos|volume=87|issue=1/3|pages=133–146}}</ref> N'ime ụfọdụ vachanas, ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka nwanyị na nwoke. Ọrụ Akka Mahadevi, dị ka nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ede uri Bhakti, na-emetụta isiokwu nke ịpụ iche: ma site na ụwa ihe onwunwe, ma site na atụmanya na omume ọha na eze gbasara ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1992-01-01|title=Rebels — Conformists? Women Saints in Medieval South India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1992_87_1-3/page/133|journal=Anthropos|volume=87|issue=1/3|pages=133–146}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRamaswamy1992">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1 January 1992). "Rebels — Conformists? Women Saints in Medieval South India". ''Anthropos''. '''87''' (1/3): 133–146. [[JSTOR (ihe nchọpụta)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40462578 40462578].</cite></ref> N'ịhụ mmekọrịta ya na ndị mmadụ na-anwụ anwụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, Akka Mahadevi kọwara ha dị ka ogwu zoro n'okpuru akwụkwọ osisi dị nro, nke a na-apụghị ịtụkwasị obi. Banyere di ya na-anwụ anwụ, ọ na-ekwu "Were ndị di a nwụrụ anwụ, ree - ma nye ha ọkụ ọkụ na kichin gị!". N'amaokwu ọzọ, ọ na-ekwupụta nrụgide nke ịbụ nwunye na onye na-efe ofufe dị ka   == Nsụgharị na ihe nketa == A. K. Ramanujan bu ụzọ kwalite ndị vachanas site n'ịsụgharị ha n'ime mkpokọta a na-akpọ ikwu okwu nke Siva. Ọkà mmụta mgbe ochie Tejaswini Niranjana katọrọ nsụgharị ndị a dị ka ịsụgharị vachanas ka ọ bụrụ abụ uri eluigwe na ụwa nke oge a dị njikere iri ya na nsụgharị Siting (1992). [1] Onye ntụgharị asụsụ Kannada Vanamala Vishwanatha na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee ọhụrụ, nke enwere ike ibipụta dịka akụkụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ Murty Classical..<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520074514|title=Siting Translation|accessdate=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/591830/lively-debate-marks-launch-kannada.html|title=Lively debate marks launch of Kannada classic in Harvard series|work=Deccan Herald|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=2017-03-31}}</ref> Akka Mahadevi na-aga n'ihu na-enwe ọnọdụ dị mkpa na ọdịbendị na ncheta, yana okporo ụzọ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/junction-in-shivamogga-named-after-akka-mahadevi/article8464208.ece|title=Junction in Shivamogga named after Akka Mahadevi|author=Staff Correspondent|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2017-03-31|language=en}}</ref> na mahadum ndị a gụrụ aha ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Womens-university-renamed/articleshow/54456639.cms|title=Women's university renamed - Times of India|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2017-03-31}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, a chọtara ihe osise dị ala nke narị afọ nke iri na atọ na nso Hospet na Karnataka, a kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Akka Mahadevi. == Hụkwa == * Kuvempu == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4gyifhnu3finj9td7x2edtiubl0ve8u 0 53921 697714 540990 2026-08-10T06:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Karithi Ruth Wanjiru Nduati''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Isaac Mbeche among 8 shortlisted for UoN VC post|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/dailynation/news/education/prof-isaac-mbeche-among-8-shortlisted-for-uon-vc-post-231688|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=Daily Nation|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye na- ahụ maka ụmụaka na ọrịa na-efe efe nke Kenya na-akụzikwa na Mahadum Nairobi College of Health Sciences. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ruth Nduati {{!}} University of Washington - Department of Global Health|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/ruth-nduati|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=globalhealth.washington.edu}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Q and A with Dr Ruth Nduati, University of Nairobi - Fogarty International Center @ NIH|url=https://www.fic.nih.gov:443/News/GlobalHealthMatters/march-april-2017/Pages/ruth-nduati-hiv-aids-research-training.aspx|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=Fogarty International Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-edukwa mmemme interdisciplinary ugbu a site na Mahadum Nairobi School of Medicine iji kuziere ndị dibịa na-eme nchọpụta ka ha mejuputa ọgwụgwọ HIV na ụzọ mgbochi nke nyocha na-akwado. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-25|title=UW Partner in Kenya Awarded 3.2 million Grant to Strengthen Educational Programs and High-impact Research|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/news/2018/10/25/uw-partner-kenya-awarded-32-million-grant-strengthen-educational-programs-and-high|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=globalhealth.washington.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ego mmemme a bụ Fogarty Training Grant bụ akụkụ nke ego PEPFAR nke obodo [[Kenya]] nwetara. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Ọrụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ime ime obodo [[Kenya]], Nduati ekwuola na mmasị ya na nkà mmụta ọgwụ malitere n'oge ọ bụ nwata mgbe otu dọkịta [[Chekia|Czech]] na-eleta ya nyere aka gwọọ ya ọrịa eczema ugboro ugboro mgbe ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta ndị ọzọ kwụsịrị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ruth Nduati, MBChB, MMed, MPH, Professor {{!}} Kenya Research and Training Center|url=http://depts.washington.edu/kenyares/home/collaborations/external-collaborators/ruth-nduati/|accessdate=2020-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Kyeb|date=December 11, 2018|title=Doctor who came to the rescue of nursing HIV positive mothers|work=MyGov.|url=http://www.mygov.go.ke/index.php|accessdate=June 6, 2020}} [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2351658365063844&set=a.1808866639343022 Alt URL]</ref> O mechara gawa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee bụrụ akụkụ nke otu ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Mahadum Nairobi School of Medicine, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ ya n'ihi mgbanwe ọchịchị gọọmentị Kenya nwere onwe ọhụrụ. <ref name=":4" /> O nwere nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ na Bachelor of Surgery yana Masters na Ahụike Ọha . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> A maara Nduati maka ọrụ ya na-achọpụta na igbochi ibufe nne na-ebufe nwa na nwa ( PMTCT ) nke [[HIV/AIDS]] site na [[Ị chu ara|inye ara]] . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3"/> Site na Septemba 1991 ruo Ọktoba 1994, Nduati gara na Mahadum Washington iji mechaa Masters na Ahụike Ọha na Ngalaba Epidemiology . <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=People- Salzburg Global Seminar|url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/index.php?id=949&userID=3146&eventID=457|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=Salzburg Global Seminar|archivedate=2020-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807215431/https://www.salzburgglobal.org/index.php?id=949&userID=3146&eventID=457}}</ref> Ọ bụ Fogarty AIDS International Training Programme kwadoro mmemme nzere masta. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" /> == Na-arụ ọrụ megide HIV / AIDS == N'afọ 1994, Nduati bipụtara akwụkwọ nyocha na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Washington na otu n'ime ihe mbụ a chọpụtara na nje HIV na-ebufe nwa ọhụrụ site n'inyocha mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ site na ndị nọọsụ mmiri, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị nyochaa mmiri ara ara iji gbochie. Nbufe nje HIV. <ref>Nduati RW, John GC, Kreiss J. Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 through pooled breast milk. Lancet 1994;344:1432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/HIV_IF_Transmission.pdf|title=HIV transmission through breastfeeding|publisher=UNICEF|year=2004|isbn=92-4-156271-4|location=New York, New York 10017, United States of America}}</ref> Dr. Nduati gara n'ihu n'ụzọ nyocha a iji bipụta nyocha gbasara mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje HIV-1 na mmiri ara ara na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Washington na Mahadum Manitoba . Nnyocha nke 1995 mere ka a ghọta ọkwa dị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje HIV-1 na HIV-1 DNA nke ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike isi na mmiri ara ara . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nduati|first=Ruth W.|date=December 1995|title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Cells in Breast Milk: Association with Immunosuppression and Vitamin A Deficiency|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1995-12_172_6/page/1461|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=172|issue=6|pages=1461–1468|doi=10.1093/infdis/172.6.1461|issn=0022-1899|pmid=7594703}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, ọ na-edekọ "Ịkparịta ụka na [[N'oge uto|ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma]] gbasara [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] : Ahụmahụ sitere na Eastern na Southern Africa " na Wambui Kiai ebe ọ na-atụle mmetụta [[Culture|omenala]] na ịmepụta na imejuputa mmemme mgbochi dị irè. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Nduati|first=Ruth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peVifeQ7xJAC&q=%22Ruth+Nduati%22+Unicef&pg=PA193|title=Communicating with Adolescents about AIDS: Experience from Easter and Southern Africa|publisher=International Development Research Centre|year=1997|isbn=0-88936-832-5|location=Ottawa, ON, Canada}}</ref> Kpọmkwem, akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka mbọ Eastern na South Africa na-agba iji metụta [[Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị|omume mmekọahụ]] nke ndị ntorobịa site na ịbanye n'ime ọtụtụ ihe na nuances nke mmemme mgbochi nje HIV, ihe ịga nke ọma ha na adịghị ike ha. <ref name=":6" /> N'afọ 2000, Nduati mere nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ na-enweghị usoro, na-anwale ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọnụọgụ nje HIV-1 site na [[Ị chu ara|inye ara]] na inye nri . <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Nduati|first=Ruth|date=2000-03-01|title=Effect of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding on Transmission of HIV-1: A Randomized Clinical Trial|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/192449|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=283|issue=9|pages=1167–1174|doi=10.1001/jama.283.9.1167|pmid=10703779|issn=0098-7484}}</ref> Nsonaazụ gosiri na enwere mbelata dị ukwuu na nnyefe nne [[Ọrịa a na-ebute site n'elu|-na-nwa]] (MTCT) n'ime ọnwa ole na ole mbụ. <ref name=":7" /> Nduati bipụtara akụkọ nyocha sochiri nke gosiri na enwere mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke ma nne ma nwa ọhụrụ nke ogwe aka [[Ị chu ara|na-enye nwa ara]] ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro inye nri . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nduati|first=Ruth|date=2001-05-26|title=Effect of breastfeeding on mortality among HIV-1 infected women: a randomised trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2001-05-26_357_9269/page/1651|journal=Lancet|volume=357|issue=9269|pages=1651–1655|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04820-0|issn=0140-6736|pmid=11425369}}</ref> Nsonaazụ e bipụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ megidere okwu ndị WHO na UNICEF kwuru na 1992 na 1997 nke kwadoro [[Ị chu ara|inye nwa ara]] karịa usoro na inye nri. <ref name=":8">World Health Organization. "Global Programme on AIDS: Consensus statement from the WHO/UNICEF Consultation on HIV Transmission and Breast-feeding." ''Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire'' 67.24 (1992): 177-179.</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Latham|first=Michael C|date=2000-06-17|title=Appropriate feeding methods for infants of HIV infected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=320|issue=7250|pages=1656–1660|doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7250.1656|issn=0959-8138|pmid=10856073}}</ref> Edemede 2000 na 2001 nke Nduati bipụtara nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ pụtara na amụma ọha na Sub-Saharan Africa . <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":9" /> Na 2004, Carey Farquhar na Nduati tinyere ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ kwadoro akwụkwọ nyocha nke gosipụtara mmụba nke nrube isi na ndụmọdụ HIV-1 afọ ofufo, nyocha, na ụzọ iji gbochie nnyefe nke HIV-1 na ndị mmekọ na-ekere òkè na ndụmọdụ ndị di na nwunye na-amụ nwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Farquhar|first=Carey|date=2004-12-15|title=Antenatal Couple Counseling Increases Uptake of Interventions to Prevent HIV-1 Transmission|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-acquired-immune-deficiency-syndromes_2004-12-15_37_5/page/1620|journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes|volume=37|issue=5|pages=1620–1626|doi=10.1097/00126334-200412150-00016|issn=1525-4135|pmid=15577420}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, nchọpụta e gosipụtara megidere mkpebi nke ịghara ikpughe ọnọdụ HIV onye ọrịa n'ihi okwu nzuzo onye ọrịa. Na June 2006, Nduati gara ọgbakọ banyere nwata na ọrịa AIDS nke UNICEF kwadoro na Paris, France, bụ ebe o kwuru na a chọrọ mmemme ka ukwuu, nke jikọrọ ọnụ iji lebara nsogbu [[Education|mmụta]], nri nri, na nke uche na-emetụta ụmụaka ndị [[HIV/AIDS]] mere mgbei. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Dan|date=16 June 2006|title=Boy orphaned by AIDS demands action for children|url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/3823_34586.html|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=UNICEF|archivedate=2020-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609025509/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/3823_34586.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Horn|first=Bill|date=26 June 2006|title=Activist from Côte d'Ivoire speaks out on the impact of HIV on young people|url=https://www.unicef.org/aids/cotedivoire_34684.html|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=UNICEF|archivedate=2020-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609025544/https://www.unicef.org/aids/cotedivoire_34684.html}}</ref> Dr. Nduati na-ekwu, "Anyị ka na-etinye oge dị ukwuu n'ịkọwa ọnọdụ ha, na-akọwa ihe na-eme ha, na obere mgbalị n'ime mmemme na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie… na nnukwu ahụike ọha na eze". <ref name=":10" /> Mgbe otu afọ ahụ gasịrị n'August, Nduati kwuru okwu na XVI International [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] Conference na Toronto, Canada, na-ekwu maka enweghị ohere zuru oke maka ọgwụgwọ HIV na nlekọta ezubere iche maka ụmụaka nọ na Sub-Saharan Africa . <ref name=":5"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Clayden|first=Polly|date=9 September 2006|title=Children face a serious service delivery gap: paediatric studies in Toronto {{!}} HTB {{!}} HIV i-Base|url=https://i-base.info/htb/3076|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=i-base.info}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nyocha ya ejiri mee ihe iji gbakwunye akụkọ e bipụtara na mba ụwa gbasara ozi amaara gbasara mbufe nje HIV site na inye ara nke ebipụtara na 2004 site na nkwado nke UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO na UNFPA . <ref name=":8">World Health Organization. "Global Programme on AIDS: Consensus statement from the WHO/UNICEF Consultation on HIV Transmission and Breast-feeding." ''Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire'' 67.24 (1992): 177-179.</ref> Nduati etinyewokwa aka n'ihe ọmụma ya na igbochi nne na-ebufe nwa ( PMTCT ) nke HIV site n'ịkwado ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ntuziaka iji nyere ndị dọkịta aka n'inye ọgwụgwọ na nlekọta HIV site na òtù dị ka UNICEF na ANECCA. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nduati|first=Ruth W.|date=1990|title=Accidents and Poisoning. In: Primary Health Care: A manual for medical students and other health workers|url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/47367|language=en}}</ref> <ref>Nduati, R., Laving, A., Hooker, H., & Gwatu, P.(2010). Child Nutrition. In K. Mukelabai, N. O. Bwibo, &R. Musoke (Eds.), Primary health care manual for medical students and other health workers(3rd edition). UNICEF.</ref> <ref>Denis Tindyebwa, Janet Kayita, Philippa Musoke, Brian Eley, Ruth Nduati, Hoosen Coovadia, Raziya Bobart, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Mary Pat Kiffer, ''Handbook on Paediatric AIDS in Africa''. USAID. 2006.</ref> == Ọrụ dị ugbu a == Nduati na-akụzi na Mahadum Nairobi dị ka onye isi nkuzi mgbe ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye otu Board Advisory Board maka Mahadum Washington's Department of Global Health . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":5"/> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ ugbu a dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Network of AIDS Researchers in Eastern and Southern African (NARESA), nke PEPFAR kwadoro, na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye so na Scientific Secretariat nke Ghent International Working Group on Mother to Child Transmission. HIV-1 . <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":5" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nduati Ruth W {{!}} COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES|url=https://chs.uonbi.ac.ke/college-professors/nduati-ruth-w|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=chs.uonbi.ac.ke|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609025511/https://chs.uonbi.ac.ke/college-professors/nduati-ruth-w}}</ref> Nduati na-arụkwa ọrụ iji leba anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ [[condom]] dị ala na mmetụta ọ na-ebufe nje HIV na [[N'oge uto|ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma]], na-ehota ndị na-eto eto na-emeghị mkpebi zuru oke nke ụbụrụ iji kọwaa àgwà adịghị mma mmekọahụ na ndị a. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oketch|first=Angela|date=18 March 2020|title=Many forces conspire to make young people most at risk of HIV|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/dailynation/news/many-forces-conspire-to-make-young-people-most-at-risk-of-hiv-114438|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=Daily Nation|language=en}}</ref> Na ọrịa COVID-19, Nduati na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka dibịa ọrụ afọ ofufo na ụlọ ọgwụ Kenyatta National Hospital dị na Nairobi, Kenya, na-akwado maka ịsacha aka kwesịrị ekwesị na iyi mkpuchi iji gbochie mgbasa nke nje COVID-19 nke obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Not all masks for virus, says CAS and explains what to look for|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2020-04-06-not-all-masks-for-virus-says-cas-and-explains-what-to-look-for/|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=The Star|language=en-KE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2020|title=OPINION: Act now or Kenyan hospitals will be overrun, doctors warn|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/blogs/opinion-act-now-or-our-hospitals-will-be-overrun-doctors-warn-329495/|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=Citizentv.co.ke|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806212658/https://citizentv.co.ke/blogs/opinion-act-now-or-our-hospitals-will-be-overrun-doctors-warn-329495/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bearak|first=Max|date=30 Jan 2020|title=Kenya's blood banks are running dry after the U.S. ended aid - and a baby's life is at risk|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/kenyas-blood-banks-are-running-dry-after-the-us-ended-aid--and-a-babys-life-is-at-risk/2020/01/29/3d2ca47a-3727-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html|accessdate=8 June 2020|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Enyere Nduati na Dalton Wamalwa onyinye NIH Fogarty tinyere onyinye PEPFAR iji belata mgbasa nke [[Ọrịa a na-ebute site n'elu|MTCT]] nke HIV na [[Kenya]] site na imeziwanye usoro dị ugbu a iji dozie ọgwụgwọ HIV na ihe ndị metụtara ya. <ref name=":3"/> Onyinye afọ ise $3.2 ga-eji zụọ ndị dibịa na-eme nchọpụta n'ọdịnihu iji nye [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]] metụtara nje HIV site na nyocha mbụ na ọzụzụ mmụta ahụike . <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nduati|first=Ruth|title=A HIV planning grant for a physician-scientist training program|url=https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/D71-TW009616-01|journal=Grantome|language=en}}</ref> Usoro ọzụzụ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Health-Professional Education Partnership Initiative (HEPI), nke na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu nke Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI), iji lekwasịkwuo anya na akụkụ nyocha nke ọgwụ yana ọzụzụ dọkịta. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":1"/> Na 2007, e nyere Nduati ihe nrite ugwu na ikike inweta ahụike site n'aka International Christian Medical and Dental Association . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dignity & Right to Health Award – ICMDA|url=https://icmda.net/fr/get-involved/awards/drhaward/|accessdate=2020-06-09|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2021-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114140130/https://icmda.net/fr/get-involved/awards/drhaward/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o1o3phj40kx5faihk8u5u2ezod5u2j0 0 53960 697809 207903 2026-08-10T08:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697809 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alice Lenshina''' (1920-1978) bụ nwanyị Zambia, Onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche na onye a họpụtara "onye amụma" nke a maara maka òkè ya na "Lumpa Uprising", nke gburu ndụ 700. <ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|title=Women's Revolt: The Lumpa Church of Lenshina Mulenga in the 1950s|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-religion-in-africa_1991-05_21_2/page/99|first=Hugo|author=Hinfelaar|date=3 October 1991|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=21|issue=2|pages=99–129|doi=10.2307/1580801}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dagolo.blogspot.co.uk/2007/11/alice-mulenga-lenshina-and-lumpa-church.html|title=ALICE MULENGA LENSHINA AND THE LUMPA CHURCH (cult)|work=dagolo.blogspot.co.uk|date=13 November 2007|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maravi.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/retracing-lumpa-church.html|title=Retracing the Lumpa Church|work=maravi.blogspot.co.uk|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> Lenshina tọrọ ntọala ma duzie Ụka Lumpa, otu okpukpere chi nke nakweere ngwakọta nke nkwenkwe na okpukpe nke Ndị Kraịst na nke animist.[1] Ụka Lumpa jụrụ ikike nke "ọchịchị ụwa" ọ bụla, ọ jụrụ ịtụ ụtụ isi ma guzobe ụlọ ikpe nke ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka Zambia nwechara onwe ya n'okpuru Onye isi ala Kenneth Kaunda, ya na ndị na-eso ya na-etinye aka na nke a na-akpọ "Uprising Lumpa". A kwụsịrị ọgbaghara ahụ ma kpọchie ya, mana ekpochapụghị Chọọchị Lumpa kpamkpam. == Mmalite ya == A mụrụ ya Alice Mulenga Lubusha na 1920 na Chinsali district nke ugwu ugwu nke Northern Rhodesia. Alice bụ aha baptizim ya, ebe Mulenga bụ aha ọdịnala Africa ya. A ka amabeghị ọtụtụ ozi gbasara nzụlite ya. Enweghị nkọwa ọzọ gbasara nne ya n'akụkụ aha ya, Musungu Chimba. Lubusha, nna ya, bụ onye uwe ojii obodo nke lụrụ ọgụ maka ndị Britain n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ ma bụrụ onye ozi maka nchịkwa colonial. Ha bụ ndị otu Crocodile Clan, nke bụ agbụrụ a ma ama nke alaeze Bemba <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Women's Revolt: The Lumpa Church of Lenshina Mulenga in the 1950s|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-religion-in-africa_1991-05_21_2/page/99|first=Hugo|author=Hinfelaar|date=3 October 1991|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|volume=21|issue=2|pages=99–129|doi=10.2307/1580801}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHinfelaar1991">Hinfelaar, Hugo (3 October 1991). "Women's Revolt: The Lumpa Church of Lenshina Mulenga in the 1950s". ''Journal of Religion in Africa''. '''21''' (2): 99–129. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1580801|10.2307/1580801]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580801 1580801].</cite></ref> Aha "Lenshina" bụ ụdị [[Bemba language|Bemba]] nke okwu Latin "regina" ("eze nwanyị"). Ọ lụrụ Gibson Nkwale. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ lụrụ [[Petros Chintankwa]] onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ ise. N'ịbụ nke dị n'akụkụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Northern Rhodesia, Chinsali district bụ ebe agha maka ọrụ abụọ na-asọ mpi nke Ndị Kraịst: ndị Roman Katọlik Missionaries of Africa ("White Fathers"), nke dabeere na Llondola site na 1934, na United Free Church of Scotland, nke dabeere n'Lubwa site na 1905. Otu n'ime ndị ozi ala ọzọ Lubwa bụ David Kaunda, nna Kenneth Kaunda onye ghọrọ onye isi ala mbụ nke [[Zambia]] na onye bụ onye mmegide siri ike nke ịrọ òtù Lumpa. == 1953–1955 == Chọọchị ọhụrụ ahụ sonyeere asọmpi maka mkpụrụ obi megide Chọọchị Roman Katọlik na Chọọchị Scotland. Lumpa nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke na ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ nwere ike ịnwe ndị otu 150,000 na mpaghara ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Northern Rhodesia. Mgbalị chọọchị ahụ na-eme maka ndị otu dị oke egwu nke na gọọmentị Northern Rhodesia na-achị ya lere ya anya dị ka ihe egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == 1958–1964 == Na mbụ, Chọọchị Lumpa dị nso na nnukwu nzukọ ndị isi ojii na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe, Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (ANC). Otú ọ dị, mgbe Kenneth Kaunda hapụrụ ANC na 1958 wee guzobe United National Independence Party (UNIP) na-alụ ọgụ, asọmpi maka ndị otu malitere n'etiti ụka ọhụrụ na pati ọhụrụ ahụ. Obodo nta kewara ka ndị isi Lumpa nyere ndị otu ha iwu ka ha guzobe obodo nta dị iche iche site na ịpụ n'obodo nta ebe ha bi n'akụkụ ndị otu UNIP. Esemokwu dị n'etiti UNIP na Lumpa Church ruru n'ókè na July ruo October na 1964, obere oge tupu nnwere onwe Northern Rhodesia. Na Julaị 24, 1964, agha egbe dara n'etiti ndị UNIP na ndị otu Lumpa Church.   [ebe?] Ọgba aghara ndị si na ya pụta bụ naanị site na ntinye aka nke ndị agha steeti, na nkwupụta nke ọnọdụ mberede site n'aka Praịm Minista ọhụrụ tupu nnwere onwe, Kenneth Kaunda. Ihe dị ka otu puku mmadụ nwụrụ na esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị na-akwado Lumpa Church, ndị otu UNIP na ndị ọrụ nchekwa. Ihe dị ka ndị otu Lumpa Church 15,000 gbapụrụ ma gbaba na Congo; ụfọdụ n'ime ha alaghachighị Zambia. A machibidoro Chọọchị Lumpa iwu na 3 Ọgọstụ 1964 ma Lenshina nyefere onwe ya n'aka ndị uwe ojii ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm|title=Alice Lenshina and her Lumpa Church|first=Stephen|author=Luscombe|work=www.britishempire.co.uk|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> O siri ike ka onye ọ bụla katọọ Lenshina maka ime ihe ike ahụ mere. Nke a pụtara ìhè mgbe onye nkatọ ya kachasị ukwuu, Kaunda, akpọghị maka ikpe ya n'ụlọ ikpe. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya maka Chọọchị Lumpa, ọ gọnahụrụ itinye aka na ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ bu ụzọ karịa ọchịchọ Lenshina maka mweghachi okpukpe na ọdịbendị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Hinfelaar, Hugo.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/936724316|title=Women's revolt : the Lumpa church of Lenshina Mulenga in the 1950s|oclc=936724316}}</ref> == 1964–1978 == Alice Lenshina n'onwe ya enweghi ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Lumpa Church. Ọ kwara ụta maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ belatara mmetụta okpukpe nke ozi ya, nke kwusiri ike ịdị nsọ nke alụmdi na nwunye, megidere ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị na anwansi ọdịnala [[Afrịka|Ndị Afrịka]] ma kwalite nkwalite nke ndị nkịtị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị. Lenshina enwetụbeghị ikpe mana Kenneth Kaunda jidere ya na mpaghara Mumbwa, malite n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1964. Di ya, Petros Chintankwa (onye nwụrụ na 1972), sooro ya jide. N'afọ 1965, a kpọgara ha na mpaghara Kalabo, nke dị nso n'ókè Angola, mana ha gbapụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1967. E jidere ha, tụọ ha mkpọrọ ọnwa isii ma gbochie ha na mpaghara Mkushi. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1970, Kaunda tinyere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nye iwu ka e bibie ụlọ ụka ya n'obodo ya bụ Kasomo. N'ikpeazụ, a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Disemba 1975 mana a kpọchiri ya n'ime ụlọ na New Chilenje compound nke Lusaka, Nkunda Road. == Ọnwụ == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lowdownzambia.com/2013/03/31/muchinga-meander|title=The Lowdown Magazine|date=31 March 2013}}</ref> Lenshina nwụrụ na 7 Disemba 1978 mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma mesịa lie ya n'obodo Kasomo ebe Chọọchị Kamutola guzo. Ụka Lumpa ka na-adị ruo taa, n'agbanyeghị na e kewara ma na-akpọ ya aha dị iche iche, nke kacha pụta ìhè bụ Uluse Kamutola Church, nke dị n'okpuru Chilemweni Nkonde (nke kasị ukwuu), Ụka Jerusalem, n'okpuru Bubile (Daughter to Lenshina) na New. Jerusalem Church, n'okpuru Nkaya, na Kitwe's Chimwemwe Township. == Ihe odide == oc1ric18gsj5e07odl7d2o8ue9lq2qm 0 54119 697863 192334 2026-08-10T09:42:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697863 wikitext text/x-wiki   Womenmụ nwanyị niile na-acha ọcha, ndị ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike (1982) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ebipụtara n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, nke Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott na Barbara deziri. Smith.<ref name="Butsomeofus_1982">{{Cite book|title=All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies|editor=Hull|publisher=[[Feminist Press]]|date=1982|location=[[Old Westbury, New York]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/allwomenarewhite00hull/page/401 401]|isbn=0912670959|oclc=8165060|url=https://archive.org/details/allwomenarewhite00hull/page/401}}</ref> == Onyinye == Hull nwetara onyinye nturu ugo umunwanyi nke agba nke mba maka ntinye aka ya na akwukwo a. Ntụnye aka ya na "agụmakwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama dọtara uche gaa na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii yana, yana ọtụtụ akụkọ o dere mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nyere aka dozie mmesi ike n'ime ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị banyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na n'ime ọmụmụ ojii na ụmụ nwoke ojii"..<ref name="Warrior">{{Cite web|title=Word Warrior: Local poet helped forge links between feminism, black power, and new literature|first=Ryan|author=Masters|date=January 29, 2004|work=Monterey County Weekly|url=http://m.montereycountyweekly.com/news/2004/jan/29/word-warrior/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130129074239/http://m.montereycountyweekly.com/news/2004/jan/29/word-warrior/|archivedate=January 29, 2013}}.</ref> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == Mmasị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nọ na-arị elu na 1970s, site n'ihe odide nke Mary Helen Washington, Audre Lorde, Alice Walker, na ndị ọzọ.: 87  N'afọ 1981, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a kpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back, nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị, ma bipụta But Some of Us Are Brave n'afọ sochirinụ. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ, a na-ekwusi ike na njikọ dị n'etiti agbụrụ na okike. Ndị nyere aka kwuru na ebili mmiri ndị inyom gara aga lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ha chọrọ ịmekọrịta nnukwu ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara. Dị ka Teresa de Lauretis si kwuo, Àkwà Mmiri a kpọrọ My Back na But Some of Us Are Brave kpughere "mmetụta, nyocha, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke agba, na nkatọ ha banyere ndị ọcha ma ọ bụ ndị inyom" ma mepụta "mgbanwe n'ịmara ụmụ nwanyị. "<ref name="delauretis">de Lauretis, Teresa, "The Technology of Gender" in {{Cite book|author=Rakow|first=Lana|title=Feminist Communication Theory: Selections in Context|year=1987}}</ref>: 221  == Mmetụta == Na mbipụta nke afọ 2000 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ha, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ Hull, Bell-Scott, na Smith kọwara otu ndị isi ojii si mee ka "azịza mba dị ịrịba ama" - African American Women in Defense of Ourselves - na esemokwu ahụ <ref name="all the women_2000">{{Cite book|title=But Some Of Us Are Brave: All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men: Black Women's Studies|editor=Hull|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|year=2000}}</ref>: : xvi  [[Clarence Thomas]] Supreme Court nomination">nhọpụta Clarence Thomas gburugburu na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States megide ebubo nke prọfesọ iwu Anita Hill, banyere nsogbu mmekọahụ nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke ikpe nkwenye Thomas<ref>{{Cite news|title=Excerpt from Nina Totenberg's breaking National Public Radio report on Anita Hill's accusation of sexual harassment by Clarence Thomas.|url=http://jwa.org/feminism/_html/_transcripts/transcript_JWA071a.htm|accessdate=October 5, 2008|date=October 6, 1991|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-senate-s-hearings-on-the-thomas-nomination.html|title=The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 12, 1991|accessdate=October 6, 2018}}</ref> Onye ọkà mmụta iwu Kimberlé Crenshaw kwuru ''Mana Ụfọdụ n'ime Anyị nwere obi ike'' na mbido akwụkwọ ya dị mkpa na 1989, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics", ebe ọ webatara echiche nke Intersectionality. A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche intersectional na femism.<ref name="Adewunmi 2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|first=Bim|author=Adewunmi|authorlink=Bim Adewunmi|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|work=[[New Statesman]]|date=April 2, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Crenshaw kwuru na ọ bụ otu n'ime "akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ole na ole". O jiri utu aha All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave, dị ka "ebe ọpụpụ" ya iji "mepụta nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii".<ref name="Crenshaw 1989">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|authorlink=Kimberlé Crenshaw|title=Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics|journal=[[University of Chicago Legal Forum]]|pages=139–168|date=1989|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf|accessdate=October 7, 2018}}</ref>: 139  Barbara Y. Welke bipụtara edemede ya nke akpọrọ "Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ ndị ọcha, na ndị isi ojii niile bụ ndị ikom: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855-1914", na-ezo aka na Hull et al., na 1995 na Law and History Review. Welke dere otú Crenshaw si dee, na-ezo aka na But Some of Us Are Brave, kwuru na aha ahụ "na-eweta nsogbu nke omume ịgwọ agbụrụ na okike dị ka ụdị ahụmịhe na nyocha dị iche iche. <ref name="Crenshaw 1989">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|authorlink=Kimberlé Crenshaw|title=Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics|journal=[[University of Chicago Legal Forum]]|pages=139–168|date=1989|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf|accessdate=October 7, 2018}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCrenshaw1989">[[Kimberlé Crenshaw|Crenshaw, Kimberlé]] (1989). [https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf "Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics"]. ''[[University of Chicago Legal Forum]]''. [[University of Chicago Law School]]: 139–168. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0415447461|<bdi>0415447461</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/775574715 775574715]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref>: 139  <ref name="lawandhistory_1995">{{Cite journal|volume=13|date=1995|pages=261–316|title=When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_law-and-history-review_fall-1995_13_2/page/261|first=Barbara Y.|author=Welke|doi=10.2307/743861|journal=Law and History Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: a Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|journal=Feminist Legal Studies|date=2009}}</ref>: 139 : 139  == Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-agụ == * ''Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color'' (1981), nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị == Ndị nyere aka (ndị edemede) == == Hụkwa == swuz01pazl1xto75c73r5t3ujskvs23 0 54252 697466 541367 2026-08-09T21:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697466 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alix Cecil Dobkin [1] ( ọgọọst 16, 1940 - Mee 19, 2021) [2] bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-agụ abụ, onye memoirist, na onye na-akwado nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. N'afọ 1979, ọ bụ onye mbụ na-egwu egwu nwanyị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke America mere njem egwu egwu Europe.'''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alix Dobkin: Still a Separatist|author=Clark|first=Jil|date=March 29, 1980|work=Gay Community News|page=8}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Dobkin na New York City n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Kọmunist ndị Juu, aha ya bụ nwanne nna ya Alix onye nwụrụ n'ọgụ megide ndị fascist na Agha Obodo Spanish. A zụlitere ya na Philadelphia na Kansas City.[1] Dobkin gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Germantown High School na 1958 na Tyler School of Art nwere nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na 1962. == Ọrụ == Dobkin malitere ọrụ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Greenwich Village na 1962. {{Cite web|author=van Laarhoven|first=Kasper|title=The Story of the Gaslight Café, Where Dylan Premiered 'A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall'|url=https://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/|accessdate=28 December 2016|work=BedfordandBowery.com|date=December 28, 2016|publisher=Bedford & Bowery|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155105/http://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/|archivedate=December 28, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Laarhoven2016">van Laarhoven, Kasper (December 28, 2016). [https://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/ "The Story of the Gaslight Café, Where Dylan Premiered 'A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall'"]. ''BedfordandBowery.com''. Bedford & Bowery. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155105/http://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/ Archived] from the original on December 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ya na ndị dị ka Bob Dylan na Buffy Sainte-Marie na-egwuri egwu.<ref name="Laarhoven" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rosechild|first=Rene|date=June 2010|title=Women's Music Icon Alix Dobkin on the Rise of Lesbian Feminism and Her Road to Fame|url=http://www.curvemag.com/|journal=Curve|volume=20|issue=5|pages=44+}}</ref> Malite na 1973, o wepụtara ọtụtụ ọba yana akwụkwọ egwu wee gaagharị na US, Canada, England, Scotland, Ireland, Australia na New Zealand na-akwalite omenala na obodo nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị site na egwu ụmụ nwanyị. Dobkin nwere obere ndị na-ege ntị na ndị raara onwe ha nye, Spin Magazine kpọrọ ya "akụkọ egwu ụmụ nwanyị", The Village Voice kpọrọ ya "onye na-eme ihe... onye na-eche echiche" site na New Age Journal, "onye na'enweghị nkwekọrịta" na New York Times Magazine, na FBI kpọrọ ya "ihe na-akpata nsogbu".Ọ nwetara ama ama na-atụghị anya ya na 1980s mgbe ndị na-agụ ọchị dị ka David Letterman na Howard Stern chọtara album ya Lavender Jane Loves Women, wee malite ịkpọ ahịrịokwu sitere na egwu "View From Gay Head" na ikuku. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 21, Dobkin akwụsịla ide na ịdekọ ihe ọhụrụ, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-eme njem ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, na-ekwu na ọ "nwere mmasị efu" na ide ihe ncheta ya "mebiri ihe niile e kere eke." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zonkel|first=Phillip|url=https://qvoicenews.com/2021/05/19/alix-dobkin-pioneering-lesbian-musician-dies-at-80/|title=Alix Dobkin, pioneering lesbian musician, dies at 80|work=Q Voice News|accessdate=20 May 2021|date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Na 1977, ọ ghọrọ onye mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke America (WIFP) Women's Institute for Freedom of Press (WIFP). Dobkin bụ onye so na kọmitii nduzi OLOC (Old Lesbians Organizing for Change). <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Reporter|url=http://www.oloc.org/downloads/June%202015%20Reporter.pdf|publisher=Old Lesbians Organizing for Change|date=June 2015|accessdate=2024-10-23|archivedate=2016-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603041455/http://www.oloc.org/downloads/June%202015%20Reporter.pdf}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ncheta ya nke afọ 2009, My Red Blood, bụ nke Alyson Books bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Baim|first=Tracy|title=My Red Blood: A Memoir of Growing Up Communist, Coming Into the Greenwich Village Folk Scene, and Coming Out in the Feminist Movement|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/My-Red-Blood-A-Memoir-of-Growing-Up-Communist-Coming-Into-the-Greenwich-Village-Folk-Scene-and-Coming-Out-in-the-Feminist-Movement/23993.html|work=[[Windy City Times]]|date=January 6, 2010}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Dobkin kwuru gbasara oghere na nchekwa naanị ụmụ nwanyị [nke?] maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye nkatọ olu nke nsonye ụmụ nwanyị trans na oghere naanị ụmụ nwanyị. N'otu akwụkwọ ozi o degaara National Center for Lesbian Rights, o kwusiri ike, sị, "Kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ ndị ikom ekwupụtawo onwe ha 'ụmụ nwanyị,' na-emegharị ahụ ha ma rịọzie akara nkwado nke nwanyị n'aka ndị lanarịrị n'ịbụ nwa agbọghọ....[Egwu m] abụghị 'mkpagbu' kama na-ezo aka na ndị anyị nwere nwa agbọghọ & clitoris, na ọ dịghị onye ọzọ." [4] [5] na mmegharị ndị ọzọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ogidi ederede ya, dị ka "Minstrel Blood." [6] Edemede ya "The Emperor's New Gender" pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị na azụ anyị na 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dobkin|first=Alix|title=The Emperor's New Gender|journal=[[Off Our Backs]]|date=April 2000|volume=30|issue=4}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 1965, ọ lụrụ Sam Hood, onye na-elekọta Gaslight Cafe na Greenwich Village.<ref name="Laarhoven">{{Cite web|author=van Laarhoven|first=Kasper|title=The Story of the Gaslight Café, Where Dylan Premiered 'A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall'|url=https://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/|accessdate=28 December 2016|work=BedfordandBowery.com|date=December 28, 2016|publisher=Bedford & Bowery|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155105/http://bedfordandbowery.com/2016/12/the-story-of-the-gaslight-cafe-where-dylan-premiered-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall/|archivedate=December 28, 2016}}</ref> Ha kwagara Miami wee mepee The Gaslight South folk club, <ref name="Laarhoven" /> mana ha laghachiri New York na 1968. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Armstrong|first=Toni|date=May 1989|title=A Mother-Daughter Conversation: Alix Dobkin & Adrian Hood|journal=Hot Wire: The Journal of Women's Music and Culture|volume=5|issue=2|pages=36}}</ref> A mụrụ ada ha bụ́ Adrian afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, n’afọ sochiri ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ tiwara. Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Dobkin pụtara dị ka nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, bụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ọdịdị ọha mmadụ ime n'oge ahụ. Ọ zutere onye mmekọ Liza Cowan mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ngosi redio nke ikpeazụ na New York. E mechara kọwaa nzukọ ahụ dị ka "ịhụnanya n'anya mbụ" na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ pụta dị ka di na nwunye ma kwaga na 1971, na-ebi na ada Dobkin Adrian.<ref name="Maxwell">{{Cite news|author=Maxwell|first=Carrie|date=May 19, 2021|title=Passages: Lesbian-feminist musician, activist Alix Dobkin dies|url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/PASSAGES-Lesbian-feminist-musician-activist-Alix-Dobkin-dies/70519.html|work=[[Windy City Times]]|accessdate=May 20, 2021}}</ref> Dobkin nwere Ọrịa ụbụrụ n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2021, e mesịkwara nabata ya na Westchester Medical Center. E wepụrụ ya na May 11 wee hapụ ya na May 17.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dobkin|first=Loren|title=Alix's Story|url=https://www.caringbridge.org/visit/alixdobkin|work=[[CaringBridge]]|accessdate=17 May 2021|date=1 May 2021}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na ezinụlọ ya gbara ya gburugburu na Wednesday, May 19, 2021. E kwuru na ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ ọrịa ụbụrụ na ọrịa strok.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dobkin|first=Loren|title=With Grace And Strength She's Shining Through|url=https://www.caringbridge.org/visit/alixdobkin/|work=[[CaringBridge]]|date=May 19, 2021|accessdate=19 May 2021}}</ref> N'oge ọnwụ ya, Dobkin biri na Woodstock, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Beaty|first=Thalia|title='Head lesbian,' singer and feminist, Alix Dobkin, dies at 80|url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-lifestyle-arts-and-entertainment-221d9235c6aa462cdbdabbf2c592bdf9|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 21, 2021|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị Adrian, nwanne nwoke na nwanne nwanyị, ụmụ ụmụ atọ, na ụmụ nwanne ya nwanyị na ụmụ nwanne ha nwanyị hapụrụ ya. E mere emume ncheta ya n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2021. == Nkọwapụta == === Abọm === * ''Lavender Jane hụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya'' (1973) * Ibi na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke (1975) * ''Xx Alix'' (1980) * ''Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị A'' (1986) * ''Yahoo Australia! Site na Sydney'' (1990) * Ịhụnanya & ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (nchịkọta, 1992) * ''Ibi na Lavender Jane'' (CD re-release nke abọm abụọ mbụ, 1998) == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * ('' (Ọ bụghị nanị Akwụkwọ Abụ) '') (1978) * Alix Dobkin's Adventures in Women's Music (1979) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dobkin|first=Alix|date=1979|title=Alix Dobkin's Adventures in Women's Music|location=New York|publisher=Tomato Publications|isbn=9780934166003|oclc=5958887}}</ref> * My Red Blood: A Memoir of Growing Up Communist, Coming Onto the Greenwich Village Folk Scene, and Coming Out in the Feminist Movement (2009) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dobkin|first=Alix|date=2009|title=My Red Blood: A Memoir of Growing Up Communist, Coming Onto the Greenwich Village Folk Scene, and Coming Out in the Feminist Movement|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19933458W/My_red_blood|edition=1st Alyson Books|location=New York|publisher=Alyson Books|isbn=9781593501075|oclc=423597901}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218094336/https://www.alixdobkin.com/ Alix Dobkin] * [https://www.ladyslipper.org/archive/rel/v2_homeeaed.html Egwú Ladyslipper: Alix Dobkin] * [http://www.queermusicheritage.com/may2002.html Ihe Nketa Egwú Queer: Alix Dobkin] * [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch01217 Akwụkwọ nke Alix Dobkin, 1973-2004 (gụnyere), 1979-1995 (nnukwu): A Finding Aid, Schlesinger Library, Mahadum Harvard] * [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch01243 Nchịkọta ihe nkiri nke Alix Dobkin, 1975-1995: A Finding Aid, Schlesinger Library, Mahadum Harvard] * [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/164901?fbclid=IwAR0q9nBNT6sAEg1xRnr_OLBKQN7MJ5QDhsAKL1DFpYdO6BccdI9fI7qBWzE Alix Dobkin gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Sarah Dunn, Eprel 2, 2011, Special Collections, Smith College] 8au1ssl64rf1frar6z665he4m9ce0od 0 54391 697469 577835 2026-08-09T22:45:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697469 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sheikha Amna bint Abdulaziz bin Jassim Al Thani (Arabic: الشيخة آمنة بنت عبد العزيز بن جاسم آل ثاني) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Qatari bụ onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na mmepe ihe nketa na Qatar Museums na onye bụbu Director nke National Museum of Qatar.. == Mmụta == Sheikha Amna gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BSc na Business Administration na Bekee na Mahadum Carnegie Mellon. O nwetakwara MSc na sociology site na London School of Economics . {{Cite web|date=2013-11-27|title=Sheikha Amna to head new museum|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/372893|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=Gulf-Times|language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2024-02-21|title=Class of 2008 grad appointed Chief of Museum and Heritage Development, Qatar Museums|url=https://www.qatar.cmu.edu/news/class-of-2008-grad-appointed-chief-of-museum-and-heritage-development-qatar-museums/|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọrụ ya na National Museum of Qatar, Sheikha Amna rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba Investment Banking nke Goldman Sachs na Qatar Financial Centre.{{Cite web|date=2019-11-26|title=10 Women Ruling The Qatari Art Scene|url=https://theartgorgeous.com/10-women-ruling-qatari-art-scene/|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=TheArtGorgeous|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke ego na atụmatụ maka ọfịs H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, onye bụ onyeisi oche nke Qatar Museums. N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi nke National Museum of Qatar, nke a na-ewu mgbe ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2013-11-27|title=Sheikha Amna to head new museum|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/372893|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=Gulf-Times|language=ar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://gulf-times.com/story/372893 "Sheikha Amna to head new museum"]. ''Gulf-Times'' (in Arabic). 2013-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> Ọ bụbu onye nhazi Kọmitii Na-eduzi maka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ọdịnihu.<ref name=":0" /> National Museum of Qatar meghere na 2019, na Sheikha Amna dị ka onye nduzi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2018|title=Spectacular Jean Nouvel Designed National Museum Qatar To Open In March|url=https://www.artlyst.com/news/spectacular-jean-nouvel-designed-national-museum-qatar-open-march/|accessdate=25 October 2024|archivedate=11 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611204519/https://artlyst.com/news/spectacular-jean-nouvel-designed-national-museum-qatar-open-march/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cramer|first=Becky|date=2019-04-26|title=Qatar looks to the future|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax4593|journal=Science|language=en|volume=364|issue=6438|pages=338–339|doi=10.1126/science.aax4593|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> E mepụtara ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na mmekorita ya na ndị Qatar n'ime afọ iri gara aga tupu emeghe ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Baan|first=Iwan|date=2019-04-03|title=National Museum of Qatar: Jean Nouvel-designed ‘Desert Rose’ spings to life|url=https://advisor.museumsandheritage.com/news/national-museum-qatar-jean-nouvel-designed-desert-rose-spings-life/|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Museums + Heritage Advisor|language=en-GB|archivedate=2024-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424004131/https://advisor.museumsandheritage.com/news/national-museum-qatar-jean-nouvel-designed-desert-rose-spings-life/}}</ref> Site na ndụmọdụ, e mepụtara isiokwu ndị e ji mee ihe na nhazi ikpeazụ nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. Otú ọ dị Sheikha Amna kwuru na ọ "abụghị ihe ngosi maka nchịkọta. Ọ bụ njem - na dị ka ezigbo njem ọ bụla, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-ebu ndị mmadụ site n'otu ebe gaa na nke ọzọ. " Ọ kọwakwara otú "akụkọ ndị Qatar" si dị n'etiti nkọwa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=Qatar National Museum celebrates opening ceremony|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/3/27/qatar-national-museum-celebrates-opening-ceremony|accessdate=25 October 2024|archivedate=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414120542/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/3/27/qatar-national-museum-celebrates-opening-ceremony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=متحف قطر.. وردة الصحراء تتفتق بخيال مهندس فرنسي|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2019/3/27/الدوحة-تشهد-طفرة-معمارية-لملاءمة|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=www.aljazeera.net|language=ar}}</ref> Ebe ngosi nka ọhụrụ ahụ rịọkwara ndị Qatar maka onyinye nke oge a iji gbakwunye na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الشيخة المياسة: شاركوا ببناء متحف قطر|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2018/3/26/الشيخة-المياسة-شاركوا-ببناء-متحف-قطر|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=www.aljazeera.net|language=ar}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ya na ndị na-anakọta ihe na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme rụkọtara ọrụ iji gosipụta akụkọ ihe mere e ji eme nke ụgbọ ala Qatar na ihe ngosi na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2020|title=Vintage cars on Exhibit at the National Museum of Qatar|url=https://www.marhaba.qa/vintage-cars-on-exhibit-at-the-national-museum-of-qatar/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=c54f9bb78e7d1eca2a093df9cf567fe0d80873f4-1618234190-0-ARMoMiACnvxp6u0VwIakef1t4Gmp4VfKpkBmmS5gBbl8QcrHnGjhhZJ2yuKK_9eXNDewFdszwhp00w82LvoH-Q7yxE3Cdv3v7X1nut80i-PmXSrqaHOK7aNXmNWhtoijnF0k5SwVPi7nO4ErU4-pmv1jKiV0h5GZyq_9CRcoqlj4Ysc6lAZI1CTXJjbWz8inC8nKuqScya25nKQBO0rfK6qyCmTUHeHGYXMwdzVLUWrxYsJ96MNxD-4OyZmI5RfTqZxsJwSek2yrV8ezvy4tSEcfEc_Mnwiljx1FjYAwuPMYR3o1ZQgXI3jAeCURVX9fxr-bs--v9VU318YEzsn1G6HAt47E3AFqPmJ1HFTHYRLZdxPJ1zwPclHlJfcCzqyGsOSmazUhNdp6-3kD7QZbwLIw2aIMioVC7bbHJrcq1043473_no5R1J3qlmF9Iawj24LNoL_CslS2eADuadDpGZK4q74chOnfgp11MT4H-oT90eDeS2-AUCM1WYjKrGJ4eQ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=الشرق|first=جريدة|date=2020-07-06|title=متحف قطر الوطني يدعو مقتني السيارات القديمة للمشاركة في معرض مال لوَّل|url=https://al-sharq.com/article/06/07/2020/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=جريدة الشرق|language=ar}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nduzi ya ọ bụ onye otu Middle East Board nke World Class Learning Group (WCL Group) na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na Centre of the Advanced Materials (CAM) na Mahadum Qatar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-26|title=10 Women Ruling The Qatari Art Scene|url=https://theartgorgeous.com/10-women-ruling-qatari-art-scene/|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=TheArtGorgeous|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://theartgorgeous.com/10-women-ruling-qatari-art-scene/ "10 Women Ruling The Qatari Art Scene"]. ''TheArtGorgeous''. 2019-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2018 ọ sonyeere bọọdụ nke Journal of Interpretation Research . <ref name=":1" /> Na 2022, a kpọrọ Sheikha Amna onye osote onye isi oche nke ebe ngosi nka, mkpokọta, na nchekwa ihe nketa na ebe ngosi nka Qatar, ebe ọ na-etinyekwa aka na mmeghe nke 3-2-1 Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum.[1] [2] [3] Na February 2024, Sheikha Amna nọchiri anya onye isi NmoQ site na Sheikh Abdulaziz H. Al Thani na Sheikha Amna ka a họpụtara dị ka onye isi nke Museum na Heritage Development na Qatar Museums. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ArtAsiaPacific: New Leadership Team at Qatar Museums|url=https://artasiapacific.com/news/new-leadership-team-at-qatar-museums|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=artasiapacific.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2024-02-21|title=Qatar Museums announces leadership appointments|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/21/02/2024/qatar-museums-announces-leadership-appointments|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=thepeninsulaqatar.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa Onye isi oche nke International Council of Museums (iCOM) Qatar . <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-05-10|title=Icom Qatar announces new members of national panel|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/660728/qatar/icom-qatar-announces-new-members-of-national-panel|accessdate=2024-10-10|work=Gulf Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Turqueza|first=Lalaine|date=2023-05-09|title=Sheikha Amna bint Abdulaziz Al Thani to Chair New ICOM Qatar National Committee|url=https://marhaba.qa/sheikha-amna-bint-abdulaziz-al-thani-to-chair-new-icom-qatar-national-committee/|accessdate=2024-10-10|work=Marhaba Qatar|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i2er12vgz56bf7111bdwv3a8o8r9ciz 0 54539 697470 477540 2026-08-09T23:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=|image=|image_upright=|caption=|name=Ana Rita Santiago|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Santo Antonio de Jesus]], [[Bahia]], Brazil|nationality=Brazilian|occupation=literature professor, writer|employer=[[Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia]] (UFRB)|known for=studies of African and Afro-Brazilian writers|website=}} Ana Rita Santiago bụ onye prọfesọ lara ezumike nka Brazil na Mahadum Federal nke Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB) na prọfesọ maka mmemme nkatọ ọdịnala, na Mahadum Bahia State (UNEB). Na-etinye uche na nyocha ya na akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Brazil, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Association of Black Researchers of Bahia. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na mahadum, na 2023 ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị etiti Brazil maka ikike mmadụ na ụmụ amaala dị ka onye nhazi izugbe na Sistema Nacional de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (National System for Promotion of Racial Equality - SINAPIR)..<ref name="Letras">{{Cite web|title=Ana Rita Santiago|url=https://www.mercado-de-letras.com.br/autor.php?codid=888|work=Mercado de Letras|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164809/https://www.mercado-de-letras.com.br/autor.php?codid=888}}</ref><ref name="UFRB1">{{Cite web|title=Ana Rita Santiago, Professora do CFP/UFRB integra o Ministério da Igualdade Racial|url=https://ufrb.edu.br/cfp/noticias/2070-ana-rita-santiago-professora-do-cfp-ufrb-integra-o-ministerio-da-igualdade-racial|work=UFRB|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164811/https://ufrb.edu.br/cfp/noticias/2070-ana-rita-santiago-professora-do-cfp-ufrb-integra-o-ministerio-da-igualdade-racial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ana Rita Santiago (BA) – Escritora|url=https://flian.com.br/participantes/ana-rita-santiago/|work=Feira Literária de Andaraí|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọzụzụ == A mụrụ Santiago na Santo Antonio de Jesus, nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke steeti Bahia, ada nke otu nne nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ bụ́ onye rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba iji na-elekọta ezinụlọ ya. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, aha aha ezinụlọ nke Rê mara ya. O chetara na ọ bụ naanị nwa ya nọ n’okporo ámá ya nwere ike ịgụ ihe, ọ bụkwa naanị otu n’ime ụmụ ya ndị nwaanyị ka nne ya na-ahapụ ka ọ pụọ n’ụlọ n’abalị ka o nwee ike ịga na agụ ihe ná nzukọ chọọchị. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mgbe ọ dị afọ 17 ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri tupu ya abanye na Mahadum Katọlik nke Salvador na nkuzi abalị. O sochiri nke a site n'ịgụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) dị na Salvador, Bahia, jiri akwụkwọ akụkọ Jubiabá, site n'aka Jorge Amado, wee kwaga UNEB, bụ ebe ọ gụchara nzere masta na agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ nke oge a na ya. nyocha banyere oru mmuta nke Asantewaa Quilombo, otu nke o hibere. Na 2010 ọ nwetara PhD. na akwụkwọ na asụsụ si na UFBA, nke nwere tesis na Literary Voices of Black Writers si Bahia, ebe ọ malitere ịjụ onwe ya ihe kpatara na ọ na-agụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ojii America, dị ka Alice Walker na Toni Morrison, na ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị ojii Brazil. N'afọ 2016, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ post-doctoral na Mahadum Paris Descartes <ref name="Letras"/> <ref name="UFRB1"/><ref name="Cassiano">{{Cite web|author=Silva Anizio Cassiano|first=Tathiana Cristina da|title=História, Literatura e a escrita de mulheres africanas e afro-diaspóricas: uma entrevista com Ana Rita Santiago|url=https://revistas.udesc.br/index.php/percursos/article/view/21428/14239|work=Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164812/https://revistas.udesc.br/index.php/percursos/article/view/21428/14239}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Santiago rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na nzere nke ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi (CFP) nke UFRB na dị ka osote prọfesọ na UFRB. Akụkụ nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ọrụ nyocha iji mee map ndị edemede si Mozambique, São Tomé na Príncipe, Angola na Cape Verde. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ndọtị na UFRB ma, kwa, rụọ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ-onye nchọpụta na mmemme postgraduate na nkatọ ọdịbendị na UNEB. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na Women in Literature Working Group nke National Association of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Literature and Linguistics (ANPOLL); ọ bụkwa onye nhazi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Selo Katuka Edições, nke na-achọ ibipụta akwụkwọ ndị edemede Afro-Brazilian na ederede sitere na ọmụmụ na nyocha nke ndị isi ojii si Brazil na Africa. Ọrụ Santiago bipụtara na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu nke nkuzi asụsụ Portuguese, mmepụta ederede, akwụkwọ Brazil, akwụkwọ Afro-feminine, ncheta, njirimara, ndị edemede Brazil ojii, ndị edemedi ojii, na ụmụ nwanyị na Brazil na Africa.<ref name="Letras"/><ref name="UFRB1"/><ref name="Cassiano"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centro de Formação de Professores|url=https://www.ufrb.edu.br/cfp/pos-graduacao|work=UFRB|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164812/https://www.ufrb.edu.br/cfp/pos-graduacao}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Mulher na Literatura|url=https://anpoll.org.br/gt/a-mulher-na-literatura/|work=ANPOLL|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Selo Katuka Edições|url=https://katuka.com.br/selo-katuka-edicoes/|work=Selo Katuka Edições|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164809/https://katuka.com.br/selo-katuka-edicoes/}}</ref> Santiago lara ezumike nká na UFRB na 1 June 2020 mana ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nyocha. Na Machị 2023 a kpọrọ ya òkù isonye na Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship of the Federal Government, na-ewere ọnọdụ nke General Coordinator Sistema Nacional de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (National System for Promotion of Racial Equality - SINAPIR).<ref name="UFRB1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Homenagem a Ana Rita Santiago|url=https://www.ufrb.edu.br/cfp/noticias/1075-homenagem-a-ana-rita-santiago|work=UFRB|accessdate=5 February 2024|archivedate=5 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164811/https://www.ufrb.edu.br/cfp/noticias/1075-homenagem-a-ana-rita-santiago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania - SINAPIR|url=https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/igualdade-etnico-racial/acoes-e-programas/sinapir|work=Federal Government of Brazil|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Santiago ebipụtala akwụkwọ ndị a dị ka naanị onye dere ya: * Olu ndị edemede ojii (2012).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vozes Literárias de Escritoras Negras|date=2012|publisher=UFRB|location=Cruz das Almas – Bahia|isbn=978-85-61346-35-5|url=https://ri.ufrb.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/771/1/Vozes_Literarias_Escritoras_Livro_2012.pdf|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref> * Map n'okpuru Construction - Ụfọdụ ndị edemede si Mozambique (2019). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Santiago|first=Ana Rita|date=2019|publisher=UFRB|location=Cruz das Almas|isbn=978-85-5971-107-3|title=Cartografias em Construção: Algumas escritoras de Moçambique|url=https://ayalaboratorio.files.wordpress.com/2019/08/cartografias-em-construo.pdf|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref> * Águas - Moradas de Memórias (2020).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Santiago|first=Ana Rita|title=Águas: moradas de memórias|date=2021|publisher=Devires|location=Salvador, BA|isbn=9786589601098|url=https://www.queerlivros.com.br/literatura-negra/aguas-moradas-de-memorias|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref> O bipụtakwala akwụkwọ abụọ ọzọ ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na ọtụtụ isiokwu agụmakwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ. == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4gezme55vkkvxhy3pdw7ai3gad12oxs 0 55312 697830 195298 2026-08-10T09:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697830 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ghee''' bụ ụdị bọta doro anya, sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=Ghee originated in India, where the heat was not conducive to storing butter for long periods}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya esi nri, dị ka ọgwụ ọdịnala, na maka ememe okpukpe [[Okpukpe Hindu|Hindu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=ghee is poured into sacred fires by Hindus to this day, a practice thought to be auspicious for marriages, funerals and other ceremonies.}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-akwadokarị Ghee site na simmering bọta, nke a na-esi na ude, na-awụpụ ihe ọ bụla adịghị ọcha n'elu, wee na-awụsa ma na-ejigide abụba mmiri dị ọcha mgbe ọ na-achọta ihe ọzọ maka ihe fọdụrụ siri ike nke dabara na ala. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ose maka ekpomeekpo. Ọdịdị, agba, na ụtọ ghee na-adabere n'ịdị mma nke bọta, mmiri ara ehi e ji mee ihe, na ogologo oge nke esi mmiri. == Etymology == . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://tarek.kakhia.org/books_eng/ENCYCOPEDIA_OF_OILS_and_FATS.Tarek_Kakhia.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Oils and Fats|author=Tarek I Kakhia|pages=194–195|accessdate=28 October 2023}}</ref> == Na okpukpe Hindu == Na omenala, a na-esi na mmiri ara ehi mee ghee, ma ehi ma ọ bụ buffalo mmiri, ma ejiri ya mee ihe n'ememe kemgbe oge Vedic . Ọ bụ ihe dị nsọ chọrọ na Vedic ''yajña'' na ''homa'' (ememe ọkụ), site n'usoro Agni (ọkụ) inye onyinye dị iche iche (Lee: Yajurveda ). A na-eji mmemme ọkụ eme emume dịka alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu. A chọrọ Ghee n'ofufe Vedic nke ''mūrtis'' (chi Chineke), na ''aarti'' (àjà nke ghee oriọna) nke a na-akpọ ''diyā'' ma ọ bụ ''dīpa'' na maka ''Pañcāmṛta'' ( Panchamruta ) bụ ebe a na-eji ghee tinyere mishri, mmanụ aṅụ, mmiri ara ehi, na ''dahi'' (curd) eme ihe maka ịsa ahụ. chi dị iche iche n'ụbọchị ngosipụta nke Krishna na Janmashtami, ''Śiva'' ( Shiva ) na ''Mahā-śivarātrī'' ( Maha Shivaratri ). Enwere ukwe ghee. Na ''Mahabharata'', a mụrụ ''Kaurava'' site na ite ghee. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&pg=PA613|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12 ..., Part 1|first=James L.|author=Fitzgerald|isbn=9780226252506|date=2003-02-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> A na-ejikwa Ghee na ''bhang'' iji kpoo [[Ịgbó|cannabis]] na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na- eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-eme ihe na-eme ihe ike . <ref name="Gottlieb07">{{Cite book|title=Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil|first=Adam|author=Gottlieb|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-914171-55-3|url=https://archive.org/details/artscienceofcook00gott/page/7}}</ref> <ref name="Drake018">{{Cite book|title=The Marijuana Food Handbook|first=Bill|author=Drake|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-914171-99-7|url=https://archive.org/details/marijuanafood0000drak/page/18}}</ref> Na [[Buddhism|akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Buddhist]], a na-eji usoro mmepụta mmiri ara ehi mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ maka ọkwa mmụta. Ngwaahịa kachasị elu, sarpir-maṇḍa, na-eche na ọ bụ ghee ma ọ bụ butter doro anya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC&q=sarpir-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da+ghee&pg=PA217|title=The Classification of Buddhism|isbn=9783447033732|author=Petzold|first=Bruno|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}}</ref> == Ojiji nri nri == A na-ahụkarị Ghee na nri sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India, gụnyere nkwadebe osikapa ọdịnala (dị ka ''biryani'' ). Na Maharashtra, polis ma ọ bụ achịcha dị larịị nke India na-esonyere ghee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'Puranpoli', a na-eri nri Maharashtrian a na-ahụkarị na ghee. Na Rajasthan, ghee na-esokarị ''baati'' . Na North India niile, a na-enye ''roti'' na ghee. Na Karnataka na Tamil Nadu, a na-enye ghee n'akụkụ dosa na kesari bhath . Na Bengal (ma West Bengal na Bangladesh ) na Gujarat, ''khichdi'' bụ nri mgbede ọdịnala nke osikapa na lentil, nke a na-esi na [[curry]] si dahi (curd), mkpụrụ cumin, akwụkwọ curry, ọka ọka, turmeric, garlic, nnu na ghee. Ọ bụkwa ihe dị na ''kadhi'' na sweets India, dị ka ''Mysore pak'' na ụdị ''halva'' na ''laddu'' . Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị India na-etinyekarị ghee buru ibu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-asa ya ''naan'' na ''roti'', ma n'oge nkwadebe ma ọ bụ tupu ị na-eje ozi. Na steeti Odisha ghee a na-ejikarị na efere Odia dị ka ''Khechedi'' na ''Dalma'' . Karịsịa nri [[satwik]] a na-akwadebe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ arụsị dị na Odisha nwere ghee dị ka isi ihe na omenala nri nri ya. A na-eji Ghee eme ihe na nri ndịda India maka iwe ọkụ curries na ịkwadebe efere osikapa na sweets. Ndị North India na-etinyekwa ghee na osikapa tupu ha erie ya na pickles, dal na curries. Ndị North India so na ndị na-eri ghee. Nri onye anaghị eri anụ nke Andhra Pradesh na-ejikarị ghee maka nkwadebe nke nri dị ụtọ na nri dị ụtọ. Ghee dị mkpa maka nri ndị North India ọdịnala, yana ''parathas, daals'' na curries na-ejikarị ghee kama mmanụ maka uto ka ukwuu. Ụdị ghee, n'ihe gbasara isi anụmanụ, na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche na efere; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee a kwadebere site na mmiri ara ehi ( Bengali ) bụ omenala nwere [[Osikàpà|osikapa]] ma ọ bụ ''roti'' ma ọ bụ dị ka mmiri na-agwụcha n'elu curry ma ọ bụ ''daal'' (lentil) ebe mmiri ara ehi buffalo na-ahụkarị maka ebumnuche isi nri. Ghee bụ abụba dị mma maka frying miri emi n'ihi na ebe anwụrụ ọkụ ya (ebe ụmụ irighiri ya na-amalite ịkụda) bụ 250 Celsius C (482 °F), nke dị n'elu ahụkarị okpomọkụ okpomọkụ nke gburugburu 200 Celsius C (392 °F) na karịa nke ọtụtụ mmanụ ihe oriri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the advantages and disadvantages of butter and ghee when it comes to cooking?|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094854/http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archivedate=4 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=whfoods.com}}</ref> == Atọ ụtọ == Isi ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ghee bụ carbonyls, fatty acids free, lactones, na alcohols . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rama Murthy|first=M.K.|date=1980|title=Factors Affecting the Composition, Flavour and Textural Properties of Ghee|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/57811/1/dt84.pdf|journal=Indian Dairyman|volume=32|pages=765–768|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref> Tinyere ụtọ nke abụba mmiri ara ehi, chara acha nke bọta na okpomọkụ nke a na-akọwapụta na-emetụtakwa ụtọ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee nke a na-emepụta site na nkọwa nke butter na 100 Celsius C (212 °F) ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya na-arụpụta ụtọ dị nro ma dị nro, ebe a na-emepụta batches na 120 Celsius C (248 °F) nwere ezigbo ụtọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọdịiche sitere na bọta doro anya == Mmepụta ghee dị iche na nke bọta doro anya . Usoro nke ịmepụta bọta doro anya zuru ezu mgbe mmiri na-ekpochapụ na abụba (bọta doro anya) kewapụrụ na mmiri ara ehi siri ike . Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ghee na-agụnye ịgbanye bọta ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ntụziaka Ayurvedic omenala maka ghee bụ sie mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ahụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ dị jụụ ruo 43 Celsius C (109 °F) . Mgbe ị hapụsịrị ya na mkpuchi ụlọ maka ihe dị ka awa 12, tinye ntakịrị dahi (yogọt) na ya ma hapụ ya n'abali. Nke a na-eme ka yogọt karịa. A na-eji mmiri gbanye nke a, iji nweta bọta nke omenala, nke a na-eji eme ka ọ dị nro. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Docosahexaenoic acid content is significantly higher in ghrita prepared by traditional Ayurvedic method|date=2014|pmid=24948858|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.131730|volume=5|issue=2|journal=J Ayurveda Integr Med|pages=85–88|author=Joshi|first=KS}}</ref> == Nri na ahụike == Dị ka bọta ọ bụla doro anya, ghee bụ ihe mejupụtara ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụba, 62% nke mejupụtara abụba juru eju . <ref name="usda">{{Cite web|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients|title=Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database|date=May 2016|accessdate=12 March 2018|archivedate=23 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523232832/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients}}</ref> Achọpụtakwara ọtụtụ nkwadebe azụmahịa na India nwere nnukwu abụba trans . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mahapatra|first=Deepti|date=18 October 2010|title=Evaluation of trans fatty acids contents in commercial brands of ghee available at Indian markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228668815|journal=Scientific Research and Essays|volume=5|issue=20|pages=3193–3200}}</ref> Ọ nwere obere lactose na casein, yabụ, ọ na-anabata ọtụtụ ndị nwere nnabata lactose ma ọ bụ nfụkasị mmiri ara ehi. <ref name="BA-20180405">{{Cite journal|author=Abarbanel|first=Aliza|title=What Is Ghee, the Clarified Butter We Could Eat by the Spoon?|journal=Bon Appétit|date=5 April 2018|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-ghee|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> == Ụzọ nkwadebe == Enwere ụzọ ise a na-ejikarị akwadebe ghee. Nkwadebe ụlọ ọrụ n'aka nke ọzọ na-eme site na iji "bọta ọcha", na-esikarị na mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. <ref name="Priyanka">{{Cite book|author=Narain|first=Priyanka Pathak|title=Godman To Tycoon: The untold story of Baba Ramdev|year=2017|publisher=Juggernaut Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9386228383|edition=2}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Cream_to_get_clarified_butter_home_made.Ghee.jpg|alt=In the cream butter method, cream separated from milk must be churned to produced butter. The butter then undergoes heat clarification.|thumb| N'ime usoro ude ude, a na-ekewa ude na mmiri ara ehi ma kpoo ya iji mepụta bọta. Bọta ahụ na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ.]] === Mmiri ara ehi butter === A na-akụba mmiri ara ehi utoojoo n'ime bọta . A na-esi bọta ahụ n'ime ite a na-emeghe ka mmiri wee pụta. A na-ebufe ghee na-ekpo ọkụ ma chekwaa ya. === Ude kpọmkwem === A na-atụgharị ude ọhụrụ, ude a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ nke a sachara ka ọ bụrụ ghee. Usoro a chọrọ ogologo oge ikpo ọkụ ma na-emepụta ekpomeekpo caramelized. === Bọta ude === A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi ka ọ bụrụ ude nke a na-atụgharị n'ime bọta. Bọta na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ iji mepụta ghee. === Tupu stratification === Usoro a dabara adaba maka nnukwu butter. A na-agbaze bọta na 80–85 Celsius C (176-185 °F) maka nkeji iri atọ. A na-ebute akwa nke protein, abụba na mmiri ara ehi . A na-awụpụ mmiri ara ehi. A na-ekpo ọkụ nke abụba ndị fọdụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 110 Celsius C (230 °F) iwepu mmiri na ịzụlite ekpomeekpo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=L. Sserunjogi|first=Mohammed|date=1998-08-01|title=A Review Paper: Current Knowledge of Ghee and Related Products|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222287157|journal=International Dairy Journal|volume=8|issue=8|pages=677–688|doi=10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00106-X}}</ref> == Nkwakọ ngwaahịa == [[Faịlụ:Desi_ghee.JPG|thumb| Enwere ike ịwụnye ghee n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị ekpuchi ekpuchi ma chekwaa ya na-enweghị friji.]] A na-ahụtakarị ghee ka a na-achịkọta ya n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị. Ekwesịrị idobe ha pụọ na ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem n'ihi na ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ime ka mmiri na-etolite n'ime ite ahụ. Mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ghee emebi, yana ibelata ndụ ya. Iji gbochie ngwangwa nke usoro oxidation, a ga-echebe ha pụọ na ihe ọ bụla na-akpata ya, dị ka ụzarị UV sitere na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ fluorescent. Ọ bụrụ na emegheghị ite ahụ, ọ dịghị mkpa ka etinye ya na friji ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnọdụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ zutere. Ozugbo emepere ya, enwere ike ịchekwa ya na kọbọd kichin ruo ọnwa atọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, enwere ike ịhapụ ya na friji ruo otu afọ. Igwe nju oyi na-eme ka ghee sie ike mana ọ bụrụ na ahapụ ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ ga-adị nro ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/|title=Ghee Care|work=Goddess Ghee|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-11|archivedate=11 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811101519/https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/}}</ref> == Ihe mejupụtara == Enwere ike mee ghee nke mmiri ara ehi sitere na ungulates dị iche iche nke ụlọ, dị ka ehi, buffaloes na atụrụ. <ref name="fc">{{Cite journal|date=1993-01-01|title=Composition of ghee (Samn Barri's) from cow's and sheep's milk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_food-chemistry_1993_46_4/page/373|journal=Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=373–375|doi=10.1016/0308-8146(93)90007-3|issn=0308-8146}}</ref> Ngwakọta ghee dịgasị iche dabere na anụmanụ nke ejirila mmiri ara ehi mee ihe. Ọdịnaya vitamin A sitere na 315 ruo 375 μg kwa gram 100. <ref name="fc" /> Palmitic acid na oleic acid bụ abụọ n'ime acid fatty acid dị na ma ehi na ghee atụrụ. Profaịlụ fatty acid juru eju bụ 53.9 ruo 66.8%, profaịlụ fatty acid na-adịghị mma bụ 22.8 ruo 38.0% yana fatty acids ndị ọzọ bụ 3.5 ruo 10.4%. <ref name="fc" /> Cholesterol sitere na 252 ruo 284&nbsp;mg/100 grams. <ref name="fc" /> == Ahịa == Ọnụ ahịa ghee na [[Ndia|India]] bụ 10,000 crore rupees ma ọ bụ ijeri US $ 1.5 dị ka nke 2016. India bụ mba kacha emepụta buffalo na mmiri ara ehi na ya mere ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eji ghee. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/milk-in-india-a-popular-refreshment-a-huge-business-and-a-gift-from-the-gods|title=Milk in India: a popular refreshment, a huge business and a gift from the gods|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent|title=Delhi's tax free budget: Desi ghee to cost less in Delhi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=27 December 2015|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7by40h5391gq7qpcmck5fkbole0n8hi 0 56079 697594 696250 2026-08-10T03:37:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Asụsụ Gitxsan''' / ˈɡɪt sæn / , [ 1 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia|url=http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123044647/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849|archivedate=2014-01-23|accessdate=2014-01-07|work=Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ '''''Gitxsanimaax''''' (a sụgharịkwara ''Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan na Sim Algyax'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES|url=http://www.gitxsansimalgyax.com/|accessdate=2022-12-22|work=GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES|language=en}}</ref> ), bụ asụsụ Tsimshianic nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ British Columbia, nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nisga' agbataobi. Otu abụọ a dị iche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-ahọrọ ịtu aka Gitxsan na Nisga'a dịka asụsụ dị iche iche. Dị ka akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ BC First Nations Languages <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1138040760|title=Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2018|date=2018|others=Britt Dunlop, Suzanne Gessner, Tracey Herbert|isbn=978-0-9868401-9-7|location=Brentwood Bay, BC, CA|oclc=1138040760}}</ref> nwere 523 ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma, 639 na-aghọta ma ọ bụ dịtụ ntakịrị na 344 na-asụ asụsụ. <ref name=":1" /> Gitxsan pụtara "Ndị mmadụ nke osimiri Skeena " ( {{Lang|git|Ksan}} ịbụ aha Skeena na Gitxsan). == Olumba == Asụsụ Gitxsan bụ nke kewapụrụ na Geenix <ref name=":0" /> ma ọ bụ Eastern na Gyeets <ref name=":0" /> ma ọ bụ Western Gitxsan, n'agbanyeghị na obodo ọ bụla nwere olumba nke ya. Obodo Geenix <ref name=":0" /> ma ọ bụ Eastern gụnyere Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), na Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs). Obodo Gyeets <ref name=":0" /> ma ọ bụ Western gụnyere Kitwanga (Gjtwjngax), Gitanyow (Git-antaaw) na Kitseguecla (Gijigyyukwhla). Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba na-agụnye ngbanwe mkpụrụokwu na ụdaume na kwụsị iji lenition dị naanị na olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọdịiche kachasị n'asụsụ na omenala dị n'etiti Eastern na Western Gitxsan, karịa n'etiti obodo ọ bụla. <ref name="IPA">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Jason|date=2016|title=Gitksan|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=367–378|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000432}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrownDavisSchwanSennott2016">Brown, Jason; Davis, Henry; Schwan, Michael; Sennott, Barbara (2016). </cite></ref> == Akụkọ na ojiji == Mahadum nke Northern British Columbia na Siiwiixo'osxwim Wilnataahl Gitksan Society (Gitksan Language Society) hibere mmemme Asambodo Nkwalite Ọkọlọtọ nke enyere site na Northwest Community College, yana nkuzi niile enyere na Hazelton, BC. Emebere mmemme a iji nyere aka kwalite asụsụ Gitxsan site n'ikwe ka ndị mezuru ya kuzie ọmụmụ asụsụ na omenala n'ogo elementrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2005|title=Gitksan Students Complete Coursework|url=https://www.unbc.ca/releases/2005/08-10gitksan|accessdate=December 14, 2019|work=University of Northern British Columbia|language=en}}</ref> N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2018, ewepụtara ngwa ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị yana mmekorita ya na ndị otu Gitksan Nation na ndị nyocha na Mahadum British Columbia. Ngwa ahụ gụnyere olumba dị iche iche nke Gitxsan, yana gụnye ọdịyo sitere na obodo dị iche iche. Kaadị ọkụ, akụkọ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme gbakwunyere n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu. Ngwa a dabere na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ebipụta na 1973 nke Lonnie Hindle na Bruce Rigsby mepụtara. Site na mwepụta ya, ngwa ahụ nwere obere oge nwere ọkwa kachasị elu na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ Google Play wee kwakọba ihe nbudata 500 n'ime izu mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Muir|first=Cassidy|date=May 22, 2019|title=Gitksan Dictionary Goes Mobile|work=The Interior News|url=https://www.interior-news.com/news/gitksan-dictionary-goes-mobile/|accessdate=November 12, 2019}}</ref> == fonology == Ndepụta nke Gitxsan bụ nke a: <ref name="IPA" /> <ref name="JIPA" /> Udaume etiti na nke dị elu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkesa mmekọ, na-atụ aro na Gitxsan nwere otu oge nwere usoro ụdaume atọ. Ụdaume etiti dị mkpụmkpụ na-apụta. Schwa na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-enweghị nrụgide. /eː/ na /oː/ nwere obere allophones [e] na [o] n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Gitxsan consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Pre-velar ! rowspan="2" |Labialized<nowiki><br id="mwjA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>velar ! rowspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |- !<small>central</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwlw">lateral</small></nowiki> |- ! rowspan="2" |Stop !<small>plain</small> |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | | |{{IPA link|kʲ}} {{angbr|k}} |{{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|kw}} |{{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|ḵ}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ꞌ}} |- !<nowiki><small id="mwsg">glottalized</small></nowiki> |{{IPA link|pˀ}} |{{IPA link|tˀ}} | | |{{IPA link|kʲˀ}} {{angbr|kꞌ}} |{{IPA link|kʷˀ}} {{angbr|kwꞌ}} |{{IPA link|qˀ}} {{angbr|ḵꞌ}} |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !<small>plain</small> | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} {{angbr|ts}} | | | | | | |- !<nowiki><small id="mw1A">glottalized</small></nowiki> | |{{IPA link|t͡sˀ}} {{angbr|tsꞌ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ɬˀ}} {{angbr|tlꞌ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative | |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|hl}} | |{{IPA link|xʲ}} {{angbr|x}} |{{IPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|xw}} |{{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|x̱}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- ! rowspan="2" |Sonorant !<small>plain</small> |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}} | |{{IPA link|w}} | | |- !<nowiki><small id="mwAQw">glottalized</small></nowiki> |{{IPA link|mˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌm}} |{{IPA link|nˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌn}} |{{IPA link|lˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌl}} |{{IPA link|jˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌy}} | |{{IPA link|wˀ}} {{angbr|ꞌw}} | | |} Nkwụsị na-enweghị olu ewepụtala allophone {{IPA|[b d d͡z ɡʲ ɡʷ ɢ]}} . Ihe mgbochi nke pre-velar na-aghọ velar tupu {{IPA|/s/}} na {{IPA|/l/}} . Lax glottalized na-akwụsị "gosipụta ogo olu dị egwu n'akụkụ nke ụdaume na gburugburu pretonic (na syllable-ikpeazụ)." <ref name="JIPA">{{Cite journal|author=Rigsby|first=Bruce|date=1990|title=Obstruent Voicing and Glottalic Obstruents in Gitksan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1990-04_56_2/page/251|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=251–263|doi=10.1086/466152}}</ref> Consonants glottalized nwere ike ịpụ n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, mana ma ọ bụghị ya, "a na-eji mmechi glottal na-ebute ụzọ mmechi ọnụ." The ejective allophones bụ lenis, ya mere a na-aghọta mgbe ụfọdụ ka a na-ekwu. Ihe mkpofu Lenis bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka mpaghara ahụ, mana a na-ahụkwa ya na Witsuwitʼen agbataobi. The glottalized sonorants bụ preglottalized ọbụna na okwu-mbụ ọnọdụ. Glottalization sitere na nkwụsị glottal zuru oke {{IPA|[ʔC]}} ka ụda olu dị egwu {{IPA|[C̰]}} . <ref name="IPA" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bicevskis|first=Katie|title=Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-44328-7|editor=Paperno|series=Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy|pages=281–382|chapter=Quantification in Gitksan|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6}} * {{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Jason|date=2016|title=Gitksan|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=367–378|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000432}} * Halpin, Marjorie, and Margaret Seguin (1990) "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan." In ''Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast,'' ed. by Wayne Suttles, pp.&nbsp;267–284. Washington: Smithsonian Institution). * Hindle, Lonnie and Bruce Rigsby (1973) ''A Short Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan language,'' Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 1:1-60. * {{Cite journal|author=Matthewson|first=Lisa|date=2013|title=Gitksan Modals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_2013-07_79_3/page/349|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|language=en|volume=79|issue=3|pages=349–394|doi=10.1086/670751}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.gitxsan.com Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị nke ndị Gitxsan] * [https://archive.today/20130116081110/http://www.firstvoices.ca/scripts/WebObjects.exe/FirstVoices.woa/wa/enterLanguageArchive?archive=02d830a123efe761 First Voices Gitsenimx̱ portal asụsụ obodo] * [http://www.ydli.org/langs/gitksan.htm Asụsụ Mba Mbụ nke British Columbia ibe Gitksan, nwere njikọ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Canada/gitxsan.htm Nhọrọ nke Ekpere Ndị A sụgharịrị n’Akwụkwọ Ekpere A Na-enwekarị n’Asụsụ Giatikshan maka iji mee ihe na Ọrụ Ọha] na 1881 nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Anglican William Ridley dere. * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/git Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Gitxsan] * Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0237 Gitskan] 3hlkjgkmcmxv4e72t6yihzgzp61wywr 0 56200 697515 200906 2026-08-10T01:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Etty_Britomart_1833.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Britomart gbapụtara Faire Amoret, William Etty (1833) ]] Ngosipụta nke ndị dike nwanyị na akwụkwọ na omenala ndị a ma ama bụ isiokwu a na-amụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọmụmụ akwụkwọ, ọmụmụ ihe nkiri, akụkọ ifo, na akụkọ ifo.  Ihe omuma atu nke nwanyi dike bu ihe omuma atu nke ihe na-adighi nma nke na-eme na omenala ufodu, ebe obukwa ihe na-adighi nma, na-emegide iwu agha, ime ihe ike na ime ihe ike dika nwoke. == Akụkọ ọdịnala na akụkọ ifo == [[Faịlụ:Medieval_women_as_warriors.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị oge ochie na-enyere aka ichebe obodo ahụ pụọ na mwakpo]] === Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris banyere ndị Amazon === Ndị Amazon bụ ụdị dum nke ndị agha n'okpuru ifo ndị Gris.  Enwere ike jiida ihe mbụ a maara ndị Amazons na uri Homer bụ Iliad, nke Homer ndị agha ha dị ka Amazon antianeirai, okwu nwere ọtụtụ mgbaka "onye ha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke".  [1] "Amazon" aha maka ụmụ ndị agha na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ọha mmadụ nke oge a na oge ochie. N'ọyọ ifo ndị Britain, Queen Cordelia lụsoro ọtụtụ ndị na-azọ ocheeze ya ogụ site n'onwe ya na-eduga ndị agha n'ọgụ ya yana ichebe ụlọ ya n'aka ndị isiokwu ya na-alụ ogụ, ruo mgbe o mechara gbuo onwe ya n'ihi iru uju.  Ihe atụ ọzọ n'ụzọ ihe mere eme nke Britain oge ochie bụ Queen Boudica, onye duziri nnupụisi mbotọ Ukwu Rom. N'akwụkwọ ya On the Bravery of Women, onye Gris na Rom na-akọ ihe mere eme Plutarch sịrị otú ụmụ anụmanụ Argos si lụso Eze Cleomenes na Ndị Spartans ogụ n'okpuru iwu nke Telesilla na apụ nke ise BCE.<ref name="uchicago">{{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Bravery_of_Women*/A.html|title=Plutarch • On the Bravery of Women — Sections I‑XV|publisher=penelope.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2014-11-18}}</ref><ref name="google">{{Cite book|title=Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology|author=Plant, I.M.|date=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806136219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYGay_yqBLUC|accessdate=2014-11-18}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị Scythian === N'etiti Ndị Scythian, a maghị ụmụ ndị agha.  Ndị ọkà ihe ochie ihe mkpọsa ihe ụmụakaili 40 nke ndị isi agha .  Ọchịagha Rom, Pompey meri ndị Scythian na-alụ ogụ maka Mithridates VI nke Pọntọs, na mmeri ya ndị መከራ ndị isi agha n'etiti ndị isi ọ meri.  Ụzọ ndụ ndị Scythian ọgụ ịha nhata n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke, ụfọdụ jikwa osisi nke ndụ ndị agha nyere ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ anụmanụ.[1]  Omenala Scythian metụrụ ma Gris ma India, ha abụọ nwere ihe àmà ụmụ nwoke na-eme ihe mere eme na mmịrị ifo ha. === Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị India === Akụkọ ịhụnanya ụmụ na-alụ ogụ na Ramayana (ihe dị ka 500 TOA) na Mahabharata (ihe dị ka 400 TOA) N'ihi ifo Hindu, Chitrāngadā, kenenye Arjuna, bụ ọchịagha nke ndị agha nna ya.  Satyabhama bụ onye agha nke chi Krishna onye duuru ndị agha agha Narakasura;  ọ bụ onye na-agba ụta na ntụ na usoro agha.  Shikhandini bụ nwa eze nke keke "ịgba ụta, nkà ogụ, agha" ma lụo ogụ ụbọ maka ihe ndị na-eme n'oge gara aga na ndụ ọzọ;  o bụrụ nwoke (site na nwunye aka ụmụaka nke).  Kaikeyi bụ nri eze nke na-anya ụgbọ ụgbọ ya n'agha ma anụ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovering the Forgotten Female Warriors of Mahabharata|author=Rashmi Vajpayee|url=https://indianculturecivilization.blogspot.com/2020/08/discovering-forgotten-female-warriors.html?m=1|accessdate=2021-07-11|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711143710/https://indianculturecivilization.blogspot.com/2020/08/discovering-forgotten-female-warriors.html?m=1}}</ref><gallery> Faịlụ:Hampi_si1296.jpg|India, Bala Krishna Temple at Hampi. Woman with bow, an attendant removing a thorn from her foot. Early 16th century C.E. Faịlụ:Sesha_Mandapa,_Vijayanagar_period,_16th_century,_Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_dedicated_to_Vishnu,_in_Srirangam,_near_Tiruchirappali_(215)_(37480768992).jpg|Srirangam, India. Sculpture of warrior woman from the Vijayanagar period, 16th century, Sesha Mandapa hall of the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. Faịlụ:Sesha_Mandapa,_Vijayanagar_period,_16th_century,_Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_dedicated_to_Vishnu,_in_Srirangam,_near_Tiruchirappali_(228)_(37511787801).jpg|Sculpture of warrior woman from the Vijayanagar period, 16th century, Sesha Mandapa hall of the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Faịlụ:Women_warrior_01.JPG|India. A warrior woman sacrifices herself, cutting her own throat. </gallery> == Okpukpe == A na-anọ ọtụtụ ụmụ na Bible Hibru dị ka ndị na-ekere òkè n'agha ma ọ bụ agha, onye na-aghota Deborah, Rahaba, na "nwanyị Tebes" a na-akpọghị aha. Hind bint 'Utbah bụ nwa Arab na-achọ ịma awụ nke isii na nwa afọ nke asaa nke isi onye nri.  O ngwaọrụ n'Agha nke Yarmouk na 636, lụso ndị Rom ogụ ma gbaa ndị agha nwoke ume isonyere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raseef22.com/en/politics/2017/03/07/arab-women-war-battles-assassinations-army-leaders/|title=Arab Women at War: Battles, Assassinations, and Army Leaders|author=Azmy, Ahmed|publisher=Raseef22|date=7 March 2017|accessdate=10 March 2019|archivedate=21 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421043358/http://raseef22.com/en/politics/2017/03/07/arab-women-war-battles-assassinations-army-leaders/}}</ref> Khawlah bint al-Azwar bụ ihe a ma ama na mberede afụ nke asaa, na-eduga agha n'ihe bụ Siria, ịhụnanya na Palestaịn taa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2014/03/12/15-important-muslim-women-in-history/|title=15 Important Muslim Women in History|work=Islamophobia Today|accessdate=10 March 2019|archivedate=6 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006023243/http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2014/03/12/15-important-muslim-women-in-history/}}</ref> Ghazala onye Kharijite bụkwa onye ọchịchịagha n'agha, na-eme ka ndị ọchịchịagha a ma ama dị ka al-Hajjaj gbapụ.  E toro obi ike ya n'abụ uri. Joan of Arc bụ onye agha na ike awụ nke iri na ise ma were ya dị ka dike na France maka ọrụ ya na Agha Otu Narị Afọ.  Joan nke Arc kwuru na ya na ndị senti nke ụka ya nwere njikọ nakwa na ha gwara ya ka ọ sonye na agha nke ndị France na 1429. M ịgba ya n'agha nke Orléans na Mee 1429 nyere aka n'ịlaghachi ndị England n'obodo.[1]  E mechara mee ya senti dị ka Onye nsọ Roman .  N'omenala a ma nke oge a, e karba Joan of Arc ọtụtụ ugboro, The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928 film), ihe nkiri nkiri ihe mere eme na-ekwu okwu site n'aka onye Danish Carl TH.  Dreyer.[2]  Ihe nkiri ahụ ezigbo ikpe nke Joan nke Arc nke dugara na ogbugbu ya. Mai Bhago bụ onye agha Sikh nke ike awụ nke iri na .  Ɔ gbara ndị agha na Guru Gobind Singh ume n'oge nnɔchibido nke Anandpur Sahib ka ha lụọ ogụ.  Ya, ya na ndị agha 40 zutere ndị agha Mughal ma lụọ Agha nke Muktsar.  Ọ na-eyi uwe nwoke n'oge ndụ ya ma site n'ime nke a, na-ama ndị nna ochie aka ma ,ት።  A na-eche ya n'aha ịbụ onye nche Guru Gobind Singh n'oge ọ nọ na Nanded, Maharashtra.  Ọtụtụ ballads na folk songs na-eto obi ike ya ma a na- ike ya dị ka ihe oyiyi ụmụ ekiri. == Akụkọ ọdịnala na akụkọ ifo == N'otu akụkọ ifo ndị China nke Gan Bao dere, otu nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Li Ji gburu agwọ nke riri ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'obodo ya (Li Ji Slays the Giant Serpent ma ọ bụ Li Chi Slays the Serpent).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ch|first=Russell Maeth|title=El cuento de Li Ji|journal=Estudios de Asia y África|date=1 September 1990|volume=3|issue=83|pages=537–539|url=https://estudiosdeasiayafrica.colmex.mx/index.php/eaa/article/view/1207|language=es|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ting|first=N.-T.|date=1969|title=[Review of Folktales of China, by W. Eberhard]|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=82|issue=326|pages=381–384 [383]|doi=10.2307/539788}}</ref> Akụkọ ịhụnanya dike mgbe ụfọdụ na-agụnye ihe ngosi nke iyi uwe ma ọ bụ ime ka onwe ya dị ka nwoke ma ọ bụ onye agha nwoke.  Akụkọ ndị a so na usoro nke La Doncella Guerrera, ma ọ bụ The Warrior Maiden .  [1] Otu ihe atụ a ma ama nke a bụ onye dike a ma ama Hua Mulan nke ndị mere ihe mere eme nke China.  Ihe mbụ mbụ nke Mulan mgbasa n'oge Northern na Southern Dynasties nke China (narị afọ nke anọ ruo nke isii AD).  [2] N'egwú ahụ, Mulan na-eme onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nwoke ma were ọnọdụ nna ya n'agha iji chebe ya.  egwu e dere ya na mbụ, ndị edemede dị iche iche akọghachila faịlụ ahụ mbụ ugboro.[3]  Hua Mulan gara n'ihu ihe a ma ama, na United States, site na ihe nkiri Disney nke 1998 bụ Mulan..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mulan: the history of the Chinese legend behind the film|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/real-history-mulan-who-what-looked-like-chinese-legend-disney-culture/|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=HistoryExtra|language=en|archivedate=2021-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226014856/https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/real-history-mulan-who-what-looked-like-chinese-legend-disney-culture/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mulan,_18th_century,_ink_and_colors_on_silk.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke narị afọ nke 18 nke Mulan]] N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nwa ekiri ahụ na-eyi uwe na-abanye n'ahụ eze ma mee ihe gosiri obi nke eze .  A na-ata eze mmanya ma eze lụọ nwa n'ahụ dike ahụ.[1]  Otu ihe atụ bụ A afilhada de São Pedro ("Nwa ụkpụrụ St. Peter"), omenala Portuguese nke Consiglieri Pedroso chị achị.[2]  A na-ekewa ndị a na Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index dị ka ATU 513, "The Extraordinary Companions" na subtypes, na ATU 514, "The Shift of Sex". * Belle-Belle ma ọ bụ Le Chevalier Fortuné (akụkọ ifo nke MMe. d'Aulnoy dere na France) * Princess Belle-Etoile (akụkọ ifo French nke MMe. d'Aulnoy dere) * Costanza / Costanzo (akụkọ ifo nke Giovanni Francesco Straparola dere) * The Three Crowns (akụkọ ifo nke Giambattista Basile dere) * Ileana Simziana (akụkọ ifo nke Romania) * Fanta-ghirò, The Beautiful (onye dike akụkọ ọdịnala Itali) na usoro ihe nkiri ya * Marya Morevna, adaeze agha nke akụkọ Koschei the Deathless (akụkọ ifo Russia) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hooker|first=Jessica|title=The Hen Who Sang: Swordbearing Women in Eastern European Fairytales|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folklore_1990_101_2/page/178|journal=Folklore|date=January 1990|volume=101|issue=2|pages=178–184|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1990.9715792}}</ref> * Princess na ụdị [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|Aarne-Thompson-Uther]] ATU 551, "Mmiri nke Ndụ", ebe dike na-achọ ihe nke adaeze fada / onye agha (enyo, okooko osisi, isi iyi, wdg) ma ọ na-eso nwa eze ahụ na ndị agha ya. * Omume nwanyị nke akụkọ ndị a kpọrọ ATU 519, "Nwanyị siri ike dị ka Nwunye (Brunhilde) " * Nwanyị dike nke ATU akụkọ ụdị 300, "The Dragon-Slayer", na ụdị dị iche iche sitere na Latin America <ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9781315108407-17|chapter=Myths and Folktales in Latin America|title=The Fairy Tale World|year=2019|author=Bierhorst|first=John|pages=199–209|isbn=9781315108407}}</ref> * Nwa agbọghọ dị ka onye agha, akụkọ ndị Russia banyere nwa agbọghọ na-eyi uwe nwoke == Akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, na telivishọn == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị agha na-ede akwụkwọ "Gordafarid" (Persian) na uri ochie nke ndị Peshia The Shāhnāmeh, Delhemma na akwụkwọ edemede Arabic, Mulan, Camilla na Aeneid, Belphoebe na Britomart na Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Bradamante na Marfisa na Orlando Furoso,ghị- na achọata na (Clorinda Gerusa na)  nne Grendel. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gaboury|first=Jennifer|title=Women Warriors Are the Rage in Hollywood--But What Was the Truth?|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/7129|work=History News Network|accessdate=2021-03-06}}</ref> Nwanyị onye agha bụ egwuregwu nke ọdịnala dị ogologo n'iche dị iche iche iche ihe nkiri nka agha nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ihe mgba nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ike nke China na Japan, mana iru ha na ọrụ nke nwere ike ime ike ịbụ ihe, na-adaba na ọnụ ọnụ dị ukwuu nke ndị dike na mgbasa ozi America 1990.[1]:: 136  [ihe agha]: King na-eme ka fim na fim (ihe nkiri na fim na-eme ka ihe nkiri na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe nkiri)  2004), ebe Keira Knightley na-eme ka onye dike Guinevere, nke bụbu ozi nke Eze Arthur.  N'ime nke a, a na-egosi Guinevere dị ka onye agha nwere ike dịka ndị nwoke ibe ya. Ụmụ ndị agha etolitewokwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'otu ebe n'ihi ewu ewu nke ihe ọchị na franchises sitere n'ike ike nsso ha, emu ihe nkiri nke Marvel Studios na ihe nkiri n'ime DC Extended Universe.  Ndị dị ka Wonder Woman, Captain Marvel, Wasp, Black Widow, na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Jane Foster, ekiri nke dike Thor, bụ ndị dike na DC na Marvel comics series, yana ndị ọzọ..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avenging Women {{!}} Avengers {{!}} Marvel Comic Reading Lists|url=https://www.marvel.com/comics/discover/291/avenging-women|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=Marvel Entertainment|archivedate=2021-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607222645/https://www.marvel.com/comics/discover/291/avenging-women}}</ref> == N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị == A na-ewere ndị agha dị ka ihe maka ihe inye ụmụ ike, na-ekwusi ike na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ikike maka ike kama usoro a na- nha nke ụmụ ekiri.[1]:: 269  Prọfesọ Sherrie Inness na Tough Girls: Women Warriors and Wonder Women in Popular Culture[2] na Frances Early na Kathleen Kennedys Daughri Women's New Womenters[2]  ọmụmaatụ, lekwasịrị anya na ndị dị ka Xena, site na ike Xena: Warrior Princess ma ọ bụ Buffy Summers site na Buffy the Vampire Slayer.  N'okwu mmeghe nke ederede ha, Early na Kennedy na ndị ihe ha dị ka njikọ n'etiti nke nke ndị agha na ike ụmụ anụmanụ..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=238391094059727|title=Book review|accessdate=2008-05-07|archivedate=2007-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610211640/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=238391094059727}}</ref> === Ime ihe ike === Ọ bụ na e nwere ikike dị n'etiti ime ihe ike dị mma na ime ihe ike, ihe ngosi ngosi ifo nke ime ihe ike ụmụ ngwá ngwá dị ka Kill Bill ka nwere ike ọrụ nke ọma, na- ụmụ maka ọrụ ndụ n'ezie nke mmetụta ime ihe ike n'ahụ.  ihe ike n'ụwa, dị ka ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu megide ụmụ ekiri.[2]  Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na onye dike na-eme ihe ike na-emebi ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke, nká mgbe a na-eme ya dị ka onye na-ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ na ihe nkiri dị ka Hard Candy .  ọrụ iji mgbaàmà ụfọdụ mgbochi nke ikpe ziri ezi n'ụwa nke ebu maka maka ndị ikom na-eme ihe ike.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, ime ihe ike na-eke onyinyo, ma ọ bụ na-eyi egwu, ma na-adị n'etiti ihe nkiri ahụ na-acha odo odo na ihe mara mma nke ụmụ mmadụ.. == Hụkwa == ; Ndepụta * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị agha n'akụkọ ọdịnala * [[Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị dike na ndị ọjọọ]] * Ụmụ nwanyị n'agha oge ochie * Ụmụ nwanyị n'agha oge ochie * Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'agha (1500-1699) * Ụmụ nwanyị n'agha na ndị agha na narị afọ nke 19 * Mgbasa ozi na okike * Ndị Amazon * Nwaanyị dike Viking nke Birka * Echiche na-emegide ya * Onye agha * Ụmụ agbọghọ ji égbè * Kunoichi * Nwa agbọghọ na-eme anwansi * Egwuregwu ọgụ * Onna-musha * Shieldmaiden * Valkyrie * Virago == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Scythian Women|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1783/scythian-women/|work=World History Encyclopedia}} * {{Cite web|title=Women Warriors in History|url=https://www.lothene.org/women/women.html|work=Lothene Experimental Archaeology}} * {{Cite web|title=Females in Fantasy|url=http://www.starsuncounted.com/p/females-in-fantasy.html|work=Stars Uncounted}} c9odpje2oozt5pl0lve76y7kuycrtw5 0 56221 697676 624039 2026-08-10T05:27:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Yassapoulet.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Senegalese yassa poulet, nri na-atọ ụtọ nke a na-eri n 'West Africa niile, nke e ji Dijon mọstad, yabasị, mmiri mmiri lemon, oliv na ose Scotch bonnet meeOsikapa Scotch.]] Nri Ọdịda mkpa Afrịka nri nri iche iche nke e kewara n'etiti mba 16 ya.  N'Ebe Ọdịda kpara Afrịka, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto ma na-akpọ nke nri nke ha, n'ime nke ọ akuku nkewa ọrụ.  Nri ụmụ nwe nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ, ọ nilo mkpa nye ndị ndụ ha dabere na ọrụ ugbo na nna nta. Syn ihe mere eme nke West Africa na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ukwuu nri ha na ndị ha, dị ka ndị na-adị dị iche iche (ndị Arab na ndị Europe mechara) .. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'oge egwuregwu nke oge a, ndị na-egwu Europe na ndị na-ere akara ohu nwere ikike na nri mpaghara na West Africa, mana ọ bụ naanị ruo n'ókè dị nta.  Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na ndị ohu Europe wetara ose, ọka na site na tomato site na njirimara Ọhụrụ, nke ihuenyo ihe ndị a na-ama na nri nri Afrịka, gosiri ahụekere, cassava, na plantain.  N'aka nke ya, ụgbọ mmiri ndị ohu a buuru ihe ndị Afrịka gaa n'Ụwa Ọhụrụ, ịkpọ anya ojii na okra. N'Oge ndị dị ndị, ndị n'oge Scramble for Africa, ndị bi na Europe kọwapụtara ọgụ ndị na-achị n'agbanyeghị ọrụ, ọgụ ma ọ bụ nwata.  Nke a nwere ụdị ụdị ma ụdị ụdị nri nri iche iche.  N'ihi ya, o siri ikepụta nke ọma, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nri Senegalese. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Europe na-achị ala ahụ wetara ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ na kọntinent Afrịka, ha nwere mmetụta dị nta n'ụzọ ndị mmadụ si esi nri na West Africa. == Ihe ndị e ji mee ya == [[Faịlụ:Kwlikwli.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|''Klouikloui'', mgbaaka nke ahụekere e siri esi dị ka a na-enye ya na [[Benin]]]] Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti nri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na West Africa, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya, ọkachasị n'ihe eji eme ya. A na-eji tomato, yabasị na ose eme ka nri baa kpọọ.[1]  A na-ewere ya dị ka usoro isi nri dị mkpa na ndị "dị nsso" n' ike ahụ, ihe nke ihe atọ a na-etinye na echiche yiri echiche ndị yiri ya dị ka trinity dị nsõ nke Cajun Nri Creole na United States, sofrito eji eme ihe n'ụwa na-asụ Spanish, soffritto na Ịtali, na Mirepoix nke France. Mmanụ esi nri kachasị ewu ewu bụ mmanụ nkwụ, nke a na-ejikọta ya na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma na-enye ụdị agba, ekpomeekpo na udidi dị iche iche na nri, ebe a na-ejikarị shea butter na Sahel nke a na-akpọ karité na French, nke sitere na okwu Arabic gartī, ọ bụ ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgaranya ọ na-enye.. E nwere ihe ụfọdụ na-esokwa mba ụfọdụ.  Na Ghana, ihe ndị a na-eme ihe bụ ose ọkụ, ginger, na ọka.  Ghana na-eji ose ọkụ n'ihi na ha ike na ose ọkụ ga-eme ka ahụ ndị ma sachaa ya / dị ọcha (Salm, 106-108).  Na Senegal, isi ihe a na-etinye bụ ose ọkụ, osikapa, millet, ahụekere, ginger, akwụkwọ tamarind, na nri osisi baobab, na nri nri (Ross, 75).  Ndị ahụ bụ ole na ole nwere obere ndụ na ihe ha na-eme nri ha. Maka ozi zuru oke nke West Africa, dị ka Fran Osseo-Asare si kwuo, ihe ndị a na-ahụ maka mpaghara West Africa bụ akwụkwọ sitere na osisi baobab, ọka ọka: sorghum, millet, na fonio, osisi cola, ihe egusi, Nnụnụ Guinea, Melegueta ose, nkwụ ịbụ, okra, na osikapa.  Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eji eme ihe bụ okra (nke siri ike) dị ka ihe ndabere maka ofe na stews, peas ojii, na sesame dị ka Jessica B. Harris si kwuo na High on the Hog.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sauces === Obe ata and ata din din are base sauces used in many recipes.<ref name=":02" /> Both are based on tomatoes, chili peppers, onions and flavorings such as thyme, garlic, ginger, curry powder, along with stock or bouillon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obe Ata (Nigerian Red Pepper Sauce) Recipe|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/obe-ata-nigerian-red-pepper-sauce|accessdate=2023-09-22|work=Serious Eats|language=en}}</ref> === Nri === Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ala na nri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka ma e jiri ya tụnyere nri ndị dị na North Africa. Ndị na-esi nri na-eji ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ahịhịa dị ka ginger, coriander, na thyme eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe ma mara. Otú ọ dị, a Play ose Chilli n'anya n'Ebe Ọdịda ihe Afrịka, n'ụdị dị ọhụrụ,kpa nkụ na ntụ, ntụ n'ala ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri nke mpaghara ahụ.  N'ịbụ onye e webatara n'Afrika oge ụfọdụ mgbe Christopher Columbus ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa America site n'aka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Europe, a na-ekwu na ọs nke nke ụmụ na-esi ahọrọ nke chilli na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ ahụ oyi.  K ar'arịa n'ndị ndị ọzọ nke Africa, ndị West Africa na-eji ose Scotch bonnet chilli na aka dị mma n'ọtụtụ ofe na stews ha.  Ịta na ọkụ nke ose ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu (Scoville rating 200,000-300,000) na-ahọrọ iche iche yana akwụkwọ.  A na-atụkwa anya na chilli ga-enyere aka ichekwa nri, ụdị yana ụtọ na nri ndị dị ka akwụkwọ nri nri.. A na- I mmetụta nke ose Guinea (Aframomum melegueta; nke a na-akpọkwa nke paradaịs ma ọ bụ ose melegueta), osisi sitere na West Africa, mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.  Ihe a na-esi mmasị ma na-ele anya dị ka ose, mana o nwere cardamom na coriander.  egwuregwu nke paradaịs bụbu ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-eru Europe site na ndị na-anọ n'etiti North Africa n'oge Middle Ages. Ọ bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke a na-eji n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Ebe Ọdịda siri Afrịka, nke a na ụzọ na- cut ka cube bouillon.  Ɔ na- Sawir na- ndị nọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị, site na site néré néré (Parkia biglobosa), nke a irọ dị ka igurube, osisi ese na West Africa.  Enwere ike iji ụdị mmetụta ndị ọzọ mee ya, ojiji nke soybeans maka nzube a na-abụ n'ihi ihe mmetụta néré zuru oke.  Usoro ihe na-agụnye isi, ihicha ma ike kpoo ya iji gbaa ụka - usoro ịgbaze ụka na-enye ya ụmụ na-esi eso ma n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ahụ umami dị omimi ma ọ bụ ike dị ụtọ.  Enwere ike ike nnu na-ebe a rụchara iji mee ka ndụ nchekwa dị mfe.  A na-ere ihe a na-esi asụsụ ndị eji njikwa ma ọ bụ patties nke ike idebe ruo ọtụtụ nwanwanyị ọbụrụ n'otu oge ma ọ na ọ dị mma.. A na-eji tubers na [[Mgbọrọgwụ|akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ]] eme ihe dị ka nri dị mkpa, iji soro anụ na nri ha, mgbe mgbe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọkụ nke ose. Cassava, [[Ede|coco]][[Jí|yam]], Poteto na-atọ ụtọ, plantain, na yam dị ebe niile na nri obodo, a na-esikarị ha esi ma jiri ihe na ụrọ na-agbanye ha n'ime ihe [[Ịsi unere|osisi]] ike a na-akpọ ''[[Ụtara|fufu]]''. === Anụ === Ọ bụ ezie na ndị West Africa riri ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri na obere anụ n'oge gara aga, taa nri ha dị arọ karịa na anụ, nnu, na abụba. Nri mmiri na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọtụtụ efere na-ejikọta ma azụ na anụ. Nri mmiri bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na West Africa. Nri mmiri jupụtara na mpaghara a nke na ụlọ ọrụ a na-eme otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brashares|first=J. S.|date=2004-11-12|title=Bushmeat Hunting, Wildlife Declines, and Fish Supply in West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-11-12_306_5699/page/1180|journal=Science|volume=306|issue=5699|pages=1180–1183|doi=10.1126/science.1102425|pmid=15539602|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Azụ a mịrị amị na nke a na-ese anwụrụ na-eme ka ọtụtụ ofe, stews, na nri ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, n'otu ụzọ ahụ anchovies na becon na-eme nri na-atọ ụtọ n'ọtụtụ nri ndị ọzọ. A na-ejikarị mmanụ eme ya ma sie ya, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-esikwa ya na ofe e ji ose ọkụ, yabasị na tomato, ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ (dị ka ''[[Ogiri|soumbala]]'') na mmiri mee iji mepụta ngwakọta nke ụtọ dị nro. == Nri ndị na-anọchite anya == Ụfọdụ efere bụ ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, mana ha nwere aha dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche. [[Faịlụ:Fufu.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Efere ''fufu'' e tinyere ofe ahụekere[[Ofe Mkpụrụ Ahuekere|ahụekere ofe]]]] A na-ihe akpu, yam, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ya na kokoyam, plantain, ọka, ma ọ bụ oatmeal.[1]  Na Ghana, a na- mgba cassava e siri esi na plantain na-esighị ike, yana cocoyam eme fufu.  Ka ọ dị ugbu a,mere ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ / ntụ ọka ma nwee ike ịgwakọta ya na mmiri ọkụ iji nweta , na-ahụ ọrụ nke iji simenti na simenti ruo mgbe a. A pụkwara iji semolina, osikapa, ma ọ bụ ọbụna poteto ozugbo mee ''Fufu''. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a ka na-eme efere ahụ site na usoro ọdịnala: ịpị na isi ihe dị na ụrọ na spoon osisi. N'ọnọdụ ebe ịda ogbenye abụghị nsogbu, ma ọ bụ ebe ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ dị mfe, enwere ike iji usoro nri mee ihe. N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Central Africa, usoro a na-ahụkarị bụ inye otu ụyọkọ ''fufu'' na ofe (ọù). Mgbe ị sachara aka, onye na-eri nri na-ewepụ obere bọl ''fufu'' ma jiri mkpịsị aka ukwu mee ihe. A na-ejupụta ebe nchekwa a na ofe, a na-eri bọl ahụ. Ụfọdụ ofe ndị a pụrụ inye ''fufu'' gụnyere ofe dị mfe (tomato), ofe nkwụ, ofe akị, ofe peppersoup, <ref>{{Cite book|author=McWilliams|first=J.E.|title=A Revolution in Eating: How the Quest for Food Shaped America|publisher=Columbia University Press|series=Arts and Traditions of the Table: Perspectives on Culinary History Series|year=2005|isbn=978-0-231-12992-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcDVbt86uSYC&pg=PA33}}</ref> na ụdị ofe ndị ọzọ nwere akwụkwọ nri dịka okra na ''nkontomire'' (akwụkwọ cocoyam). A na-ejikarị ụdị anụ na azụ dị iche iche eme ofe, ma ọ bụ nke a na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ. Stew groundnut ( ), (var.  , , , sauce d'arachide, tigadèguèna ma ọ bụ ), bụ ofe sitere na ahụekere na-emekarị na West Africa, ma bụrụkwa nke a ma ama na Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea na Côte d'Ivoire.  Ụdị dị iche iche nke  pụtara na nri nke mba dị iche iche na West Africa na Central Africa.  Site na mmụba dị ukwuu nke ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi n'oge ọchịchị,  abụrụla nri na-ewu ewu n'ofe ọdịda anyanwụ Africa, yana n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Kamerun. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osikapa jollof, nke na-adabere na ntọala yiri obe ata n'ọtụtụ nri. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ osikapa, tomato na tomato paste, yabasị, nnu, na ose na-acha ọbara ọbara. E wezụga nke ahụ, a pụrụ itinye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị anụ, akwụkwọ nri, ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ọ bụla.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|author=Komolafe|first=Yewande|authorlink=Yewande Komolafe|date=2019-06-24|title=Yewande Komolafe’s 10 Essential Nigerian Recipes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/dining/nigerian-food-yewande-komolafe.html|accessdate=2023-09-22}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKomolafe2019">[[Yewande Komolafe|Komolafe, Yewande]] (2019-06-24). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/dining/nigerian-food-yewande-komolafe.html "Yewande Komolafe's 10 Essential Nigerian Recipes"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị osikapa jollof Ndị Senegal dịtụ iche ma a na-akpọ ya ceebu jen, nri mba nke Senegal.  A na-eji anụ ehi, hụrụ ma ọ bụ anụ uhie ndị ọzọ eme ụdị, thiebou yapp, ma ọ bụ "anụ osikapa".  Riz gras bụ nri yiri nke a na-ahụ na West Africa na-asụ French.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|author=Komolafe|first=Yewande|authorlink=Yewande Komolafe|date=2019-06-24|title=Yewande Komolafe’s 10 Essential Nigerian Recipes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/dining/nigerian-food-yewande-komolafe.html|accessdate=2023-09-22}}</ref> == Ndepụta nri ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka ==   == Ihe ọṅụṅụ == == Site na mba == Maka ụdị ejiji ndị ọzọ, lelee isiokwu ndị dị na nri mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla: * Nri Benin * Nri nke Burkina Faso * [[Nri ndị Cape Verde]] * Nri ndị Gambia * Nri ndị Ghana * Nri nke Guinea * Nri Guinea-Bissauan * Nri ndị Ivory Coast * Nri ndị Liberia * Nri ndị Mali * Nri ndị Mauritania * Nri nke Niger * [[Nri Naijiria]] * Nri nke Saint Helena * Nri ndị Senegal * Nri nke Sierra Leone * [[Nri ndị Togo]] == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka]] * Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ihe odide == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hillmanwonders.com/cuisines/west_african_cuisine.htm|title=West African cuisine|accessdate=2010-03-22}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=Foods of Sierra Leone and Other West African Countries: A Cookbook|author=Massaquoi|first=Rachel C. J.|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4490-8154-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKwN7Absx6AC&q=West+African+cuisine|accessdate=October 15, 2012}} * {{Cite book|title=Sénégal, - La cuisine de ma mère|author=N'Dour|first=Youssou|year=2004|publisher=Editions Minerve|location=Geneva}} * {{Cite book|title=Senegal, - Die Küche meiner Mutter|author=N'Dour|first=Youssou|year=2006|publisher=[[Christian Verlag]]|location=Munich|isbn=3-88472-636-6}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qywolw24lro3zd7p091l0cmwoo120dy 0 56226 697530 692706 2026-08-10T02:06:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697530 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ bụ jargon ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke otu, a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ duhie ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.[1] Enwere ike ịkpọ ya cryptolect, argot, asụsụ pseudo, asụsụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ asụsụ nzuzo. Okwu ọ bụla dị iche na nkenke n'ihe ọ pụtara; ojiji ha na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. == Okwu mmalite == E nwere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ''Abụ'' nke echiche banyere mmalite nke okwu cant: * In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word {{Lang|ga|caint}} (older spelling {{Lang|ga|cainnt}}), "speech, talk", or Scottish Gaelic {{Lang|gd|cainnt}}. It is seen to have derived amongst the itinerant groups of people in Ireland and Scotland, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various creole languages.<ref name="Queen's2" /> However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "the cant". Its speakers from the Irish Traveller community know it as ''Gammon'', while the linguistic community identifies it as ''shelta''.<ref name="Queen's2">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] {{ISBN|0-85389-832-4}}</ref> * Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from Latin {{Lang|la|cantāre}}, 'to sing', via Norman French {{Lang|nrf-Latn|canter}}. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th and 15th centuries.<ref name="Collins2">''Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition'' (2001) [[HarperCollins]] {{ISBN|0-00-472529-8}}</ref> <ref name="McArthur2">McArthur, T. (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|0-19-214183-X}}</ref> Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon. == Argot == Argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; site na [[Asụsụ French|French]] argot {{IPA|fr|aʁɡo|}} '[[slang]]') bụ asụsụ nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-eji iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta mkparịta ụka ha. A na-ejikwa ''[[Jargon|okwu]]'' ahụ bụ argot na-ezo aka n'okwu pụrụ iche sitere na otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, n'echiche ọ na-ejikọta ya na okwu. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1862 Les Misérables, Victor Hugo na-ezo aka na okwu ahụ dị ka "asụsụ nke ọchịchịrị" na "asụsụ nke nhụsianya".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwartz, Robert M.|title=Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html|publisher=Mt. Holyoke University|accessdate=2019-04-26|archivedate=2021-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205052/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara banyere okwu argot n'ọnọdụ a dị na akwụkwọ 1628. O yikarịrị ka okwu a sitere na aha oge a {{Lang|fr|les argotiers}}, nke e nyere otu ndị ohi n'oge ahụ. N'okpuru nkọwa siri ike, argot bụ asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya.[1] Asụsụ nzuzo zuru oke dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya na-enwekarị asụsụ ọhaneze jikọrọ ọnụ, nke argot dabere na ya. Argo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ, nke nwere akụkụ nke okwu ya jiri okwu ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị dochie ya; argot ejiri mee ihe n'echiche a, ya na cant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji argot n'echiche a maka sistemu dị ka verlan na louchébem, nke na-ejigide syntax French ma tinye mgbanwe naanị n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu (ma na-emekarị naanị na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okwu, dị ka aha, ma ọ bụ okwu ọdịnaya semantic).[2] Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke argots à clef, ma ọ bụ "coded argots".<ref name="valdman2">{{Cite journal|author=Valdman|first=Albert|date=May 2000|title=La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_french-review_2000-05_73_6/page/1179|journal=The French Review|language=fr|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1179–1192}}</ref> Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike isi n'okwu mkparị gaa n'okwu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|fr|loufoque}} 'nzuzu', 'goofy', nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, malitere na mgbanwe {{Lang|fr|louchébem}} nke Fr. ara 'nwere isi mgbaka'. N'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ekwuru na ndị dọkịta nwere argot, cant, ma ọ bụ slang nke ha na-ekwu okwu, nke na-agụnye abbreviation na mkpọ okwu ndị a na-aghọtakarị, okwu mkparịta ụka nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kwa ụbọchị (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume nye ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị, ole na ole yiri ka a haziri ya kpọmkwem iji zoo ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ndị ọrịa (ikekwe n'ihi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụike na-ezurukarị). <ref name="Hukill-19612">{{Cite journal|author=Hukill|first=Peter B.|date=1961|title=The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant|journal=American Speech|volume=36|issue=2|pages=145–151|doi=10.2307/453853}}</ref> == Ndị na-emegide asụsụ == Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ Michael Halliday kọwara ma mụọ echiche nke ''mgbochi asụsụ'', onye jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa asụsụ nke mgbochi ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Halliday|first=M. a. K.|date=1976-09-01|title=Anti-Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1976-09_78_3/page/570|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=570–584|doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050|issn=1548-1433}}</ref> Ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ obere obodo dị iche iche nke e ji kpachara anya mepụta n'ime ọha mmadụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iguzogide ya.<ref name=":02" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Adam Podgórecki mụrụ otu ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Poland mejupụtara; Bhaktiprasad Mallik nke Sanskrit College mụrụ ọzọ nke ndị omempụ mejupụtara na Calcutta.<ref name=":02" /> Ndị a na-azụlite ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta nkwurịta okwu ha na dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe ọdịbendị nke na-egbo mkpa nke usoro mmekọrịta ha ọzọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Baker|first=Paul|title=Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415261807|pages=13–14}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche na slang na jargon n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe naanị n'etiti ndị a chụpụrụ, gụnyere ndị mkpọrọ, ndị omempụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, <ref name=":12" /> na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zarzycki|first=Łukasz|title=Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates|url=http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/4122/1/Zarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf|journal=Crossroads}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite journal|author=Kohn|first=Liberty|title=Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_81291_en.pdf|journal=ESharp|pages=1–27}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-eji otu okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị ka asụsụ ha n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke omenala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-agbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mepụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke omenala, ma ọ bụ jiri nsonaazụ ọhụrụ maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a. Anti-asụsụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe okwu site na iji metathesis, gbanwee ụda ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede (dịka, apụl ka ọ bụrụ ''Elppa''), ma ọ bụ dochie ụdaume ha.<ref name=":02"/>Ya mere, asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche iche ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche ma ọ bụghị naanị ire okwu nke asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a. N'edemede ya bụ "Anti-Language", Halliday chịkọtara nyocha nke Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki, na Bhaktiprasad Mallik iji nyochaa mgbochi asụsụ na njikọ dị n'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọnụ na nhazi nke usoro ọha mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ọmụmụ nke mgbochi asụsụ bụ ma ọmụmụ nke sociology na linguistics. Enwere ike ịchịkọta nchoputa Halliday dị ka ndepụta nke njirisi itoolu nke asụsụ ga-emerịrị ka ewe were ya dị ka ihe na-emegide asụsụ: * Onye na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ ọha mmadụ e guzobere n'ime ọha mmadụ ọzọ dị ka ihe ọzọ maara nke ọma na ya. * Dị ka ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ozi na-abịakarị anyị dị ka ndepụta okwu. * Ụdị kachasị mfe nke onye na-emegide asụsụ bụ nke okwu ọhụrụ sitere na oge ochie: ọ bụ asụsụ relexicalised. * Ụkpụrụ bụ nke otu ụtọ asụsụ, okwu dị iche iche. * Nkwurịta okwu dị irè na-adabere n'ịgbanwerịta ihe ndị na-enweghị ike iru. * Anti-asụsụ abụghị naanị nhọrọ ọzọ; ọ bụ ihe bụ isi na ịdị adị nke "ndụ nke abụọ". * Ụgbọ kachasị mkpa nke mmezi ihe bụ mkparịta ụka. Ndị niile na-eji otu ụdị nkwurịta okwu a bụ ndị na-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ eziokwu. * Anti-asụsụ bụ ụgbọ ala nke resocialisation. * Enwere ịga n'ihu n'etiti asụsụ na mgbochi asụsụ. Ihe atụ nke okwu ndị na-emegide asụsụ gụnyere Cockney rhyming slang, CB slang, Verlan, ''Grypsera'' nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Polish, cant nke ndị ohi, Polari, na Bangime. === N'omenala a ma ama === Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-emepụta asụsụ mgbochi mgbe ụfọdụ wee jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Asụsụ ndị a na-emegide asụsụ enweghị akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, enweghị ike ịhụ ya maka nkọwa asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike mụọ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ asụsụ nke ndị na-emegide ọha na-asụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mgbochi asụsụ. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages ​​in Fiction" na-enyocha Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange na William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch iji kọwapụta ọdịdị nke asụsụ mgbochi na iji kọwaa ebumnuche echiche ya..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=Roger|date=Summer 1979|title=Anti-Language in Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_style-northern-illinois-university_style_summer-1979_13_3/page/n57|journal=Style|volume=13|issue=3|pages=259–278}}</ref> A Clockwork Orange bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe onye isi bụ nwata nwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke na-ekwu okwu na-emegide asụsụ a na-akpọ Nadsat. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a argot, mana a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide asụsụ n'ihi usoro mmekọrịta ọ na-ejigide site na klas mmekọrịta nke droogs.<ref name="autogenerated12"/> == Ojiji mpaghara nke okwu == N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Connacht, na Ireland, cant na-ezo aka na ire ere, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụbọchị ngosi ("Cantmen na Cantwomen, ụfọdụ sitere n'ebe dị anya dị ka Dublin, ga-agbakọta na Mohill n'ụbọchị Fair, ... guzobe ụlọ ahịa ha ... wee malite ire ahịa ha ozugbo") na nke ''Abụ'' pụtara na mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwakarị dị ka 'great cant'" ma ọ bụ "crosstalk").[17][18] Na Scotland, a na-akpọ asụsụ creole ''Abụ'' na-enweghị njikọ cant. Scottish Cant (asụsụ ngwakọta, ọkachasị Scots na [[Romani language|Romani]] na mmetụta Scottish Gaelic) bụ nke ndị Rom dị ala na-asụ. Highland Traveller's Cant (ma ọ bụ ''Beurla Reagaird'') bụ cant dabeere na Gaelic nke ndị Indigenous Highland Traveler. Abụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nsonaazụ maka aha mkpụrụ ego maka okwu ndị dị n'oge a dị ka "ọgwụ", okwu a na-eji akọwa ụdị asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji eme ihe nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta ndị nkịtị. == Ihe Nlereanya == * Adurgari, from [[Afghanistan]] * [[Agbirigba]], from [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] * Äynu, from [[China]] * Back slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * Bahasa G, from Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|title=bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online|language=id|work=[[Agency for Language Development and Cultivation]]|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul|accessdate=16 August 2024|quote=informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing|archivedate=16 August 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816204035/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul}}</ref> * Banjački, from [[Serbia]] * Barallete, from [[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]] * Bargoens, from the [[Netherlands]] * Bron from León and Asturias, Spain * Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland * Boontling from California * Caló (Chicano), from the US/Mexican border * Cockney Rhyming Slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * [[Engsh]], from [[Kenya]] * Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain * Fenya from [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] * Gacería, from Spain * Gayle language, from South African gay culture * Gender transposition * Germanía, from Spain * Grypsera, from [[Poland]] * Gumuțeasca, from [[Romania]] * Gyaru-moji, from [[Japan]] * Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the ''hijra'' and ''kothi'' subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures) * [[IsiNgqumo]], from [[South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe]] * Iyaric, from [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]], used by adherents of Rastafari * Javanais, from [[France]] * Jejemon, from the Philippines * Jeringonza, from [[Spain]] * Joual, from Quebec French * Kaliarda, from Greek, used by LGBT community. * Klezmer-loshn, from [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] * Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant, from [[Korea]] * Leet (or ''1337 speak''), from internet culture * Louchébem, from France * Lóxoro, from Peru * Lubunca, from [[Turkéy|Turkey]], used by LGBT community. * Lunfardo, from [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] * Martian language, to replace Chinese characters * Meshterski, from [[Bulgaria]] * Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil * Minderico, a sociolect or a secret language traditionally spoken by tailors and traders in Minde, [[Portugal]]. * Nadsat, a fictional argot * Nihali, from [[Ndia|India]] * Nyōbō kotoba, from [[Japan]] * Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia * Pig Latin * Pitkernese * Podaná, from [[Greece]] * Pajubá, from [[Brazil]] a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions * Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by [[Actor|actors]], [[Fair|circus and fairground showmen]], gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes). * Rotvælsk, from [[Denmark]] * Rotwelsch, from [[Jémanị|Germany]] * Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia * Scottish Cant, a variant of Scots and [[Romani language|Romani]] used by the Lowland Romani people in Scotland, United Kingdom * Shelta, from the Irish Travellers community in Ireland * Sheng from [[Kenya]] * Spasell, from Italy * Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines * Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom * Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang) * Totoiana, from Romania * [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Tsotsitaal]], from South Africa * Tutnese, from the United States * Verlan, from France * Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} * Zargari, from Iran <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baghbidi|first=Hassan Rezai|title=The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran|work=researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadwiga|author=Pstrusińska|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864565715|title=Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publ|isbn=978-1-4438-4970-8|pages=34|language=en|oclc=864565715}}</ref> === Ndị ohi na-eti === Ndị ohi bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta na egwuregwu a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti 1590 na 1615, mana ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'akwụkwọ site na narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ajụjụ banyere otu akwụkwọ ahụ si gosipụta ojiji a na-eji asụsụ eme ihe n'ime ndị omempụ. Otu onye ohi na 1839 kwuru na cant ọ hụrụ na mbipụta abụghị ihe dị ka cant nke "ndị Gypsy, ndị ohi, na ndị arịrịọ ji mee ihe n'oge ahụ. " O kwukwara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a jiri okwu dị iche iche, nke jikọtara ọnụ, ndị Gypsy nwere okwu cant maka ihe niile, na ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-eji ụdị dị ala karịa ndị ohi. == Hụkwa == * Okwu koodu (ihe osise nke okwu) * Onye na-ekwu koodu * Onye na-ere ahịa * Okwu abụọ * Gibberish (egwuregwu asụsụ) * Okwu mkparị * Lazăr Șăineanu, onye Romanian nke mụrụ asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ * Obere ugbo * Igbu anya * Akpụkpọ ahụ * Asụsụ Rhyming * Shibboleth == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] piioctcv40k97v0tk1t034smsavz40i 0 56228 697650 596646 2026-08-10T04:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Teatreeoil.jpg|thumb|Aromotherapy]] Aromatherapy bụ omume dabere na iji ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, gụnyere mmanụ dị mkpa na ogige ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-ekwu maka ịkwalite ọdịmma nke uche.[1][2][3] A na-eji ya dị ka ọgwụgwọ mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ dị ka ụdị ọgwụ ọzọ, a na-ejikwa ya site na iku ume ọ bụghị site na iri nri..<ref name="pdq" /> A naghị anabata ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-eji na aromatherapy dị ka ọgwụ ndenye ọgwụ na United States.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ihe akaebe ahụike zuru oke na aromatherapy nwere ike igbochi, gwọọ ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa ọ bụla, [2][3][4] aromatherapy na-eji ụfọdụ ndị nwere ọrịa, dị ka ọrịa cancer, na-enye ahụike n'ozuzu ya na enyemaka site na mgbu, ọgbụgbọ ma ọ bụ nchekasị.[2][3]. Ndị mmadụ nwere ike iji ngwakọta mmanụ dị mkpa dị ka ngwa n'elu, ịhịan aka n'ahụ, iku ume, ma ọ bụ imikpu mmiri. N'ihi ịdị ala nke ihe akaebe nyocha, ọ ejighị n'aka ma ọ bụrụ na aromatherapy na-enye ndị mmadụ na-enwe ọgbụgbọ mgbe a wachara ya ahụ. <ref name="Hines2018" /> Mmanụ ndị dị mkpa nwere ọtụtụ narị puku kwuru puku ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, dị ka terpinoids na phenylpropanoids, na iji nyocha nke ọma mmetụta ọgwụ nke ihe mejupụtara mmanụ dị mkpa, a ga-amụrịrị akụkụ nke ọ bụla dịpụrụ adịpụ na mmanụ dị mkpa ahọpụtara. <ref name="pdq"/><ref name="fda" />{{Cite web|title=Aromatherapy|url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/aromatherapy|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=21 April 2024|date=28 September 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ojiji mmanụ dị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ, ime mmụọ, ịdị ọcha na ebumnuche ọdịnala na-alaghachi na mmepeanya oge ochie gụnyere ndị India, ndị China, ndị Egypt, ndị Gris na ndị Rom bụ ndị ji ha na-eme ihe ịchọ mma, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ọgwụ. A na-eji mmanụ eme ihe maka ọmarịcha ihe ụtọ na ụlọ ọrụ ịma mma. Ha bụ ihe okomoko na ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ. A kwenyere na mmanụ ndị dị mkpa na-abawanye ndụ mmanya ma mee ka uto nke nri dịkwuo mma. Dioscorides kọwara mmanụ na nkwenye na ha nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ, tinyere nkwenkwe ndị ọzọ nke oge ahụ, na De Materia Medica ya, nke e dere na narị afọ nke mbụ AD.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Gunther|year=1959|title=The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides|first=Pedanius|author=Dioscorides|location=New York|publisher=Hafner Publishing|oclc=3570794}}</ref> Ndị [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]] jiri mmanụ cedar a na-agbanye n'ime mmiri mee ihe, onye ọkà mmụta Persian nke narị afọ nke iri na otu bụ Ibn Sina nụchara usoro nke ịkpụ mmanụ dị mkpa dị ka rose essence. Hildegard nke Bingen jiri mmanụ lavender distilled maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, na narị afọ na iri na ise, a na-ejikarị mmanụ eme ihe site na isi ihe dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complementary Medicine for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses|year=2011|author=Scanlan|first=Nancy|isbn=978-0470958896|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> N'oge ọgwụ nke oge a, aha "aromatherapy" pụtara na mbụ na mbipụta na 1937 n'akwụkwọ French banyere isiokwu ahụ: {{Lang|fr|Aromathérapie: Les Huiles Essentielles, Hormones Végétales}} nke René-Maurice Gattefossé, onye na-emepụta ọgwụ. E bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee na 1993. Jean Valnet, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na [[France]], bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'iji mmanụ dị mkpa eme ihe maka ọgwụ, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị agha merụrụ ahụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. == Nhọrọ na ịzụta == Enwere ike ịhazi ngwaahịa aromatherapy, yana mmanụ dị mkpa karịsịa, n'ụzọ dị iche dabere na ebumnuche ha.[1] A na-ahazi ngwaahịa ndị a na-eji ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na US bụ ndị nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ nke US (FDA); ngwaahịa ndị nwere ihe ịchọ mma ga-enwerịrị ihe nchekwa chọrọ, n'agbanyeghị ebe ha si.[1] Ụlọ ọrụ US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) na-achịkwa nkwupụta mgbasa ozi aromatherapy ọ bụla.<ref name="fda" /> Enweghị ụkpụrụ maka ikpebi ogo mmanụ dị mkpa na United States; ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ọkwa ọgwụgwọ", ọ nweghị ihe ọ pụtara.<ref name="fda">{{Cite web|title=Aromatherapy|url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/aromatherapy|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=21 April 2024|date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quality of Essential Oils|work=New York Institute of Aromatic Studies|date=2013-12-01|url=https://aromaticstudies.com/the-quality-of-essential-oils/|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Nyochaa site na iji chromatography gas na mass spectrometry ejirila chọpụta ogige bioactive na mmanụ dị mkpa.[1] Usoro ndị a na-enwe ike ịlele ọkwa nke akụrụngwa na akụkụ ole na ole kwa ijeri.[2] Nke a anaghị eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ma akụkụ nke ọ bụla ọ bụ ihe okike ma ọ bụ na mmanụ dara ogbenye 'emeziwanyela' site na mgbakwunye nke aromachemicals sịntetik, mana nke ikpeazụ na-egosipụtakarị site na obere adịghị ọcha dị ugbu a. == Ịdị irè == Enweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na aromatherapy nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọrịa ọ bụla, <ref name="farrar" /> <ref name="Hines2018"> {{Cite journal|title=Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|pages=CD007598|date=March 2018|issue=3|pmid=29523018|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007598.pub3}}</ref> <ref name="Barrett">{{Cite web|author=Barrett|first=S|title=Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents|url=http://www.srmhp.org/archives/aromatherapy.html|accessdate=21 February 2013|work=Science & Pseudoscience Review in Mental Health|publisher=Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice|archivedate=3 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003074243/http://www.srmhp.org/archives/aromatherapy.html}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịba uru maka ịchịkwa mgbaàmà. <ref name="pdq"/> <ref name=":0" /> Ihe akaebe maka ịdị irè nke aromatherapy n'ịgwọ ọnọdụ ahụike adịghị mma, na enweghị ọmụmụ ihe na-eji usoro siri ike. <ref name="farrar">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical Aromatherapy|journal=The Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=55|issue=4|pages=489–504|date=December 2020|pmid=33131627|doi=10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015}}</ref> <ref name="pdq">{{Cite web|author=Editorial Board, PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies|title=Aromatherapy With Essential Oils|date=13 January 2023|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65874/|accessdate=2024-04-21|publisher=National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health}} [[Otú:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref><ref name="Hines2018"/> N'afọ 2015, Ngalaba Ahụike nke Gọọmentị [[Ostraliya|Australia]] bipụtara nsonaazụ nke nyocha nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ nke chọrọ ịchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla kwesịrị ekwesị maka Inshọransị ahụike; aromatherapy bụ otu n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ 17 a nyochara nke a na-achọtaghị ihe akaebe doro anya nke ịdị irè.<ref name="aus17">{{Cite web|author=Baggoley C|year=2015|title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2016|accessdate=12 December 2015|publisher=Australian Government – Department of Health}} </ref> Ọtụtụ nyocha sistemụ amụọla ịdị irè nke aromatherapy n'ihe gbasara njikwa ihe mgbu n'oge a na-amụ nwa, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aromatherapy for pain management in labour|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=7|pages=CD009215|date=2011|pmid=21735438|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009215}}</ref> ọgwụgwọ nke agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ, <ref name="Hines2018"/> ijikwa omume ịma aka na ndị na-arịa ọrịa uche, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ball|first=Emily L.|date=19 August 2020|title=Aromatherapy for dementia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=8|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=32813272}}</ref> na enyemaka mgbaàmà na ọrịa kansa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=6|date=2016|volume=2016|pmid=27258432|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009873.pub3}}</ref> Dị ka US National Cancer Institute si kwuo, ọ dịghị nnyocha ọ bụla e bipụtara banyere aromatherapy na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ. A na-agwakọta nsonaazụ maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ gosipụtara ụra ka mma, nchegbu, ọnọdụ uche, agbọ onunu, na ihe mgbu, ebe ndị ọzọ gosipụtara enweghị mgbanwe na mgbaàmà.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Her|first=Jihoo|title=Effect of aromatherapy on sleep quality of adults and elderly people: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis|journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine|volume=60|year=2021|issn=0965-2299|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102739|pmid=34166869}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in Reducing Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Pain Research and Treatment|volume=2016|doi=10.1155/2016/8158693|pmid=28070420}}</ref><ref name="Aromatherapy With Essential Oils">{{Cite web|author=PDQ|title=Aromatherapy With Essential Oils|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq?redirect=true|work=National Cancer Institute|date=9 March 2007}}</ref> == Nchegbu maka nchekwa ==   Aromatherapy na-ebu ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta ọjọọ; jikọtara ya na enweghị ihe akaebe nke uru ọgwụgwọ ya, omume ahụ bara uru.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adverse effects of aromatherapy: a systematic review of case reports and case series|journal=Int J Risk Saf Med|volume=24|issue=3|pages=147–161|date=2012|pmid=22936057|doi=10.3233/JRS-2012-0568}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnyocha enyochawo nchegbu na mmanụ ndị dị mkpa na-etinye uche nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịkpasu akpụkpọ ahụ iwe mgbe ejiri ya n'ụdị a na-agbanyeghị agbanye, nke a na-akpọkarị itinye ya n'ọrụ. <ref name="fda"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Manion, Widder|first=Chelsea, Rebecca|title=Essentials of essential oils|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|date=May 2017|volume=74|issue=9|pages=e153–e162|doi=10.2146/ajhp151043|pmid=28438819}}</ref> Ya mere, a na-ejikarị mmanụ na-ebute ha maka itinye ya n'ọrụ dịka mmanụ jojoba, Mmanụ oliv, mmanụ almond na-atọ ụtọ ma ọ bụ mmanụ akị bekee. Mmetụta phototoxic nwere ike ime na ọtụtụ mmanụ citrus na-ajụ oyi dị ka lemon ma ọ bụ lime.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=16389350|year=2000|author=Cather|first=JC|title=Hyperpigmented macules and streaks|volume=13|issue=4|pages=405–406|journal=Proceedings|doi=10.1080/08998280.2000.11927714}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmanụ dị mkpa nwere kemịkalụ ndị na-emetụta (nke pụtara na ha ga-eme, mgbe ha jiri ya mee ihe ugboro ugboro, na-akpata mmeghachi omume na akpụkpọ ahụ na ihe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ). <ref name="fda"/> Ngwaahịa na ihe niile e ji eme ya ga-emezu otu ihe nchekwa ahụ, n'agbanyeghị isi iyi ha. Ọdịdị kemịkal nke mmanụ ndị dị mkpa nwere ike imetụta herbicides ma ọ bụrụ na a na-akụ osisi ndị mbụ na ndị a na-ewepụta n'ọhịa.<ref name="iufh">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/AP99036|year=1999|title=Investigations into the use of flame and the herbicide, paraquat, to control peppermint rust in north-east Victoria, Australia|author=Edwards|first=J|journal=Australasian Plant Pathology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=212}}</ref><ref name="vhet">{{Cite web|author=Adamovic|first=DS|title=Variability of herbicide efficiency and their effect upon yield and quality of peppermint (Mentha X Piperital L.)|url=http://www.actahort.org/books/249/249_8.htm|accessdate=6 June 2009|archivedate=25 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325154732/http://www.actahort.org/books/249/249_8.htm}}</ref> Mmanụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu nye ụfọdụ anụ ụlọ, ebe nwamba na-enwekarị ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/104063879801000223|title=Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in Three Purebred Cats|year=1998|author=Bischoff|first=K|journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation|volume=10|issue=2|pages=208–210|pmid=9576358}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=American College of Healthcare Sciences|title=Essential Oil|url=http://info.achs.edu/blog/aromatherapy-safety-basics|work=American College of Healthcare Sciences|date=20 April 2017|publisher=Accredited Online Holistic Health College|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref> Akụkọ banyere ikpe atọ dị iche iche dere gynecomastia n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-eto eto bụ ndị a kpughere na mmanụ lavender na osisi tii.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-02-01_356_5/page/479|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=356|issue=5|pages=479–485|date=2007|pmid=17267908|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa064725}}</ref> Aromatherapy Trade Council nke UK nyere nzaghachi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.a-t-c.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPage&sec=6&page=189|title=Lavender & Tea Tree Oil Rebuttle (sic)|accessdate=3 October 2010|archivedate=13 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313084655/http://www.a-t-c.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPage&sec=6&page=189}}</ref> Akụkọ ọzọ nke otu nyocha dị iche iche bipụtara dekwara ikpe atọ nke gynecomastia n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-eto eto bụ ndị a hụrụ mmanụ lavender.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases|journal=J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–107|date=2016|pmid=26353172|doi=10.1515/jpem-2015-0248}}</ref> Ikpughe na-adịgide adịgide na ngwaahịa lavender nwere ike ijikọta ya na mmepe ara n'oge n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ na "na kemịkal dị na mmanụ lavender na mmanụ tii bụ ihe nwere ike imebi endocrine nwere mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na ndị na-anabata homonụ abụọ - Estrogen na androgen".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factor.niehs.nih.gov/2019/9/feature/3-feature-lavender/|title=Lavender oil linked to early breast growth in girls|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=[[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences|National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)]]|author=Weaver|first=Janelle|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215103/https://factor.niehs.nih.gov/2019/9/feature/3-feature-lavender/|archivedate=2022-04-07|year=2019|format=|quote=Persistent exposure to lavender products is associated with premature breast development in girls, according to new research by NIEHS scientists. The findings also reveal that chemicals in lavender oil and tea tree oil are potential endocrine disruptors with varying effects on receptors for two hormones – estrogen and androgen (see sidebar). The study was published Aug. 8 in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.}}</ref> Mmanụ ndị dị mkpa nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu mgbe a na-eri ya ma ọ bụ na-amị ya n'ime. A kọọrọ na doses dị ala dị ka 2 ml na-akpata mgbaàmà ndị dị ịrịba ama na nsị siri ike nwere ike ime mgbe a gbasịrị ihe dị ka 4 ml.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim031.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity|title=Eucalyptus oil|publisher=International Programme on Chemical Safety (UPCS)}}</ref> Akụkọ ole na ole a kọrọ na ha nwere mmeghachi omume na-egbu egbu dị ka mmebi imeju na nkụchi emeela mgbe ha riri sage, hyssop, thuja na mmanụ cedar.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3109/15563658108990357|title=Toxicity of Some Essential Plant Oils. Clinical and Experimental Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-toxicology_1981-12_18_12/page/1485|year=1981|author=Millet|first=Y|journal=Clinical Toxicology|volume=18|issue=12|pages=1485–1498|pmid=7333081}}</ref> Iri mmanụ na mberede nwere ike ime mgbe ụmụaka anaghị enweta mmanụ. Dị ka ihe ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, mmanụ dị mkpa nke nwere ike ịdị mma maka ọha na eze ka nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ maka ndị dị [[Afọ ime|ime]] na ndị na-enye nwa ara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dw|first=Sibbritt|date=March 2014|title=The Self-Prescribed Use of Aromatherapy Oils by Pregnant Women|journal=Women and Birth|volume=27|issue=1|pages=41–45|doi=10.1016/j.wombi.2013.09.005|language=en|pmid=24670414}}</ref> Mmanụ ndị a na-eri ma na-etinye na akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike inwe mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma na ọgwụ nkịtị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji a na-eji mmanụ methyl salicylate dị arọ dị ka wintergreen nwere ike ịkpata ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime ndị na-eji anticoagulant warfarin. Na ngwụcha afọ 2021, a chetara ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ mgbe achọpụtara na ọ na-emetọ ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'', nje bacteria na-akpata melioidosis, nke dugara n'ọrịa anọ na ọnwụ abụọ.<ref name="RecalledSpray">{{Cite web|title=Aromatherapy spray recalled in U.S. following rare tropical disease deaths|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/aromatherapy-spray-recall-deaths-tropical-disease-melioidosis-1.6222016|work=CBC News}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọkà mmụta n'ihe gbasara aroma * Ndepụta nke ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa a na-egosighị na nke a na-ekwesịghị == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bfbb0o37eotczn7evm4ulvchvqdxrlp 0 56256 697694 200965 2026-08-10T05:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Doll_with_pins_in_it,_Museum_of_Witchcraft.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe oyiyi yiri mmadụ nke nwere pin na-arapara na ya: nke a bụ otu usoro ndị na-eme anwansi na-alụso ndị amoosu ọgụ site na iji ụzọ anwansi. Ihe onwunwe dị na Museum of Witchcraft and Magic na Cornwall, England]] Okwu voodoo doll na-ezo aka na ọrịa nke a na-eme pin.[1]  A na-ahụ omume ndị dị otú ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche na omenala ngosi nke ọtụtụ nde gburugburu ụwa.[1] N'agbanyeghị aha ya, nwa bebi voodoo Egypt ihe a ma ama n'okpukpe ndị Afrịka nke Haitian Vodou ma ọ bụ Louisiana Voodoo.  [1] [1] Ndị otu High Priesthood nke Louisiana Voodoo akatọọla ojiji nke ụmụ bebi voodoo dị ka ihe na- ike uru na ahụ ahụ. == Ihe osise na omenala == === Njikọ nke narị afọ nke 20 na Voodoo === [[Faịlụ:Poupée_vaudou.jpg|thumb|Nwa bebi voodoo nke oge a, nke nwere pin 58]] E njikọ njikọ nke nwa bebi voodoo na ndị Voodoo site na ngosi nke ikpeazụ na-egosipụta na-ewu ewu n'oge ọkara mbụ nke mbụ afọ nke 20 [1] dị ka ihe nke ihe ndị ọrụ sara mbara nke àgwà Black na Afro-Caribbean na United States.  [4] N'akwụkwọ John Houston Craige dere n'afọ 1933 bụ Black Bagdad: The Arabian Nights Adventures of a Marine Captain in Haiti, onye akaebe Haiti ka ọ na-etinye pin n'ime ihe oyiyi iji na-ahụ anya.[1]  Na ihe nkiri, ihe okwu nke Haitian Vodou na ọrụ ndị dị ka Victor Halperin's 1932 White Zombie na Jacques Tourneur's 1943 I Walked with a Zombie na-agụnyekwa iji ụmụ bebi.[1]  A na-agụkwa ụmụ bebi Voodoo n'otu ihe omume nke The Woody Woodpecker Show (1961), [1] nakwa na egwu egwu Britain bụ Lisztomania (1975) na ihe nkiri Creepshow (1982), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Child's Do (1987) na Eastwick (1987), Child's Island Play na Eastwick (1987).  (1998). Ka ọ na-erule egwu egwu afọ nke abụọ na otu, nke nke nwa bebi voodoo akara ihe zuru oke.[1]  Ọ ghọwo ihe ọhụrụ maka ụdị, na ihe atụ a na-enye na igwe na-ere aha na ụlọ aha Britain, [1] na otu isiokwu na "Olee otu esi eme Voodoo Doll" nke a akpọ na WikiHow.  Ekwara ụmụ bebi Voodoo na ihe nkiri Disney animated nke afọ 2009 The Princess and the Frog, [1] yana ihe nkiri Disney nke afọ 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides . N'afọ 2020, Lousiana Voodoo High Priest Robi Gilmore kwuru, "Ọ na-eme ka uche m na ndị mmadụ ka [ndị na-eme ka uche m na ndị mmadụ ka ọrịa [ndị Voodoo na- emetụta flu Voodoo]. Hollywood mere anyị ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ezie. == Hụkwa == * Ahụ ụrọ * Vodou nke Haiti * Nwa bebi a na-eme ihe ike * Ihe oyiyi Hopi Kachina * Poppet * ''Shikigami'' * Totem * Ushabti * ''Ushi no toki mairi'' == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === *   * {{Cite journal|author=Faraone|first=Christopher A.|title=Binding and Burying the Forces of Evil: The Defensive Use of "Voodoo Dolls" in Ancient Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-antiquity_1991-04_10_1/page/n178|journal=Classical Antiquity|year=1991|volume=10|pages=165&ndash;202|doi=10.2307/25010949}} {{Afro-American Religions}} 1eop2a88z5kcv6e7xzdbsmaopx5hyw6 0 56342 697582 211557 2026-08-10T03:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697582 wikitext text/x-wiki Menerba, nke a makwaara dị ka Menopause Formula 101 ('''MF-101'''), bụ ọgwụ botanical nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka modulator na-ahọrọ estrogen receptor (SERM) <ref name="pmid19182698">{{Cite journal|pages=458–65|doi=10.1097/gme.0b013e31818e64dd|title=MF101, a selective estrogen receptor β modulator for the treatment of menopausal hot flushes|year=2009|author=Grady|first=Deborah|journal=Menopause|volume=16|issue=3|pmid=19182698}}</ref> nke a na-amụ maka ikike ya iji belata ọkụ ọkụ metụtara menopause. Menerba, estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist (ERBA), bụ akụkụ nke klas ọhụrụ nke receptor subtype-selective estrogens, [1] bụ nke a na-ahọrọ na nhazi ederede na otu n'ime ụdị abụọ nke estrogen receptor (ER). Menerba nwere mkpuru osisi iri abụọ na abụọ ejirila mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=19337958|year=2009|author=Stovall|first=DW|title=MF-101, an estrogen receptor beta agonist for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women|volume=10|issue=4|pages=365–71|journal=Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs}}</ref> Menerba na-ejikọta ma ERα na ERβ ma nwee nkekọ nhata, mana ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ERα ma kama ọ na-arụ ọrụ naanị ERβ-mediated gene transcription.<ref name="JacksonGreiwe2011">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Richard L|title=Emerging evidence of the health benefits of S-equol, an estrogen receptor β agonist|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2011-08_69_8/page/432|journal=Nutrition Reviews|volume=69|issue=8|year=2011|pages=432–448|issn=0029-6643|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00400.x|pmid=21790611}}</ref><ref name="Kaunitz2009">{{Cite journal|author=Kaunitz|first=Andrew M.|title=Effective herbal treatment of vasomotor symptoms-are we any closer?|journal=Menopause|volume=16|issue=3|year=2009|pages=428–429|issn=1072-3714|doi=10.1097/gme.0b013e31819774e4|pmid=19169160}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ihe == A kọọrọ Menerba ka ọ na-ebelata mgbaàmà nke ịhụ nsọ dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, ebe ọ na-enweghị mmetụta na-akpali akpali na endometrium ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ [[Arã|ara]].<ref name="pmid19182698"/> N'ime ụdị xenograft nke òké, Menerba mepụtara ọdịdị dị iche na estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) site na ERβ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọdịdị nke estradiol mepụtara. Mgbanwe a kapịrị ọnụ nke Menerba kpatara na-enye ohere ka ERβ jikọta ya na ihe mmeghachi omume estrogen ma nata protein ndị na-achịkwa nke achọrọ maka ịrụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=538–47|doi=10.1210/en.2006-0803|title=Selective Activation of Estrogen Receptor- Transcriptional Pathways by an Herbal Extract|year=2006|author=Cvoro|first=A.|journal=Endocrinology|volume=148|issue=2|pmid=17095596}}</ref> E gosipụtara na ohere dị ukwuu nke Ọrịa kansa ara na akpa nwa nwere njikọ na ERα na ERβ na-egbochi mmetụta na-akwalite uto na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa ara.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007283|title=Timosaponin AIII is Preferentially Cytotoxic to Tumor Cells through Inhibition of mTOR and Induction of ER Stress|year=2009|author=King|first=Frank W.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=9|pages=e7283|pmid=19789631}}</ref> Menerba anaghị arụ ọrụ ERα-na-achịkwa proliferative genes, c-myc na cyclin D1, ma ọ bụ na-akpali MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke akpụ, na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ dị irè maka Ọgwụgwọ hormone ma e jiri ya tụnyere estrogen nke na-ahọrọghị arụ ọrụ abụọ ER subtypes.<ref name="pmid19182698"/> N'afọ 2007, Menerba rụzuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ Phase 2, nke kpuru ìsì abụọ, nke placebo na-achịkwa na-enyocha ikike ya maka ọgwụgwọ ọkụ ọkụ na ụmụ nwanyị 217 nwere ahụike na US. Onye isi nyocha nke ikpe ahụ bụ Dr. Deborah Grady nke Mahadum California, San Francisco. Menerba gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe izu iri na abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ gasịrị ma nwee mbelata nke ukwuu na edemede abalị site na ọkụ ọkụ (-67%, p=0.05). Enweghị ọdịiche dị na ọbara ọgbụgba nke akpanwa n'etiti otu ọgwụgwọ na placebo, ọ dịghịkwa ihe na-adịghị mma nke akpanwa hụrụ n'oge ọmụmụ ihe. Naanị mmetụta dị n'akụkụ a hụrụ bụ stool dị nro (12% na otu ọgwụgwọ vs. 3% n'ime otu placebo).<ref name="pmid19182698"/> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ egosiwo na ihe kachasị arụ ọrụ na Menerba bụ liquiritigenin, nke sitere na mgbọrọgwụ nke ''[[Glycyrrhizae uralensis]]'' Fisch, otu n'ime ihe iri abụọ na abụọ sitere na osisi a hụrụ na Menerba. N'ime ihe nlereanya nke òké xenograft, liquiritigenin na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ihe nchịkwa ER na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ERβ ma ọ bụghị ERα. Nhọrọ ERβ nke liquiritigenin bụ n'ihi nhọpụta nke coactivator steroid receptor coactivator-2 na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Liquiritigenin emeghị ka ogo akpa nwa ma ọ bụ tumorigenesis nke mkpụrụ ndụ kansa ara MCF-7. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ osisi nwere estrogens nke ukwuu maka ERβ [1] ma na-ahọrọ dị ka ogige sịntetik, ma na-achịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche. (PLOs 1 - Julaị 17) ma na-atụ aro na ogige ERb nke na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike iduga na nchebe ọzọ na-adọrọ adọrọ maka mgbaàmà menopausal.[2][3] N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, e gosipụtara Menerba na-achịkwa ntinye nke calcium, nke metụtara nhazi okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011791|title=Estrogen Receptor β-Selective Agonists Stimulate Calcium Oscillations in Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons|year=2010|author=Zhang|first=Lili|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e11791|pmid=20668547}}</ref> Menerba nwere ule nchekwa nke Phase 1 na-enyocha nsi ya na 10 g / ụbọchị yana 15 g kwa ụbọchị. Ahụbeghị ihe nsi dị mkpa n'ime ọmụmụ anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere doses sitere na 2000 mg/kg/ụbọchị n'ime nkịta ruo 16,000 mg/kg/ụbọchị n'ime òké. N'ihi nsonaazụ nsi a na-anakwere na nnwale nke Phase 1, FDA kwadoro Menerba ka ọ malite ikpe 3 Phase na ụmụ nwanyị 1200 na-akọ ọkụ ọkụ asaa ma ọ bụ karịa menopausal kwa ụbọchị. == Hụkwa == * Nwoke Na-alụ Nwanyị * Rimostil == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211204064024/http://menerba.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Menerba (MF101)] * [http://bionovo.com/pipeline/menerba Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Menerba] ctmpl34muaeo525iniqhl0u0q7r3zsx 0 56447 697671 515201 2026-08-10T05:20:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Goldenboughstudy01fraz 0011.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ Ọlaedo]] The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (nke egosi The Golden Bigh: A Study on Magic and Religion na akara ya nke abụọ) bụ ọkụ sara mbara, nke ikpe ifo na Okpukpe, nke onye na- achọpụta mmadụ nke Scotland bụ Sir James George Frazer dere. E àgwà Golden Bough na so abụọ na 1890; na mpeka atɔ na 1900; na akara iri na nke akara atọ, nke e ndidi na 1906-1915. E bipụtakwala ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta iche iche nke otu ụdị. Ụbọchị ahụ bụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntĩlị akwụkwọ na dị ka a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Thomas Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, ma ọ bụ Stories of Gods and Heroes (1855). egwu nke The Golden Bough na akwụkwọ na echiche nke oge a na Europe abụwo ihe dị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Karbiener, K.|title=Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7pVTz46T3cC&pg=PA189|pages=188–190|isbn=9781438116891}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Frazer na-akpa ihe ndị a na-ekerịta nke nsogbu na-eche echiche, na- ndị na-eme ememe, ụmụaka n'àjà, chi na-anwụ anwụ, onye a na-egbu egbu, na ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ndị na-alụ ọgụ na-ejedebe afọ nke 20.[1]  Thesis ya bụ na ndị agha ndị kasị ochie bụ ofufe nke na-agba ofufe na àjà oge nke eze dị nsso dịka usoro nke oge si dị.  Frazer faịlụ aro na ụmụ mmadụ, ụwa okike na-aga n'ihu site na ebe saịtị na mkpa gaa n'iche echiche.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|editor=Hamel, Frazer|title=The Golden Bough|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, Sir James|title=The Golden Bough|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> E edemede Frazer n'ihe gbasara ihe mere na Virgil's Aeneid, ebe Aeneas na Sibyl nyere onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá Hades ela edo e si n'aka dị nsso were iji ike.  Ihe omume ahụ site na ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 The Golden Bough .  Frazer kwuru n'ụzọ na-ụlọ ezi na ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ na Nri, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ Lake Avernus n'ezie.[1]  Ɔdɔ mmirika Nemi, nke a dị ka "Diana's Mirror", bụ ebe a na-eme emume agha na "mmezu nke nkwa" nke ndị ozi na ndị eze. Frazer fa na thesis ya na onye-eze Rex Nemorensis, onye ụkọcha Diana na Lake Nemi, onye onyechiri ya gburugburu.  Eze ahụ bụ anụ ahụ nke chi na-anwụ anwụ ma na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ, chi ndị nke ọmụmụ di na ọkụ dị omimi na chi nchọpụta nke ụwa, ọnwụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi wee nwetaghachi onwe ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi.  Frazer na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ifo a nke ọkpara ọzọ bụ isi ihe nke nta ka ọ na-eme ifo niile nke ụwa.. Frazer dere n'okwu nke akara nke atọ nke The Golden Bough na ọ bụ ebe na ọ gụghị Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, enyi ya James Ward, na onye ọkà ihe J. M. E.Taggart, tụụrụ ya aro na Hegel echiche echiche ya "okike na ihe mere eme nke emu nke na-enye ihe".  Frazer ụgbọ ahụ dị ka na "ịhụ na n'ime ike nke uche nke ihe a ngosi oge ngosi bu oge nke usoro, nakwa na ndu n'etiti TV na ụmụ bụ na, ebe mgbasa ozi okike n'onwe ya, arịa LED ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site n'aka onye dị ike ụmụaka nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere aka na enyemaka".  Frazer asị ihe sitere na Hegel' akwụkwọ Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, James George|title=The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion. Part 1: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. Vol. 1|publisher=The Macmillan Press|location=London|year=1976|pages=ix, 423|isbn=0-333-01282-8}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == The Golden Bough wụrụ nsogbu na eze Britain akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe mbụ e edi ya, ebe ọ na-eme ndị nchọpụta ndị nchọpụta mbilite n'àmà na ọkụ ya.  Ndị nkatọ chere na otu a ma ama ka a Nwa-nkiri nke Chineke dị ka ihe nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.  Maka akara nke atọ, Frazer achọpụta nsogbu ya mgbada Crucifixion na ihe mgbakwunye na-akọ nkwu, ebe ewepụrụ okpukpe ụka Iso ụzọ na-ahụta e ọkpụkpọ nke otu otu esi. <ref name="Leach">{{Cite journal|author=Leach, Edmund R.|title=Kingship and divinity: The unpublished Frazer Lecture|journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory|volume=1|issue=1|date=2011|pages=279–298|doi=10.14318/hau1.1.012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith, Jonathan Z.|title=When the bough breaks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1973-05_12_4/page/342|journal=History of Religions|volume=12|issue=4|date=1973|pages=342–371|doi=10.1086/462686}}</ref> Frazer n'onwe ya kwetara na echiche ya bụ ịkọ nkọ nakwa na njikọ ndị o mere bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ma na-adabere naanị na myirịta. O dere, sị: "Akwụkwọ dị ka nke m, naanị ịkọ nkọ, ga-anọchi anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge na'oge ka mma maka eziokwu) site na ntinye aka ka mma dabere na ihe ọmụma zuru oke. " N'afọ 1922, na mwepụta nke Frazer Lectureship na Anthropology, o kwuru, sị: 'Ọ bụ ọchịchọ m siri ike na a ga-eji nkuzi mee ihe naanị maka ịchụso eziokwu na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị maka mgbasa na mgbasa nke echiche ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche nke onwe ya, ọ bụ ọbụna n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Frazer nwere mmetụta nke onwe ya karịa nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, ọ bụla, "Goldenzer nwere ike karịa"<ref name="Lienhardt" /> Robert Ackerman dere na, maka ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na Britain, Frazer ka bụ "ihe ihere" maka ịbụ "onye a ma ama n'ime ha niile" nsụgharị na ngalaba ahụ ụmụaka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya ugbu a.  Ọ bụ ebe na The Golden Bough "ọkpụkpọ òkù" dị ukwuu ma nwee ike "na-ama atụ" "n'ọtụtụ [nke ike apụta nke abụọ] ndị edemede okike", echiche Frazer "maka dị nta" n'ihe mere eme nke nkà ndị mmadụ na ibe ya.  Lienhardt n'onwe ya ụmụaka Frazer ndị na-oge ochie dị ka "ihe ụmụaka ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke [Frazer] n'onwe ha", ebe Ludwig Wittgenstein, na Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough (nke e fim na 1967), dere, sị: "Frazer bụ onye obi ọtụtụ ndịeme n'ime 'ndị na-eme obi eme ihe na-eme ka [ebe na-eme obi eme ihe na ya]  Kọl.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collingwood|first=R.G.|title=The Principles of Art|date=1911|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Na ịdị, mpe akwụkwọ ahụ na nkuzi na-akọwa na Anthropology zuru ebe niile.  Onye [[Poland]] na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Bronisław Malinowski kwuru amụma nnukwu ọrụ a, m mikpuru onwe m na ya Otú ma mee ya ohu. Achọpụtara m mgbe ahụ na anthropology, dị ka Sir James Frazer, bụ nnukwu ihe, nke ihe dị ka onye ya mkpa na ọkụ ihe ọrụ ezi ma agbụ m na onye ọrụ nke anthropology.  echiche Frazerlarị ịbụ nke oge gara aga": dị ka Godfrey Lienhardt si kwuo:   Edmund Leach, "otu n'ime ndị na- ndidi na-akatọ Frazer na akwụkwọ ya maka dị egwu", katọrọ ihe ọ pụtara dị ka ikike nka nke Frazer akwụkwọ na The Golden Bough: "Frazer jiri ihe ethnographic ya, nke o si ebe a, n'ebe ahụ oyi na ebe niile, iji kpatara ndị na-abịarutere tupu oge eruo site na ihe na-akpata ọrụ,ahụ, na ihe na-akpata oge eruo site mana, na ihe na-akpata nke oge eruo site mana.  mgbe ọ akụkọ [1]ghị!" René Girard, onye [[France]] na-akọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akọrọ akwụkwọ, na onye ọkà ihe nke ndị enyemaka ndị na ibe ya, "n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya" toro Frazer maka ihe àjà eze dị ka "ememe mbụ dị mkpa", mana ọ hardware ya nke ememe ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ikpe na- ike ezi na ethnology".  [1] Nkatọ nke Girard ebubo The Golden Bough dị ọtụtụ, ndị maka ịchọ Frazer bụ naanị nna nke ozi ifo mbụ-ememe na-ememe ka ihe ndị nke Gosphalite" nke Gosphaters "ihe" nke chi dị mkpa" nke Gospel nke Gosphetor" bụ "ihe nke chi dị ka ndụ" nke Gornals na-eme" nke Ginger..<ref name="Girard">{{Cite book|title=The Scapegoat|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1986|isbn=978-0-801-83315-1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1978|isbn=978-0-804-72215-5|publisher=Athlone Press}}</ref> == Mmetụta e dere n'akwụkwọ == N'agbanyeghị nke ọrụ ahụ, na-egosi ya n'etiti ndị ọkà njide ndị ọzọ, The Golden Bough kaadị ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ okike nke oge ahụ.  Onye na-ede uri Robert Graves echiche echiche Frazer eze na-anwụ anwụ nke a chụrụ n'àjà maka ụdị nke ahụ na echiche nke ikike nke onye na-ede abụ maka Muse-Goddess ya, dị ka egosiri n' akwụkwọ ya gbasara uri, emee, na-eme ifo, The White Goddess (1948).  William Butler Yeats na-ezo aka na thesis Frazer na uri ya "Sailing to Byzantium".  Ụlọ Golden ahụ, [1] na Lovecraft kwuru akwụkwọ ahụ na obere faịlụ ya "The Call of Cthulhu".  [2] T. S. Eliot akwụkwọ na o ji Frazer nke n'akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya na uri ya The Waste Land.  William Carlos Williams na-ezo aka na The Golden Bough na Book Two, nke abụọ, nke Paterson.[3]  Frazer ọkụ na ndị edemede James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis na D. H. Lawrence. <ref name="Paglia Salon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of "The Golden Bough"|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Paglia Salon" /> Onye na-akọ asụsụ ifo bụ Joseph Campbell enwe The Golden Bough na The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), ebe ọ nabatara echiche Frazer na-eme ifo bụ mbụ iji ngwaọrụ ụwa nke okike, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-enwe ya naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ziri ezi nke mere.[1]  Campbell mechara ọrụ Frazer dị ka "ihe ngosi".[2]  Onye na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Weston La Barre kaadị Frazer dị ka "onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-akpọ oku" na The Human Animal (1955).  [3] A chị achị achị nke onye ọkà ihe ndị Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Golden Bough dị ka Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, nke Rush Rhees dezi rarraba, nke e na 1967 (mbipụta Bekee sochiri na 1979).  [4] Robert Ackerman, na The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (1991), na-etinye Frazer n'ozi sara mbara nke ihe mere eme nke echiche.  Ozi ifo na ụlọ akwụkwọ emee ndị ọrụ Ozi Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, na A.B.  Cook, ndị na- nkwado ọhụrụ nke add ifo na anthropology na akwụkwọ akụkọ na njedebe nke ọnwụ nke 19, na-emetụta akwụkwọ Modernist.    The Golden Bough ọrụ Sigmund Freud Totem na Taboo (1913), yana ọrụ nwa akwụkwọ Freud bụ Carl Jung. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark, Ronald W.|title=Freud: The Man and the Cause|publisher=Jonathan Cape and Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1980|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Paglia">{{Cite book|author=Paglia, Camille|title=Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-14-017209-2}}</ref> .Onye nkatọ Camille Paglia akaraala The Golden Bough dị ka otu n'ime izi mkpa n' akwụkwọ ya Sexual Personae (1990).  [1] Na Sexual Personae, Paglia akwụkwọ "izizi mma" Frazer na The Golden Bough dị ka "ihe yiri njikọ na chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ", ọ bụ ebe na o kwuru na ọ "bụ nke na-eme ka ọ mba nna".[2]  Na Salon, ọ ndị ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ihe ihe nke ọma na-echeta nke ncheta ya na echiche efu."  Paglia ihe na "ọtụtụ dị na Frazer agbaghaala ma ọ bụ mkpa anya ya", mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Frazer nke Cambridge nke anthropology oge ochie "ga- osisi na- . . . maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ na- ike isi nke taa".  Paglia ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na mkpirisi nke The Golden Bough bụ "dị nro" kwesịrị "na<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|date=10 November 2009|title=Pelosi's victory for women|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501171608/http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Paglia Salon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of "The Golden Bough"|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPaglia1999">Paglia, Camille (10 March 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html "In defense of "The Golden Bough""]. ''[[Salon.com]]''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> == Akụkọ mbipụta == === Mbipụta === * '''Mbipụta mbụ''', 2 mpịakọta., 1890. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02fraz|Nke Abụọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Abụọ''', mpịakọta atọ., 1900. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01frazuoft|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstud02frazuoft|Nke Abụọ]], [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy03frazuoft|Nke Atọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Atọ''', 12 mpịakọta., 1906–15. ** [[iarchive:TheGoldenBough-Part1-TheMagicArtAndTheEvolutionOfKingsVol.1|Mpịakọta 1 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 2 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstud03fraz|Mpịakọta nke 3 (1911)]] : Taboo na Ihe ize ndụ nke Mkpụrụ Obi''Taboo na Ihe Iche nke Mkpụrụ Obi'' ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy04fraz|Mpịakọta nke 4 (1911)]] : The Dying God''Chineke Na-anwụ Anwụ'' ** Mpịakọta 5 (1914): ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi 1) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy06frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 6 (1914)]] : ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi nke 2) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy07fraz|Mpịakọta nke 7 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy08fraz|Mpịakọta nke 8 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy09fraz|Mpịakọta nke 9 (1913)]] : The Scapegoat''Onye Scapegoat'' ** Mpịakọta 10 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi 1) ** Mpịakọta 11 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** Mpịakọta 12 (1915): ''Bibliography na General Index'' === Mgbakwunye === * [[iarchive:aftermathasupple025677mbp|1936]]: ''Ihe si na ya pụta: Mgbakwunye na Golden Bough'' === Ihe ndị e bipụtaghachiri === * Mbipụta nke atọ dum, gụnyere Aftermath, ka Macmillan Press bipụtara na mpịakọta 13 na 1951, 1955, 1963, 1966, 1976 na 1980.   === Mbipụta ndị dị mkpirikpi === * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, 1 mpịakọta., 1922. Mbipụta a ewepụghị ihe Frazer zoro aka na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. ** 1995 Touchstone mbipụta,   ** 2002 Dover re-ebipụta nke mbipụta 1922,   * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi. 1925 bipụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan. [[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Enwere ya n'efu.]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Theodor H. Gaster dezigharịrị, 1959, nke akpọrọ ''The New Golden Bough: A New Abridgment of the Classic Work.'' * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Mary Douglas dezigharịrị na Sabine MacCormack belatara, 1978, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-385-14515-2|0-385-14515-2]] * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, nke Robert Fraser dezigharịrị maka Oxford University Press, 1994. Ọ na-eweghachi ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst e kpochapụrụ na mkpirisi mbụ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-282934-3|0-19-282934-3]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Robert K. G. Temple chịkọtara maka Simon & Schuster, 1996, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough; A Study in Magic and Religion. Ihe osise ọzọ e sere n'akwụkwọ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-81850-7|0-684-81850-7]] === Ihe odide n'efu n'ịntanetị === * Mbipụta 1922 nke The Golden Bough na Internet Sacred Text ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie Dị Nsọ n'Intanet * Nsụgharị 1894 na Internet Archive[[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz/page/n9/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] * Nkọwa 1925 (nke e belatara) na Internet Archive[[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] == Hụkwa == * Nkatọ edemede * The Golden Bough (akụkọ ifo) * Mas nke Saint-Sécaire * Ọkụ Ọkụ * Rex Nemorensis * Ịchụpụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'oge uto == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer na Cambridge Ritualists'' (Theorists of Myth) 2002.  {{ISBN|0-415-93963-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-415-93963-1|0-415-93963-1]].&nbsp; * Bitting, Mary Margaret. ''The Golden Bough: Nhazi nke Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Boux in Play Form'' (Vantage Press, 1987).  {{ISBN|0-533-07040-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-533-07040-6|0-533-07040-6]] * Csapo, Eric Theories of Mythology (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), peeji nke 36-43, 44-67.  {{ISBN|978-0-631-23248-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23248-3|978-0-631-23248-3]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (Macmillan, 1990; e wepụtara Palgrave 2001). * Smith, Jonathan Z. "When the Bough Breaks," na ''Map abụghị ókèala'', peeji nke 208-239 (The University of Chicago Press, 1978). == Njikọ mpụga == ojb75xkbyibvwoysmr9qgra43r3ft13 0 56634 697845 210613 2026-08-10T09:24:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697845 wikitext text/x-wiki Folklore Institute na-ezo aka na mmemme ọmụmụ akụkọ ifo nke Mahadum Indiana Bloomington (USA). Ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo, yana ụlọ ọrụ Ethnomusicology, mebere ngalaba nke Folklore na Ethnomusicology buru ibu. Ngalaba Folklore na Ethnomusicology bụ ngalaba nke kọleji nka na sayensị . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~folklore/folklore.shtml|title=Folklore and Ethnomusicology &#124; Indiana University Bloomington|publisher=Indiana.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-01-20}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Tupu e guzobe (ihe dị ka afọ ) nke ụlọ ọrụ Ethnomusicology Institute na mgbanwe aha nke ngalaba abụọ ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Folklore na Ethnomusticology, aha "Folklore Institute" jere ozi dị ka aha kachasị maka ihe bụlarị ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke. Otu a nwere mgbọrọgwụ laghachi azụ na 1940s ma guzobe ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na 1962. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dorson|first=Richard M.|date=1963|title=The American Folklore Scene, 1963|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folklore_autumn-1963_74_3/page/444|journal=Folklore|volume=74|issue=3|pages=444|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1963.9716918|issn=0015-587X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bulger|first=Peggy A.|date=2003|title=Looking Back, Moving Forward: The Development of Folklore as a Public Profession (AFS Presidential Plenary Address, 2002)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_fall-2003_116_462/page/379|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=116|issue=462|pages=379|doi=10.1353/jaf.2003.0052|issn=0021-8715}}</ref> Mgbe a gbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Ngalaba Folklore na Ethnomusicology, aha Folklore Institute na-ezo aka na ngalaba ọdịnala nke ngalaba ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọdịnala ha na-elekọta, na ọmụmụ ọdịnala - nkuzi, nyocha, na ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịnala na ngalaba ahụ gbasoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webdb.iu.edu/folkethno/scripts/index.cfm|title=Folklore and Ethnomusicology &#124; Indiana University Bloomington|publisher=Webdb.iu.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-01-20|archivedate=2013-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207031308/http://webdb.iu.edu/folkethno/scripts/index.cfm}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke ndị ọkachamara na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala (na ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa egwú) nwetara akara ugo mmụta ha (BA, MA, na / ma ọ bụ Ph.D.) site na otu mgbe a maara ya dị ka Folklore Institute na n'okwu nkịtị aha ahụ ka bụ otu ihe na Ngalaba Folklore na Ethnomusicology. Ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Folklore Institute gụnyere ngalaba ndị a ma ama: Stith Thompson, Richard M. Dorson, Linda Dégh, Henry Glassie, Richard Bauman, Beverly J. Stoeltje, na Hasan M. El-Shamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~folklore/people/emeriti.shtml|title=Indiana University Bloomington|accessdate=2025-03-06|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027023849/http://www.indiana.edu/~folklore/people/emeriti.shtml}}</ref> N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Folklore Institute azụlitela ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọkachamara akụkọ ifo. Obere ihe atụ nke ndị okenye a ma ama gụnyere: Alan Dundes, Michael Owen Jones, Dorthy Noyes, Bill Ivy, Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Sabina Magliocco, Regina Bendix, Ronald L. Baker, Simon J. Bronner, Jan Harold Brunvand, Dan Ben-Amos, na Edward D. Ives. Dị ka Ethnomusicology Institute, Folklore Institute na-eduzi site na onye nduzi. Otu n'ime ndị nduzi abụọ a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ n'ozuzu ya. N'etiti ọrụ ogologo oge nke Folklore Institute bụ Traditional Arts Indiana (ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala ọha na eze) na ''Journal of Folklore Research''. Ụlọ ọrụ Folklore emeela ogologo oge ha haziri nzukọ ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ọmụmụ ọdịnala na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara bipụta ma ọ bụ na mmekorita ya na ndị ọzọ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. == Hụkwa == * Ememme Ndị Mmadụ nke Smithsonian == Edemsibia == d14z39hohcto02d0zcuebftp0q0behg 0 56685 697884 213569 2026-08-10T10:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2021 census}} '''Dyirbal''' / ˈdʒɜːr bəl / [ (nakwa ''Djirubal'' ) bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia nke ndị Dyirbal na-asụ na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Queensland . N’afọ 2016, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Statistics Australia kọrọ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8. Ọ bụ onye otu obere ngalaba Dyirbalic nke ezinụlọ Pama–Nyungan . O nwere ọtụtụ ihe pụtara ìhè mere ka a mara ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ . N'ime afọ kemgbe e bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ Dyirbal nke Robert Dixon na 1972, Dyirbal ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abịaru nso na ikpochapụ dịka ndị na-eto eto amụtaghị ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schmidt|first=A|title=Young People's Dyirbal: An Example of Language Death from Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985}}</ref> == Olumba == Enwere ọtụtụ otu dị iche iche na-asụ olumba nke asụsụ Dyirbal. Onye nyocha Robert Dixon na-eme atụmatụ na Dyirbal nwere, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya kacha elu, olumba iri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|date=1991|title=A Changing Language Situation: The Decline of Dyirbal, 1963-1989|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168229|journal=Language in Society|volume=20|issue=2|pages=183–200|doi=10.1017/S0047404500016262|issn=0047-4045}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDixon1991">Dixon, R. M. W. (1991). </cite></ref> Olumba gụnyere: <ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=Robert M. W.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70724682|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-47378-0|location=Cambridge, U.K.|oclc=70724682}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). </cite></ref> * Dyirbal (ma ọ bụ Jirrbal <ref name=":32"/> ) nke Dyirbalŋan na-asụ * Mamu, nke Waɽibara na-asụ, Dulgubara, Bagiɽgabara, Dyiɽibara, na Mandubara <ref name=":1">{{Citation|date=1972|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dyirbal-language-of-north-queensland/dyirbal-the-language-and-its-speakers/62D8D9F83D08FA8877D86EA1E7C1A487|work=The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland|pages=22–38|editor-last=Dixon|editor-first=R. M. W.|series=Cambridge Studies in Linguistics|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139084987.003|isbn=978-0-521-09748-2|access-date=2020-12-09|title=Dyirbal: The Language and ITS Speakers|url-access=subscription}}</ref> (E nwekwara ụdị Mamu dị iche iche nke otu n'otu n'otu na-asụ, dị ka Warribara Mamu, na Dulgubara Mamu <ref name=":32" /> ) * [[Giramay]] (Ma ọ bụ Girramay <ref name=":32" /> ), nke ndị Giramaygan na-asụ <ref name=":1" /> * [[Gulŋay]] (ma ọ bụ Gulngay <ref name=":32" /> ), ndị Malanbara na-asụ <ref name=":1" /> * [[Dyiru]] (ma ọ bụ Djirru <ref name=":32" /> ), nke ndị Dyirubagala na-asụ <ref name=":1" /> * [[Ngadyan]] (ma ọ bụ Ngadjan <ref name=":32" /> ), nke ndị Ngadyiandyi <ref name=":1" /> na-asụ. * [[Walmalbarra]] <ref name=":32" /> Ndị na-asụ olumba ndị a na-ewerekarị olu ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Onye nyocha Robert Dixon kewara ha dị ka olumba, onye kewara ha dị ka ndị a dabere na njirisi asụsụ na myirịta ha, ụfọdụ olumba na-ekekọrịta ihe ruru 90% nke okwu ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-ele olumba ahụ anya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, asụsụ ahụ enweghị aha nkịtị, ya mere Dixon nyere asụsụ ahụ aha Dyirbal, na-akpọkwa ya Jirrbal, bụ́ olumba ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke ndị na-asụ ya n’oge ọ na-amụ ya. <ref name=":0"/> == Asụsụ ndị agbata obi == Asụsụ ndị agbata obi ọtụtụ olumba Dyirbal gụnyere: <ref name=":0"/> * Ngaygungu * Mbabaram * [[Muluriji]] * Yidiny * Warungu * Wargamay * Nyawaygi {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Mpụta ! Laminal ! colspan="2" | Apical |- ! Bilabial ! Velar ! Palatal ! Alveolar ! Retroflex |- ! Plosive | p | k | c | t | |- ! imi | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | |- ! Trill | colspan="2" | | | r | |- ! Odika | colspan="2" | w | j | l | |} Usoro ụdaume Dyirbal bụ nke Australia, nwere ụdaume atọ: {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/a/}} na {{IPA|/u/}}, ezie {{IPA|/u/}} a ghọtara dị ka {{IPA|[o]}} n'ebe ụfọdụ na {{IPA|/a/}} nwere ike ịghọta dị ka {{IPA|[e]}}, daberekwa na gburugburu ebe ekwentị na-egosi.  Ya mere, n'ezie nchịkọta ụda dị ukwuu karịa ngwa ngwa nke fọnịm ga-atụ aro. Nchegbu na-adaba na mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke otu okwu ma na-abụkarị n'ọdịdị mkpịrịsị ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma ma e wezụga ultima, nke na-enweghi nrụgide mgbe niile. Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na mkpuruokwu mmegide n'usoro anaghị eme. == Ụtọ asụsụ == A maara asụsụ ahụ nke ọma maka usoro nke klas aha ya, yana ọnụọgụ anọ na mkpokọta. A na-ekewa ha n'etiti ahịrị semantic ndị a: * M - ihe kacha ndụ ndụ, ndị nwoke * II – ụmụ nwanyị, [[mmiri]], [[Ọku|ọkụ]], ime ihe ike na [[Animal|anụmanụ]] pụrụ iche <ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=George Lakoff|author=Lakoff|first=George|year=1990|title=[[Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}</ref> * III - mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri oriri * IV - dị iche iche (gụnyere ihe anaghị ekewa na atọ mbụ) Klas a na-akpọkarị "nwanyị" (II) kpaliri aha akwụkwọ George Lakoff ''Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things'' . Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro nhazi dị otú ahụ na nkewa nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ụdị nke "nwanyị", "nwoke" na (mgbe ụfọdụ) "neuter" nke a na-achọta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ asụsụ Indo-European . Dyirbal na-egosi usoro nkewa-ergative . Ahịrịokwu ndị nwere nnọchiaha onye nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nwere akara arụmụka ngwaa ha maka ikpe n'ụkpụrụ na-eṅomi asụsụ nhọpụta – ebubo ebubo . Ya bụ, nnọchiaha mmadụ nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ na-apụta na nke kacha nta akara mgbe ọ bụ isiokwu (n'agbanyeghị transitivity nke ngwaa), na nke kacha akara mgbe ọ bụ kpọmkwem ihe. Ya mere Dyirbal na-ebo ebubo morphologically na mmadụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ, mana morphologically na-ezitere ebe ọzọ; ma ọ ka na- enwe mmetụta mgbe niile. == Taboo == A na-enwebu usoro ''mgbochi'' dị mgbagwoju anya na omenala Dyirbal. Amachibidoro onye na-ekwu okwu kpamkpam ka ya na nne di ya, ọgọ nwa ya, nwa nwanne nna ya ma ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne ya na-ekwurịta okwu, na ịgakwuru ndị a ma ọ bụ lee anya ozugbo. <ref name="Dixon1972">{{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|year=1972|title=The Dyirbal language of north Queensland|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Dixon, R. M. W. (1972). </cite></ref> Amachibidoro ndị ikwu okwu ka ha na ndị ikwu ha na ndị ikwu ibe ha na-ekwurịta okwu n'ihi na ndị ikwu ndị ahụ so na ngalaba nke mmadụ ga-alụ, mana ha na-abụkwa ndị ikwu na-ahọrọ dị ka onye òtù ọlụlụ, n'ihi ya, zere nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndabere nke na-egosi na onye ọ bụla enweghị mmekọahụ. <ref name="Dixon1972" /> Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na alụmdi na nwunye na-ewerekarị n'ọgbọ dị n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru, nwa nwanne nwoke nke ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-abụkarị nne di ma ọ bụ nna di. <ref name="Dixon, R. M. W. 1989">{{Cite journal|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|year=1989|title=The Dyirbal kinship system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1989-06_59_4/page/245|journal=Oceania|volume=59|issue=4|pages=245–268}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDixon1989">Dixon, R. M. W. (1989). </cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye, mgbe n'ime ịnụ nso nke taboo ikwu na onye a chọrọ iji a pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju ụdị nke asụsụ na nnoo otu fọnịm na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ, ma na a lexicon na-akọrọ ọ dịghị okwu na ọkọlọtọ asụsụ ma e wezụga n'ihi anọ lexical ihe na-ezo aka na nne na nna ochie n'akụkụ nne na nna. <ref name="Dixon, R. M. W. 1990">{{Cite journal|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|year=1990|title=The origin of "mother-in-law vocabulary" in two Australian languages|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=32|issue=1-2|pages=1–56}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDixon1990">Dixon, R. M. W. (1990). </cite></ref> Mmekọrịta ahụ taboo bụ nke ọzọ. N’ihi ya, a naghị ekwe ka mmadụ na nne di ya kwurịta okwu, ọ bụkwakwa ihe a na-adịghị mma maka nne di ịgwa ọgọ ya nwoke okwu. <ref name="Dixon1972"/> Mmekọrịta a dịkwa n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị nke mere na a machibidoro nwunye nwa ikwu okwu ozugbo ma ọ bụ gakwuru nna di ya na nke ọzọ. Nke a taboo dị adị, mana ọ naghị akwadosi ike, n'etiti ndị otu nwoke na nwanyị nke mere na nwoke kwesịrị iji ụdị okwu nkwanye ùgwù n'ihu nna di ya, ma nna nwunye nwere ike ikpebi ma ọ ga-eji ụdị okwu ọnụ kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ụdị nkwanye ùgwù n'ihu ọgọ ya nwoke. <ref name="Dixon1972" /> Ụdị asụsụ ahụ pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju anya, Dyalŋuy, ka e ji mee ihe n'ihu ndị ikwu taboo ebe a na-eji ụdị nke a na-akpọ n'ọtụtụ olumba dị ka Guwal n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ niile. <ref name="Dixon1972"/> Dyalŋuy ahụ nwere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omimi dị ka asụsụ kwa ụbọchị nke na-ebelata ọdịnaya semantic na nkwurịta okwu n'ezie n'ihu onye ikwu taboo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Silverstein|first=M.|year=1976|chapter=Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description|editor=Basso|title=Meaning in Anthropology|pages=11–55|location=Albuquerque|publisher=University of New Mexico Press}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Dyalŋuy ngwaa 'ịjụ' bụ {{Lang|dbl|baŋarrmba-l}} . Na Guwal, 'aju' bu {{Lang|dbl|ŋanba-l}}, 'ịkpọ onye ọbịbịa' bụ {{Lang|dbl|yumba-l}}, 'ịkpọ mmadụ ka o soro onye' bụ {{Lang|dbl|bunma-l}} na 'ịnọgide na-arịọ mgbe a gwachara ya' bụ {{Lang|dbl|gunji-y}} . Enweghị akwụkwọ ozi na ngwaa 3 ọzọ nke Guwal na Dyalŋuy. <ref name="Dixon, R. M. W. 1990"/> Iji nweta gburugburu mmachi a, ndị na-ekwu okwu Dyirbal na-eji ọtụtụ aghụghọ okwu syntactic na semantic mee ya na obere okwu nke na-ekpughe ọtụtụ ihe nye ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ gbasara ọdịdị ọmụmụ nke Dyirbal. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Guwal na-eji ihe ndị na-akpata lexical, dị ka {{Lang|dbl|bana-}} ' {{Lang|dbl|gaynyja-}} ' . Nke a yiri English "Ọ mebiri iko" (transitive) vs. "The iko mebiri." (intransitive). Ebe Dyirbal nwere lexeme ole na ole, morpheme {{Lang|dbl|-rri-}} a na-eji ya dị ka suffix mwepu intransitive. Ya mere, ihe dakọtara Dyalŋuy nke okwu abụọ a dị n'elu bụ {{Lang|dbl|yuwa}} transitive na intransitive {{Lang|dbl|yuwa-rri-}} . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|year=2000|chapter=A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning|editor=R. M. W.|title=Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=39–40}}</ref> Ihe ndị a chọtara na Dyalŋuy bụ isi ihe sitere na isi mmalite atọ: "ịgbazinye ego site n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha kwa ụbọchị nke olumba ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị agbata obi, imepụta ụdị [Dyalŋuy] ọhụrụ site na nrụrụ ụda nke lexemes site n'ụdị asụsụ nke ya kwa ụbọchị, na ibiri okwu ndị dịbu n'ụdị asụsụ [Dyalŋuy] ma ọ bụ ụdị onye agbata obi". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Evans|first=N.|year=2003|title=Context, culture, and structuration in the languages of Australia|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=32|pages=13–40}}</ref> Otu ihe atụ nke ibiri n'etiti olumba bụ okwu maka anyanwụ na olumba Yidin na Ngadyan. N'ime Yidin, okwu style Guwal maka anyanwụ bụ [buŋan], na otu okwu a bụkwa ụdị Dyalŋuy nke okwu maka anyanwụ n'olumba Ngadyan. <ref name="Dixon1972"/> A na-eche na ụmụ ebo Dyirbal na-atụ anya inweta ụdị okwu Dyalŋuy afọ na-esote ha nwetara ụdị okwu kwa ụbọchị site n'aka ndị ikwu ibe ha ga-ekwu okwu na Dyalŋuy n'ihu ha. Site na mmalite nke ntolite, nwa ahụ nwere ike na-asụ Dyalŋuy nke ọma ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="Dixon, R. M. W. 1989"/> Ihe omume a, nke a na-akpọkarị [[Avoidance speech|asụsụ nne di]], bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ ndị amaala Australia. Ọ dị adị ruo n'ihe dị ka 1930, mgbe usoro taboo dara nke ọma. == Dyirbal na-eto eto == N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị na-asụ olumba Dyirbal na Giramay zụtara ala na Murray Upper, site n'enyemaka nke gọọmenti etiti Australia ma guzobe obodo. N'ime obodo a ngbanwe asụsụ malitere ime, ya na ya wee pụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke Dyirbal, nke onye nyocha Annette Schmidt kpọrọ ya "Young Dyirbal" ma ọ bụ "YD". Asụsụ a dị iche na "Traditional Dyirbal" ma ọ bụ "TD". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Schmidt|first=Annette|date=1985|title=The Fate of Ergativity in Dying Dyirbal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/414150|journal=Language|volume=61|issue=2|pages=378–396|doi=10.2307/414150|issn=0097-8507}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Schmidt, Annette (1985). </cite></ref> Dyirbal na-eto eto dị iche na ụtọ asụsụ dị iche na Dyirbal Omenala, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ na-adị ka Bekee, dị ka mwepu nke ntachi obi nke mkpagharị mmejọ, dị ka a na-ahụ na Dyirbal Omenala, na-akwado ụdị ntụgharị uche karịa nke a na-ahụ na bekee. <ref name=":2"/> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka == * {{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=Robert M. W.|authorlink=Robert M. W. Dixon|title=The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland|url=https://archive.org/details/dyirballanguageo00dixo|year=1972|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-08510-6}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021227140334/http://www.hku.hk/linguist/program/world8.html Ihe nkuzi nkuzi gbasara asụsụ nne di na Dyirbal] * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20150528105526/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/dyirbal_djirbal_jirrabul.pdf akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Dyirbal na akụrụngwa asụsụ] , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529070819/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/girramay.pdf akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Girramay na akụrụngwa asụsụ] , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies * [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/malanbarra_gulngay_0.pdf Akwụkwọ edemede nke ndị Gulngay na akụrụngwa asụsụ] , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_dbl_swadesh-1/dbl.txt Ọrụ Rosetta: Ndepụta Swadesh Dyirbal] * [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/11l3i0/alma99183677620202061 Ndekọ Asụsụ Jirrbal], Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti nke Queensland [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lqgclhv3dy3vm0mx1u2aqw3kvf16m5s 0 56734 697948 201660 2026-08-10T11:27:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hjalmars_avsked_av_Orvar_Odd_efter_striden_på_Samsö.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Onye agha Norwegian Örvar-Oddr na-asisa nwanne ya nwoke, onye agha Sweden Hjalmar, nke ikpeazụ, nke Mårten Eskil Winge (1866).]] Nwanne nwere ike izo aka na abụọ ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ na- njikọ site na ọkụ ndị ṅụrụ iyi iguzosi ike n'ihe nye ibe ha.  A na-emekarị nke a n'oge a n'ememe, nke a mara dị ka iyi, ebe onye ọ llala na-eme obere ọkpụkpụ, na-eme ka onye aka, aka, ma ọ bụ ogwe aka, mgbe  ahụ a na-atụle nha ahụ ọnụ ma kee ha, echiche ahụ bụ na ọ bụ onye ọ lụso a na-aga n'akwara onye nke ọzọ. Omume ahụ na-ebu ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ọrịa ọbara. Usoro a na-enyekarị onye na-ekere òkè mmetụta ihe atụ dị elu nke njikọ ya na onye ọzọ na-ekerechi òkè. == Ọdịbendị == === Asụsụ German === Ndị Norsemen na-abanye na nkwekọrịta nke òtù ụmụnna nzụlite ( ) gụnyere ememe nke ha na-ahapụ ọbara ha ka ha na-agbanye n'okpuru ebe mgbaba nke ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ube ma ọ bụ ube na-ebuli elu.  A kọwara ihe atụ na Gísla saga.[1][2]  Na Fóstbræðra saga, nkekọ nke Thorgeir Havarsson (Þorgeir Hávarsson) na Thormod Bersason (Þormóð Bersason) bụ nke a na-ejikwa ememe dị otú ahụ mechie, a na-akpọkwa ememe ahụ leikr.. Akụkọ Örvar-Oddr nwere ike ime ihe ọzọ amaokwu ibu.  Örvar-Oddr, mgbe ọ lụchara ogụ megide onye agha Sweden a ma ama bụ Hjalmar, ya na ngwaọrụ n'ịkpọ site na emume àmàlite.  Mgbe nke ahụ echiche, a na-eweghachi ahụ n’oge egwu iyi na ịgba afa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'okpuru ifo nke Northern Europe, Gunther na Högni mkpuchi ike nke Sigurd mgbe ọ nwanne ha na-egosi Gudrun.  Na opera Wagner Götterdämmerung, nke ikpeazụ nke mgbanaka Cycle ya, otu ihe ahụ na-eme n'etiti Gunther na micner Wagner nke Sigurd, Siegfried, nke "Blood Brotherhood Leitmotif" mara.  egwú na nke a, a na-ekwu na Lokasenna na Odin na Loki bụ ike. === Sitia === N'etiti Ndị Scythian, ndị ndụ ndụ ga-ekwe ka ị hụ ha n'ime iko;  gosiri ahụ mechara gwakọta na ahụ ma gọzie saịtị na ndị ahụ mechara ahụ.  Nwoke ọ bəra nwere oke ụzọ atọ n’oge ọ àlà ka a ghara ịdị ya obi.  N'ihi ya, a na-achọsi òtù ngwaọrụ ike ma na-ahụ ogologo oge nke nri na ụbọbụenyi (Lucian, Toxaris).  Ihe ngosi nke ike awụ nke anọ BC nke ndị agha Scythian abụọ na-ibu site na otu mpi nsogbu (akarịsịa na ọla edo sitere na Kul-Oba) eji ozi ya na iyi Scythian  nke njikọ. Ndị Hajduk nke Hungary nwere emume yiri nke ahụ, mana a na-ahụ mmiri ara ehi mgbaàmà ka ike wee pụta ìhè..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === N'Omenala ndị Eshia, a na- omume na emume nke egosi ike ka dị ka ọtụtụ maka iweta njikọ aka n'etiti ngwaọrụ.  Ọ bụ n'ihi nke ahụ ka Ndị Mongol, ndị Turkic na Ndị China oge ochie na-eme ya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na Romance of the Three Kingdoms, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị China, ndị isi atọ ahụ ṅụrụ iyi nke nwanne, Oath of the Peach Garden, site n'ịchụ ehi ojii na ọcha ọcha.  n'àjà na site n'iyi ndụ.[1]  Ịnyị iyi ndị isi ụzo lie anụ anụmanụ n'àjà bụ ihe e ji mara ndị nnupụisi, dị ka nnupụise nke Deng Maoqi duziri n'afọ.  1440, nke òtù ndị omempụ, dị ka triads ma ọ bụ ndị ohi ụgbọ nke Lin Daoqian, na ndị ọzọ si n'Ebe Ọwụwa agha Eshia dị ka Ndị Mongol na  ndị Manchu.[2]  Genghis Khan nwere anda na-akpọ Jamukha.  [3] Okwu a id na Old Turkic: ant ičmek ("ị̀ iyi"), nke sitere na "nnwale oge ochie site na nsí".  Okwu Turkic, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị okwu ndị na Middle Mongol, nwere njikọ na Mongol anda.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs|author=Peter B. Golden|publisher=Ashgate/Variorum|year=2003}}</ref> === Philippines ===   [[Faịlụ:The_Blood_Compact_by_Juan_Luna.jpg|thumb|El Pacto de Sangre, ihe osese nke ememe ncheta Sandugo n'etiti onye ọgwụ Spanish Miguel López de Legazpi na Datu Sikatuna nke Bohol, Philippines;  nke Juan Luna (1886)]] Na Philippines, gosiri (sandugo ma ọ bụ sanduguan, n'ụzọ "otu osisi") bụ emee oge ochie nke e bu n'uche ime ka ụbụbụenyi ma ọ bụ  mmetụta dị mma ma ọ bụ iji kwado .  A iro ha na ihe ndị nke ndị na-eso Spain na ndị Portugal na-eme eme n'akpaetiti ndị ahụ.  Ụdị a ma nke emee ahụ site n'aka Ndị Visayan na-agụnye ịgwakọta okwu si n'ụdị ahụ n'otu iko nke a na-ahụ mgbe ahụ.  N akara ndị ọzọ, dị ka na Palawan nke na-akụkọ ememe na-agụnye mkpokọtacha obi wee tinye n'asụsụ na n'egedege ihu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo|author=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume XXXIII, 1519-1522|editor=Emma Helen Blair|date=1906|publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42884/42884-h/42884-h.htm#r398}}</ref> === Ebe ndịda Sahara nke Afrịka === A na-eji iyi mee ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ a kaadị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nrịda Sahara Africa.  Onye ụzọ nke ndị Britain bụ Lord Lugard bụ onye a ma ama maka ngwaọrụ ịgba na ọtụtụ ndị isi Afrịka dị ka ụgwọ nke iwu ụgbọ  ụzọ ya n’Afrịka.  Otu nwanne nwoke dị ike bụ onye isi Kikuyu Waiyaki Wa Hinga.  David Livingstone dere omume yiri nke a a na-akpọ 'Kasendi'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Blood Covenant|first=H. Clay|author=Trumbull|date=1885|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|edition=Outlook Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1dRDwAAQBAJ&q=Kasendi+african+blood+brotherhood&pg=PA9|accessdate=2019-10-19|location=New York|isbn=9783732636679}}</ref> === Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe === == Ụmụnne ọbara a ma ama == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === * Na narị afọ nke 9 AD, ndị isi nke agbụrụ asaa nke Hungary guzobere njikọ aka na-aṅụ ọbara nke ibe ha, wee họrọ Álmos dị ka onye ndú.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anonymus|title=Gesta Hungarorum|year=c. 1200|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18975/1/18975.pdf}}</ref> * N'afọ 1066, Robert d'Ouilly na Roger d'Ivry, ndị agha Norman abụọ sonyere na Mmeri Norman nke England bụ ndị a maara dị ka ụmụnne ọbara. E kwuru na ha ekwekọrịtara tupu oge eruo ịkekọrịta uru nke njem a. Ha abụọ lanarịrị Agha Hastings, e nyere ha ala na Oxfordshire na ebe ndị ọzọ, wee rụọ ọrụ ọnụ na ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka Wallingford Castle. * Na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ AD, ndị isi Mongol Yesükhei (nna Temüjin) na Toghrul (mgbe e mesịrị onye ya na Temüjin jikọrọ aka) bụ ụmụnne ọbara. * Temüjin (Genghis Khan) na Jamukha bụ ndị enyi na ụmụnne ọbara site na nwata, ọ bụ ezie na Jamukharịrị raara Temüjin nye. Jamukha jụrụ ime udo ma si otú a gbuo ya na iwu Temüjin. * Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ AD, ndị ozi nke Eze Britain George nke Atọ na ndị isi nke ndị Jamaican Maroons kọrọ na ha ṅụrụ ọbara ibe ha mgbe ha na-eme nkwekọrịta udo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bilby|first=Kenneth|date=1997|title=Swearing by the Past, Swearing to the Future: Sacred Oaths, Alliances, and Treaties among the Guianese and Jamaican Maroons|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnohistory_fall-1997_44_4/page/655|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=44|issue=4|pages=655–689|doi=10.2307/482884|issn=0014-1801}}</ref> * Ụmụnne ọbara na Mgbanwe Serbia (1804-17): onye ndú nnupụisi Karađorđe (1762-1817) na ọchịagha Milutin Savić (17621842);<ref>{{Cite book|author=Бошко Стрика|title=Српске задужбине Фрушкогорски манастири: Fruškogorski manastiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KixAAAAMAAJ|year=1927|publisher=тисак закладе тискаре "Народних новина"}}</ref> Karađordje na onye ọrụ afọ ofufo Gris Giorgakis Olympios (1772-1821);<ref>{{Cite book|author=Douglas Dakin|title=The Greek Struggle for Independence, 1821–1833|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk1iVvOr6RUC&pg=PA36|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02342-0}}</ref> ọchịagha Hajduk-Veljko (1780-1813) na Giorg Olympios;<ref>{{Cite book|author=Béla K. Király|title=War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Serbian uprising 1804-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV_fAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Brooklyn College Press|isbn=978-0-930888-15-2}}</ref> ọchịagha Stojan Čupić (1765-1815) na Bakal-Milosav;<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Slavonic and East European Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJsIAQAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=Jonathan Cape Limited}}</ref> ọchịagha Cincar-Jancera (1779-1833),[3]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks: (1804–1813)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qklfco35FIgC&pg=PA112|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-67606-0}}</ref> * Ụmụnne ọbara na Principality nke Serbia: Prince Milan Obrenović (1854-1901) na Milan Piroćanac (1837-1897); Aćim Čumić (1836-1901) and Kosta Protić (1831-1892); Đura Jakšić (1832-1878) na Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829-1890).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dušan Baranin|title=Milan Obrenović: kralj Srbije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJViAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=V. Karadžić}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Vukadin Sretenović|title=Kralj Milan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKEMAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=NIGP "Glas"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Gavrilo Kovijanić|title=Tragom čitališta u Srbiji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwDhAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Narodna knjiga}}</ref> * Na Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Gris (18-30), a sịrị na ndị Gris Nikolaos Kriezotis na ndị Montenegro Vaso Brajević bụ ụmụnne ọbara. * A na-ewere onye mgba nke Samoa "High Chief" Peter Maivia dị ka nwanne ọbara nke Amituanai Anoaʻi, nna nke ndị mgba ibe ya Afa na Sika Anoaʻu, ndị a ma ama dị ka ndị Samoan Wild, ndị na-ewere Peter dị ka nwanne nna ha. Ya mere, site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, Ezinụlọ <nowiki><i id="mwASo">Anoaʻi</i></nowiki> na-ewere usoro ''Maivia'' dị ka ndọtị nke ezinụlọ nke ha. === Akụkọ ọdịnala === * A na-ekwu na chi Norse Loki na Odin nwere ọbara agwakọta n'oge ochie na ''Lokasenna''. A na-ewere nke a dị ka nkọwa ihe mere chi ji anabata Loki. * Liu Bei, Guan Yu na Zhang Fei. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Romance of the Three Kingdoms nke Luo Guanzhong, ndị ikom atọ a ṅụrụ iyi na Oath of the Peach Garden ha a ma ama na n'agbanyeghị na amụghị ha n'otu ụbọchị, nwanne ha ga-ejedebe na ha ga-anwụ n'otuụbọchị ahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na ndị ikom atọ ahụ "dị nso dị ka ụmụnne". * N'akụkọ ndị China bụ Journey to the West, Sun Wukong (King Monkey) ghọrọ ụmụnne ọbara na Niu Mowang (King Bull Demon) na ọtụtụ ndị isi mmụọ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ, mana e mechara chefuo mmekọrịta nwanne a n'ihi esemokwu metụtara nwa mmụọ ọjọọ nke kpatara nsogbu ndị ọzọ maka Wukong. Wukong kwukwara na ya na Erlang Shen bụ ụmụnne. Erlang nwere ụmụnne isii ndị ọzọ a ṅụrụ iyi si Plum Hill. * N'ime uri epic nke Serbia, e nwere ọtụtụ òtù ụmụnna ọbara. Miloš Obilić na Milan Toplica na Ivan Kosančić, <ref name="Popov2000">{{Cite book|author=Nebojša Popov|title=The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA192|date=January 2000|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9116-56-6|pages=192–}}</ref> Miloš Obilć na Prince Marko, <ref name="Popovic1988">{{Cite book|author=Tanya Popovic|title=Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok93aZ27r-oC&pg=PA26|year=1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2444-8|pages=26–}}</ref> Miloš Obić na Ụmụnne Jugović, <ref name="Segesten2011">{{Cite book|author=Anamaria Dutceac Segesten|title=Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SmTBNe0q2sC&pg=PA208|date=16 September 2011|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-4865-5|pages=208–}}</ref> Despot Vuk Grgurević na Dmitar Jakšić.<ref name="SoerensenKleut1999">{{Cite book|author=Asmus Soerensen|title=Prilog istoriji razvoja srpskog junačkog pesništva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMNiAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva|isbn=9788617077059}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ === * Winnetou na Old Shatterhand na ọrụ Karl May.<ref>{{Cite book|author=May|first=Karl|title=Winnetou|year=1878|isbn=978-0874221794}}</ref> * Ndị edemede Edward Lyons na Mickey Johnstone na Willy Russell's Blood Brothers . == Ihe odide nkọwa == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} dj6l9aj7v2g0kck3g8zghb5k2xn720z 0 56822 697846 201775 2026-08-10T09:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2001}} '''Sakao''' (nakwa '''Nkep''' ma ọ bụ '''Nekep''' ) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na mpi ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Espiritu Santo, [[Vanuatu]] . == Aha == Sakao bụ aha asụsụ ndị mba ọzọ na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-eji. Aha ya bụ Sakao Island, agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Espiritu Santo, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Port-Olry. (Na mberede, nke a abụghị aha obodo nke agwaetiti ahụ, nke ndị na-asụ Sakao na-akpọ ''Laðhi'' . Aha ''sakau'' < Proto-Oceanic ''*sakaRu'' pụtara 'coral reef' n'asụsụ dị iche iche nke Vanuatu, ma a maghị kpọmkwem onye nyere aha ya n'àgwàetiti ahụ.) == Olumba == Sakao enweela mgbanwe ụda olu na ihe ọhụrụ, nke mere ka ndị agbata obi Espiritu Santo nwere njikọ chiri anya ghọta ya. Otú ọ dị, ihe àmà sitere na olumba abụọ ahụ na-egosi na ihe ọhụrụ ahụ mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ikekwe n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Ya mere dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji okwu ndị a na-atụnyere cognates ha na onye ikwu ya Tolomako : {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! Sakao ! Tolomako ! Ụdị proto |- | "Louse" | nnð | na ɣutu | * na ɣutu |- | "ọkụkọ" | nɔð | na toa | * na taa |- | "anọ" | jeð | βati | *βati |- | "ịfụ" | hi | suβi | * suβi |} Isi olumba Sakao bụ Northern, ma ọ bụ Port-Olry olumba, na Southern, ma ọ bụ Hog-Harbour. Olumba ndịda bụ nke na-echekwa nchekwube. Ihe e ji mara ya bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ụdaume pretonic na posttonic, na-ebute ụyọkọ consonant pụrụ iche maka asụsụ Oceanic. A na-eji olumba ugwu jiri ọtụtụ ụdaume epenthetic eme ihe, bụ ndị nwetagoro ọkwa ụda olu, na-ebute ihe dị ka nkwekọrita ụdaume n'elu; mfu nke mbụ ''*n-'' nke aha, ma e wezụga na monosyllabic nouns (nke a ''*n-'' abụ a reflex nke nkịtị Austronesian isiokwu ''* na'', fused na nouns na Sakao); na ntughari nke ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu-ụdaume ikpeazụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Port-Olry nwere {{IPA|/œmœɣœɛ/}} "fog, alụlụ" ebe Hog-Harbour nwere {{IPA|/nmɣœ/}} . Ọ gwụla ma egosiputara n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọmụmaatụ ndị e nyere ebe a dị na Northern, Port-Olry, olumba. == fonology == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Udaume Sakao (akụkụ akụkụ) ! ! N'ihu<br /><br /><br /><br /> Agbaghị gburugburu ! N'ihu<nowiki><br id="mwVQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Gburugburu ! Azu<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gburugburu |- ! Mechie | i | y | u |- ! N'etiti etiti | e | ø | o |- ! Oghere-etiti | ɛ | œ | ɔ |- ! Mepee | a | | ɒ |} Na mgbakwunye, Sakao nwere ụdaume nso {{IPA|/ɨ/}} nke a na-akọwapụtaghị maka ịgbachitere ma ọ bụ agbachighị ya, n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ, ma na-enweghi nrụgide mgbe niile. O nwekwara diphthong abụọ {{IPA|/œɛ, ɒɔ/}}, ebe Tolomako enweghị nke ọ bụla. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Sakao consonants ! ! Labial ! eze ! Alveolar ! Dorsal ! Glottal |- ! imi | m | | n | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | | t | k | |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | β | ð | s | ɣ | h |- ! Odika | w | | l | j | |- ! Kpatụ | | | ɾ | | |- !Trill | | | r̥ | | |} Na mgbakwunye, consonants Sakao nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ: {{IPA|/œβe/}} "ịgba", {{IPA|/œββe/}} "akwa" O doghị anya ma Sakao nwere ọbụna mkpụrụ edemede; ya bụ, ma ịgbalị ikewa okwu Sakao ka ọ bụrụ nkeji okwu bara uru ọ ga-ekwe omume. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ, syllable Sakao ga-adị ka V (ụdaume ma ọ bụ diphthong) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ consonants ọ bụla gbara ya gburugburu: V {{IPA|/i/}} "Ị", CCVCCCC (?) {{IPA|/mhɛrtpr/}} "Ị bụrụ abụ, kwụsịkwa ịbụ abụ, ị gbachiri nkịtị" [ {{IPA|m-}} 2nd pers., {{IPA|hɛrt}} "ịbụ", {{IPA|-p}} zuru oke, {{IPA|-r}} na-aga n'ihu]. == Ụtọ asụsụ == === Nọmba === Dị ka Tolomako, Sakao na-amata ọnụọgụ anọ maka nnọchiaha onwe ya. Agbanyeghị, ha abụghị otu, abụọ, nnwale, ọtụtụ, mana otu, dual, paucal, plural. Sakao paucal na-enweta site na ikpe Tolomako, yabụ Tolomako {{Lang|sku|i ɣire-tolu}} "ha atọ", Sakao {{Lang|sku|jørðœl}} "ha, site na atọ ruo iri" ( {{Lang|sku|jør}} na {{Lang|sku|ðœl}} bụ mgbe nile derivable si {{Lang|mis|i ɣire}} < {{Lang|mis|*i ɣira}} na {{Lang|mis|*tolu}} ). Otu kwuru na Sakao {{Lang|sku|jørðœl løn}} < {{Lang|mis|*i ɣira-tolu lima}} "Ise n'ime ha" nke bụ, etymologically, "ha atọ, ise." A naghị atụgharị ihe nrịbama maka ọnụọgụgụ, ma e wezụga okwu ikwu nke na-amata otu na ọtụtụ: {{Lang|sku|ðjœɣ}} "nne m/nwanne m," {{Lang|sku|rðjœɣ}} "nne nne m;" {{Lang|sku|walðyɣ}} "Nwa m," {{Lang|sku|raalðyɣ}} "ụmụ m." N'otu aka ahụ niile ngosi (nkpọaha, adjectives, even locatives): {{Lang|sku|wa}} "Nke a," {{Lang|sku|warɨr}} "Ndị a;" {{Lang|sku|aðœŋœn mam}} "onye a," {{Lang|sku|aðœŋœn mamɨr}} "Ndị a;" {{Lang|sku|ðað}} "ebe a," {{Lang|sku|ðaðɨr}} "n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ebe a." === Deixis === Sakao nwere ogo asaa nke deixis . === Aha aha === Sakao nwere aha na-enweghị atụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-emegharị oge niile: {| | {| class="wikitable" ! Sakao ! Bekee |- | œsɨŋœ-ɣ | "ọnụ m" |- | œsɨŋœ-m | "ọnụ gị" |- | ɔsɨŋɔ-n | "ọnụ ya" |- | œŋ-... | "ọnụ..." |} | {| class="wikitable" ! Sakao ! Bekee |- | uly-ɣ | "Ntutu m" |- | uli-m | "Ntutu gi" |- | ulœ-n | "Ntutu isi ya" |- | nnoo-... | "Ntutu" |} |} N'ebe a "ọnụ" dị iche iche ''{{Lang|sku|œsɨŋœ-, ɔsɨŋɔ-, œsœŋ-}}'' na "ntutu" variably ''{{Lang|sku|uly-, ulœ-, nøl-}} .'' === Syntax === Sakao nwere suffix ''{{Lang|sku|-ɨn}}'' nke na-abawanye valence nke ngwaa (dakọtara na suffixes applicative n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ): ọ na-eme ka ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ngwaa transitive ditransitive. Ya ikpe ikpeazụ, otu arụmụka nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpọmkwem na nke ọzọ bụ ngwá ọrụ; usoro okwu nke arụmụka ahụ bụ n'efu, na-ahapụ ọnọdụ iji mebie nke bụ: Usoro Sakao gụnyere syntax polysynthetic, n'adịghị ka nkewapụ syntax nke onye agbata obi ya Tolomako . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike itinye okwu 'ezi' n'elu n'ime ngwaa ahụ, na-ahapụ otu arụmụka mpụga:   ''{{Lang|sku|aða}}'' "Ụta" bụ arụmụka ngwá ọrụ nke ''{{Lang|sku|sɔn}}'' "ịgba", na ''{{Lang|sku|ɛðɛ}}'' "Oké osimiri" bụ ihe kpọmkwem nke ''{{Lang|sku|hoβ}}'' "Iso", nke ebe ọ bụ na ejikọtara ha n'otu ngwaa, ejiri akara suffix ''{{Lang|sku|-ɨn}}'' akara dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. ''.'' ''{{Lang|sku|sɔn}}'' "ịgba" nwere ihe incorporated ''{{Lang|sku|nɛs}}'' "azụ", nke mbụ consonant geminates maka ''{{Lang|sku|ssɔn}}'' ; ''{{Lang|sku|ssɔn-nɛs}} ,'' ịbụ akụkụ nke otu okwu, wee belata na ''{{Lang|sku|ssɔnɛs}} .'' * Asụsụ Tolomako, maka myirịta na nke dị n'elu n'asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya mana n'ụzọ dị mfe ụtọ == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Guy|first=Jacques Bernard Michel|date=1977|title=On the origins of the Sakao vowel system (New Hebrides)|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-polynesian-society_1977-03_86_1/page/97|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=86|issue=1|pages=97–103}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0229 olumba N'kep nke Sakao (north Vanuatu): Nhazi na mgbanwe] * Paradisec nwere nchịkọta abụọ nke Arthur Cappell ( [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1 AC1], [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2] ) nke gụnyere ihe asụsụ Sakao [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o189mvb331t6xbs2fpjt4we5vzyc1bb 0 56848 697712 644456 2026-08-10T06:21:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Image_from_page_485_of_"Bulletin"_(1901).jpg|thumb|Ịsa nkume, usoro ụmụ amaala nke ime mmiri na ofe]] Ịsa nkume bụ usoro isi nri na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọ na-agụnye itinye nkume na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime akpa jupụtara na mmiri iji mee ka mmiri na-ekwo ọkụ ruo n'ókè a ga-eji sie ya.<ref name="Nelson 2010">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=Kit|date=June 2010|title=Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=238–247|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2010.02.004}}</ref>: p. 240 Usoro a nke ịkwadebe nri bụ usoro na-eji mmanụ eme ihe ma na-achọkarị okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ nke nkume tupu mmiri eruo okpomọkụ dị irè.<ref name="Benison 1999">{{Cite journal|author=Benison|first=Christopher|date=October 1, 1999|title=Burned Rock Complexes, Baked Clay Objects, Steatite, and Ceramics: Evolutionary Implications for Plains/Eastern Woodlands Cooking Technologies|url=https://archive.org/details/north-american-archaeologist_1999_20_4/page/287|journal=North American Archaeologist|volume=20|issue=4|pages=287–317|doi=10.2190/DDMQ-H4K7-V9RG-4LM9}}</ref>: p. 296 <ref name="Brink 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Brink|first=Jack|date=May 2003|title=Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plains-anthropologist_2003-05_48_186/page/n2|journal=Plains Anthropologist|volume=48|issue=186|pages=85–104|doi=10.1080/2052546.2003.11949298}}</ref>: p. 93  Ụmụ amaala bi n'ebe bụ ugbu a Canada na United States of America, karịsịa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Northwest Coast, ji nkume esi.[1]: p.  93 [2]: p.  229  Isi nri n'ụzọ a na-enye ohere ka a na-achịkwa okpomọkụ nke mere ka mmịpụta abụba na mmanụ dị mfe ma na-enye ohere inwetakwu ihe oriri na mmanụ ndị dị otú ahụ.[1]: p.  93 [3]: nb.  296  296  Ojiji mbụ nke ụmụ amaala ji nkume esi mmiri, dabere na ihe gwupụtara n'ihe mgbe ochie na Northern Plains, bụ ụbọchị 4800 gara aga.[4]: p.  580 [5] Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya bịara bụrụ nke a ma ama n'etiti 250 O.A.  na 1750 O.A.;  Brian Reeves, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe omimi na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Calgary, rụrụ ụka na nke a bụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị inye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba.[4]: p.  580 [5] <ref name="Reeves 1990">{{Cite journal|author=Reeves|first=Brian|date=1990|title=Communal Bison Hunters of the Northern Plains|journal=Hunters of the Recent Past|pages=168–194}}</ref> == Ihe onwunwe == === Ihe ndị dị n'elu ala === Arịa nri dị n'elu ala nke a na-eji esi nkume nwere: nkata ụgbụgbọ osisi na akpa ụgbụ; ite ite; yana ụkwụ anụmanụ na akpụkpọ anụ.<ref name="Braun 2010">{{Cite journal|author=Braun|first=Gregory|date=2010|title=Technological Choices: Ceramic Manufacture and Use at the Antrex Site (AjGv-38)|journal=Ontario Archaeology|volume=89/90|pages=69–96}}</ref>: p. 93 <ref name="Brink 2003" />: p. 89 <ref name="Driver 1957">{{Cite journal|author=Driver|first=Harold|date=1957|title=Comparative Studies of North American Indians|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=47|issue=2|pages=165–456|doi=10.2307/1005714}}</ref>: p. 231 E nwere ọbụna ihe atụ nke obere ụgbọ mmiri a na-eji dị ka akpa nri na Northwest Coast maka nkwadebe nke abụba whale.<ref name="Driver 1957" /> [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]: p. 231  Ojiji nường nại nhại na-eji ụdị akpa dị n’elu ala dabere ihe onwunwe ha: p.243 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Harold E. Driver, onye bụ prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Indiana, na William Clifford Massey, onye bụkwa onye prọfesọ gbasara mmadụ na Mahadum Washington, gwara anyị gbasara ndị mbụ bi na Northwest Coast nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada.[2]: p.  231 Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ị họrọ ime ya, ị gaghị enwe ike ime ya.[1]: p.  243 [2]: p.  231 N’akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Canada, n’etiti ụfọdụ ndị Haudenosaunee, e nwere nnukwu ụlọ apịtị nwere nnukwu mgbidi na mgbidi nkume.  [3] 93 Ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi dị otú a na-enye gị ohere ikpuchi ahụ gị, Gregory Braun, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Toronto, kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ịkwado ọdịdị akpa ahụ, n'ihi ịdị arọ nke nkume.  89  === Ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala === Jack W. Brink, onye nlekọta nke Royal Alberta Museum, na Bob Dawe, onye na-ahụ maka Royal Albert Museum, gwara m na ndị na-eji olulu mmiri na-esi ísì mmiri n'okpuru ala na ifufe nke na-eme ka nkume dị jụụ, na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ka usoro mmanụ ahụ dịkwuo njọ ma dị njọ: p.89 I Head-Smashed-Na Buffalo Jump na Alberta, Canada, n'ime akpa akpụkpọ anụ.  [Ihe e dere n'ala ala pagi]: p.  89  === Nkume ===  Ojiji nước nường na-eji sựm esi nri include sống sốm n'ime n'ọ nạn ị ị ị tupu ebufee sựm ọu na akpa mới dị nso site na Điji Đi Đi forked: p.  296 [2]: p.  93 A ga-ewepụ okwute ndị ahụ na saịtị ahụ ma tinye osisi ndị nwere oghere n'akụkụ ebe ahụ.  [3]: p.  90 [4]: ​​nke.  32 [5]: p.  449 Nkume ndị a na-eji esi nkume na-abụkarị ndị dị ka aka.<ref name="Brink 2003" />: p. 96 <ref name="Oetelaar 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Oetelaar|first=Gerald Anthony|date=February 2016|title=Evidence of cultural responses to the impact of the Mazama ash fall from deeply stratified archaeological sites in southern Alberta, Canada.|journal=Quaternary International|volume=394|pages=17–36|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.015}}</ref>: p. 32 Nke a bụ n'ihi na okpomọkụ nke obere nkume nwere ike ịnyefe erughị ihe ndị achọrọ iji ruo okpomọkụ dị otú ahụ. N'ihi ya, ozugbo nkume dị obere karịa 10 cm na akụkụ ọ bụla, a tụfuru ya.<ref name="Brink 2003" /> [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&nbsp;: p. 96  Ihe mere nkume ga-eji gbajie bụ n'ihi na ha na-eme ugboro ugboro, usoro nke nwere ike ime ka nkume dị ọkụ karịa 500 °C.<ref name="Thoms 2009">{{Cite journal|author=Thoms|first=Alston|date=March 2009|title=Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=36|issue=3|pages=573–591|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.016}}</ref>&nbsp;: p. 575 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robertson|first=David|date=2001|title=Mourning, Curing, Feasting or Industry? The Interpretation of the Quinte and Perch Lake Mounds|journal=Ontario Archaeology|volume=72|pages=38–63}}</ref> Na Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, ọ dịghị nkume ọ bụla a hụrụ mgbe oge asatọ nke igwu ala gasịrị, nke dị ka Jack W. Brink na Bob Dawe si kwuo na a na-eji nkume ahụ eme ihe ọzọ. <ref name="Brink 2003" />: p. 95 Brink na Maazị Dawe na-eche na nkume ndị a na-ekwu okwu ha sitere n'osimiri dị nso, ha na-ejikarị nkume na-esi ísì karịa sandstone dịnụ n'ihi na nkume osimiri ahụ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ebufe okpomọkụ ha na-eji nwayọọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ka mma maka isi nri.<ref name="Brink 2003" />: p. 93  == Ojiji == === Ebumnuche ===  Ndị bi n’obodo ahụ na-amịpụta mmanụ nut, mmanụ ọkpụkpụ, na-amịkwa mmanụ nut. p.243 p.90 Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a na-eji mmanụ eme ihe, nkume ahụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, dị ka Gerald Anthony Oetelaar, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe omimi na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Calgary, na Alwynne B. Beaudoin, onye nlekọta nke Royal Alberta Museum, a na-ebelata nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị mmadụ ka e wee nwee ike ịchọta ihe ndị ọzọ site na saịtị ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ugbu a.[2] : p.  90 [3]: p.  21 Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, karịsịa, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na akụ na ụba nke mpaghara, bụ ebe a na-emepụta pemmican.[3]: p.  17 Pemmican bụ ngwaahịa kacha mkpa nke ahịa.[4]: p.  580 === Ebe ndị a na-anọ === A na-eji isi nkume eme ihe n'ofe North America, karịsịa n'etiti ndị West na Northwest Coast.[1]: p.  229  Ụmụ amaala bi n'etiti 33- na 58-degrees latitude, na 100- na 130-degrees longitude na-ejikọta ya na iji nkume esi esi na Kit Nelson, prọfesọ nke anthropology na Tulane University, nlereanya nke 152 "omenala otu" nke sitere na isi atọ nke North: the Indian Database of Indian Hunter na India Hunter.  faịlụ.[2]: pp.  239, 241. : pp.  239,   241. O yikarịrị ka ị ga-enweta mmanụ ị chọrọ: p.  242 [2]: p.  229 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Deg Hit'an nke Aleuts ji usoro isi nri, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gafere elu elu nke latitude 58-degrees, nke Harold E. Driver na William C. Massey kwuru na ọ bụ naanị ebe osisi dị. p.229  == Hụkwa == * Khorkhog, nri ndị Mongolia siri site na itinye nkume ọkụ n'ime akpa nwere anụ. * Soup Nkume == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 0fx8g8y1lganed6ldh3ysnlwamtukou 0 56924 697667 628918 2026-08-10T05:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jasna Šamić, 2016.jpg|thumb|Jasna Šamić]] Jasna Šamić (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke Eprel 1949) bụ onye edemede Bosnia na French, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na French na Bosnia.. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Jasna Šamić na Eprel 1, 1949 na Sarajevo, FPR Yugoslavia ([[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] nke oge a), wee gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Mahadum Sarajevo, wee mụọ asụsụ nke East, Turkish, Arabic na Persian;  nakwa University of Sarajevo: Post-graduation Thesis of General Linguistics of Turkology, PHD degree of the Faculty of Philosophy of Sarajevo in 1977;  nke Mahadum Sorbonne Nouvelle, ebe o nwetara Tesis (Doctorate of National Letters) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliomonde.net/auteur/jasna-samic-1779.html|title=Jasna Samic|accessdate=2025-03-09|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927123944/http://www.bibliomonde.net/auteur/jasna-samic-1779.html}}</ref> Šamić started as an Assistant and Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, and she was Professor of Oriental Literatures at the same Faculty, University of Sarajevo, from 1988–1992, until she was expelled from the Faculty without reason. She was also Director of Research associated to the CNRS (French National Centre of Research) in 1992, and Professor of Languages, Literatures, History and Civilisation of the Balkans at the University Marc Bloch of Strasbourg; 2000–2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.migcendo.lu/nouveautes.html|title=Nouveautés|accessdate=2 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929085818/http://www.migcendo.lu/nouveautes.html|archivedate=29 September 2010}}</ref> She collaborated with French radio programs: Radio [[France]] Internationale, 1986–1993; France Culture, 1992–1996. Site na Sarajevo, Jasna Šamić bụ onye nduzi nke nyocha akwụkwọ, Sarajevo (1973), onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Faculty of Philosophy, 1980-1984;  Onye isi otu ndị nsụgharị nke Bosnia na Herzegovina (1982-1985);  onye otu Reading Panel or Editorial Board of Veselin Masleša, កាងក្រាន្រ្រ, Saraovo (ruo 1992);  Onye otu Editorial Board of the review ỌKulture Istoka, Belgrade (ruo 1992)). He is a member of The Asian Society (Sociétéasiatique), Paris, site na 1984, Onye otu Union of Writers of Bosnia, site na 1974, Onye otu PEN Club of the world, Bosnia and Herzegovina, site of 2006, Onye otu Union of Writers of France, SGDL, kemgbe 1996, onye otu PEN Club of the world.. Ọ haziri ọrụ nyocha banyere Yugoslavia na Europe;  Ọ gara nzukọ Mba Nile na Paris, Munich, Belgrade, Istanbul, Princeton, Philadelphia, Strasbourg, Venice, [[Jerusalem]], Bamberg, Vienna, Tel Aviv, Berlin, Tunis, Sarajevo, wdg.  Onye nkuzi na Mahadum Yugoslavia (ruo mgbe 1992);  Mahadum Utrecht (1993);  University of Strasbourg maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke atọ Turkology of the story ihe mere eme (2000);  Mahadum Brussels (2006);  Ebe French nke Luxembourg (2005), Senate, nke Paris (2007).  Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ Knjizhevna Sehara . Jasna Šamić bụ onye mmeri nke Stendhal French Literary Prize (Lauréate du program Missions Stendhal) na 2008;  Akwụkwọ edemede Gauchez-Pillipot nke 2014;  Ihe nrite nke ọha na ngosi akwụkwọ Balkan (Salon du livre des Balkans), Paris 2018;  Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ Naji Neaman maka afọ 2018;  nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị Bosnia, ọ bụ onye otu nbipụta ntọala (Fcija za leftvaštwoodan), Bosnia, 2015-2018. Kemgbe 1977, Jasna Šamić anọwo na-ebi n'etiti Sarajevo na Paris, mana kemgbe agha na Balkans nke 1992-1995, karịsịa na Paris, ugbu a dị ka onye edemede onwe ya. Na 2017, Jasna Šamić bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta na asụsụ ndị Croatian, Serbs, Bosnia na Montenegrins]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|pages=6–7|date=28 March 2017|archivedate=20 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === N'asụsụ French === * Jasna Šamić, "Dîvan de Ķaimî: Vie et œuvre d'un poéte bosniaque du XVIIe siècle", ''Synthèse'' no. 24 (Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1986). Pp.&nbsp;280.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0020743800034589|title=Jasna Šamić, Dîvan de Ķaʿimî: Vie et œuvre d'un poéte bosniaque du XVIIe siècle, "Synthèse" no. 24 (Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1986). Pp. 280|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1991-02_23_1/page/96|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=23|pages=96–98|year=1991|author=Saman|first=Paul A.}}</ref> * Jasna Šamić, ''Le pavillon bosniaque: novel'', Dorval editions, 1996<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le pavillon bosniaque|url=http://www.dorval-editions.com/RACINES/lepavillonbosnia.html|isbn=9782351070017|author=Šamić|first=Jasna|year=2005|publisher=Dorval Editions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosnia/literature.cfm|title=About Bosnia: Literature|accessdate=2 July 2011|archivedate=28 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928224018/http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosnia/literature.cfm}}</ref> * Jasna Šamić, "Bosnie Pont des Deux Mondes", 1996<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theisispress.org/Les_Carnets_du_Bosphore/|title=The Isis Press Istanbul|work=www.theisispress.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530155834/http://www.theisispress.org/Les_Carnets_du_Bosphore/|archivedate=2008-05-30}}</ref> * Jasna Šamić, "Histoire inachevée, (short stories)", éd. de l’Oeil sauvage, Bayonne, 1996. * Jasna Šamić, "L’Amoureux des oiseaux (poetry and short stories)", Bf édition, Strasbourg, 2006. * Jasna Šamić, "Portrait de Balthazar", novel, M.E.O., Bruxelles, 2012; Gauchez-Philippot Price. * Jasna Šamić, "L'Empire des ombres", novel, Publibook, Paris, 2013. * Jasna Šamić, "Le givre et la cendre", (novel), M.E.O, Briuxelles, 2015; * Jasna Šamić, "Trois histoires un destin", (pièces de théâtre), Harmattan, 2016. * Jasna Šamić, "Dans le lit d'un rêve", M.E.O., Bruxelles, 2017 * Jasna Šamić, "Les contrées des âmes errantes", M.E.O., Bruxelles, 2019. * Jasna Šamić, "Chambre avec vue sur l'océan" (novel); translated from Bosnian by the author with G. Adam, M.E.O.,2020. * Jasna Šamić, "Ailleurs est le ciel", poetry, l'Harmattan, Paris,2022. * Jasna Šamić,"Le cirque russe de Lacretelle", novel, MEO, 2024 === N'asụsụ Bosnian === * Jasna Šamić, "Is payeni trenuci (abụ uri) ", Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1973. * Jasna Samic, "U hladu dilue kože (abụ uri) ", V. Masleša, Sarajevo, 1980. * Jasna Šamić, "Iz bilježaka Babur Šaha (abụ uri) ", Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1986. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Jasna Šamić, "Pariški ratni dnevnik", (n'akwụkwọ edemede), ENES, Istanbul, 1994; * Jasna Šamić, "S payanje na život", (ihe nkiri), Vodnikova doma ija, Ljubljana, 1995; * Jasna Šamić, "Grad ljubav смтр", (ihe nkiri), Vodnikova doma ija, Ljubljana, 1995; * Jasna Šamić, "Mraz i pepeo", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Bosanska bat, Sarajevo, 1997; * Jasna Šamić, "Valcer", (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi), Media press, Sarajevo, 1998; * Jasna Šamić, "Antologija savremene ቅke knjizevnosti (Anthologie de la littérature française contemporaine; translation and preface of the author's) ", Zid, Sarajevo, 1998; * Jasna Šamić, "Bosanski paviljon", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Svjetlost, Sarajevo 2000; * Jasna Šamić, "Soba s туҡom na okean", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Tesanj, 2001; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Jasna Šamić, "Portret Balthazara Castiglionea", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Rabic, Sarajevo, 2002. * Jasna Šamić, "Ihe nkiri (ihe nkiri) ", Bosanska Roads, 2006 * Jasna Šamić, "Carstvo sjenki" (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Zoro, Sarajevo-Zagreb, 2007 * Jasna Šamić, "Na Seni vi", (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi), Bosanska Rọshịa, 2008 * Jasna Šamić, "Mistika i mistika", (ihe odide), Plima, Cetinje, 2010. * Jasna Šamić, "Mozart" (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Sahinpasic, Sarajevo, 2013 * Jasna Šamić, "Mistika i mistika" (ihe odide), Buybook, Sarajevo, 2014; * Jasna Šamić "Na postelji od sna" (abụ uri), Bosnia na Herzegovina Publishing Award Foundation, Dobra bat, Sarajevo, 2015 * Jasna Šamić "Predjeli lutaju Gnzi" (akwụkwọ akụkọ), akụkụ mbụ nke trilogy, Bosnia na Herzegovina Publishing Award Foundation, Planjax, 2017 * Jasna Šamić "Carstvo sjenki", (akwụkwọ akụkọ) Factum, Beograd, 2018 * Jasna Šamić "Svjetlo mraka" (abụ uri) Dobra bat, Sarajevo, 2018 * Jasna Šamić, "Deveti val", (akwụkwọ akụkọ) Cetinje: OKF; Beograd: Factum right-wingštvo; Sarajevo: Buybook, 2018. * Jasna Šamić "Medo prekinuo seosku idilu", (akwụkwọ ụmụaka) na ihe osise nke Mario Mikulić, (RABIC, Sarajevo, 2018) * Jasna Šamić "Noć je opet na pragu postelje ti", (abụ uri) Planjax, 2020; * Jasna Šamić "Razbijeni kaleIdoskop", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Rabic, Sarajevo,2021. * Jasna Šamić "Nesretan交易", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Factum, Belgrade, 2022. * Jasna Šamić "Atelje na broju 19", (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Art Rabic, Sarajevo, 2022. * Jasna Šamić "Sarajevo moje mladosti" (ncheta), ShuraPublications,Opatija,2022. * Jasna Šamić "Duhovi XV arondismana" (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Art Rabic, Sarajevo,2023. * Jasna Šamić "Plamen u pijesku" (nlegharị anya),Shurapublications, Opatija,2024.Ohere * Jasna Šamić "U Ogledalu-Uspomena, Gradovi i Lica (ncheta), Most Art & Factum,Belgrade,2024 * Jasna Šamić, "Mit o Bogomiliima",Most Art Jugoslavija,Zemun,2024. == Ihe nrite ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == * Onye nwetara ihe nrite nke mmemme Stendhal Missions; * Onye na-agba ụta na Philippines n'afọ 2014 * Ihe nrite ọha na eze nke Salon du livre des Balkans, Paris; * Ihe odide Naji Naaman; * Ihe nrite nke ntọala nke ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Bosnia (2014 - 2022); * Zlatna jabuka; * Iko Zheng Nian == Ihe nkiri == * Les Nakshibendis de Visoko, ihe ngosi, 1986. * Ebee ka ndị Bektashi nke Bosnia nọ? , ihe ngosi,1986. * Une ville l'amour la mort, documentary - mmepụta "Festival de toutes les cultures", Paris, 1995. * 1900 Sarajevo Paris, ihe ngosi, mmepụta TV Bosnia na Herzégovina, 2000. * Onye na-ese ihe na achịcha ya, mkpụmkpụ, 2004. * Bonjour m amour, m dị afọ iri na isii, mkpirikpi, 2005. * Promenade, mkpirikpi; 2007. * Quo vadis 68 Paris Sarajevo, ihe ngosi May 68, 60', co-production FTV na Festival São Sarajevska zima ː * Ịrahụ ụra n'akụkụ eluigwe - ihe ncheta e sere na foto, ihe ngosi, IPI, Parimages, ASJA, Paris 2010 * Ọtụtụ ihe ngosi maka Bosnian TV, TVSA 2013 -2015 == Onye nduzi ihe nkiri == * Iz biljezaka Babur Saha; Pozoriste Mladi, Sarajevo, 1987 (nke e bipụtara na Iz Biljezaka Babor Saha, Svjetlost, 1986). * Souvenir d'une vie (Memory of a lifetime), Proscenium Theatre, Paris, 1996 (nke e bipụtara na DRAMA, Bosanska Rijec, Wuppertal-Tuzla 2007). * Nzukọ (Susret), SARTR, Sarajevo, 1998 (nke e bipụtara na Drama, Bosanska Rijec, Wuppertal-Tuzla 2007). * Ugboro abụọ (Dvostruki exile), Sarajevo, 1999. * Kpọọ (Telefonski消) (dabere na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Jasna Samic, nke e bipụtara na Valcer, Media press, Sarajevo), Kamerni teatar 55, Sarajevo 1999. * Tupu onye ozi nke ọnwụ apụta, emume "Bascarsijske noci 2007, Muzej Knjizevnosti - Mak, Sarajevo, 2000 (nke e bipụtara na L'Amoureux des oiseaux, asụsụ abụọ, Bf éditions, Strasbourg, 2007). * Obere ihe osise, Bosnjacki Institute, Sarajevo, 2008. * Site n'otu anyanwụ gaa n'ọzọ, Maison du Patrimoine, L'Haÿ - les-Roses, 2009. * Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri "L'aire Falguière", Paris, 2009. * Afọ ncheta, ederede na ntụziaka site na Jasna Samic, Bar de l'Industrie, Montreil, Paris, 2011; * Portrait de Balthazar, ederede na ntụziaka site na Jasna Samic, Maison des associations, Paris, 2012; * Ihe ncheta ndị dị arọ karịa nkume, ederede na ntụziaka site na Jasna Samic, Théâtre de Syldavie, Maisons d'Europe et d'Orient, Paris, 2014 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]] [[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]] 9yy9qm4qtrd90h7crmffc3h1bkn6qyl 0 56993 697802 368766 2026-08-10T08:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yasmine Belkaid, Faculté de Médecine, Tlemcen.jpg|thumb|Yasmine Belkaid]] Yasmine Belkaid (Arabic: ياسمين بلقايد; amụrụ 1968) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Algerian nke amara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-amụ mmekọrịta ndị ọbịa-microbe na anụ ahụ na usoro mgbochi nje na ụmụ nje. Belkaid na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi mmemme NIAID Microbiome.[1] Na Machị 29, 2023, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Pasteur Institute maka afọ isii, malite na Jenụwarị 2024.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/professor-yasmine-belkaid-appointed-institut-pasteur-president|title=Professor Yasmine Belkaid appointed Institut Pasteur President|publisher=Institut Pasteur|date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Belkaid ma zụlite na Algiers, [[Algeria]]. Nna ya bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Algerian Aboubakr Belkaid, onye e gburu na Septemba 28, 1995, n'ime afọ iri ojii.[1] Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na nna ukwu ya na biochemistry sitere na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Houari Boumediene[a] yana Master of Advanced Studies na Mahadum Paris-Sud. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na immunology site na Pasteur Institute na 1996, ebe ọ mụrụ azịza mgbochi ọrịa sitere na ọrịa Leishmania. == Ọrụ == === Ụlọ akwụkwọ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara na United States maka postdoctoral fellowship na NIAID's Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. N'afọ 2002, ọ sonyeere ngalaba nke Division of Molecular Immunology na Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center tupu ọ laghachi na NIAID n'afọ 2005 dị ka Onye isi nke Mucosal Immunology Unit na Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. N'afọ 2008, ọ ghọrọ osote Prọfesọ nke Pathology na Laboratory Medicine na Mahadum [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20000220/p8159659|title=UPENN Biomedical Graduate Studies {{!}} Yasmine Belkaid|work=www.med.upenn.edu|accessdate=July 23, 2018|archivedate=July 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063506/http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20000220/p8159659}}</ref> === Nnyocha === [[Faịlụ:Yasmine_Belkaid,_50e_anniversaire_de_l'Université_Abou_Bekr_Belkaid_de_Tlemcen.webm|thumb|Yasmine Belkaid, ya na nne ya, bụ onye ọbịa nsọpụrụ maka ncheta afọ 50 nke Mahadum Abou Bekr Belkaid na Tlemcen, nke akpọrọ aha iji cheta nna ya nwụrụ anwụ.]] Nnyocha Belkaid na-elekwasị anya n'ịtọpụ usoro ndị na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-elekọta ya na ndị na-emetụta ya n'ime eriri afọ na akpụkpọ ahụ, nke bụ ebe mgbochi sitere n'okike n'etiti ọrụ dị n'ime ya na gburugburu ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://irp.nih.gov/our-research/research-in-action/the-microbiome-when-good-bugs-go-bad|title=The Microbiome: When Good Bugs Go Bad|date=May 20, 2014|work=NIH Intramural Research Program|accessdate=July 25, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Nke a gụnyekwara ọrụ microbiota na-arụ n'ịkwalite ahụike megide ọrịa na-efe efe megide nje ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Belkaid|first=Yasmine|date=March 2014|title=Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation|journal=Cell|volume=157|issue=1|pages=121–141|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011|issn=0092-8674|pmid=24679531}}</ref> Ìgwè ya enyela aka na nghọta sayensị banyere otu usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike isi mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezigbo ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grainger|first=John R.|date=June 2013|title=Inflammatory monocytes regulate pathologic responses to commensals during acute gastrointestinal infection|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=19|issue=6|pages=713–721|doi=10.1038/nm.3189|issn=1078-8956|pmid=23708291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Naik|first=Shruti|authorlink=Shruti Naik|date=August 31, 2012|title=Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-08-31_337_6098/page/1115|journal=Science|volume=337|issue=6098|pages=1115–1119|doi=10.1126/science.1225152|issn=1095-9203|pmid=22837383}}</ref> Nnyocha Belkaid dugakwara na nchọpụta nke ụfọdụ nje akpụkpọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nchebe ahụ.<ref name=":1"/> Ha mere nnwale a site na iji ụmụ oke na-enweghị nje na-apụta na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ eriri afọ ha ka ha wee nwee ike ịchịkwa ụmụ oke ndị ahụ naanị otu ụdị nje bacteria "dị mma". Mgbe ahụ, ha butere nje na nje na-enweghị nje bacteria ma chọpụta na ndị na-enweghị "ezi" nje bacteria enweghị ike ịlụso nje ahụ ọgụ, ebe ndị nwere nje bacteria nwere mmeghachi omume dị irè.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị otu ya achọpụtala na nje bacteria bara uru na-ebi n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ nwekwara ike ime ka ọnyá ahụ gwọọ ngwa ngwa na òké.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linehan|first=Jonathan L.|date=February 2018|title=Non-classical Immunity Controls Microbiota Impact on Skin Immunity and Tissue Repair|journal=Cell|volume=172|issue=4|pages=784–796.e18|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.033|issn=0092-8674|pmid=29358051}}</ref> Ìgwè Belkaid na-amụkwa ihe na-eme mgbe enwere enweghị nkwekọ na microbiome anyị. Nnyocha Belkaid enweela nghọta sayensị dị elu banyere otu mgbanwe na microbiota nwere ike isi nye aka n'ọrịa, ọkachasị ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala dị ka Ọrịa Crohn na Psoriasis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hand|first=Timothy W.|date=December 2016|title=Linking the Microbiota, Chronic Disease, and the Immune System|journal=Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=27|issue=12|pages=831–843|doi=10.1016/j.tem.2016.08.003|issn=1879-3061|pmid=27623245}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Man|first=Si Ming|date=March 2011|title=The role of bacteria and pattern-recognition receptors in Crohn's disease|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=8|issue=3|pages=152–168|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2011.3|issn=1759-5053|pmid=21304476}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fonseca|first=Denise Morais da|date=October 8, 2015|title=Microbiota-Dependent Sequelae of Acute Infection Compromise Tissue-Specific Immunity|journal=Cell|volume=163|issue=2|pages=354–366|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.030|issn=1097-4172|pmid=26451485}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 27, 2014|title=Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=157|issue=1|pages=121–141|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011|pmid=24679531|issn=0092-8674|author=Belkaid|first=Yasmine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/2019-fnih-lurie-prize-in-biomedical-sciences-winner-uncovered-the-microbiome-s-critical-role-in-immune-regulation/|title=2019 FNIH Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences Winner Uncovered the Microbiome's Critical Role in Immune Regulation|work=BioSpace|language=en-US|accessdate=June 5, 2019|archivedate=June 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605224620/https://www.biospace.com/article/2019-fnih-lurie-prize-in-biomedical-sciences-winner-uncovered-the-microbiome-s-critical-role-in-immune-regulation/}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 2013 - Ihe nrite ọla edo, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology * 2016 - Sanofi-Pasteur International Mid-career Award <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/nous-soutenir/comment-nous-soutenir/entreprises-fondations/ils-nous-soutiennent/sanofi-institut-pasteur-awards/award-winners-2016|title=The Award Winners 2016|date=February 3, 2017|work=Institut Pasteur|accessdate=July 23, 2018|language=fr}}</ref> * 2016 - A họpụtara ya dịka Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asm.org/index.php/aam-fellows/aam-fellows/fellows-elected-in-2016/item/4603-yasmine-belkaid|title=Yasmine Belkaid|accessdate=July 23, 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> * 2017 - Ihe nrite Emil von Behring <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifepr.de/inaktiv/philipps-universitaet-marburg/Yasmine-Belkaid-erhaelt-den-Emil-von-Behring-Preis-2017/boxid/638649|title=Yasmine Belkaid erhält den Emil von Behring-Preis 2017 – Philipps-Universität Marburg – Pressemitteilung|work=www.lifepr.de|language=de|accessdate=July 23, 2018}}</ref> * 2017 - A họpụtara ya na National Academy of Sciences <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20041786.html|title=Yasmine Belkaid|work=www.nasonline.org|accessdate=July 23, 2018}}</ref> * 2018 - A họpụtara ya na National Academy of Medicine <ref>{{Cite web|title=About the NAM|url=https://nam.edu/about-the-nam/#ert_pane1-1|work=National Academy of Medicine|accessdate=May 2, 2019}}</ref> * 2019 - Lurie Prize na Biomedical Sciences, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fnih.org/news/press-releases/2019-lurie-prize|title=2019 FNIH Lurie Prize in Biomedical Sciences Winner Uncovered the Microbiome's Critical Role in Immune Regulation|work=www.fnih.org|accessdate=April 5, 2019|archivedate=August 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101105/https://fnih.org/news/press-releases/2019-lurie-prize}}</ref> * 2020 - A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yasmine Belkaid|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/yasmine-belkaid|accessdate=January 9, 2021|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> * 2021 - Ihe nrite Robert Koch * 2024 - Ihe nrite Arab Genius == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] asdvcppiajou7f14hr9fzew13o4ey0r 0 57044 697722 443015 2026-08-10T06:31:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Djaru|states=[[Western Australia]]|region=southeast Kimberley|speakers=217|date=2016 census|familycolor=Australian|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]|fam2=[[Ngumpin–Yapa languages|Ngumpin–Yapa]]|fam3=[[Ngumpin languages|Ngumpin]]|iso3=ddj}} '''Djaru''' (Tjaru) bụ asụsụ Pama–Nyungan a na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kimberley nke Western Australia . Dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Pama-Nyungan, Djaru gụnyere otu, ọnụọgụ abụọ na ọnụọgụ aha ọtụtụ. Djaru tinyekwara ihe n'asụsụ ndị ogbi n'ime akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya (ụkpụrụ a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australian n'ozuzu). Aha ndị dị na Djaru adịghị agụnye kaadị okike, ma ewezuga ntugharị, a na-emepụta okwu site na mgbọrọgwụ, ịgbakọta ma ọ bụ mmụgharị. Usoro okwu na Djaru bụ ihe efu (ọzọkwa njiri mara asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australian) ma nwee ike kewaa nkebiokwu aha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Blake|first=B.J.|title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2006|pages=585–593}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlake2006">Blake, B.J. (2006). </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Tsunoda|first=Tasaku|title=Djaru Language of Kimberley, Western Australia|publisher=Australian National University|year=1981|isbn=0858832526}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTsunoda1981">Tsunoda, Tasaku (1981). </cite></ref> Asụsụ Djaru nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwaa dị ntakịrị, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ, wee si otú a na-eji usoro ' preverbs ' na ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya kwụọ ụgwọ. Djaru nwekwara [[Avoidance speech|asụsụ nnapụ]] . Asụsụ ezere, nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka 'asụsụ nne di', bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ aha pụrụ iche n'ime asụsụ nke a na-asụ n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị òtù ezinụlọ (nke bụ nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye na nne di ya) - akwụkwọ ndekọ aha dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na asụsụ obodo Australia. <ref name=":0" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Djaru ebelatala nke ukwuu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị ọcha batara na mpaghara Djaru ma gbuchapụ ndị bi na ya. Ndị Djaru anabatala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndụ ọdịda anyanwụ (ịrụ ọrụ na ibi n'ubi ugbo na n'ime obodo) wee pụọ na omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụfọdụ ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala. N'ihi nke a, asụsụ Djaru na-eche nrụgide nchikota nke mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu ihu, ntụkwasị obi na-abawanye na Bekee n'etiti ndị na-asụ ya, yana gọọmentị Australia ọcha nke kwadoro omenala megide iji ma ọ bụ mmụta nke asụsụ Australia mbụ ọ bụla. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == fonology == fọnịm mbụ okwu na Djaru nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume ọ bụla ewezuga taps alveolar /ɾ/ ma ọ bụ akụkụ palatal /ʎ/. Okwu nwere ike iji fọnịm ọ bụla mechie ma ewezuga ụdaume ọkara. Nchegbu na-apụta na mkpụrụokwu izizi nke okwu, yana na mkpọda mmalite nke morpheme nke abụọ. Mkpụrụokwu na-emesi ike na-abụkarị nke kachasị elu na pitch, mana nrụgide na Djaru, dị ka ọ dị na pitch, adịghị mkpa na ụda olu. Ya bụ, nrụgide na ụda okwu enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe okwu pụtara. <ref name=":1" /> Djaru enweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime fricatives (dịka [f], [v], [ʃ], [ð]) ma ọ bụ affricates (dịka [pf], [ts]); Ụdị ụda ndị a adịghị adịkarị n'asụsụ Aboriginal ọ bụla nke Australia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Austin|first=P.K.|title=Encyclopedia of Australian Languages & Linguistics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2006|pages=580–585}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAustin2006">Austin, P.K. (2006). </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ekwentị ! ! labial ! alveolar ! retroflex ! palatal ! velar |- ! na-akwụsị | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ |- ! imi | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ |- ! n'akụkụ | | l | ɭ | ʎ | |- ! kpatụ/flap | | ɾ | ɽ | | |- !ọkara ụdaume | | | | j | w |} Consonants Djaru na-etolite ụyọkọ na-erughị fọnịm abụọ. Enwere ike ịnụ / ɽ/ dị ka mkpọda [ɽ] ma ọ bụ mkpọda [ɻ]. === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Udaume ! ! N'ihu ! Azu |- ! Elu | i | u |- ! Dị ala | colspan="2" | a, aː |} Djaru, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Australia, nwere naanị ụda ụdaume atọ (ụdaume dị elu, ụdaume dị elu, na ụdaume dị ala), udaume ọ bụla na-adịgasị iche iche dabere na gburugburu ụda ụda ya ozugbo. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == klaasị okwu == Djaru na-agụnye klas okwu ndị a: aha, nnọchiaha efu, adverb, preverb, ngwaa, urughuru, interjection. <ref name=":1" /> === Aha aha === A na-emezigharị aha ndị dị na Djaru ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ ngwá ọrụ, ndị obodo, ndị nnata, ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị mma. Okwu 'ergative' na-ezo aka n'ụdị dị n'ime nkwuwa okwu njakịrị-absolutive nke ihe ndị dị n'ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe na isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe ''anaghị'' morphologically dabara na isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu intransitive. Ya bụ, n'asụsụ na-enweghị isi, ọ bụrụ na aha na ọnọdụ isiokwu intransitive (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihe ntụgharị) bụ ''X'', mgbe ahụ ọ ga-abụ ''Y'' na ọnọdụ isiokwu ntụgharị. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke usoro ihe nhụsianya-absolutive maka aha na Djaru na Tsunoda 1981: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tsunoda|first=Tasaku|title=The Djaru Language of Kimberley, Western Australia|publisher=Australian National University|year=1981|isbn=0858832526|pages=57}}</ref>    (Mkpọaha aha efu na-egosipụtakwa usoro ikpe na-adịghị mma) Ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi gbanwee aha n'ime ihe nnọchianya bụ n'iji mpụta ndị a: ''-ŋgu'', ''-gu'', ''-lu'', ''-gulu'', ''-du'', ''-u'' . Ojiji nke morpheme ọ bụla na-adabere, n'ezie, na gburugburu phonological bu ụzọ ozugbo. <ref name=":1" /> Maka asụsụ Pama-Nyungan n'ozuzu, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ha ga-ewere akara ikpe na-ezighị ezi maka aha, yana ikpe nhọpụta-nkwudo maka nnọchiaha. <ref name=":2" /> === Ngwaa === Enwere ngwaa ole na ole na Djaru (ihe dị ka iri anọ). Mkpọaha aha nwere ike itinye aka na ngwaa Djaru ma ha na-egosipụta nkwubi okwu na-ebo ebubo (Djaru si otú a na-egosipụta ikewa nkewa, dịka aha ya na nnochiaha ya n'efu na-agbaso ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma). Ngwaa na-ejikọta dị ka akụkụ ndị a: gara aga, na-aga n'ihu gara aga, akụkọ gara aga, ugbu a, na-aga n'ihu ugbu a, ebumnobi, ihe na-aga n'ihu, hortative, na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, dị mkpa, na-aga n'ihu dị mkpa, verbid. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ngwaa ka a na-eji suffixe gbanwee ngwaa, ngwaa niile jikọtara ọnụ gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ + suffix (ya bụ, enweghị njikọ na-anọchi anya mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa n'onwe ya). <ref name=":1" /> === Nkpọaha === Dị ka a tụrụ aro na Blake 1987, akara nnochite nnọchi anya na Djaru nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ ọhụrụ nke asụsụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na usoro ahụ nwere obere mmebi iwu nke dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ (tụlee ọdịiche dị iche iche nke tebụl na-esote na nnọchiaha Bekee, ''ha'', ''ha'', ''ya'', ''ya'', wdg). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blake|first=B.J.|date=1987|title=The Grammatical Development of Australian Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lingua_1987-04_71_1-4/page/179|journal=Lingua|volume=71|issue=1–4|pages=179–201|doi=10.1016/0024-3841(87)90071-4}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Nkpọaha ! ! Nke zuru oke ! Arụ ọrụ |- ! SG 1 | {{Lang|ddj|ngatyu}} | {{Lang|ddj|ngatyu-ngku}} |- ! SG 2 | {{Lang|ddj|nyuntu}} | {{Lang|ddj|nyuntu-ku}} |- ! SG 3 | {{Lang|ddj|nyantu}} | {{Lang|ddj|nyantu-ku}} |- ! Abụọ 1 inc. | {{Lang|ddj|ngali}} | {{Lang|ddj|ngali-ngku}} |- ! Abụọ 1 exc. | {{Lang|ddj|Ngatyarra}} | {{Lang|ddj|ngatyarra-lu}} |} === Amụma === Djaru gụnyere klas okwu pụrụ iche (adịghị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ) mara dị ka klas ''preverb'' . Preverbs nwere ojiji abụọ na Djaru: nke mbụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ na adjectives n'ihi na ha na-agbanwe ngwaa mana n'ime nke a na-emepụta nkeji semantic ọhụrụ, nke abụọ enwere ike iji ha dị ka aha mgbe ejikọtara ya na suffixes nominal. <ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ ezere == [[Avoidance speech|Asụsụ ezere ihe]] bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'asụsụ mmadụ ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụkarị n'etiti asụsụ Australia mbụ. Usoro okwu maka asụsụ nke Djaru na-ezere nwere oke oke n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị otu ngwaa, {{Lang|ddj|luwaɳ}} . Ngwaa a na-anọpụ iche n'usoro, a ga-etinyerịrị ya n'ime akpaokwu ngwaa nke ahịrịokwu ọ bụla a na-asụ n'asụsụ zere. <ref name=":1" /> == Asụsụ ogbi == Asụsụ Djaru gụnyere ihe dị iche iche nke asụsụ ogbi n'ime akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya. Omume na-emekarị, na anụmanụ na ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ mkpịsị aka na mmegharị aka maka ebumnuche ịchụ nta. A pụkwara igosipụta ntụzịaka site n'atụ egbugbere ọnụ. <ref name=":1" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Asụsụ Djaru nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Kimberley ka dị ndụ, ma ndị na-asụ Djaru na omenala ha anọgideghị na-enwe nsogbu site na ọganihu mbibi nke colonialism. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru 160 asụsụ Australia anwụọla kemgbe ndị Europe wakporo Australia. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ma ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ndị Aborigine n'aka ndị bi na Europe, na amụma siri ike nke ọchịchị ndị ọcha machibido asụsụ Aborigine n'ebe ọha na eze na ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=M. Walsh & C. Wallop|title=Language & Culture In Aboriginal Australia|publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press|year=1993}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2006, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka asụsụ 60 ka a na-ekwu na a na-eji asụsụ Australia. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, mpaghara Djaru ghọrọ ebe ndị ọcha biri. Ẹkesiak n̄kann̄kụk oro kaban̄a gold ye ndikịm ufene, ndien ẹma ẹwot mme akpa owo oro ẹkedụn̄de ke ediwak ini. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Djaru agbadala kemgbe ahụ site na ihe ruru 50%. Ịdị adị nke ebe obibi ọcha na ugbo na mpaghara ahụ enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụzọ ndụ nke ndị Djaru. Eji ngwá ọrụ, ụlọ, na nri dị ka ụdị Australia omenala ( bush tucker ) ejiriwo ihe ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ dochie anya. Ọzọkwa, ojiji a na-asụ asụsụ ezere ebelatala nke ukwuu, ọ bụghịkwa mgbe niile ka a na-ahụ usoro ọdịnala nke ịhazi alụmdi na nwunye. <ref name=":1" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Tsunoda, T. (1980) ''Asụsụ Djaru nke Kimberley, Western Australia'', ''Pacific Linguistics'' B-98, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 65i9ugzghc2c9jdek8byh9x7yczz8np 0 57112 697559 202115 2026-08-10T02:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697559 wikitext text/x-wiki Akụkọ ọha bụ ọrụ nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọha ntọala United States of Canada na mpụga kọleji, dị ka Council gị, ebe mosi ihe mgbe ochie, Ememme life traditional, redio station, wdg.  Ndị otu American Folklore Society chepụtara okwu a bụ "folklore" na mbido 1970s.. == Ogologo ọrụ == Ndị na-akọ akụkọ gbasara omenaala ọha na-agụnye n’akwụkwọ, ichekwa ihe, n’igosipụta ụdịdị omenala, ọrụ nke omenala ndị Egwú, na ụdị ndụ ndị ọzọ.  N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na mmepe akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.  Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ọha na eze na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme "ihe oswe tara n'ihi na m na-egosi ndị na-ekwu maka traktị ahụ. Ṅaa  Emepere m mmemme mmụta iji kwalite nkuzi saịtị ọdịnala maka ndị nna ukwu.  Mmemme redio ọdịnala Ha na-egosikwa dị ka American Routes of Public Radio International.  Site n'oge ruo n'oge, m mepụtara ihe nkiri nke bụ akụkụ nke omenala;  Smithsonian folklorist Marjorie Hunt meriri ihe nrite Academy maka obere ihe nkiri ya nke 1984 The Stone Carvers banyere ndị na-ese ihe nke National Katidral na Washington, D.C.  Studentsmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Memorial arụwo ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ obodo, gụnyere egwuregwu ọdịnala, [1] ihe ngosi nka mpaghara, [2] [3] akụkọ injin ụgbọ mmiri, [4] ndị ọrụ obodo..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harron|first=Janet|date=February 24, 2012|title=A tisket, a tasket ... who's got a mill basket?|work=Today.Mun.CA|url=http://today.mun.ca/news.php?news_id=7060|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morry|first=Alicia|date=2013-11-21|title=Raving for Rugelach|url=http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/muse/id/23523|journal=Muse|volume=64|issue=11|pages=4}}</ref> == Akụkọ ọdịnala ọha na eze na United States of America == Na US, ọ bụ Archie Green bụ onye guzobere usoro ọdịnala ọha, n'agbanyeghị na ọrụ a dabere na nke Ben Botkin na Alan Lomax, na-alaghachi na 1930s.  (Ọ kpọrọ ọrụ ahụ "akụkọ ifo," ọ dịkwa ka ọ dị iche.) Akụkọ ifo na United States nwere ike ịmaliteghachi na okike nke American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress na 1970s, saịtị nke omume Congress, nke Sen.  Ralph Yarborough (D-TX) kwadokwara atụmatụ Green sitere n'aka onye enyemaka Senate Jim Hightower.  Mgbe e mesịrị, e hiwere mmemme Smithsonian Institution's National Endowment for Arts (NEA), ebe ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka Ralph Rinzler, Alan Jabbour na Bess Lomax Hawes rụrụ ọrụ.. E guzobere mmemme ego na 1970s na 1980s n'ihe karịrị kansụl nka steeti 40, ndị a mekwara ka e mepụta ma ọ bụ nye ego maka akwụkwọ na ngosi nke ndụ ọdịnala, dị ka City Lore na Center for Traditional Music and Dance na New York, Texas Folklife Resources, Northwest Folklife, Western Folklife Center, na Philadelphia Folklore Project. Smithsonian Institution na-egosipụta Smithsonian Folklife Festival kwa June na July nke na-adọta ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ iji nụ ihe ngosi na-eme na ikiri ngosipụta nke ọrụ aka ọdịnala. N'afọ ọ bụla, a na-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri America ama ama 15 National Heritage Fellowships na webụsaịtị NEA.  Ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama n'ime afọ ndị a gụnyere John Lee Hooker, BB.  King, Clifton Chenier, Earl Scruggs, Michael Flatley, Shirley Caesar, Albertina Walker, Janette Carter, Koko Taylor, Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Jean Ritchie, Sunnyland Slim, Lydia Mendoza, Boozoo Chavis, Zakir Hussain, Helen Cordero, Margaret Tafoya, Santiago Jiménez, Manlines, Manlines, Manlines, Jr Nwoke, & Ndị ìsì, Nwoke Nwoke. == Akụkọ ọdịnala ọha na eze na Canada == Ọganihu nke akụkọ ọdịnala ọha na eze na Canada agbasoro ụzọ dị iche karịa na United States, na agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala nke na-akpali karịa site na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba karịa site na ọnọdụ mba ụwa na agụmakọta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Henderson|first=M. Carole|date=1973|title=Folklore Scholarship and the Sociopolitical Milieu in Canada|journal=Journal of the Folklore Institute|volume=10|issue=1/2|pages=97–107|doi=10.2307/3813882}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ nke a dị ka akụkụ nke "ụzọ pụrụ iche nke Canada" <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Greenhill|first=Pauline|date=2002|title=Afterword: The "Journal of American Folklore" and Americanist versus Canadianist Traditions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_spring-2002_115_456/page/283|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=115|issue=456|pages=283–292|doi=10.2307/4129224|issn=0021-8715}}</ref> ụzọ maka ọdịnala. Otu n'ime mbọ mbụ iji weta agụmakwụkwọ akụkọ ifo n'ihu ọha bụ nguzobe nke Canadian Folk-Lore Society na Toronto na 1908 n'okpuru nduzi nke David Boyle, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Ontario, [1] na enweela mmekọrịta chiri anya na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Canada kemgbe ahụ.  Mgbalị ndị ọzọ mbụ gụnyere mmepe Alberta Folk-Lore and Local History Project na 1944-45, na nguzobe nke Canadian Folk Music Society na 1957, n'okpuru nduzi nke Marius Barbeau, [1] onye akọwara dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ọdịnala mbụ nke Canada.  [2] Na 1950s, Barbara Cass-Beggs chịkọtara egwu ndị mmadụ, akpọrọ egwu asatọ nke Saskatchewan, wee jee ozi dị ka onye enyemaka dị mkpa na Saskatchew History & Folklore Society na 1957..<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://saskmuseums.org/files/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Saskatchewan_Museums.pdf|title=Intangible Cultural Heritage in Saskatchewan Museums|publisher=Museums Association of Saskatchewan|pages=2}}</ref> Mgbe Herbert Halpert guzobere Ngalaba Folklore na Mahadum Newfoundland na 1968, Halpert na Violetta Halpert kere MUNFLA, mmemme mmụta ọdịnala nke Memorial gụnyere ọmụmụ oge ụfọdụ na omenala Eji nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Neil Rosenberg mebere wee lara ezumike nka na 2004. Siga  Ngwongwo ndị na-echekwa anyị gara aga 1883-1935 na-egosi akụkọ akụkọ hockey Canada "Rocket" Richard;  [2] nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Michael Taft enyela aka ịmepụta ọrụ akụkọ ifo ọha dịka Discovering Saskatchewan Folklore;  [3] Richard MacKinnon gụsịrị akwụkwọ, onye na-ejide ọnọdụ nke Canada Cultural Research Chair of Intengible Heritage, rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ omenala.[4][5][6]  N'afọ 2020, ngalaba akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ncheta bụ naanị mmemme akụkọ zuru oke na mba ahụ..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mercer|first=Juanita|date=May 27, 2019|title=Memorial University department is country's only comprehensive Anglophone folklore program|work=The Telegram|url=https://www.saltwire.com/news/local/memorial-university-department-is-countrys-only-comprehensive-anglophone-folklore-program-315943/|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref> Na 1976, n'okpuru nduzi nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Jean Hamelin, University of Laval kere Center d'Etudes sur la Langue, les Arts et les Traditions Populaire des Francophones d'Amerique du Nord (CELAT) nke mepụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ethnology gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ ndị nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na ubi nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie, nchekwa na nkà mmụta ihe ochie.  etiti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Guigne|first=Anna Kearney|date=1996|title=The Politics of Culture and Public Sector Folklore in Quebec: The Role of Laval University's Centre d'Etudes sur la Langue, les Arts et les Traditions Populaire des Francophones d'Amerique du Nord (CELAT) and I'Ethnologie Quebecois|url=http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cult_trad/id/2605|journal=Culture & Tradition|volume=18|pages=5–22}}</ref> N'èzí Quebec, na n'agbanyeghị ọrụ nke òtù ndị dị ka Canadian Museum of Civilization na ndị na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala n'otu n'otu, ngalaba nke akụkọ ọdịnala na nke ọha na eze ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto. N'afọ 2002, e kwuru,<blockquote>"...enweghị ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala nke Canada na-enye ego zuru oke na narị afọ nke 20 emeela ka mmepe nke ọdịnala ọha na eze na Canada ghara ịga nke ọma. The Folklore Studies Association of Canada na onye bu ya ụzọ, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, ma ndị gọọmentị na-enye ụgwọ, emetụtala iwu ọdịbendị gọọmentị. Site n'ị mepụta iwu ọdịbendụ siri ike, a nọgidere na-elekwasị anya n'ichekwa ọdịnala ụwa ochie, na ileghara ọdịnala ọdịnala dị ugbu a anya. " </blockquote>N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị Canada gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na-akwalite omenala ọha na eze na n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ.  N'otu afọ ahụ, o kwuru na "ọtụtụ ndị Laval [akụkọ ihe mere eme] gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-achọta ọrụ na ngalaba ọha".  Agbanyeghị, Canada akwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ ruo 2020.[2]  Guzobere ntọala nke ọdịbendị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Newfoundland na Labrador na 2008, na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ omenala ọha.: <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pocius|first=Gerald|date=2010|title=THE EMERGENCE OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE POLICY IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR|url=https://www.mun.ca/ich/resources/NQ.pdf|journal=Newfoundland Quarterly|volume=103|issue=1|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Harrison|first=Suzy|url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/36760/1/Suzy%20Harrison%20-%202019.pdf|title=The Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in England: A Comparative Exploration|publisher=Nottingham Trent University|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis|first=Dale Gilbert|date=2014|title=Reframing and Extending Tradition: Intangible Cultural Heritage and Public Folklore in Newfoundland and Labrador|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B__a4Rm4ZOIKZTF6aFhfNXh3bVk/view|journal=Volkskunde|volume=3|pages=361–377}}</ref><blockquote>Newfoundland na Labrador na-ewere ọrụ nke ichebe ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya "akụkọ ọdịnala nke ngalaba ọha na eze". N'ihi ya, mpaghara ahụ anabatala atụmatụ maka ichebe nke kwekọrọ na Nkwekọrịta ICH UNESCO, mana ọ ka bụ nke pụrụ iche na Newfoundland and Labrador. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sutherland|first=Tonia|url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/23889/1/sutherlandt_etd2014.pdf.pdf|title=RESTAGING THE RECORD: THE ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHIVES IN SAFEGUARDING AND PRESERVING PERFORMANCE AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|year=2014}}</ref> </blockquote>Onye mgbasa ozi ọha Dale Gilbert Jarvis kwadoro mmemme ahụ, nke bụkwa nke mbụ n'ime akụkọ ifo nke Canada.   N'okpuru nduzi ya, mmemme ahụ meriri 2019 Jeonju International Award maka ịkwalite ICH. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-08|title=Intangible cultural heritage earns tangible award|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/heritage-nl-award-1.5310076|accessdate=2020-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dale Jarvis uses storytelling and folklore to capture intangible cultural heritage|url=https://nationaltrustcanada.ca/online-stories/dale-jarvis-uses-storytelling-and-folklore-to-capture-intangible-cultural-heritage|accessdate=2020-09-15|work=National Trust for Canada|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2007, Mahadum Memorial goro Jillian Gould, onye akụkọ ifo nwere nzụlite na akụkọ ọdịnala ọha, [1] wee malite na 2010 Ncheta malitere MA.  na ụzọ nkuzi nkwado ọha na nke etinyere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ chọrọ ịka nka na akụkọ ọdịnala ọha.[2]  Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme ahụ aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na òtù dị iche iche gụnyere Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland na Labrador, MUNFLA, Obodo St.  John's, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ụgbọ mmiri nke NL, Archive Days Days, Ememme Mummers, Folk Arts Society of NL, Obodo Deer Lake, na The Rooms. Ikike ndị ọzọ agbasowo ọrụ akụkọ ifo ọha nke Quebec na Newfoundland na Labrador.  Heritage Saskatchewan goro onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ ifo Mahadum Memorial Kristin Catherwood n'ọrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ma na-egosipụta ọnọdụ Newfoundland na Labrador enweghị atụ.  Ọ tinyela aka na ọrụ akụkọ ọdịnala dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ na obodo n'oge mgbanwe akụ na ụba, [1] [2] [3] Prairie barn, [4] [5] na ndụ ugbo n'oge COVID-19..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catherwood chronicles life on a Sask. farm amid COVID-19 in NFB film|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/local-news/catherwood-chronicles-life-on-a-sask-farm-amid-covid-19-in-nfb-film|accessdate=2020-09-15|work=Regina Leader Post|language=en-CA}}</ref> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} fnjbx3go8j8vcf4myelrvwzesjxnu5w 0 57140 697663 202143 2026-08-10T05:09:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697663 wikitext text/x-wiki Origo gentis bụ akụkọ mmalite nke gens (ndị mmadụ).  Ọ bụghị ụdị ederede, mana ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ zuru ezu nke na-akọwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkọ nke ndị dị iche iche.  O nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke akụkọ nke eme eme ma ọ bụ akụkọ ndụ. == Ihe dị n'ime ''mmalite gentium'' == Enwere ọtụtụ topoi na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke Origo gentis.  Nke a bụ akụkọ mmalite nke ndị mmadụ (dị ka Goths, Lombards, Anglo-Saxon, ndị Frank na ndị Croats).  A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe ná mmalite nke ụbọchị, ma mgbe e mesịrị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ochie bụ ndị bara ọgaranya na-ejikwa ya.  Na mgbakwunye na nkọwa nke akụkọ ifo banyere mmalite nke gens, a na-enwekarị àgwà ọma pụrụ iche nke agwa "dị ka" gị otu.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ewere Scandinavia dị ka mmalite, n'ihi na e nyere ya ohere ịmepụta usoro ọmụmụ a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche.[2]  Osisi ezinụlọ ochie (dị ka usoro eze Amal nke e chepụtara) nwere ike inye ndị ọchịchị ikike ndị ọzọ.. "Mbugharị akụkọ ifo" na-ekerekarị òkè dị mkpa na mmalite: otu ìgwè ndị mmadụ kwagara ma mesịa ruo obodo ọzọ, wee nweta ya, nke ukwuu site n'ike.  Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enwe mgbe ụfọdụ isi akụkọ ihe mere eme (dị ka njem Anglo-Saxon na Britain), ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-enwekarị akụkọ ifo.   Nke a na-emetụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ebubo "Ụdị Trojan" ma ọ bụ na Scandinavian sitere na Goths, nke a na-ama aka ugbu a n'ihi enweghị ihe akaebe mgbe ochie.  Nkọwa nke mmalite nke Goths na Getica nke Jordanes (nke dabere na "Gothic akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke Cassiodorus furu efu) ka a na-aghọtakarị taa dị ka akụkọ ethnographic nke isiokwu, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe akụkọ ifo.[1].  Ihe a na-ahụkarị maka origo bụkwa ihe a na-akpọ "primordial act".  Ọ bụ ihe omume bụ́ isi n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gens, dị ka mmeri dị ịrịba ama, ngafe nke otu mmiri, alaeze sitere n’aka Chineke nke e kwuru na ọ dị adị kemgbe oge ochie, na ndị ọzọ.  Isi echiche bụ ịmepụta njirimara ma ọ bụ guzobe "usoro ọhụrụ", nke a ghaghị itinye n'ọrụ n'etiti ndị gens.. == Ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ''mmalite gentium'' == Enwere ike iji Origo jikọọ ndị mmadụ na agbụrụ dị iche iche, mana ọ bụ naanị n'echiche nke njirimara.  N'ọọ dị ịọ a, na-ejikọta agbụrụ dị n'ime ọọnọ dị mma site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmalite;  nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro mgbagwoju anya nke Late Antique na Early Medieval ethnogenesis.  Ihe atụ kachasị nke mmalite bụ Getica nke Jordanes (nke nyere ndị Goth otu akụkọ ahụ dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ oge ochie) ma ọ bụ Origo Gentis Langobardorum nke Langobards nke narị afọ nke asaa.  Ndị Frank nakweere akụkọ ifo nke Troy n'aka ndị Rom dịka ọ bụ saịtị nke Virgil's Aeneid.  Dị ka akụkọ Bede kọrọ, Vortigern kpọrọ ndị Saxon ka ha bịa Britain na ụgbọ mmiri atọ rutere ebe ahụ n'okpuru iwu ụmụnna Hengist nke Horsa.. Akwụkwọ Herwig Wolfram nke Walter Pohl dere, onye dere akwụkwọ dị mkpa na isiokwu a, ha abụọ nwere otu echiche na "ezigbo" adịghị emetụta ndị oge ochie.  Otú ọ dị, okwu ndị dabeere na edemede bụ arụmụka.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Walter Goffart na-ede banyere echiche ahụ na enwere myirịta n'etiti ọrụ nke akụkọ mbụ, dị ka a ga-asị na onye ọ bụla na-ede akwụkwọ nke onyinyo ahụ na-ejide ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya.. [5][6] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Goffart|first=Walter A.|authorlink=Walter Goffart|title=The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon|year=1988|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press}} * {{Cite book|author=Plassmann|first=Alheydis|title=Origo gentis. Identitäts- und Legitimitätsstiftung in früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Herkunftserzählungen|date=2006|publisher=Akademie Verlag|location=Berlin|language=de|isbn=3050042605}} == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ mmalite nke ndị Goth * Ebe obibi Anglo-Saxon nke Britain == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Bickerman|first=Elias J.|year=1952|title=Origines Gentium|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1952-04_47_2/page/65|journal=Classical Philology|volume=47|issue=2|pages=65–81|doi=10.1086/363470}} * {{Cite journal|author=Goffart|first=Walter A.|year=1995|title=Two Notes on Germanic Antiquity Today|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_traditio_1995_50_1/page/9|journal=Traditio|volume=50|pages=9–30|doi=10.1017/s0362152900013143}} a5sowzj18ldrzf3koy0tf3y8mm6hf91 0 57217 697647 443029 2026-08-10T04:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=1981}} '''Tidore''' bụ asụsụ North Maluku, Indonesia, nke ndị Tidore na-asụ . Asụsụ ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'àgwàetiti Tidore, mana a na-asụkwa ya n'agwaetiti ndị gbara agbata obi nke Mare na Moti nke dị na ndịda, yana Maitara dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Tidore, yana n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke agbata obi Halmahera . <ref name="pcd">{{Citation | first = C.L. |last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | title = Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26 | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-85883-370-0 | location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | oclc = 220535054 | pages = 181–209 | doi = 10.15144/PL-A76.181 | chapter = The languages of the North Halmaheran stock | series = Pacific Linguistics A-76 | url = }}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ asụsụ bụ isi nke Sultanate nke Tidore, obodo Alakụba Moluccan bụ isi. <ref name="Warnk">{{Cite journal|author=Warnk|first=Holger|year=2010|title=The coming of Islam and Moluccan-Malay culture to New Guinea c.1500–1920|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World|language=en|volume=38|issue=110|pages=109–134|doi=10.1080/13639811003665454}}</ref> Asụsụ North Halmahera, ọ dịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ na Indonesia nke sitere na ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . Tidore na asụsụ ndị ọzọ North Halmahera nwere ike ịbụ na ha nwere njikọ na asụsụ nke Isi Nnụnụ Peninsula, West Papua . <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Senft|date=2008|title=Serial verb constructions in Austronesian and Papuan languages|series=Pacific Linguistics 594|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School Of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University|location=Canberra|chapter=Serial verb constructions in a linguistic area|first=Miriam|author=van Staden|pages=17–54|oclc=271765117|isbn=978-0-85883-591-7}}</ref> : 20  Tidore bụ asụsụ asụsụ mpaghara, ejiri mee ya maka nkwukọrịta agbụrụ na mpaghara Central Halmahera. <ref>{{Cite book|first=E.K.M|author=Masinambow|chapter=Pengantar Ketua Panitia Pengarah Program Pemetaan Bahasa Nusantara|editor=Rosidi|title=Bahasa Nusantara: Suatu Pemetaan Awal: Gambaran tentang Bahasa-bahasa Daerah di Indonesia|pages=9–11|location=Jakarta|year=1999|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|oclc=44620949|language=id}}</ref> Kemgbe narị afọ nke 17, o nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ azụmaahịa na mpaghara Moluccan-New Guinea. <ref name="Warnk" /> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Ternate, nke a na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba. Edekọwo ma Ternate na Tidore n'akwụkwọ opekata mpe kemgbe narị afọ nke 15, <ref name="m">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Paul Michael|date=1988|title=From mantra to mataráa: Opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1988_27_5/page/425|journal=Social Science & Medicine|language=en|volume=27|issue=5|pages=425–436|doi=10.1016/0277-9536(88)90365-6|pmid=3067356}}</ref> : 430 ịbụ naanị asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọstrelia (ma ọ bụ "Papuan") nke mpaghara ahụ nwere ọdịnala edemede nke ụmụ amaala (tupu-European). <ref name="Warnk" />: 112, fn. 2  Ndị na-asụ Tidore niile na-akparịta ụka na North Moluccan Malay, asụsụ nke nkwurịta okwu sara mbara, na kọntaktị dị n'etiti Malay na Tidore ahapụla nnukwu akara n'asụsụ obodo. Enwere ọtụtụ mgbazinye North Moluccan Malay na Indonesian na Tidore, asụsụ ahụ na-egosipụta mmetụta siri ike nke Austronesia n'ozuzu ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Staden|first=Miriam|date=2006|title=The body and its parts in Tidore, a Papuan language of Eastern Indonesia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-sciences_march-may-2006_28_2-3/page/323|journal=Language Sciences|language=en|volume=28|issue=2-3|pages=323–343|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2005.11.013|issn=0388-0001}}</ref> == fonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | c | k | |- ! <small>kwuputara</small> | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu | f | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" | N'akụkụ | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Kpatụ | | colspan="2" | ɾ | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | w | | j | | |} Enwere ike ịnụ consonant flap ka alveolar ma ọ bụ post-alveolar [ ɾ̠ ] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pikkert|first=Joost J. J. and Cheryl M.|title=A first look at Tidore phonology|year=1995|location=Wyn D. Laidig (ed.), Descriptive studies in languages of Maluku, part II|pages=43–70}}</ref> === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | | u |- ! N'etiti | e | | o |- ! Mepee | | a | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 6bazm11cyx6o66xlyqurl2fcct7a11v 0 57281 697542 675061 2026-08-10T02:21:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697542 wikitext text/x-wiki Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Shareing of Benefits Bilitere site na ojiji ha na Convention on Biological Diversity, nke a makwaara dị ka Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), bụ nkwekọrịta mgbakwunye 2010 na 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Ebumnobi ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnobi atọ nke CBD: òkè ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke uru na-esite na iji akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eme ihe, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ijigide ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Ọ na-ewepụta ọrụ maka ndị otu ya na-eme nkwekọrịta ime ihe gbasara ịnweta akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ikekọrịta uru na nnabata. A nakweere ụkpụrụ ahụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka Eprel 2022, ndị otu 137 kwadoro ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.. A nakweere ngwaọrụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka akwụkwọ 2022, ndị otu 137 akwụkwọ ya, nke akpọ mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844|title=When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aat9844|accessdate=2018-11-28|author=Prathapan|first=K. Divakaran|volume=360|issue=6396|pages=1405–1406|pmid=29954970}}</ref> == Ebumnuche na oke == Nagoya Protocol na-emetụta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpuchi, yana uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. Usoro ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọmụma ọdịnala metụtara ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpu na uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ya. Ebumnuche ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnuche atọ nke CBD: ịkekọrịta uru ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title=Nagoya Protocol|date=9 June 2015}}</ref> == Nkwado na nkwado == A nabatara usoro ahụ na 29 Ọktoba 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, na nzukọ nke iri nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu, nke e mere site na 18 ruo 29 Ọkቶba 2010 <ref name="stratplan2011-2020">{{Cite web|title=Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> wee malite na 12 Ọktobe 2014. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ . Ndị otu 137 akwadowo ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 so na UN na European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parties to the Nagoya Protocol|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=1 January 1970|url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/|accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nagoya Protocol na-esetịpụ ọrụ maka ndị otu nkwekọrịta ya iji mee ihe gbasara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịkekọrịta uru na nrubeisi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ nnweta === Nzọụkwụ nnweta nke ụlọ na-achọ:   * Mepụta ihe doro anya, ihe doro anya na ihe doro anya * Nye iwu na usoro ziri ezi na nke na-abụghị nke aka ike * Tinye iwu na usoro doro anya maka nkwenye a maara tupu oge eruo na nkwekọrịta abụọ na okwu * Nye maka inye ikike ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya mgbe enyere ohere * Mepụta ọnọdụ iji kwalite ma gbaa ume nyocha na-enye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide * Kụọ ụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọnọdụ mberede dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke na-abịanụ nke na-eyi ahụike mmadụ, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ osisi egwu * Tụlee mkpa ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị maka nri na ọrụ ugbo maka nchekwa nri === Ọrụ ịkekọrịta uru === Nzọụkwụ ịkekọrịta uru dị n'ụlọ na-ezube inye maka ịkekọrịta bara uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ndị nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nketi. Ojiji na-agụnye nyocha na mmepe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa, yana ngwa na azụmaahịa na-esote. Ịkekọrịta na-adabere na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Uru nwere ike ịbụ ego ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ego dịka ụgwọ ọrụ na ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nyocha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ ndị a na-arụ === Ọrụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji kwado nrubeisi na iwu ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ịchịkwa nke onye nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ nkwekọrịta gosipụtara na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, bụ ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke Nagoya Protocol.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mee ihe ndị na-enye na enwetala ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eji eme ihe n'ime ikike ha dịka nkwenye a maara na mbụ, nakwa na e guzobere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, dịka onye nkwekọrịta ọzọ chọrọ. * Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ha mebiri ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme nkwekọrịta chọrọ * Na-agba ume ndokwa nkwekọrịta maka ngwọta esemokwu n'ụzọ kwekọrịtara * Gbaa mbọ hụ na enwere ohere ịchọ ihe enyemaka n'okpuru usoro iwu ha mgbe esemokwu bilitere site na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (MAT) * Mee ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi * Nyochaa ojiji nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe ha hapụrụ mba site na ịhọpụta ebe nyocha dị irè na ọkwa ọ bụla nke usoro uru: nyocha, mmepe, ihe ọhụrụ, tupu azụmaahịa, ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa == Mmejuputa == [[Faịlụ:National-biodiversity-strategy-align-with-aichi-target-9_(OWID_0646).png|thumb|Atụmatụ dị iche iche nke mba nke kwekọrọ na Aichi Target 9 (a na-achọpụta ụdị na ụzọ ndị na-awakpo ma na-ebute ụzọ, a na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ụdị ndị dị mkpa ma mee ihe iji gbochie iwebata na ịmepụta ha) ]] Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Nagoya Protocol ga-achọ mmejuputa dị irè na mpaghara ụlọ. Ngwá ọrụ na usoro dị iche iche nke Nagoya Protocol nyere ga-enyere ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta aka gụnyere:   * Ịtọlite ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mba (NFPs) na ndị ọchịchị mba ruru eru (CNAs) iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe kọntaktị maka ozi, ohere inye onyinye, ma ọ bụ nrubeisi * Ụlọ nnweta na ịkekọrịta uru iji kesaa ozi, dị ka ihe ABS chọrọ ma ọ bụ ozi gbasara NFP na CNA * Ikike-iwulite iji kwado akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmejuputa. * Mepụta iwu ABS n'ime ụlọ iji mejuputa Nagoya Protocol * Mkparịta ụka n'okwu ndị kwekọrịtara * Mepụta ikike nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na mba * Mee ka a mara ya * Nkà na ụzụ mbufe * Nkwado ego maka iwulite ikike na atụmatụ mmepe site na GEF == Mmekọrịta ya na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ndị ọzọ == Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke Nkwekọrịta Azụmaahịa (PTAs) gụnyere ndokwa metụtara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ịkekọrịta uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. N'ezie, ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta azụmahịa na-adịbeghị anya, nke sitere na mba Latin America, na-enye usoro ụfọdụ e mere iji mee ka mmejuputa ndokwa ABS dị na Nagoya Protocol dị mfe, gụnyere usoro metụtara enyemaka teknụzụ, nghọta na ngwọta esemokwu. == Nkatọ == Otú ọ dị, enwere nchegbu na bureaucracy na iwu agbakwunyere ga-emebi nlekota na nchịkọta nke ụdị dị iche iche, nchekwa, mmeghachi omume mba ụwa maka ọrịa na-efe efe, na nyocha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-10-02_514_7520/page/n19|year=2014|doi=10.1038/514014a|author=Cressey|first=Daniel|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=14–15|pmid=25279894}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwupụtala nchegbu banyere usoro ahụ, na-atụ egwu na mmụba nke red tape ga-egbochi mgbochi ọrịa na mgbalị nchedo, nakwa na egwu nke ịtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma mkpọrọ ga-enwe mmetụta na-eme ka nchọpụta dị jụụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika "A plea for open science on Zika"]. ''www.sciencemag.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị na-azụ ahịa dị ka ebe ngosi ihe mere eme na-atụ egwu idebe nchịkọta ihe ndị dị ndụ na mgbanwe ihe n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ga-esi ike. Enweghị mmejuputa na ọkwa mba a na-ekwukarị dị ka isi ihe kpatara ọdịda nke Nagoya Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2024-10-15|title=COP16: More than 85% of countries miss UN deadline to submit nature pledges|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop16-countries-miss-un-deadline-to-submit-nature-pledges/|accessdate=2024-10-21|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe onwunwe nke anụmanụ maka nri na ọrụ ugbo|Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nri na ọrụ ugbo]] * Ụkpụrụ Bermuda * Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, usoro mgbakwunye ọzọ nke CBD nabatara * Nkwekọrịta Oké Osimiri (BBNJ Agreement) * Nkwekọrịta WIPO na Ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi, Ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala jikọtara ya (GRATK) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 76jg59abov5qdkscbmbkc9v5bqi0vsn 0 57287 697878 687601 2026-08-10T10:02:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697878 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_records-management-journal_2007_17_1/page/52|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" />{{Databox}} National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan == Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. <ref name=":1" /> E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}</ref> Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|url=https://archive.org/details/american-archivist_1963-01_26_1/page/67|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}</ref> == Onye ndu gara aga == * A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}</ref> A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . <ref name=":0" /> * Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. <ref name=":0" /> * S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ebe ndị a na-anọ == National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_records-management-journal_2007_17_1/page/52|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}</ref> Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.<ref name=":0" /> === Ọfịs mpaghara === * [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957) [[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]] [[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]] === Ọfịs alaka === * [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) * [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> * [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]] * [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) <ref name=":0" /> == Ndị otu ọkachamara == === Mba === * Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa <ref name=":0" /> * Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa <ref name=":0" /> * Society of Nigerian Archivists<ref name=":0" /> === Ógbè === * Society of African Archivists<ref name=":0" /> * West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) <ref name=":0" /> === Mba Nile === * Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth <ref name=":0" /> * International Council on Archives (ICA) <ref name=":0" /> * Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]] * Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba == Edemsibia == fomfu9gdvhkz88mtva2mqajzvdd4usy 0 57316 697506 202376 2026-08-10T01:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697506 wikitext text/x-wiki Okija Shrine ma ọ bụ Ogwuwu Akpu bụ ụlọ arụrụ arụ dị egwu [1] dị na Okija, obodo dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Ihiala nke steeti Anambra, Eastern Nigeria.[2] N'abalị atọ Ọgọstụ 2004, otu ndị uwe ojii nke onye bụbu kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ndị uwe ojii na steeti Anambra bụ Felix Ogbaudu wakporo ụlọ arụsị ahụ nke nwụchiri ihe karịrị ndị dibia bekee 40, ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-eje ozi.[3] Achọpụtara ihe karịrị ozu mmadụ 70 nwụrụ anwụ na okpokoro isi n'ime ụlọ arụsị ahụ.<ref name="Maas2011">{{Cite book|author=Deon Maas|title=Witboy in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G1SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|date=1 April 2011|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=978-1-920323-61-5|pages=122–}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Okija Shrine bụ ebe nsọ nke esemokwu ebe ndị mmadụ nwere nsogbu onwe onye, ala na azụmaahịa na-aga iji chọọ ikpe site n'aka chi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ellis|first=Stephen|title=The Okija Shrine: Death and Life in Nigerian Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2008_49_3/page/445|date=November 2008|journal=The Journal of African History|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=445–466|doi=10.1017/S0021853708003940|issn=1469-5138}}</ref> Mana dị ka Oriakụ Bridget Obi, onye obodo Okija na onye bụbu Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, steeti Anambra kwuru na "ihe mere n'ebe ahụ [n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke mere ka ndị uwe ojii wakpoo ebe ahụ] abụghị omenala nke ndị anyị. Okpukpe ọdịnala abụghị ihe anyị hụrụ n'ebe yina. Ihe anyị hụrụ bụ naanị imebi mmadụ" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Okija shrine saga became a blessing in disguise –Obi, Anambra ex-commissioner who inspected site with 70 corpses, skulls|url=https://punchng.com/okija-shrine-saga-became-a-blessing-in-disguise-obi-anambra-ex-commissioner-who-inspected-site-with-70-corpses-skulls/|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ujumadu|first=Vincent|date=2019-08-07|title=Nigeria: How Bad Road Brought Okija Shrine to Its Knees|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908070203.html|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria == N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, Okija Shrine kwenyere na ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria a ma ama na-akwado ya.[1] N'afọ 2003, e gosiri na onye bụbu aka na-achị steeti Anambra bụ Chris Ngige gara n'ụlọ arụsị dị n'ụlọọrụ Chris Uba iji ṅụọ iyi inye "ndị nna ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" ya maka imeri ntuliaka gọvanọ steeti Anambra n'afọ 2003..<ref>{{Cite book|title=The News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghw_AQAAIAAJ|date=January 2010|publisher=Independent Communications Network Limited}}</ref><ref name="Nwabueze2007">{{Cite book|author=Benjamin Obi Nwabueze|title=How President Obasanjo Subverted Nigeria's Federal System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTkWAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Gold Press|isbn=978-978-070-237-3}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]] 0f3wr96idhi1hle8wannovamljptsn8 0 57422 697554 202535 2026-08-10T02:36:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Henry_Fuseli_(1741–1825),_The_Nightmare,_1781.jpg|thumb|A na-eche na Nightmare, nke Henry Fuseli (1781) bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi ndị a ma ama nke ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra nke a na-ewere dị ka nleta ndị mmụọ ọjọọ.]] N'anyị hag ọ bụ n'iji bụ aha e nyere ihe ụmụaka nke mmadụ, nke a na-akpa ya na nsogbu.  Ọ bụ ihe na-eme mgbe onye na-ehi Ụra na-enwe nchebe nke ihe ụmụaka nke mmadụ, ihe onwunwe nke na-eme ka onye ahụ ịga ịga njem dị ka ọ na-anọdụ ala n'obi ha ma ọ bụ n'ụkwụ ụkwụ ha.  A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ụjọ" ma ọ bụ "ụhụ" ihe omume a tupu okwu ahụ ihe ọ mere n'oge a.[1]  Ọdịbendị dị iche iche nwere aha dị iche iche ihe omume a na mbụ nke mmadụ. == Nkwarụ n'ụra == Samuel Johnson deziri nkọwa izizi nke mkpọnwụ ụra n'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya bụ A Dictionary of the English Language dị ka nro, okwu malitere na nkọwa nke ọgbara ọhụrụ anyị.  A na-ewerekarị ahụ mkpọnwụ ihi ụra dị otú ahụ dị ka ọrụ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ, na karịsịa incubi, nke e chere na ọ na-anọdụ ala n'obi ndị na-ehi ụra.  Na Old English aha maka ihe ndị a bụ mare ma ọ bụ mære (sitere na proto-Germanic *marōn, cf. Old Norse mara), ya mere akụkụ anụ ọhịa na-abịa na nro.  Okwu a nwere ike bụrụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Greek Marōn (na Odyssey) na Sanskrit Māra.. == Akụkọ ọdịnala == * In Scandinavian folklore, sleep paralysis is caused by a mare, a supernatural creature related to incubi and succubi. The mare is a damned woman, who is cursed and her body is carried mysteriously during sleep and without her noticing. In this state, she visits villagers to sit on their rib cages while they are asleep, causing them to experience nightmares. The Swedish film <nowiki><i id="mwPg">Marianne</i></nowiki> examines the folklore surrounding sleep paralysis. * Folk belief in Newfoundland in [[Kánada|Canada]] and [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] and [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]] in the [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] describe the negative figure of the [[hag]] who leaves her physical body at night, and sits on the chest of her victim. The victim usually wakes with a feeling of terror, has difficulty breathing because of a perceived heavy invisible weight on his or her chest, and is unable to move i.e., experiences sleep paralysis. This nightmare experience is described as being "hag-ridden" in the Gullah lore. The "Old Hag" was a nightmare spirit in British and also Anglophone North American folklore.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * In Fiji, the experience is interpreted as ''kana tevoro'', being "eaten" by a demon. In many cases the demon can be the spirit of a recently dead relative who has come back for some unfinished business, or has come to communicate some important news to the living. Often persons sleeping near the afflicted person say ''kania, kania'', "eat! eat!" in an attempt to prolong the possession for a chance to converse with the dead relative or spirit and seek answers as to why he or she has come back. The person waking up from the experience is often asked to immediately curse or chase the spirit of the dead relative, which sometimes involves literally speaking to the spirit and telling him or her to go away or using expletives.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * In Albanian folk beliefs, ''Mokthi'' is believed to be a male spirit with a golden fez hat who appears to women who are usually tired or suffering and stops them from moving. It is believed that if they can take his golden hat, he will grant them a wish, but then he will visit them frequently although he is harmless. There are talismans that can provide protection from Mokthi and one way is to put one's husband's hat near the pillow while sleeping. ''Mokthi'' or ''Makthi'' in Albanian means "Nightmare".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Qazimi|first=Azem|title=Fjalor i Mitologjisë dhe Demonologjisë Shqiptare|publisher=Plejad|year=2008|isbn=978-99956-706-1-0|location=Tiranë, Albania|pages=97|language=sq}}</ref> * In Nigeria, "ISP appears to be far more common and recurrent among people of African descent than among whites or Nigerian Africans," and is often referred to within African communities as "the Devil on your back." and is called "Dannau" by the Hausa people<ref name="Katherine Roberts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}</ref><ref name="pmid6737506">{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=76|issue=5|pages=501–508|year=1984|pmid=6737506}}</ref> * In [[Turkéy|Turkey]] sleep paralysis is called ''Karabasan'', and is similar to other stories of demonic visitation during sleep. A supernatural being, commonly known as a ''jinn'' (''cin'' in Turkish), comes to the victim's room, holds him or her down hard enough not to allow any kind of movement, and starts to strangle the person. To get rid of the demonic creature, one needs to pray to Allah by reading Al-Falaq and Al-Nas from the Qur'an. Moreover, in some derivatives of the stories, the jinn has a wide hat and if the person can show the courage and take its hat, the djinn becomes his slave.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * In Thailand it is believed that sleep paralysis and discomfort is caused by a ghost of the Thai folklore known as ''Phi Am'' ({{langx|th|ผีอำ}}). Some people claim that this spirit may even cause bruises.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m2.truelife.com/foodhealth/d.php?sub=2656&id=104700|title=Truelife|publisher=|accessdate=2015-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226025721/http://m2.truelife.com/foodhealth/d.php?sub=2656&id=104700|archivedate=2014-02-26}}</ref> Stories about this spirit are common in Thai comics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j40/freeze_taker/toon/pheeum-ex.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025053403/https://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j40/freeze_taker/toon/pheeum-ex.jpg|archivedate=October 25, 2023|title=Phi Am comics|work=photobucket.com}}</ref> * In the Southern United States, it is sometimes referred to as "witch riding".<ref name="Katherine Roberts" /> * In Eastern Chinese folklore, it is thought that a mouse can steal human breath at night. Human breath strengthens the mouse, allowing it longevity and the ability to briefly become human at night, in a similar fashion to fox spirits. The mouse sits near the person's face or under their nostrils.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === * In Chinese culture, sleep paralysis is widely known as "鬼壓身/鬼压身" (pinyin: guǐ yā shēn) or "鬼壓床/鬼压床" (pinyin: guǐ yā chuáng), which literally translates into "ghost pressing on body" or "ghost pressing on bed." A more modern term is "夢魘/梦魇" (pinyin: mèng yǎn). * In Japanese culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as ''kanashibari'' ([[:ja:金縛り|金縛り]]), literally "bound or fastened in metal", from "kane" (metal) and "shibaru" (to bind, to tie, to fasten). This term is occasionally used by English speaking authors to refer to the phenomenon both in academic papers and in pop psych literature.<ref name="shibaru">{{Cite journal|title=High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: kanashibari phenomenon in Japan|author=Fukuda|first=K.|journal=Sleep|year=1987|volume=10|issue=3|pages=279–286|doi=10.1093/sleep/10.3.279|pmid=3629091}}</ref> * In Korean culture, sleep paralysis is called ''gawi nulim'' ({{Ko-hhrm|hangul=[[:ko:가위눌림|가위눌림]]}}), literally, "being pressed down by something scary in a dream." It is often associated with a belief that a ghost or spirit is lying on top of or pressing down on the sufferer. * In Mongolian culture, nightmares in general as well as sleep paralysis is referred to by the verb-phrase ''khar darakh'' (written kara darahu), meaning "to be pressed by the Black" or "when the Dark presses." ''Kara'' means black, and may refer to the dark side personified. ''Kharin buu'' means "shaman of the black" (shamans of the dark side only survive in far-northern Mongolia), while ''tsaghaan zugiin buu'' means "shaman of the white direction" (referring to shamans who only invoke benevolent spirits). Compare 'karabasan' (the dark presser) in Turkish, which may date from pre-Islamic times when the Turks had the same religion and mythology as the Mongols. See Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples and Tengriism. * In Tibetan culture, sleep paralysis is often known as ''dip-non'' (གྲིབ་གནོན་ - Kham) or ''dip-phok'' (གྲིབ་ཕོག་ - Ladakh), which translates roughly as "oppressed/struck by ''dip''"; ''dip'', literally meaning shadow, refers to a kind of spiritual pollution. === Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === * N'omenala Cambodia, Lao, na Thai, a na-akpọ ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra ''phǐ am'' ({{IPA|th|pʰǐi.ʔam}}{{IPA|th|pʰǐi.ʔam}} [phǐi.ʔam], [phǐni.ʔàm]) na ''Khmout sukkhot''. {{IPA|th|pʰǐi.ʔam}}{{IPA|lo|pʰǐi.ʔàm}}A na-akọwa ya dị ka ihe omume ebe onye ahụ na-ehi ụra ma na-arọ nrọ na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ndị mmụọ nọ nso ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-ejide ya. Onye na-arịa ọrịa ahụ enweghị ike ịkwaga ma ọ bụ mee mkpọtụ ọ bụla. Nke a ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na ''Pee khao'' na khmout jool, onyinyo mmụọ. * N'omenala Hmong, a na-aghọta na ọ bụ mmụọ na-eme n'abalị, ''dab tsog'', na-akpata ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra. ''Dab tsog'' na-awakpo "ndị na-ehi ụra" site n'ịnọdụ ala n'obi ha, mgbe ụfọdụ na-anwa igbu ha. Ụfọdụ kwenyere na ''dab tsog'' bụ ihe kpatara Ọrịa ọnwụ mberede (SANDS). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Adler|first=Shelley R.|year=2011|title=Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4885-2}}</ref> * N'Omenala Vietnamese, a na-akpọ ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra ma đè, nke pụtara "mmụọ na-ejide" ma ọ bụ Tong, nke pụtara 'onyinyo na-ejere". * N'Omenala ndị Philippines, a na-ekwu na ''bangungot'' bụ nrọ ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Munger|first=Ronald G.|year=1998|title=Bangungut in Manila: sudden and unexplained death in sleep of adult Filipinos|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_1998-08_27_4/page/677|journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=677–684|doi=10.1093/ije/27.4.677|pmid=9758125}}</ref> E kwenyere na Batibat ma ọ bụ ''bangungot'' na-ewere ụdị nwanyị buru oke ibu, nke buru oke ibu nke na-anọdụ n'obi onye ọ na-egbu. Ndị na-azọrọ na ha lanarịrị nrọ ọjọọ dị otú ahụ na-akọ mgbaàmà nke ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Na Malay nke Malay Peninsula, a maara ọrịa ụra dị ka ''kena tindih'' (ma ọ bụ ''ketindihan'' na Indonesia), nke pụtara "ịbụ onye a na-agbanye n'ike. " A na-ewere ihe omume dị ka ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọjọọ; na-eme n'ihe a kọwara dị ka ebe ndị ìsì n'ọhịa ọhụụ, a na-akọwa ha dị ka ndị mmụọ ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sleepclinicjakarta.tblog.com/post/1969898557|title=Klinik Gangguan Tidur|accessdate=2015-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221150712/http://sleepclinicjakarta.tblog.com/post/1969898557|archivedate=2015-02-21}}</ref> === Ndịda Eshia === === Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Ebe Etiti Eshia === * In Arab Culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''Ja-thoom'' ({{langx|ar|جاثوم}}), literally "What sits heavily on something". In folklore across Arab countries, the ''Ja-thoom'' is believed to be a ''shayṭān'' or an ''<nowiki/>'ifrīt'' sitting on top of the person or is also choking them. It is said that it can be prevented by sleeping on your right side and reading the Throne Verse of the Quran. * In [[Turkéy|Turkish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''karabasan'' ("the dark presser/assailer"). It is believed to be a creature that attacks people in their sleep, pressing on their chest and stealing their breath. However, folk legends do not provide a reason why the devil or ifrit does that. * In Persian culture it is known as ''bakhtak'' (Persian: بختک), which is a ghost-like creature that sits on the dreamer's chest, making breathing hard for them. ''Bakhtak'' means ''small fortune'', and it is believed if the dreamer reaches out and holds his nose, he would tell him/her where the treasure is. * In Kurdish culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''motakka''. It is believed to be a demon that attacks people in their sleep, and particularly children of young age, and steals their breath away as they breathe heavily and keeps it out of reach. * In Pashtun culture, it is known as "Khapasa". It is believed that it is a ghost without thumb fingers. The ghost tries to suffocate you by pressing your throat and sitting on your chest. However, since the ghost has no thumbs finger that is why it cannot suffocate effectively by using just the index and middle fingers of both hands. === Afrịka === * ''Ogun Oru'' bụ nkọwa ọdịnala maka nsogbu abalị n'etiti ndị Yoruba nke Southwest Nigeria; ogun oru ("agha abalị") na-agụnye nsogbu abalị siri ike nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ na-abanye n'ahụ na uche n'oge nrọ. A na-akọwa ''Ogun oru'' site na ọbịbịa ya, nwanyị kachasị, nghọta nke esemokwu dị n'etiti di na nwunye nke onye na-ata ahụhụ na di na nwunye "mmụọ", na ihe omume nke ịgba afa site na iri nri mgbe ọ na-arọ nrọ. E kwenyere na ọnọdụ ahụ nwere ike ịgwọ site na ekpere Ndị Kraịst ma ọ bụ ememe ọdịnala dị iche iche e mere iji chụpụ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ a ṅụrụ.<ref name="pmid17379609">{{Cite journal|title=Ogun Oru: a traditional explanation for nocturnal neuropsychiatric disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/transcultural-psychiatry_2007-03_44_1/page/44|journal=Transcultural Psychiatry|volume=44|issue=1|pages=44–54|year=2007|pmid=17379609|doi=10.1177/1363461507074968}}</ref> * N'Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya Kaboos (كابوس) "Compressor" na ya yiri Jathoom na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị djinn nwere ike ime ya n'ihi omume ọjọọ, omume ọjọọ, ma ọ bụ na mberede. * N'omenala ndị Shona nke Zimbabwe, a na-eji okwu ''Madzikirira'' eme ihe iji zoo aka n'ihe na-agbanye mmadụ n'ike. Nke a na-ezo aka n'ụwa ime mmụọ nke mmụọ ụfọdụ - ọkachasị nke ọjọọ - na-anwa iji onye ọ na-egbu maka ebumnuche ọjọọ. Ndị mmadụ kwenyere na ndị amoosu nwere ike ịbụ naanị ndị nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya iji dị irè, ya mere ndị amoosu na-agbalịkarị iji mmụọ mmadụ mee ka ndị ikwu mmadụ bụrụ ndị amoosu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * N'omenala ndị Etiopia, a na-eji okwu ''dukak'' (ዱካክ, "ịda mbà n'obi"), nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ nke na-achịkwa ndị mmadụ n'oge ha na-ehi ụra. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ kwenyere na ahụmịhe a bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ịkwụsị khat na-akpali akpali. Mmụọ ọjọọ ''dukak'' bụ onye na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ịda mbà n'obi nke na-esikarị n'omume nke ịhapụ ịta khat. 'Dukak' na-apụta mgbe mgbe n'ọhụụ nke ndị na-ahapụ ma na-enye ntaramahụhụ maka ndị ọ na-egbu maka ịkpasu ya iwe site n'ịhapụ. ntaramahụhụ na-abụkarị n'ụdị ntaramahụjụ anụ ahụ na-enweghị isi (dịka, ''dukak'' na-etinye onye ahụ n'ime karama ma na-ama jijiji karama ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike) ma ọ bụ ọrụ jọgburu onwe ya onye ahụ ga-eme (dịka ilo akpa gravel). <ref name="gorfu06">{{Cite journal|author=Gorfu|first=M.|year=2006|title=The Prevalence of Khat –Induced Psychotic Reactions among College Students: A Case in Jimma University College of Agriculture|journal=Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences|volume=2|issue=1|pages=63–84|issn=1998-8907|doi=10.4314/ejesc.v2i1.41977}}</ref> * N'ebe ndị na-[[Swahili language|Asụsụ Swahili]] n'ebe Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, a maara ya dị ka ''jinamizi'' ("nke jinn kwụgburu"), nke na-ezo aka n'ihe e kere eke nke nọ n'obi mmadụ na-eme ka o sie ya ike iku ume. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi na mmadụ na-ehi ụra n'azụ ya. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-echetakwa na 'ihe e kere eke' ahụ kwụgburu ha. * N'omenala Moroccan, a maara ọrịa ụra dị ka bou rattat, nke pụtara mmụọ ọjọọ nke na-agbanye ma na-ekpuchi ahụ onye na-ehi ụra ka ha wee ghara ịkwaga ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu. === Europe === * N'omenala ndị Finland, a na-akpọ nkwarụ ụra ''unihalvaus'' (nkwarụ nrọ), mana okwu Finnish maka nrọ ọjọọ, ''''painaja'''', kwenyere na mbụ pụtara nkwarụ ihi ụra, ebe ọ bụ na e sitere na okwu painaja, nke na-asụgharị ka ọ bụrụ ''onye na-akwagharị'' ma ọ bụ onye na-ebipụta, na obere nsonaazụ ''-nen''. * N'omenala ndị Hungary, a na-akpọ nkwarụ ụra lidérc kuwid n'anya (ịpịgharị lidérc) ma nwee ike ịkọwa ya na ọtụtụ ihe karịrị nke mmadụ dịka lidérc (ụmụ mmụọ), ''boszorkány'' (onye amoosu), ''tündér'' (onye fada) ma ọ bụ ''ördögszerető'' (onye mmụọ ọjọọ hụrụ n'anya). Okwu ''boszorkány'' n'onwe ya sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Turkish bas-, nke pụtara "ịpị". * N'omenala ọdịnala [[Iceland]], a na-akpọkarị nkwarụ ụra inwe ''Mara''. A goblin ma ọ bụ Sucubus (ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya) kwenyere na ọ na-akpata nrọ ọjọọ (mmalite nke okwu 'Nightmare' n'onwe ya sitere na aha Bekee nke aha ya). Ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ dị na Europe nwere otu ọdịbendị ahụ, na-akpọ ya n'okpuru aha dị iche iche; Proto-German: ''marōn''; Old English: ''''mora''''; German: ''Mahr''; Dutch: nachtmerrie; Icelandic, Old Norse, Faroese, na Swedish: ''''mara''''; Danish: mare; Norwegian: mare; Old Irish: ''Morrigain''; Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Slovene: môra; Bulgarian, Polish: mara: cauchemar; Romanian: moroi; Czech: ''Tommyra''. Mmalite nke nkwenye ahụ n'onwe ya dị nnọọ ochie, laghachi na mgbọrọgwụ Proto Indo-European e wughachiri, incubus, site na mgbọrọ ndụ mer- "ịsacha" ma ọ bụ "ịmerụ ahụ". * Na [[Malta]], ọdịbendị ọdịnala na-ekwu na ọ bụ mwakpo nke ''Haddiela,'' onye lụrụ Hares, otu ihe dị na ọdịbendị ndị Malta nke na-enye onye ahụ nsogbu n'ụzọ yiri nke poltergeist.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dị ka e kwenyere na omenala ọdịnala, iji kpochapụ Haddiela, mmadụ ga-etinye iberibe ọlaọcha ma ọ bụ mma n'okpuru akwa tupu ụra. * Na [[Greece|Gris]] na Saịprọs, a kwenyere na ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra na-eme mgbe ihe dị ka mmụọ ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ aha ya bụ Mora, Vrahnas ma ọ bụ V критиnas (Grik: Μόρα, Βραχνάς, Βαρυπνάς) na-anwa izuru okwu onye ahụ ma ọ bụ na-anọdụ ala n'obi onye ahụ na-eme ka ọ ghara iku ume.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * N'akụkọ ifo na omenala a ma ama nke Catalonia, ''Pesanta'' bụ nnukwu nkịta (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwamba) nke na-abanye n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ n'abalị ma tinye onwe ya n'obi ha na-eme ka o sie ha ike iku ume ma na-eme ha nrọ kachasị egwu. Pesanta bụ oji ma nwee ntutu, nwere ụkwụ ígwè, mana o nwere oghere ka o wee ghara iwe ihe ọ bụla.<ref name="sapiens128">{{Cite journal|title=La pesanta|journal=Revista Sàpiens|issue=128|date=April 2013|issn=1695-2014}}</ref> * Na Sardinia, otu n'ime agwaetiti ndị [[Italy|Ịtali]], e nwere nkwenye ochie nke na-akọwa ihe kpatara ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra na mmụọ ọjọọ a na-akpọ "Ammuttadori". Ihe a na-eme ihe ike na-anọdụ n'obi onye ahụ na-ehi ụra, na-eme ka ọ ghara iku ume ma, mgbe ụfọdụ, na-eji mbọ ya adọwa akpụkpọ ahụ. E kwekwaara, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke agwaetiti ahụ, na mmụọ ọjọọ a na-eyi okpu uhie asaa n'isi ya: ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ e gburu eguzogide ihe mgbu ahụ ma nwee ike izuru otu n'ime okpu ahụ, ọ ga-ahụ akụ zoro ezo n'oge na-adịghị anya dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradisola.it/cultura/contusu-antigusu/912-s-ammutadori-demone-del-sonno|title=S'Ammutadori... demone del sonno|author=Domenico Corraine|publisher=}}</ref> * N'omenala Scottish Gaelic, a na-akpọ ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra trom-laidhe (ịgha ụgha siri ike) na okwu a aghọwo okwu n'ozuzu maka 'ihe egwu' n'asụsụ nke oge a. * N'omenala ọdịnala [[Latvia|Latvian]], a na-akpọ nkwarụ ụra ịta ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ịkwụgbu ya site na ''Lietuvēns''. A na-eche na ọ bụ ''mkpụrụ obi'' nke onye e gburu egbu (nke mmiri kwụgburu, nke mmiri kwụgbọrọ, nke a kwụgburu) ma na-awakpo ma ndị mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ. Mgbe a na-awakpo ya, mmadụ ga-ebugharị mkpịsị ụkwụ ụkwụ aka ekpe iji kpochapụ onye mwakpo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latviešu tautas ticējumi|url=http://valoda.ailab.lv/folklora/ticejumi/lietuven.htm|work=Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|publisher=Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Latvia|accessdate=21 February 2013|author=P. Šmits|language=Latvian}}</ref> === Amerịka === * In Haiti, the Tonton Macoute or ''Uncle Gunnysack'' is a Haitian bogeyman who kidnaps naughty and misbehaving children who is out late at night, puts children into his gunnysack and disappeared overnight. * During the Salem witch trials several people reported night-attacks by various alleged witches, including Bridget Bishop, that may have been caused by sleep paralysis. * In Mexico, it is believed that this is caused by the spirit of a dead person. This ghost lies down upon the body of the sleeper, rendering them unable to move. People refer to this as "subirse el muerto" (dead person on you).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/575017.html|title=¿Has sentido que se te sube el muerto?|publisher=El Universal|date=February 6, 2009|accessdate=February 21, 2015|archivedate=December 31, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231184310/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/575017.html}}</ref> * In many parts of the Southern United States, the phenomenon is known as a ''[[hag]]'', and the event is said to portend an approaching tragedy or accident.{{Citation needed|reason=needs to ref published folklorist research|date=October 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="needs to ref published folklorist research (October 2011)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * In Newfoundland, it is known as the 'Old Hag'.<ref name="OldHag">{{Cite journal|author=Firestone, M.|title=The "Old Hag": Sleep paralysis in Newfoundland|journal=The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology|year=1985|pages=Section 8, 47–66}}</ref> In island folklore, the Hag can be summoned to attack a third party, like a curse. In his 1982 book, ''The Terror that Comes in the Night'', David J. Hufford writes that in local culture the way to call the Hag is to recite the Lord's Prayer backwards. * In contemporary western culture the phenomenon of supernatural assault are thought{{By whom|date=November 2011}} to be the work of what are known as [[shadow people]]. Victims report primarily three different entities, a man with a hat, the old hag noted above, and a hooded figure. Sleep paralysis is known to involve a component of hallucination in 20% of the cases, which may explain these sightings. Sleep paralysis in combination with hallucinations has long been suggested as a possible explanation for reported alien abduction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/sleepparalysis.html|title=Sleep Paralysis|publisher=The Skeptics Dictionary}}</ref> * Several studies show that African-Americans may be predisposed to isolated sleep paralysis—known in folklore as "the witch is riding your back" "the witch is riding you"<ref name="Katherine Roberts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKatherine_Roberts">Katherine Roberts. [http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html "Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention"]. ''Folklife in Louisiana''. The Louisiana Folklife Program.</cite></ref> or "the haint is riding you."<ref name="pmid6737506">{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=76|issue=5|pages=501–508|year=1984|pmid=6737506}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBellShakoorThompsonDew1984">Bell CC, Shakoor B, Thompson B, Dew D, Hughley E, Mays R, et&nbsp;al. (1984). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2561758 "Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects"]. ''Journal of the National Medical Association''. '''76''' (5): <span class="nowrap">501–</span>508. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2561758 2561758]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6737506 6737506].</cite></ref> Other studies show that African-Americans who experience frequent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, i.e., reporting having one or more sleep paralysis episodes per month coined as "sleep paralysis disorder," were predisposed to panic attacks.<ref name="pmid3746934">{{Cite journal|title=Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=78|issue=7|pages=649–659|year=1986|pmid=3746934}}</ref> This finding has been replicated by other independent researchers.<ref name="pmid15881272">{{Cite journal|title=Sleep Paralysis in African Americans with Panic Disorder|journal=Transcultural Psychiatry|volume=42|issue=1|pages=123–34|year=2006|pmid=15881272|doi=10.1177/1363461505050720}}</ref><ref name="pmid7982696">{{Cite journal|title=Characteristics of African-Americans and white patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-services_1994-08_45_8/page/798|journal=Hospital and Community Psychiatry|volume=45|issue=8|pages=798–803|year=1994|pmid=7982696|doi=10.1176/ps.45.8.798}}</ref> * In [[Brazil]], there is a legend about a mythological being called the ''pisadeira'' ("she who steps"). She is described as a tall, skinny old woman, with long dirty nails in dried toes, white tangled hair, a long nose, staring red eyes, and greenish teeth on her evil laugh. She lives over the roofs, waiting to step on the chest of those who sleep with a full stomach.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Hụkwa == * Egwu abalị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|}} 5o0qwylmvdlu8b6xqceojex20y1c4s6 0 57458 697813 595169 2026-08-10T08:45:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Futunan|nativename=Faka futuna|region=[[Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna]] and [[New Caledonia]]|speakers=New Caledonia: {{sigfig|3,850|2}}|date=2014|familycolor=Austronesian|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]|fam4=[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]|fam5=[[Nuclear Polynesian languages|Nuclear Polynesian]]|iso3=fud}} '''Futunan''' ma ọ bụ '''Futunian''' bụ asụsụ Polynesia a na-asụ na Futuna (na Alofi). A na-ejikwa okwu '''East-Futunan''' mata ọdịiche dị na ya na West Futunan (Futuna-Aniwan) metụtara ya nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Futuna na Aniwa dị na [[Vanuatu]] . Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Western Polynesia : Fagauvea, Wallisian, Tongan, Samoan, Tokelau, na Niuafoʻou . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fud|title=Futuna, East|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2018-09-24|language=en}}</ref> A na-ekewa ya dị ka Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-outlier, Futunic, Futuna, East. Asụsụ a bụ otu n'ime asụsụ obodo Pacific na-ebelata . A na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger|date=2010|publisher=Unesco|others=Moseley, Christopher., Nicolas, Alexandre., Unesco., Unesco. Intangible Cultural Heritage Section.|isbn=9789231040955|edition=3rd ed. entirely revised, enlarged and updated|location=Paris|oclc=610522460}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Eze Sigave bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta na-eguzobe ebe nchekwa French na 16 Febrụwarị 1888, mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ manyesịrị ya ime ya. E tinyere àgwàetiti ndị ahụ n'okpuru ikike nke ndị France na-achị na New Caledonia . N'afọ 1917, e webatara alaeze atọ nke Wallis, Futuna na Alofi dị ka ógbè France. Na 1961 ụmụ amaala tozuru oke ịghọ ókèala mba ofesi France, na-ejikọta Wallis na Futuna n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na agwaetiti ndị ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke obodo abụọ Polynesia nwere omenala dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Geoffrey M|date=2015|title=Tiki Pop: America Imagines Its Own Polynesian Paradise, and: Tiki Pop: America Imagines Its Own Polynesian Paradise by Sven Kirsten|journal=The Contemporary Pacific|volume=27|issue=2|pages=560–565|doi=10.1353/cp.2015.0029|issn=1527-9464}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ obodo French, Futunan nọgidere na-echebe ya pụọ na nsonaazụ asụsụ sitere na nchịkwa asụsụ Europe. Ọnọdụ ahụ malitere ịgbanwe gburugburu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu malitere ibelata nke ukwuu. Otu nnukwu ihe omume na ọdịda ahụ bụ mbata na ọpụpụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-asụ Futunian na New Caledonia. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Delayed Impact: Postcolonial Language Problems in the French Overseas Territory Wallis and Futuna (Central Polynesia)|author=Rensch|first=Karl|year=1990}}</ref> French ekpuchila Futunan n'ime ọha mmadụ, na-aghọ asụsụ mbụ a na-eji n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkwa. Ndị Futunans na-asụ ma na-asụ asụsụ ha kwa ụbọchị, tumadi na-eji French naanị na kọntaktị na ụmụ amaala Europe, ma ọ bụ n'ime ngalaba mmụta. RFO-redio na-ekusa ozi ọma nkeji iri na ise kwa ụbọchị na Futunan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sorosoro.org/en/futunan/|title=Futunan « Sorosoro|work=www.sorosoro.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-28}}</ref> == fonology == Asụsụ Futunan nwere ụdaume ise; /a, e, i, o, u/, nke nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo. A na-eji macro akọwapụta ụdaume ogologo: ā, ē, ī, o, ū. N'ọkpụkpụ Futunan nasal velar consonant [ ŋ ] ka e dere ka ⟨ ⟩ . Omume a dị iche na asụsụ Polynesia ndị ọzọ dị ka Tongan, ebe e dere fọnịm a na-ekwu ka ⟨ ng ⟩ (dịka Tongan ''tangata'' vs. Futunan ''tagata'', 'man'). === Ọdịbendị nke gọọmentị na-akụzi onwe ya === N'agbanyeghị nnabata nke Futunan orthography nke Moyse-Faurie tụpụtara maka nkuzi na ojiji gọọmentị, ma ndị Futunans na ndị Wallis na-eji ụdị edemede dị iche. Na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, a na-ahapụkarị macron ma ọ bụ jiri ụda olu sekọmflek dochie ya n'ihi ihe isi ike dị n'ịpị mkpụrụ okwu ndị a na ahụigodo AZERTY . A na-ewepụkwa apostrophe maka glottal stop, karịsịa mgbe ọ dị na mmalite nke okwu ahụ. Ya mere, okwu ahụ {{Lang|fud|mālō le ma’uli}} A na-edekarị 'ụtụtụ ọma' dị ka {{Lang|fud|malo le ma’uli}} ma ọ bụ ọbụna nanị {{Lang|fud|malo le mauli}} na-enweghị mgbaghara ọ bụla ma ọlị. Claire Moyse-Faurie ka o sina dị kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ogologo ụdaume na strok glottal iji mata ọdịiche dị n'okwu n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma zere mgbagwoju anya ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Claire Moyse-Faurie|title=Dictionnaire futunien-français avec index français-futunien|location=Paris|editor=Peeter Selaf|year=1993|isbn=978-2-87723-070-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8S-8MP31soC}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, oghere nke okwu dị iche n'etiti akwụkwọ edemede gọọmentị na ọtụtụ ojiji nke Futunans. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpoputa ọrụ gọọmentị na-ekewapụta preposition na akụkọ ( {{Lang|fud|ko le, i le, ki le}}, ebe ọbịbịa nke onwe ya na-achọghị iji ohere ọ bụla ( {{Lang|fud|kole, ile, kile}} ). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Claire Moyse-Faurie|date=2002|language=fr|location=Paris|pages=173–178|publisher=l'Harmattan|title="L'écriture des langues polynésiennes de France", in D. Caubet, S. Chaker et J. Sibille (eds), Codification des langues de France. Actes du Colloque "les langues de France et leur codification", Ecrits divers – Ecrits ouverts (Paris, Inalco 29-31 mai 2000)}}</ref> == Ụtọ asụsụ == === Nkpọaha === A naghị eji nnọchiaha mmadụ nke atọ ugbu a na Futunan. Maka nrụtụaka nnọchiaha niile, ewezuga otu onye nke atọ, Futunan na-enye nhọrọ nke aha [https://web.archive.org/web/20250324171009/http://www.englicious.org/lesson/preposing-and-postposing eburu ụzọ kpọpụta na nke emechara], nke bụ nnọchiaha edobere tupu ma ọ bụ emechaa isiokwu a. Futunan ọgbara ọhụrụ ewepụla ohere nke ikwupụta nnọchiaha eburu ụzọ na nke emechara. Nkpọaha clitic (nkpọaha clitic na-adabere na okwu dị n'akụkụ na enweghị ike iguzo n'onwe ha n'ihe ọ pụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-clitic-words-1689757|title=How Clitics Are Used in English Morphology and Phonology|work=ThoughtCo|accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref> ) nke ụdị nke mbụ na nke abụọ nwere ike ịkwado ụdị arụmụka dị iche iche: ihe zuru oke nke nkebi okwu intransitive, ihe nnọchianya nke okwu ntụgharị, na njedebe zuru oke nke okwu ntụgharị. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ pụrụ iche na ezinụlọ asụsụ Polynesia, Futunan na-eji nnọchiaha ewepụtara tupu ya arụtụ aka na onye ọrịa nke ngwaa na-adịghị mma. Na mkparịta ụka nkịtị, iji nnọchiaha okwu tupu okwu ọnụ nwere ike ịdịkarịa ala. <ref name="SP">{{Cite journal|author=Moyse-Faurie|first=Claire|authorlink=Claire Moyse-Faurie|date=1997|title=Syntactic and Pragmatic Functions of Pronominal Arguments in Some Western Polynesian Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_summer-1997_36_1/page/6|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=36|issue=1|pages=6–28|doi=10.2307/3623069}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoyse-Faurie1997">[[Claire Moyse-Faurie|Moyse-Faurie, Claire]] (1997). "Syntactic and Pragmatic Functions of Pronominal Arguments in Some Western Polynesian Languages". ''Oceanic Linguistics''. '''36''' (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>28. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3623069|10.2307/3623069]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623069 3623069].</cite></ref> Futunan na-eji nnochiaha eburu ụzọ mee ihe na mkparịta ụka, ebe a na-eji nnochiaha ewepụtara ebipụta karịa na ọdụ. Ahịrịokwu ndị nwere nnochiaha post-posed nwere naanị iwu okwu abụọ ga-ekwe omume: VAO (Verb, Adverb, Object) ma ọ bụ VOA (Verb, Object, Adverb) (Ihe atụ: etusi ʻ ia au e lātou ke kau ano o fakafofoga loku fā kolo i le aso o Toloke. "Ha na-anọchi anya m na obodo. Nnọchiaha clitic na-emekọ ọnụ na nke emechara dị ka enyela ụzọ n'ọdịdị pụrụiche nke nnochiaha ewepụtara nwere ọrụ nleba anya yiri nke ahụ. <ref name="SP"/> <ref name="CK">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=Ross|date=March 1981|title=Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1981-03_57_1/page/198|journal=Language|volume=57|issue=1|pages=198|doi=10.2307/414294|issn=0097-8507}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFClarkChung1981">Clark, Ross; Chung, Sandra (March 1981). "Case Marking and Grammatical Relations in Polynesian". ''Language''. '''57''' (1): 198. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/414294|10.2307/414294]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507 0097-8507]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/414294 414294].</cite></ref> === Ngwaa === A choro akara 'a' tupu aha otutu aha na nkebiokwu aha, pronominal post-verbal na aha kwesịrị ekwesị, agbanyeghị na ọ chọghị maka nkebiokwu nke isiokwu ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha nwere bu ụzọ. A na-eji akara 'e' mee ihe n'ihu arụmụka na-ezighị ezi . Ihe nrịbama 'i' na 'ki' na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe pụtara wee gboo ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. Ihe na-emekarị nke 'i' bụ iwu, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ ihe 'ki' bụ. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe ntụzi aka, ihe kpatara, ma ọ bụ ihe nrịbama ihe. Ha na-ezo aka na njedebe, ebumnuche ma ọ bụ ebumnuche yana ngwaa nke mmetụta, adreesị ma ọ bụ mmetụta. Nke ngwaa klas mejupụtara impersonal, intransitive (A/A + I), n'etiti (A + Ki), transitive (A + E), "AA + E", "AA + I" ma ọ bụ AA + E "ngwaa ọtụtụ AA + m na A + E ngwaa na-enweta [http://dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/latin/derivation-verbs derivation] ịgbanwe ha arụmụka Ọdịdị. suffix bụ ' a' nke pụtara "na-ejupụta". ( Ọmụmaatụ: "lamata" pụtara azụ, "faka-lamata" pụtara na-azụ ya). N'ihe gbasara ngwaa etiti nwere arụmụka abụọ ngwaa ewepụtara na-ebute onye nwere ahụmahụ na-etinye ya n'ezi, na arụmụka.  etinyere na nke zuru oke. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moyse-Faurie|first=Claire|authorlink=Claire Moyse-Faurie|date=1992|title=Verb Classes and Argument Structure Variation in Futunan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_winter-1992_31_2/page/209|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=31|issue=2|pages=209–227|doi=10.2307/3623015}}</ref> <ref name="CK"/> == Hụkwa == * 'Aliki == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://dominicweb.eu/en/fakafutuna-futunien/ Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu French-Futunan dị n'ịntanetị] * [https://archive.today/20161216081200/http://dominicweb.eu/en/endictionaries/exotic-languages-prayers?fud Ebe nchekwa data nke ndekọ ọdịyo na Futunan (Fakafutuna) - ekpere ndị Katọlik bụ isi] Archived [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mt4j0l84n4q668dj1hpubranbtjxnwz 0 57565 697865 630917 2026-08-10T09:45:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Barbara Asher Ayisi''' (amụrụ na 12 Febụwarị 1976) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye bụbu onye omeiwu nke Mpaghara Cape Coast North na Central Region Onye Ghana . Ọ bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party (NPP) ma bụrụkwa osote minista maka agụmakwụkwọ na Ghana. <ref name="gog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|title=Deputy Ministers|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=24 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers}}</ref> <ref name="graph">{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-releases-names-of-deputy-ministers-designate.html|title=Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and 4 more ministerial nominees|publisher=Graphic Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> <ref name="yen">{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|title=List of Akufo-Addo's 50 deputy ministers and four news ministers|publisher=Yen Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143328/https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html}}</ref><ref name="citi">{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state|publisher=Cifi FM Online|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143347/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/}}</ref><ref name="ghaweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Akufo-Addo-picks-deputy-ministers-511811|title=Akufo-Addo picks deputy ministers|publisher=Ghana Web|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche maka Kọmitii Na-ahazi Obodo nke Women's Premier League Super Cup (LOC). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Ayisi chairs Women's Super Cup LOC - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/barbara-ayisi-chairs-womens-super-cup-loc/|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=Myjoyonline|date=29 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Barbara Asher Ayisi na 12 Febụwarị 1976 na Effutu, Central Region nke Ghana. Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Our Lady of Apostles (OLA) College of Education na Mahadum nke Mmụta, Winneba. O nwere nzere masta na akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Cape Coast . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Ayisi, Barbara Asher|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5353|accessdate=4 November 2018|work=GhanaMps|archivedate=27 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927004848/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5353}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=95|title=Parliament of Ghana|author=Ghana|first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament|work=parliament|accessdate=4 November 2018|archivedate=21 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921230933/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=95}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ == Tupu a họpụta ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2006 na Ghana Education Service (GES) nakwa dị ka onye isi ụlọ site na 2010 ruo 2016 na Wesley Girls High School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=95|title=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=2025-03-15|archivedate=2023-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921230933/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=95}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Asher Ayisi bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party ma bụrụ onye otu ndị omeiwu maka mpaghara Cape Coast North na Central Region nke Ghana.<ref name=":0"/> === Nhọrọ 2016 === Asher Ayisi zọọrọ oche omeiwu nke Cape Coast North na tiketi New Patriotic Party n'oge ntuli aka izugbe Ghana 2016 wee merie site na vootu 19,475, na-anọchite anya 49.78% nke ngụkọta votu. Ọ meriri Kwabena Owusu Akyeampong nke National Democratic Congress onye dọtara vootu 16,309 bụ nke ya na 41.69%, onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Progressive People's Party (PPP) Sarah Mary Bucknor onye nwere vootu 3,251 na-anọchite anya 8.31% nke Peter Kpeery Conventionary, na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye isi oche nke Peter Kriggy. 88 votes na-anọchi anya 0.22% nke mkpokọta votes.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Cape Coast North Constituency Results - Election 2016|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/cape_coast_north/|accessdate=2023-11-05|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2024-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226202704/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/cape_coast_north/}}</ref> ==== Nhọrọ 2020 ==== Asher Ayisi sonyere ọzọ na Mpaghara Cape Coast North na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party n'oge ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2020 mana Kwamena Minta Nyarku nke National Democratic Congress meriri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Cape Coast North Constituency Results - Election 2020|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/central/cape_coast_north/|accessdate=2023-11-17|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004092551/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/central/cape_coast_north/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Coast North – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/cape-coast-north/|accessdate=2023-11-17|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105212856/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/cape-coast-north/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Cape Coast North|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=81|accessdate=2023-11-17|work=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 PARLIAMENTARY RESULTS – Electoral Commission|url=https://ec.gov.gh/2020-presidential-election-results/2020-parliamentary-results/|accessdate=2023-11-17|work=Electoral Commission Ghana|date=9 December 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi. O nwere ntọala akpọrọ Barbra Asher Foundation, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ibelata enweghị ọrụ n'etiti ndị ntorobịa nọ na mpaghara ya. Barbra Asher Foundation na mmekorita ya na mmepe mmepe na ime ohuru nke Mahadum Cape Coast Technical University zụrụ ihe kariri ndi ntorobia 200 na mpaghara Cape Coast n'umu oru ahia ahia..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/860236/cr-barbara-asher-foundation-trains-200-youth-in-entreprene.html|title=C/R: Barbara Asher Foundation Trains 200 Youth In Entrepreneurial Skills|date=11 June 2018|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=9 March 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst ma na-aga Victory Bible Church International. Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Ayisi, Barbara Asher|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5353|accessdate=9 March 2019|work=GhanaMps|archivedate=27 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927004848/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5353}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Ayisi, Barbara Asher}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3ii0owkyly1lsl0sik7cisvs27gfmbj 0 57624 697628 202855 2026-08-10T04:21:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697628 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marra''', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọbu '''Mara''', bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia, nke a na-asụkarị n'akụkụ oke osimiri nke Ọwara Carpentaria na Northern Territory gburugburu Roper, Towns na Limmen Bight Rivers . Ugbu a Marra bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ . Nnyocha kacha ọhụrụ bụ na 1991; n’oge ahụ, e nwere nanị ndị ọkà okwu iri na ise, ndị nile meworo agadi. Ọtụtụ ndị Marra na-asụzi Kriol dị ka asụsụ bụ́ isi ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mec|title=Ethnologue report for language code: mec|publisher=Ethnologue.com|accessdate=2011-07-31}}</ref> Ndị na-asụ Marra agadi ndị fọdụrụ na-ebi na obodo Aboriginal nke Ngukurr, Numbulwar, Borroloola na Minyerri . Marra bụ asụsụ prefixing nwere klaasị aha atọ (nwoke, nwanyị na neuter) yana ihe dị iche iche-ọtụtụ mmadụ-abụọ. A na-eji usoro ihe ngosi dị mgbagwoju anya mara ya, okwu ndị ikwu sara mbara, enweghị usoro a kapịrị ọnụ maka owuwu nkebiokwu, yana usoro ngosipụta dị mgbagwoju anya. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ nwere obere [[Avoidance speech|asụsụ a na-ezere]] na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche na okwu nwoke na nwanyị na-asụ. == Asụsụ na ndị na-asụ asụsụ == Marra bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Arnhem, ezinụlọ nke abụọ kachasị na Australia na-esote Pama–Nyungan . Ndị Marra na-akpọ onwe ha {{Lang|mec|Marranbala}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mec|Marra}}, na asụsụ ha dị ka {{Lang|mec|Marra}} . Na mgbakwunye na Warndarrang, nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu nke Marra n'akụkụ Osimiri Roper, Marra na-akpakọrịtakwa na [[Asụsụ Alawa|Alawa]] (nke a na-asụ n'ime ala, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ), Binbinga na [[Wilangarra]] ( asụsụ West Barkly na ndịda), na Yanyuwa (asụsụ Pama-Nyungan nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ). [ 5 ] Ekewara ndị Marra n'ime agbụrụ atọ bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Limmen Bight na Arnhem Land ( North Territory, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ): {{Lang|mec|burdal}}, {{Lang|mec|murrungun}}, na {{Lang|mec|mambali}} . N'afọ ndị 1970, mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ ubi mbụ dị mkpa na Marra, {{Lang|mec|mambali}} ezinụlọ ekpochapụla, n'agbanyeghị otu ezinụlọ nwere aha nna Riley of the {{Lang|mec|burdal}} ezinụlọ na otu nwoke aha ya bụ Anday nke {{Lang|mec|murrungun}} Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịnye onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Jeffrey Heath ozi omenala na asụsụ. [ 5 ] Agbụrụ atọ a, yana {{Lang|mec|guyal}} na-asụ Warndarrang otu, mejupụtara set nke anọ patrilineal semimoieties, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere nke ha set nke songs, akụkọ ifo, na ememe. Ejikọkwa ọkara nke ọ bụla na totem ( oliv python ma ọ bụ catfish ọdụ ndụdụ maka {{Lang|mec|mambali}}, goanna for {{Lang|mec|guyal}}, Python isi ojii ma ọ bụ kangaroo antilopine maka {{Lang|mec|burdal}}, na eze aja aja aja maka {{Lang|mec|murrungun}} ) ma nwee ibu ọrụ maka totem ahụ. [ 6 ] Rịba ama na ndị Warndarang na-eji otu usoro nke semimoieties, n'okpuru aha {{Lang|mec|mambali}}, {{Lang|mec|murrungun}}, {{Lang|mec|wurdal}}, na {{Lang|mec|guyal}} ( {{Lang|mec|wuyal}} ). [ 7 ] N'ime afọ 1973–1975 na 1976–1977, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Jeffrey Heath so ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-asụ Marra dị ndụ rụkọrọ ọrụ iji mepụta ụtọasụsụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị isi anọ - Mack Riley, Tom Riley, Johnnie (onye bụ Warndarrang ma na-ekwu okwu Marra na Nunggubuyu maka ọtụtụ ndụ ya), na Anday - Heath nwere ike ịnakọta ụtọ ụtọ na ozi okwu yana ọtụtụ ederede na egwu ezinụlọ na ememe totem. == Ụtọasụsụ Marra == ''( Ozi ụtọasụsụ niile sitere na Heath 1981 [ 5 ] ma ọ bụrụ na edeghị ya ọzọ.'' '')'' === Igwe okwu === ==== Ndepụta nke consonant ==== Marra nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Warndarrang na Alawa. Enwere fọnịm abụọ ọzọ: interdental /n̪ / na /l̪ / nke na-eme naanị n'okwu flora-fauna ole na ole, ma bụrụkwa okwu nbinye sitere na Nunggubuyu ma ọ bụ Yanyuwa, asụsụ abụọ a na-eji fọnịm ndị a ugboro ugboro. Ihe nrịbama nke bara uru na-egosi na e mere ihe “maka” mmadụ dị ka ọ dị na {{Lang|mec|ma-rang-nan.ganyi}}, "o gburu maka m". {{Lang|mec|Ma-}} a na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe enwere isi ihe inyeaka; {{Lang|mec|marl-}} a na-eji ya mgbe enwere naanị otu ngwaa na mgbagwoju anya. A na-eji urughuru centripetal gosi mmegharị n'ime usoro okwu nke ọkà okwu, na echiche nke ngagharị na-abịa "azụ" ma ọ bụ "Ụzọ a". Ọ bụ naanị ụzọ a ga-esi amata ihe ngwaa “ịnara” na “iweta” ma ọ bụ “ịga” na “ịbịa” pụtara. ==== Ụdị ntụgharị uche ==== Marra nwere udi ntughari iri na isii nwere ike ime (ntụgharị uche / akụkụ / ọnọdụ): * Ọdịmma n'oge gara aga * Ogologo oge gara aga na-aga n'ihu dị mma * Odimma nodurative na-aga n'ihu gara aga * Onwere ike gara aga * Onwere ike na-adịghị mma * Ihe ọjọọ gara aga * Ugbu adịghị mma * Dị mma * Ihe na-akpali akpali * Ọdịnihu adịchaghị mma * Ọdịmma n'oge ga-eme n'ọdịnihu * Ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide nke ọma * Ọdịnihu na-aga n'ihu nondurative nti * Ọ dị oke mkpa * Ihe na-achọsi ike * Ọdịnihu adịghị mma A na-ekewa akụkụ Marra n'etiti omume na-aga n'ihu na nke oge (nke a makwaara dị ka " izu okè ") omume, na nke mbụ na-ekewa n'ime durative (mere n'oge dum) na ndị na-abụghị durative (mere ka oge na-aga, ma ọ bụghị oge dum). Nkewa nke ọma/na-adịghị mma na-ekewa ihe ndị mere, bụ, ma ọ bụ ga-eme n'ihe na-emeghị, na-abụghị, ma ọ bụ na-agaghị eme, otu a na-akpọ na nyocha nke ụfọdụ asụsụ agbataobi dịka " irrealis ". Ụdị "ọdịdị ebighi ebi" dị ụkọ ma were ihe "ike" pụtara. "Ike gara aga" na-ezo aka n'ihe na-aga ime (mana ọ bụghị, n'ihi nkwụsịtụ) ma ọ bụ kwesịrị ime. Enwere ike ịtụgharị ụdị ihe mgbapụ dị ka "ka ọ ghara" ma ọ bụ "ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ", na-egosi na ihe na-adịghị mma nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ọzọ emere ma ọ bụ na-emeghị ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|mec|nga-nanggu-wa wuninggi rang-ningganjiyi}} pụtara "nye m ya, ma ọ bụghị ya, m ga-akụ gị". Rịba ama na a na-ejikọta ihe mgbapụ ahụ na nkebiokwu ọzọ (dị ka Heath na-ekwu, ọ "adịghị eguzo naanị ya dị ka amụma dị mfe nke mbibi na-abịa"), na-abụkarị ihe dị mkpa . The gara aga na-aga n'ihu durative nti, dị ugbu a na-adịghị mma/nke dị ugbu a, ọdịnihu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ọma, n'ọdịnihu na-aga n'ihu durative nti, na desiderative mma niile na-ewere a "durative" morpheme na ngwaa complex's "durative stem-mbilite prefix" oghere; ngalaba ndị ọzọ niile enweghị akara. Ụdị nke suffixes ndị a dị iche site na ngwaa inyeaka. ==== prefixes aha ==== Dịka ọ dị na Warndarrang na asụsụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya, a na-agbakwunye prefix pronominal dị iche na ngwaa maka nchikota isiokwu na ihe ọ bụla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaa nwere isiokwu mmadụ nke abụọ na ihe nwere ihe abụọ pụrụ iche ga-ewere prefix {{Lang|mec|nirrgu-}} mana onye-mmadụ pụrụ iche isiokwu abuo nwere ihe abuo onye nke atọ ga-ewere prefix {{Lang|mec|nimbirr-}} . N'ime isiokwu mmadụ nke abụọ, ihe atụ nke onye nke atọ, enwekwara mkpọaha dị iche iche maka ngwaa dị mkpa na nke na-adịghị mkpa. Enwere iwu gbagwojuru anya nke ukwuu, yana ọtụtụ ewepụrụ, maka imepụta nnọchiaha ndị a. Mgbe akara ihe onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ ngalaba nke atọ, prefix agbakwunyere {{Lang|mec|–wa-}} a na-agbakwunye na mgbagwoju anya. === Syntax === ==== Usoro okwu ==== N'ime akpaokwu aha (NP) ma ọ bụ ngwaa gbagwojuru anya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na edobere usoro okwu kpamkpam. Edemede na-esochi nnọchiaha ngosi na-esochi ya bụ isi okwu na-esochi ya bụ adjectives, ọ bụ ezie na nnochiaha genitive nwere ike iso ma ọ bụ buru aha isi. Maka ngwaa, ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ga-eburịrị ngwaa mgbagwoju anya ozugbo, na n'ime mgbagwoju anya ka edobere usoro nke morphemes. N'ime nkebiokwu ahụ, Otú ọ dị, usoro nke NP, mgbagwoju ngwaa, na adverbs bụ n'efu. A na-ewerekarị ihe mbụ dị ka ihe kacha mkpa. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nke mbụ abụghị ngwaa mgbagwoju anya, isi ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya na-emekarị ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-ewere ọnọdụ nke abụọ; ọ dị ka enweghị ihe dị iche n'ihe pụtara n'etiti ahịrịokwu ndị ahụ na-etinye ngwaa mgbagwoju anya n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na ndị na-adịghị. ==== Nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị nọ n'okpuru ==== A na-ejikarị urughuru ma ọ bụ njikọ dị ka {{Lang|mec|bigana}} akara nkebiokwu ndị nọ n'okpuru, "n'ihi na" ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mec|waninggayani}}, "mgbe nke ahụ mechara". Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ibelata nkebiokwu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ otu ngwaa mgbagwoju anya, a na-akpọkarị okwu ahụ site na iji suffixes {{Lang|mec|–manjarr}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mec|–manggirri}} wee tinye na-eso isi aha. == Usoro okwu ezere == Marra, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ dị n'ógbè ahụ, nwere ihe mgbochi na-egbochi mkparịta ụka kpọmkwem nke ụmụnne ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha, na-amalite n'ihe dị ka afọ asatọ (afọ nke ibi úgwù n'ime ụmụ nwoke). Naanị okwu mgbochi a kapịrị ọnụ na Marra, agbanyeghị, bụ {{Lang|mec|marlayarra}}, nke otu nwanna nwaanyị nke nwa okorobịa e biri úgwù ji na-agwa ya okwu ma ọ bụ na-ezo aka na ya. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ, okwu maka nwa nwoke e biri úgwù bụ {{Lang|mec|warlima}} . Marra enweghị mgbagwoju anya okwu ezere ma ọ bụ asụsụ nwoke na nwanyị dị na Yanyula agbataobi. Otú ọ dị, ndị ikom ekwesịghị ịkpọ aha nne di ha (nne nwunye), nwanne ' ' ha, ma ọ bụ nwanne ' ha, n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a na-adị jụụ dị ka nwoke. == Ntụnyere asụsụ Marran == Warndarrang (asụsụ a na-asụ kemgbe 1974) na Marra (asụsụ nwere naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya) bụ ezigbo ndị ikwu ibe ha. Ya na Alawa (nke dịkwa oke egwu) na Yugul (asụsụ nke ndị na-asụ Warndarrang, Marra, na Alawa gbara akaebe mana o doro anya na ọ gwụla, [ 7 ] asụsụ ndị a bụ otu obere Marran nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Gunwinyguan. Asụsụ atọ ahụ edekọtara na-ekerịta ọtụtụ okwu ma nwee ọtụtụ usoro mmụta asụsụ yiri nke ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị, na okwu mbinye ego sitere na Nunggubuyu na Ngandi na-emetụta Warndarrang nke ukwuu. [ 7 ] === Ntụnyere ọnụ === Asụsụ atọ ahụ niile na-ebuga ụzọ, ngwaa ha nwere ma ọ bụ otu azumahia ma ọ bụ “isi ngwaa” na-emepeghị emepe na-aga n'ihu ngwaa inyeaka emegharịrị. [ 9 ] Ụdị okwu ọnụ dị otú ahụ adịghị n'asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu. [ 10 ] Asụsụ Marran na-ekekọrịtakwa njirimara ngwaa dị ka mmụgharị nke urughuru n'ime ngwaa okwu na-egosi omume ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu (ụkpụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Ọstrelia), na egosipụta nbibi nke ngwaa site na ihe na-aga n'ihu ozugbo ngwaa mgbagwoju anya ( {{Lang|mec|gu}} na ma Warndarang na Marra ma {{Lang|alh|ngayi}} na Alawa). [ 9 ] Marra nwere usoro okwu mkparịta ụka dị mgbagwoju anya karịa Warndarrang (ụdị okwu iri na isii dị iche iche na Marra mana ọ bụ naanị asatọ na Warndarrang na o doro anya na asaa na Alawa), usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na-enweghị atụ maka asụsụ Australia. [ 5 ] Otú ọ dị, asụsụ abụọ ahụ nwere ụkpụrụ njikọ nke nwere ngwaa akọwapụtara nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye na myirịta n'usoro nke ngwaa mgbagwoju anya, Marra na Warndarrang na-ejikwa okwu-usoro iji lekwasị anya, ma ọ bụ pụta ìhè, otu ihe dị n'ime nkebiokwu ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na usoro okwu na Marra dị nnọọ ike karịa nke ahụ na Warndarrang. === Ntụnyere aha aha === Alawa kewara aha ya ụzọ abụọ (nwoke na nwanyị) [ 11 ] ebe Marra nwere klas atọ (nwoke, nwanyị na neuter) na Warndarrang isii. Asụsụ atọ ahụ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, abụọ, na ọtụtụ, na Warndarrang nwere klaasị "paucal" (atọ ruo ise) ọzọ maka aha mmadụ. Ojiji nke okwu okwu na Warndarrang na Marra fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu - Marra na-agbakọta ikpe niile na mpaghara wee gbakwụnye okwu mkparị - ọ bụ ezie na naanị ihe na-eme ka ọ dị n'usoro bụ ebumnuche {{Lang|mec|-ni}} . Usoro akara ikpe nke Alawa enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya. [ 11 ] Ngosipụta ndị dị na Warndarrang na Marra na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka otu usoro ọmụmụ (ihe dị nso, ozugbo, anya, na anaphoric, ọ bụ ezie na Warndarrang na-agbakwụnye n'etiti etiti dị anya), n'agbanyeghị na ụdị ahụ n'onwe ha enweghị myirịta. N'ezie, ihe ngosi Marra na-atụgharị maka ikpe, ọnụọgụ, na okike, ebe ngosi Warndarang na-etinye otu ụdị dị mkpa. Ọzọ, usoro ngosi nke Alawa dị iche iche, na-ese naanị otu ọdịiche dị anya ("nke a" na "nke ahụ") mana enwere ọdịiche anaphoric ndị ọzọ. Okwu ntụzịaka dị n'etiti Warndarang na Marra na-ekerịta ọtụtụ cognates, dị ka {{Lang|mec|garrgali}} (Marra) na {{Lang|wnd|arrgarli}} (Warndarrang) maka "ọdịda anyanwụ" ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mec|guymi}} (asụsụ abụọ ahụ) maka "north", ọ bụ ezie na Marra nwekwara usoro morphological dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agafe agafe iji mata ọdịiche dị na okwu ndị a. Marra nwekwara oke ntụzịaka elu/ala na-anọghị na Warndarrang. Enweghị data Alawa maka ntụzịaka kadinal. [ 11 ] === ntụnyere lexical === Okwu omenala n'etiti asụsụ atọ ahụ dị iche. Marra nwere usoro okwu ikwu okwu dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu, gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke okwu dị iche iche; [ 5 ] Usoro Warndarrang yiri ka ọ dị mfe karị, ọ bụ ezie na onye na-asụ asụsụ Jeffrey Heath enweghị ike ị nweta ọtụtụ ozi ndị ikwu tupu onye ozi ya anwụọ. [ 7 ] Alawa nwere sistemu na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụdị ụdị ' Marra, mana enweghị okwu dị iche iche ma kesaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ole na ole (ewezuga gụnyere {{Lang|alh|baba}} maka "nwanne nke okenye"). Ntụle cursory nke mkpụrụokwu flora-fauna n'asụsụ atọ ahụ na-ekpughekwa ọnụọgụgụ ole na ole. Ndị otu dị na Warndarrang na Marra nwere aha ha yiri otu ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị na ejikọtara otu ndị ahụ na egwu, egwu na emume dị iche iche. [ 6 ] == Hụkwa == * Non-Pama–Nyungan languages * Grammatical aspect == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|3}} == Ntụaka == Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. * {{Cite journal|author=Capell|first=A.|date=1960|title=The Wandarang and other tribal myths of the Yabuduruwa ritual|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1960-03_30_3/page/206|journal=Oceania|volume=30|pages=206-224|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1960.tb00221.x}} * {{Cite journal|author=Heath|first=J.|date=1976|title=North-east Arnhem Land|journal=Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages|pages=735-740}} * {{Cite book|author=Heath|first=J.|date=1980|title=Basic Materials in Warndarang: Grammar, Texts, and Dictionary|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra}} * {{Cite book|author=Heath|first=J.|date=1981|title=Basic Materials in Mara: Grammar, Texts, and Dictionary|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra}} * {{Cite book|author=Heath|first=J.|date=1986|chapter=Massacre at Hodgson Downs|title=This Is What Happened: Historical narratives by Aborigines|editor=Hercus|pages=177-181|publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies|location=Canberra}} * {{Cite book|author=Sharpe|first=M. C.|date=1972|title=Alawa phonology and grammar|publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies|location=Canberra}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sharpe|first=M. C.|date=1976|title=Alawa, Mara and Warndarang.|journal=Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages|pages=708-729}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1v0yhpwmf05xgk9xnz8p70rmyw98cz8 0 57683 697629 496925 2026-08-10T04:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Byangsi''' (a na-akpọkwa '''Byansi''', Byãsi, Byangkho Lwo, Byanshi, Bhotia, na Byangkhopa <ref name="endangered">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1616|title=Byangsi|work=Endangered Languages|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-03|archivedate=2017-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007065342/http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1616}}</ref> ) bụ asụsụ West Himalayish nke [[Ndia|India]] na Nepal . Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche, mana ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,000-1,500 na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, <ref name="endangered" /> ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ihe ruru 3,300. <ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bee/|title=Byangsi|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2017-04-17}}</ref> Byangsi sitere na mpaghara nwere nnukwu asụsụ, ya bụ na enwere ọtụtụ asụsụ n'etiti mmadụ ole na ole. <ref name="Sharma studies">{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=S. R.|date=2004–2005|title=Tibeto-Burman Studies at the Deccan College|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=64/65|pages=325–239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSharma2004–2005">Sharma, S. R. (2004–2005). "Tibeto-Burman Studies at the Deccan College". ''Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute''. 64/65: <span class="nowrap">325–</span>239. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930648 42930648].</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> Ọ bụ asụsụ kachasị na mpaghara a, <ref name="Sharma 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=S.R.|year=1993|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh-- an Introduction|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Institute|volume=53|pages=343–348}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na amachaghị ya na mpụga obere ugwu ugwu ya na ndị na-asụ ya na-esiri ike ịkepụta onwe ha maka mmekọrita gọọmentị etiti. <ref name="Levine">{{Cite journal|author=Levine|first=Nancy E.|year=1987|title=Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1987-02_46_1/page/71|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=46|issue=1|pages=71–88|doi=10.2307/2056667}}</ref> Byangsi bụ akụkụ nke otu asụsụ anọ dị obere West Himalayish a na-asụ na mbụ "steeti Almora", nke kewara ugbu a n'etiti Uttarakhand India na anya ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal, ya bụ, Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi na Byangsi. [ 8 ] Na Uttarakhand, mpaghara Byangsi sitere na Budi ( Na Nepal, a na-asụkarị Byangsi na Chhangru ( === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Ndị na-asụ Byangsi kwenyere na ha sitere na ndị Darchula Byangsi, nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ Parbatiya, na ndị Tibet. <ref name="Levine"/> Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta si mba ọzọ kpuchiri ógbè ugwu ebe ndị mmadụ bi, ya mere, a chịkọtara ntakịrị ihe ọmụma banyere asụsụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. <ref name="Levine" /> === Omenala === Enwere ike ịkpọ ndị na-asụ Byangsi Byangsi, mana ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ Bura. <ref name="Levine"/> Na usoro nkedo mba Nepal, nke gọọmentị Nepalese jiri dochie ọkwa ọkwa atọ gara aga na mpaghara pụrụ iche, a na-etinye ndị ugwu nke Bura dị nso n'etiti. Maka okwu gbasara iwu na gọọmentị, ndị Bura na-ewere onwe ha Chetri, kpọmkwem, Matwali Chetri, nke na-egosi na ha kwekọrọ na Chetri na omenala ọha na eze, ma anaghị agbaso omume niile nke Chetri caste. <ref name="Levine"/> Mpaghara Humla nke dị na Bura bụ agbụrụ atọ bi: Bura, Nepali Parbatias, na ndị na-asụ Tibet, bụ ndị niile dị iche na elu ebe ha bi, ọrụ akụ na ụba, na omenala ọha mmadụ. Agbanyeghị, oke agbụrụ ndị a esighi ike, n'adịghị ka mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu; ebe obibi agbụrụ na-eme ebe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna obodo dum ga-agbanwe agbụrụ ha dị ka mkpa mgbanwe akụ na ụba na ndụ si dị. Ndị Bura na-ebi n'etiti oke ugwu ma na-ebi ndụ site n'ịkọ ugbo n'akụkụ ugwu na ala ọhịa a kpochapụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Obodo Chetri nke Bura nwere bụ nnukwu ezinụlọ na mpaghara Humla, n'agbanyeghị na ndị bi ebe ahụ na-adịkarị ogbenye. <ref name="Levine"/> Ndị Matwali Chetri bụ ihe sitere n'ịchịkọta omume agbụrụ na obodo Nepalese iji kwado ụdị nke caste, Chetri; ha na-ekerịta omenala alụmdi na nwunye, ezinụlọ na ihe nketa; kalenda ememe; na ememe nsogbu ndụ na ndị Chetri, n'agbanyeghị na ha, dị ka ndị ọzọ nke ugwu, na-eji ndị mmụọ dị ọnụ ala karịa maka ememe ha. <ref name="Levine" /> N'ime agbụrụ Bura, ndị mmadụ kewara onwe ha ụzọ abụọ: ''jharra'' ("ezigbo") na Tibet Bura. A na-ekewa klas ndị a na ndị ''jharra'' na-azọrọ na ha sitere na Darchula Byansi na ndị dị elu nke Parbatiya karịa ndị Tibet ma kwuo na ha kwụsịrị ịlụ ndị Tibet ogologo oge gara aga, ebe Tibet Bura na-ekwe ka ịlụ ndị Tibet na-asụ asụsụ Tibet. <ref name="Levine"/> Enwere ogo di na nwunye n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="Sharma 2001">{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=Suhnu Ram|date=Feb 2001|title=A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh|journal=New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages|volume=2}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSharma2001">Sharma, Suhnu Ram (Feb 2001). LaPolla, Randy (ed.). "A Study on the Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh". ''New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages''. '''2'''.</cite></ref> ==== Nkpọaha ==== Nnọchiaha onwe onye na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ na mgbakwunye na otu, abụọ, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ, na-egosi nke abụọ site n'ịgbakwunye suffix -ʃi na nnọchiaha ọtụtụ. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> {| class="wikitable" ! ! Otu ! Abụọ ! Ọtụtụ |- ! '''Onye mbụ''' | je | naʃi | n'ime |- ! '''Onye nke abụọ''' | gan | ganiʃi | gani |- ! '''Onye nke atọ''' | uo | uniʃi | unʃi |} Nkpọaha ngosi na Byangsi ga-adị iche dabere na ọnụọgụgụ, anya, elu n'ihe gbasara ọkà okwu, yana ma a na-ahụ ihe. <ref name="Sharma studies"/> {| class="wikitable" !Byangsi ! Bekee |- | kaa | Kedu |- | una | WHO |- | ulaŋ | mgbe ole |- | wà | ebee |- | apata ụkwụ ezi | Kedu |- | hụ | ihe kpatara ya |} O nwere ike ịbụ na e si na Hindi ma ọ bụ Kumaoni gbazite aha nnọchite anya "api". Ọ nwere naanị otu ụdị. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> Enwekwara naanị otu onye ikwu, "dzai," nke a na-eji "api" eme ihe mgbe niile. <ref name="Sharma 2001" /> ==== Adjectives ==== Adjectives na-ebute aha aha ha na-agbanwe ma anaghị agbanwe ụdị. A pụkwara iji ha mee ihe dị ka ihe nrịbama . <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> ==== Okwu okwu ==== Mgbasa ozi nwere ike ịkọwa oge, ebe, ma ọ bụ usoro ihe omume wee buru ngwaa nke ha megharịa. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> ==== Ngwaa ==== Enwere ngwaa dị mfe yana ngwa ngwa na Byangsi, yana ngwaa dị mfe nwere mgbọrọgwụ monosyllabic. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> Enwere ike na-emeso ngwaa dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, na iji gbanwee ihe ọ pụtara, ha nwere ike were suffix dabere n'ụdị ọrụ ngwaa ahụ bụ. <ref name="Sharma 2001" /> Byangsi, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman, na-eji aspectivizers nke ọma, nke bụ inyeaka agbakwunyere na ngwaa ozugbo na azuokokoosisi ya iji gbanwee ntakịrị ihe ọ pụtara na ihe nwere njikọ chiri anya. <ref name="Sharma Aspectivizers">{{Cite journal|author=Sharma|first=S.R.|date=1996–1997|title=Aspectivizers and Mediopassive Stem Formation in Byangsi|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=56/57|pages=267–270}}</ref> Mgbanwe n'etiti ngwaa transitive na intransitive nwere ike were dị ka ihe nleba anya. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> Thespectivizer onwe ya enweghị ike iguzo naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ngwaa na-enweghị onye nwere ike; n'ezie, ụfọdụ ngwaa agaghị ewere ihe aspectivizer. <ref name="Sharma Aspectivizers" /> Ngwaa ga-agbanwe ụdị dabere na ike, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, mmadụ, na nọmba. Ọnọdụ gụnyere ihe dị mkpa / ihe mgbochi, ihe ngosi, enweghị njedebe, na subjunctive . A na-egosi enweghị njedebe site n'ịgbakwụnye suffix -mo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ -mɔ) n'okwu ngwaa. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> === Syntax === Byangsi debere ihe ahụ n'ihu ngwaa ahụ. Ngwaa na-abịa na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu, ma na-adịkarị, isiokwu a na-abịa n'ihu ihe ahụ. A na-ekpebi mmekọrịta nke okwu n'asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ma site n'itinye n'ahịrịokwu na morphemes, nke nwere ike ịbụ prefixes ma ọ bụ suffixes . Enwere ike iji Morphemes kwalite ọrụ nke okwu ma ọ bụ gosi ọrụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọghị n'usoro "ọkọlọtọ" ma yie ka ọ bụ mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na asụsụ Tibeto-Burman. === Nkọwa okwu mmekọrịta === Nkọwa okwu ikwu na Byangsi bụ ụdị nhụsianya, nke pụtara na enwere ike iji otu okwu ahụ maka ndị ikwu n'akụkụ abụọ nke osisi ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allen|first=N. J.|year=1975|title=Byansi Kinship Terminology: A Study in Symmetry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1975-03_10_1/page/80|journal=Man|volume=10|issue=1|pages=80–94|doi=10.2307/2801184}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Byangsi_tree_figure_JG.png|thumb| Okwu Symmetrical ejiri na Byangsi]] Osisi ezinaụlọ abụghị kpọmkwem ihe nrịba ama n'okwu ọnụ, mana okwu ụfọdụ pụtara ụdị ndị ikwu a na-eche na ha yiri ya na omenala. Ọmụmaatụ nke mmekọrịta n'ụzọ zuru oke bụ na okwu ''titi'' na ''lala'' nke ọ bụla na-ezo aka na nne na nna nna na nne na nna nne. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya nwere aha a kapịrị ọnụ na Byangsi nke enwere ike kekọrịta. A na-eji okwu ''chînî'' mee ihe maka nne di ma ọ bụ nwunye nakwa nwanne nna ya na nwunye nwanne nne ya. <ref name="Panna Lall">{{Cite journal|author=Lall|first=Panna|date=1911|title=An Enquiry into the Birth and Marriage Customs of the Khasiyas and the Bhotiyas of Almora District, U.P.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207408|journal=The Indian Antiquary|volume=11|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207408/page/n204 190]–198}}</ref> Enwere ike iche na mmekọrịta a dị ka nwanne nne, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji ''chînî'' eme ihe maka ụmụnne nne nne ya. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-eji okwu ''thângmi'' mee ihe maka nna di ma ọ bụ nwunye, nwanne nne ya, na di nwanne nna ya, ma ọ bụghị ụmụnne nna ya. <ref name="Panna Lall" /> == Sistemụ ọnụọgụgụ == Byangsi na-eji usoro ọnụọgụgụ iri na-abụghị ntọala. Ọ na-eji prefixes dị ka multipliers. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hodson|first=T. C.|year=1913|title=Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=45|issue=2|pages=315–336|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00044592}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Ọnụọgụgụ Arabik ! Okwu Byangsi ! Ọnụọgụgụ Arabik ! Okwu Byangsi |- | 1 | tiɡɛ | 13 | cesɯm |- | 2 | naʃɛ | 20 | nasa: [nassa:] |- | 3 | sɯm | 21 | nasa: tiɡɛ |- | 4 | pi | 30 | nasa: cị |- | 5 | nai | 40 | pisa |- | 6 | tugu | 50 | pisa: cị |- | 7 | niʃɛ | 60 | tuksa: |- | 8 | jɛdɛ | 70 | tuksa: cị |- | 9 | ɡui | 80 | jatsha |- | 10 | cị | 90 | jatsha cị |- | 11 | chere | 100 | ra / sai |- | 12 | cenye | 1000 | aha:r |} Tebụlụ gbanwetụrụ site na Chan. <ref name="mpg numeral systems">{{Cite web|url=https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Byangsi.htm|title=Byangsi- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|editor=Chan|work=mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de|accessdate=2017-04-27}}</ref> <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> Rịba ama na sai na haja:r bụ ndị Indo-Aryan gbaziri. <ref name="mpg numeral systems"/> A na-etolite mkpụrụokwu ọtụtụ site n'ịmegharị isi okwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji pipi pụtara ugboro anọ (site na pi), ma ọ bụ suffix -tsu, dị ka pitsu iji nweta otu ihe ahụ. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> A na-egosipụta irighiri ihe site na nha mpaghara ma ewezuga otu okwu, "phyε," nke pụtara "ọkara" na a naghị agbanwe ya. <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> == Okwu okwu == Họrọ ụdị okwu dị iche iche (ọ bụghị n'uju): <ref name="Sharma 2001"/> {| class="wikitable" !Okwu Byangsi ! Ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee |- | ọ | ee |- | lairi | niile |- | yin | bụrụ |- | ŋɔ | ihu |- | taŋde | dị ndụ |- | yaddε | ọjọọ |- | semo | bea |- | wa nayaŋ | anu |- | le | mkpụrụ osisi |- | nka | isi |- | labu | bọta |- | khu | ezinụlọ |- | azag | ume |- | dza:mo | rie |- | tuŋmo | ṅụọ |- | sapaŋ | ụwa |- | sa :tso | efu |- | hicimo | anwụ |- | khat | oyi |- | rɔ | agụụ |- | itta | naanị ugbu a |- | bhak | ụda |- | chọ | ngaji |- | gal | yak |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} *   == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] datcu12etn6bbej31bmq4o0h7hnlm7d 0 57800 697637 696240 2026-08-10T04:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emerillon''' ( endonym '''Teko''' ; nke a makwaara dị ka '''Emerilon''', '''Emerion''', '''Mereo''', '''Melejo''', '''Mereyo''', '''Teco''' ) bụ asụsụ nke ezinụlọ Tupi–Guarani, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Tritsch, Grenand, Damien|date=2012|title=Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française|url=https://journals.openedition.org/confins/7964|journal=Confins|volume=16|pages=1–26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTritsch,_Grenand,_Damien2012">Tritsch, Grenand, Damien (2012). [https://journals.openedition.org/confins/7964 "Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française"]. ''Confins''. '''16''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>26 &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-enyochakarị na Amazonia. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> Asụsụ ndị metụtara Emerillon kacha nso bụ Waampípukú, Waampí, na Jo'é. Otu obere obodo bi na mpaghara abụọ nke French Guiana na-asụ Emerillon: Osimiri Maroni na njikọ Oyapock-Camopi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Emerillon na-ezo aka na onwe ha na asụsụ ha Teko . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Rose, Gordon|date=2006|title=Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=48|issue=2|pages=132–168}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose,_Gordon2006">Rose, Gordon (2006). "Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study". ''Anthropological Linguistics''. '''48''' (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>168. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25132376 25132376].</cite></ref> Ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ e dekọrọ nke ndị ọkà okwu Emerillon bụ 410, dịka e dekọrọ na 2010. <ref name="reference4">{{Cite journal|author=Davy, Tritsch, Grenand|date=2012|title=Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260676397|journal=Confins|volume=16|pages=26}}</ref> Edepụtara asụsụ a ugbu a dị ka nke nọ n'ihe egwu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị obere. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọgbọ ọ bụla ma na-akụzi ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ, na-enwechaghị mmetụta site n'asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ógbè ahụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> == Ọkpụkpụ == Emerillon ka a na-asụpe n'ụdị ụda olu dabere na mkpụrụedemede ụda olu mba ụwa, ọ bụghị dịka ọkpụkpụ [[Asụsụ French|French]] siri dị. [ 6 ] Nsụpe ahụ na-eji mkpụrụedemede '''ɨ''' maka ụdaume etiti na-enweghị okirikiri n'etiti i na u. [ 7 ] '''e''' na-akpọkarị '''é''', ụdaume nwere tilde na-abụkarị imi ( '''ã''', '''ẽ''', '''ĩ''', '''õ''', '''ũ''' ), '''ö''' dị ka German O umlaut, na '''b''' a na-akpọ '''mb''' . A na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede niile. [ 7 ] == Nhazi == Emerillon bụ ngalaba asụsụ Tupi–Guarani nke ezinụlọ Tupi. <ref name=":1" /> N'ime ezinụlọ a, a na-ahụ Emerillon n'ime obere otu nke Asatọ yana asụsụ Wayampi, Wayampípukú, Guajá, na ọtụtụ asụsụ Amazonian ndị ọzọ ( asụsụ Wayampi bụ onye ikwu ya kacha nso na myirịta na nso nso nke ndị na-asụ obodo). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> Emerillon ka ekewapụtara dị ka asụsụ nọ n'ihe egwu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 400 na-adịkarị ala (ọnụọgụ na-adịbeghị anya na-atụle ndị na-ekwu okwu 410). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Emerillon bụ asụsụ na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ ihe na isi mmalite ndị dị n'èzí. Ọ na-enweta okwu sitere na Creoles, French, na asụsụ ndị India America ndị ọzọ (nyere ọnọdụ ya na French Guiana n'akụkụ ebo ndị ọzọ). N'ime ọtụtụ ebo dị na French Guiana, Emerillon na-emekọrịta ihe na ebo ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị mba ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na ha enweela ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-ebelata n'etiti 1900s. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Navet|first=Eric|date=1998|title=Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1998_num_40_1_3677|journal=Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée|volume=40|pages=329–354|doi=10.3406/jatba.1998.3677}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNavet1998">Navet, Eric (1998). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1998_num_40_1_3677 "Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?"]. ''Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée''. '''40''': <span class="nowrap">329–</span>354. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3406/jatba.1998.3677|10.3406/jatba.1998.3677]] &#x2013; via Persee.</cite></ref> Tupu mgbe ahụ, Emerillon sitere na ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ya na nkwurịta okwu agbụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ Tupi-Guarani. Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Tupi na-ekerịta ụdị àgwà, dị ka iji SOV syntax na okwu nkịtị. Wayampi bụ asụsụ Emerillon kacha nso na ezinụlọ Tupi, ndị na-asụ ya bụkwa ebo kacha nso na ndị Teko. Mgbe mba ndị bụ́ isi mba ụwa bịarutere, bụ́ nke mbụ Spen si bịa na 1496, mmetụta mba ọzọ masịrị ndị bi n’ebe a na-akpọ French Guiana ugbu a. Mgbe ndị France biri ma chịkwaa ókèala ahụ na 1600s, Emerillon malitere ibiri okwu na usoro okwu. Tupu mkparịta ụka mbụ dị n'etiti ndị isi mba ofesi n'oge ahụ na ndị na-asụ Emerillon, ọ na-esiri ike ikwu kpọmkwem ebe na mgbe mbụ a malitere asụsụ ahụ na otú o si gbanwee ka oge na-aga, n'ihi na ndị Teko na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ abanyeghị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo mgbe ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ banyere ndị Teko tupu 1970 na-enye echiche na ndị bi na ya agbadala na ndị na-asụ Emerillon 50. Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha ọhụrụ nke ndị Teko chọpụtara na enwere opekata mpe 400 ndị na-asụ Emerillon na French Guiana. <ref name=":1" /> Otú ọ dị, nke a apụtaghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Teko adịghị agbada, ma ọ bụ enwebeghị nnukwu mfu. N'afọ ndị 1700 na 1800, oke mbibi malitere. N'ime ezinụlọ ebo niile dị na French Guiana, ezinụlọ Tupi, nke ndị Teko bụ akụkụ nke ha, enweela mfu kacha njọ. N'ezie, ndị Teko nwere mfu nke abụọ kachasị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ebo Tupi niile, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 88% kemgbe ahụ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=De Souza Aguiar|first=G|date=1991|title=Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-biology_1991-12_63_6/page/743|journal=Human Biology|volume=63|issue=6|pages=743–762|pmid=1959909}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDe_Souza_Aguiar1991">De Souza Aguiar, G (1991). "Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians". ''Human Biology''. '''63''' (6): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>762. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41464230 41464230]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1959909 1959909].</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime mkpochapụ nke ndị Teko na ebo ndị agbata obi bụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu dị ka influenza na ịba, na-akpata mbelata ihe ruru 88% na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na narị afọ nke 19. <ref name=":4" /> Ndị agbụrụ Tupi na ndị mba ọzọ butere ọrịa a, bụ nke dịtụ elu karịa ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":4" /> Ndị si mba ọzọ bi n'ógbè ahụ, ya bụ ndị French, kpalitere agha n'etiti ebo ndị ahụ, kpatara ọnwụ ọzọ. <ref name=":5" /> Oge mmekọ ndị a na ndị France na mba ndị ọzọ metụtara asụsụ ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, asụsụ French nwere mmetụta na-erugharị n'ime Emerillon, ọ bụ ezie na na Emerillon, a na-eji nasality mee ihe n'akụkụ n'ime nkebiokwu. Okwu French mechiri na ụdaume imi ga-aghọ imi kpam kpam n'otu Emerillon. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> Kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20, a na-ahụ ndị Teko ka ha na ndị na-asụ Wayampi (Waiãpi) na-ekwurịta okwu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=De Souza Aguiar|first=G|date=1991|title=Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-biology_1991-12_63_6/page/743|journal=Human Biology|volume=63|issue=6|pages=743–762|pmid=1959909}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDe_Souza_Aguiar1991">De Souza Aguiar, G (1991). "Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians". ''Human Biology''. '''63''' (6): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>762. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41464230 41464230]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1959909 1959909].</cite></ref> Asụsụ Wayampi bụkwa asụsụ kachasị nso na Emerillon, a na-aghọtakwa ha abụọ n'otu n'otu. N'afọ ndị 1950, enyemaka ahụike dịịrị ọtụtụ ebo gụnyere Teko, na-enye ohere ka ha kwụsịlata ma dị ize ndụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya. <ref name=":5" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a fọdụrụ na-agbasi mbọ ike na-agafe asụsụ ahụ site n'ọgbọ ọ bụla, na-ejigide mkpa ya na ọnọdụ ya dị ka asụsụ obodo nke ndị Teko. N'ịtụle ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nke ndị ọkà okwu Emerillon site na tupu 1970 nke chọpụtara na ọ dị n'okpuru 100 ọkà okwu, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Perret|first=Jacques|date=1933|title=Observations et documents sur les indiens Emerillon de la Guyane française.|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1933_num_25_1_1871|journal=Journal de la société des américanistes|volume=25|pages=65–98|doi=10.3406/jsa.1933.1871}}</ref> mmeghe nke enyemaka ahụike, na ngụkọ 2010 sochirinụ na-achọpụta na ebe 410 na-ekwu okwu Emerillon na French Guiana, <ref name=":1" /> enwere ihe akaebe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-abawanye na ọkara narị afọ gara aga. Asụsụ Emerillon bịara nso ikpochapụ. Omenala Emerillon bara ụba na ịkọ akụkọ na ọdịnala. Ndị Teko na-etinye nnukwu mkpa na akụ sitere n'okike na omenala dabere na ụwa gbara ha gburugburu, nke a pụtara ìhè n'akụkọ ifo na ịkọ akụkọ ha. Otu akụkọ dị otú ahụ na-akọwa akụkọ banyere ikpuru nke na-eleta nwanyị Emerillon, hụrụ ya n'anya, wee ghọọ nwoke iji nweta ya. Nke a worm-nwoke na-aghọta ụdị ndụ siri ike na ịrụsi ọrụ ike nke ndị ya, ma na-akpọga onye hụrụ ya n'anya ọhụrụ na ezinụlọ ya na ndị worm ya ndị kwetara inyere ha aka. Ndị ikpuru na-enye ha nnukwu akụ: ọka, ọka, akpu na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ha na-akụ ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ọkụkụ ha, ma mgbe nwoke idide gwara onye hụrụ ya n’anya ka ọ gaa chọọ ihe ndị ọzọ ha kụrụ, ụjọ na-atụ ya ịchọwa ma ọ gaghị aga ozugbo. Mgbe o mesịrị gaa ileba ihe onwunwe anya, owuwe ihe ubi adịghị ike. Ọzọkwa, nchịkọta nkenke a nke akụkọ ọdịnala Emerillon na-egosi mmesi ike na mkpa ọ dị ịrụsi ọrụ ike na mmekọrịta siri ike na Ụwa na ihe onwunwe ya. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa njikọ miri emi nke asụsụ ahụ na okike. <ref name=":5" /> == Nkesa ala == === Ọkwa gọọmentị === Emerillon nọ n'ihe egwu, ọ bụghịkwa asụsụ gọọmentị nke otu obodo. Kama, ndị na-asụ Emerillon (ndị Teko ) bi na obere akụkụ nke French Guiana, ógbè dị na South America nke ndị France biri na njedebe narị afọ nke 16, nke dị n'etiti [[Suriname]] na [[Brazil]], nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri Atlantic. A na-achọta Teko na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ, ma kewara ya ụzọ abụọ. Otu ìgwè bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Tampoc, nke abụọ dịkwa nso na Camopi . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ruffié, Larrouy, Y|date=1965|title=Étude hémotypologique des populations indiennes de la Guyane française ; I. les groupes érythrocytaires.|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1965_num_7_1_1309|journal=Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris|volume=11|pages=107–117}}</ref> Ekwenyere na ndị na-ekwu okwu Emerillon nọ na mpaghara ndị a kemgbe afọ 1600, nke nwere ezi ihe kpatara a maara maka ihe kpatara ha ji ebi na ebe abụọ dị iche iche. <ref name=":5" /> Otu abụọ a na-ekwurịta okwu na ibe ha, na oge ụfọdụ ha na ebo ndị agbata obi dị ka Wayampi, ndị Emerillon na-aghọta asụsụ ha. Emerillon ka na-ebufe site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ n'ihi ntakịrị mmetụta dị n'èzí na ndị Teko, na n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị ala, asụsụ ahụ adịghị ka ọ ga-apụ n'anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụrụ na omenala dị. === Olumba/ụdị dị iche iche === Emerillon enweghị olumba ama ama, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ aha ọzọ maka asụsụ ahụ dị: '''Emerilon, Emerion, Mero, Melejo, Mereyo, na Teco.''' == fonology == Emerillon Consonants: '''p, b, t, h, d, tʃ, dʒ, k, kʷ, g, s, z, w, j, ɾ, ʔ''' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Rose, Gordon|date=2006|title=Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=48|issue=2|pages=132–168}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose,_Gordon2006">Rose, Gordon (2006). "Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study". ''Anthropological Linguistics''. '''48''' (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>168. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25132376 25132376].</cite></ref> Enwere ọtụtụ consonants achọtara n'asụsụ Emerillon sitere na asụsụ dị iche iche dị na mpụga na mmetụta. Emerillon na-eji consonant labiovelar kʷ, nke bụ ụda olu a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'Africa na ndịda America. Na Emerillon, a na-akpọkwa "y" dị ka "j." Asụsụ ahụ na-egosipụtakwa nkwụsị glottal n'ụdị consonant " ʔ ." A na-emepụta ụda a site na-emechi ngwa ngwa ikuku na glottis, na-emepụta ụda "nkwụsị". A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nkwụsị glottal ndị a n'ihe atụ Syntax dị na ibe a. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Ụlọ nyocha. -vel. ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | kʷ | rowspan="2" | ʔ |- ! voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |- ! rowspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu ! voiceless | | s | | | | h |- ! voiced | | z | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Mmiri mmiri | | ɾ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Semivowel | w | | j | | | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpọ okwu consonant metụtara Bekee ! ! Mkpọ okwu ọnụ |- | dʒ | "j" |- | tʃ | "ch" |- | kʷ | "kwuh (kuh)" |- | ʔ | n/a- nkwụsị olu |} '''Udaume Emerillon''' : i, u, ɨ, e, a, o, na ǝ. <ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | ɨ | u |- ! N'etiti | e | ə | o |- ! Mepee | | a | |} === Prosody === Na mgbakwunye na phonology mkpụrụedemede, asụsụ Emerillon nwere nkọwa doro anya nke na-adịkarị n'etiti asụsụ ezinụlọ Tupi ndị ọzọ yiri ya. Okwu pụtara ịpụta ma ọ bụ jide mkpa na-enwekarị ịdịgasị iche n'ụdị ụda olu, ebe a na-edobe isi okwu kachasị elu na ngwaa ma ọ bụ ngwaa. N'ịtụle usoro SOV syntax nke asụsụ ahụ, nke a pụtara na nkebi ahịrịokwu dị ike ga-abawanye na ụda olu ruo mgbe ngwaa, ebe a na-achọta isi okwu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tonhauser, Clopper|date=2013|title=The Prosody of Focus in Paraguayan Guaraní|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_2013-04_79_2/page/219|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=79|issue=2|pages=219–251|doi=10.1086/669629}}</ref> == Ụtọ asụsụ == === Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ === Emerillon, n'otu aka ahụ na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ezinụlọ Tupi-Guarani, bụ asụsụ agglutinative . Asụsụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ morphemes emegharịrị. A naghị ejikarị prefixes eme ihe, ma mgbe ọ dị ha, ha na-egosikarị okike na ịmata mmadụ. Suffixes bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ma n'ezie, a na-eji megharịa ọtụtụ okwu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rose|first=F|title=A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document|work=HAL Archives-ouvertes|publisher=HAL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRose">Rose, F. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00724352/document "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana"]. ''HAL Archives-ouvertes''. HAL.</cite></ref> Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara akara nke polysynthesis, ya mere na-ejikarị nchikota ọtụtụ morphemes na suffixes mepụta otu okwu ma ọ bụ okwu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Tonhauser, Colijn|first=Judith, Erika|date=2010|title=WORD ORDER IN PARAGUAYAN GUARANÍ|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_2010-04_76_2/page/255|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=76|issue=2|pages=255–288|doi=10.1086/652267}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTonhauser,_Colijn2010">Tonhauser, Colijn, Judith, Erika (2010). "WORD ORDER IN PARAGUAYAN GUARANÍ". ''International Journal of American Linguistics''. '''76''' (2): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>288. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/652267|10.1086/652267]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/652267 10.1086/652267]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73554080 73554080].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> N'ihe atụ a nke Erika Coljin zoro aka na ya, a na-agbakwunye okwu atọ na morpheme bụ "karu" (iji rie) dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-ejikọta suffixes iji mepụta otu okwu bara uru nke gụnyere ihe omume, oge, nzube, wdg.   === Syntax === Okwu nke Emerillon na-abụkarị SOV (isiokwu, ihe, ngwaa). Agbanyeghị, nke a anaghị adị mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe anaghị eme n'ahịrịokwu ahụ. <ref name=":3" /> Ọmụmaatụ nke usoro okwu Emerillon: <ref name=":0" />     == Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ ==     == Ntụaka == <references /> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Grenand|first=Pierre|year=2017|title=Pour une histoire de la cartographie des territoires teko et wayãpi (Commune de Camopi, Guyane française)|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/3007|language=fr|issue=11|doi=10.4000/ethnoecologie.3007}} * Hurault, J., & Frenay, P. (1963). Les Indiens Émerillon de la Guyane française. ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'' 52, nouvelle série, 133-156. JSTOR 224718268 * Perret, J. (1933). Observations et documents sur les Indiens Émerillon de la Guyane française. ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'' 25(1), nouvelle série, 65-97. JSTOR 24601579 * Sutter, J. (1967). Interprétation démographique de la fréquence des groupes sanguins chez les Wayana et les Emerillon de la Guyane. ''Population'' (French edition), 22(4), 709-734. doi:10.2307/1528776 * Tchen, P., Bois, E., Lanset, S., & Feingold, N. (1981). Blood Group Antigens in the Emerillon, Wayampi, and Wayana Amerindians of French Guiana. ''Human Heredity'', 31(1), 47-53. JSTOR 245101639 * Clopper, C., & Tonhauser, J. (2013). The Prosody of Focus in Paraguayan Guaraní. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 79(2), 219-251.  [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span>:</span>[[doi:10.1086/669629|10.1086/669629]] * De Souza Aguiar, G. (1991). Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians. ''Human Biology'', 63(6), 743-762. JSTOR 241464230 * Gordon, M., & Rose, F. (2006). Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', 48(2), 132-168. JSTOR 225132376 * Grenand, P. (1995). Guyane française: Le parc de la forêt tropicale et les amérindiens. ''Journal De La Société Des Américanistes,'' ''81'', 294-298. JSTOR 224605791 * Daveau, M., Rivat, L., Langaney, A., Afifi, N., Bois, E., & Ropartz, C. (1975). Gm and Inv Allotypes in French Guiana Indians. ''Human Heredity'', 25(2), 88-92. JSTOR 245101140 * Larrouy Georges, Y. Marty, Ruffié Jacques. (1965). Étude hémotypologique des populations indiennes de la Guyane française ; I. les groupes érythrocytaires. ''Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris'', XI° Série. Tome 7 fascicule 1, 1965. pp.&nbsp;107–117. * Rose, F. (2009). A hierarchical indexation system: the example of Emerillon (Teko). In ''New challenges in typology: Transcending the borders and refining the distinctions'', 63, 83. * Davy Damien , Isabelle Tritsch & Pierre Grenand. 2012. Construction and territorial restructuring among the Wayãpi and Teko of the commune of Camopi, French Guyana,  ''Confins'' [Online], 16.  [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span>:</span>[[doi:10.4000/confins.7964|10.4000/confins.7964]] * Tonhauser, J., & Colijn, E. (2010). Word Order In Paraguayan Guaraní. ''International Journal of American Linguistics,'' ''76''(2), 255-288.  [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span>:</span>[[doi:10.1086/652267|10.1086/652267]] * Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício et al. 2021. [https://tular.clld.org/languages/Teko Tupían Lexical Database: Tekó]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5655343 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mwjiu1g2lmazhctxcsjwfnlnkip8qxw 0 57822 697624 203087 2026-08-10T04:18:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Masaba|nativename=Lumasaba|states=[[Uganda]]|region=[[Eastern Region, Uganda|Eastern Uganda]], south of the [[Kupsabiny]], [[Bugisu]] Province|speakers={{sigfig|2.671|2}} million|date=2002 & 2009 censuses|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]|fam8=[[Northeast Bantu]]|fam9=[[Great Lakes Bantu]]|fam10=Masaba–Luhya (J.30)|lc1=myx|ld1=Masaba (Gisu, Kisu, Dadiri, Buya)|lc2=bxk|ld2=[[Bukusu dialect|Bukusu]] (Tachoni)|lc3=lts|ld3=Tachoni}} '''Masaba''' ( ''Lumasaaba'' ), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ '''Gisu''' ( ''Lugisu'' ) n'otu n'ime olumba ya, bụ asụsụ Bantu nke ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ na-asụ na East Africa. Olumba Gisu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda na Bukusu nwere nghọta, nke agbụrụ Luhya na ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya na-asụ. ''Masaba'' bụ aha obodo nke Ugwu Elgon na aha nwa nna nna nke ebo Gisu. Dị ka asụsụ Bantu ndị ọzọ, a na-ekewa aha Lumasaba n'ọtụtụ ụdị nke klaasị aha . Ndị a dị ka ụdị nwoke na nwanyị na asụsụ Germanic na Romance, ma e wezụga na kama nke abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-emekarị, e nwere ihe dị ka klas iri na asatọ dị iche iche. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụdị ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya. == Ụdị dị iche iche == Ụdị Masaba dị iche iche bụ ndị a: * Gisu ( ''Lugisu'' ) * Kisu * Bukusu ( ''Lubukusu'' ; agbụrụ Luhya ) * Syan * Tachoni ( ''Lutachoni'' ; agbụrụ Luhya ) * Dadiri ( ''Ludadiri'' ) * Buya ( ''Lubuya'' ) A na-asụ Dadiri n'ebe ugwu, Gisu n'etiti, na Buya n'etiti na ndịda ókèala Masaba na Uganda. A na-asụ Bukusu na Kenya, asụsụ Nilotic kewapụrụ na Masaba agbụrụ. == fonology == Lee olumba Bukusu maka nkọwa nke otu ụdị Masaba. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | | ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | | k |- ! <small>kwuputara</small> | b | d | | g |- ! rowspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | f | s | | |- !<small>kwuputara</small> | β | z | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | ( w ) | l | j | |} * Ụda /k, ɡ, ŋ/ mgbe a na-anụ tupu ụdaume ihu /i, e/ dị ka palatal [c, ɟ, ɲ]. * Enwere ike ịnụ ụda /i, u/ dị ka glides [w, j] n'ime usoro ụdaume mbụ. === Udaume === Masaba nwere usoro ụdaume ise bụ isi nke nwere /i, e, a, o, u/. == Ntụaka == agbụrụ Luhya na ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya na-asụ. Masaba bụ aha obodo nke Ugwu{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Brown, Gillian (1972) ''Iwu ụda olu na mgbanwe olumba: Ọmụmụ nke phonology nke Lumasaaba''  == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Uganda/masaba.html Kulomba Kwikumutikinyi] akụkụ nke Akwụkwọ nke ekpere nkịtị na Masaba (1907) nke Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers digitized * https://web.archive.org/web/20250528013120/http://open-chapel.com/scripture/language-preservation/lumasaaba-language-study/ Ịmụ Lumasaaba nke Catherine Mabongor 9zo7272tp74av1oidwmhxm6ax2ww6fv 0 57827 697580 203092 2026-08-10T03:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makonde ,''' ma ọ bụ '''Kimakonde''', bụ asụsụ ndị Makonde na-asụ, otu agbụrụ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]] na ugwu [[Mozambique]] . Makonde bụ asụsụ etiti Bantu nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Yao|Yao]] . Olumba Matambwe (Matembwe) na Mabiha (Maviha) dị iche, ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ Makonde.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">mkpa nkọwa zuru ezu</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Otu ahụ ọkụ anwụnta na-ebute ụzọ mata na Makonde Plateau bụ aha ''[[Chikungunya]]'', nke sitere na ngwaa Makonde mgbọrọgwụ ''kungunyala'' (nke pụtara "nke na-ehulata elu", "ịghọ contorted," ma ọ bụ "ịga n'ihu"). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morens DM and Fauci AS|title=Chikungunya at the Door — Déjà Vu All Over Again?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-09-04_371_10/page/885|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/NEJMp1408509|pmid=25029435|volume=371|issue=10|pages=885–887|year=2014}}</ref> A na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ [[Swahili language|Swahili]] si wepụta okwu ahụ n'ụzọ ụgha. <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=18634716|doi=10.1017/S0950268807009739|volume=136|issue=9|title=Four cases of acute flaccid paralysis associated with chikungunya virus infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2008-09_136_9/page/1277|journal=Epidemiol Infect|pages=1277–80|author=Singh|first=SS|year=2008}}</ref> == fonology == Ndị na-esonụ bụ consonants na ụdaume nke asụsụ Makonde: <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania)|author=Kraal|first=Pieter J.|year=2005|pages=16–32|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/4271}}</ref> === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! N'ihu ! Azu |- ! Elu | i | u |- ! N'etiti | e | o |- ! Dị ala | a | |} A na-enwekwa ike inwe ụda ụdaume ikpeazụ na-arị elu /vv́/ n'ime mkpokọta ụdaume. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="3" | Plosive ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | | k | |- ! <small>kwuputara</small> | b | d | | ɡ | |- ! <small>prenasal</small> | ᵐb | d | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | |- ! colspan="2" | Mmekọrịta | | | tʃ | | |- ! colspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" | N'akụkụ | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | ʋ | | j | w | |} == Ntụaka == asụsụ Tulai na Danshe. A na-akpọkwa ya Chaari{{Reflist}} div4j0xin1cebwoaptlr73vqtei8rh1 0 57920 697564 203191 2026-08-10T02:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697564 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''Sumba languages''' are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family, spoken on Sumba, an island in eastern Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lansing, J. S.|year=2007|title=Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-10-09_104_41/page/16022|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=41|pages=16022–16026|doi=10.1073/pnas.0704451104|pmid=17913885}} </ref> They are closely related to the Hawu-Dhao languages.<ref name="Blust">{{Cite journal|author=Blust|first=Robert|title=Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=47|issue=1|year=2008|pages=45–113|doi=10.1353/ol.0.0006}}</ref> == Nhazi == Nhazi nke mbido ime nke Asplund (2010) matara ngalaba atọ nke asụsụ Sumba:   == Ntụaka == ukwuu n'ihi nwunye.Sorani {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/sumba Sumba] na ''Ethnologue'' (edemede 22, 2019). {{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}} 64q1iyb50kn6z8651fga14au8i1hekk 0 58137 697894 205931 2026-08-10T10:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697894 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Guugu Yimithirr''', sụgharịkwara '''Guugu Yimidhirr''', '''Guguyimidjir''', na ọtụtụ mkpoputa ndị ọzọ, bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia, asụsụ ọdịnala nke ndị Guugu Yimithirr nke Far North Queensland . Ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Pama-Nyungan . <ref name="sorosoro">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sorosoro.org/en/guugu-yimidhirr|title=Guugu Yimidhirr « Sorosoro|publisher=Sorosoro.org|accessdate=2015-08-15}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu taa bi na obodo Hope Vale, ihe dịka 46 kilometres (29 mi) si Cooktown . Agbanyeghị, {{As of|June 2020}} naanị ihe dị ka ọkara mba Guugu Yimithirr na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na-agba mbọ ịkụziri ya ụmụaka. Guugu Yimithirr bụ isi mmalite asụsụ okwu ''kangaroo'' ( {{Lang|kky|gangurru}} ). <ref name="mounter">{{Cite web|title=Hope Vale elders using modern platform as latest tool to preserve ancient Guugu Yimithirr language - ABC News|work=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|date=17 June 2020|first=Brendan|author=Mounter|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-17/hope-vale-elders-use-youtube-to-teach-language/12356556|accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref> == Aha == Okwu guugu putara 'okwu, asusu', ebe yimithirr (ma obu yumuthirr ) putara yimi -inwe, yimi bu okwu maka 'a'. Ojiji nke okwu yi(mi), karia okwu ozo maka "nke a", a huru dika ihe puru iche nke Guugu Yimithirr. Ihe omume guugu na omume nke ịkpọ aha dabere n'okwu ụfọdụ pụrụ iche dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Aha ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị mkpoputa, gụnyere '''Gogo-Yimidjir''', '''Gugu-Yimidhirr''', '''Gugu Yimithirr''', '''Guugu Yimidhirr''', '''Guguyimidjir''' ( Ethnologue ji mee ihe), '''Gugu Yimijir''', '''Kukuyimidir''', '''Koko Imudji''', '''Koko Yimidir''', '''Kuku Jimidir''' ''',''' '''Kumid Kuhir Kuhir na Yimidir''' == Nkesa ala == {| style="float:right;" |{{Superimpose|base=Australia_Locator_Blank.svg|base_width=250px|base_caption=Australia|float=Locator_Dot.svg|float_width=5px|float_caption=|x=188|y=28}} |} Ókè mbụ nke ebo Guugu Yimithirr gbadara n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ọnụ osimiri Jeannie, bụ ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu Guugu Nyiguudji gbara ya gburugburu; n'ebe ndịda ruo Osimiri Annan, bụ ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu [[Asụsụ Guugu Yalandji|Guugu Yalandji]] gbara ya gburugburu; n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-akpọ Guugu Warra (nke pụtara 'okwu ọjọọ') ma ọ bụ Lama-lama gbara ya gburugburu. Obodo Cooktown nke oge a dị n'ime mpaghara Guugu Yimithirr. Ka ọ dị na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Guugu Yimithirr na-ebi na ozi na Hopevale . === Olumba === Guugu Yimithirr na mbụ nwere ọtụtụ olumba, n'agbanyeghị na echefuruola ọbụna aha ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Taa, a na-amata olumba abụọ bụ isi: olumba osimiri, nke a na-akpọ {{Lang|kky|dhalundhirr}} 'na oké osimiri', na olumba nke ime obodo, nke a na-akpọ {{Lang|kky|waguurrga}} 'nke n'èzí'. <ref name="austlangY167">{{Cite web|title=Y167: Dhalundhirr|url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/Y167|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Australian Indigenous Languages Database|date=26 July 2019|publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name="austlangY168">{{Cite web|title=Y168: Waguurrga|url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/Y168|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Australian Indigenous Languages Database|date=26 July 2019|publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]}}</ref> Ndị ozi ala ọzọ ji olumba dị n’ụsọ oké osimiri sụgharịa ukwe na [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|akụkọ Bible]], n’ihi ya, ụfọdụ n’ime okwu ya nwere njikọ okpukpe ugbu a bụ́ nke ndị ha na ya na-asụ n’ime ime enweghị. Enwekwara otu olumba ''Ngegudi'' ma ọ bụ ''Gugu Nyiguudyi'', nke na-edoghị anya. <ref name="austlangY79">{{Cite web|title=Y79: Guugu-Nyiguudyi|url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/Y79|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Australian Indigenous Languages Database|date=26 July 2019|publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Captain James Cook]] N'afọ 1770, Guugu Yimithirr ghọrọ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal mbụ nke Australia ka edere mgbe Lieutenant (mgbe e mesịrị Captain ) James Cook na ndị ọrụ ya dekọrọ okwu mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ha, HM Bark <nowiki><i id="mweQ">Endeavor</i></nowiki>, na-arụzi mgbe ha gbasasịrị na shoal nke Great Barrier Reef . Joseph Banks kọwara asụsụ ahụ dị ka "dị nnọọ iche na nke ndị Island; ọ na-ada ụda ka Bekee n'ogo obi ike ya n'agbanyeghị na a pụghị called ya siri ike ma ọlị. [ ". == Ntụaka == Kohlreng dị ka olumba Kom, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Kom bi na ugwu ugwu nke Manipur na Northeast steeti{{Reflist}} === Ntụtụ aka n'ozuzu === * {{Cite book|author=Banks|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Banks|year=1962|editor=J. C. Beaglehole|title=The Endeavour journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771}} * {{Cite journal|author=Breen|first=Gavan|authorlink=Gavan Breen|year=1970|title=A re-examination of Cook's Gogo-Yimidjir word list|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1970-09_41_1/page/28|journal=Oceania|volume=41|issue=1|pages=28–38|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1970.tb01113.x}} * {{Cite book|author=Cook|first=James|authorlink=James Cook|year=1955|title=The Journals of Captain James Cook|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-665-35756-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon|year=2002|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0-521-47378-0|isbn=0-521-47378-0}} * {{Cite journal|author=Haviland|first=John B.|authorlink=John B. Haviland|year=1974|title=A last look at Cook's Guugu-Yimidhirr wordlist|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1974-03_44_3/page/216|journal=Oceania|volume=44|issue=3|pages=216–232|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1974.tb01803.x}} * {{Cite book|author=Haviland|first=John B.|authorlink=John B. Haviland|year=1979|chapter=Guugu Yimidhirr Sketch Grammar|editor=R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake|title=Handbook of Australian Languages Vol I|pages=26–180}} * {{Cite journal|author=Haviland|first=John B.|authorlink=John B. Haviland|year=1985|title=The life history of a speech community: Guugu Yimidhirr at Hopevale|journal=Aboriginal History|volume=8|pages=170–204|issue=7}} * {{Cite journal|author=Richard Phillips|year=1898|title=Vocabulary of Australian Aborigines in the neighbourhood of Cooktown, North Queensland|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=27|pages=144–147|doi=10.2307/2842861|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449602}} * {{Cite book|author=Roth|first=Walter E.|authorlink=Walter E. Roth|year=1901|title=The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language|location=Brisbane|publisher=Government Printer}} * {{Cite book|author=Schwarz|first=G. H.|authorlink=George Heinrich Schwarz|year=1946|title=Order of service and hymns|location=Brisbane|publisher=Watson, Ferguson}} * {{Cite book|author=de Zwaan|first=Jan Daniel|year=1969|title=A preliminary analysis of Gogo-Yimidjir|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}} * {{Cite journal|author=de Zwaan|first=Jan Daniel|year=1969|title=Two studies in Gogo-Yimidjir|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1969-03_39_3/page/198|journal=Oceania|volume=39|issue=3|pages=198–217|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1969.tb01006.x}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828091648/https://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/correspondence/bulletins/2005/february/sample/2005indvicsample.pdf Gugu Yimithirr mmega ahụ (peeji 2)] . * [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html Asụsụ gị ọ na-akpụzi ka i chere?] [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html (NYT)] * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417114145/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/guugu_yimidhirr_gugu_yimithirr_kuku_yimidhirr.pdf akwụkwọ akụkọ Guugu Yimidhirr ndị mmadụ na akụrụngwa asụsụ] , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies * [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183695520202061 Guugu Yimidhirr (Cooktown) njem asụsụ obodo akụkọ dijitalụ], Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti Queensland . Akụkụ nke [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/bumb4u/alma99183673120702061 Okwu: Ịme emume asụsụ Queensland mkpokọta akụkọ dijitalụ] * [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/bumb4u/alma99183850919802061 Guugu Yimidhirr (Hope Vale) njem asụsụ obodo akụkọ dijitalụ], Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti nke Queensland. Akụkụ nke Okwu: Ịme emume asụsụ Queensland mkpokọta akụkọ dijitalụ 6402fl38eiac9wy20jfcgu0z9rd3jrb 0 58354 697828 203648 2026-08-10T08:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=1980}} <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taber|first=Mark|year=1993|title=Toward a better understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_winter-1993_32_2/page/389|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=32|issue=2|pages=389–441|doi=10.2307/3623199}}</ref> Serili bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụ na Marsela Island na South Maluku, Indonesia . == Ihe odide == {{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}} 3ezpw36oeuns13l92qx8smnbptszxh3 0 58464 697660 203787 2026-08-10T05:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Nuguria|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]|region=[[Nuguria]]|speakers=550|date=2003|familycolor=Austronesian|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]|fam4=[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]|fam5=[[Ellicean languages|Ellicean]]|iso3=nur|notice=IPA}} '''Nuguria''', ma ọ bụ '''Nukuria''', bụ asụsụ Polynesia Outlier nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 550 na-asụ na Nuguria, n'àgwàetiti ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Papua New Guinea . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marck|first=Jeff|title=Topics in Polynesian Languages and Culture History|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2000|location=Canberra|language=en|doi=10.15144/PL-504|isbn=9780858834682}}</ref> == Nhazi == Nukuria bụ asụsụ Polynesia, akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 5.1 - Nukuria|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nuku1259|accessdate=2025-02-21|work=glottolog.org}}</ref> Asụsụ Nukuria nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị nso dị ka Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuoro, na Luangiua . <ref name="Kirch 1984">{{Cite journal|author=Kirch|first=P. V.|date=1984|title=The Polynesian Outliers: Continuity, Change, and Replacement|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249047052|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=224–238|doi=10.1080/00223348408572496}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=William H.|date=1985|title=Evidence for an Outlier Source for the Proto Eastern Polynesian Pronominal System|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_summer-winter-1985_24_1-2/page/85|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=24|issue=1/2|pages=85–133|doi=10.2307/3623064}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == A kuziri asụsụ a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na Nuguria ma jiri ya na-ekwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị okenye na ụmụaka kwa ụbọchị. Nnyocha gbasara asụsụ (yana ebe a na-asụ ya) dị ụkọ. Nnyocha gara aga kwuru na Nuguria nọ n'ihe ize ndụ; n'oge ahụ ka a ka na-enyefe ụmụaka. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere n'oge <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">-</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> anya na-egosi na Nukuria nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ ekpochapụwo ugbu a. <ref name="Blust 2009">{{Cite book|author=Blust|first=R. A.|title=The Austronesian Languages|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2009|series=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra|language=en}}</ref> == fonology == Mkpụrụedemede asụsụ Nukuria nwere ụdaume ise: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, na consonants iri na ise: /p/, /b/, /m/, /f/, /v/, /m/, /f/, /v/, /t/, /s/, /k/, /l/, /r/, /k/, /g/, /,h. <ref name="Ray">{{Cite journal|author=Ray|first=Sidney H.|date=1916|title=Polynesian Linguistics. III. Polynesian Languages of the Solomon Islands|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=25|issue=1|pages=18–23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Nukuria consonants ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | imi | m | n | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Kwụsị ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | k | |- ! <nowiki><small id="mwZg">kwuputara</small></nowiki> | b | | g | |- ! rowspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | f | s | | h |- ! <nowiki><small id="mwfA">kwuputara</small></nowiki> | v | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | | l | w | |- ! colspan="2" | Trill | | r | | |} == Ụtọ asụsụ == Enwere ụkọ nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Austronesia, Nukuria nwere nhazi ahịrịokwu-okwu ngwaa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ntụaka == nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ{{Reflist}} 9l45pxqm0dhdu78sabwn86nzeuyy9ub 0 58896 697527 204298 2026-08-10T02:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Ammonite|region=northwestern [[Jordan]]|extinct=5th century BC|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|image=File:Tel Siran bottle at the Jordan Archaeological Museum.jpg|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]|fam4=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]|fam5=[[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]|fam6=[[Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]|fam7=[[Canaanite languages#South Canaan|South]]|iso3=none|states=[[Ammon]]}} '''Amọn''' bụ asụsụ Kenan ekpochapụworonụ nke ndị Amọn a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]], bụ́ ndị bi na [[Jọdan]] nke oge a, bụ́ ndị e kpọrọ aha isi obodo ya bụ́ Amman . Naanị iberibe asụsụ ha na-adị ndụ—nke kachasị na narị afọ nke itoolu BC Amman Citadel Inscription, narị afọ nke asaa–6 BC Tel Siran karama ọla, na ostraca ole na ole. Dị ka a pụrụ ikpebi site na obere corpus, ọ dị nnọọ ka Hibru nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, na-enwe mmetụta ụfọdụ nke Aramaic gụnyere iji ngwaa ‘bd ( {{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|עבד}} ) kama ịbụ asụsụ Hibru ‘śh nke a na-ahụkarị n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ( {{Lang|hbo|עשה}} ) maka ' . Naanị ihe dị iche ọzọ pụtara ìhè na Hibru nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ bụ njigide nwa oge nke otu nwanyị {{Lang|sem|-t}} ( ’šħt ' , ma ‘lyh ' . ) Amọn na-adịkwa ka o nwere akwụkwọ ozi diphthong nke ukwuu, nwere okwu ndị dị ka ywmt ( {{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|יומת}} {{Lang|sem-x-proto|*yawmōt}}, ' ) ma na-echekwa {{IPA|/aw/}} ma gosi mgbanwe gaa na {{IPA|/o/}}, na okwu ndị ọzọ dị ka yn ( {{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|ין}} ' ) na-egosipụta mgbanwe nke {{IPA|/ay/}} na ''ē'' ( {{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|yēn}} < {{Lang|sem-x-proto|*yayn}} ) dị ka Hibru. <ref>{{Cite book|author=W. Randall Garr|date=2004|title=Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|pages=37|isbn=978-1-57506-091-0|oclc=1025228731|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02DaEkaJizMC}}</ref> Nke mbụ kọwara ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche na 1970 site n'aka onye Orientist Italy Giovanni Garbini . [ 3 ] N'ikpeazụ, e degharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide ndị a na-amabuburu dị ka Hibru, Finishian, ma ọ bụ Aramaic, n'ihi nkwekọrịtara na myirịta nke Aman Theatre Inscription, Amman Citadel Inscription, Tell Siren Bottle, Heshbon Ostraca, na Tell el-Mazer Ostraca. [ 4 ] <ref name="Richelle 2018 pp. 45–77">{{Cite journal|author=Richelle|first=Matthieu|title=Revisiting the Ammonite Ostraca|journal=Maarav|volume=22|issue=1–2|date=2018-01-01|issn=0149-5712|doi=10.1086/mar201822106|pages=45–77|url=https://www.academia.edu/37069159}}</ref> == Ntụaka == inishian, ma ọ bụ Aramaic, n'ihi odide ndị a na-nkwekọrịtara na myirịta nke ngwaa ndị mmadụ{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Cohen|year=1988|title=Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, part 3|chapter=Les Langues Chamito-semitiques|publisher=[[French National Centre for Scientific Research|CNRS]]|location=Paris}} * {{Cite book|title=A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions|author=Aufrecht|first=Walter E.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2019|isbn=978-1-57506-344-7|edition=2nd|location=University Park, PA}} * {{Cite journal|title=Reviewed Works: A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions by Walter E. Aufrecht; Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions, Corpus and Concordance by G.I. Davies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_israel-exploration-journal_1995_45_1/page/73|first=Shmuel|author=Ahituv|journal=Israel Exploration Journal|volume=45|issue=1|date=1995|pages=73–75}} plqhcnz2byyo0q7tbkeljbmoq8fht54 0 58992 697793 204456 2026-08-10T08:26:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697793 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Norfuk''' ( Pitcairn-Norfolk ) ( '''Norfolk''' na-arịwanye elu) ma ọ bụ '''Norf'k''' bụ asụsụ ndị bi n'ime obodo na-asụ na Norfolk Island (na Pacific Ocean). Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke Bekee na Tahitian nke narị afọ nke 18, nke ndị ọbịa na-asụ Pitkern si na agwaetiti Pitcairn webatara na mbụ. Tinyere Bekee, ọ bụ asụsụ ndị isi obodo Norfolk Island. <ref>{{Cite news|date=21 April 2005|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|page=B3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/04/19/waust19.xml|title=Save our dialect, say Bounty islanders|date=2005-04-19|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=6 April 2007}}</ref> Norfuk abụrụla [[Asụsụ cant|onye]] na-asụ asụsụ . Ka njem isi na Norfolk Island na-aghọwanye ihe, Norfuk na-adaba n'ejighi ya. A na-eme mgbalị iji weghachi asụsụ ahụ n'ụzọ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee–Norfuk, iji asụsụ a na-eji akara ngosi eme ihe, na inyegharị aha ụfọdụ ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya - ọkachasị njem mmiri ozuzo " {{Lang|pih-NF|A Trip Ina Stik}} "- na Norfuk ha nhata. Na 2007, [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] gbakwunyere Norfuk na ndepụta asụsụ ya dị ize ndụ . <ref>{{Cite news|title=UN adds Norfolk language to endangered list|publisher=ABC News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/17/2008195.htm|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị obodo Norfolk na ndị ọkachamara sitere na ala Australia kwuru na asụsụ Norfuk na-adaba na ọdịda, na-akpali mkparịta ụka gbasara otu esi etinye Norfolk n'ime usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Mühlhäusler|first=Peter|date=2007|title=The Pitkern-Norf'k language and education|url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh|journal=English World-Wide|volume=28|issue=3|pages=215–247|doi=10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh}}</ref> N'oge a, Norfuk enweghị usoro ederede ahaziri ahazi, n'ihi na ọ na-abụkarị asụsụ ọnụ. Society of the Descendants of Pitcairn Islanders, nke hiwere na 1977, bụ ike na-akwalite mgbasa ozi iji tinye asụsụ Norfuk dịka isiokwu a na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007" /> [[Faye Bataille]] bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ kụziiri Norfolk klas n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha, na 1980s. Beryl Nobbs-Palmer chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Norfolk mbụ na 1986. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Mühlhäusler|first=Peter|date=2007|title=The Pitkern-Norf'k language and education|url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh|journal=English World-Wide|volume=28|issue=3|pages=215–247|doi=10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMühlhäusler2007">Mühlhäusler, Peter (2007). </cite></ref> Akpọrọ ya ''akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Norfolk okwu na ojiji'' ma nwee ihe atụ nke okwu n'asụsụ Norfuk yana otu esi eji ha eme ihe. Ọ bụ Alice Buffett na Dr Donald Laycock dere akwụkwọ ''Speak Norfuk Today'' . Ọ bụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma nke jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ozi gbasara asụsụ Norfuk ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime oge mbụ e dekọrọ ihe odide Norfuk. <ref name="Mühlhäusler 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Mühlhäusler|first=Peter|date=2007|title=The Pitkern-Norf'k language and education|url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh|journal=English World-Wide|volume=28|issue=3|pages=215–247|doi=10.1075/eww.28.3.02muh}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMühlhäusler2007">Mühlhäusler, Peter (2007). </cite></ref> Norfuk ghọrọ asụsụ nke Norfolk Island na 2004 site n'ikike nke Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004 nke ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke agwaetiti ahụ gafere. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction|author=Velupillai, Viveka|isbn=9789027268846|location=Amsterdam|oclc=900333013|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Na 2018, Eve Semple na ndị ọrụ ibe nwetara onyinye sitere na Kansụl Nnyocha Ọstrelia, iji kwalite ma kwado nkwalite. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Preserving and reviving language and culture of Norfolk Island|url=http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/LP0668939|accessdate=2021-10-31|work=Research Data Australia|language=en}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta na Pitkern ==   Norfuk sitere na Pitkern (Pitcairnese ma ọ bụ Pi'kern) nke ndị bi na agwaetiti Pitcairn na-asụ. Mfe dị mfe nke njem site na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee dị ka Australia na New Zealand gaa Norfolk Island, karịsịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere njem njem na Pitcairn Islands, pụtara na Norfuk ekpughere ya na mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na Bekee na Pitkern. Ihe isi ike dị na ịnweta ndị bi na Pitcairn apụtala na ntụnyere asụsụ abụọ ahụ maka inwe nghọta n'otu n'otu egosila na ọ siri ike. == Nhazi == Ekewala Norfuk dị ka asụsụ Atlantic Creole, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Avram|first=Andrei|year=2003|title=Pitkern and Norfolk revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-today_2003-01_19_1/page/44|journal=[[English Today]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.1017/S0266078403003092}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị ebe agwaetiti ahụ dị na Oke Osimiri Pasifik, n'ihi mmetụta dị arọ nke Ned Young, onye na-ekwu okwu Saint Kitts Creole, na ọrụ ya dị ka " onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ " n'etiti ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụaka a mụrụ na Pitcairn. Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na Pitkern mana enweghị ndị ikwu ọzọ karịa asụsụ nne na nna ya nke Bekee na Tahitian. A na-ewerekarị na Bekee enwewo mmetụta n'asụsụ ahụ karịa Tahitian, ebe okwu ndị Tahitian wepụrụ bụ ndị a kpọchiri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma, àgwà ndị na-adịghị mma, na adjectives na-egosi na ọ dị ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọtụtụ okwu ndị a na-ejikarị na bekee nke oge a na-aga n'ihu na Pitkern. Okwu ndị a gụnyere okwu sitere na omenala mmiri mmiri Britain n'oge ụgbọ mmiri na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Mmetụta nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Seventh-day Adventist na King James Version nke Bible bụkwa ihe pụtara ìhè. N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ndị Pitcairn biri na Norfolk Island; mgbe e mesịrị, ụfọdụ laghachiri azụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Pitkern taa bụ ụmụ nke ndị nọrọ. Asụsụ Pitkern na Norfuk bụ ndị a na-aghọta n'otu n'otu, mana dị iche na nke ọma na okwu na ụtọ asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hogan-Brun|first=Gabrielle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16V-DwAAQBAJ|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities|date=2018-12-11|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-54066-9|pages=535|language=en}}</ref> Asụsụ Norfolk na-eji isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO) usoro okwu bụ isi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daval-Markussen|first=Aymeric|date=2015|title=Book Review: 2013. The Atlas of Pidgin Creole Language Structures, edited by Michaelis Susanne Maria, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath and Magnus Huber|journal=[[Journal of Language Contact]]|volume=8|issue=2|pages=430–434|doi=10.1163/19552629-00802008}}</ref> == fonology == {| class="wikitable" |+Udaume <ref>{{Cite book|title=The language of Norfolk Island|author=Harrison|first=Shirley|year=1972|pages=18}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | Otu ebumnuche na-ada ! rowspan="2" | Ụda ebumnuche abụọ |- ! otu 1 ! otu 2 |- | i | e | ʌʊ |- | ɪ | o | ɑɪ |- | ɛ | | ɔɪ |- | æ | | |- | ɑ | | |- | ɒ | | |- | ọ | | |- | ʊ | | |- | ị | | |- | ɜ | | |- | ʌ | | |} == Ọkpụkpụ == Asụsụ a na-asụkarị karịa asụsụ edere, na enweghị ụkpụrụ. Otú ọ dị, e meela ọtụtụ mgbalị n'ịmepụta ihe odide nke asụsụ ahụ. Mgbalị ndị mbụ nwara ịmanye mkpoputa bekee n'ime okwu Norfuk, ma ọ bụ jiri akara olu iji nọchite anya ụda dị iche na asụsụ ahụ. Alice Buffett, onye omeiwu Norfolk Island na onye na-asụ asụsụ Australia zụrụ azụ, mepụtara usoro nhazi na nhazi maka asụsụ na 1980, nke Dr Donald Laycock na-enyere aka, onye ọkà mmụta mahadum mba Australia . E bipụtara akwụkwọ ha, ''Speak Norfuk Today,'' na 1988. Edemede ederede a enwetala nkwado nke gọọmentị Norfolk Island, ojiji ya na-abawanye ụba. == Okwu okwu == Asụsụ n'onwe ya enweghị okwu iji kwupụta echiche ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara sayensị na teknụzụ. Ụfọdụ ndị Island kwenyere na naanị ihe ngwọta bụ ịmepụta kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịmepụta okwu ọhụrụ na Norfuk kama ịnakwere okwu Bekee maka ọganihu nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Norfuk nakweere okwu {{Lang|pih-NF|kompyuuta}} n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụdị ''kọmputa'' nke Norfuk. Usoro yiri nke a dị n'ihe gbasara asụsụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa, dị ka asụsụ Māori na New Zealand na asụsụ Faroese na Icelandic . Ụfọdụ asụsụ enweelarị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, dị ka Kọmishọna Asụsụ Māori nke New Zealand ma ọ bụ Académie française nke France, maka imepụta okwu ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/NON-local-stories.html|title=Norfolk Online News|work=www.norfolkonlinenews.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075758/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/NON-local-stories.html|archivedate=2013-12-17}}</ref> Akụkọ Norfolk Island emetụtawo okwu Norfuk nke ukwuu. E kere ọtụtụ okwu maka ụfọdụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ osisi dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ na otú e si akpọ ihe ndị a bụ ihe pụrụ iche na Island nke Norfolk. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Nash|first=Joshua|date=2014|title=Linking language and the environment: the case of Norf'k and Norfolk Island|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-sciences_language-sciences_2014-01_41_part-a/page/26|journal=[[Language Sciences]]|language=en|volume=41|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.004}}</ref> Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụ ndị gbutere ha ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla natara aha mgbe o kesara azụ̀ ndị ahụ aha ọtụtụ azụ̀ ndị si n’agwaetiti ahụ. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014" /> Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ aha azụ {{Lang|pih-NF|Sandford}} nke natara aha ya site n'aka otu nwoke aha ya bu Sandford Warren mgbe o natachara azu dika oke ya. <ref name="Nash & Mühlhäusler 2014" /> == Nkpọaha nkeonwe == {| class="wikitable" |+Nkpọaha Norfuk ! ! Isiokwu ! Ihe ! Nwere ! Amụma |- ! 1SG | {{Lang|pih|ai}} | {{Lang|pih|mii}} | {{Lang|pih|mais}} | {{Lang|pih|main}} |- ! 2SG | {{Lang|pih|yu}} | {{Lang|pih|yuu}} | {{Lang|pih|yus}} | {{Lang|pih|yoen}} |- ! 3SG . MASC | {{Lang|pih|hi}} | {{Lang|pih|hem}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|his}} |- ! 3SG . FEM | {{Lang|pih|shi}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|her}} | {{Lang|pih|hers}} |- ! 1DU . EXCL . MASC | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|miienhem}} | rowspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|auwas}} | {{Lang|pih|miienhis}} |- ! 1DU . EXCL . FEM | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|miienher}} | {{Lang|pih|miienhers}} |- ! 1DU . INCL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|himii}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|himiis}} |- ! 2DU | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yutuu}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yutuus}} |- ! 3DU | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|demtuu}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|demtuus}} |- ! 1PL | {{Lang|pih|wi}} | {{Lang|pih|aklan}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|auwas}} |- ! 2PL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yorlyi}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|yorlyis}} |- ! 3PL | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|dem}} | colspan="2" | {{Lang|pih|dems}} |} Enwekwara {{Lang|pih-NF|et}} maka 'ọ' n'ụdị ihe ya. == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Norfolk Island * Asụsụ Pitkern == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022045255/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/Speak-Norfolk.html Mụta Norfuk - Akụkọ Norfolk Island] ( Archived ) * Akwụkwọ [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n8y3feiviw2rfop2ggz16rc7qennoky 0 59018 697631 204509 2026-08-10T04:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697631 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Päri''', bụ asụsụ Luo nke South Sudan. Ekwuru na Päri nwere nhazi ihe nlegharị anya, <ref>{{Cite journal|first=T.|author=Anderson|year=1988|title=Ergativity in Päri, a Nilotic OVS language|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lingua_1988-08_75_4/page/289|journal=Lingua|volume=75|issue=4|pages=289–324|doi=10.1016/0024-3841(88)90008-3}}, cited in {{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=R.M.W.|title=Ergativity|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/ergativity0000dixo/page/44/mode/2up|isbn=0-521-44898-0|publisher=Cambridge University Press|series=Cambridge Studies in Linguistics}}</ref> bụ nke na-adịghị adị n'asụsụ Africa, ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa asụsụ na nso nso a akọwawo usoro ikpe dị ka akara nhọpụta (nominative-absolutive). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dimmendaal|first=G.|year=2010|title=Differential Object Marking in Nilo-Saharan|journal=Journal of African Linguistics and Languages|volume=31|pages=13–46|doi=10.1515/jall.2010.003}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=König|first=C.|title=Case in Africa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008}}</ref> == Ntụaka == bụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Torben|year=2000|title=Anywa and Pari. Part 2: A Morphosyntactic Comparison|journal=Afrika und Übersee|volume=83|issue=1|pages=65–87}} * {{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Torben|year=1999|title=Anywa and Päri, I: a phonological and morphophonological comparison (review article)|journal=Afrika und Übersee|volume=82|issue=2|pages=251–271}} * {{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Torben|year=1989|title=The Päri Vowel System with an Internal Reconstruction of Its Historical Development|journal=Journal of African Languages and Linguistics|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1515/jall.1989.11.1.1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Torben|year=1988|title=Consonant alternation in the verbal morphology of Päri|journal=Afrika und Übersee|volume=71|issue=1|pages=63–113}} * {{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Torben|year=1988|title=Downstep in Päri: the tone system of a Western Nilotic language|journal=Studies in African Linguistics|volume=19|issue=3|pages=261–315|doi=10.32473/sal.v19i3.107458}} * {{Cite journal|author=König|first=Christa|year=2006|title=Marked Nominative in Africa|journal=Studies in Language|volume=30|issue=4|pages=655–732|doi=10.1075/sl.30.4.02kon}} * {{Cite book|author=Simeoni|first=Antonio|title=Päri: a Luo language of southern Sudan, small grammar and vocabulary|publisher=E.M.I.|year=1978|editor=Santandrea|series=Museum Combonianum|location=Bologna, Italy}} * {{Cite book|author=Storch|first=Anne|title=The Noun Morphology of Western Nilotic|publisher=Rüdiger Köppe|year=2005|isbn=9783896451392|series=Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation|location=Köln|oclc=68629247}} qsj1vc9wwhwl4yk3yatktrhfwy4pgpi 0 59021 697864 204521 2026-08-10T09:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697864 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Arawak''' ( {{Lang|arw|Arowak}}, {{Lang|arw|Aruák}} ), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Lokono''' ( '''Lokono Dian''', n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị mmadụ" nke ndị na-asụ ya), bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak|asụsụ Arawakan]] nke ndị Lokono (Arawak) nke South America na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], na French Guiana . Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ Arawakan. Lokono bụ asụsụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Lokono bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708|title=Lokono|work=Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=2018-01-05|archivedate=2018-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072848/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708}}</ref> A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lokono na South America. Ụfọdụ obodo a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a gụnyere Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, na Venezuela. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGe7aBSkpkC&pg=PA167|title=Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|year=2006|isbn=9780199283088|editor=Aikhenvald|location=Oxford University Press|chapter=7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance and Problems of Subgrouping: A north Arawak Case Study|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Onu ogugu ndi mmadu na-ekwu okwu nke oma nke nwere ezi ihe omuma nke asusu bu 5% nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Edwards|first=W.|date=1979|title=An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161|doi=10.2307/481091}}</ref> Enwere obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ ọkara nke nwere ogo nghọta na nghọta dị iche iche na Lokono na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harbert|first=Wayne|date=1988|title=Movement and Adjunct Morphology in Arawak and Other Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1988-10_54_4/page/416|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=416–435|doi=10.1086/466095}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 fọdụrụ (gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke na-asụ asụsụ). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra|title=Linguistics|year=2013|chapter=Arawak Languages|chapterurl=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28542/|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0119|isbn=9780199772810|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-01-05}}</ref> Mbelata nke iji Lokono dị ka asụsụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ n'ihi enweghị mgbasa ozi site n'aka ndị na-asụ okenye na ọgbọ na-abịa. A naghị asụ ụmụntakịrị asụsụ a, ebe a na-akụziri ha ka ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo ha. <ref name=":02" /> == Nhazi == Asụsụ Lokono bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala South na Central America na Caribbean na-asụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Carvalho|first=Fernando O.|date=2016|title=The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy|journal=Language Sciences|language=en|volume=55|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2016.02.001}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ gbasara mba anọ nke Central America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - na asatọ nke South America - Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (na bụkwabu Argentina na Paraguay). Ebe ihe dị ka asụsụ 40 dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ kacha ukwuu na Latin America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages|title=Arawak languages|work=Research@JCU|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-07-10|archivedate=2016-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828034054/https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages}}</ref> === Etymology === ''Arawak'' bụ aha ebo na-ekwu maka isi nri ihe ọkụkụ, mgbọrọgwụ akpu, nke a na-akpọkarị manioc. Mgbọrọgwụ akpu bụ ihe na-ewu ewu maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na South America, Eshia na Africa. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|date=1995|title=Person marking and discourse in North Arawak languages|journal=Studia Linguistica|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=152–195|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9582.1995.tb00469.x}}</ref> Ọ bụ osisi shrub tolitere n'ebe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Arawak na-akọwakwa onwe ha dị ka ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono}}'', nke sụgharịrị dị ka "ndị mmadụ". Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono Dian}}'', "Okwu ndị mmadụ". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq8PAQAAMAAJ|title=A Brief Introduction to Some Aspects of the Culture and Language of the Guyana Arawak (Lokono) Tribe|date=1980|publisher=Amerindian Languages Project, University of Guyana|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Aha ndị ọzọ nke otu asụsụ gụnyere Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, na Luccumi. <ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> == Nkesa ala == Lokono bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-ahụkarị ka a na-asụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guiana. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 2,500 taa. Ndị na-esonụ bụ mpaghara ebe ahụrụla Arawak ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-asụ. == fonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="3" |Stop !<small>voiceless</small> | |{{IPAlink|t}} | | |{{IPAlink|k}} | |- !<nowiki><small id="mwig">aspirated</small></nowiki> | |{{IPAlink|tʰ}} | | |{{IPAlink|kʰ}} | |- !<nowiki><small id="mwlg">voiced</small></nowiki> |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |{{IPAlink|ɸ}} |{{IPAlink|s}} | | | |{{IPAlink|h}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |{{IPAlink|w}} |{{IPAlink|l}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Rhotic !<nowiki><small id="mwxw">trill</small></nowiki> | |{{IPAlink|r}} | | | | |- !<nowiki><small id="mw0g">tap</small></nowiki> | | |{{IPAlink|ɽ}} | | | |} {| class="wikitable" !Character Used !Additional Usage !IPA symbol !Arawak Pronunciation |- |b | |b |Like ''b'' in ''boy''. |- |č |tj |t͡ʃ |Like ''ch'' in ''chair''. |- |d | |d ~ d͡ʒ |Like ''d'' in ''day''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''j'' in ''jeep''. |- |f | |ɸ |This sound does not exist in English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute. |- |x |h |h |Like ''h'' in ''hay.'' |- |j | |j |Like ''y'' in ''yes''. |- |k |c, qu |k |Like the soft ''k'' sound in English ''ski''. |- |kh |k, c, qu |k^h |Like the hard ''k'' sound in English ''key''. |- |l | |l |Like ''l'' in ''light''. |- |ř |rh, lh |ɽ |No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex ''r'', pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting." |- |m | |m |Like ''m'' in ''moon''. |- |n | |n |Like ''n'' in ''night''. |- |p | |p |Like the soft ''p'' in ''spin''. |- |r | |ɾ |Like the ''r'' in Spanish ''pero'', somewhat like the ''tt'' in American English ''butter''. |- |s |z, c |s |Like the ''s'' in ''sun''. |- |t | |t ~ t͡ʃ |Like the soft ''t'' in ''star''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |th |t |t^h ~ t͡ʃʰ |Like the hard ''t'' in ''tar''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |hu |w |w |Like ''w'' in ''way''. |- |' | |ʔ |A pause sound (glottal stop), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh." |} === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | ɨ | |- ! N'etiti | e | | o |- ! Mepee | | a | |} Pet kwuru na nghota ụda olu nke {{IPA|/o/}} dị iche n'etiti [ o ] na [ u ]. {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda na Spanish, dị ka ''a'' na ''{{Lang|es|gate}}'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o {{IPA|~}} u | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | ị, <s>i</s> | ɨ | Dị ka ''e'' na ''{{Lang|en|roses}}'' . |- | yy | y:,uu, <s>ii</s> | ɨː | Dị ka nke dị n'elu ''y'', naanị ejidere ogologo oge. |} == Usoro edemede == Usoro asụsụ Arawak nwere usoro mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Rome nwere obere mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na mkpụrụedemede. {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda n'asụsụ Spanish, yiri nke ''a'' na ''ọnụ ụzọ ámá'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o ~ ị | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | | ɨ | Dị ka ''u'' in ''on'', naanị akpọpụta elu n'ọnụ. |- | yy | y: | ɨː | Dị ka ''y'' jigidere ogologo oge. |} Akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na brackets n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla bụ akara IPA maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla. [[Faịlụ:Arawak_Language_Alphabet_EN.svg|center|thumb|578x578px| Usoro edemede & Asụsụ nke Arawak (Lokono) Asụsụ]] == Ụtọ asụsụ == Egosiri nnochiaha onwe onye n'okpuru. Ụdị dị n'aka ekpe bụ ụdị n'efu, nke nwere ike iguzo naanị ya. Ụdị dị n'aka nri bụ ụdị ejikọtara ( prefixes ), nke a ga-etinyerịrị n'ihu nke ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ nbido . {| class="wikitable" ! ! Otu ! Ọtụtụ |- ! Onye mbụ | ''de, da-'' | ''anyi, wa-'' |- ! Onye nke abụọ | ''bi, by-'' | ''ndewo, hy-'' |- ! Onye nke atọ | ''lee, ly-'' (he) ''tho, gi-'' (she) | ''na, na-'' |} === Mgbakwunye ntụnye aka === A na-ekewa ngwaa niile n'ime transitive, transitive na-arụ ọrụ, na stive intransitive. {| class="wikitable" |+Prefixes (A/Sa) na Suffixes (O/So) nke Mgbakwunye ntụaka Cross-Reference ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | prefixes ! colspan="2" | suffixes |- ! otu ! otutu ! otu ! otutu |- ! colspan="2" | Onye mbụ | nu- ma ọ bụ ta- | wa- | -na, -te | -wa |- ! colspan="2" | Onye nke abụọ | (p) i- | (h) i- | -pi | - ndewo |- ! rowspan="2" | Onye nke atọ ! non-formal | ri-, i | na- | ri, -i | -na |- ! formal | , ru- | na- | -tu,-ru,-u | -na |- ! colspan="2" | 'nke onwe' | pa- | - | - | - |} ''A= Sa= nganiihu ntụnye aka gafee'' ''O=So= nkwubi okwu ntughari obe'' == Okwu okwu == === okike === N'asụsụ Arawak, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. A na-eji ha na ntinye ntụaka n'ofe, na ngosipụta, na nhọpụta na nnochiaha onwe onye. Ụdị okike ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị nke nwanyị. Ihe nrịbama ahụ na-alaghachi na Arawak onye nke atọ na-ezo aka n'obe: nwanyị ''-(r) u,'' nwoke ''-(r) i'' <ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> === Nọmba === Asụsụ Arawak na-amata ihe dị iche iche na otu, mana ọtụtụ bụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nrụtụ aka bụ mmadụ. Ihe nrịbama ejiri bụ ''*-na/-ni'' (anụmanụ/ọtụtụ mmadụ) na ''*-pe'' (na-adịghị ndụ/na-abụghị nke mmadụ). <ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> === Nnweta === A na-ekewapụta aha Arawak ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị atụ. Aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akụkụ ahụ, okwu maka ikwu na aha nkịtị dị ka nhọrọ nri. Nhọpụta aha okwu bụ nke otu ahụ. Ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ a nwere akara prefixes (A/Sa). Aha ndị nwere ihe na-enweghị atụ nwere ihe a maara dị ka ụdị "enweghị ikike" (nke a makwaara dị ka "zuru oke") nke akara suffix ''* -tfi ma ọ bụ * -hV.'' Aha ndị nwere ahapụrụ iche were otu n'ime suffixes ''*-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e'', ma ọ bụ ''*-na.'' Suffixes niile ejiri dị ka nominalizers. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Rybka|first=Konrad|year=2015|title=State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language|url=http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=603|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|volume=9|pages=110–133}}</ref> === Negation === Asụsụ Arawak nwere prefix na-adịghị mma ''ma-'' na njirimara-ihe nganiihu ''ka-.'' Ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ ''ka-witi-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọma") na ''ma-witti-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọjọọ", ya bụ, nwanyị kpuru ìsì). === Esemokwu === A na-agbakwunye oge na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu: a na-egosi oge gara aga na ''bura'' ma ọ bụ ''bora'' (site na ''ubura'' "tupu"), n'ọdịnihu na ''dikki'' (site na ''adiki'' "mgbe"), ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-eji ''loko'' ma ọ bụ ''roko'' . <ref name="DGB1871">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/arawacklanguageo00brinrich|first=Daniel Garrison|author=Brinton|authorlink=Daniel Garrison Brinton|year=1871|title=The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations|publisher=Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Patte|first=Marie-France|title=La langue arawak de Guyane: présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak-français et français-arawak|date=2011|publisher=Institut de recherche pour le développement|location=Marseille|isbn=978-2-7099-1715-5|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-09/010054590.pdf}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe atụ == {| class="wikitable" !Bekee ! Eastern Arawak (Guiana French) ! Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana na Suriname) |- | Otu | Ábá | Aba |- | Abụọ | Bian | Biama |- | Atọ | Kabun | Kabyn |- | Anọ | Biti | Bithi |- | Nwoke | Walili | Walili |- | Nwanyị | Hiaro | Hiaro |- | Nkịta | Péero | Péero |- | Anyanwụ | Hadali | Hadali |- | Ọnwa | Kati | Kathi |- | Mmiri | Uini | Vuniabu |} <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|author=Trevino|first=David|year=2016|title=Arawak|journal=Salem Press Encyclopedia}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Languages of French Guiana}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/928474543236/e-Books_30_Pet_Arawak_Suriname.pdf|title=A Grammar Sketch and Lexicon of Arawak (Lokono Dian)|author=Pet|first=Willem J. A.|publisher=SIL International|year=2011|accessdate=2014-10-24|series=SIL eBook 30}}{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] of7kpdbpssfensj5kxik6jhr7vng3ja 0 59124 697797 628880 2026-08-10T08:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Sora|nativename={{lang|srb-Sora|𑃐𑃚𑃝}}, {{lang|srb-Orya|ସଉରା}}|region=[[India]]|image=[[File:Sora language.png|250px]]|speakers=409,549, 61% of ethnic population|date=2011 census|familycolor=Austroasiatic|fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]|fam3=South|fam4=Sora-Gorum|iso3=srb|script=[[Sora Sompeng]], [[Odia alphabet|Odia]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]]}} [[File:OpenSpeaks-srb-Ramani Dalbehera-OG-Aadhaar Experience 01.webm|thumb|Onye na-asụ asụsụ Lanjia nke Sora na-ekekọrịta ahụmahụ ya na ID dijitalụ ndị India]] [[File:OpenSpeaks-srb-Idital-Opino Gomango-Namad Dalbehera-Intro.webm|thumb|Onye nka India, Namad Dalbehera, na-ekwu banyere ụdị nka, Idital, n’asụsụ Sora]] '''Sora''' bụ asụsụ [[Asụsụ Munda|Munda]] ndịda nke asụsụ Austroasiatic nke ndị Sora, otu agbụrụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ India, ọkachasị na steeti Odisha na Andhra Pradesh . Sora nwere obere akwụkwọ nkịtị mana o nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala na ọdịnala. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọmụma na-esi n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ na-ebufe site n'ọnụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ India, UNESCO depụtara Sora dị ka 'enweghị ike ikpochapụ'. <ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1205.html|title=Sora|work=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-18}}</ref> Ndị na-ekwu okwu Sora gbadoro ụkwụ na Odisha na Andhra Pradesh. Asụsụ a nọ n'ihe egwu dịka International Mother Language Institute (IMLI) siri kwuo. <ref>{{Cite news|author=দেশোয়ারা|first=মিন্টু|title=হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সৌরা ভাষা|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-317326|accessdate=21 February 2022|work=The Daily Star Bangla|date=21 February 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Nkesa == A na-etinyekarị ndị na-ekwu okwu na Ganjam District, Gajapati District (gụnyere Central Gumma Hills region (Gumma Block), na Rayagada District, a na-ahụkwa ya na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ dịka Koraput na Phulbani district; obodo ndị ọzọ dị na ugwu Andhra Pradesh ( Vizianagaram District, Parvatipuram Manyam District na). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Asụsụ Sora echewo usoro eji eme ihe dị ka ebili mmiri ihu—ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Sora rịgoro n'ike n'ike ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ tupu ọ daa. N'ezie, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Sora sitere na 157 puku na 1901 ruo 166 puku na 1911. <ref name="Mahapatra1991">{{Cite journal|author=Mahapatra|first=B.P.|title=Munda Languages in Census|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1991|volume=51/52|pages=329–336}}</ref> Na 1921, ọnụ ọgụgụ a ji ntakịrị ihe ruru puku 168 ma nọgide na-arị elu. <ref name="Mahapatra1991" /> Na 1931, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu wụliri ruo 194 puku, ma na 1951, oge uto dị ukwuu mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-awụlikwa elu ruo 256 puku. <ref name="Mahapatra1991" /> na 1961, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu ruru puku 265 tupu ha daa na 1971 mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbadara azụ ruo 221 puku. <ref name="Mahapatra1991" /> == Omenala == Ndị Sora na-asụ Sora, ndị bụ akụkụ nke Adivasi, ma ọ bụ ndị agbụrụ, na India, na-eme Sora ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Adivasi. <ref name="Chatterji1971">{{Cite journal|author=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|title='Adivasi' Literatures of India: The Uncultivated 'Adivasi' Languages|journal=Indian Literature|date=1971|volume=14|issue=3|pages=5–42}}</ref> A na-ahụ Sora na nso ndị na-asụ Odia na Telugu nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị Sora na-asụ asụsụ abụọ. <ref name="Chatterji1971" /> Sora nwere obere akwụkwọ ewezuga egwu ole na ole na akụkọ ọdịnala nke a na-ebukarị n'ọnụ. <ref name="Chatterji1971" /> == fonology == N'otu aka ahụ, nghọta anyị gbasara phonology Sora nwere oke na kacha mma mana enwere ụfọdụ nkọwapụta nke enwere ike ịme. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụokwu bụ nke Consonant, Vowel, Consonant form na morphemes na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụokwu atọ. <ref name="Stampe1965">{{Cite journal|author=Stampe|first=David L.|title=Recent Work in Munda Linguistics I|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1965-10_31_4/page/332|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|date=1965|volume=31|issue=4|pages=332–341|doi=10.1086/464864}}</ref> Enwere consonants iri na asatọ na-adaba n'ọtụtụ ebe ntọala ụda siri pụta. Consonants ise sitere na palate ebe naanị otu consonant sitere na glottis. Akụkụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke consonants Sora bụ na ha nwere ụdaume ebumpụta ụwa. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike ịkpọ ụdaume dị iche iche, enwere naanị ụdaume isii na Sora. Enweghị ụda olu na ọchịchọ dịgasị iche dabere na ọkà okwu. <ref name=":3">Sora Sompeng. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2017, from http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Sora</ref> O yikarịrị ka mmetụta Bekee, Odia, na Telugu metụtakwara ịkpọpụta ụdaume n'oge Sora na-eji ya. Mkpọ okwu na-agbanwekwa na prevocalic (na-eme tupu ụdaume) na gburugburu ndị na-abụghị prevocalic. <ref name=":3" /> === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | ! Bilabial ! eze ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" | Kwụsị ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | | tʃ | k | ʔ |- ! <small>kwuputara</small> | b | d | | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu | | s | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | imi | m | n | | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" | Mpịakọta | | r | ɽ | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | | l | | j | | |- ! colspan="2" | Glides | | | | y | | |- |} === Udaume === == Morphonology == Consonants Sora na ụdaume nwere ike nweta usoro ngbanwe ụda na ọkwa prosodic dabere na ngbanwe nrụgide na morphosyntactic a na-eme n'oge nke consonants na ụdaume na-ejikọta ya na ụda nke bu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-esote azuokokoosisi, ma ọ bụ imi ikpeazụ nwere ihe mgbochi mbụ nke okwu na-esonụ. Site n'ime nke a, ụfọdụ suffixes ga-ejikọta ya na ngwaa ya na ụda olu na okwu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ allomorphs dabere na njirimara morphological nke morpheme initials na codas nke emepụtara n'oge okwu nkịtị ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. <ref name="Sora">{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Sora|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=0-415-32890-X|pages=299–380}}</ref> == Ụtọ asụsụ == === Nchịkọta === Sora bụ polysynthetic na ntinye aha. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prosody and Morphosyntax in Sora: A Preliminary Study|journal=Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages|year=2021|volume=|issue=|pages=51-55|doi=10.21437/TAI.2021-11}}</ref> Otu mkpụrụokwu Sora nwere ike ibupụta mpụtara nkebiokwu dum. Agbanyeghị, ebe ndị nyocha na-ewere mkpụrụokwu Sora ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu n'otu n'otu, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Sora na-aghọta ha dị ka nkebiokwu ma na-agbaji ha n'usoro nke okwu iambic nwere njiri elu.   {| class="wikitable" ! ! Nke dị nso ! Ebe dị anya |- ! 'nke a / na' | kəni/kun | - ị / kun |- ! 'dị ka nke a /' | ɛʔne | ɛʔte |- ! 'dị ka otu a / otu a' | ɛʔnegɔj | ɛʔtegɔj |- ! 'nke a / obere ahụ' | dịrị | dakiyte |- ! 'nke a / buru ibu' | kụʔne | kụʔte |- ! 'ebea/ebe' | teʔne | teʔte |- ! 'gburugburu ebe a' | arɛʔne | - |- ! 'n'oge ahụ' | - | səlɛʔte |} ==== Ikpe ==== Nkanye ikpe na Sora na-enwekarị nkụja. Enweghị ihe nrịbama na-egosi ndakọrịta syntactic n'etiti isiokwu na ihe, ntụgharị nhọpụta-na-ebo ebubo ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma-absolutive . Ọnụọgụ ihe owuwu nke ụtọasụsụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịkọwapụta n'ụdị ọdịdị n'ime arụmụka isi ihe dị ndụ nke ngwaa ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. akara oblique-dative - ''dɔ[ʔɔ]ŋ'' - nwere ike igosipụta na standalone morpheme dị ka ''adɔŋ'' . * Nke zuru oke ? – Ọnụ ''-n'' * Dative – Oblique ''-dɔ[ʔɔ]ŋ-'' * Ihe dị mkpa ''-'' * Nwere ''a-'' na ''-a'' * Allative ''- ban'' * Ebe - enweghị isi - Illative ''-leŋ-ən'' na ''-leŋ''  ==== okike & klaasị ==== Edebanyeghị asụsụ okike okike ma ọ bụ klaasị na Sora morphosyntax. Iji gosi ihe nwoke / nwanyị, ndị na-ekwu okwu Sora na-eji njedebe njedebe ụmụ amaala = mar (nwoke, mmadụ) na = boj (nwanyị) mgbe ha na-ejikwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịkarịghị, suffixes nwoke na nwanyị gbaziri site na Indo-Aryan dị ka ''-a'' na ''-i'' . ==== Adjectives ==== Ọtụtụ nkọwapụta nke Sora bụ mkpokọta aha, ya bụ okwu-okwu, na tupu aha nwere ọrụ mgbanwe. ==== Adpositions ==== ==== Okwu okwu ==== Mgbasa ozi anaghị emetụta. Ụfọdụ adverbs Sora bụ: ''tiki'' 'after', ''tikki'' 'afterwards', ''mailen'' 'together', ''dɔ'' 'so', ''əntɚpsɛlɛ'' 'ya mere', ''biɲdɔ'' 'but', ''bɔibɔi'' 'very', ''annɚŋ'' 'oge', ''nam'' 'now', ''aŋaːnʼaŋaːn'yed'm'' mgbe ụfọdụ, ''mori'' mgbe ụfọdụ ''.'' 'na nso nso a', wdg. === Ụdị okwu ọnụ === Ụdị okwu ọnụ nke Sora na-eji prefixes, infixes, na suffixes kwa nkeji ụtọasụsụ. N'ụdị sịntetik nke Munda, okwu ngwaa dị na Sora bụ isi-ikpeazụ isiokwu-object-ngwaa SOV . Agbanyeghị, Sora ewepụtala sistemu ntinye aha na-arụpụta ihe nke dị ka ọ sitere na mpụta mbụ nke proto-Munda . Ntinye aha ya na-akọwapụta nke ọma ụdị n'efu yana ụdị aha lexical agbakwunyere. Na polysynthetic morphosyntax, Sora ngwaa nkebi ahịrịokwu na-egosiputa usoro SVO siri ike isi-mbụ dị ka nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Munda Austroasiatic . Ihe kacha akpali mmasị nke Sora syntactic noun incorporation bụ ''transitive isiokwu incorporation'', na-akọwa na asụsụ na-enye ohere transitive ngwaa ka incorporate (absorb) ya transitive isiokwu / onye nnọchiteanya na ngwaa stems fọdụrụ transitive na ihe indexing na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ ọbụna mgbe e debanyere. <ref name="OUP TOHP 43">{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|authorlink=Gregory Anderson (linguist)|editor=Fortescue|title=The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis|chapter=Polysynthesis in Sora (Munda) with Special Reference to Noun Incorporation|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2017|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.50|pages=930–947}}</ref>    == Syntax == Na Sora, usoro ihe mejupụtara klausal bụ SOV.   == Okwu okwu == Tụnyere asụsụ Munda ndị ọzọ dị ka Kharia onye a na-akọ na okwu ya nwere pasentị 40 nke okwu agbaziri n'aka Indo-Aryan, Sora nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ okwu mbinye ego mba ofesi ole na ole. Sora nwekwara efu ekwentị mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Donegan|first=Patricia|chapter=Rhythm and the Synthetic Drift of Munda|year=2004|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|editor=Singh|title=The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|pages=3–36}}</ref> (Donegan & Stampe, 2004) Sora na-enweta okwu site na asụsụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka Telugu na Oriya. <ref name="Zide1976">{{Cite book|author=Zide|first=Arlene R. K.|title=Nominal Combining Forms in Sora and Gorum|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|date=1976|pages=1259–1294|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref> Ihe atụ nke okwu e nwetara site na Oriya bụ ''kɘ'ra'ñja'<nowiki/>'' nke bụ aha osisi. <ref name="Zide1976" /> Site na Telugu ''mu'nu''', nke pụtara gram ojii, ka agbaziri. <ref name="Zide1976" /> Ọzọkwa, n'ime ezinụlọ Munda n'onwe ya, ọtụtụ okwu na-egosi na ha na-aghọta nke ọma n'ihi obere ọdịiche dị na ịkpọ okwu na phonology. Kharia na Korku, asụsụ Munda abụọ ọzọ, na Sora na-ekerịta okwu nwere nghọta. <ref name="Starosta1976">{{Cite book|author=Starosta|first=Stanley|chapter=Case Forms and Case Relations in Sora|pages=1069–1107|oclc=6015240755|editor=Jenner|title=Austroasiatic Studies, Part 2|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|date=1976|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-0280-6}}</ref> Dị ka ihe atụ, nọmba 11 na Kharia bụ ''ghol moŋ,'' na Korku bụ ''gel ɗo miya,'' na Sora bụ ''gelmuy.'' <ref name="Starosta1976" /> 11 nke ọ bụla n'asụsụ ọ bụla na-ele anya ma na-ada n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na nke iri na otu ndị ọzọ. Ọbụghị naanị na ihe dị n'ime ihe a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mana kama ọ bụ ọtụtụ okwu nwere nghọta n'etiti asụsụ Munda. N'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọmụma karịa gbasara okwu Sora. Ezinụlọ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke gụnyere asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ezinụlọ Munda. Nke ahụ pụtara na ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu achọtara na Sora sitere na proto-Austroasiatic ma na-ekerịta myirịta n'ezinaụlọ ndị ọzọ ewepụtara na Austroasiatic. <ref name="Donegan & Stampe 2002" /> Okwu ndị metụtara ahụ, ezinaụlọ, ụlọ, ubi, yana nnochiaha, ngosi na ọnụọgụgụ bụ ndị nwere oke ọnụ. <ref name="Donegan & Stampe 2002">{{cite conference |last1=Donegan |first1=Patricia |first2=David |last2=Stampe |title=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda |conference=Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics |year=2002 |pages=111–120 |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/1041/825 }}</ref> === Ọnụọgụ === Usoro ọnụọgụgụ Sora na-eji ntọala 12, nke naanị asụsụ ole na ole ndị ọzọ n'ụwa na-eme. Ekari, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji usoro 60 isi. <ref name="Mohan2012">{{Cite journal|author=Mohan|first=Shailendra|title=Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|date=2012|volume=72/73|pages=367–374}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMohan2012">Mohan, Shailendra (2012). "Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account". ''Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute''. 72/73: <span class="nowrap">367–</span>374. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610713 43610713].</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-eche 39 na mgbakọ na mwepụ Sora dị ka (1 * 20) + 12 + 7. Nke a bụ ọnụọgụgụ iri na abụọ mbụ n'asụsụ Sora : <ref name="Mohan2012" /> Igbo: otu abụọ atọ anọ ise isii asaa asatọ itoolu iri iri na otu iri na abụọ ''Sora: aboy bago yagi unji monloy tudru gulji t ^h amji tinji gelji gelmuy migel'' Yiri ka bekee si eji suffix si na ọnụọgụ ''iri'' gachara ''iri na abụọ'' (dị ka ''iri na atọ, iri na anọ,'' wdg), Sora na-ejikwa ihe nrụgide na ọnụọgụgụ gachara 12 na tupu 20. Iri na ato na Sora ka akọwara dị ka ''migelboy'' (12+1), iri na anọ ka ''migelbagu'' (12+2), wdg. <ref name="Mohan2012" />N'etiti ọnụọgụgụ 20 na 99, Sora na-agbakwunye suffix ''kuri'' na mpaghara mbụ nke ọnụọgụgụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ekwuru 31 dị ka ''bokuri gelmuy'' na 90 dị ka ''unjikuri gelji'' . <ref name="Mohan2012" /> E gosipụtara usoro ọnụọgụ Sora na mgbagwoju anya site na Lera Boroditsky, nke a chọtara na ngalaba More Resources jikọtara ya na [https://www.ted.com/talks/lera_boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think "TED talk"] . == Usoro edemede == A na-eji ọtụtụ sistemụ dee asụsụ Sora. Mangei Gomango mepụtara script Sora Sompeng n'afọ 1936 dị ka usoro odide ala nna emepụtara maka asụsụ Sora. Edere Sora n'edemede Latịn, na mkpụrụedemede Odia na Odisha, na n'edemede Telugu na Andhra Pradesh. == Ihe atụ ederede == Ihe odide na-esonụ si [[Abụ Ọma 23|n'Abụ Ọma 23]] nke Bible Sora ewepụtara na KJV .   == Mkpuchi mgbasa ozi == Sora bụ otu n'ime isiokwu nke Ironbound Films '2008 ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ American ''The Linguists'', nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abụọ nwara idetu ọtụtụ asụsụ na-enweghị isi . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ed. (2016). [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sora1254 "Sora"] . ''Glottolog 2.7'' . Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. * Ramamurti, RS (1931). ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke asụsụ Sora (Savara).'' ''Delhi: mbipụta Mittal.'' * Veṅkaṭarāmamūrti, G. (1986). ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Sora–Bekee'' . Delhi: mbipụta Mittal. * Anderson, Gregory DS (ed). 2008. ''Asụsụ Munda'' . Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge 3. New York: Routledge. . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704112703/http://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/aa.html Asụsụ Austroasiatic: Munda na Mon–Khmer] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] senht9dpp2kuwhv7ow4hy5ly0lnbnbq 0 59338 697507 214003 2026-08-10T01:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697507 wikitext text/x-wiki omenala nke ihe ngosi mgbe ochie bụ ngalaba nke ngalaba na ọrụ n'ime ngalaba nke ngarị (folkloristics).). == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịnala na-arụ ọrụ oge niile na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ethnography, Ethnology, Akụkọ, ma ọ bụ nka omenala, mgbe mgbe dị ka ndị akwụkwọ, ndị akwụkwọ, na ndị nduzi.  ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ntọala ndị ọzọ, dị ka ndị mmemme ọdịnala na eze, ngalaba, òtù ndị obodo, na ndị mụrụ.  Ndị na-akọ ochie dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ na ebe ngosi mgbe ochie na nke mmemme ndị ọkà na eze ma ọ bụ na-amụ ihe mere eme na ike nke ọrụ dị otú ahụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dewhurst|first=C. Kurt|title=Folklife and Museum Practice: An Intertwined History and Emerging Convergences|journal=Journal of American Folklore|date=2014|volume=127|issue=505|pages=247–263|doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.127.505.0247|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> Isi okwu na ndị ochie nke ebe ngosi mgbe ochie iwu na omume ndị isi ihe nketa akara a na-ahụ anya na nke a na-ahụ ịhụ anya, [1] [2] ebe ngwere ihe mere eme dị ka ebe akọ na uche, [3] ebe ngosi ihe ochie na-eme njem, [4] na ebe ngosi ihe ngosi dị ka ebe nchekwa nchekwa, ihe ngosi, na nchịkọta ihe nketa omenala.[5]  Omume omenala nke ebe ngosi mgbe ochie na-adịkarị anya n'ụzọ ndị isi mee ka ndị ihe ngosi mgbe niile dị ndụ site na ihe omume na ihe omume ndị na-eme ka ndị mmadụ n'azụ ihe nketa na ndị na-ege ntĩ na ebe ngosi ihe nkiri..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hall|first=Patricia|title=Folklife and Museums: Selected Readings|date=1987|publisher=American Association of State and Local History|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=0910050856|url=https://archive.org/details/folklifemuseumss00hall|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> Enwere ike dị ama na mkpakọ n'etiti okpukpe ọdịnala na mpaghara dị nso nke Anthropology nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, yana mpaghara interdisciplinary nke alụlụ ihe.  [1] [2] [3] [4] A na- በማንኛውም ụdị omenala nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị ka mpaghara nke mpaghara sara mbara nke okpukpe omenala[5]  Na North America, njikọ ihe mere eme na-eme na ochie ochie na ọnwụ ọdịnala n'ozuzu ya nwere ihe dị mkpa maka ndị na-akọ na-akọ akụkọ n"ihi na ọtụtụ ndị isi mbụ nke ndị American folklore society bụkwa ndị anthropologists na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.[6] Na Europe mgbe ihe a na-akpọ ebe a na-akpọ omenala ga-adaba n'ike nke ngosi Ethnology Europe.  obere ngalaba nke ọnwụ ndụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bronner|first=Simon J.|title=Encyclopedia of American Folklife|date=2006|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, NY|isbn=9780765680525}}</ref> == Nzukọ == Ebe nhazi maka mpaghara dị na United States na Canada bụ ngalaba Folklore na Museum nke American Folklore Society.  N'etiti ndị na-akọ omenala, ngalaba nwere njikọ na Council for Museum Anthropology n'etiti ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ omenala.. == Ndị dị mkpa == Ndị ama ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme gụnyere: * William Bascom (1912-1981) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lurie|first=Nancy|title=A Lesson for Curators|journal=African Arts|date=1932|volume=16|issue=2|pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crowley|first=Daniel|title=William Russel Bascom (1912-1981)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-folklore_october-december-1982_95_378/page/465|journal=Journal of American Folklore|date=1982|volume=95|issue=378|pages=465–467}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Redman|first=Samuel J.|title=Museum Tours and the Origins of Museum Studies: Edward W. Gifford, William R. Bascom, and the Remaking of an Anthropology Museum|journal=Museum Management and Curatorship|date=2015|volume=30|issue=5|doi=10.1080/09647775.2015.1076708|pages=444–461}}</ref> * Franz Boas (1858-1942) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stocking|first=George|title=Objects and Others: Essays on Museums and Material Culture|date=1988|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison}}</ref> * William N. Fenton (1908-2005) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Becker|first=Mary Druke|title=William N. Fenton (1908–2005): Relationships, Research, and Museums|journal=Museum Anthropology|date=2006|volume=29|issue=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.1525/mua.2006.29.1.44}}</ref> * Stewart Culin (1858-1929) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bronner|first=Simon|title=Stewart Culin, Museum Magician|journal=Pennsylvania Heritage|date=1985|volume=11|issue=3|pages=4–11}}</ref> * Artur Hazelius (1833-1901) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoklund|first=Bjarne|title=Between Scenography and Science: Early Folk Museums and their Pioneers|journal=Ethnologia Europaea|date=2004|volume=33|issue=1|pages=21–36}}</ref> Ndị isi oge na-arụ ọrụ n'ikiri taa Marsha Bol, C. Kurt Dewhurst, Rayna Green, Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, na Marsha MacDowell.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of International Folk Art Director, Marsha Bol Announces Retirement|url=http://www.newmexicoculture.org/news/2015/museum-of-international-folk-art-director-marsha-bol-announces-retirement|work=New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=C. Kurt Dewhurst|url=http://museum.msu.edu/?q=node/144|work=Michigan State University Museum|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rayna Green|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/profile/411|work=National Museum of American History|accessdate=28 October 2015|archivedate=23 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023065304/http://americanhistory.si.edu/profile/411}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hoffman|first=Allison|title=The Curator of Joy and Ashes|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/128885/poland-new-jewish-museum|accessdate=11 October 2015|date=April 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marsha MacDowell|url=http://museum.msu.edu/?q=node/149|work=Michigan State University Museum|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 4ijus4bmv3k1qnq84j2ox5s883mg1k0 0 59430 697951 363885 2026-08-10T11:30:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697951 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rufayda Al-Aslamia''' (nke sụgharịrị Rufaida Al-Aslamiya ma ọ bụ Rufaydah bint Sa`ad) ( Arabic ) (amụrụ ihe dịka 620 AD; 2 BH ) bụ onye Arab na-ahụ maka ahụike na onye na-elekọta mmadụ nke a ghọtara dị ka onye nọọsụ Alakụba mbụ na [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] . <ref name="historical"/> == Oge nwata == === Nzụlite onwe === N'ime ndị mbụ na Medina nabata Islam, Rufaida Al-Aslamia mụrụ na Bani Aslem ebo nke Kazraj agbụrụ confederation na Madina, ma nweta ama maka onyinye ya na ndị inyom Ansar ndị ọzọ nabatara onye amụma Alakụba, [[Muhammad]], na mbata na Medina. <ref name="pader"/> === Mmekọrịta ezinụlọ na ọgwụ === Amụrụ na ezinụlọ nwere njikọ siri ike na mpaghara ahụike, nna Rufaida, Sa`ad Al Aslamy, bụ dibịa na onye ndụmọdụ n'okpuru onye Rufaida nwetara ahụmịhe ahụike na mbụ. N'ịgbara onwe ya nye nọọsụ na ilekọta ndị ọrịa na, Rufaida Al-Aslamia ghọrọ ọkachamara Heslerton. Ọ bụ ezie na enyeghị ọrụ naanị ndị nwoke dị ka ịwa ahụ na igbupụ mmadụ, Rufaida Al-Aslamia rụrụ ọrụ nkà ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ubi n'ụlọikwuu ya n'ọtụtụ agha dịka Muhammad na-enye iwu ka ebuga ndị niile nwụrụ anwụ gaa n'ụlọikwuu ya ka o wee jiri ọkachamara ahụike gwọọ ha. <ref name="hassani">{{Cite web|author=Al-Hassani|first=Salin TS|title=Women's Contribution to Classical Islamic Civilisation: Science, Medicine, and Politics|url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1204|publisher=Muslim Heritage|accessdate=24 November 2013|archivedate=10 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110225759/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1204}}</ref> Edekwarala akwụkwọ na Rufaida na-elekọta ndị agha merụrụ ahụ n'oge jihad, yana inye nchebe pụọ na ifufe na okpomọkụ nke ọzara siri ike maka ndị na-anwụ anwụ. <ref name="historical"/> == Akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nọọsụ nwanyị na Arabia == === Oge tupu Islam na Alakụba (570-632 AD) === A na-egosipụtakarị n'ime okwu Muhammad, mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nọọsụ na ịwa ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na Arabia site n'oge Islam ruo n'oge a na-etu nnukwu akụkọ ihe mere eme ọgba aghara jupụtara na ihe mgbochi omenala na nrụgide ọha. <ref name="historical">{{Cite journal|author=Miller-Rosser|first=K.|title=Historical, Cultural, and Contemporary Influences on the Status of Women in Nursing in Saudi Arabia|journal=Online Journal of Issues in Nursing|volume=11|issue=3|year=2006|doi=10.3912/OJIN.VOL11NO03PPT02|pmid=17279862}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi na akwukwo di obere banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndi nọọsụ n'oge tupu Islam, nghota nke oma nke obodo na okpukpere chi n'oge ochichi Muhammad na-enye nghota nke oma banyere oru na atụmanya ndi nọọsụ n'oge ochie. N'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na nkọwa nke ọrịa nke Ndị Kraịst juru ebe niile dị ka ntaramahụhụ sitere n'aka Chineke maka mmadụ, ndị Alakụba na-etinye uru dị ukwuu n'ememe ịsachapụ ahụ, usoro ekpere kwa ụbọchị, na usoro nri siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lyons|first=Jonathan|title=Early Islamic Medicine|url=http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/essays/early-islamic-medicine.php?page=all|publisher=Medicine|accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref> Otu oge n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọtụtụ agha dị nsọ kọwara, ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ n'oge [[Muhammad]] bụ ndị dọkịta na-eme nanị ndị dọkịta, bụ ndị ga-eleta onye ọrịa n'onwe ya iji chọpụta ihe na-adịghị mma ma na-enye ndị nọ ná mkpa ọgwụ. N'ịbụ ndị na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na physiological ọrụ nke onye ọrịa na dọkịta naanị, ndị nọọsụ nwere oke n'ọrụ ha iji nye nkasi obi anụ ahụ na nkwado mmetụta uche. <ref name="historical" /> [[Faịlụ:Façade_maristane_salé.JPG|thumb| Ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ ochie nke Salé dị na Morocco bụ nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Alakụba mere nke ndị dibịa Alakụba oge ochie na-elekọta]] === Oge Amụma gafere ruo n'oge ochie (632–1500 AD) === Site n'ịbelata ike nke agha dị nsọ na nnukwu ọgba aghara obodo nke kọwara ihu igwe nke omenala Islam n'oge ọchịchị Muhammad, ọganihu na nkà na ụzụ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ mere ka e wuo ọtụtụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọhụrụ na ụzọ maka ịgwọ ndị ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nọọsụ nọ n'oge a ka na-atụgharị n'ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mkpa na nke na-adịghị mkpa dị ka inye ndị ọrịa nri nri na inye ọgwụ ọgwụ, <ref name="historical"/> ụkpụrụ okpukpe na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge ahụ mere ka a kewapụ ngalaba ụlọ ọgwụ dabere na okike, na ụmụ nwoke na-agwọ nwoke na nwanyị na-agwọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ezumike nke ikewapụ n'oge a, ụkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba omenala bụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ na atumatu ha iji gosipụta omume nkewa ndị a gara aga. <ref name="historical" /> == Mgbanwe na mmepe nọọsụ == === Rufaida Al-Aslamia si pụta dị ka nọọsụ onye ndú === Onye ndu na-adọrọ adọrọ na nke nwere ikike, ihe ndekọ e bipụtara na-agba akaebe na Rufaida Al-Aslamia, bụ onye mere n'oge [[Muhammad]], bụ onye nọọsụ mbụ Muslim. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ntakịrị esemokwu na onye bụ "n'ụzọ nkà" onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na nọọsụ mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa na-ekwu na ọkwa nke nọọsụ mbụ na Rufaida, onye dọkịta na-awa Muslim na nọọsụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jan|first=R.|title=Rufaida Al-Asalmiya, the first Muslim nurse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_image-the-journal-of-nursing-scholarship_fall-1996_28_3/page/267|journal=Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship|volume=28|issue=3|pages=267–268|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1547-5069.1996.tb00362.x|pmid=8854550}}</ref> === Isi mmalite nlekọta === Rufaida Al-Aslamia mejuputa nka nka ulo ogwu na ahumihe ahu ike n'ime imepe ngalaba nlekọta mkpanaaka edeputara nke mbu nke nwere ike gboo mkpa ahu ike nke obodo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ọrụ ya na ngalaba nlekọta ahụike ahaziri ahazi bụ nke bụ isi na ịdị ọcha na ime ka ndị ọrịa kwụsie ike tupu usoro ahụike na-aga n'ihu. N'oge njem ndị agha, Rufaida Al-Aslamia duuru otu ndị nọọsụ afọ ofufo bụ ndị gara n'ọgbọ agha ma gwọọ ndị merụrụ ahụ. O so na agha Khandaq, Khaibar na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pader"/> [[Faịlụ:Mosque_Salaman_pharsi,_battle_of_trench,_Medina.JPG|thumb| Ụlọ alakụba dị na Salaman, ebe Agha nke Trench ebe Al-Aslamia mesoro ndị merụrụ ahụ]] N'oge udo, Rufaida Al-Aslamia gara n'ihu na-etinye aka na ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ site n'inye aka ndị Alakụba nọ na mkpa. <ref name="pader">{{Cite web|author=Paderborner|first=SJ|title=Who was Rufaida Al-Aslamia?|date=27 May 2012|url=http://sjpaderborn.wordpress.com/2012/05/27/who-was-rufayda-al-aslamiya-the-first-muslim-female-nurse-given-tributes-by-aga-khan-university-during-oath-taking-ceremonies/}}</ref> == Ihe nketa == Rufaidah azụọla otu ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha ka ndị nọọsụ. Mgbe ndị agha Muhammad nọ na-akwado ịga agha nke Khaibar, Rufaidah na otu ndị nọọsụ afọ ofufo gara Muhammad. Ha jụrụ ya maka ikike "O ozi nke Allah, anyị chọrọ ka gị na gị gaa agha na-emeso ndị merụrụ ahụ na-enyere ndị Alakụba dị ukwuu dị ka anyị nwere ike". Muhammad kwere ka ha laa. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nọọsụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mma nke na Muhammad kenyere Rufaidah òkè nke onyinye ahụ. òkè ya hà nhata nke ndị agha lụrụ ọgụ. Nke a bụ iji kwado ọrụ ahụike ya na nọọsụ. <ref name="pader"/> === Rufaidah Al-Aslamia Prize na nọọsụ === Kwa afọ, Royal College of Surgeons na Ireland na Mahadum Bahrain na-enye otu nwa akwụkwọ ihe nrite Rufaida Al-Aslamia a ma ama na nọọsụ. Onye meriri nturu ugo kpebisiri ike site n'aka otu ndị otu ndị ọrụ ahụike ụlọ ọgwụ, Rufaida Al-Aslamia Prize in Nursing nyere nwa akwụkwọ nke na-eme nke ọma mgbe niile n'inye ndị ọrịa nlekọta ahụike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=RCSI Bahrain announces four new awards during conferring ceremony|url=http://www.rcsi-mub.com/index.jsp?p=100&n=109&a=3840|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] roxkb9qjgm1q84tn8bljpn8qfamaz0z 0 59634 697881 540219 2026-08-10T10:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697881 wikitext text/x-wiki Basetsana Julia “Bassie” Khumalo (née Makgalemele; amuru 29 Maachị 1974) [1] bu agwa televishọn South Africa, onye njiri mara mma mara mma, nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye enyemaka.[2] Ọrụ ya malitere na 1990 mgbe e chiri ya okpueze Miss Soweto na Miss Black South Africa mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. Ewere ya okpueze Miss South Africa na 1994 ma n'otu afọ ahụ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-agba ọsọ na Miss World. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kumalo na Soweto, South Africa. Ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ na nwanne ya nwoke ji afọ ndị mbụ na-enyere aka mee ka ezinụlọ ahụ dị n'elu mmiri, na-eme sanwichi a na-ere na egwuregwu bọọlụ kwa izu ụka. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Thabisang na Orlando West. Mgbe ọgbaghara ụmụ akwụkwọ rikpuru Soweto na 1986 e zigara ya na Trinity Secondary School ebe ọ gụchara matric ya. E debara aha ya n'akwụkwọ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mahadum Venda, wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Street Vendor to Millionaire: The inspiring story of Basetsana Kumalo|url=https://savannanews.com/street-vendor-to-millionaire-the-inspiring-story-of-basetsana-kumalo-2022-net-worth-revealed/|work=savannanews.com|accessdate=15 February 2023|archivedate=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202045936/https://savannanews.com/street-vendor-to-millionaire-the-inspiring-story-of-basetsana-kumalo-2022-net-worth-revealed/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Tupu na n'oge ọchịchị ya dị ka Miss South Africa, Kumalo na onye ọkpọ Dingaan Thobela.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Madikwa|first=Zenoyise|title=My heart is still with Basetsana|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2009/11/20/my-heart-is-still-with-basetsana|accessdate=31 March 2014|work=The Sowetan|date=20 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ zutere di ya Romeo Kumalo, onye isi Vodacom na onye bụbu onye mgbasa ozi, mgbe e chiri ya Miss Soweto. Ha malitere ịkpa na 1997 wee lụọ n'afọ 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Skosana|first=Welcome|title=Romeo weds Juliet|url=http://m24arg02.naspers.com/argief/berigte/citypress/2000/12/10/1/2.html|accessdate=1 April 2014|work=City Press South Africa|date=10 December 2000}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, Kumalo mụrụ nwa mbụ ha, nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Nkosinathi Gabriel. A mụrụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ, uShaka Kgositsile Emmanuel, n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Basetsana Kumalo welcomes second son|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/lifestyle/basetsana-kumalo-welcomes-second-son-20120521-2/|accessdate=31 March 2014|work=City Press South Africa|date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanelisiwe|title=A baby boy for the Khumalo's|url=http://drum.co.za/celebs/a-baby-boy-for-the-khumalos/|date=28 August 2012|work=Drum|accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> Kumalo na di ya Romeo ewepụtala Romeo & Basetsana Kumalo Family Foundation, nke ga-etolite ụmụaka, ọkachasị ndị AIDS na-enweghị mgbei na ọrịa ndị ọzọ metụtara ya. Na 2009 ntọala ahụ nwetara Inyathelo Philanthropy Merit Award. Kumalo sonyeere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Salma Hayek n'ịkwado ikpochapụ tetanus nwa ọhụrụ na nke nne n'ụwa, dịka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Fundmụaka United Nations Children's Fund na nappy brand Pamper's iji zọpụta ihe karịrị nde ụmụ ọhụrụ 250 site na 2012..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen of Soweto: Basetsana Kumalo|url=https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2021/01/23/343457/queen-of-soweto-basetsana-kumalo|work=funtimesmagazine.com|accessdate=16 February 2023|archivedate=16 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216174103/https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2021/01/23/343457/queen-of-soweto-basetsana-kumalo}}</ref> === Egwuregwu === N'ime 1990 na 1991, Kumalo nwetara okpueze Miss Soweto mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. Kumalo hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme atụmatụ ịgbaso nzọụkwụ nne ya dị ka onye nkụzi, ma ọ bụ tupu e debanyere aha ya na Mahadum Venda iji mụọ akwụkwọ. Nne ya banyere ya na Miss South Africa pageant na Kumalo gara n'ihu imeri. === Telivishọn === Mgbe ọ na-achị Miss South Africa, ọ malitere igosi usoro ihe omume telivishọn Top Billing. Kumalo na onye na-emepụta ihe ngosi ahụ, Patience Stevens, jikọrọ aka. A mụrụ Tswelopele Productions na Kumalo nwere pasent iri ise. Impumelelo kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ 300 kachasị elu na South Africa. Ihe ngosi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Top Billing TV show, nke e mepụtara maka SABC3. N'afọ 1999, Tswelopele jikọtara ya na Union Alliance Media ma depụta ya na JSE Securities Exchanged SA, na-eme ka Kumalo bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii kachasị ọhụrụ iji bụrụ akụkụ nke akụ na ụba South Africa. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ịga nke ọma Top Billing ewetawo ọrụ ndị ọzọ na akara Tswelopele, dị ka mmemme magazin Afrikaans ''Pasella'' na SABC2 na ihe ngosi ndị ntorobịa [[Swazi language|Swati]] ''Seskohona'' na SABC1.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=GLAMOUR Women’s Month Series: Basetsana Kumalo|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/lifestyle/glamour-guides/glamour-womens-month-series-basetsana-kumalo-47be9e78-de56-4f23-94e7-13cae28976f6|work=glamour.co.za|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Basetsane sonyeere Gauteng Travel Academy dị ka onye nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A peek Inside Basetsana Kumalo'shouse and her age milestones|url=https://buzzsouthafrica.com/a-peek-inside-basetsana-kumalo-house-and-her-age-milestones/|work=buzzsouthafrica.com|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe ọbịa na asọmpi ịma mma ikpeazụ nke Miss South Africa 2016, ebe dị na Carnival City's Big Top Arena, Gauteng, South Africa. A na-enye ya site na netwọk telivishọn M-Net na Mzansi Magic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basetsana Kumalo joins Miss SA 2016 judging panel|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016-02-17-basetsana-kumalo-joins-miss-sa-2016-judging-panel/|work=sowetanlive.co.za|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> === Mmepụta telivishọn === Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Tswelopele Productions <ref>{{Cite web|title=Basetsana Kumalo on Afternoon Express|url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/basetana-kumalo/3004|work=afternoonexpress.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2023|archivedate=15 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215165756/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/basetana-kumalo/3004}}</ref> ma mepụta site na Connect TV na Tswelopele productions ihe ngosi telivishọn dị iche iche dị ka Top Billing, <ref>{{Cite web|title=It's been an exceptional 25 years': Kumalo on Top Billing|url=https://www.enca.com/life/every-show-has-beginning-and-end-basetsana-kumalo-top-billing|work=enca.com|accessdate=15 February 2023|archivedate=15 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215165755/https://www.enca.com/life/every-show-has-beginning-and-end-basetsana-kumalo-top-billing}}</ref> Pasella, Date My Family, Our Perfect Wedding, Diski Divas, Becoming, Pastor wants a wife, Expresso, Afternoon Express, Saving our Marriage, Please Step In na Utatakho. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Basetsana Kumalo on the importance of producing local content|url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/basetsana-kumalo/basetsana-kumalo-importance-producing-local-content|work=zalebs.com|accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref> === Azụmaahịa === Kumalo bụ onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Business Women's Association of South Africa. N'afọ 2008, Kumalo ghọrọ onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ Tawana ọhụrụ site na azụmahịa ya na ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego ya bụ Pro Direct 189. Ọ na-anọdụkwa na bọọdụ nke Unipalm Investment Holdings Vhangana Energy Resources, Tactic Group Limited, SME Financial Holdings Limited, Morongwa Investment Holdings, Seven Falls, Q2 Petroleum na PHAB Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Her rise to the top…|url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/inspire-msanzi-south-africa/20200101/281638192102218|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Pampers UNICEF Tetanus campaign na akụkụ nke UNICEF Influential Women Circle, nke nwere otu ìgwè nke ụfọdụ ndị ọchụnta ego kachasị nwee mmetụta na mba ahụ, jikọtara ọnụ iji nweta ego iji nyere aka chebe ndụ ụmụaka kachasị ike na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BWA enters new era as prominent women take the helm|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-04-01-basetsana-kumalo-on-parenting-and-being-part-of-unicefs-influential-women-circle/|work=sowetanlive.co.za|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Businesswomen's Association of South Africa, onye isi oche of the Kuhluka Movement na onye isi oche oche nke Council of Social Justice Champions . <ref>{{Cite web|title=BWA enters new era as prominent women take the helm|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2007-03-07-bwa-enters-new-era-as-prominent-women-take-the-helm/|work=sowetanlive.co.za|accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref> === Ọrụ ebere === N'afọ 2007, onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ [[Graça Machel]], onye mmeri nke mkpọsa Each One Reach Five, họpụtara Kumalo ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ise ya iji mee nyocha HIV n'ihu ọha. O mekwara ka Dr. Precious Moloi-Motsepe nweta ego maka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka Baragwanath . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Television rockstar Basetsana Kumalo in Redi Tlhabi's hot seat|url=https://www.702.co.za/articles/15883/television-rockstar-basetsana-kumalo-in-redi-tlhabi-s-hot-seat|work=702.co.za|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> Kumalo nyekwara onwe ya na Agang Sechaba, ọrụ nke Nomsa Ntshingila malitere na 2007, nke a na-enyeghachi obodo ndị a mụrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angang Sechaba appoints new ambassadors|url=https://m.bizcommunity.com/Person/196/422/5943.html|work=bizcommunity.com|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> === Ụdị bass === N'afọ 2000, Kumalo malitere ụdị ejiji nke ya n'okpuru akara Stature Ladies eji site na Bassie, nke ụlọ ahịa ngalaba Ackerman kesara gafee ụlọ ahịa 240 na mpaghara Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basetsana Khumalo shared her top tips to surviving in the business industry|url=https://www.jacarandafm.com/shows/scenic-drive-rian/basetsana-khumalo-shared-her-top-tips-surviving-business-industry/|work=jacarandafm.com|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, n'okpuru akara Bassie, Kumalo malitere ụdị anya, nke a na-ekesa site na Torga Optical. Ọ sochiri nke a site na ịmalite ihe ntecha Bassie Red n'ime ụlọ ahịa Foschini 100 n'ụwa niile, soro na Bassie Gold na 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Pictures: Former Miss South Africa Basetsana Kumalo rocks the business world|url=https://savannanews.com/in-pictures-former-miss-south-africa-basetsana-kumalo-rocks-the-business-world/|work=savannanews.com|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=18 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095617/https://savannanews.com/in-pictures-former-miss-south-africa-basetsana-kumalo-rocks-the-business-world/}}</ref> === Mbipụta === N'afọ 2004, Kumalo nyere aka n'akwụkwọ Inspirational Women at Work, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ihu ọhụrụ nke idu ndú na mba ahụ. Kumalo gosipụtara na Recipes from the Heart na 36 nke ndị ama ama kachasị amasị South Africa. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Top Billing. N'oge ọchịchị ya, Kumalo bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ mara mma maka magazin ''DRUM''. N'afọ 2020, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya bụ Bassie: My Journey of Hope . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ereela ihe karịrị 15 000 ruo ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Bassie: My Journey of Hope' by Basetsana Kumalo|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/non-fiction/2022-07-14-extract-bassie-my-journey-of-hope-by-basetsana-kumalo/|work=timeslive.co.za|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> === Redio === Kumalo nwere oge na Metro FM, mgbe ọ kwadoro ihe ngosi Breakfast na 10 Ọgọst 2006. == Nkwado == A na-eme ka ngosipụta ya dịkwuo mma mgbe a họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihu nke Revlon Realistic Hair Care maka ma Sub-Saharan Africa na ahịa mba ụwa. Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Revlon ihe karịrị afọ ise. Kumalo kwadoro usoro BriteSmile n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi site na ịpụta na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=This video of 'pop star' Bassie is serious throwback vibes|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-09-06-watch-this-video-of-pop-star-bassie-is-serious-throwback-vibes/|work=timeslive.co.za|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Bassie: My Journey of Hope nke Basetsana Kumalo dere (Penguin Books, 2020)   == Onyinye na mmata == N'afọ 1994, ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ maka Nnyocha Mba Ọzọ site n'aka [[Nelson Mandela]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen of Soweto: Basetsana Kumalo|url=https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2021/01/23/343457/queen-of-soweto-basetsana-kumalo|work=funtimesmagazine.com|accessdate=16 February 2023|archivedate=16 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216174103/https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2021/01/23/343457/queen-of-soweto-basetsana-kumalo}}</ref> N'afọ 2002 na 2003, Sunday Times na Elle Magazine họpụtara ya na TV Style Awards dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke nwanyị kachasị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=news24.com|url=https://www.news24.com/Channel/pics-red-ruled-the-carpet-at-the-sa-style-awards-20191118|work=news24.com|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, a họpụtara Kumalo dị ka onye nke 74 na ndepụta nke 100 Greatest South Africa na 2004, naanị Miss South Africa na ndepụta ahụ. <ref name="auto1"/> N'afọ 2006, Cape Town Fashion Festival nyere Kumalo onyinye Fashion Icon. Femina Magazine họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri kachasị mma na South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BASETSANA KUMALO: THE GREATEST ACT OF LEADERSHIP IS MENTORING|url=https://www.rideedy.com/2019/04/the-greatest-act-of-leadership-is.html?m=1|work=rideedy.com|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> Kumalo bụkwa onye natara onyinye Annual Rapport / City Press Prestige Awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Iconic Basetsana Kumalo - a true game changer|url=https://zalebs.com/drama/basetsana-kumalo/iconic-basetsana-kumalo-true-game-changer|work=zalebs.com|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, World Economic Forum nyere ya nsọpụrụ dị ka Onye ndu ụwa na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa’s 30 wonder women|url=https://www.leader.co.za/article.aspx?s=6&f=1&a=3890|work=leader.co.za|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, e nyere ya ihe ngosi kachasị mma na South African Style Awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Here are all the South African Style Award winners of 2019|url=https://www.news24.com/amp/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/news/here-are-all-the-south-african-style-award-winners-of-2019-20191112|work=news24.com|accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, Tastic rice nyere ya onyinye Iconic Award maka ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị kachasị emetụta na mgbasa ozi na [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basetsana Kumalo Honored|url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/basetsana-kumalo/basetsana-kumalo-honored|work=zalebs.com|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumalo, Basetsane}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f41nzmwlehgy9q479gwf1z7c6wenkd3 0 59660 697774 515257 2026-08-10T07:55:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kerry_Gibson.jpg|thumb|Kerry Gibson]] Kerry Lynn Gibson bụ onye South Africa-New Zealand ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachamara na ahụike uche ntorobịa. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Psychology na Mahadum Auckland.[1] Gibson bụ onye isi oche nke New Zealand Psychological Society, [2] [3] site na 2014 ruo 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Child Poverty Action Group|title=New report: Child poverty and mental health|accessdate=2021-10-12|date=2017-05-12|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/GE1705/S00085/new-report-child-poverty-and-mental-health.htm|work=Scoop}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governance & Management|url=http://www.psychology.org.nz/Executive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015080802/http://www.psychology.org.nz/Executive|archivedate=15 October 2013|publisher=[[New Zealand Psychological Society]]|accessdate=1 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Governance & Management|url=http://www.psychology.org.nz/about-nzpss/our-people|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615021559/http://www.psychology.org.nz/about-nzpss/our-people|archivedate=15 June 2016|publisher=[[New Zealand Psychological Society]]|accessdate=1 November 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Na mmalite 2000s, Gibson bụ onye nkuzi dị elu na akparamaagwa na Mahadum Cape Town. Ya na onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ South Africa bụ Leslie Swartz jikọtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na-etinye aka na psychodynamics n'okwu gbasara akparamàgwà nhazi.[1] N'etiti 2000s, Gibson bụ otu n'ime ndị agụmakwụkwọ nyere ọrụ inyocha mmetụta uche nke ndị otu Centrepoint Commune nwetara mgbe emechiri ya.[2][3] Kemgbe 2007, Gibson na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi maka Massey University Auckland Campus Center for Psychology.[4] Na 2010, Gibson kwadoro ọmụmụ ihe na Claire Cartwright na John Read nke nyochara ma ọ bụrụ na iji antidepressants eme ogologo oge nwere ike ịṅụ ahụ.[5] Nakwa na 2010, Gibson sonyeere ngalaba mmụta akparamaagwa nke Mahadum Auckland. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/kl-gibson|title=Associate Professor Kerry Lynn Gibson - The University of Auckland|work=[[University of Auckland]]|accessdate=12 October 2021|archivedate=28 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164004/https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/kl-gibson}}</ref> Na Septemba 2021, Gibson bipụtara akwụkwọ What Young People Want from Mental Health Services, na-elekwasị anya na ihe ịma aka ndị ntorobịa nwere na ngwụcha afọ iri na ụma na mmalite afọ iri abụọ. Akwụkwọ a dabeere na Mirror Project, nyocha dị mma nke gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ 400 nke ndị ntorobịa New Zealand. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Catherall|first=Sarah|title=Stuck in the middle: Youth mental health needs caught between child and adult services|work=Stuff|accessdate=2021-10-12|date=2021-09-18|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/300407659/stuck-in-the-middle-youth-mental-health-needs-caught-between-child-and-adult-services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Catherall|first=Sarah|title=How to talk to your teen about their online life|work=Stuff|accessdate=2021-10-12|date=2021-10-05|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/wellbeing/parenting/126594809/how-to-talk-to-your-teen-about-their-online-life}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|volume=28|issue=7|pages=659–667|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=Children in political violence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1989_28_7/page/659|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=1989|doi=10.1016/0277-9536(89)90213-X|pmid=2652322}} * {{Cite journal|volume=23|issue=1|pages=107–116|author=Sennett|first=Justin|title=Adjustment of black students at a historically white South African university|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-psychology_2003-01_23_1/page/107|journal=Educational Psychology|date=2003|doi=10.1080/01443410303219}} * {{Cite journal|volume=36|issue=1|pages=25–44|author=Rohleder|first=Poul|title=We are not fresh': HIV-positive women talk of their experience of living with their 'spoiled identity|journal=South African Journal of Psychology|date=2006|doi=10.1177/008124630603600103}} * {{Cite journal|volume=60|issue=3|pages=340–352|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=Agency in young clients' narratives of counseling:"It's whatever you want to make of it".|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-counseling-psychology_2013-07_60_3/page/n27|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|date=2013|doi=10.1037/a0033110|pmid=23875946}} * {{Cite journal|volume=216|issue=1|pages=67–73|author=Read|first=John|title=Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants|journal=Psychiatry Research|date=2014|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.042|pmid=24534123}} * {{Cite journal|volume=43|pages=96–104|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=Young people's experiences of mobile phone text counselling: Balancing connection and control|journal=Children and Youth Services Review|date=2014|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.05.010}} * {{Cite journal|volume=10|pages=1401–1407|author=Cartwright|first=Claire|title=Long-term antidepressant use: patient perspectives of benefits and adverse effects|journal=Patient Preference and Adherence|date=2016|doi=10.2147/PPA.S110632|pmid=27528803}} * {{Cite journal|volume=25|issue=4|pages=1057–1065|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=What young people want: a qualitative study of adolescents' priorities for engagement across psychological services|journal=Journal of Child and Family Studies|date=2016|doi=10.1007/s10826-015-0292-6}} * {{Cite journal|volume=51|issue=8|pages=1011–1030|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=Resisting the silence: The impact of digital communication on young people's talk about suicide|journal=Youth & Society|date=2019|doi=10.1177/0044118X17720986}} * {{Cite journal|pages=611–631|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|title=Bridging the digital divide: Reflections on using WhatsApp instant messenger interviews in youth research|journal=Qualitative Research in Psychology|date=2020|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/14780887.2020.1751902}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=Counselling and Coping|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0195718683}} * {{Cite book|title=Reflective practice: Psychodynamic ideas in the community|first=Leslie|author=Swartz|publisher=Human Sciences Research Council|date=2002|isbn=978-0796919960}} * {{Cite book|title=Community psychology: Emotional processes in political subjects|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|publisher=UCT Press|date=2004|isbn=978-1919713885}} * {{Cite book|title=The Use of Touch in Counselling and Psychotherapy: A Thematic Analysis|first=Steve|author=Williams|publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing|date=2011|isbn=978-3844304282}} * {{Cite book|title=What Young People Want from Mental Health Services|author=Gibson|first=Kerry|publisher=Routledge|date=2021|isbn=978-1000461466}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 76ljcp5p871vo9tjgrhjjwy1xcuie39 0 59854 697571 345862 2026-08-10T02:55:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:RuthFirst.jpg|thumb|Ruth First]] '''Heloise Ruth First''' OLG (4 Mee 1925 &#x2013; 17 Ọgọst 1982) bụ onye South Africa na-akwado mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọkà mmụta. Egburu ya na [[Mozambique]], ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ọzọ, site na bọmbụ ngwugwu nke ndị uwe ojii South Africa wuru. == Ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ndị nne na nna [[Jew|ndị Juu]] Ruth First, Julius First na Matilda Levetan, si na [[Latvia]] kwaga South Africa na 1906 wee ghọọ ndị otu ntọala nke Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), onye bu ụzọ South Africa Communist Party (SACP). A mụrụ Ruth First na 1925 wee tolite na Johannesburg . Dị ka nne na nna ya, ọ sonyeere ndị Kọmunist, <ref name="Marks 1983 123–128">{{Cite journal|author=Marks|first=Shula|title=Ruth First: A Tribute|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1983-10_10_1/page/123|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=October 1983|volume=10|issue=1|pages=123–128|doi=10.1080/03057078308708071}}</ref> bụ ndị ya na African National Congress na-agba mbọ ịkwatu ọchịchị apartheid nke South Africa. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mbụ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Jeppe maka ụmụ agbọghọ wee bụrụ onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum. Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na Mahadum Witwatersrand na 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ chọpụtara na "na ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa, ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ okwu mba". O tinyere aka na ntọala nke Federation of Progressive Students, nke a makwaara dị ka Njikọ Ndị Mmụta Na-aga n'ihu, <ref name="Marks 1983 123–128"/> wee mara, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya, [[Nelson Mandela]], Onye isi ala [[South Africa]] n'ọdịnihu, na Eduardo Mondlane, onye ndu mbụ nke nnwere onwe nnwere onwe Mozambique FRELIMO . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Nke mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere aka nyocha maka Social Welfare Division of Johannesburg City Council. N'afọ 1946, ọkwa ya na Communist Party kwalitere nke ọma ka e nwụchiri ndị isi n'òtù ahụ. Mbụ wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ radical ''The Guardian'', nke steeti mechara machibido ya. <ref name="Marks 1983 123–128"/> Site na akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha, buru ụzọ kpughee amụma nkewa nke agbụrụ a maara dị ka apartheid, na-ezubere ndị isi ojii South Africa na-eso ịrị elu nke National Party na 1948. <ref name="jwa">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/first-ruth|title=Ruth First {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|first=Milton|author=Shain|work=jwa.org|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> Na 1949, ọ lụrụ Joe Slovo, onye South Africa na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye Kọmunist, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Shawn, [[Gillian Slovo|Gillian]] na Robyn . Ọnụ, Slovo na Mbụ ghọrọ ndị isi ike n'ime afọ 1950 ngagharị iwe nke gọọmentị machibidoro mmegharị ọ bụla megidere iwu ha. <ref name="jwa"/> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na ''The Guardian'' na ndị nọchiri ya, South African Congress of Democrats (COD), otu nku na-acha ọcha nke Congress Alliance, tọrọ ntọala na 1953 site na nkwado sitere na Mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-heloise-first|title=Ruth Heloise First {{!}} South African History Online|work=sahistory.org.za|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a na-akpọ ''Fighting Talk'' . Mbụ na Slovo bụkwa ndị otu African National Congress, na mgbakwunye na ndị Kọmunist. Ọ rụkwara aka n'ọrụ n'oge nnukwu ọgbaghara nke 1950s. <ref name="Marks 1983 123–128"/> == Ikpe aghụghọ na njide == Nke mbụ bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-azara ọnụ na Trial Treason nke 1956-1961, yana 155 ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ ndị bụ isi na Congress Alliance . Ejiri ọrụ mbụ na ihe odide mbụ mee ihe dị ka ihe akaebe iji gosipụta aghụghọ n'aha Congress Alliance . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marks|first=Shula|date=1 October 1983|title=Ruth first: a tribute|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1983-10_10_1/page/123|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=123–128|doi=10.1080/03057078308708071|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Mgbe afọ anọ nke steeti ahụ na-akpagbu ya, nke mbụ na ndị otu narị na iri ise na ise ndị ọzọ a tọhapụrụ n'ebubo ha. Mgbe ọnọdụ mberede nke sochiri ogbugbu Sharpeville na 1960, edepụtara ya ma machibido ya. Ọ pụghị ịga ọmụmụ ihe ma ọ bụ bipụta ihe, a pụghịkwa ịkpọ ya okwu. N'afọ 1963, n'oge ọgba aghara ọzọ gọọmentị mere, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ma jide ya n'enweghị ebubo maka ụbọchị 117 n'okpuru Iwu Njide ụbọchị iri itoolu. Ọ bụ nwanyị ọcha mbụ ejidere n'okpuru iwu a. <ref name="First 1965 vii">{{Cite book|author=First|first=Ruth|title=117 Days|year=1965|publisher=Penguin|oclc=222077295}}</ref> == Nchụpụ na igbu ọchụ == [[Faịlụ:Ruth_First_and_Joe_Slovo_(5021266886).jpg|thumb| Plaque dị na Camden Town, London]] Na Maachị 1964, mbụ gara biri n'ala ọzọ na [[London]], ebe ọ malitere ọrụ na British Anti-Apartheid Movement . Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Mahadum Manchester na 1972, na n'etiti 1973 na 1978 ọ kụziri na ọmụmụ mmepe na Mahadum Durham . Ọ nọrọkwa oge na nke abụọ na mahadum dị na Dar es Salaam na Lourenço Marques, Maputo . Na Nọvemba 1978, Mbụ weghaara ọkwa onye isi nyocha na Center of African Studies (Centro de Estudos Africanos), Universidade Eduardo Mondlane na Maputo, [[Mozambique]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Was Ruth First in Mozambique?|date=Dec 2014|url=http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n26-2014/03_Bridget_O_Laughlin.pdf|publisher=Deportate, Esuli e Profughe [Deported Exiles and Refugees], no. 26, pp. 26–41|accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> Egburu ya site n'iwu Craig Williamson, onye isi na ndị uwe ojii South Africa, na 17 Ọgọst 1982, mgbe ọ meghere ogbunigwe ngwugwu nke ezigara na mahadum. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1999/9902/s990222a.htm|title=TRC hears eye witness account of Ruth First bomb blast|work=SAPA|date=22 February 1999|accessdate=22 January 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ruth First: Williamson given amnesty|date=1 June 2000|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/ruth-first-williamson-given-amnesty-39251|publisher=Independent Online (South Africa)|accessdate=22 January 2025}}</ref> Bridget O'Laughlin, onye ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ nke ya na Mbụ na-arụkọ ọrụ, nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ nke mbụ mgbe e gburu ya, ma gbaa akaebe na Commission Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bridget O'Laughlin testimony to TRC (half-way through the file)|date=22 February 1999|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans%5C1999/9902220304_pre_990222pt.htm|publisher=TRC|accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> == Ihe ncheta == Akwụkwọ nke mbụ, ''117 Days'', bụ akụkọ ya maka njide, mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ya site n'alaka ndị uwe ojii South Africa pụrụiche na 1963. E bipụtara ya nke mbụ na 1965. Ihe ncheta ahụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere otu o si tachie obi “kewapụ na enweghị mmetụta uche” ebe ọ na-anagide “nrụgide inye ozi gbasara ndị otu ya na Alaka Pụrụ Iche”. <ref name="First 1965 vii"/> Nwa ya nwanyị, onye edemede [[Gillian Slovo]], bipụtara ihe ncheta nke ya, ''Ihe nzuzo ọ bụla: Ezinụlọ m, obodo m'', na 1997. Ọ bụ akụkọ banyere nwata ya na South Africa na mmekọrịta ya na ndị nne na nna na-akwado ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25geigert.html|title=Books {{!}} The Cause Came First|first=H. Jack|author=Geiger|work=The New York Times|date=25 May 1997|accessdate=22 January 2025}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Ihe nkiri ''A World Apart'' (1988), nke nwere ihe ngosi nke nwa ya nwanyị Shawn Slovo na onye Chris Menges duziri ya, bụ akụkọ ndụ banyere otu nwa agbọghọ ọcha bi na South Africa na ndị nne na nna na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ezinụlọ Roth na fim ahụ. Barbara Hershey na-egwu agwa dabere na Ruth First. Ihe nkiri 2006 ''[[Catch a Fire (ihe nkiri)|Catch a Fire]]'' banyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Patrick Chamusso bụ Shawn Slovo dere, na n'ime ya nke mbụ, bụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Robyn Slovo, bụ onye bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri. == Ụgbọ mmiri nche == [[Faịlụ:Fisheries_protection_vessel_Ruth_First_at_Buffels_Bay_off_the_Cape_Peninsula_P9205462.JPG|thumb| Ụgbọ mmiri nchekwa azụ azụ ''Ruth First'' na Buffes Bay .]] N'afọ 2005, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi South Africa wepụtara ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi aha ya bụ '''''Ruth First''''' . Na March 2011, mba [[The Gambia|Gambia]] nyere stampụ akwụkwọ ozi na nsọpụrụ ya, na-akpọ ya aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị dike akụkọ ifo nke Africa . == Ọrụ e bipụtara isi ==   * {{Cite book|year=1963|title=South West Africa|location=London}} * {{Cite book|year=1965|title=117 Days|location=London}} * (with R. Segal), {{Cite book|year=1967|title=South West Africa: A Travesty of Trust|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1">London. 1967.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] * {{Cite book|year=1970|title=The Barrel of a Gun: Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'etat in Africa|location=London}} * (co-edited with J. Steele and C. Gurney), {{Cite book|year=1972|title=The South African Connection: Western Investment in Apartheid|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1">London. 1972.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] * {{Cite book|year=1970|title=Libya: The Elusive Revolution|location=London}} * (with Ann Scott), {{Cite book|year=1980|title=[[Olive Schreiner]]|publisher=Andre Deutsch|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1">London: Andre Deutsch. 1980.</cite> * {{Cite book|year=1983|title=The Mozambican Miner: Proletarian and Peasant|location=New York}} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru mmachibido iwu n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ * Marion Sparg - nwanyị nwanyị ANC gbara mkpọrọ afọ 25 maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru * Gert Sibande * South Africa nduku boycott == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120516213658/http://www.ruthfirstpapers.org.uk/ Akwụkwọ mbụ Ruth online] * [http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=priref=110023744 Akwụkwọ Ruth First na Mahadum London] * [http://www.dur.ac.uk/ruthfirst.trust/ Ruth First Educational Trust] na-enye ohere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa postgraduate ka ha mụọ na Mahadum Durham. * [http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-08-25-the-first-panafrican-martyr The First pan-African martyr], ''Mail & Guardian'', Adekeye Adebajo, 25 Ọgọst 2010 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727102331/http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/page.php?p_id=119 Ruth First Jeppe High School maka Girls Memorial Trust] Archived emebere ya na July 2010 wee nye onyinye scholarships maka nkuzi zuru oke na Jeppe High School maka ụmụ nwanyị maka oge agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ezubere ya maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na ọkwa 7 nke na-egosipụta njirimara ndu, obi ike, mkpebi siri ike na ikike imetụta obodo ha nke ọma. * [http://www.dispatch.co.za/insight-remembering-ruth-first-a-woman-with-vision-passion/ Icheta Rut Mbụ, nwanyị nwere ọhụụ, agụụ] , nke Peter Vale, ''The Daily Dispatch'', 17 Ọgọst 2012 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k73zofbl17hyqerwo6mu745ogostl69 0 59860 697761 345841 2026-08-10T07:38:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Agnes_Winifred_Hoernlé.jpg|thumb|Winifred Hoernlé]] '''Agnes Winifred Hoernlé''' née '''Tucker''' (6 Disemba 1885–17 Maachị 1960) bụ ọkà mmụta gbasara gbasara mmadụ na South Africa, nke a ma ama dị ka “nne nke mmụta gbasara mmadụ na South Africa”. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] E wezụga ọrụ sayensị ya, a na-echeta ya maka mmegide mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkwenye siri ike nke Apartheid dabere na oke ọcha . Amụrụ na 1885 na Cape Colony, dị ka nwa ọhụrụ ọ kwagara Johannesburg, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta mahadum na 1906 na kọleji South Africa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na kọleji Newnham, Cambridge, Mahadum Leipzig, Mahadum Bonn na Sorbonne . N'ịlaghachi na South Africa na 1912, ọ malitere nyocha gbasara gbasara mmadụ n'etiti ndị Khoekhoe, ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ na 1914. Mgbe ya na di ya biri na Boston site na 1914 ruo 1920, Hoernlé laghachiri South Africa iji maliteghachi nyocha ya. Ya na Alfred Radcliffe-Brown na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na mbọ imekọ ihe iji guzobe mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'afọ 1926, ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, o hiwere ma ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe ngosi nka agbụrụ iji kwado mmụta ụmụ akwụkwọ ya. N'iwebata echiche nkuzi ọhụrụ, ọ gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha nyochaa mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ. Na ezumike nka ya na nkuzi na 1937, o jiri oge ndụ ya niile lekwasị anya na mgbanwe ndị mmadụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ na nkuzi Hoernlé agwala echiche ụwa ya, na-eduga ya ịghọ onye mmegide nke atumatu Apartheid nkewapụ iche. Ọ rụrụ ụka na akụkọ e nyefere gọọmentị na omenala niile bụ akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ na-alụbeghị di na South Africa nwere uru dị mkpa yana na ọ nweghị agbụrụ dị elu. Ọ kwadoro nchebe nke ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi dị ka ohere nha anya na-enweghị ọnọdụ agbụrụ na agba, na-akwado nnwere onwe nke akọ na uche na nkwupụta na iwu iwu maka ndị Africa niile. N'oge ndụ ya, a na-asọpụrụ Hoernlé site na ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na mmemme mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ nwetara Dọkịta Iwu na-asọpụrụ na 1945, nke ghọtara akụkụ abụọ nke ọrụ ya. A na-echeta ya maka ịzụ ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara gbasara mmadụ na South Africa n'oge ya na maka ịtọ ntọala maka mmepe nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na South Africa. === Ngalaba mahadum (1923-1937) === [[Faịlụ:William_Kidger_Tucker_family_1920.jpg|alt=Black and white photograph of three men and one woman standing behind three seated men and three seated women, dressed in typical attire for the 1920s.|thumb| Ezinụlọ Tucker, 1920 — azụ lr: Vick, Trix, Eric, na Cyril; n'ihu, lr: Max, Winifred Hoernlé, William Kidger Tucker, Sarah Agnes (née Bottomley), Rex, na Phyllis]] Na 1921, Mahadum Cape Town goro Radcliffe-Brown ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke nke mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mahadum Britain ọ bụla n'Alaeze Ukwu niile. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Ya na Hoernlé mere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi gbasara nguzobe nke ngalaba mmụta ọhụrụ yana otu esi ahazi ya dị ka ọzụzụ sayensị na South Africa. [ 27 ] Na 1922, e nyere Alfred ọkwa dị ka onye isi ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Dị ka ihe mkpali iji chebe ya, mahadum ahụ kwere nkwa iwere nwunye ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta na ịzụlite ngalaba na-elekọta mmadụ. Egoro na 1923, [ 25 ] [ 28 ] Akwụkwọ ozi Hoernlé na Radcliffe-Brown na-akwado na ha na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1924 na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkwonkwo, na-ekpuchi usoro ọmụmụ na alụmdi na nwunye, ehi, mmekọrịta egwuregwu, okwu ndị ikwu, na ememe ịchụ àjà. [ 29 ] Mkpebi Radcliffe-Brown ịnakwere ọkwá na Mahadum Sydney dị ka onye isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1925, [ 30 ] mere ka Hoernlé hapụ nchọpụta ubi ya maka nkuzi. [ 25 ] [ 28 ] A họpụtara Hoernlé ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na Jenụwarị 1926 na Mahadum Witwatersrand. [ 30 ] N'ihe dị ka 1912, ọ na-enye nkuzi na-arụ ụka na ndị oge ochie ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala nwere ikike iche echiche dị ka ndị òtù ọha na eze nwere ọkaibe, na omenala ha kwesịrị iji ọmịiko na nleba anya n'echiche ha na-enyocha, na òtù ọha na eze na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'igosipụta obodo ndị dị ndụ na ndị obodo dara ada. [ 31 ] Ụdị nkuzi ya bụ "na-akpali akpali na nke ọma", ma kpalie ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, "n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ọhịa" nyocha kọntaktị omenala na nsogbu ndị metụtara mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze. [ 19 ] Ọ kuziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na omenala ọdịnala anaghị arụ ọrụ iche iche yana ọha mmadụ nwere, kama ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ na-alụbeghị di na South Africa. Echiche ya na nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ndị gbasoro ụzọ ya na-enwewanye nghọtahie na ndị Africaner anthropologists na ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mechara, bụ ndị nakweere ụdị omenala ọdịnala. [ 32 ] Hoernlé gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya aka na echiche ọhụrụ nke tọrọ ntọala maka mmepe nke ngalaba nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. [ 1 ] Ọ gbara ha ume ka ha leba anya na ichekwa akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Dora Earthy, onye ozi ala ọzọ na [[Mozambique]], dere akwụkwọ akụkọ pụrụ iche lekwasịrị anya naanị na ụmụ nwanyị Valenge, mana ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ webatara ozi gbasara emume ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ezinụlọ n'ọrụ ha, gụnyere emume mmalite na ndị metụtara alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọrịta di na nwunye. [ 33 ] Ọmụmụ ihe ha mere ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya jiri ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na-atụnyere ihe mgbochi ndị a na-etinye na ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ, ma ha chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị Africa anaghị enwekarị otu ihe mgbochi ọha na eze. [ 34 ] Na mgbakwunye na o lekwasịrị anya n'iwulite ngalaba gbasara mmadụ, iji mee ka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị mfe, Hoernlé mepụtara ọbá akwụkwọ na ihe ngosi ihe ochie na ebe ngosi nka omenala. [ 28 ] [ 35 ] Iji nye ha ntọala zuru oke, o zigara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya kacha mma na London School of Economics ka ha na Bronisław Malinowski mụọ usoro ọrụ ubi na ọrụ ethnographic. [ 36 ] Dị ka onye na-enyocha ihe gbasara ihe gbasara mmadụ, Hoernlé zutere Isaac Schapera na 1925. O jiri nyocha mbụ ya na nyocha ya na mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ha rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ iji kwalite nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na ọrụ ubi. [ 37 ] O weere ezumike wee soro Malinowski n'onwe ya mụọ ihe na 1929. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Mgbe ọ na-anọghị ya, Schapera kụziiri Hoernlé ihe ọmụmụ na mgbe ọ lọtara na 1930, ha jikọrọ aka na Kọmitii Ọmụmụ Africa nke Inter-University. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] N'ime ọrụ ha, ha kpụrụ kọmitii ahụ n'ịmepụta ọrụ mba iji kwalite ọmụmụ agbụrụ site na ego zuru oke na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na kọntinent niile. [ 40 ] A kwalitere Hoernlé ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu onye nkuzi na 1934. [ 11 ] N'okpuru nduzi ya, a na-eme nnyocha ọmụmụ gbasara ụmụ mmadụ n'obodo ukwu na South Africa na nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1935. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] N'afọ ahụ, ''Bantu Studies'' raara mbipụta September 1935 ha dị ka "ịsọpụrụ Winifred Hoernlé" [ 1 ] [ 43 ] ma nyekwara ya ihe pụrụ iche nke ịbụ onye "emere onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Royal Anthropological Institute ". [ 44 ] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na 1937 iji lekọta ya na nne na nna Alfred merela agadi. [ 28 ] === Ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha (1932–1960) === N'oge ya na mahadum dị na Cape Town, Hoernlé (Tucker n'oge ahụ) amalitela ịzụlite àgwà nnwere onwe maka mmekọrịta agbụrụ. N'adịghị ka nna ya, o kwenyere na ndị Africa gụrụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị inwe ike ịme ntuli aka. [ 7 ] N'ọrụ ubi ya, ọ zụlitere ọmịiko n'ebe ndị ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nọ, ọkachasị ndị obodo mepere emepe. N'ihi ọsụsụ ya n'asụsụ [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], Bekee, na German, o nwere ike iso ndị ọ na-achị na-ekwurịta okwu nke ọma. [ 25 ] Ka ọ na-erule 1932, mgbe ọ sonyere na Kọmitii nke Johannesburg Child Welfare Society, Hoernlé emepụtala ọ bụghị nanị na ọ kwadoro ikpe ziri ezi, kama ọ bụ mmetụta nke ọrụ maka ọrụ mmekọrịta. [ 45 ] Ọ jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche na 1938 na 1939 nke National Women's Organisation na mgbe di ya nwụrụ na 1943, ghọrọ onye isi oche nke South Africa Institute of Race Relations ruo afọ abụọ, [ 46 ] [ 47 ] na-eje ozi na-esote site na 1948 ruo 1950 na site na 1953 ruo 1954 [ . Mmepụta ngwa ngwa na ime obodo mepere emepe na 1930s na 1940s gbara usoro iwu dị na South Africa aka, bụ nke na-ekwebu ka ndị ime obodo na-achị onwe ha na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ka ndị mmadụ na-akwaga n'obodo ukwu iji rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ mmepụta ihe, nchekwa ghọrọ isi okwu, dịka egwu mpụ mere. [ 48 ] Ọtụtụ kọmitii - Elliot Commission (1943), Fagan Commission (1946), na Sauer Commission (1947) - nke ọ bụla nwara ime mpụ, iwu na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị, na ihe egwu nwere ike ime obodo. [ 49 ] N'ime oge a, Hoernlé ghọrọ onye na-akwado ụda olu nke liberal universalism . [ 50 ] N'afọ 1945, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ntọala nke Penal and Prisons Reform Commission. [ 49 ] Kọmishọna a ghọrọ osisi dị mkpa na-ada ụda maka ịtụgharị uche n'echiche gbasara agbụrụ n'elu ikpo okwu nwere mgbanwe na-agụnye ụdị ọchịchị nke nna. [ 51 ] Ọ mechara bụrụ Njikọ Mgbanwe Penal nke South Africa, nke Hoernlé jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala ruo ọtụtụ afọ. [ 2 ] Hoernlé bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama nke oge ahụ na mgbasa ozi ọdịmma ọha na eze, na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị maka mmekorita n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Africa, India na ndị ọcha. O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị nne, ọ kwalitere ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọdịmma ụmụaka, ma rụọ ọrụ na mgbanwe ntaramahụhụ. [ 46 ] N'ịbụ onye nwere nchegbu maka ọnọdụ ịda mbà n'obi na obodo ndị India, ọ meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ India [ 2 ] ma na-eduzi Kọmitii nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọha na Ọha na India. [ 47 ] N'afọ 1949, e nyere Hoernlé nzere Doctorate of Laws site na Mahadum Witwatersrand iji kwado onyinye ya na agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịmma ọha. [ Ihe edeturu 1 ] N'afọ ahụ, National Welfare Board họpụtara ya dị ka onye òtù na onyinye ya na Landsdown Penal Reform Commission Report e gosipụtara. Ha ga-abụ otu "akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke mkpesa Commission". Na 1952, International Council for Child Welfare kwanyere Hoernlé ugwu na Medal nke Merit ma mara ya maka ọrụ ya na Africa site na nrite sitere na Royal African Society . [ 2 ] Mgbe emechara iwu Bantu Education Act na 1953, ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji gbanwee asụsụ mmegide ya [ 46 ] ma kwuo na usoro mmụta nke na-adịghị echebara omenala ọha na eze na-eme n'ime obodo kewapụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na obodo ha. [ 53 ] N'afọ 1955, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Race Relations'' nke South Africa Institute of Race Relations bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche iji mee ncheta ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke 70th. [ 1 ] == Echiche agbụrụ na "Nchekwa Ndị Kraịst" == Na 1923, Hoernlé dere na iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imejuputa mgbanwe na nchịkwa ndị Europe n'etiti ndị omenala, ndị isi chọrọ "ezigbo ọmụma nke echiche na nkwenkwe nke ụmụ amaala". [ 54 ] Ọ ghọtara na n'ihi na usoro ọchịchị na South Africa na-akwado ndị ọcha, omenala ndị ọcha na-achị. [ 55 ] N'akwụkwọ ya 1948, ''Alternatives to Apartheid'', Hoernlé rụrụ ụka na ngwọta ọ bụla emejuputa atumatu iji chịkwaa mmekọrịta agbụrụ ga-echebe ndị bụ isi ụkpụrụ dị ka ohere nhata na-enweghị ọnọdụ nke agbụrụ na agba, nnwere onwe nke akọ na uche na ikwu okwu, na dị ka iwu nke iwu . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na obodo ọdịnala na mmepeanya ọdịda anyanwụ nwere ike inwe ihe kpatara ya iji chebe ọdịbendị ha na ịdị ọcha nke agbụrụ, Hoernlé kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị agbụrụ dị elu na onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịkwanyere ibe ya ùgwù, na-ekwe nkwa ichebe ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi. O kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmekọrịta ihe, mmejuputa Apartheid chọrọ inye obodo ọdịnala ohere nnwere onwe. [ 56 ] Site n'itinye atụmatụ dị otú ahụ, o chere na ọha mmadụ nwere ike ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na omenala ha nhata nke nyere otu ọ bụla aka ịchịkwa onwe ha ma kesaa ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke ịbụ nwa amaala. [ 57 ] Otú ọ dị, Hoernlé kwughachiri na ule nke ntinye aka na ikike ndị bụ isi bụ ịghọta na ha na-etinye aka na ndị mmadụ na-agbasobu omenala dị iche iche, ma ugbu a bụ ndị òtù ọha mmadụ nwere ụkpụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ụka na aghọtaghị na ha niile bụ otu obodo na ịgbalị ịmepụta ụlọ dị iche iche ma ha nhata ga-emebi akụ na ụba, yana mmadụ. [ 58 ] Ụzọ ya dị ka ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya ghọtara na ọnọdụ ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma nwee ike ịchọ iji ụzọ na atumatu dị iche iche n'ime oge nke "Nchekwa Ndị Kraịst" iji nweta ngwọta ndị kwadoro nkwenye ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ ma nye ndị òtù ụmụ amaala bụ ndị so na obodo ahụ ọrụ nlekọta. [ 59 ] Tinyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, ọ kwadoro ime ka agbụrụ niile banye n'otu obodo. [ 60 ] Na 1952, n'etiti ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị na-eme oji ojii, Hoernlé sonyeere 21 ndị ọzọ na-emesapụ aka na-acha ọcha na-ewepụta nkwupụta na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha kwado ikike nha anya na ohere nha anya maka "ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-abụghị ndị Europe". [ 57 ] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Hoernlé nwụrụ na 17 Maachị 1960 na Johannesburg. [ 3 ] [ 28 ] Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta kpuchiri onyinye ya bụ ndị kwuru na Radcliffe-Brown na-eduzi akwụkwọ mmụta ya na itinye aka na mmekọrịta ya bụ ndọtị nke ọrụ di ya. [ 61 ] Akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Radcliffe-Brown na-eme ka o doo anya na ọrụ Hoernlé bụ akwụkwọ mbụ [ 62 ] na ọ bụ ezie na ya na Alfred bụ ndị na-emesapụ aka, echiche ya banyere mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị iche na nke ya ma buru amụma mmekọrịta ya na ya. [ 7 ] [ 13 ] Dị ka Robert Gordon, prọfesọ nke anthropology na Mahadum Vermont si kwuo, "ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a zụrụ azụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-elekọta mmadụ n'ụwa". [ 31 ] [ 62 ] Onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Andrew Bank, nke Mahadum Western Cape akpọwo ya dị ka onye bụ isi na mmepe nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na South Africa n'oge interwar, ka o webatara mmekorita "usoro nke usoro ihe ọhụrụ nke mere ka e mepụta ọkachamara, nkà mmụta sayensị, na ... omenala omenala ethnographic nke ubi". [ 63 ] Ejikọtara ya na mmetụta ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ọ kụziiri na ndụmọdụ, gụnyere Max Gluckman, Ellen Hellmann, Eileen Krige, Hilda Kuper, Audrey Richards, na Monica Wilson, ọ na-emepụta ubi nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na South Africa. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] A na-akpọkarị ya "Nne nke Social Anthropology na South Africa", [ 65 ] [ 62 ] dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe omimi nke South Africa nke oge ya zụrụ ya. [ 47 ] Oge ya gosipụtara mgbanwe n'ụdị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'ọhịa ndị nwoke na-achị gaa n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihu. [ 66 ] == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=A. W.|title=Certain Rites of Transition and the Conception of ''!Nau'' among the Hottentots|journal=Harvard African Studies|date=1918|volume=2|pages=65–82}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=Mrs. R.F.A.|title=The Expression of the Social Value of Water among the Naman of South-West Africa|journal=South African Journal of Science|date=July 1923|volume=20|pages=514–526|issn=0038-2353}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=Mrs. A.|title=South-West Africa as a Primitive Culture Area|journal=The South African Geographical Journal|date=December 1923|volume=6|issue=1|pages=14–28|doi=10.1080/03736245.1923.11882239}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=A. Winifred|title=The Social Organization of the Nama Hottentots of South West Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_january-march-1925_27_1/page/1|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|date=January–March 1925|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1525/aa.1925.27.1.02a00020|issn=0002-7294}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=Mrs. A. W.|title=The Importance of the Sib in the Marriage Ceremonies of the South-Eastern Bantu|journal=South African Journal of Science|date=November 1925|volume=22|issue=11|pages=481–492|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/22/11/AJA00382353_8599|issn=0038-2353}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=A. W.|title=An Outline of the Native Conception of Education in Africa|journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]]|date=April 1931|volume=4|issue=2|pages=145–163|doi=10.2307/1155972|issn=0001-9720}} * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=A. W.|title=Alternatives to Apartheid|journal=Race Relations|date=January 1948|volume=15|pages=90–91}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Hoernlé|first=Mrs. A. W.|title=New Aims and Methods in Social Anthropology: Presidential Address to Section E, Delivered 4 July 1933|journal=South African Journal of Science|date=July 1968|volume=30|issue=7|pages=74–92|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/30/07/AJA00382353_4299|issn=0038-2353}} == Rịba ama == == Ntụaka == === Nkọwapụta === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===  akwụkwọ praịmarị Racecourse na Lyndhurst Road School na Malay Camp, Kimberley, [1] : 30 tupu debanye aha maka obere oge na Kimberley's ama Perseverance School (bipụrụ n'ihi ọnwụ nna ya). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye nkuzi wee kwaga Port Eliza Ethiopiaakwụkwọ praịmarị Racecourse na Lyndhurst Road School na Malay Camp, Kimberley, [1] : 30 tupu debanye aha maka obere oge na Kimberley's ama Perseverance School (bipụrụ n'ihi ọnwụ nna ya). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye nkuzi wee kwaga Port Elizabeth, dị ka ohu ụlọ na onye ọrụ ụlọ ọr, dị ka ohu ụlọ na onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrAmụrụ na 1885 na Cape Colony, dị ka nwa ọhụrụ ọ kwagara Johannesburg, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta mahadum na 1906 na kọleji South Africa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na kọleji Newnham, Cambridge, Mahadum Leipzig, Mahadum Bonn na Sorbonne . N'ịlaghachi na South Africa na [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fnhhjxejoi9yu77cbbdo87tht8ubuxz 0 60344 697806 211330 2026-08-10T08:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697806 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Jona''' nwa Amittai''' ma ọ bụ Jona (Hibru: יוֹנָה Yōnā, lit. 'ikuku') [a] bụ onye amụma [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] na Bible Hibru nke sitere na Gath-hepher na Alaeze Ugwu nke Israel n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 8 BCE. Ọ bụ onye dị n'etiti Akwụkwọ Jona, otu n'ime Ndị amụma nta-eto eto, nke na-akọwapụta na ọ chọghị inyefe ikpe Chineke n'obodo Nineveh (nke dị nso na Mosul nke oge a) na Alaeze Ukwu Asiria. Mgbe nnukwu ihe e kere eke n'oké osimiri (Hibru: דג גדול, , lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>) riri ya wee hapụ ya, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ Chineke. N'[[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]], akụkọ Jona na-anọchite anya ozizi nke nchegharị na okpukpe ndị Juu, ikike ichegharị n'ihu Chineke maka mgbaghara. N'Agba Ọhụrụ nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-akpọ onwe ya "karịa Jona" ma na-ekwe Ndị Farisii nkwa "ihe ịrịba ama Jona" mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya. Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst oge ochie lere Jona anya dị ka <nowiki><i id="mwOg">ụdị</i></nowiki> Jizọs. A na-ewere Jona na Islam dị ka onye amụma na akụkọ Jona pụtara na surah nke kor'an aha ya, Yūnus. Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible nke oge a na-atụ aro na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ifo, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tawfeeq|first=Dana Ford,Mohammed|date=2014-07-24|title=Extremists destroy Jonah's tomb, officials say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/iraq-violence/index.html|accessdate=2024-03-03|work=CNN|language=en|quote="Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history."}}</ref> na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke satirical.[4][5][6][7][8] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ogologo oge mgbe ihe omume ndị ọ kọwara n'ihi ojiji o ji okwu na ihe ndị dị na postxilic Aramaic sources mee ihe.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Lovelace|first=Vanessa|chapter=Jonah|editor=O'Brien|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|pages=449–460|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.34|isbn=978-0-19-067320-8|quote=A majority of scholars regard the book’s composition as considerably later than the events it describes. They point first and foremost to language. Jonah includes words and motifs that are found only in postexilic biblical and nonbiblical Aramaic sources (for further discussion, see Wolff 1986). This includes, for example, seafaring words such as “mariner” (mallah) and “ship” (sefina) (1:5), “sailor” (hovel) (1:6), the phrase “on whose account?” (1:7, 12), and the ascription “God of heaven” (1:9; cf. Gen 24:7) which appear rarely in the Hebrew Bible (Ps 107 and Ezek 27) but are common in postexilic biblical and Imperial Aramaic sources. Hans Walter Wolff suggests that infrequency of certain vocabulary and phrases in Jonah can be accounted for by their limited use in specific contexts (Wolff 1986, 76), but the late biblical verbal constructions that are unique to Jonah support the argument that the book is postexilic.}}</ref> Omume Jona nwa Amittai nwere ike ịdabere na onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu aha ahụ buru amụma n'oge ọchịchị Eze Amazia nke Juda, dịka e kwuru na 2 Kings. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosikarị ihe e kere eke riri Jona na nka na ọdịbendị dị ka whale, ederede Hibru na-eji ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na mmalite narị afọ nke asatọ, ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona bụ isiokwu nke ịkọ nkọ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, bụ ndị kọwara akụkọ ahụ dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịnala nke oge a, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti Jona na ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'okpukpe, dị ka onye India yogi Matsyendranatha "Onyenwe Azụ", eze Sumerian Gilgamesh, na dike Gris Jason. == Akwụkwọ Jona == {{Reflist|25em}} [[Faịlụ:Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Jona na Whale'' (1621) nke Pieter Lastman dere]] [[Faịlụ:Dore_jonah.jpg|thumb|Jona na-ezi ndị Ninive ozi ọma (1866) nke Gustave Doré dere, na La Grande Bible de Tours''Great Bible nke Tours'']] ''Jọpa'' bụ onye dị mkpa n'Akwụkwọ Jona, ebe Chineke nyere ya iwu ka ọ gaa n'obodo Nineveh iji buo amụma megide ya "n'ihi na ajọ omume ha na-abịa n'ihu m, " mana Jona na-anwa ịgbapụ na "ọnụnọ nke Onyenwe anyị" site n'ịga Jaffa (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị ya dị ka Joppa ma ọ bụ ''Joppe''). Ọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri gaa Tarshish. Nnukwu oké ifufe bilitere ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-aghọta na ọ bụghị oké ifufe nkịtị, tụbara ma chọpụta na Jona bụ onye ụta. Jona kwetara na nke a ma kwuo na ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'oké osimiri, oké ifufe ahụ ga-akwụsị. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ jụrụ ime nke a ma gaa n'ihu na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mana mbọ ha niile dara, ha mechara tụba Jona n'oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, oké ifufe ahụ kwụsịrị ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-achụ àjà nye Chineke. Mgbe a tụpụrụ Jona n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nnukwu azụ riri Jona, n'ime afọ nke ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'oké azụ ahụ, Jona na-ekpe ekpere n'ebe Chineke nọ n'ahụhụ ya ma na-ekwe nkwa ikele ya na ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe o kwere nkwa. Chineke nyere azụ̀ ahụ iwu ka ọ gbasaa Jona. Chineke nyekwara Jona iwu ọzọ ka ọ gaa Nineve ma buo amụma nye ndị bi na ya. N'oge a, ọ gara ebe ahụ wee banye n'obodo ahụ, na-eti mkpu, "N'ime ụbọchị iri anọ, a ga-akwatu Nineveh. " Mgbe Jona gafere Nineveh, ndị mmadụ malitere ikwere okwu ya ma kwupụta ibu ọnụ. Eze Nineve na-eyi akwa akpa ma nọdụ ala n'ọka, na-eme nkwupụta nke na-enye iwu ibu ọnụ, iyi akwa akpa, ekpere na nchegharị. Chineke hụrụ obi nchegharị ha ma chebe obodo ahụ n'oge ahụ. Obodo ahụ dum dị ala ma mebie, na ndị mmadụ (na ọbụna anụ ụlọ) na-eyi akpa na ntụ. [27] N'ịbụ onye nke a na-enweghị obi ụtọ, Jona na-ezo aka na ọpụpụ mbụ ya gaa Tarshish ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere obi ebere, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na Chineke ga-esi na ọdachi ndị a na-eyi egwu pụọ. Ọ hapụrụ obodo ahụ wee mee ebe mgbaba, na-echere ịhụ ma a ga-ebibi obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ebi. Chineke na-eme ka osisi (n'asụsụ Hibru a ''kikayon'') too n'elu ebe Jona nọ iji nye ya ndò site na anyanwụ. Ka oge na-aga, Chineke na-eme ka ikpuru taa mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ ma kpọnwụọ. Jona, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya n'ike zuru oke nke anyanwụ, ọ na-agwụ ike ma rịọ Chineke ka o gbuo ya.   == Echiche okpukpe == === N'Okpukpe Ndị Juú === [[Faịlụ:Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke azụ̀ sitere na Bible Kennicott loro Jona, folio 305r (1476), n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ Bodleian, Oxford]] Akwụkwọ Jona (Yonah יונה) bụ otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ dị na Bible Hibru. Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, Jona bụ nwa nwoke ahụ Iliya onye amụma mere ka ọ dịghachi ndụ na 1 Kings. [35] Omenala ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Shunem nke Elisha mere ka ọ dị ndụ na 2 Kings nakwa na a na-akpọ ya "nwa Amittai" (''Eziokwu'') n'ihi na nne ya ghọtara na Ịlaịsha bụ onye amụma na 1 Kings. [37] A na-agụ Akwụkwọ Jona kwa afọ, n'asụsụ Hibru mbụ ya na n'ozuzu ya, na Yom Kippur - Ụbọchị Mgbaghara - dị ka Haftarah n'ekpere Mincha.[39][40] Dị ka Rabbi Eliezer si kwuo, e kere azụ ahụ riri Jona n'oge mbụ na ime ọnụ ya dị ka ụlọ nzukọ; anya azụ ahụ dị ka windo na pearl dị n'ime ọnụ ya nyere ìhè ọzọ. [41][41] Dị ka Midrash si kwuo, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, azụ ahụ gwara ya na ndụ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụ n'ihi na n'oge na-adịghị anya Leviathan ga-eri ha abụọ.[41] Jona kwere azụ ahụ nkwa na ọ ga-azọpụta ha.[41] N'ịgbaso ntụziaka Jona, azụ ahụ gbagoro n'akụkụ Leviathan[41] ma Jona yiri egwu iji ire ya kee Leviathan ma hapụ azụ nke ọzọ ka ọ rie ya.[41] Leviathan nụrụ egwu Jona, hụrụ na e biri ya úgwù, wee ghọta na Onyenwe anyị chebere ya, ya mere ọ gbapụrụ n'egwu, na-ahapụ Jona na azụ ahụ ka ha dị ndụ.[41][41] Onye ọkà mmụta na onye rabaị ndị Juu nke oge ochie Abraham ibn Ezra (1092-1167) rụrụ ụka megide nkọwa ọ bụla nke Akwụkwọ Jona, na-ekwu na "ahụmahụ nke ndị amụma niile ma e wezụga Mozis bụ ọhụụ, ọ bụghị eziokwu". Otú ọ dị, onye ọkà mmụta Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509), kwuru na Jona nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'afọ azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị atọ, n'ihi na "mgbe niile, ụmụ ọhụrụ na-adị ndụ ọnwa itoolu n'enweghị ikuku dị ọcha".[42][43][44] Teshuva - ikike ichegharị ma bụrụ onye Chineke gbaghara - bụ echiche a ma ama n'echiche ndị Juu. A kọwapụtara echiche a n'Akwụkwọ Jona: Jona, nwa ''eziokwu'' (aha nna ya "Amitai" na Hibru pụtara eziokwu), jụrụ ịrịọ ndị Nineveh ka ha chegharịa. Ọ na-achọ naanị eziokwu, ọ bụghị mgbaghara. Mgbe a manyere ya ịga, a na-anụ oku ya n'olu dara ụda ma doo anya, ndị Ninevech na-echegharị n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, "na-ebu ọnụ, gụnyere atụrụ," na ederede ndị Juu na-akatọ nke a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Babylonian Talmud|chapter=Sanhedrin}}.</ref> Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosikwa mmekọrịta na-adịghị akwụsi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti mkpa okpukpe abụọ: nkasi obi na eziokwu. Onye rabaị na onye nchọpụta ndị Juu nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ Petachiah nke Regensburg gara n'ili Jona n'oge ọ gara Ala Nsọ, wee dee, sị: "E nwere ọmarịcha obí eze e wuru n'elu ya. N'akụkụ ya bụ ogige ntụrụndụ ebe a na-ahụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbe ndị Jentaịl bịara ọ na-enye ha ezigbo oriri, na-asị, na Jona, nwa Amittai, ọ bụ onye Juu ka ha ghara inye gị kpọmkwem ka ha rie ihe ọ ga-eme ka ha. '''N'Akwụkwọ Tobit''' A kpọtụrụ Jona aha ugboro abụọ na isi nke iri na anọ nke Vaticanus version nke Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/TOB14.htm|title=Brenton Septuagint Translation Tobit 14}}</ref> nkwubi okwu nke na-ahụ nwa Tobit, Tobias, na-aṅụrị ọṅụ na akụkọ banyere mbibi Nineveh site na Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus na mmezu doro anya nke amụma Jona megide isi obodo Asiria. [48] Codex Sinaiticus version nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke dị ogologo ma kwekọọ nke ọma na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na-ezo aka na Nahum kama Jona, yana Cyaxares kama Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus.[50] Akụkọ a a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bible.usccb.org/bible/tobit/14|title=Tobit, CHAPTER 14 &#124; USCCB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Last_Judgement_(Michelangelo)_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg|thumb|N'ihe osise ya bụ The Last Judgment, Michelangelo gosipụtara Kraịst n'okpuru Jona (IONAS) iji mee ka onye amụma ahụ bụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ]] [[Faịlụ:Biblia.pauperum.jpg|thumb|Kraịst si n'ili bilie, n'akụkụ Jona gburu ọnụ n'ụsọ osimiri]] ==== N'Agba Ọhụrụ ==== N'Agba Ọhụrụ, a kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'oziọma Matiu na Luk. [54] Na Matiu, [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-ezo aka na Jona mgbe ụfọdụ ndị odeakwụkwọ na Ndị Farisii rịọrọ ya maka ihe ịrịba ama.[55][56] Jizọs kwuru na ihe ịrịba ama ahụ ga-abụ ihe ịrịbaanya Jona: mweghachi Jona mgbe ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ n'ime nnukwu azụ ahụ gosipụtara mbilite n'ọnwụ nke ya.[55][56][55] {{Commons category}} Na Luk, [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-ezo aka na Jona n'amụma eschatological, mgbe otu nwanyị nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ ahụ tiri mkpu na mberede, "A gọziri agọzi bụ afọ nke na-enweghị gị, na popu ndị ị ṅụrụ" (Luk 11:27 - King James Version):   But God said to Jonah: "Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?" And he said: "I do. I am elangry enough to die." But the Lord said: "You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight, and died overnigh. But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?"<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ọtụtụ okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na-ewere Jona dị ka onye nsọ. Ụbọchị oriri ya na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik bụ na 21 Septemba, dị ka ''Martyrologium Romanum'' si kwuo. Na Kalenda liturgical nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ụbọchị oriri Jona bụ na 22 Septemba (maka ụka ndị na-agbaso kalenda ọdịnala Julian; 22 Septemba ugbu a na-ada n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Kalenda Gregorian nke oge a). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22|url=https://oca.org/saints/all-lives/2017/09/22|publisher=Orthodox Church in America|date=22 September 2017|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> Na Chọọchị Ndịozi nke Armenia, a na-eme ememe ndị a na-agagharị agagharị iji cheta Jona dị ka otu onye amụma na dị ka otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah|url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah|publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104527/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration of the 12 Minor Prophets|url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets|publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042956/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration Day of the 12 Minor Prophets. 24 July 2018|url=http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/|publisher=Saint Stepanos Armenian Apostolic Church of Elberon in New Jersey|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042752/http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/}}</ref> A na-echeta ozi Jona na Nineveh site na Fast nke Nineveh na Syriac na Eastern Orthodox Churches. <ref name="SycOrth">{{Cite web|title=Three day fast of Nineveh|url=http://sor.cua.edu/Feast/NinevehFast.html|publisher=Syriac Orthodox Resources|date=8 February 1998|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref> A na-echeta Jona dị ka onye amụma na Kalenda nke Ndị Nsọ nke Missouri Synod nke Chọọchị Lutheran na 22 Septemba. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Commemoration of Jonah, Prophet, 22 September|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Lutheran+Church+Missouri+Synod%22%22The+Commemoration+of+Jonah,+Prophet,+22+September%22|publisher=Concordia and Koinonia|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst akọwaala Jona dị ka ụdị Jizọs Kraịst.[65] A na-ewere Jona ka nnukwu azụ ahụ riri dị ka ihe na-egosi obe Jizọs na Jona ka ọ na-apụta n'azụ azụ ahụ mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị ka a na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe yiri Jizọs ka ọ na - si n'ili pụta mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara. [66] Saint Jerome na-ejikọta Jona na akụkụ nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Jizọs, ma na-akwado omume Jona site n'ikwu na "Jona na-eme dị ka onye hụrụ mba n'ahụ, ọ bụghị nke ukwuu na ọ kpọrọ ndị Ninevites asị, dịka na ọ chọghị ibibi ndị nke ya".[67][67] ==== Echiche ndị e dere mgbe Bible gasịrị ==== [[Faịlụ:Jonah.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke Jonah, narị afọ nke 16 (Iconostasis nke Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Kizhi, Karelia, Russia) ]] Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ, gụnyere [[Augustine nke Hippo|Saint Augustine]] na Martin Luther, ejirila ụzọ dị iche, banyere Jona dị ka ihe atụ nke anyaụfụ na ekworo, nke ha weere dị ka njirimara nke ndị Juu. [68][69] Luther kwubiri na ''kikayon'' (osisi) na-anọchite anya okpukpe ndị Juu, nakwa na ikpuru nke na-eri ya na-anọchi anya Kraịst. [70][71] Luther jikwa echiche ahụ bụ na e bu n'uche ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-ekwu na o siri ike ikwere na onye ọ bụla gaara akọwa ya dị ka nke a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na Bible.[72] Nkọwa nke Luther na-emegide ndị Juu nke Jona nọgidere na-abụ nkọwa kachasị n'etiti ndị Protestant Germany n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a.[73] J. D. Michaelis na-ekwu na "ihe akụkọ ifo ahụ pụtara na-emetụta gị n'etiti anya", ma kwubie na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ arụmụka megide "ịkpọasị na anyaụfụ nke ndị Israel n'ebe mba ndị ọzọ niile dị n'ụwa nọ. Albert Eichhorn bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke nkọwa Michaelis.[69][74] John Calvin na John Hooper lere Akwụkwọ Jona anya dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị niile nwere ike ịnwa ịgbapụ n'iwe Chineke.[75] Ọ bụ ezie na Luther kpachapụrụ anya na ọ bụghị Jona dere Akwụkwọ Jona, Calvin kwupụtara na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ nkwupụta nke Jona. [76] Calvin na-ahụ oge Jona n'ime afọ azụ ahụ dị ka ọkụ nke Hel, nke e bu n'obi idozi Jona ma tinye ya n'ụzọ ezi omume.[77] Ọzọkwa, n'adịghị ka Luther, Calvin na-ahụ mmejọ na ihe odide niile dị n'akụkọ ahụ, na-akọwa ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ka "obi siri ike na nke nwere obi siri ike, dị ka Cyclops'", penitence nke Nineve dị ka "enweghị ọzụzụ", na eze Nineveh dị ka "onye ọhụrụ. [76] Hooper, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ahụ Jona dị ka onye nnupụisi mbụ na ụgbọ mmiri a tụpụrụ ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke steeti ahụ. [78] Hooper na-akwa arịrị ndị dị otú ahụ, na-akatọ: "Ị nwere ike ibi na ọtụtụ Jonasses n'ụzọ dị jụụ? Mba, tụba ha n'oké osimiri!" Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a machibidoro ndị prọfesọ Germany ịkụzi na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme.[78][79][72] === N'Ime Ndị Alakụba === [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_Whale,_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_(Compendium_of_Chronicles).jpg|thumb|Jona na nnukwu azụ dị na ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' (ihe dị ka 1400), Metropolitan Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Metropolitan]] {{Commons category}}<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> ==== kor'an ==== Jona (Arabic: يُونُس, romanized: Yūnus) bụ aha nke isi nke iri nke Quran. A na-ele Yūnus anya dị ka ihe dị oké mkpa na Islam dị ka onye amụma nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nye Chineke ma zie ozi Ya. Jona bụ naanị otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ nke ndị Juu ka a ga-akpọ aha na Quran. Na Quran 21:87[2] na 68:48, a na-akpọ Jona Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; nke pụtara "Onye nke Azụ").[82] Na 4:163 na 6:86, a kpọrọ ya “onye ozi nke Allah”[82]. Surah 37:139–148 kwughachiri akụkọ nke Jona:[82]   Koran ekwughị banyere nna Jona, mana ọdịnala [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] na-akụzi na Jona si n'ebo Benjamin nakwa na nna ya bụ Amittai.[82] ==== Hadiths ==== [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_fish_Jeremiah_in_wilderness_Uzeyr_awakened_after_the_destruction_of_Jerusalem.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|377x377px|Jona na-anwa izochi ọtọ ya n'etiti ọhịa; Jeremaịa n'ọzara (n'elu aka ekpe); [[Uzair|Uzeyr]] tetara mgbe e bibichara Jeruselem. ''Zubdat al-Tawarikh'', obere ihe osise Ottoman, 1583.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine|year=1978|url=http://kilyos.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/Zubdat.html|author=G’nsel Renda|title=The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh}}</ref>]] A kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'ihe omume ole na ole n'oge ndụ Muhammad. Ndị Quraysh zigara onye na-ejere ha ozi, Addas, ka ọ nye ya mkpụrụ vaịn maka ihe oriri.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad jụrụ Addas ebe o si, ohu ahụ zaghachiri Nineveh. "Obodo Jona onye ezi omume, nwa Amittai!" Muhammad tiri mkpu. Addas wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ n'ihi na ọ maara na ndị Arab na-ekpere arụsị amaghị banyere Jona onye amụma.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ahụ ọ jụrụ otú Muhammad si mara nwoke a. "Anyị bụ ụmụnne", Muhammad zara. "Jonah bụ onye amụma nke Chineke na mụ onwe m bụkwa onye amụma nke Allah. " Addas nabatara Islam ozugbo ma susuo aka na ụkwụ Muhammad ọnụ. Otu n'ime okwu ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Muhammad, na nchịkọta nke Imam Bukhari, na-ekwu, na Muhammad kwuru "Onye ekwesịghị ikwu na m ka Jona mma". [86][87][88] Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, onye meworo okenye n'oge Muhammad, kụziri na, ọ bụrụ na Jona ekpeghị ekpere nye Allah, ọ gaara anọgide na-arapara n'ime azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị ikpe, mana, n'ihi ekpere ya, Jona "nọrọ naanị ụbọchị ole na ole n'ime afọ azụ ahụ".[88][88] Onye Persian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke itoolu bụ Al-Tabari dere na, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, "ọ dịghị onye ọkpụkpụ ya ma ọ bụ ndị òtù ya merụrụ ahụ".[88] Al-Tabari dekwara na Allah mere ka ahụ azụ ahụ pụta ìhè, na-enye Jona ohere ịhụ "ihe ịtụnanya nke omimi" nakwa na Jona nụrụ azụ niile na-abụku Allah otuto.[89] Kisai Marvazi, onye na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri, dere na nna Jona dị afọ iri asaa mgbe amụrụ Jona nakwa na ọ nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ahapụ nne Jona ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị spoon osisi, nke ghọrọ cornucopia.[88][88] ==== Ili ndị a sị na ọ bụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png|thumb|Foto nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ alakụba Yunus, mgbe ISIL bibiri ya]] Ebe Nineveh dị ugbu a bụ ebe e gwupụtara ọnụ ụzọ ámá ise, akụkụ nke mgbidi n'akụkụ anọ, na nnukwu ugwu abụọ: ugwu Kuyunjik na ugwu Nabi Yunus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com:443/maps?q=%22Al-Nabi+Yunus%22+OR+hill+OR+gate+OR+wall+loc:+Mosul,+Iraq&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sll=37.6,-95.665&sspn=36.011613,56.337891&t=h&hq=%22Al-Nabi+Yunus%22+OR+hill+OR+gate+OR+wall&hnear=Mosul,+N%C4%ABnaw%C4%81,+Iraq&z=13|title=Link to Google map with Nineveh markers at gates, wall sections, hills and mosque|publisher=Goo.gl|date=19 March 2013|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> A raara ụlọ alakụba dị n'elu Nabi Yunus nye onye amụma Jona ma nwee ebe nsọ, nke ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na-asọpụrụ dị ka ebe ili Jona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html|title=ISIS destroys 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul|date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|accessdate=28 July 2014|quote=The radical Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group has destroyed shrines belonging to two prophets, highly revered by both Christians and Muslims, in the northern city of Mosul, al-Sumaria News reported Thursday. "ISIS militants have destroyed the Prophet Younis (Jonah) shrine east of Mosul city after they seized control of the mosque completely," a security source, who kept his identity anonymous, told the Iraq-based al-Sumaria News.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727203131/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html|archivedate=27 July 2014}}</ref> Ili ahụ bụ ebe a ma ama maka njem ala nsọ na ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu nye ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba gafee Middle East. [92] Na Julaị 24, 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) bibiri ụlọ alakụba nwere ili ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa iji bibie ebe nsọ okpukpe ọ weere dị ka ndị na-efe arụsị.[93][92] Mgbe e weghachitere Mosul n'aka ISIL na Jenụwarị 2017, a chọtara obí eze Asiria oge ochie nke Esarhaddon wuru n'okpuru ụlọ alakụba ahụ mebiri emebi.[92][94] ISIL kwakọọrọ ihe ndị dị n'obí eze iji ree n'ahịa ojii, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị siri ike ibugharị ka nọ n'ebe ahụ.[92][94][94] Ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama nke ili Jona gụnyere: * obodo [[Israel]]_Arabs" id="mwA2U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli Arabs">Ndị Arab nke Mashhad, nke dị na ebe ochie nke Gath-hepher na Israel; [54] * ụlọ alakụba Nabi Yunis Palestine nke 5" href="./Halhul" id="mwA28" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Halhul">Halhul, na West Bank, 5 km (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu Hebron, e wuru ya n'elu ili Jonah; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Halhoul|url=https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/article/50/Halhoul|accessdate=8 January 2023|work=www.travelpalestine.ps|archivedate=8 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108160107/https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/article/50/Halhoul}}</ref>[95] * ebe nsọ dị nso n'obodo Sarafand (Sarepta) na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]]; [97] * ugwu a na-akpọ Giv'at Yonah ugbu a, "Ugwu Jonah", n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo Israel nke Ashdod, n'ebe ụlọ ọkụ nke oge a kpuchiri. * "ili Jona" n'obodo Diyarbakir, Turkey, nke dị n'azụ mihrab na Fatih Pasha Mosque - Evliya Çelebi kwuru na Seyahatname ya na ọ gara ili Jonah na George onye amụma n'obodo ahụ.[5] == Nkọwa ndị ọkà mmụta == Akụkọ banyere nwoke dị ndụ mgbe whale ma ọ bụ nnukwu azụ riri ya na katalọgụ nke ụdị [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|Akụkọ ọdịnala]] dị ka [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|ATU]] 1889G.[102] === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_sea_monster,_from_Wilpert,_1903,_page_47_sharpened.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Jona na anụ ọhịa oké osimiri, site na ihe osise Ndị Kraịst na catacombs ndị Rom na ngwụcha narị afọ nke abụọ A.D. Site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe: Johah na-awụpụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, ebe anụ ọhịa oké mmiri ahụ na-echere; Johah na'ụsọ osimiri mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ nke anụ ọhịa ahụ. Anụ mmiri nke Ndị Kraịst Rom dọtara yiri hippocampus. ]] Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible kwenyere na ihe dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[4][103][104] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na Jona onye amụma biri na narị afọ nke asatọ BCE, [1] e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid.[105] Asụsụ Hibru e ji mee ihe n'Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosi mmetụta siri ike sitere na Aramaic [1] na omenala ndị akọwapụtara na ya kwekọrọ na nke ndị Achaemenid Persia.[27] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewere Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka ọrụ a kpachaara anya mee nke parody ma ọ bụ satire. [7][8][106][107][108][109] Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ndị amamihe nabatara ya n'ime akwụkwọ nsọ nke Bible Hibru bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị ọdịdị ya na-atọ ọchị ma kọwaa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka ọrụ amụma siri ike. [110][108][109][109] Jona n'onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme; a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ nke Ndị Eze: [111][112][4]<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'okwu e kwuru na 1978 ma bipụta ya na 1979, onye Assyriologist Donald Wiseman gbachitere ezi uche dị na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ, na-akwado "ọdịnala na ọtụtụ ihe dị na akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe ọmụma dị nso na nke ziri ezi banyere Asiria nke nwere ike isi na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka narị afọ nke asatọ BC", na-ekwu na "akụkọ Jona ekwesịghị iwere dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ ilu".<ref name="Wiseman"/> === Ihe ndị na-emegide onwe ha === [[Faịlụ:Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG|thumb|Nweghachi nke oge a nke ọnụ ụzọ Adad na Nineveh na foto e sere tupu mbibi zuru oke nke ISIL na Eprel 2016.[115] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ekwubiga okwu ókè banyere ibu Nineve karịa ihe ọ bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][27]]] Echiche Jona gosipụtara n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ echiche nke ndị otu ndị Juu nwere n'oge e dere ya. [8][116][107] Isi ebumnuche nke satire nwere ike ịbụ otu akụkụ nke Morton Smith na-akpọ "Separationists", ndị kwenyere na Chineke ga-ebibi ndị na-enupụ isi ya, na a ga-ekpochapụ obodo ndị mmehie, nakwa na ebere Chineke agbasaghị ndị na-abụghị Ọgbụgba ndụ Abraham.[117][107] McKenzie na Graham na-ekwu na "Jonah bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ onye 'orthodox' nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Israel - iji mee ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe. " Okwu Jonah n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ bụ agha ha, mana aha ya pụtara "ikuku", nnụnụ nke ndị Izrel oge ochie jikọtara ya na udo.[107][118][107] Ịjụ iwu Chineke jụrụ bụ ihe na-emegide nrubeisi nke ndị amụma akọwapụtara n'ihe odide Agba Ochie ndị ọzọ.[119] Ncheegharị nke eze Nineveh na-akọwa ndị ọchịchị n'ihe odide ndị ọzọ nke Agba Ochie ndị na-eleghara ịdọ aka ná ntị amụma anya, dị ka Ehab na Zedekaya.[109] Ịdị njikere ife Chineke nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị Nineve gosipụtara dị iche na enweghị mmasị Jona n'onwe ya, dị ka ịhụnanya Jona nwere maka ''kikayon'' na-enye ya onyinyo karịa ndị niile nọ na Nineve. [120][120] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-enweghị isi; [1] ọ na-emebiga ókè ókè ókè n'obosara obodo Nineve ruo n'ókè a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere [1] ma na-ezo aka n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na onye nchịkwa obodo ahụ dị ka "eze".[27] Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta si kwuo, ọ dịghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo ụbọchị atọ n'ime azụ, [1] na nkọwa nke anụ ụlọ na Nineveh na-ebu ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị nwe ha bụ "ihe nzuzu". [27]A na-emegide ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ndị a na nkuzi Donald Wiseman a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.<ref name="Wiseman"/> Ihe ngosi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke nnukwu azụ ma ọ bụ whale riri ghọrọ ihe odide satirical ndị e mechara dee.[121] A na-akọ akụkọ yiri nke a na Lucian nke Samosata's A True Story, nke e dere na narị afọ nke abụọ CE, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, nke Rudolf Erich Raspe bipụtara na 1785. [122][123] == Azụ == [[Faịlụ:Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Jona na "nnukwu azụ" n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ndịda nke oge Gothic Dom St. Peter, na Worms, Germany]] Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na omenala na-egosipụtakarị azụ̀ Jona dị ka whale, ihe odide Hibru, dị ka akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nile, [ntụgharị uche] na-ezo aka na ọ dịghị ụdị mmiri ọ bụla, nanị na-ekwu "nnukwu azụ" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-atụ aro nha na àgwà nke nnukwu shark na-acha ọcha kwekọrọ n'ihe atụ nke ahụmahụ Jona, ọ na-abụkarị mmadụ toruworo ogo mmadụ nke ukwuu nke na a ga-eloda ya kpam kpam. Mmepe nke whaling malite na narị afọ nke 18 gaa n'ihu mere ka o doo anya na ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha nile, ụdị whale enweghị ike ilo mmadụ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere eziokwu nke akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Jona.[1]. Na Jona 2:1 (1:17 na nsụgharị Bekee), ederede Hibru na-agụ ''dag gadol''<ref name="blb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lxx/jon/1/17/t_conc_890017|title=Yonah - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (LXX)|work=[[Blue Letter Bible]]|accessdate=24 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911144915/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lxx/jon/1/17/t_conc_890017|archivedate=11 September 2016}}</ref> (דג גדול) ma ọ bụ, na ederede Masoretic nke Hibru, ''dāḡ gāḏōl'' (דָּיג גָּד֔וֹל), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ".<ref name="blb" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/jonah/1-17.htm|title=Interlinear Bible: Greek, Hebrew, Transliterated, English ...|publisher=Bible Hub|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> Septuagint sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu a n'asụsụ Grik dị ka kētei megalōi (κήτει), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ". <ref name="Robertson1960">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhaeqyhMjHgC|title=Word Pictures in the New Testament – Matthew|first=A. T.|author=Robertson|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|date=1960|isbn=978-1-610-25188-4}}</ref> N'Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, a na-eji otu okwu ahụ pụtara "azụ̀" (''kêtos'') akọwa anụ ọhịa oké osimiri nke dike Perseus gburu nke fọrọ nke nta ka o rie Princess Andromeda.[128] Jerome mechara sụgharịa ahịrịokwu a dị ka ''piscis grandis'' na Latin Vulgate ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ sụgharịrị ''koilia ketus'' dị ka ''afọ ceti'' na Matiu 12:40: ikpe nke abụọ a na-apụta naanị n'amaokwu a nke Agba Ọhụrụ. [131]<ref name="Parris2015">{{Cite book|author=Parris|first=David Paul|title=Reading the Bible with Giants. How 2000 Years of Biblical Interpretation Can Shed New Light on Old Texts|edition=2|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|location=Eugene, Oregon|year=2015|isbn=978-1-625-64728-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JN30BgAAQBAJ|quote=What is interesting...is the way that Jerome...translated the references to the big fish in Jonah and Matthew. [...] In translating Matt 12:40, however, he follows the Greek text and says that Jonah was in the ''ventre ceti''—the belly of the whale/sea monster"}}</ref> N'oge ụfọdụ, ''cetus'' ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na "whale" (a na-akpọ ọmụmụ banyere whales ugbu a cetology). Na nsụgharị ya nke 1534, William Tyndale sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu ahụ dị na Jona 2:1 dị ka "nnukwu fyshe" na okwu ''ketos'' (Grik) ma ọ bụ ''cetus'' (Latin) na Matiu 12:40 dị ka "whale". E mechara tinye nsụgharị Tyndale na Authorized Version nke 1611. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-akọwakarị "nnukwu azụ" na Jonah 2 dị ka whale. N'asụsụ Bekee, ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-eji okwu "whale" maka Matiu 12:40, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji "ihe e kere eke nke oké osimiri" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ".<ref name="Huber2013">{{Cite book|author=Huber|first=Walt|title=How Did God Do It? A Symphony of Science and Scripture|publisher=Friesen Press|location=Victoria, British Columbia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khtQAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|isbn=978-1-460-21127-4|quote=The word ''whale'' is never used in the book of Jonah. The only biblical reference to "Jonah and the whale" appears in the New Testament in Matthew 12:40 (KJV & RSV). [...] ''Whale'' is not used in the other translations: TEV uses ''big fish''; NLT, ''great fish''; and TNIV, ''huge fish''"}}</ref> === Nkọwa sayensị === [[Faịlụ:Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg|thumb|Foto nke whale shark, ụdị azụ kachasị ukwuu a maara <ref name="Wood1976">{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Wood|title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=AWhFAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1976|publisher=Guinness Superlatives|isbn=978-0-900424-60-1}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg|thumb|Foto nke sperm whale, anụ na-eri ibe ya kachasị ukwuu na otu n'ime ụdị whale kachasị ukwuu dị ugbu a]] Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, na-akọwa akụkọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-echegbu onwe ha ịnwa ịmata kpọmkwem ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona.[136] N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Edward Bouverie Pusey, prọfesọ nke Hibru na Mahadum Oxford, kwuru na Jona n'onwe ya ga-abụrịrị na o dere Akwụkwọ Jona ma kwuo na akụkọ azụ ahụ ga-abụ eziokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị etinye ya na Bible.[137] Pusey gbalịrị iji sayensị depụta azụ ahụ, na-enwe olileanya "ime ihere ndị na-ekwu maka ọrụ ebube nke nchekwa Jona na azụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịchaghị mma karịa ọrụ ebube ọ bụla ọzọ nke Chineke".[138][139] Arụmụka banyere azụ dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona keere òkè dị mkpa n'oge Clarence Darrow na-enyocha William Jennings Bryan na ikpe Scopes na 1925. <ref name="Smolla1997">{{Cite news|author=Smolla|first=Rodney A.|title=Monkey Business|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 October 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/971005.05smollat.html|accessdate=6 February 2024}}</ref> [72] Darrow jụrụ Bryan "Mgbe ị gụrụ na ... whale riri Jonah ... olee otu ị ga-esi kọwaa nke ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị?" <ref name="Smolla1997" /> Bryan zaghachiri na o kwenyere na "Chineke nke nwere ike ime whale ma nwee ike ime mmadụ ma mee ka ha abụọ mee ihe Ọ masịrị ya". <ref name="Lidz2016" /> Bryan kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa Bible, <ref name="Smolla1997" /> a na-ewere ya n'ozuzu dị ka ọ pụtara dị ka "buffoon".[72] Nnukwu n'ime whale niile - blue whales - bụ baleen whales nke na-eri plankton; na "a na-ekwukarị na ụdị a ga-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịrị ilo herring. " Nnukwu n"ime azụ niile - whale shark - nwere nnukwu ọnụ, mana akpịrị ya dị naanị sentimita anọ n'obosara, na ogwe aka dị nkọ ma ọ bụ gbagọọ n'azụ oghere ahụ, nke mere na ọbụnadị aka mmadụ agaghị enwe ike ịgafe ya. Ya mere, Jona enweghị ike ịbụ onye whale shark riri.<ref name="Gudger1940">{{Cite journal|author=Gudger|first=Eugene Willis|title=Twenty-five Years' Quest of the Whale Shark|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1940-03_50_3/page/225|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=50|issue=3|pages=225–233|year=1940}}</ref> Sperm whales, Otú ọ dị, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị iche: Ha na-eri nnukwu squid mgbe niile, yabụ na mmadụ nwere ike ilo mmadụ.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka ehi, sperm whales nwere afọ anọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ụlọ nke mbụ enweghị mmiri afọ mana o nwere mgbidi iji kpochapụ nri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reidenberg|first=Joy|date=19 November 2014|title=What would happen if you were swallowed by a whale?|work=[[The Naked Scientists]]|url=https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-features/what-would-happen-if-you-were-swallowed-whale|accessdate=May 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Chris|date=27 June 2010|title=Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?|work=[[The Naked Scientists]]|url=https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/could-human-survive-swallowing-whale|accessdate=7 May 2021}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iku ume n'ime afọ sperm whale n'ihi na ikuku adịghị (ma eleghị anya methane kama). Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 2023 nke Daniel Kraus na-enyocha echiche nke nwoke na-adị ndụ nke sperm whale riri, mana o nwere tankị oxygen. == Mmetụta ọdịbendị == [[Faịlụ:Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Jona na champlevé enamel (1181) nke Nicholas nke Verdun sere n'ebe ịchụàjà Verduner na Klosterneuburg Abbey, Austria]] N'asụsụ Turkish, "Jonah's fish" (''yunus balığı'') bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe maka dolphin.<ref name="TuretBayram1996">{{Cite book|author=Sevket Turet|title=Practical English-Turkish handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzxkAAAAMAAJ|date=1 May 1996|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=9780781804769}}</ref> Okwu a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Jona" eme ihe iji pụta onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri / onye njem nke ọnụnọ ya n'ụgbọ ahụ na-eweta ọdachi ma na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/03/06/102957718.pdf|title=Afflicted with a Jonah; The Sea Captain's Fear of Parsons' Sons|date=6 March 1885}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, a gbatịkwuru nkọwa a maka "onye na-ebu jinx, onye ga-eweta ọdachi na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Jonah|title=Jonah|work=Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=6 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627051337/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jonah|archivedate=27 June 2012}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mkpirikpi ya, e meela ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ọtụtụ ugboro n'akwụkwọ na n'omenala a ma ama.[151][152] Na Herman Melville's ''Moby-Dick'' (1851), Nna Mapple na-ekwu okwuchukwu na Akwụkwọ Jonah. Mapple jụrụ ihe mere Jonah anaghị egosi ịkwa ụta maka inupụ Chineke isi mgbe ọ nọ n'ime azụ ahụ. Ọ kwubiri na Jonah ghọtara nke ọma na " ntaramahụhụ ọjọọ ya bụ ihe ziri ezi. " The Adventures of Pinocchio nke Carlo Collodi (1883) gosipụtara onye isi na nna ya Geppetto ka "Terrible Dogfish" riri, na-ezo aka n'akụkọ Jonah.[154] Ihe nkiri Walt Disney mere na 1940 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ejigide ihe a.[155] Akụkọ Jonah ka e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri animated nke Phil Vischer na Mike Nawrocki Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Jonah (nke Archibald Asparagus gosipụtara) bụ onye nnukwu whale riri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)|first=Mark|author=Deming|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=9 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110120034/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876|archivedate=10 November 2017}}</ref> == Njikọ ndị a tụrụ aro na akụkọ ifo == [[Faịlụ:Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG|thumb|Jona ka nnukwu anụ ọhịa nwere ezé riri. Isi obodo a tụrụ atụ nke ogidi site na nave nke ụlọ ụka ndị mọnk na Mozac, France, narị afọ nke iri na abụọ.]] Joseph Campbell na-atụ aro na akụkọ Jonah yiri ihe nkiri sitere na Epic of Gilgamesh, ebe Gilgamesh nwetara osisi site na ala oké osimiri.[157] N'ime Akwụkwọ Jona, ikpuru (n'asụsụ Hibru ''Tola'ath'', "maggot") na-ata mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ na-enye ndò na-eme ka ọ kpọnwụọ; ebe na Epic nke Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh na-eke nkume n'ụkwụ ya ma na-ewepụta osisi ya n'ala oké osimiri. [157][158] Ozugbo ọ laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri, agwọ riri osisi ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ.[157][159] === Jason (akụkọ ifo ndị Gris) === Campbell kwukwara ọtụtụ myirịta dị n'etiti akụkọ Jonah na nke Jason na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris.[157] Nsụgharị Grik nke aha ''J''o'''' bụ Jonah, nke dị iche na ''Jason'' naanị n'usoro ụda - ha abụọ bụ omegas na-atụ aro na enwere ike ịgbagwoju Jason anya na Jonah.[157] Gildas Hamel, na-adabere n'Akwụkwọ Jona na isi mmalite ndị Gris - gụnyere Arịa ndị Gris na akụkọ Apollonius nke Rhodes, Gaius Valerius Flaccus na Orphic Argonautica - na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, gụnyere aha ndị dike, ọnụnọ nke nduru, echiche nke "ịgba ọsọ" dị ka ifufe ma na-akpata oké ifufe, àgwà nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọnụnwụ nke anụ mmiri ma ọ bụ dragọn na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ na-elo ya, na-eji "gourd" (ụdị na-eri ya, na okwu ahụ). Hamel na-ewere echiche na ọ bụ onye edemede Hibru meghachiri ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo a iji kwupụta ozi nke ya dị nnọọ iche.<ref name="Hamel2015">{{Cite journal|author=Hamel|first=Gildas|title=Taking the Argo to Nineveh: Jonah and Jason in a Mediterranean Context|journal=Judaism|volume=44|issue=3|pages=1–21|date=25 April 2015|url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.ucsc.edu/dist/9/20/files/2015/06/Jonah.pdf}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Aquanaut, onye na-anọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo ogologo oge * Akụkọ Bible na nke kor'an * Jona n'elu ụlọ ekpere Sistine * Akụkọ ifo na kor'an * Ndị amụma nke Islam * Qisas Al-Anbiya == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://www.bible.gallery/art/jan-the-elder-brueghel/jonah-leaving-the-whale/145/passage Jona na-ahapụ whale] * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1701.htm Akwụkwọ Jona (Hibru na Bekee)] * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+1-4&version=NIV Akwụkwọ Jona (NIV)] *   * ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks Jona na synaxarion * [http://www.christianiconography.info/jonah.html Jona onye Amụma] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Christian Iconography == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia ==   == Njikọ mpụga == *   * {{Cite book|chapter=[[s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXVI. The Prophet Jonas.|The Prophet Jonas.]]|title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture|year=1910|publisher=B. Herder|author=Friedrich Justus Knecht}} * Lasine, Stuart 2020. Jona na Ọnọdụ Mmadụ: Ndụ na Ọnwụ na Ụwa Yahweh.New York: Bloomsbury/T & T Clark. == Identity ==   ''''''Jona''' nwa Amittai''' ma ọ bụ Jona (Hibru: יוֹנָה Yōnā, lit. 'ikuku') [a] bụ onye amụma [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] na Bible Hibru nke sitere na Gath-hepher na Alaeze Ugwu nke Israel n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 8 BCE. Ọ bụ onye dị n'etiti Akwụkwọ Jona, otu n'ime Ndị amụma nta-eto eto, nke na-akọwapụta na ọ chọghị inyefe ikpe Chineke n'obodo Nineveh (nke dị nso na Mosul nke oge a) na Alaeze Ukwu Asiria. Mgbe nnukwu ihe e kere eke n'oké osimiri (Hibru: דג גדול, , lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>) riri ya wee hapụ ya, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ Chineke. N'[[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]], akụkọ Jona na-anọchite anya ozizi nke nchegharị na okpukpe ndị Juu, ikike ichegharị n'ihu Chineke maka mgbaghara. N'Agba Ọhụrụ nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-akpọ onwe ya "karịa Jona" ma na-ekwe Ndị Farisii nkwa "ihe ịrịba ama Jona" mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya. Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst oge ochie lere Jona anya dị ka <nowiki><i id="mwOg">ụdị</i></nowiki> Jizọs. A na-ewere Jona na Islam dị ka onye amụma na akụkọ Jona pụtara na surah nke kor'an aha ya, Yūnus. Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible nke oge a na-atụ aro na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ifo, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tawfeeq|first=Dana Ford,Mohammed|date=2014-07-24|title=Extremists destroy Jonah's tomb, officials say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/iraq-violence/index.html|accessdate=2024-03-03|work=CNN|language=en|quote="Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history."}}</ref> na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke satirical.[4][5][6][7][8] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ogologo oge mgbe ihe omume ndị ọ kọwara n'ihi ojiji o ji okwu na ihe ndị dị na postxilic Aramaic sources mee ihe.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Lovelace|first=Vanessa|chapter=Jonah|editor=O'Brien|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|pages=449–460|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.34|isbn=978-0-19-067320-8|quote=A majority of scholars regard the book’s composition as considerably later than the events it describes. They point first and foremost to language. Jonah includes words and motifs that are found only in postexilic biblical and nonbiblical Aramaic sources (for further discussion, see Wolff 1986). This includes, for example, seafaring words such as “mariner” (mallah) and “ship” (sefina) (1:5), “sailor” (hovel) (1:6), the phrase “on whose account?” (1:7, 12), and the ascription “God of heaven” (1:9; cf. Gen 24:7) which appear rarely in the Hebrew Bible (Ps 107 and Ezek 27) but are common in postexilic biblical and Imperial Aramaic sources. Hans Walter Wolff suggests that infrequency of certain vocabulary and phrases in Jonah can be accounted for by their limited use in specific contexts (Wolff 1986, 76), but the late biblical verbal constructions that are unique to Jonah support the argument that the book is postexilic.}}</ref> Omume Jona nwa Amittai nwere ike ịdabere na onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu aha ahụ buru amụma n'oge ọchịchị Eze Amazia nke Juda, dịka e kwuru na 2 Kings. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosikarị ihe e kere eke riri Jona na nka na ọdịbendị dị ka whale, ederede Hibru na-eji ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na mmalite narị afọ nke asatọ, ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona bụ isiokwu nke ịkọ nkọ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, bụ ndị kọwara akụkọ ahụ dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịnala nke oge a, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti Jona na ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'okpukpe, dị ka onye India yogi Matsyendranatha "Onyenwe Azụ", eze Sumerian Gilgamesh, na dike Gris Jason. == Akwụkwọ Jona == {{Reflist|25em}} [[Faịlụ:Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|''Jona na Whale'' (1621) nke Pieter Lastman dere]] [[Faịlụ:Dore_jonah.jpg|thumb|Jona na-ezi ndị Ninive ozi ọma (1866) nke Gustave Doré dere, na La Grande Bible de Tours''Great Bible nke Tours'']] ''Jọpa'' bụ onye dị mkpa n'Akwụkwọ Jona, ebe Chineke nyere ya iwu ka ọ gaa n'obodo Nineveh iji buo amụma megide ya "n'ihi na ajọ omume ha na-abịa n'ihu m, " mana Jona na-anwa ịgbapụ na "ọnụnọ nke Onyenwe anyị" site n'ịga Jaffa (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị ya dị ka Joppa ma ọ bụ ''Joppe''). Ọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri gaa Tarshish. Nnukwu oké ifufe bilitere ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-aghọta na ọ bụghị oké ifufe nkịtị, tụbara ma chọpụta na Jona bụ onye ụta. Jona kwetara na nke a ma kwuo na ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'oké osimiri, oké ifufe ahụ ga-akwụsị. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ jụrụ ime nke a ma gaa n'ihu na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mana mbọ ha niile dara, ha mechara tụba Jona n'oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, oké ifufe ahụ kwụsịrị ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-achụ àjà nye Chineke. Mgbe a tụpụrụ Jona n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nnukwu azụ riri Jona, n'ime afọ nke ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'oké azụ ahụ, Jona na-ekpe ekpere n'ebe Chineke nọ n'ahụhụ ya ma na-ekwe nkwa ikele ya na ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe o kwere nkwa. Chineke nyere azụ̀ ahụ iwu ka ọ gbasaa Jona. Chineke nyekwara Jona iwu ọzọ ka ọ gaa Nineve ma buo amụma nye ndị bi na ya. N'oge a, ọ gara ebe ahụ wee banye n'obodo ahụ, na-eti mkpu, "N'ime ụbọchị iri anọ, a ga-akwatu Nineveh. " Mgbe Jona gafere Nineveh, ndị mmadụ malitere ikwere okwu ya ma kwupụta ibu ọnụ. Eze Nineve na-eyi akwa akpa ma nọdụ ala n'ọka, na-eme nkwupụta nke na-enye iwu ibu ọnụ, iyi akwa akpa, ekpere na nchegharị. Chineke hụrụ obi nchegharị ha ma chebe obodo ahụ n'oge ahụ. Obodo ahụ dum dị ala ma mebie, na ndị mmadụ (na ọbụna anụ ụlọ) na-eyi akpa na ntụ. [27] N'ịbụ onye nke a na-enweghị obi ụtọ, Jona na-ezo aka na ọpụpụ mbụ ya gaa Tarshish ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere obi ebere, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na Chineke ga-esi na ọdachi ndị a na-eyi egwu pụọ. Ọ hapụrụ obodo ahụ wee mee ebe mgbaba, na-echere ịhụ ma a ga-ebibi obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ebi. Chineke na-eme ka osisi (n'asụsụ Hibru a ''kikayon'') too n'elu ebe Jona nọ iji nye ya ndò site na anyanwụ. Ka oge na-aga, Chineke na-eme ka ikpuru taa mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ ma kpọnwụọ. Jona, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya n'ike zuru oke nke anyanwụ, ọ na-agwụ ike ma rịọ Chineke ka o gbuo ya.   == Echiche okpukpe == === N'Okpukpe Ndị Juú === [[Faịlụ:Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke azụ̀ sitere na Bible Kennicott loro Jona, folio 305r (1476), n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ Bodleian, Oxford]] Akwụkwọ Jona (Yonah יונה) bụ otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ dị na Bible Hibru. Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, Jona bụ nwa nwoke ahụ Iliya onye amụma mere ka ọ dịghachi ndụ na 1 Kings. [35] Omenala ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Shunem nke Elisha mere ka ọ dị ndụ na 2 Kings nakwa na a na-akpọ ya "nwa Amittai" (''Eziokwu'') n'ihi na nne ya ghọtara na Ịlaịsha bụ onye amụma na 1 Kings. [37] A na-agụ Akwụkwọ Jona kwa afọ, n'asụsụ Hibru mbụ ya na n'ozuzu ya, na Yom Kippur - Ụbọchị Mgbaghara - dị ka Haftarah n'ekpere Mincha.[39][40] Dị ka Rabbi Eliezer si kwuo, e kere azụ ahụ riri Jona n'oge mbụ na ime ọnụ ya dị ka ụlọ nzukọ; anya azụ ahụ dị ka windo na pearl dị n'ime ọnụ ya nyere ìhè ọzọ. [41][41] Dị ka Midrash si kwuo, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, azụ ahụ gwara ya na ndụ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụ n'ihi na n'oge na-adịghị anya Leviathan ga-eri ha abụọ.[41] Jona kwere azụ ahụ nkwa na ọ ga-azọpụta ha.[41] N'ịgbaso ntụziaka Jona, azụ ahụ gbagoro n'akụkụ Leviathan[41] ma Jona yiri egwu iji ire ya kee Leviathan ma hapụ azụ nke ọzọ ka ọ rie ya.[41] Leviathan nụrụ egwu Jona, hụrụ na e biri ya úgwù, wee ghọta na Onyenwe anyị chebere ya, ya mere ọ gbapụrụ n'egwu, na-ahapụ Jona na azụ ahụ ka ha dị ndụ.[41][41] Onye ọkà mmụta na onye rabaị ndị Juu nke oge ochie Abraham ibn Ezra (1092-1167) rụrụ ụka megide nkọwa ọ bụla nke Akwụkwọ Jona, na-ekwu na "ahụmahụ nke ndị amụma niile ma e wezụga Mozis bụ ọhụụ, ọ bụghị eziokwu". Otú ọ dị, onye ọkà mmụta Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509), kwuru na Jona nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'afọ azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị atọ, n'ihi na "mgbe niile, ụmụ ọhụrụ na-adị ndụ ọnwa itoolu n'enweghị ikuku dị ọcha".[42][43][44] Teshuva - ikike ichegharị ma bụrụ onye Chineke gbaghara - bụ echiche a ma ama n'echiche ndị Juu. A kọwapụtara echiche a n'Akwụkwọ Jona: Jona, nwa ''eziokwu'' (aha nna ya "Amitai" na Hibru pụtara eziokwu), jụrụ ịrịọ ndị Nineveh ka ha chegharịa. Ọ na-achọ naanị eziokwu, ọ bụghị mgbaghara. Mgbe a manyere ya ịga, a na-anụ oku ya n'olu dara ụda ma doo anya, ndị Ninevech na-echegharị n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, "na-ebu ọnụ, gụnyere atụrụ," na ederede ndị Juu na-akatọ nke a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Babylonian Talmud|chapter=Sanhedrin}}.</ref> Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosikwa mmekọrịta na-adịghị akwụsi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti mkpa okpukpe abụọ: nkasi obi na eziokwu. Onye rabaị na onye nchọpụta ndị Juu nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ Petachiah nke Regensburg gara n'ili Jona n'oge ọ gara Ala Nsọ, wee dee, sị: "E nwere ọmarịcha obí eze e wuru n'elu ya. N'akụkụ ya bụ ogige ntụrụndụ ebe a na-ahụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbe ndị Jentaịl bịara ọ na-enye ha ezigbo oriri, na-asị, na Jona, nwa Amittai, ọ bụ onye Juu ka ha ghara inye gị kpọmkwem ka ha rie ihe ọ ga-eme ka ha. '''N'Akwụkwọ Tobit''' A kpọtụrụ Jona aha ugboro abụọ na isi nke iri na anọ nke Vaticanus version nke Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/TOB14.htm|title=Brenton Septuagint Translation Tobit 14}}</ref> nkwubi okwu nke na-ahụ nwa Tobit, Tobias, na-aṅụrị ọṅụ na akụkọ banyere mbibi Nineveh site na Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus na mmezu doro anya nke amụma Jona megide isi obodo Asiria. [48] Codex Sinaiticus version nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke dị ogologo ma kwekọọ nke ọma na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na-ezo aka na Nahum kama Jona, yana Cyaxares kama Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus.[50] Akụkọ a a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bible.usccb.org/bible/tobit/14|title=Tobit, CHAPTER 14 &#124; USCCB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Last_Judgement_(Michelangelo)_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg|thumb|N'ihe osise ya bụ The Last Judgment, Michelangelo gosipụtara Kraịst n'okpuru Jona (IONAS) iji mee ka onye amụma ahụ bụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ]] [[Faịlụ:Biblia.pauperum.jpg|thumb|Kraịst si n'ili bilie, n'akụkụ Jona gburu ọnụ n'ụsọ osimiri]] ==== N'Agba Ọhụrụ ==== N'Agba Ọhụrụ, a kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'oziọma Matiu na Luk. [54] Na Matiu, [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-ezo aka na Jona mgbe ụfọdụ ndị odeakwụkwọ na Ndị Farisii rịọrọ ya maka ihe ịrịba ama.[55][56] Jizọs kwuru na ihe ịrịba ama ahụ ga-abụ ihe ịrịbaanya Jona: mweghachi Jona mgbe ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ n'ime nnukwu azụ ahụ gosipụtara mbilite n'ọnwụ nke ya.[55][56][55] {{Commons category}} Na Luk, [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]] na-ezo aka na Jona n'amụma eschatological, mgbe otu nwanyị nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ ahụ tiri mkpu na mberede, "A gọziri agọzi bụ afọ nke na-enweghị gị, na popu ndị ị ṅụrụ" (Luk 11:27 - King James Version):   But God said to Jonah: "Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?" And he said: "I do. I am elangry enough to die." But the Lord said: "You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight, and died overnigh. But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?"<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ọtụtụ okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na-ewere Jona dị ka onye nsọ. Ụbọchị oriri ya na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik bụ na 21 Septemba, dị ka ''Martyrologium Romanum'' si kwuo. Na Kalenda liturgical nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ụbọchị oriri Jona bụ na 22 Septemba (maka ụka ndị na-agbaso kalenda ọdịnala Julian; 22 Septemba ugbu a na-ada n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Kalenda Gregorian nke oge a). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22|url=https://oca.org/saints/all-lives/2017/09/22|publisher=Orthodox Church in America|date=22 September 2017|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> Na Chọọchị Ndịozi nke Armenia, a na-eme ememe ndị a na-agagharị agagharị iji cheta Jona dị ka otu onye amụma na dị ka otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah|url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah|publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104527/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration of the 12 Minor Prophets|url=http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets|publisher=Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042956/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/41-july/127-12minorprophets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commemoration Day of the 12 Minor Prophets. 24 July 2018|url=http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/|publisher=Saint Stepanos Armenian Apostolic Church of Elberon in New Jersey|accessdate=13 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042752/http://ststepanos.org/calendar/commemoration-day-of-the-12-minor-prophets/2018-07-24/}}</ref> A na-echeta ozi Jona na Nineveh site na Fast nke Nineveh na Syriac na Eastern Orthodox Churches. <ref name="SycOrth"/> A na-echeta Jona dị ka onye amụma na Kalenda nke Ndị Nsọ nke Missouri Synod nke Chọọchị Lutheran na 22 Septemba. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Commemoration of Jonah, Prophet, 22 September|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Lutheran+Church+Missouri+Synod%22%22The+Commemoration+of+Jonah,+Prophet,+22+September%22|publisher=Concordia and Koinonia|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst akọwaala Jona dị ka ụdị Jizọs Kraịst.[65] A na-ewere Jona ka nnukwu azụ ahụ riri dị ka ihe na-egosi obe Jizọs na Jona ka ọ na-apụta n'azụ azụ ahụ mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị ka a na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe yiri Jizọs ka ọ na - si n'ili pụta mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara. [66] Saint Jerome na-ejikọta Jona na akụkụ nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Jizọs, ma na-akwado omume Jona site n'ikwu na "Jona na-eme dị ka onye hụrụ mba n'ahụ, ọ bụghị nke ukwuu na ọ kpọrọ ndị Ninevites asị, dịka na ọ chọghị ibibi ndị nke ya".[67][67] ==== Echiche ndị e dere mgbe Bible gasịrị ==== [[Faịlụ:Jonah.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke Jonah, narị afọ nke 16 (Iconostasis nke Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Kizhi, Karelia, Russia) ]] Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ, gụnyere [[Augustine nke Hippo|Saint Augustine]] na Martin Luther, ejirila ụzọ dị iche, banyere Jona dị ka ihe atụ nke anyaụfụ na ekworo, nke ha weere dị ka njirimara nke ndị Juu. [68][69] Luther kwubiri na ''kikayon'' (osisi) na-anọchite anya okpukpe ndị Juu, nakwa na ikpuru nke na-eri ya na-anọchi anya Kraịst. [70][71] Luther jikwa echiche ahụ bụ na e bu n'uche ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-ekwu na o siri ike ikwere na onye ọ bụla gaara akọwa ya dị ka nke a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na Bible.[72] Nkọwa nke Luther na-emegide ndị Juu nke Jona nọgidere na-abụ nkọwa kachasị n'etiti ndị Protestant Germany n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a.[73] J. D. Michaelis na-ekwu na "ihe akụkọ ifo ahụ pụtara na-emetụta gị n'etiti anya", ma kwubie na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ arụmụka megide "ịkpọasị na anyaụfụ nke ndị Israel n'ebe mba ndị ọzọ niile dị n'ụwa nọ. Albert Eichhorn bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke nkọwa Michaelis.[69][74] John Calvin na John Hooper lere Akwụkwọ Jona anya dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị niile nwere ike ịnwa ịgbapụ n'iwe Chineke.[75] Ọ bụ ezie na Luther kpachapụrụ anya na ọ bụghị Jona dere Akwụkwọ Jona, Calvin kwupụtara na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ nkwupụta nke Jona. [76] Calvin na-ahụ oge Jona n'ime afọ azụ ahụ dị ka ọkụ nke Hel, nke e bu n'obi idozi Jona ma tinye ya n'ụzọ ezi omume.[77] Ọzọkwa, n'adịghị ka Luther, Calvin na-ahụ mmejọ na ihe odide niile dị n'akụkọ ahụ, na-akọwa ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ka "obi siri ike na nke nwere obi siri ike, dị ka Cyclops'", penitence nke Nineve dị ka "enweghị ọzụzụ", na eze Nineveh dị ka "onye ọhụrụ. [76] Hooper, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ahụ Jona dị ka onye nnupụisi mbụ na ụgbọ mmiri a tụpụrụ ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke steeti ahụ. [78] Hooper na-akwa arịrị ndị dị otú ahụ, na-akatọ: "Ị nwere ike ibi na ọtụtụ Jonasses n'ụzọ dị jụụ? Mba, tụba ha n'oké osimiri!" Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a machibidoro ndị prọfesọ Germany ịkụzi na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme.[78][79][72] === N'Ime Ndị Alakụba === [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_Whale,_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_(Compendium_of_Chronicles).jpg|thumb|Jona na nnukwu azụ dị na ''Jami' al-tawarikh'' (ihe dị ka 1400), Metropolitan Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Metropolitan]] {{Commons category}}<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> ==== kor'an ==== Jona (Arabic: يُونُس, romanized: Yūnus) bụ aha nke isi nke iri nke Quran. A na-ele Yūnus anya dị ka ihe dị oké mkpa na Islam dị ka onye amụma nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nye Chineke ma zie ozi Ya. Jona bụ naanị otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ nke ndị Juu ka a ga-akpọ aha na Quran. Na Quran 21:87[2] na 68:48, a na-akpọ Jona Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; nke pụtara "Onye nke Azụ").[82] Na 4:163 na 6:86, a kpọrọ ya “onye ozi nke Allah”[82]. Surah 37:139–148 kwughachiri akụkọ nke Jona:[82]   Koran ekwughị banyere nna Jona, mana ọdịnala [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] na-akụzi na Jona si n'ebo Benjamin nakwa na nna ya bụ Amittai.[82] ==== Hadiths ==== [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_fish_Jeremiah_in_wilderness_Uzeyr_awakened_after_the_destruction_of_Jerusalem.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|377x377px|Jona na-anwa izochi ọtọ ya n'etiti ọhịa; Jeremaịa n'ọzara (n'elu aka ekpe); [[Uzair|Uzeyr]] tetara mgbe e bibichara Jeruselem. ''Zubdat al-Tawarikh'', obere ihe osise Ottoman, 1583.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine|year=1978|url=http://kilyos.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/Zubdat.html|author=G’nsel Renda|title=The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh}}</ref>]] A kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'ihe omume ole na ole n'oge ndụ Muhammad. Ndị Quraysh zigara onye na-ejere ha ozi, Addas, ka ọ nye ya mkpụrụ vaịn maka ihe oriri.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad jụrụ Addas ebe o si, ohu ahụ zaghachiri Nineveh. "Obodo Jona onye ezi omume, nwa Amittai!" Muhammad tiri mkpu. Addas wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ n'ihi na ọ maara na ndị Arab na-ekpere arụsị amaghị banyere Jona onye amụma.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ahụ ọ jụrụ otú Muhammad si mara nwoke a. "Anyị bụ ụmụnne", Muhammad zara. "Jonah bụ onye amụma nke Chineke na mụ onwe m bụkwa onye amụma nke Allah. " Addas nabatara Islam ozugbo ma susuo aka na ụkwụ Muhammad ọnụ. Otu n'ime okwu ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Muhammad, na nchịkọta nke Imam Bukhari, na-ekwu, na Muhammad kwuru "Onye ekwesịghị ikwu na m ka Jona mma". [86][87][88] Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, onye meworo okenye n'oge Muhammad, kụziri na, ọ bụrụ na Jona ekpeghị ekpere nye Allah, ọ gaara anọgide na-arapara n'ime azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị ikpe, mana, n'ihi ekpere ya, Jona "nọrọ naanị ụbọchị ole na ole n'ime afọ azụ ahụ".[88][88] Onye Persian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke itoolu bụ Al-Tabari dere na, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, "ọ dịghị onye ọkpụkpụ ya ma ọ bụ ndị òtù ya merụrụ ahụ".[88] Al-Tabari dekwara na Allah mere ka ahụ azụ ahụ pụta ìhè, na-enye Jona ohere ịhụ "ihe ịtụnanya nke omimi" nakwa na Jona nụrụ azụ niile na-abụku Allah otuto.[89] Kisai Marvazi, onye na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri, dere na nna Jona dị afọ iri asaa mgbe amụrụ Jona nakwa na ọ nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ahapụ nne Jona ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị spoon osisi, nke ghọrọ cornucopia.[88][88] ==== Ili ndị a sị na ọ bụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png|thumb|Foto nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ alakụba Yunus, mgbe ISIL bibiri ya]] Ebe Nineveh dị ugbu a bụ ebe e gwupụtara ọnụ ụzọ ámá ise, akụkụ nke mgbidi n'akụkụ anọ, na nnukwu ugwu abụọ: ugwu Kuyunjik na ugwu Nabi Yunus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com:443/maps?q=%22Al-Nabi+Yunus%22+OR+hill+OR+gate+OR+wall+loc:+Mosul,+Iraq&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sll=37.6,-95.665&sspn=36.011613,56.337891&t=h&hq=%22Al-Nabi+Yunus%22+OR+hill+OR+gate+OR+wall&hnear=Mosul,+N%C4%ABnaw%C4%81,+Iraq&z=13|title=Link to Google map with Nineveh markers at gates, wall sections, hills and mosque|publisher=Goo.gl|date=19 March 2013|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> A raara ụlọ alakụba dị n'elu Nabi Yunus nye onye amụma Jona ma nwee ebe nsọ, nke ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na-asọpụrụ dị ka ebe ili Jona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html|title=ISIS destroys 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul|date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|accessdate=28 July 2014|quote=The radical Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group has destroyed shrines belonging to two prophets, highly revered by both Christians and Muslims, in the northern city of Mosul, al-Sumaria News reported Thursday. "ISIS militants have destroyed the Prophet Younis (Jonah) shrine east of Mosul city after they seized control of the mosque completely," a security source, who kept his identity anonymous, told the Iraq-based al-Sumaria News.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727203131/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html|archivedate=27 July 2014}}</ref> Ili ahụ bụ ebe a ma ama maka njem ala nsọ na ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu nye ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba gafee Middle East. [92] Na Julaị 24, 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) bibiri ụlọ alakụba nwere ili ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa iji bibie ebe nsọ okpukpe ọ weere dị ka ndị na-efe arụsị.[93][92] Mgbe e weghachitere Mosul n'aka ISIL na Jenụwarị 2017, a chọtara obí eze Asiria oge ochie nke Esarhaddon wuru n'okpuru ụlọ alakụba ahụ mebiri emebi.[92][94] ISIL kwakọọrọ ihe ndị dị n'obí eze iji ree n'ahịa ojii, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị siri ike ibugharị ka nọ n'ebe ahụ.[92][94][94] Ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama nke ili Jona gụnyere: * obodo [[Israel]]_Arabs" id="mwA2U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli Arabs">Ndị Arab nke Mashhad, nke dị na ebe ochie nke Gath-hepher na Israel; [54] * ụlọ alakụba Nabi Yunis Palestine nke 5" href="./Halhul" id="mwA28" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Halhul">Halhul, na West Bank, 5 km (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu Hebron, e wuru ya n'elu ili Jonah; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Halhoul|url=https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/article/50/Halhoul|accessdate=8 January 2023|work=www.travelpalestine.ps|archivedate=8 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108160107/https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/article/50/Halhoul}}</ref>[95] * ebe nsọ dị nso n'obodo Sarafand (Sarepta) na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]]; [97] * ugwu a na-akpọ Giv'at Yonah ugbu a, "Ugwu Jonah", n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo Israel nke Ashdod, n'ebe ụlọ ọkụ nke oge a kpuchiri. * "ili Jona" n'obodo Diyarbakir, Turkey, nke dị n'azụ mihrab na Fatih Pasha Mosque - Evliya Çelebi kwuru na Seyahatname ya na ọ gara ili Jonah na George onye amụma n'obodo ahụ.[5] == Nkọwa ndị ọkà mmụta == Akụkọ banyere nwoke dị ndụ mgbe whale ma ọ bụ nnukwu azụ riri ya na katalọgụ nke ụdị [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|Akụkọ ọdịnala]] dị ka [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|ATU]] 1889G.[102] === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === [[Faịlụ:Jonah_and_the_sea_monster,_from_Wilpert,_1903,_page_47_sharpened.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Jona na anụ ọhịa oké osimiri, site na ihe osise Ndị Kraịst na catacombs ndị Rom na ngwụcha narị afọ nke abụọ A.D. Site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe: Johah na-awụpụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, ebe anụ ọhịa oké mmiri ahụ na-echere; Johah na'ụsọ osimiri mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ nke anụ ọhịa ahụ. Anụ mmiri nke Ndị Kraịst Rom dọtara yiri hippocampus. ]] Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible kwenyere na ihe dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[4][103][104] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na Jona onye amụma biri na narị afọ nke asatọ BCE, [1] e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid.[105] Asụsụ Hibru e ji mee ihe n'Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosi mmetụta siri ike sitere na Aramaic [1] na omenala ndị akọwapụtara na ya kwekọrọ na nke ndị Achaemenid Persia.[27] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewere Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka ọrụ a kpachaara anya mee nke parody ma ọ bụ satire. [7][8][106][107][108][109] Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ndị amamihe nabatara ya n'ime akwụkwọ nsọ nke Bible Hibru bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị ọdịdị ya na-atọ ọchị ma kọwaa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka ọrụ amụma siri ike. [110][108][109][109] Jona n'onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme; a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ nke Ndị Eze: [111][112][4]<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'okwu e kwuru na 1978 ma bipụta ya na 1979, onye Assyriologist Donald Wiseman gbachitere ezi uche dị na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ, na-akwado "ọdịnala na ọtụtụ ihe dị na akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe ọmụma dị nso na nke ziri ezi banyere Asiria nke nwere ike isi na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka narị afọ nke asatọ BC", na-ekwu na "akụkọ Jona ekwesịghị iwere dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ ilu".<ref name="Wiseman">"Archaeology and the Book of Jonah", delivered in January, 1978, published as {{Cite journal|author=Donald Wiseman|title=Jonah's Nineveh|journal=Tyndale Bulletin|year=1979|volume=30|pages=29–52|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/TynBul/Library/TynBull_1979_30_02_Wiseman_JonahsNineveh.pdf}}</ref> === Ihe ndị na-emegide onwe ha === [[Faịlụ:Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG|thumb|Nweghachi nke oge a nke ọnụ ụzọ Adad na Nineveh na foto e sere tupu mbibi zuru oke nke ISIL na Eprel 2016.[115] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ekwubiga okwu ókè banyere ibu Nineve karịa ihe ọ bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][27]]] Echiche Jona gosipụtara n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ echiche nke ndị otu ndị Juu nwere n'oge e dere ya. [8][116][107] Isi ebumnuche nke satire nwere ike ịbụ otu akụkụ nke Morton Smith na-akpọ "Separationists", ndị kwenyere na Chineke ga-ebibi ndị na-enupụ isi ya, na a ga-ekpochapụ obodo ndị mmehie, nakwa na ebere Chineke agbasaghị ndị na-abụghị Ọgbụgba ndụ Abraham.[117][107] McKenzie na Graham na-ekwu na "Jonah bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ onye 'orthodox' nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Israel - iji mee ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe. " Okwu Jonah n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ bụ agha ha, mana aha ya pụtara "ikuku", nnụnụ nke ndị Izrel oge ochie jikọtara ya na udo.[107][118][107] Ịjụ iwu Chineke jụrụ bụ ihe na-emegide nrubeisi nke ndị amụma akọwapụtara n'ihe odide Agba Ochie ndị ọzọ.[119] Ncheegharị nke eze Nineveh na-akọwa ndị ọchịchị n'ihe odide ndị ọzọ nke Agba Ochie ndị na-eleghara ịdọ aka ná ntị amụma anya, dị ka Ehab na Zedekaya.[109] Ịdị njikere ife Chineke nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị Nineve gosipụtara dị iche na enweghị mmasị Jona n'onwe ya, dị ka ịhụnanya Jona nwere maka ''kikayon'' na-enye ya onyinyo karịa ndị niile nọ na Nineve. [120][120] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-enweghị isi; [1] ọ na-emebiga ókè ókè ókè n'obosara obodo Nineve ruo n'ókè a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere [1] ma na-ezo aka n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na onye nchịkwa obodo ahụ dị ka "eze".[27] Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta si kwuo, ọ dịghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo ụbọchị atọ n'ime azụ, [1] na nkọwa nke anụ ụlọ na Nineveh na-ebu ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị nwe ha bụ "ihe nzuzu". [27]A na-emegide ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ndị a na nkuzi Donald Wiseman a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.<ref name="Wiseman"/> Ihe ngosi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke nnukwu azụ ma ọ bụ whale riri ghọrọ ihe odide satirical ndị e mechara dee.[121] A na-akọ akụkọ yiri nke a na Lucian nke Samosata's A True Story, nke e dere na narị afọ nke abụọ CE, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, nke Rudolf Erich Raspe bipụtara na 1785. [122][123] == Azụ == [[Faịlụ:Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Jona na "nnukwu azụ" n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ndịda nke oge Gothic Dom St. Peter, na Worms, Germany]] Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na omenala na-egosipụtakarị azụ̀ Jona dị ka whale, ihe odide Hibru, dị ka akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nile, [ntụgharị uche] na-ezo aka na ọ dịghị ụdị mmiri ọ bụla, nanị na-ekwu "nnukwu azụ" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-atụ aro nha na àgwà nke nnukwu shark na-acha ọcha kwekọrọ n'ihe atụ nke ahụmahụ Jona, ọ na-abụkarị mmadụ toruworo ogo mmadụ nke ukwuu nke na a ga-eloda ya kpam kpam. Mmepe nke whaling malite na narị afọ nke 18 gaa n'ihu mere ka o doo anya na ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha nile, ụdị whale enweghị ike ilo mmadụ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere eziokwu nke akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Jona.[1]. Na Jona 2:1 (1:17 na nsụgharị Bekee), ederede Hibru na-agụ ''dag gadol''<ref name="blb"/> (דג גדול) ma ọ bụ, na ederede Masoretic nke Hibru, ''dāḡ gāḏōl'' (דָּיג גָּד֔וֹל), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ".<ref name="blb" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://biblehub.com/interlinear/jonah/1-17.htm|title=Interlinear Bible: Greek, Hebrew, Transliterated, English ...|publisher=Bible Hub|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> Septuagint sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu a n'asụsụ Grik dị ka kētei megalōi (κήτει), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ". <ref name="Robertson1960"/> N'Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, a na-eji otu okwu ahụ pụtara "azụ̀" (''kêtos'') akọwa anụ ọhịa oké osimiri nke dike Perseus gburu nke fọrọ nke nta ka o rie Princess Andromeda.[128] Jerome mechara sụgharịa ahịrịokwu a dị ka ''piscis grandis'' na Latin Vulgate ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ sụgharịrị ''koilia ketus'' dị ka ''afọ ceti'' na Matiu 12:40: ikpe nke abụọ a na-apụta naanị n'amaokwu a nke Agba Ọhụrụ. [131]<ref name="Parris2015"/> N'oge ụfọdụ, ''cetus'' ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na "whale" (a na-akpọ ọmụmụ banyere whales ugbu a cetology). Na nsụgharị ya nke 1534, William Tyndale sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu ahụ dị na Jona 2:1 dị ka "nnukwu fyshe" na okwu ''ketos'' (Grik) ma ọ bụ ''cetus'' (Latin) na Matiu 12:40 dị ka "whale". E mechara tinye nsụgharị Tyndale na Authorized Version nke 1611. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-akọwakarị "nnukwu azụ" na Jonah 2 dị ka whale. N'asụsụ Bekee, ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-eji okwu "whale" maka Matiu 12:40, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji "ihe e kere eke nke oké osimiri" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ".<ref name="Huber2013"/> === Nkọwa sayensị === [[Faịlụ:Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg|thumb|Foto nke whale shark, ụdị azụ kachasị ukwuu a maara <ref name="Wood1976">{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Wood|title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=AWhFAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1976|publisher=Guinness Superlatives|isbn=978-0-900424-60-1}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg|thumb|Foto nke sperm whale, anụ na-eri ibe ya kachasị ukwuu na otu n'ime ụdị whale kachasị ukwuu dị ugbu a]] Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, na-akọwa akụkọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-echegbu onwe ha ịnwa ịmata kpọmkwem ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona.[136] N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Edward Bouverie Pusey, prọfesọ nke Hibru na Mahadum Oxford, kwuru na Jona n'onwe ya ga-abụrịrị na o dere Akwụkwọ Jona ma kwuo na akụkọ azụ ahụ ga-abụ eziokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị etinye ya na Bible.[137] Pusey gbalịrị iji sayensị depụta azụ ahụ, na-enwe olileanya "ime ihere ndị na-ekwu maka ọrụ ebube nke nchekwa Jona na azụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịchaghị mma karịa ọrụ ebube ọ bụla ọzọ nke Chineke".[138][139] Arụmụka banyere azụ dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona keere òkè dị mkpa n'oge Clarence Darrow na-enyocha William Jennings Bryan na ikpe Scopes na 1925. <ref name="Smolla1997"/> [72] Darrow jụrụ Bryan "Mgbe ị gụrụ na ... whale riri Jonah ... olee otu ị ga-esi kọwaa nke ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị?" <ref name="Smolla1997" /> Bryan zaghachiri na o kwenyere na "Chineke nke nwere ike ime whale ma nwee ike ime mmadụ ma mee ka ha abụọ mee ihe Ọ masịrị ya". <ref name="Lidz2016" /> Bryan kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa Bible, <ref name="Smolla1997" /> a na-ewere ya n'ozuzu dị ka ọ pụtara dị ka "buffoon".[72] Nnukwu n'ime whale niile - blue whales - bụ baleen whales nke na-eri plankton; na "a na-ekwukarị na ụdị a ga-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịrị ilo herring. " Nnukwu n"ime azụ niile - whale shark - nwere nnukwu ọnụ, mana akpịrị ya dị naanị sentimita anọ n'obosara, na ogwe aka dị nkọ ma ọ bụ gbagọọ n'azụ oghere ahụ, nke mere na ọbụnadị aka mmadụ agaghị enwe ike ịgafe ya. Ya mere, Jona enweghị ike ịbụ onye whale shark riri.<ref name="Gudger1940"/> Sperm whales, Otú ọ dị, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị iche: Ha na-eri nnukwu squid mgbe niile, yabụ na mmadụ nwere ike ilo mmadụ.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka ehi, sperm whales nwere afọ anọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ụlọ nke mbụ enweghị mmiri afọ mana o nwere mgbidi iji kpochapụ nri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reidenberg|first=Joy|date=19 November 2014|title=What would happen if you were swallowed by a whale?|work=[[The Naked Scientists]]|url=https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-features/what-would-happen-if-you-were-swallowed-whale|accessdate=May 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Chris|date=27 June 2010|title=Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?|work=[[The Naked Scientists]]|url=https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/could-human-survive-swallowing-whale|accessdate=7 May 2021}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iku ume n'ime afọ sperm whale n'ihi na ikuku adịghị (ma eleghị anya methane kama). Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 2023 nke Daniel Kraus na-enyocha echiche nke nwoke na-adị ndụ nke sperm whale riri, mana o nwere tankị oxygen. == Mmetụta ọdịbendị == [[Faịlụ:Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Jona na champlevé enamel (1181) nke Nicholas nke Verdun sere n'ebe ịchụàjà Verduner na Klosterneuburg Abbey, Austria]] N'asụsụ Turkish, "Jonah's fish" (''yunus balığı'') bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe maka dolphin.<ref name="TuretBayram1996"/> Okwu a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Jona" eme ihe iji pụta onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri / onye njem nke ọnụnọ ya n'ụgbọ ahụ na-eweta ọdachi ma na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/03/06/102957718.pdf|title=Afflicted with a Jonah; The Sea Captain's Fear of Parsons' Sons|date=6 March 1885}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, a gbatịkwuru nkọwa a maka "onye na-ebu jinx, onye ga-eweta ọdachi na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Jonah|title=Jonah|work=Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=6 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627051337/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jonah|archivedate=27 June 2012}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mkpirikpi ya, e meela ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ọtụtụ ugboro n'akwụkwọ na n'omenala a ma ama.[151][152] Na Herman Melville's ''Moby-Dick'' (1851), Nna Mapple na-ekwu okwuchukwu na Akwụkwọ Jonah. Mapple jụrụ ihe mere Jonah anaghị egosi ịkwa ụta maka inupụ Chineke isi mgbe ọ nọ n'ime azụ ahụ. Ọ kwubiri na Jonah ghọtara nke ọma na " ntaramahụhụ ọjọọ ya bụ ihe ziri ezi. " The Adventures of Pinocchio nke Carlo Collodi (1883) gosipụtara onye isi na nna ya Geppetto ka "Terrible Dogfish" riri, na-ezo aka n'akụkọ Jonah.[154] Ihe nkiri Walt Disney mere na 1940 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ejigide ihe a.[155] Akụkọ Jonah ka e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri animated nke Phil Vischer na Mike Nawrocki Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Jonah (nke Archibald Asparagus gosipụtara) bụ onye nnukwu whale riri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)|first=Mark|author=Deming|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876|publisher=[[AllMovie]]|accessdate=9 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110120034/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876|archivedate=10 November 2017}}</ref> == Njikọ ndị a tụrụ aro na akụkọ ifo == [[Faịlụ:Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG|thumb|Jona ka nnukwu anụ ọhịa nwere ezé riri. Isi obodo a tụrụ atụ nke ogidi site na nave nke ụlọ ụka ndị mọnk na Mozac, France, narị afọ nke iri na abụọ.]] Joseph Campbell na-atụ aro na akụkọ Jonah yiri ihe nkiri sitere na Epic of Gilgamesh, ebe Gilgamesh nwetara osisi site na ala oké osimiri.[157] N'ime Akwụkwọ Jona, ikpuru (n'asụsụ Hibru ''Tola'ath'', "maggot") na-ata mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ na-enye ndò na-eme ka ọ kpọnwụọ; ebe na Epic nke Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh na-eke nkume n'ụkwụ ya ma na-ewepụta osisi ya n'ala oké osimiri. [157][158] Ozugbo ọ laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri, agwọ riri osisi ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ.[157][159] === Jason (akụkọ ifo ndị Gris) === Campbell kwukwara ọtụtụ myirịta dị n'etiti akụkọ Jonah na nke Jason na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris.[157] Nsụgharị Grik nke aha ''J''o'''' bụ Jonah, nke dị iche na ''Jason'' naanị n'usoro ụda - ha abụọ bụ omegas na-atụ aro na enwere ike ịgbagwoju Jason anya na Jonah.[157] Gildas Hamel, na-adabere n'Akwụkwọ Jona na isi mmalite ndị Gris - gụnyere Arịa ndị Gris na akụkọ Apollonius nke Rhodes, Gaius Valerius Flaccus na Orphic Argonautica - na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, gụnyere aha ndị dike, ọnụnọ nke nduru, echiche nke "ịgba ọsọ" dị ka ifufe ma na-akpata oké ifufe, àgwà nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọnụnwụ nke anụ mmiri ma ọ bụ dragọn na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ na-elo ya, na-eji "gourd" (ụdị na-eri ya, na okwu ahụ). Hamel na-ewere echiche na ọ bụ onye edemede Hibru meghachiri ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo a iji kwupụta ozi nke ya dị nnọọ iche.<ref name="Hamel2015"/> == Hụkwa == * Aquanaut, onye na-anọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo ogologo oge * Akụkọ Bible na nke kor'an * Jona n'elu ụlọ ekpere Sistine * Akụkọ ifo na kor'an * Ndị amụma nke Islam * Qisas Al-Anbiya == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://www.bible.gallery/art/jan-the-elder-brueghel/jonah-leaving-the-whale/145/passage Jona na-ahapụ whale] * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1701.htm Akwụkwọ Jona (Hibru na Bekee)] * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+1-4&version=NIV Akwụkwọ Jona (NIV)] *   * ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks Jona na synaxarion * [http://www.christianiconography.info/jonah.html Jona onye Amụma] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Christian Iconography == Ihe edeturu ==   == Edensibia ==   == Njikọ mpụga == *   * {{Cite book|chapter=[[s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXVI. The Prophet Jonas.|The Prophet Jonas.]]|title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture|year=1910|publisher=B. Herder|author=Friedrich Justus Knecht}} * Lasine, Stuart 2020. Jona na Ọnọdụ Mmadụ: Ndụ na Ọnwụ na Ụwa Yahweh.New York: Bloomsbury/T & T Clark. 1qwz7mw6cr36zwe9sx07rit921r3u1j 0 60367 697680 406702 2026-08-10T05:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nachum_Goldman.jpg|thumb|Nahum Goldmann]] '''Nahum Goldmann''' (Hibru; July 10, 1895 - August 29, 1982) bụ onye isi Zionist. Ọ bụ onye guzobere World Jewish Congress na onye isi oche ya site na 1951 ruo 1978 ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke World Zionist Organization site na 1956 ruo 1968.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nahum-Goldmann|title=Nahum Goldmann (Israeli Zionist leader) - Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Britannica.com|date=2020-08-25|accessdate=2021-06-16}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Nahum Goldmann na Vishnevo, Alaeze Ukwu Russia, a shtetl na Pale of Settlement (nke bụzi Vishnyeva, [[Belarus]]), nwa nke ezinụlọ Litvak na-akụzi ma na-ede akwụkwọ, onye nna ya bụ onye Zionist siri ike. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Frankfurt, [[Jémanị|Germany]], ebe nna ya na-eme ndị isi Zionist na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ obi ụtọ, na ebe ọ gara Musterschule. N'afọ 1911, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na nna ya gara Nzukọ nke Iri nke Zionist. Goldmann gara n'ihu na-amụ iwu, [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]] na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na Marburg, Heidelberg na Berlin. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na iwu na nkà ihe ọmụma. Na 1913 ọ gara Palestine ọnwa anọ, na-ebipụta echiche ya n'afọ na-esonụ n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Eretz [[Israel]], Reisebriefe aus Palästina (Eretz Israel, Travel leta si Palestine),[1] nke e bipụtara na abụọ mbipụta.[2].  Na 1916-18, Goldmann rụrụ ọrụ maka German "Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient", ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na mgbasa ozi jikọtara ya na Officelọ Ọrụ Ofesi German, nke nwara irigbu agbụrụ na okpukperechi nke mba n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman dị ka Panturkism, Islamism na Zionism na ọdịmma German, ịlụ ọgụ megide ịba ụba mmetụta Britain na French na mpaghara ahụ.  N'ime oge ahụ, onye isi nke "Nachrichtenstelle" bụ Prọfesọ Dr. Eugen Mittwoch, onye isi German Arabist na Orientist na n'otu oge ahụ bụ onye isi n'ime obodo ndị Juu nke Germany.  N'ime oge a, [3] ọ nwara itinye nkwado Kaiser Wilhelm maka echiche Zionist.   Na 1922 ọ tọrọ ntọala Eschkol-Publikations-Gesellschaft (Eschkol Publication Society), ma tinye aka na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Zionist.  Na 1929 ya na Jakob Klatzkin malitere ọrụ bụ́ Encyclopaedia Judaica, bụ́ nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu bụ́ isi n’oge ahụ.  Eschkol bipụtara mpịakọta iri nke Encyclopaedia Judaica na German na mpịakọta abụọ n'asụsụ Hibru.[4][5][6]  Ndị Nazi katọrọ Goldmann ụgha dị ka onye ọrụ Kọmunist nzuzo obere oge ka Beer Hall Putsch gasịrị. Na 1934, ọ lụrụ Alice Gottschalk ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Guido, amụrụ na 1938 na Switzerland, onye guzobere German Marshall Fund na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na 1972, na Michael.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/31/obituaries/nahum-goldmann-a-leader-zionist-dies-at-87.html|title=Nahum Goldmann, a Leader Zionist, Dies at 87|work=The New York Times|date=31 August 1982}}</ref> Nkwado Mussolini n'ihe gbasara ndị Juu bi na Saar, bụ́ mpaghara na-achọ ịlọkọtaghachi na ihe bụ́ Germany Nazi mgbe ahụ.[1][2]  Na 1933, o jisiri ike gbanarị ndị Gestapo nwụchiri n'ihi na ọ nọ na Palestine maka olili nna ya. Na 1935, a napụrụ ya nwa amaala Germany, wee bụrụ nwa amaala Honduras n'ihi ntinye aka nke Minista France Louis Barthou. <ref name="keshet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.keshet.it/rivista/nov-dic-02/pag1.htm|title=Bruno Segre, 'Nahum Goldmann: il profeta dimenticato'|publisher=Keshet.it|accessdate=2013-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003011031/http://www.keshet.it/rivista/nov-dic-02/pag1.htm|archivedate=2011-10-03}}</ref> O mechara kwaga United States, biri na New York City, ebe ọ nọchitere anya Jewish Agency ruo ọtụtụ afọ. [[Faịlụ:Nahum_Goldmann,_Stephen_Wise,_Henri_Torres_at_World_Jewish_Congress_conference_in_New_York,_June_1942.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nahum Goldmann, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise na Henry Torres (na-ekwu okwu) na nzukọ World Jewish Congress na New York, June 1942]] Na 1936, Goldmann na Reform Rabbi Stephen S. Wise hiwere World Jewish Congress (WJC).[1]  A na-ekwu na ọ bụ amụma mbụ e buru banyere iyi egwu Hitler na òtù Nazi na-eweta.  N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1942, o kwuru, sị, "[W] onye nwere ike ibu amụma ihe ọchịchị Nazi, ozugbo webatara n'ọnọdụ nke onye gburu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ga-eme n'oge ikpeazụ tupu ya agbada n'ihere?"  ọkara nke ọzọ aghaghị ịnọdụ ala ma ghara igbochi ọdachi a."[3] Goldmann biri na United States na June 1940, mesịa ghọọ nwa amaala US, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1964. Goldmann nwụrụ na Bad Reichenhall, Germany nke ọdịda akpa ume.[1]  E liri ya n’ebe a na-eli ozu nke Ugwu Herzl nke Jerusalem na ngalaba e debere maka ndị isi nke World Zionist Organisation. Ọ bụghị Prime Minister nke oge ahụ Menachem Begin bịara olili ya, ọ nweghịkwa nkwupụta ọgbaghara sitere n'aka gọọmentị Israel.  Yasser Arafat zigaara nkasi obi, na-ekwu na "Ndị Palestine na-eru uju ọnwụ Nahum Goldmann. Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị Juu nwere àgwà pụrụ iche. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na ikike ziri ezi maka ndị mmadụ niile. == Mgbalị ndị Juu na ndị Zionist == [[Faịlụ:NahumGoldmann1952.jpg|thumb|Nahum Goldmann na-abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta nkwụghachi ụgwọ na West Germany, 1952]] Goldmann chọtara ndị ndú ndị Juu na United States kewara ekewa, na-enweghị usoro iwu jikọrọ ọnụ n'oge mgbe ịdị n'otu nke "ebumnobi na nzube dị mkpa."[1] N'ịbụ onye nwere nkụda mmụọ nke ukwuu n'ihi ọchịchị nke a kewara ekewa, o kwupụtara, sị, 'N'ime afọ m nile na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Juu, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m nwere mmetụta na-adịghị ike, nke na-ewute m nke ukwuu dịka m mere nke a.  Anyị nile bụ́ ndị na-ekwuchitere ndị Juu n’oge ahụ—ma mụ onwe m na-agụnyekwa onwe m—nwere òkè nke ikpe ọmụma ahụ.’ [1] Ma ya na Stephen Wise, bụ́ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, abụwo ndị na-egosipụta ‘nhazi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke ndụ ndị Juu’;  ya bụ, "ọha nwere ihe ọmụma ma na-ekwusi ike."  Ma n'okpuru nrụgide nke ọnọdụ oge agha, na n'abalị nke 1940 ntuli aka onye isi ala America, ha bịara nwee obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè nke nrụgide ọha na eze, na-ahọrọ diplomacy dị jụụ n'azụ ihe nkiri dị ka ụzọ dị irè karị nke ịchụso ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị nwere ike ime.[2]  Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ echiche a, nke Goldmann na Wise na-ekerịta, bụ nke dugara ha n'ike n'ike megide Hillel Kook's (Peter Bergson) ụzọ dị ike, ihe okike na nke ọha na eze iji gbalịa ịzọpụta ndị Juu gbahapụrụ na Europe.  N'ihi ya, Goldman na maara ihe ghọrọ ndị na-eduga ndị na-egbochi nnapụta N'ikwekọ n'echiche ya na "n'itinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ụlọ, mmadụ ga-akpachara anya mgbe niile na akọ ma ọ bụ n'ihe ize ndụ na-ebute iro nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama,"[1] ọ bụghị Goldmann ma ọ bụ ndị ndú ndị Juu gbara ya gburugburu kwalitere mgbasa ozi ọha na eze megide usoro mbata na ọpụpụ America ọbụna dị ka European Jewry na-achọ ebe mgbaba na Nazism.  Ụfọdụ ndị Juu America, gụnyere Louis Brandeis na Felix Frankfurter, gbalịrị aka ha na diplomacy dị jụụ na ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma, dị ka nke na-ejupụta oke ndị ahụ site na 1939. Ihe na-akawanye njọ nke nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mgbe Anschluss na 1938 gasịrị, kpatara nrụgide ọzọ, na-eduga President Roosevelt ịkpọ oku maka ogbako mba ụwa a maara dị ka Nzukọ Evian nke afọ ahụ na France.  Ebumnuche ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ịchọta ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ narị puku ndị Juu a chụpụrụ achụpụ.  Goldmann gara dịka onye nleba anya maka ọgbakọ ndị Juu mba ụwa.[2]  N’ime mba iri atọ na abụọ bịaranụ, ọ bụ naanị Dọminikan Ripọblik kwetara ịnakwere ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, mgbalị e tumadi eduzi kwupụta ochie mmemme nke 'rehalitating Palestine'.  Goldmann kpọrọ oku maka ogbako ndị Zionist pụrụ iche na 1942 iji guzobe atụmatụ jikọrọ ọnụ iji belata mmetụta na-emebi emebi nke atumatu Nazi na ndị Juu Europe, ihe si na ya pụta bụ mmemme Biltmore, nke kpọrọ oku, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, mbata na ọpụpụ ndị Juu na-enweghị mgbochi na Palestine.[1]  N'okwu ya na ogbako Goldmann dọrọ aka ná ntị na a ga-eji okwu ndị Nazi kpọrọ ihe, nakwa na e nwere nsonazụ mgbukpọ a na-apụghị ịhụ anya maka ndị Juu Europe bụ ndị Nazi na-aga n'ihu na atumatu ha.[2]  Na Mee 1943 Kọmitii Mberede America nzuko Goldmann, yana Abba Hillel Silver, bụ onye na-akwado echiche na mgba megide MacDonald White Paper bụ nzọụkwụ na nguzobe nke ọchịchị ndị Juu. Na Jenụwarị 1945, Goldmann nyere aka n'ichepụta kọmitii na-ejikọta mbọ nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Ndị Juu nke America (JDC) na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu maka nnapụta na nhazigharị nke ihe fọdụrụ nke ndị Juu na Europe.[1].  Goldmann kwadoro ogologo oge ka e kee steeti abụọ na Palestine, otu Arab na otu onye Juu;  echiche ya bụ na nnwere onwe dị mkpa karịa ịchịkwa ókèala a kapịrị ọnụ, na nkọwa ya bụ na ebumnobi kwesịrị ịbụ ịmepụta 'ala ndị Juu nwere ike ime na mpaghara Palestine zuru oke'[2].  Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ya na David Ben-Gurion rụsiri ọrụ ike maka okike nke Israel, [3] ọ bụ ezie na ya na Moshe Shertok, dụrụ Ben-Gurion ọdụ, n'efu, na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe ga-egbu oge iji nyekwuo oge maka iru eru diplomatic entente na Arab.[4][5] [6]  Ọ nọ na-echegbu onwe ya na agha Arab na Israel ga-ada mgbe ndị Briten hapụchara Iwu ha ma kpọsaa ala Izrel. [[Faịlụ:Moshe_Sharett,_Miriam_Freund,_Louis_Lipsky_&_Nahum_Goldmann,_1960.jpg|thumb|Moshe Sharett, [[Miriam Freund-Rosenthal|Miriam Freund]], Louis Lipsky na Nahum Goldmann, 1960]] Site na 1951 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Executive nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu.  N'afọ ahụ, ọ kpọkọtara nzukọ na New York City nke 23 nnukwu òtù ndị Juu na mba na mba ụwa iji lebara ọrụ nke iso ndị ọchịchị West German kpakọrịta nkwekọrịta maka nkwụghachi ndị Juu maka mfu nke Nazi Germany na Oké Mgbukpọ kpatara.  Nzukọ nke ihe ndị Juu na-azọrọ megide Germany (nke a makwaara dị ka Mgbakọ Claims) bụ nzukọ sitere na nzukọ a pụta.  Na September 10, 1952, ka ọnwa isii nke mkparịta ụka gasịrị, e nwetara nkwekọrịta nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'etiti Mgbakọ Claims na ọchịchị Konrad Adenauer nke West Germany.  N'ịkọwapụta mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, David Ben-Gurion kwuru na 1952 [ka?] Dr. Goldmann, "Na nke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu, ndị a na-emegbu na ndị a na-akwakọrọ ihe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ... onye mmegbu na onye na-apụnara mmadụ ihe aghaghị inyeghachi ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a kwatara akwata ma kwụọ ụgwọ mkpokọta maka akụkụ nke mfu ihe onwunwe."  Na 1954, a bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta yiri nke ahụ n'etiti [[Austria]] na Israel. Goldmann jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke World Jewish Congress, òtù nhazi maka ọtụtụ òtù ndị Juu na-abụghị Israel. Ọ kwadoro Israel na mba ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye nkatọ siri ike maka iwu gọọmentị Israel. Site na 1956 ruo 1968, Goldmann jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke World Zionist Organization . N'ọnọdụ ahụ, Goldmann katọrọ n'ihu ọha omume Gọọmentị Israel na ntọrọ Adolf Eichmann, ma gbaa ume ka e zigara okwu ahụ n'ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa. Ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala Israel na 1962, na [[Switzerland]] na 1969. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara biri na Israel, na-eke oge ya n'etiti Israel na Switzerland. N'oge ndụ ya, o nwere ụmụ amaala asaa, ma biri akụkụ ikpeazụ ya na Paris. == Ntọala Ncheta Maka Ọdịbendị Ndị Juu == Ntọala Memorial maka Omenala ndị Juu tọrọ ntọala na 1964 site n'aka Goldmann bụ onye kpalitere nkwụghachi ụgwọ ya na onye isi ọchịchị Federal Republic of Germany Dr Konrad Adenauer.[1][2]  Ọhụụ Goldmann maka MFJC bụ ịkwalite ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị nka nka, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọkà mmụta Torah iji dochie ndị e mebiri na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ.  Na mkpokọta, Goldmann nwetara ihe karịrị nde dollar 20 n'aka gọọmentị West Germany iji kwalite ndụ omenala ndị Juu n'ụwa niile. Kemgbe e guzobere ya, MFJC enyewo ihe karịrị 16,000 onyinye maka agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị Juu yana agụmakwụkwọ na mkpakọrịta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissbankclaims.com/DOCUMENTS_NEW/MemFoundForJewishCul.pdf|title=Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture|publisher=Swiss Bank Claims|accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref>Ntọala ahụ na-enye ndị isi ego n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Juu.<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/memorial-foundation-for-jewish-culture|title=Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jhom.com/info/memorial.html|title=Jewish Heritage Online Magazine|publisher=Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture|accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref> === Nahum Goldmann Fellowship Program === Emebere mmemme mmekọ nke Nahum Goldmann na 1987[1] iji kpọkọta ndị ndu ndị Juu na-eto eto si n'akụkụ ụwa niile, kparịta ihe ndị metụtara ha, nyochaa njirimara ndị Juu, kwalite ikike idu ndú ha, na ịmụta banyere obodo ndị Juu n'akụkụ ụwa ndị ọzọ. Emeela mmemme mmemme n'ụwa niile yana ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000 sitere na mba 70 bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme ahụ.[1][2]  Na 2016, e mere mmemme na Havana, Cuba.  Nke a bụ nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ ndị Juu na Cuba ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 60. == Echiche na echiche == Ọ bụ ezie na onye nkwado siri ike nke Zionism, Goldmann bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike nke echiche nke ndị mba ọzọ ka Goldmann chere na obodo ndị Juu agaghị aza mkpa niile nke ndị Juu.[1]  O nwere nchegbu banyere nchikota ndị Juu, wee lụọ ọgụ iji wusie agụmakwụkwọ, omenala na ụlọ ọrụ ndị Juu na-abụghị nke Israel ike. Goldmann na-akatọ Israel maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ndabere ya na ike agha, na maka ịghara inwekwu ohere mgbe Agha Ụbọchị isii nke 1967 gasịrị, na-akwado ọnọdụ na nanị ohere nke ịlanarị Israel ogologo oge bụ ịnakwere ikike nke ndị Palestine dịka ndị mmadụ. Ọ kwadoro ugboro ugboro ka udo dịrị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Israel, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ gaghị enwe ọdịnihu maka mba ndị Juu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na ndị Arab ekwekọrịtaghị. October 1967, ọ zutere onye ndu Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito, ma rịọ ya ka ọ gwa ndị isi ọchịchị Kọmunist ndị ọzọ, yana ndị isi Arab, echiche ya maka nzizi udo.[1]  Na mbido 1970, onye isi ala Egypt Gamel Abdel Nasser kpọrọ ya oku ka ọ bịa n'okwu mana gọọmentị Israel kwụsịrị ya.[2][3]  Mgbalị ịkpọtụrụ onye isi PLO Yasser Arafat, na 1974, ka a na-ahụta dị ka aghụghọ dị elu, echiche dị oke egwu Goldmann chere na ọ bụ nzuzu.  N'afọ 1982, ọ kpọrọ Mịnịsta Ala Israel ka ọ ghara imeghachi omume megide Zionism na antisemitism na mbuso agha nke Lebanon. Na1977, Goldmann kwupụtara iwe ya na ụzọ Israel si mee usoro udo:   N'ime afọ 30, Israel ewepụtabeghị ndị Arab otu atụmatụ udo. Ọ jụwo atụmatụ ibibi ọ bụla nke ndị enyi ya na ndị iro ya chepụtara. O yighị ka ọ nweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụghị ichekwa ọnọdụ dị ugbu a ka ọ na-agbakwunye mpaghara ibe n'otu akụkụ. Na 1981, ọ katọrọ usoro nke iji Holocaust mee ihe iji kwado arụrụala na igbu ọchụ:   Anyị ga-aghọta na ahụhụ ndị Juu na-ata n’oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ agakwaghị abụ ihe nchebe, anyị aghaghịkwa ịzere iji arụmụka nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ mee ka ihe ọ bụla anyị nwere ike mee ziri ezi. Ojiji nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ maka bọmbụ nke Lebanon, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Menachem Begin mere, bụ ụdị "Hillul Hashem" [sacrilege], nkwụsị nke ọdachi dị nsọ nke Soah [Holocaust], nke a na-ekwesịghị iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enyo enyo na atumatu enweghị nchebe. Onye isi ndị PLO gbatụrụ aka n'oge nnọchibido nke Beirut, o weputara ụkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ise nke ga-enyere aka ijide agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị PLO n'ụkwụ siri ike: (1) hapụ Beirut, (2) kwụsị iyi ọha egwu, (3) ịkwaga na Tunis, naanị ebe ndị ọchịchị Palestine nwere ike inwe ezigbo nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, (4) guzobe ọchịchị nwa oge nke opekata mpe mba 150 ga-amata ozugbo, yana (5) mata Israel. Ọ bụrụ na ewere usoro ndị a, Goldmann dụrụ ọdụ, PLO ga-eguzobe ihe ndabere maka ịmepụta obodo Palestine n'akụkụ nke Israel. Ọhụụ Goldmann bụ ime ka Israel bụrụ ebe ime mmụọ na nke omume maka ndị Juu niile, steeti nnọpụiche dịtụ n'ụdị Switzerland, nwere nkwenye mba ụwa maka nchekwa ya, ịdị adị na oke ya, yana ikekwe ọbụlagodi ọnụnọ mba ụwa ihe atụ na-adịgide adịgide. == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * Erez-Israel - Reisebriefe aus Palästina 1914: online na archive.org[[iarchive:erezisraelreiseb00golduoft|n'ịntanetị na archive.org]] * Der Geist des Militarismus (Mmụọ nke Militarism) Stuttgart 1915 [[hdl:2027/osu.32435017233032|online na HathiTrust]] * Von der Weltkulturellen Bedeutung und Aufgabe des Judentums (N'ihe ọdịbendị ụwa pụtara na ọrụ ndị Juu) München 1916 * ''Staatsmann ohne Staat'' (Statesman Without a State, autobiography), 1970, Köln: Kiepenheuer-Witsch.   * {{Cite book|title=The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann: Sixty Years of Jewish Life|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|year=1969|isbn=0-03-081337-9}} * na French: online na archive.org{{Cite book|title=The Jewish Paradox|publisher=Grosset & Dunlap|year=1978|isbn=0-448-15166-9}}[[iarchive:LeParadoxeJuif--ConversationsEnFrancaisAvecLeonAbramowicz|n'ịntanetị na archive.org]] * Mein Leben als deutscher Jude (''Ndụ m dị ka onye Juu German''), 1982, München: Langen-Müller.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-7844-1771-X|3-7844-1771-X]].&nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Nahum Goldmann|title=The Future of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_1970-10_49_1/page/51|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=1970|volume=49|pages=51–69}} * (N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1978). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111110829/http://www.ameu.org/uploads/goldmann_feb23_03.pdf Echiche ndị Zionist na Eziokwu nke Israel], Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ. * 3 na-arụ ọrụ n'asụsụ Yiddish: [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Goldmann%2C%20Nahum%2C%201895-1982%22 n'ịntanetị na archive.org] == Ihe nketa na ncheta == * Na 1956, ọ natara Onyinye Solomon Bublick nke Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem. * Na 1968, e nyere ya Order of Rio Branco. * Beth Hatefutsoth, Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, na Mahadum Tel Aviv * [http://www.ngfp.org Ihe Omume Nahum Goldmann] == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ Nkwupụta * Nzukọ nke ndị isi oche nke nnukwu òtù ndị Juu America * Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu Maka Israel * Wiedergutmachung * Nzukọ Ndị Juu Ụwa * Òtù Ndị Zionist Ụwa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}}1. 1 1.0 1.1 "Nahum Goldmann (onye ndu ndị Sionist nke Israel) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Ọgọst 25, 2020. eweghachiri June 16, 2021. 2. ↑ Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nketa ndị Juu dị n'ịntanetị Nahum Goldmann Ndekọ akụkọ ndụ 3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Nahum Goldmann, Onye Amaala Ụwa, Kenneth Libo, PhD, na Michael Skakun, Center for Jewish Studies". Cjh.org. Edebere na nke izizi na Eprel 14, 2013. eweghachitere August 18, 2013. 4. ↑ "Erez-Israel - Reisebriefe aus Palästina 1914.Rückblick nach siebzig Jahren von Nahum Goldmann". Jahrbuch2001.studien-von-zeitfragen.net. eweghachiri August 18, 2013. 5.1 Hans-Peter Schwarz (1995) Konrad Adenauer: Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German na onye ọchịchị n'oge Agha, Mgbanwe na Nrụzigharị Berghahn Akwụkwọ, <nowiki>ISBN 1-57181-870-7</nowiki> р. 645 6. ↑ ​​Selwyn Ilan Troen (1992) Ịhazi Nnapụta: National Jewish Solidarity in Modern Period Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 0-7146-3413-1</nowiki> р. 144 7. Edebere Magazin nkọwa 2009-05-30 na igwe Wayback December 1972 8. Ludwig Lewisohn (2007) Mmụgharị - Akwụkwọ nke Echiche Ndị Juu Oge A. Gụọ akwụkwọ, <nowiki>ISBN 1-4067-4857-9</nowiki> р. 166 9. 1 Herbert A. Strauss (1993) Ndị eji eji oge a: Ọmụmụ banyere Antisemitism nke oge a 1870-1933-39 Germany -Great Britain - France, Walter de Gruyter, <nowiki>ISBN 3-11-010776-7</nowiki> р. 223 10.1 "Nahum Goldmann, onye ndu Zionist, nwụrụ na 87°. New York Times. Reuters. Ọgọst 31, 1982. 11. 1 David Vital (1999) Ndị Kewapụrụ: Ndị Juu nọ na Europe, 1789-1939. Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-820805-7</nowiki> р. 893 12. 1 Michele Sarfatti (2006) Ndị Juu nọ na Mussolini's Italy: Site na nha anya na mkpagbu nke John Tedeschi sụgharịrị, Anne C. Tedeschi University of Wisconsin Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-299-21734-5</nowiki> р. 77 13.1 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Bruno Segre, 'Nahum Goldmann: il profeta dimenticato", Keshet ya. Edebere ya na izizi na Ọktoba 3, 2011. Eweghachitere August 18, 2013. 14. 1 Itamar Rabinovich, Jehuda Reinharz, Israel na Middle East: Documents na Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 ruo ugbu a, UPNE, 2008, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87451-962-4</nowiki> р. 591 15.1 Mkpokọta ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ndị Juu ụwa, Akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ echekwara na Septemba 15, 2008, na igwe Wayback 16. 1 Aaron Berman (1990) Nazism, ndị Juu, na American Zionism, 1933-1948 Wayne State University Press, 1990 <nowiki>ISBN 0-8143-2232-8</nowiki> pg. 96 17. 1 Aaron Berman (1990), op. cit., p. 99 18. 1 "Nahum Goldmann Nwụrụ Anwụ na 87 | Ụlọ Ọrụ Telegraph Juu". Jta.org. Ọnwa Nke Asatọ 31, 1982. eweghachiri August 18, 2013. 19. 1 Chomsky, Noam (2014). Triangle dị egwu: United States, Israel na ndị Palestine. Chicago, Illinois: Akwụkwọ Haymarket. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-60846-440-1</nowiki>. 20. Allon Gal, David Ben-Gurion na American Alignment for a Jewish State, Indiana University Press, 1991, p. 115 21. Usoro nke nzukọ Nachum Goldman na State Department na-arịọ maka mbula ma ọ bụ idepụta Hillel Kook nwere ike ịchọta na mgbakwunye na Prọfesọ David Wyman na Dr. Rafael Medoff's Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America, na Holocaust. Norton, 2002 <nowiki>ISBN 1-56584-761-X</nowiki> 22. Allon Gal (1991), op. cit., p. 115, na-ehota site na Goldmann's Memoirs 23. ↑ Nahum Goldmann, Afọ Agha Edebere 2011-07-13 na Wayback Machine Jewish Heritage Online 24. ↑ "Mpụga na Evian Conference". Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Holocaust nke United States. 25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mitchell Geoffrey Bard na Moshe Schwartz (2005) 1001 Eziokwu Onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma banyere Israel Rowman & Littlefield, <nowiki>ISBN 0-7425-4358-7</nowiki> р. 9. 26. Aaron Berman (1990), op. obodo. p. 96-97 27. ↑ Jeffrey S. Gurock (1998) American Zionism: Mission and Politics Taylor & Francis, <nowiki>ISBN 0-415-91932-0</nowiki> p. 348 28. Menahem Kaufman (1991) Mmekọrịta na-enweghị isi: Ndị na-abụghị ndị Zionist na ndị Zionist na America, 1939-1948 Wayne State University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-8143-2370-7</nowiki> 29. Evan M Wilson, William B. Quandt, Ihe ize ndụ gbakọọ, Mkpebi US iji mata Israel, Menasha Ridge Press, 2008 р.190 30. Israel Goldstein (1984) Ụwa m Dị ka onye Juu: Ihe Memoirs nke Israel Goldstein Associated University Presses, <nowiki>ISBN 0-8453-4780-2</nowiki> р. 331 31. ↑ Howard M. Sachar, Usoro nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Juu nke oge a, Dell, 1977 <nowiki>ISBN 0-679-72746-9</nowiki> p.478 32. Noam Chomsky, Triangle Fateful: United States, Israel, na ndị Palestine, rev ed. 1999 Pluto Press, London <nowiki>ISBN 0-920057-21-7</nowiki> р. 97 33. Ofira Seliktar, Kewara Anyị Na-eguzo: Ndị Juu America, Israel, na Usoro Udo, Greenwood Press, 2002 p.13 34. ↑ Time magazine Justice on Trial Monday, 13 June 1960 35. ↑ "Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture" (PDF). Swiss Bank na-ekwu. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 36. 36.0 36.1 "Ntọala Ncheta maka Omenala ndị Juu". Ndị Juu Virtual Library. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 37 . ↑ “Ntọala Ncheta Maka Omenala Ndị Juu” (PDF). Swiss Bank na-ekwu. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 38. ↑ "Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nketa ndị Juu n'ịntanetị". Ntọala ncheta maka omenala ndị Juu. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 39. 1 39.0 39.1 "Ebe ndị Juu na-ezukọ: Ntụgharị uche ụfọdụ na Nahum Goldmann Fellowship". Ndị Juu Philanthrophy. Ọnwa Asaa 16, 2017. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 40. 1 40.0 40.1 "Banyere". Mmemme mmekọ Nahum Goldmann. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 41. ↑ "Nkwekọrịta Nahum Goldmann: Nlereanya maka Ọkachamma na Mmepe Ọchịchị Ndị Juu". Bnai Brith. Septemba 18, 2018. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 42. ↑ "Cuba ga-anabata seminarị ndị Juu ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 60 gachara". Oge nke Israel. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023. 43. Haaretz 27 Disemba 2002 "Onye Juu na-enweghị oke" nke Tom Segev dere. 44. 1 Site na Mba Ọzọ, Eprel 1970 "Ọdịnihu nke Israel" nke Nahum Goldmann dere. 45. ↑ Akwụkwọ akụkọ Frankel-Hexter banyere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze [na Palestine] na World Zionist Organisation ... mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Juu na-eyi egwu site na nkwenye na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị Zionists "na Arab bụ interloper kama inwe ikike nha anya nke obodo na ndị Juu" Rafael Medoff (2001) Onye ndu ndị Juu na-ahụ maka ihe nzuzo na Baksheegosh Diplomacy n'etiti ndị isi ndị Juu na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bakshee Iv nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] Akwụkwọ Lexington, <nowiki>ISBN 0-7391-0204-4</nowiki> р. 18 41. ↑ "Nkwekorita N. Nlereanya maka Oka Ochịchị Ndị Juu". Bnai Brith. Septemba Eweghachitere Jula 42. ↑ "Cuba ga-anab ka ihe foro nke nta k gachara". Oge nke Is Julai 11, 2023. 43. Haaretz 27 Dise na-enweghi oke" nke 44. 1 Site na Mba O 46. ​​↑ "Polish Record of Nzukọ nke Soviet-bloc ndú (na Tito) na Moscow, November 9, 1967". Legacy.wilsoncenter.org. Ọnwa Iri na Otu 9, 1967. Edebere na mbụ na Julaị 11, 2012. Ewepụtara Ọgọst 18, 2013. 47.1 Mordechai Gazit (2002) Israel Diplomacy na Quest for Peace Routledge, 2002 <nowiki>ISBN 0-7146-5233-4</nowiki> p. 79-80 48. ↑ Peter Y. Medding (1989) Studies in Contemporary Jewry: State and Society, 1948-1988 Oxford University Press U.S., <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-505827-5</nowiki> р. 390 49. ↑ New York Nyochaa Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta 29, Nọmba 15 October 7, 1982 "Olee Ebe Israel Na-aga?" nke Nahum Goldmann dere == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Medoff, Rafael (2001) Baksheesh Diplomacy: Mkparịta ụka nzuzo n'etiti ndị isi ndị Juu America na ndị ọrụ Arab na Eve nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Lexington Books,   * Patai, Raphael (2004) Nahum Goldmann: Ọrụ Ya Na The Gentiles University of Alabama Press,   * Raider, Mark A. Editor (2009) Nahum Goldmann, Statesman without a State: [https://books.google.com/books?id=BaB5LRpZGlEC akụkụ dị n'ịntanetị na Google Books] == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/goldmann.html Akụkọ ndụ sitere na Jewish Virtual Library] * A na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke Nahum Goldmann na Central Zionist Archives na Jerusalem. Ọfịs nke Nahum Goldmann (S80), ọfịs Nahum Goldman na New York na Geneva (Z6) * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2010543 Echiche nke ndị Zionist na Eziokwu nke Israel: Echiche nke Nahum Goldmann] mqohpm2k7w3da52k6do3jr45tid5ufu 0 60456 697458 516260 2026-08-09T19:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697458 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Akua_Dansua_(7106481535).jpg|thumb|322x322px|Sena Dansua na-ekwu okwu na nnọkọ Women in Development na Ịha nhata nke ohere na ịha nhata na 23 Eprel 2012 na Doha]] '''Akua Sena Dansua''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958) bụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na nkwukọrịta na Ghana, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-achị achị na onye nduzi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="PeaceFM">{{Cite web|url=http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/282/biography/|title=Akua Sena Dansua|accessdate=2010-04-28|work=Biography|publisher=Peace Fm Online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419071549/http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/282/biography/|archivedate=19 April 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye omeiwu nke North Dayi na [[Ghana]] na onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya [[Jémanị|Germany]]. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-12|title=Sena Dansua touts her achievements as MP for North Dayi|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/sena-dansua-touts-her-achievements-as-mp-for-north-dayi/|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=MyJoyOnline.|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dansua na Hohoe na Hohoe Municipal District nke Volta Region na 23 Eprel 1958. Ezinụlọ ya sitere na Botoku, kwa na mpaghara Volta. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kadjebi-Akan Local Authority Experimental Primary and Middle School. Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Mawuli ScHo na Ho, isi obodo nke mpaghara Volta. <ref name="PeaceFM" /> Ọ zụrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Ghana Institute of Journalism na Accra . <ref name="PeaceFM" /> Dansua bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Ghana na Legon, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1990. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/mps/?&mpd=207&PHPSESSID=be93611dbf1c90ce1cb1a6ca6c8a1420|title=Hon. Akua Sena Dansua (NDC) (North Dayi)|accessdate=2010-01-26|work=Members Of Parliament » Profile|publisher=Ghana Home Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928081653/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/mps/?&mpd=207&PHPSESSID=be93611dbf1c90ce1cb1a6ca6c8a1420|archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref> O nwetakwara nzere masta na Governance na Leadership site na Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration . <ref name="PeaceFM" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akua Sena Dansua|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1162|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=ghanaweb}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akua Dansua bụ onye enyemaka ntuli aka na Electoral Commission nke Ghana n'etiti afọ 1979 na 1980. Site na 1983 ruo 1987 ọ bụ Chief Reporter nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Nigerian Reporter . [1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Weekly Spectator na Accra, Ghana, dị ka onye nta akụkọ, mesịa bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. [1] O ji ọnọdụ a ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ndu na National Council on Women and Development na dịka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). [1] Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Advocates for Gender and Development Initiatives-Ghana, otu NGO na Kpando na onye otu Africa for Democracy and Good Governance (ADG) na Gambia.[1] == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Dansua bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna District maka Kpando n'okpuru National Defence Council [1] nke Jerry Rawlings. A họpụtara ya ịbụ nzuko omeiwu n'afọ 2001 ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara North Dayi. O mechara bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ, ndị ntorobịa na mmiri na njem nlegharị anya.[1]. O kwuru na ihe ịga nke ọma ya bụ na njedebe nke atụmatụ ịgba chaa chaa Visa mgbe ọ bụ Minista egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ.[2] === Onye omeiwu === Dansua jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu na 3rd, 4th na 5th parliament nke 4th Republic of Ghana site na Jenụwarị 2001 ruo Jenụwarụ 2013. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Dansua, Akua Sena (Ms)|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=128|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=Ghana MPs|archivedate=2025-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117065723/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=128}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụkwara ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka onye otu Commonwealth Observer Team na ntuli aka onye isi ala Gambia na 2006 nakwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu Ghana na nnọkọ nke iri atọ na asaa nke Afrịka nke Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, [[Abuja]], Nigeria.<ref name="PeaceFM" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Akua Sena Dansua, Former Minister for Tourism|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1162|accessdate=2020-04-08|work=Ghanaweb.}}</ref> ==== Nhọrọ 2000 ==== A họpụtara Dansua ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke North Day's Constituency na ntuli aka izugbe Ghana nke afọ 2000..o meriri ntuliaka na tiketi National Democratic Congress. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ mmeri nke National Democratic Congress, nke meriri 17 n'ime oche ndị omeiwu 19, na ụfọdụ n'ime otu na mpaghara Volta. [1] [2] [3] National Democratic Congress meriri 92 n'ime oche ndị omeiwu 200 na ndị omeiwu nke atọ nke Ghana.[1] O jiri vootu 23,962 merie n'ime mkpokọta 32,785.[1] Nke a bụ 73.8% nke ntuli aka ndị ziri ezi.[1] Ndị a na-eme ntuli aka bụ Thomas A.K.M. Ntumy nke Convention People's Party, Seth A. Akwensivie nke New Patriotic Party, Adolf Agbpdza nke United Ghana Movement na Augustine Yawo Adjei nke National Reformed Party. [1] Ndị a nwetara 6,175, 1,161, 805 na 352 vootu n'otu n'ime ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana -Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=56}}</ref> Ndị a bụ 19%, 3.6%, 2.5 na 1.1% n'otu n'otu nke ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi.<ref name=":2" /> === Minista nke steeti === Ọ ghọrọ minista nke steeti na 2009 mgbe Onye isi ala John Evans Atta Mills họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women, advertisements and Akua Dansua Sena's beef|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/249626/women-advertisements-and-akua-dansua-senas-beef.html|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ site na Febụwarị 2009 ruo Jenụwarị 2010. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Akua Sena Dansua Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/akua_sena_dansua/biography/|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=peacefmonline|archivedate=2024-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319025401/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/akua_sena_dansua/biography/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''peacefmonline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mechara bụrụ Minista nwanyị mbụ maka ndị ntorobịa na egwuregwu <ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-07-07|title=Ghana calls for Fifa rule change|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537133|accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> mgbe mgbanwe nke kansụl na Jenụwarị 2010 na Minista maka njem nleta na Jenụwaị 4.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=175763|title=Reshuffle Blues: Sena Dansua Heads Sports Ministry.|accessdate=2010-01-26|work=General News of Tuesday, 26 January 2010|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2011, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ otu afọ dị ka Minista nke Ndị Ntorobịa na Egwuregwu, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Njem Nleta, na-anọchi Zita Okaikoi.<ref name="2011 reshuffle">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=200624|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Zita dropped, Betty for education|accessdate=2011-02-07|date=2011-01-04|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dogbevi|first=Emmanuel|date=2012-11-16|title=Free SHS possible only at expense of other sectors – Sena Dansua|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/11/16/free-shs-possible-only-at-expense-of-other-sectors-sena-dansua/|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> === Onye nnọchi anya === Onye isi ala John Dramani Mahama họpụtara Dansua ka ọ bụrụ Onye nnọchi anya Ghana na Germany na Mee 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daily Guide|date=19 May 2014|title=5 Envoys Get Postings|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/542087/5-envoys-get-postings.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-29|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Ghanaian Community Leaders In Germany Meet With New Ambassador|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/565163/the-ghanaian-community-leaders-in-germany-meet.html|accessdate=2021-01-29|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=ANA|date=2014-07-04|title=Ghana's Ambassador to Germany Presents Letters of Accreditation in Berlin {{!}} AfricaNewsAnalysis|url=https://www.africanewsanalysis.com/ghanas-ambassador-to-germany-presents-letters-of-accreditation-in-berlin/|accessdate=2021-01-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ahụ na-akwalite ngalaba njem nke Ghana, na-achọ ọdịmma nke ndị Ghana na Germany ma na-akpali mmekọrịta dị mma na gọọmentị Germany ruo Jenụwarị 2017.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-22|title=WATCH: Wiyaala meets Ghana's Ambassador to Germany Akua Sena Dansua at Kenako Festival in Berlin|url=https://yfmghana.com/watch-wiyaala-meets-ghanas-ambassador-to-germany-akua-sena-dansua-at-kenako-festival-in-berlin/|accessdate=2020-08-02|work=YFM Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Ghana na [[Latvia]]. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/news/latest-news/48746-the-state-secretary-and-the-ambassador-of-ghana-sign-a-memorandum-of-understanding-on-political-consultations|title=The State Secretary and the Ambassador of Ghana sign a Memorandum of Understanding on political consultations|date=17 November 2015|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia|accessdate=2020-08-03}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya mba Ghana na [[Latvia]] mgbe ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ala na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na 10 Machị 2015.<ref name=":6" /> == Njikọ ndị ọkachamara na bọọdụ == Dansua bụ onye otu dị iche iche na otu obodo, ma nkeonwe ma nke ọha. Ọ bụ onye otu African Women Development Fund (AWDF) ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke West Africa Media Network (WAMNET). [1] Dansua rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Association of Women in the Media (ASWIM) Ghana. Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dịka onye otu, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Parliamentary Press Corps. [1] Dansua jere ozi dị ka onye otu Evangelical Presbyterian (EP) University College Council na 2005. <ref name="PeaceFM" /> Ọ sonyeere netwọk UNITE Parliamentarian nke bụ netwọk nke Ricardo Leite na-eduzi maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara ahụike ụwa. == Onyinye na mmata == Iwu ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ikike mmadụ nke Art Foundation ghọtara Dansua maka onye ndu ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na Ghana.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na Dansua bụ onye nta akụkọ oge niile, ọ natala ọtụtụ mkpakọrịta na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị mgbe ọ natara onyinye Dag Hammarskjold na 1991, nke United Nations Correspondents Association nyere maka ịbụ onye odeakụkọ kacha mma sitere na Africa. Enyere ya ohere dị ụkọ ịga nnọkọ nke 46 nke UN General Assembly na New York na 1991 dị ka ihe nrite ya.[1][2]. <ref name=":5" /><ref name="PeaceFM" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dansua a gbara alụkwaghịm ma nwee ụmụ atọ. Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst ma na-efe ofufe dị ka onye Presbyterian Evangelical. [1] [2] N'oge ezumike ya, ọ na-enwe mmasị na ọrụ mmekọrịta, ige egwu, ịgụ akwụkwọ, na ịkparịta ụka n'ịntanetị.[3] == Hụkwa == * Ebe Ugwu Dayi * Ministri nke Ụmụ nwanyị na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Ụmụaka * Ministry of Youth and Sports (Ghana) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Ghana E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928081653/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/mps/?&mpd=207&PHPSESSID=be93611dbf1c90ce1cb1a6ca6c8a1420 GhanaDistricts.com] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c5d91qqx3ebepwxhhrcjpcnaje4dk6w 0 63312 697921 495867 2026-08-10T10:51:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Afrikakonferenz.jpg|thumb|Nzukọ nke Berlin, dị ka e gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ German Die Gartenlaube''Ịnwụ Gartenlaube'']] [[Faịlụ:Kongokonferenz.jpg|thumb|Nzukọ nke Berlin, dị ka e gosiri na Illustrirte Zeitung''Illustrate gị na Zeitung'']] Ọgbakọ Berlin nke agbata1884-1885 bụ ihe nke ike ike nke mechiri site na ịbịanye aka na General Act of Berlin, [1] . na-achịkwa ndị Europe na azụmahịa na Africa n'oge New Imperialism.  Ọ bụ Otto von Bismarck, onye isi ala mbụ nke Germany, haziri akwụkwọ nke mba iri na anọ, na ọtụtụ nke Leopold nke amaghị nke Belgium.[2]  Ọ zutere na 15 Nọvemba 1884 ma, mgbe a gbasịrị ya, mechiri na 26 Febụwarị 1885 site na ịbịanye aka na General Act. Enwere ike ịhụ General Act of Berlin dị ka nhazi nke Scramble for Africa nke na-aga n'ihu. Nzukọ ahụ nyere aka n'ịmepụta oge nke ọrụ ọchịchị ndị Europe, a na-ekwukwa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka "ịkpụpụ Afrịka". Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-adọ aka ná ntị megide ikwubiga okwu ókè banyere ọrụ ya na nkewa nke Africa, na-adọta uche n'ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta abụọ e mere tupu na mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="Katzenellenbogen" />><ref name="Craven" /><ref name="Crowe" /> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2024 chọpụtara na naanị ókèala ndị e debere na nnọkọ ahụ bụ nke mpaghara Congo (ma e dezigharịrị ha), nakwa na ọtụtụ n'ime ókèala Afrịka ewepụghị ụdị ikpeazụ ha ruo mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ gachara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Paine|first=Jack|date=2024|title=Endogenous Colonial Borders: Precolonial States and Geography in the Partition of Africa|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=119|pages=1–20|language=en|doi=10.1017/S0003055424000054|issn=0003-0554}}</ref> Wm. Otú ọ dị,Wm. Roger Louis kwetara na "Iwu Berlin nwere ihe dị mkpa na usoro nkewa" nke Africa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nzukọ == Asọmpi Europe maka ndị na-achị ala mere ka Germany malite ịmalite njem nke ya, nke tụrụ ndị ọchịchị Britain na France egwu. N'inwe olile anya iji belata esemokwu ahụ ngwa ngwa, Eze Belgium Leopold nke Abụọ mere ka France na Germany kwenye na azụmahịa ha na-azụ n'Africa bụ maka ọdịmma kachasị mma nke mba atọ ahụ. N'okpuru nkwado sitere n'aka ndị Britain na mbido nke Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, Onye isi ala nke Germany, kpọrọ ndị nnọchiteanya nke mba 13 na Europe yana United States ka ha sonye na Nzukọ Berlin na 1884 iji rụọ ọrụ na kọntinent Afrịka. Nzukọ ahụ meghere na 15 Nọvemba 1884 ma mechie na 26 Febụwarị 1885. <ref name="TC">{{Cite web|author=Rosenberg|first=Matt|title=The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/berlin-conference-1884-1885-divide-africa-1433556|work=ThoughtCo|accessdate=19 September 2017}}</ref> ụfọdụ ndị anya 'dị iche na mba ọ ALA, mana mba iri na anọ a ndị ọchịchị ka ha ga-aga Berlin ma bịanye aka na Iwu Berlin na-esote:<ref name="General-Akte der Berliner Konferenz">[[:de:s:General-Akte der Berliner Konferenz (Kongokonferenz)|{{Lang|de|General-Akte der Berliner Konferenz}} [{{Lang|fr|Acte Général de la Conférence de Berlin}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>]], 26 February 1885.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ọnọdụ !Alaeze Ukwu !Ndị nnọchi anya |- |{{flagcountry|German Empire}} |Alaeze Ukwu Germany |Otto von Bismarck Paul von Hatzfeldt Clemens Busch {{ill|Heinrich von Kusserow|de}}[de]<br /><br /><br /> |- |{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} |Alaeze Ukwu Austria |Imre Széchényi von Sárvár-Felsővidék |- |[[International Congo Society|Òtù Mba Nile nke Congo]]{{flagicon|Congo Free State}} |Òtù Mba Nile nke Congo |{{ill|Gabriel August van der Straten-Ponthoz|de|Gabriel Auguste van der Straten-Ponthoz}} Auguste, Baron Lambermont[de]<br />[[Auguste, Baron Lambermont|Ọgọstọs, Baron Lambermont]] |- |{{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}} |Alaeze Ukwu Spain |Francisco Merry na Colom, 1st Count of Benomar |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |Alaeze Ukwu Danish |{{ill|Emil Vind|da}} |- |{{flag|United States|1877}} |Alaeze Ukwu America |John A. Kasson Henry S. Sanford Henry Morton Stanley (dị ka onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ) <br /><br /> |- |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}} |Alaeze Ukwu France |Alphonse de Courcel |- |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} |Alaeze Ukwu Britain |Edward Baldwin Malet |- |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |Alaeze Ukwu Ịtali |{{ill|Edoardo de Launay|it}} |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |Alaeze Ukwu Dutch |[[Philip van der Hoeven]] |- |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal}} |Alaeze Ukwu Portugal |{{ill|Antônio José da Serra Gomes|pt}} [pt] [[António de Serpa Pimentel]]<br /> |- |{{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} |Ọchịchị Russia |Pyotr Kapnist |- |{{flagcountry|Union between Sweden and Norway}} |Alaeze Ukwu Sweden |Gillis Bildt |- |{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} |Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman |Mehmed Said Pasha |} N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, United States nwere ikike ịjụ ma ọ bụ ịnabata nkwubi okwu nke nzukọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://lril.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/31.full|title=Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade|journal=[[London Review of International Law]]|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=2018-09-24}}</ref> == Iwu Nchịkọta == General Act setịpụrụ ihe ndị a: * N'otu akụkụ iji nweta nnabata ọha na eze, <ref name="DS">{{Cite web|author=David|first=Saul|title=BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/scramble_for_africa_article_01.shtml|work=bbc.co.uk/history|publisher=BBC|accessdate=19 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Craven">{{Cite journal|author=Craven|first=M.|year=2015|title=Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade|journal=[[London Review of International Law]]|volume=3|pages=31–59|doi=10.1093/lril/lrv002}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCraven2015">Craven, M. (2015). [[doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002|"Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade"]]. ''[[London Review of International Law]]''. '''3''': <span class="nowrap">31–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002|10.1093/lril/lrv002]]</span>.</cite></ref> nzukọ ahụ kpebiri ịkwụsị ịgba ohu site n'aka Ndị Afrịka na ndị Alakụba. N'ihi ya, ndị otu Europe bịanyere aka na mmachibido iwu mba ụwa maka ahia ohu n'ebe niile ha na-akwanyere ùgwù. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad jiri mkparị kpọtụrụ otu n'ime ndị sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ, International Association of the Congo (nke a na-akpọkwa "International Congo Society"), dị ka "International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs". Aha mbụ nke Society a bụ "International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa". * Ihe onwunwe nke Belgian King Leopold's International Congo Society, aha e ji mee ihe na General Act, gosipụtara dị ka nke Society. N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1885, ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mechiri Nzukọ Berlin, onye isi nchịkwa Leopold na Congo, Francis nke Winton, mara ọkwa na a na-akpọ ókèala ahụ "Congo Free State", aha nke a na-ejighị n'ezie mee ihe n'oge nzukọ ahụ ma ọ pụtaghị na General Act.<ref name="Cornelis">{{Cite book|author=Cornelis|first=S.|date=1991|chapter=Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo (1878–1885)|editor=Cornelis, S.|title=H.M. Stanley: Explorateur au Service du Roi|location=Tervuren|publisher=Royal Museum for Central Africa|pages=41–60 (53–54)}}</ref><ref name="Katzenellenbogen">{{Cite book|author=Katzenellenbogen|first=S.|date=1996|chapter=It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.|editor=Nugent, P.|title=African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities|pages=21–34|location=London|publisher=Pinter}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKatzenellenbogen1996">Katzenellenbogen, S. (1996). "It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.". In Nugent, P.; Asiwaju, A. I. (eds.). ''African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities''. London: Pinter. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">21–</span>34.</cite></ref><ref name="Crowe">{{Cite book|author=Crowe|first=S. E.|title=The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885|date=1942|publisher=Longmans Green|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCrowe1942">Crowe, S. E. (1942). ''The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885''. London: Longmans Green.</cite></ref> ''Akwụkwọ Iwu'' Belgian Law Gazette mechara kwuo na site n'otu 1 Ọgọst 1885 gaa n'ihu, a ga-ewere Leopold nke Abụọ dị ka Onye Ọchịchị nke steeti ọhụrụ ahụ, ọzọ bụ okwu a na-emetụbeghị, ma ọ bụrụ na e kpebie ya, na Nzukọ Berlin. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thomson|first=Robert|title=Fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo: Un chapitre de l'histoire du partage de l'Afrique|date=1933|publisher=Lebègue|location=Brussels|pages=177–189}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad|date=1885–1886|publisher=Direction du Moniteur Belge|location=Brussels|pages=22}}</ref> * Ike iri na anọ bịanyere aka ga-enwe azụmahịa n'efu na Congo Basin yana Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi na ọwụwa anyanwụ ya n'ebe ndịda nke 5 ° N. * E mere ka osimiri [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Niger]] na Congo n'efu maka ụgbọ mmiri. * E webatara ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ dị irè (dabere na ọrụ dị irè, lee n'okpuru) iji gbochie ike ịmepụta mpaghara naanị n'aha. * Omume ọ bụla ọhụrụ nke inweta akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka ga-agwa site n'ike na-enweta, ma ọ bụ na-ewere nchebe, na ike ndị ọzọ bịanyere aka. * Nkọwa nke mpaghara ebe ike ọ bụla dị na Europe nwere ikike pụrụ iche ịchụso ikike iwu nke ala iju mbụ n'ime iwu mba ụwa maka ọrụ ndị na-egosi mgbaàmà dị na Iwu Berlin. == Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ dị irè == ụzọ nke obibi dị ikwu na ike nwere ike ikike n'elu ala ndị ọ na-achị ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere ha ma ọ bụ nwee ọrụ dị ike: ọ bụrụ na ya na ndị isi obodo nwere ike, na-efefe ọkọlọtọ ya n'ebe ahụ, ma guzobe mpaghara ahụ iji ndị uwe ojii chịa ya iji mee ka iwu dị. Ike ike nwere ike iji ụdị ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ na nyere. Kamar ahụ ihe dị ọ mkpa dị ka ihe ndabere maka ike Europe iji nweta ọbụbụeze ala n'Africa mmetụta maka ịdepụta ihe mmetụta ha dị iche iche na mba ofesi, dị ka ọrụ dị irẹ na-eje ozi n'ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka mfe maka idozi ngwaọrụ. Otú ọ dị, dị ka oke nke Iwu Berlin na-ejedebe na ala ndị dị n'ụka oke osimiri Afrịka, ike Europe n'ሲseda Ọnọdụ putara na ha nwere ikike n'elu ala ndị dị ime n' mimu ihe ihe maka ọrụ dị irẹ, dịka akọ na Nkeji edemede 35 nke Iwu Ikpeazụ. [[Faịlụ:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|280x280px|Ntụnyere nke Africa n'afọ 1880 na 1913]] Na Nzukọ Berlin, a na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu n'etiti Germany na France banyere ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ dị irè. Ndị Germany, ndị bụ ndị ọhụrụ na kọntinent ahụ, kwenyere n'ụzọ bụ isi na n'ihe gbasara mmụba nke ike n'Africa, ọ dịghị ike ọchịchị kwesịrị inwe ikike iwu ọ bụla n'ókèala ọ gwụla ma steeti ahụ gosipụtara ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike ma dị irè ma, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị maka oge a kpaara ókè, n'ụzọ dị mkpa ọ bụ naanị ike na-achịkwa. Otú ọ dị, echiche Britain bụ na Germany bụ onye bịara n'azụ oge na kọntinent ahụ ma o yighị ka ọ ga-enweta ihe onwunwe ọ bụla karịa ndị o nwere, nke na-egosi ngwa ngwa na ọ bara uru karịa ókèala Britain.  {{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Echiche mere ka Britain na France chee na Germany nwere ikike ime ihere na ike ndị ọzọ dị na Europe na kọntinent ahụ ma manye ha nyere ihe mmetụta ha ma ọ bụrụ na ahụ akara ike ike ike ike ike siri ike. N' iwo nke ọzọ, Britain nwere nnukwu nnukwu ala n'ebe ahụ ma ngosi idebe ha ka ọ na-Bịa ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka atụmatụ. N'ikpeazụ, echiche ndị Britain meri. Enweghị mmasị nke ike ndị dị ukwuu ịchịkwa ókèala ha pụtara ìhè n'ime usoro iwu nke Nzukọ Berlin mana ọkachasị na Ụkpụrụ nke Ọrụ Dị irè. N'ikwekọ n'echiche ndị na-emegide Germany na Britain, ike ndị ahụ mechara kweta na ike Europe nwere ike iguzobe ya na-eguzobe ụdị ntọala ụfọdụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ọ nweere onwe ya ịgbasa n'ime ime. Ndị Europe ekwenyeghị na iwu nke obibi chọrọ ikike Europe n'ala. Ndị Belgium chọrọ na mbụ itinye ọrụ ahụ dị irè chọrọ ndokwa nke "na-eme ka udo dị", mana Britain na France bụ ike ndị wepụrụ mgbanwe ahụ na akwụkwọ ikpeazụ. ahụ ahụ, ndị isi ndị ọzọ e dere na nrị ahụ, nyere ndị Europe mkpa imeri Afrịka mana ime obere ihe o kwere mee iji jikwaa ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ya. ahụ ahụ emetụtaghị nke ukwuu n'ime ime obodo nke Africa n'oge n'anụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka e nwee echiche ime obodo, nke nyere ike ọ alụla nwere ala dị n'ụka osimiri ikike ịsị na ọ nwere ike ike ngwaọrụ n'ụdị n'ime ala. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-akpụzi Africa n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, echiche ahụ echiche nsogbu ma nwoke jụrụ ya.. == Ihe omume == * Portugal-Britain: Gọọmentị Portugal gosipụtara ọrụ, nke a maara dị ka "Pink Map", ma ọ bụ "Rose-Coloured Map", nke jikọtara mpaghara Angola na Mozambique site na nhọrọ nke mpaghara ahụ (ala ahụ mechara bụrụ [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], na [[Malawi]]). Mba niile gara nzukọ ahụ, ma e wezụga Britain, kwadoro ọchịchọ Portugal, na ihe karịrị afọ ise ka e mesịrị, na 1890, gọọmentị Britain nyere iwu ka ndị Portugal pụọ n'ebe ahụ a na-ese okwu.  {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * France-Britain: A line na-aga site na Say na Niger ruo Maroua, n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Lake Chad, na-ekpebi nke bụ nke onye. France ga-enwe ala dị n'ebe ugwu nke akara ahụ, Britain ga-enwekwa ala dị n"ebe ndịda ya. Mmiri nke Naịl ga-abụ nke ndị Britain, na ndị France na-ewere mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. Ọzọkwa, n'etiti 11th na 15th degrees n'ebe ugwu na [[latitude]], ókèala ga-agafe n'etiti Ouaddaï, nke ga-abụ French, na Darfur na Sudan, nke ga na-abụ British. N'ezie, e debere ala onye ọ bụla dị kilomita 200 n'obosara n'etiti 21st na 23rd meridians n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.&nbsp; * France-Germany: Ebe dị n'ebe ugwu nke akara, nke jikọtara 14th meridian n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Miltou, ka a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ French, ebe dị n' ndịda ga-abụ German, nke a na-akpọ German Cameroon. * Britain-Germany: Nkewa ahụ bịara n'ụdị akara na-agafe [[Yola]], na Benue, Dekoa, na-arịgo na nsọtụ Ọdọ Mmiri Chad. * France-Italy: Ịtali ga-enwe ihe dị n'ebe ugwu nke akara site na nkwonkwo nke Tropic of Cancer na 17th meridian ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo nkwonkwo ya nke 15th parallel n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ na 21st meridian ọ bụla. == Ihe si na ya pụta == [[Faịlụ:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|thumb|350x350px|Nkwupụta Europe na Africa, 1913. A na-egosi ókèala taa, nke bụ ihe nketa nke oge ọchịchị, {{Legend inline|#f7fab2|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium]]}}{{Legend inline|#bbfdd9|[[German colonial empire|Germany]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bbfdd9; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Germany</span>{{Legend inline|#eaaff7|[[Spanish colonial empire|Spain]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eaaff7; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Spain</span>{{Legend inline|#a4dbfb|[[French colonial empire|France]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a4dbfb; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;France</span>{{Legend inline|#fbc5c0|[[British colonial empire|Great Britain]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbc5c0; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Great Britain</span>{{Legend inline|#d2f89b|[[Italian colonial empire|Italy]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2f89b; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Ịtali</span>{{Legend inline|#c0a6f2|[[Portuguese colonial empire|Portugal]]}}<span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0a6f2; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Portugal</span>{{Legend inline|#f6f6f6|Independent ([[Liberia]] and [[Abyssinia|Ethiopia]])|outline=silver}}<span class="legend nowrap">Nnwere onwe ([[Liberia]] na Etiopia) <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#f6f6f6; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</span>]] Nzukọ ahụ nyere ohere iji mee ka esemokwu ndị Europe na-adịghị ahụ anya megide ibe ha; nye ebe ọhụrụ maka inyere ike ndị Europe aka ịgbasa n'ihu ọdịmma ndị America, Russia na Japan na-arịwanye elu; ma mepụta mkparịta ụka dị mma iji belata esemokwu n'ọdịnihu. N'Africa, e webatara ọchịchị ndị eze n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kọntinent niile. Mgbe e nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe Afrịka mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ọ bụ n'ụdị steeti kewara ekewa.<ref name="de_Blij__Muller">{{Cite book|author=de Blij|first=H. J.|title=Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/geographyrealmsr00debl|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=1997|isbn=9780471119463}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe si na Nzukọ Berlin pụta, ọ dịghị onye ọchịchị Afrịka a kpọrọ ka ọ bịa nzukọ ahụ. Ike ndị Europe kewara kọntinent ahụ dịka ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ha si dị, na-eleghara ókèala na uche ndị mmadụ anya. Ike ndị Europe leghaara usoro ike ndị dịbu anya ma mepụta ókèala ndị a na-akparaghị ókèala, na-eduga na esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba ogologo oge maka mba ndị e mepụtara ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mudimbe|first=V.Y.|title=The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge.|date=May 1988|publisher=IndianaUniversityPress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ekeh|first=Peter H|title=Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement|date=Jan 1975|publisher=CambridgeUniversityPress}}</ref> Mkparịta ụka maka Afrịka mere ngwa ngwa mgbenda ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na egwu n'ime ebe ndị na-egosi dị ka ebe ha na-emetụta, ike ndị Europe ga-enweta ikike dị irẹ site na ikike nke ikike irẹ. ịma n'etiti Afrịka, e njem iji manye ndị omenala ịbịanye aka na-abụ, na-eji ike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, dị ka Msiri, Eze Katanga, na 1891. Ndị France meri steeti ndị Bedouin na ndị Berber na Sahara na Sahel n'akpa agha site na akpa nke Agha Mbụ. Ndị Britain si South Africa rịgoro ma si Egypt gbadaa ma merie steeti ndị dị Mba Mahdist State na Sultanate nke Zanzibar ma, ebe ha ebute ụzọ Zulu na South Africa na 1879, gaa n'ihu iji weghara mba Ndị Boer nwere onwe ha nke Transvaal na Orange Free State. N’ime afɔ ole na ole, e kewara Africa ma ọ̀ rọ ala n’aha n’ebe ndịda Sahara. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1895, steeti steeti nweere onwe ha bụ: * , tinyere aka na esemokwu ọchịchị na Spain na France, nke meriri mba ahụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.{{flag|Morocco|1666}} * , nke e guzobere na nkwado nke United States maka ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ iji laghachi Africa.{{flag|Liberia}} * , nke gbochiri mwakpo ndị Ịtali si [[Eritrea]] na Agha Italo-Ethiopia nke Mbụ nke 1895-1896 mana ọ dara n'aka ndị Ịtali na 1936 mmeri n'oge Agha Itolo-Ethiopian nke Abụọ{{flag|Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia (Ethiopia)}}[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Agha nke Abụọ nke Ịtali na Etiopia]] * [[Faịlụ:Majeerteen_sultanate_flag.jpg|22x22px]] Majeerteen Sultanate, nke e guzobere na mmalite narị afọ nke 18, bụ nke Ịtali weghaara na narị afọ nke 20. * [[Faịlụ:Majeerteen_sultanate_flag.jpg|22x22px]] Sultanate nke Hobyo, nke e wepụrụ site na Majeerteen Sultanate, nke chịrị ugwu [[Somalia]] ruo na narị afọ nke 20, mgbe etinyere ya na Somaliland nke Ịtali. Alaeze Ukwu Britain weghaara steeti ndị a ihe dị ka afọ iri mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị (lee n'okpuru maka ozi ndị ọzọ): * , mba Boer nke ndị Dutch bi na ya guzobere.{{flag|Orange Free State}} * (Transvaal), bụkwa mba Boer{{flag|South African Republic}} Ka ọ na-erule 1902, 90% nke ala niile Africa nọ n'okpuruokpuru Europe. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ime Sahara bụ ndị France, mana mgbe a akpụkpọ Nnupụisi Mahdi, njedebe nke Nsogbu Fashoda na Voulet-Chanoine Mission, Sudan n'okpuruokpuru Britain na Ijipt, ebe Ijipt nọ n'okpuru ndị Britain tupu onye onye Britain na-echebe na 1914. Ndị Britain meri mba ndị Boer n'Agha nke echiche nke Ndị Boer site na 1899 ruo 1902. Ịtali meri Libya na 1911, e kewara Morocco n'etiti ndị French na ndị Spain na 1912. == Ihe Ndị Ebumnuche na Agha Ntụte nke David Livingstone == [[Faịlụ:Gang_of_Captives_at_Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ere ahịa ohu na ndị ha dọọrọ n'agha na-eke agbụ ma jiri 'mkpanaka' kpuchie ha n'olu. Site na ''Akụkọ'' Livingstone]] Otu n'ime ndị isi kwuru na ihe na-acha ya "bụ akwalite Ịgba ohu otu ugboro".<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/scramble_for_africa_article_01.shtml|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> Tupu ọ na 1873, onye ozi ala ọzọ nke ajụjụ, David Livingstone, set oku maka agha ntụli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ iji merie ohu nke ndị Arab na-achịkwa n'Ebe Ọwụwa agha Afrịka. Ụzọ e si eme ya bụ "ịtọhapụ Afrịka" site na iwebata "azụmahịa, Iso Ụzọ akwụkwọ" na ireanya..<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> Crowe, Craven, na Katzenellenbogen bụ ndị edemede nwara ime ka asụsụ ahụ dị nro ma yabụ ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ. Ha na-adọ aka ná ntị megide nkwenye gabigara oke na ọrụ ya na nkewa nke Africa, na-akwado ya nke ọma site n'ileghara ebumnuche na nsonaazụ nke nzukọ ahụ anya site na ịdọrọ uche gaa na nkwekọrịta abụọ e mere tupu na mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, n'agbanyeghị ma emechara ha ma soro ha n'omume. <ref name="Katzenellenbogen"/><ref name="Craven"/><ref name="Crowe"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Craven ajụla mmetụta iwu na akụ na ụba nke nzukọ ahụ.<ref name="Craven" /> Otú ọ dị, mba ndị mechara sonye na Iwu Ikpeazụ leghaara ihe achọrọ e depụtara n'ime ya anya iji guzobe gọọmentị satellite ha, ikike ala, na azụmahịa maka abamuru nke mba ha, na akụ na ụba obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gurminder K. Bhambra|title=Why Is Mainstream International Relations Blind to Racism?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/03/why-is-mainstream-international-relations-ir-blind-to-racism-colonialism/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Foreign Policy|date=3 July 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbagwoju anya nke kọntinent Afrịka dị ka ndị Europe na-achị kama ihe ije dị ka ogbugbu a mere ka ndị na-amị ebe obibi na nke nwere ike na iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya dị ka Mgbukpọ nke Rwanda na 1994..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Celestin|first=Rwigema Pierre|title=Impact of the Berlin Conference (1884–1885) on EAC Development: 140 Years After the Divide of Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390299729|journal=International Journal of Political Science and Public Administration|volume=6|issue=1|pages=25–47}}</ref> == Nnyocha nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ dịla anya ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gosipụtara Nzukọ Berlin dị ka nhazi nke Scramble for Africa <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matua|first=Maka Wu|title=Why Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry|journal=Harvard Law School|year=1995|volume=16|issue=4}}</ref> mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta ajụla mmetụta iwu na akụ na ụba nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name="Craven"/> Ụfọdụ ụdị na ahụ bụ isi maka ụdị ala ọzọ. Onye Africa-Amerika na-akọ ihe mere eme W. E. B. Du Bois dere na 1948 na n'ihu mgbaàmà bụ akara ohu Atlantic n'ime ndị Africa bụ fim ụwa nke oge a bụ "nkewa nke Africa mgbe Agha Franco-Prussian ihe nke, nazọ nke Berlin 1884, mere ka ndị na-achị achị na-agbasa" akụ na "[onye bụ isi iwe eziokwu nke na ndị na Africa taa" ebubo na kọntinent ahụ.[t] Ndị ọkọkpọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ na- anya na ike iwu na iwu mba ụwa ma na-arụ ụka <ref>{{Cite book|author=Aghie|first=Antony|editor=Landauer|title=Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> na ahụ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ahụhụ (ahụsịa nke abụọ) n'etiti ndị na-achọ ịchị ala, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hargreaves|first=John|title=Prelude to the Partition of West Africa.|date=1963|publisher=Macmillam}}</ref> nke mere mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị. == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ Na-emegide Ịgba Ohu na Brussels 1889-90 * Mmetụta nke ọchịchị ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe na ọchịchị ndị dị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Chamberlain, Muriel E. (2014). ''Egwuregwu Maka Africa''. London: Longman, 1974, 4th edn.  {{ISBN|0-582-36881-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-582-36881-2|0-582-36881-2]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "N'etiti iwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme: Nzukọ Berlin nke 1884-1885 na arụmụka nke azụmahịa n'efu". London Review of International Law 3, 31-59. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nzukọ Berlin West Africa, 1884-1885''. New York: Longmans, Green.  {{ISBN|0-8371-3287-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8371-3287-8|0-8371-3287-8]] (1981, mbipụta ọhụrụ).&nbsp; * Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, na Ronald Edward Robinson, editọ. ''Bismarck, Europe na Africa: Nzukọ Berlin Africa 1884-1885 na mmalite nke nkewa'' (Oxford University Press, 1988) [[iarchive:bismarckeuropeandafricatheberlinafricaconference18841885andtheonsetofpartitionst|n'ịntanetị]]; isi 30 nke ndị ọkachamara. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mmụọ Eze Leopold''.  {{ISBN|0-395-75924-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-395-75924-2|0-395-75924-2]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] O meghị na Berlin: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na amaghị ihe na nhazi nke ókèala ndị Afrịka na-achị. Na Nugent, P. na Asiwaju, A. I. (Eds.), ókèala Afrịka: Ihe mgbochi, ọwa na ohere. peeji nke 21-34. &nbsp;London: Pinter. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Brazza, Ndụ Maka Africa''.  {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0|978-1-4259-1198-0]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji], Europe colonial na nnukwu mgbanwe nke Nzukọ Berlin (1884-1885), Paris, Le Manuscrit, coll. "Carrefours d'empires", 2013, 380 p. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nmepụta nke ọdịnala: Westlake, Nzukọ Berlin na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu mba ụwa (Klosterman, 2012). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139304 Nzukọ na Berlin na Ajụjụ West-Africa]". ''Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Quarterly'' '''1''' (1). * Förster, Susanne, et al. "Nkwurịta okwu banyere ihe nketa nke ndị Germany na Berlin's Afrikanisches Viertel". ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'' 22.7 (2016): 515-529. * Frankema, Ewout, Jeffrey G. Williamson, na P. J. Woltjer. "Ihe kpatara akụ na ụba maka mkpọtụ West Africa? Mgbanwe azụmahịa na ọnụahịa ahịa nke 1835-1885." Journal of Economic History (2018): 231-267. [https://www.ewoutfrankema.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/RationaleScramble.JEH_.2018.pdf n'ịntanetị] * Harlow, Barbara, na Mia Carter, eds. Archives of Empire: Mpịakọta 2. The Scramble for Africa (Duke University Press, 2020). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Anti-Slavery Trade Campaign in Europe, 1888-90." na A Global History of Anti-Slav Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013). 149-170 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220331113020/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/68932/1/76.pdf.pdf#page=158 n'ịntanetị]. * Nuzzo, Luigi (2012), Colonial Law, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History. E nwetara ya na 25 Machị 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1036301486/34 pdf]). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Otu Europe si emepebeghị Afrịka (1972) - * Onye na-azụ anụ, George "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884-1885." ''Phylon'' 46#1 (1985), peeji nke 37-48. &nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/274944 n'ịntanetị] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Belgium na Congo, 1885-1980'' (Cambridge University Press, 2012). 289 peeji nke <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-19421-1</nowiki> * Waller, Bruce Bismarck na nkuku ụzọ: mgbanwe nke iwu mba ọzọ nke Germany mgbe Congress nke Berlin, 1878-1880 (1974) online[[iarchive:bismarckatcrossr0000wall|n'ịntanetị]] * Yao, Joanne (2022) "[[doi:10.1017/S0020818322000182|Ike nke Geographical Imaginaries na European International Order: Colonialism, 1884-85 Berlin Conference, na Model International Organizations]]". ''Òtù Mba Nile.'' == Njikọ mpụga == {{sister project links||d=Q13582|c=Category:Berlin Conference (1884)|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03ffkfd "Nzukọ Berlin"], BBC <nowiki><i id="mwBBs">N'oge Anyị</i></nowiki> * [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/general-act-berlin-conference-west-africa-26-february-1885 General Act nke Nzukọ Berlin]. Akụkọ South Africa Online. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g81kcgi3bl6o2z3v60j8chpvokoidmr 0 64061 697606 396407 2026-08-10T04:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 13 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:"I_Have_Awesome_Gaydar"_(29136703338).jpg|thumb|234x234px|Onye bịara emume mpako nke afọ 2018, na-eyi uwe elu na-agụ "M nwere Gaydar mara mma".]] [[Faịlụ:Man_with_Pac-Man_T-Shirt_at_2011_NYC_Gay_Pride_Parade.jpg|thumb|Onye bịara NYC Pride na 2011, yi uwe ejiji nke nwere ike igosi njikọ ya na obodo ndị na-eme ihe ikeObodo na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma]] Gaydar (onye na-edina nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na radar) bụ okwu mkparịta ụka na-ezo aka n'ikike nhụsianya nke mmadụ iji nyochaa usoro mmekọahụ nke ndị ọzọ dị ka nwoke idina nwoke, bisexual ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ. Gaydar na-adabere n'okwu ọnụ na nke na-adịghị ekwu okwu na echiche LGBT, gụnyere inwe mmetụta maka omume ọha na eze na àgwà dị ka asụsụ ahụ, ụda olu mmadụ na-eji mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu, ịjụ nke ọma nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọrụ mmadụ, na àgwà ejiji. N'otu aka ahụ, '''Transdar''' (okwu a na-eji kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala [[wiktionary:transdar|1996]]) na-ezo aka n'ikike ndị trans nwere ịmata ndị trans na-agafe nke ọma, site na ihe ngosi dị nro dị ka "ogo aka na aka".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Friedman|first=Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9No6G7-1wb0C&dq=transdar&pg=PA59|title=Blind to Sameness: Sexpectations and the Social Construction of Male and Female Bodies|date=2013-07-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02377-9|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, echiche nke inwe mmekọahụ site n'ọdịdị elu ma ọ bụ omume agbaghawo n'ọnọdụ ebe ndị nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe na-adịghị eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ma ọ bụ nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ (n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ) na-egosipụta ụzọ ndụ, imefu ego, na nchegbu maka ọdịdị onwe onye stereotypical nke ejiji ejiji nke nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na obodo mepere emepe.<ref name="Metrosexual, Logophilia">{{Cite web|author=McFedries|first=Paul|title=Metrosexual|publisher=Logophilia Limited|date=12 December 2003|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|accessdate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222153750/http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|archivedate=22 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Here Come The Mirror Men">{{Cite web|author=Simpson|first=Mark|title=Here Come The Mirror Men|work=The Independent|date=15 November 1994|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|accessdate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222153750/http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|archivedate=22 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Meet The Metrosexual">{{Cite web|author=Simpson|first=Mark|title=Meet The Metrosexual|work=Salon.com|date=22 July 2002|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|accessdate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222153750/http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|archivedate=22 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Vanity, Thy Name Is Metrosexual">{{Cite news|author=Hackbarth|first=Alexa|title=Vanity, Thy Name Is Metrosexual|work=The Washington Post|date=17 November 2003|url=http://www.wordspy.com/words/metrosexual.asp|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> Maka ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-ehiere nwa okorobịa dị ka butch, ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke nwere ike ime ihe ma pụta n'ụzọ ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị. Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ 2015, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị ka ABC News nke Australia akpọwo gaydar "na-emebi ihe" ma eleghị anya "dị ize ndụ" n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka echiche ọjọọ dịgide, ikike ya na-eduga na nsogbu, na ikike ya ime ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịpụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n'ụzọ nke ha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-08|title=Put your gaydar down and stop trying to work out people's sexuality|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-08/shaw-put-your-gaydar-down/6758912|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-07|title=Your 'gaydar' is way off because it isn't real: study|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-08/your-gaydar-is-way-off-because-it-is-not-real-study-finds/6756892|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-23|title=Is he? Isn't he? Speculation over celebrities' sexuality could come at a cost.|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-life-and-style/gaydar-wishdar-danger-obsessing-shawn-mendes-sexuality-rcna6165|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Gayety na-ekwu na naanị ụzọ iji nyochaa mmekọahụ mmadụ dabere na njirimara ha na onye ha na-eme mkpapụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=Gayety|date=2022-11-19|title=How To Tell If Someone Is Gay: Dispelling Myths & Outdated Stereotypes|url=https://gayety.co/how-to-tell-if-someone-is-gay-dispelling-myths-outdated-stereotypes|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=Gayety|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nnyocha sayensị == N'afọ 1987, nyocha nke Journal of Homosexuality <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=3611750|year=1987|author=Berger|first=G|title=Detection of sexual orientation by heterosexuals and homosexuals|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-homosexuality_summer-1987_13_4/page/83|volume=13|issue=4|pages=83–100|doi=10.1300/J082v13n04_05|journal=Journal of Homosexuality}}</ref> gwara ndị mmadụ ka ha kpee ikpe gbasara mmekọahụ site na vidiyo, na nsonaazụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ akụkọ ifo. Nnyocha e mere na 1999 na ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'' gosiri na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ikpebi mmasị mmekọahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi karịa ohere.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=10510507|year=1999|author=Ambady|first=N|title=Accuracy of judgments of sexual orientation from thin slices of behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1999-09_77_3/page/538|volume=77|issue=3|pages=538–47|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.538}}</ref> Nnyocha a gwara ndị mmadụ ka ha gosipụta mmasị mmekọahụ ha site na iji akara Kinsey wee mee ka ndị ọzọ lelee obere ihe nkiri nke ndị mmadụ na-ekwu okwu site na iji obere ihe. Ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ kwuru na ha nwere mmasị mmekọahụ n'otu ihe ahụ ma ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti ebe ndị mmadụ kwuru na ha nọ na ihe ahụ na ebe a ghọtara ha dị na ihe ahụ. Nnyocha e mere na 2008 na 2010 ekwughachiri nchọpụta a ọbụnakwa gosipụta na enwere ike iji vidiyo ụlọ nke ụmụaka kpebie n'ụzọ ziri ezi omume mmekọahụ ha mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=18810629|year=2010|author=Rieger|first=G|title=Dissecting "gaydar": Accuracy and the role of masculinity-femininity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_2010-02_39_1/page/124|volume=39|issue=1|pages=124–40|doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9405-2|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=18194004|year=2008|author=Rieger|first=G|title=Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_2008-01_44_1/page/46|volume=44|issue=1|pages=46–58|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46|journal=Developmental Psychology}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị chọpụtara na gaydar ziri ezi na ọnụego dị ukwuu karịa ohere maka ikpe ikpe site na ihu. Ndị sonyere na nyocha ahụ na-eji ihe ngosi ihu nwoke na nwanyị na stereotypes nke ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na-eme mkpebi ha, mana ha na-emebi omume mmekọahụ maka ndị na-emegide stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20682754|year=2010|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-social-psychology-bulletin_2010-10_36_10/page/1318|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1318–31|journal=Pers Soc Psychol Bull|doi=10.1177/0146167210378755}}</ref> Agbụrụ, na mba nke onye na-ekpe ikpe ma ọ bụ onye ha na-ekpe ya ikpe yiri ka ọ na-eme mgbanwe mgbe ha na-eme ikpe site na ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=22128555|year=2011|author=Rule|first=NO|title=The influence of target and perceiver race in the categorisation of male sexual orientation|volume=40|issue=7|pages=830–9|journal=Perception|doi=10.1068/p7001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21483863|year=2011|author=Johnson|first=KL|title=At the crossroads of conspicuous and concealable: What race categories communicate about sexual orientation|volume=6|issue=3|pages=e18025|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018025|journal=PLOS ONE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21807952|year=2011|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Found in translation: Cross-cultural consensus in the accurate categorization of male sexual orientation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-social-psychology-bulletin_2011-11_37_11/page/1499|volume=37|issue=11|pages=1499–507|doi=10.1177/0146167211415630|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin}}</ref> Ọbụna akụkụ ihu nke ọ bụla (naanị anya) nwere ike inye ozi zuru ezu mgbe ụfọdụ iji kwuo ma nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya, nwoke na nwanyị ibe ya, ma ọ bụ nwoke ibe ya.<ref name="Pmid">{{Cite journal|pmid=18954191|year=2008|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2008-11_95_5/page/1019|volume=95|issue=5|pages=1019–28|doi=10.1037/a0013194|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}}</ref><ref name="Doijesp">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.010|title=Female sexual orientation is perceived accurately, rapidly, and automatically from the face and its features|year=2009|author=Rule|first=Nicholas O.|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1245–1251}}</ref> Otu nnyocha gosiri na ikpe nke ihu ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị maka ihe dị ka 1/25 nke sekọnd bụ oge zuru ezu iji kwuo ma ha bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-edine nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2007.12.001|title=Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50ms|year=2008|author=Rule|first=Nicholas O.|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=1100–1105}}</ref><ref name="Doijesp" /> Ikpe ndị mmadụ abụghị ihe ziri ezi mgbe ha nwere oge ka ukwuu iji mee mkpebi ha. Ọrụ na-esote nke a na-atụ aro na gaydar na-eme n'onwe ya mgbe mmadụ hụrụ onye ọzọ nakwa na ịhụ ihu mmadụ na-eme ka echiche banyere ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=19399971|year=2009|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Ambiguous group membership is extracted automatically from faces|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2009-04_20_4/page/441|volume=20|issue=4|pages=441–3|journal=Psychological Science|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02314.x}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ yiri ka ha amaghị na ha nwere gaydar, ọ bụ ezie na.<ref name="Pmid" /> Ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha nwere gaydar ziri ezi karịa ụmụ nwoke na-emegide onwe ha, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere gaydar doro anya karị mgbe ha na-eme ovulating. <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=17972734|year=2007|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Us and them: Memory advantages in perceptually ambiguous groups|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychonomic-bulletin-review_2007-08_14_4/page/687|volume=14|issue=4|pages=687–92|journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review|doi=10.3758/bf03196822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21670428|year=2011|author=Rule|first=NO|title=Mating interest improves women's accuracy in judging male sexual orientation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2011-07_22_7/page/881|volume=22|issue=7|pages=881–6|doi=10.1177/0956797611412394|journal=Psychological Science}}</ref> Otu nnyocha kwuru na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha na-elebara nkọwa anya karịa ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị, o doro anya na ọ bụ ụdị nghọta a nakweere na-enyere aka n'ịmata ndị ọzọ na-edine ụdị onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21607070|year=2010|author=Colzato|first=LS|title=Sexual orientation biases attentional control: A possible gaydar mechanism|volume=1|pages=13|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00013|journal=Frontiers in Psychology}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ achọpụtala na ndị ikom na ndị inyom nwere ọdịdị ahụ na ụzọ ije ije yiri ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-ahụkarị dị ka ndị na-edina nwoke.  {{cn|date=January 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nnyocha nke onye enyemaka prọfesọ UCLA Kerri Johnson chọpụtara na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ nwere ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi omume mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke pasent 60 nke oge ahụ, nke dịtụ mma karịa ka a ga-enweta site na ohere mberede; na ụmụ nwanyị, ịkọ nkọ ha agafeghị ohere.<ref name="kl" /> A naghị ejikọta mmegharị ahụ nwoke na nwanyị na omume mmekọahụ mmadụ; <ref name="kl">{{Cite journal|pmid=17723051|year=2007|author=Johnson|first=KL|title=Swagger, sway, and sexuality: Judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2007-09_93_3/page/321|volume=93|issue=3|pages=321–34|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.321|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}}</ref> nke a bụ eziokwu maka ọdịdị ihu, <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20682754|year=2010|author=Freeman|first=JB|title=Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-social-psychology-bulletin_2010-10_36_10/page/1318|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1318–31|doi=10.1177/0146167210378755|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin}}</ref> mana ọ bụghị maka olu, <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00028.x|title=Loose Lips and Silver Tongues, or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech|year=2007|author=Munson|first=Benjamin|journal=Language and Linguistics Compass|volume=1|issue=5|pages=416–449}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ na-eche na ha nwere njikọ na omume mmekọahụ onye ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10919-011-0123-4|title=Acting Gay: Male Actors Shift the Frequency Components of Their Voices Towards Female Values when Playing Homosexual Characters|year=2011|author=Cartei|first=Valentina|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=36|pages=79–93}}</ref> Nnyocha ole na ole enyochawo ajụjụ nke gaydar site na olu. <ref name="Pmid_a">{{Cite journal|pmid=9509737|year=1998|author=Linville|first=SE|title=Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men's speech|volume=50|issue=1|pages=35–48|journal=Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica|doi=10.1159/000021447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0047404503323024|title=Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-in-society_2003-06_32_3/page/329|year=2003|author=Smyth|first=RON|journal=Language in Society|volume=32|issue=3|pages=329–350}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pages=30–57|author=Gaudio|first=R. P.|title=Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men|volume=69|issue=1|journal=[[American Speech]]|year=1994|doi=10.2307/455948}}</ref><ref name="bare_url">{{Cite journal|author=Zimman|first=Lal|title=Female-to-Male Transsexuals and Gay-Sounding Voices: A Pilot Study|journal=Colorado Research in Linguistics|date=2010|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.33011/cril.22.1.3}}</ref> Ha achọpụtala na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmata onye bụ nwoke na nwoke na onye ziri ezi site na olu ha, mana ha lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwoke (mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpọ ọdịiche olu "gay lisp"). Nnyocha ụda olu zuru ezu emeela ka ọtụtụ ihe dị n'olu mmadụ pụta ìhè nke a na-eji eme ihe, otu n'ime ha bụ ụzọ nwoke na nwoke na-eme enyi nwoke na-akpọ ụda "s".<ref name="bare_url" /><ref name="Pmid_a" /> E gosikwara na ihe ngosi Ụda na-enye aka n'nghọta nwoke idina nwoke n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Mandarin (maka ụmụ nwoke) na Spanish (maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geng|first=Puyang|title=Acoustic and Perceptual Characteristics of Mandarin Speech in Gay and Heterosexual Male Speakers|journal=Language and Speech|date=2022|volume=65|issue=4|pages=1096–1109|doi=10.1177/00238309211000783|pmid=33740875|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33740875/|accessdate=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Duarte|first=Jesus|title=Sociophonetic Differences in Queer Speech of Spanish Speakers|journal=UC Berkeley Undergraduate Thesis|date=2022|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3009g0js|accessdate=4 January 2024}}</ref> Nnyocha nke William T.L. Cox na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na "gaydar" bụ akara ọzọ maka iji echiche LGBT na-atụgharị uche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-ekwu na ndị ikom ejiji bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke). <ref name="Cox et al. (2015)">{{Cite journal|author=Cox|first=William T. L.|year=2015|title=Inferences About Sexual Orientation: The Roles of Stereotypes, Faces, and The Gaydar Myth|journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]]|volume=52|issue=8|pages=1–15|doi=10.1080/00224499.2015.1015714|pmid=26219212|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1043253}}</ref> Ọrụ a na-egosi na ọrụ sayensị a tụlere n'elu nke na-azọrọ na ọ na-egosi eziokwu gaydar na-adaba na mgbagwoju anya ụgha (lee kwa njehie ọnụego isi), n'ihi na ezi a na-ebo ebubo na-ebelata ọnụego dị ala nke ndị LGBT n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ezie, na-akpata ihe omume ebe "ezi" a kọrọ n'elu na nyocha nyocha na-asụgharị na ọkwa dị elu nke ezighị ezi n'ime ụwa n'ezie. Cox na-ede, "Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na-eche na stereotyping bụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Mana ọ bụrụ na ị naghị akpọ ya 'stereotyping', ọ bụrụ na i na-enye ya akara ọzọ ma na-ezo ya dị ka 'gaydar,' o yiri ka ọ dị mma karịa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. "<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-08|title=Put your gaydar down and stop trying to work out people's sexuality|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-08/shaw-put-your-gaydar-down/6758912|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Na nyocha nke Chadly Stern mere na NYU banyere mmekọrịta nke "gaydar" na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị otu ahụ chọpụtara na ndị na-agbaso omenala nwere "gaydara" karịa ndị nnwere onwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stern|first=Chadly|date=2013|title=The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation.|url=https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031187|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=104|issue=3|pages=520–541|doi=10.1037/a0031187|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na izi ezi nke "gaydar" n'ime ndị na-agbaso omenala dabere na "ịdị irè nke akara" karịa, Stern na-ede, n'ozuzu, ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịchọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ na nyocha ha. Njikọ ụwa nke nchọpụta ahụ adịghị ike n'ihi njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịdị ihu (nke nyocha ha ji mee ihe maka ntọala nke "gaydar" nke ndị sonyere) na omume mmekọahụ. Site n'iji njikwa ibu, ndị otu ahụ chọpụtakwara na ma ndị nnwere onwe ma ndị na-agbaso omenala jiri ụdị nwoke na nwanyị chọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ n'oge nyocha ahụ. Nchọpụta a na-agbakwunye echiche na "gaydar" bụ akara ọzọ maka iji stereotypes n'ụzọ ọha na eze nabatara. == Ngwaọrụ elektrọnik == Na mbido afọ 2000, a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki dabere na ngwaọrụ mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke Japan Lovegety dị ka 'Gaydar' ma kọọrọ ya n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Craig|date=25 February 2000|title='Gaydar' device clears up mixed signals|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/review/crg942.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=13 January 2014}}</ref> Nke a bụ ngwaọrụ nwere nnukwu igodo ga-eziga mgbama ikuku, na-eme ka onye ọrụ mara site na mmaji, ụda, ma ọ bụ flash mgbe ngwaọrụ yiri ya dị n'ime 12 m (40 ft). Nke a na-eme ka onye ọrụ mara na onye nwere otu echiche nọ nso. == Amamihe aka mere == Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Stanford Michal Kosinski na Yilun Wang mere nnyocha na 2017 nke kwuru na algọridim njirimara ihu site na iji netwọkụ akwara nwere ike ịchọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ na 81% nke ikpe ndị a nwalere maka ụmụ nwoke na 74% na ụmụ nwanyị site na nyochaa foto nke profaịlụ mkpakọrịta nwoke n'ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Yilun|date=2020|title=Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publication-pdf/wang_kosinski.pdf|doi=10.1037/pspa0000098|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=114|issue=2|pages=246–257|pmid=29389215|accessdate=April 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/12/artificial-intelligence-face-recognition-michal-kosinski|title=Face-reading AI will be able to detect your politics and IQ, professor says|author=Mihov|first=Jaques|date=2017-09-12|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2017-11-02|language=en-GB}}</ref>Kosinski kwuputara nchegbu banyere nzuzo na ikike nke iji AI eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ma tụọ aro na nchoputa ya kwekọrọ na usoro ọmụmụ hormone nke prenatal nke nhazi mmekọahụ, nke na-eche na ọkwa nke androgens ikpughe n'ime afọ na-enyere aka ikpebi ma mmadụ ọ kwụ ọtọ, nwoke na nwanyị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/07/artificial-intelligence-can-tell-your-sexuality-politics-surveillance-paul-lewis|title='I was shocked it was so easy': meet the professor who says facial recognition can tell if you're gay|date=July 7, 2018|work=the Guardian}}</ref> PHT na-ebu amụma na ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na ndị na'enweghị nwoke nwere ike ịhọrọ igosi onwe ha n'ụzọ dị iche na foto profaịlụ ha ma ọ bụ nwee ọdịdị ihu dị iche. Nnyocha abụọ nke mmepụtaghachi kwadoro nchọpụta ndị bụ isi nke nyocha a. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Dawei|title=Presentation in self-posted facial images can expose sexual orientation: Implications for research and privacy|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404640/|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|pages=806–824|doi=10.1037/pspa0000294|date=May 2022|volume=122|issue=5|pmid=35404640}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Quach|first=Katyanna|title=The infamous AI gaydar study was repeated – and, no, code can't tell if you're straight or not just from your face|url=https://www.theregister.com/2019/03/05/ai_gaydar/|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=www.theregister.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtakwara na ọ bụrụgodị na ihu na-agba agba, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwapụta usoro mmekọahụ. Otu blọgụ nke onye nyocha AI Blaise Agüera y Arcas katọrọ ọmụmụ ihe maka iji foto sitere na gburugburu ebe a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa. Kama iburu n'ụdị ọdịdị ihu, ọ ga-abụ na algọridim na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị na ejiji, ibi ndụ, na akụkụ foto; obere ajụjụ gbasara ndịiche gụnyere iji etemeete, ntutu ihu, na iji ugogbe anya mee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ziri ezi dịka nke ọmụmụ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arcas|first=Blaise Aguera y|date=2018-01-18|title=Do algorithms reveal sexual orientation or just expose our stereotypes?|url=https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477|accessdate=2021-01-15|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == {{Portal|LGBTQ}}{{Div col}} * [[Biometrics]] * [[Biology and sexual orientation]] * [[Fruit machine (homosexuality test)]] * [[slink|Linguistic profiling|Gender and sexual orientation]] * [[Straight-acting]] {{Div col end}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lpy3dg2sg2uglim6tldrd5woe0ik53a 0 64861 697725 515504 2026-08-10T06:41:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mary Ryan at World Economic Forum Ideas Lab.jpg|thumb|Mary Ryan, Prọfesọ nke Science Materials na Nanotechnology na Imperial College London, na-ekwu okwu na Nzukọ Akụ na ụba Ụwa na 2016]] '''Mary Patricia Ryan''' CBE Royal Academy of Engineering">FREng bụ Prọfesọ nke Sayensị Ihe na Imperial College London na Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering. == Mmụta == == Ọrụ na nyocha == N'afọ 2002, o bipụtara akwụkwọ "Why stainless steel corrodes" na Nature . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ryan|first=Mary P.|date=2002|title=Why stainless steel corrodes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-02-14_415_6873/page/770|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=415|issue=6873|pages=770–774|doi=10.1038/415770a|pmid=11845203|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> N'hank iji nye ndụmọdụ banyere otu esi echekwa Dornier Do 17 ('The Flying Pencil'), nke a chọpụtara na Goodwin Sands . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labnews.co.uk/interviews/big-ask/mary-ryan-save-flying-pencil-01-02-2012/|title=Big Ask {{!}} Mary Ryan tries to save the last Flying Pencil|work=www.labnews.co.uk|language=en-US|accessdate=7 April 2018|archivedate=8 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210004/https://www.labnews.co.uk/interviews/big-ask/mary-ryan-save-flying-pencil-01-02-2012/}}</ref> O nyekwara aka na 2016 World Economic Forum, ebe ọ tụlere otu ihe nano-composite nwere ike isi jiri okpomọkụ sitere na injin ụgbọ ala mee ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọrụ ya na nso nso a na-elekwasị anya na etu nanomaterials si emekọrịta na usoro ndụ, gụnyere nsị nanoparticles na mmepe ihe plasmonic maka biosensing. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ngalaba ihe nketa iji wulite ihe ọhụrụ na ụzọ nchekwa. Ọ rụtela ọrụ na Science Museum, Royal Air Force Museum London, na Victoria and Albert Museum. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma na Dr. Eleanor Schofield, onye isi nchekwa na nlekọta nchịkọta na Mary Rose Trust. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering na 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/new-fellows-2015/fellows/mary-ryan|title=New Fellows - Mary Ryan|work=Royal Academy of Engineering|accessdate=7 April 2018|archivedate=8 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408152856/https://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/the-fellowship/new-fellows-2015/fellows/mary-ryan}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. Ọ bụ onye otu Strategic Advisory Network nke Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epsrc.ukri.org/about/people/?selectedCategories=Group%252ESAN&pageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=25&filterSortBy=personLastName&filterSortOrder=asc|title=People - EPSRC website|work=epsrc.ukri.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-07}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke nzukọ sayensị Heritage . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritagescienceforum.org.uk/about/trustees|title=Trustees {{!}} National Heritage Science Forum|work=www.heritagescienceforum.org.uk|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref> A họpụtara Ryan ka ọ bụrụ Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) na 2022 Birthday Honours maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na sayensị na injinia. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gorrmw83z5z2qjyp8c66n5dtl5z2f8t 0 65374 697790 641790 2026-08-10T08:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eunice Njeri Sahle''' <ref name="Jennings 2006">{{Cite journal|author=Jennings|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Review of The Legacies of Julius Nyerere: Influences on Development Discourse and Practice in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2006-04_105_419/page/299|journal=African Affairs|volume=105|issue=419|pages=299–300|issn=0001-9909}}</ref> bụ onye Kenya na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọpụrụiche na mmepe akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Africa, o bipụtala ọtụtụ mpịakọta edeziri, gụnyere The Legacies of Julius Nyerere (2002), na ọ bụ 2016 Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill wee chịkwaa ngalaba ha nke African na Afro-American Studies (2012-2016, 2017-2021). == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Sahle na James K. Mugo, onye ọrụ gọọmentị bi na Nairobi, na nwunye ya Esther. Ezinụlọ Anglịkan ya bara ọgaranya ma "nwere ụzọ isi zipụ ụmụ ha isii n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi".<ref name="UNC 2013" /> Akụkọ nne ya banyere nwa akwụkwọ Black Kenya mbụ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Limuru Girls' School kpaliri ya; Sahle mechara zute nwa akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji.Ọ gara Mahadum Toronto, ebe ọ nwetara BA na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmepe mba ụwa na MA na sayensụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Mahadum Queen na Kingston, ebe ọ natara PhD na ọmụmụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="UNC aaad" /> Ọ bụ Colin Leys lekọtara akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya bụ Democratisation in Malawi: State, Economic Structure and Neo-Liberal Hegemony . Sahle ghọrọ akụkụ nke Mahadum North Carolina dị na Chapel Hill, bụrụ onye prọfesọ osote na ngalaba ha nke Africa, African American and Diaspora Studies.<ref name="UNC 2013">{{Cite web|author=Moss|first=Gary|date=2013-09-10|title=A live-changing moment|url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=University Gazette}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFMoss2013">Moss, Gary (10 September 2013). [https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/ "A live-changing moment"]. ''University Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span> &#x2013; via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</cite></ref>Na Jenụwarị 1, 2012, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ ka Julius Nyang'oro gbasịrị arụkwaghịm n'etiti Mahadum North Carolina agụmakwụkwọ-egwuregwu egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ellis|first=Lindsay|date=2014-01-06|title=Professors in Classroom on Time? Check.: At the U. of North Carolina, a culture of autonomy falls victim to one department's no-show scandal|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|id={{ProQuest|1476179870}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> O mechara rụọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2016, yana oge ọzọ site n'afọ 2017 ruo 2021.<ref name="UNC aaad">{{Cite web|title=Eunice Sahle|url=https://aaad.unc.edu/faculty-staff/eunice-sahle/|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://aaad.unc.edu/faculty-staff/eunice-sahle/ "Eunice Sahle"]. ''University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke UNC Chapel Hill's African Studies Center . <ref name="UNC aaad" /> Sahle bụ ọkachamara na mmepe akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Africa.<ref name="UNC 2013">{{Cite web|author=Moss|first=Gary|date=2013-09-10|title=A live-changing moment|url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=University Gazette}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFMoss2013">Moss, Gary (10 September 2013). [https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/ "A live-changing moment"]. ''University Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span> &#x2013; via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, ya na [[David McDonald (political scientist)|David McDonald]] jikọrọ aka dezie The Legacies of Julius Nyerere, mpịakọta nke akwụkwọ nnọkọ banyere onye ọchịchị Tanzania aha ya. <ref name="Jennings 2006" />{{Cite journal|author=Jennings|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Review of The Legacies of Julius Nyerere: Influences on Development Discourse and Practice in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2006-04_105_419/page/299|journal=African Affairs|volume=105|issue=419|pages=299–300|issn=0001-9909}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFJennings2006">Jennings, Michael (2006). "Review of The Legacies of Julius Nyerere: Influences on Development Discourse and Practice in Africa". ''African Affairs''. '''105''' (419): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>300. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909 0001-9909]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876792 3876792].</cite></ref> N'afọ 2004, ya na Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o so dee edemede Diogenes banyere Hegelianism na ọrụ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thiong'o|first=Ngugi Wa|date=2004|title=Hegel in African Literature: Achebe’s Answer|journal=Diogenes|volume=51|issue=2|pages=63–67|doi=10.1177/0392192104044274|issn=0392-1921}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, o bipụtara World Orders, Development and Transformation, akwụkwọ gbasara usoro mba ụwa nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Orders, Development and Transformation|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230274860|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=SpringerLink}}</ref> O mechara dezie mpịakọta atọ gbasara ọmụmụ Afrịka: Globalization and Socio-Cultural Processes in Contemporary Africa (2015); Democracy, Constitutionalism, and Politics in Africa (2017); na Human Rights in Africa: Contemporary Debates and Struggles (2019). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Globalization and Socio-Cultural Processes in Contemporary Africa|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137519146|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=SpringerLink}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy, Constitutionalism, and Politics in Africa|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-137-55592-2|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=SpringerLink}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights in Africa: Contemporary Debates and Struggles|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-137-51915-3|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=SpringerLink}}</ref> A họpụtara Sahle dị ka Fellow nke African Academy of Sciences na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahle Eunice|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/sahle-eunice|accessdate=2025-06-30|work=African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Ọ bụ Anglịkan, ma na-eme nleta kwa ụbọchị na Chapel of the Cross, nke o kwuru nyere aka "Chapel Hill [malite] inwe mmetụta dị ka ụlọ.".<ref name="UNC 2013">{{Cite web|author=Moss|first=Gary|date=2013-09-10|title=A live-changing moment|url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=University Gazette}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFMoss2013">Moss, Gary (10 September 2013). [https://www.unc.edu/discover/a-live-changing-moment/ "A live-changing moment"]. ''University Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2025</span> &#x2013; via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ == * (ed. ya na David A. McDonald) The Legacies of Julius Nyerere (2002) <ref name="Jennings 2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2003|title=The Legacies of Julius Nyerere|journal=African Business|issue=287|id={{ProQuest|220427971}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Usoro Ụwa, Mmepe na Mgbanwe'' (2010) * (ed.) Globalization na Social-Cultural Processes na Contemporary Africa (2015) * (ed.) ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Iwu, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Africa'' (2017) * (ed.) Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Africa: arụmụka na ọgụ nke oge a (2019) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahle, Eunice}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dugm24aruwdy5xvrcg0wm36b7x18rxs 0 65498 697759 638580 2026-08-10T07:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Étienne_Jules_Marey_by_Nadar.jpg|thumb|Étienne Jules Marey n'ihe dị ka 1880, nke Félix Nadar.]] '''Étienne-Jules Marey''' (5 Maachị 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 Mee 1904, Paris) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị France, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ese foto chronophotographer. Ọrụ ya dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke cardiology, ngwá ọrụ anụ ahụ, ụgbọ elu, cinematography na sayensị nke foto ụlọ nyocha. A na-ele ya anya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na-ese foto na onye ọsụ ụzọ nwere mmetụta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sinima. Ọ bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ichepụta usoro eserese dị iche iche maka ngosipụta na nkọwa nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ sitere na nha physiological.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Psychology without p values: Data analysis at the turn of the 19th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2000-02_55_2/page/260|author=Smith, Laurence D.|journal=American Psychologist|volume=55|issue=2|year=2000|pages=260–263|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.260|pmid=10717979}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Marey_-_birds.jpg|thumb|pelican na-efe efe nke Marey jidere n'ihe dị ka 1882. O mepụtara usoro nke idekọ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mmegharị n'otu foto]] [[Faịlụ:Étienne-Jules_Marey_-_Arab_Horse_Gallup_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ]] Marey malitere site n'ịmụ nrugharị ọbara n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gbanwere iji nyochaa ịkụ obi, iku ume, uru ahụ (myography), na mmegharị ahụ. Iji nyere aka n'ọmụmụ ihe ya, o mepụtara ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ maka ịtụ ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1859, ya na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike Auguste Chauveau na onye na'emepụta elekere Breguet, mepụtara ''Sphygmograph'' a na-eyi iji tụọ pulse. Sphygmograph a bụ mmelite na mbụ na nke siri ike karịa nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ahụike Karl von Vierordt. N'afọ 1869, Marey rụrụ ahụhụ aka mere nke ọma iji gosipụta etu ahụhụ si efe na iji gosipụta ọdịdị 8 ọ na-emepụta mgbe ọ na-agagharị nku ya. O tinyere ihe mgbochi ọla edo na nku ụmụ ahụhụ ma mee ka ìhè dị na ya iji mụọ otú nku ahụ si na-efe efe. O jikwa eriri iko kpuchie ájá mee ihe nke e webatara n'okporo ụzọ nku ụmụ ahụhụ iji chọpụta ma ọ gafere nku ahụ n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru site n'inyocha akụkụ ebe e wepụrụ ájá ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=31–34|title=Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)|author=Braun, Marta|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ikuku na-agagharị na-adọrọ mmasị ya wee malite ịmụ nnukwu anụmanụ na-efe efe, dị ka nnụnụ. Ọ nabatara ma gaa n'ihu mepụta ''Foto animated'' n'ime mpaghara dị iche nke Chronophotography na 1880s. Echiche mgbanwe ya bụ idekọ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mmegharị n'otu ebe foto. N'afọ 1890, o bipụtara nnukwu mpịakọta akpọrọ Le Vol des Oiseaux (The Flight of Birds), nke e ji foto, eserese, na eserese mee ihe. O mekwara ihe osise dị egwu nke nnụnụ dị iche iche na-efe efe. Marey mụọkwara anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bipụtara La Machine Animal na 1873 (a sụgharịa ka "Ụkpụrụ anụmanụ"). Onye na-ese foto Bekee bụ Eadweard Muybridge mere “Nyocha foto” ya na Palo Alto, California, iji gosi na Marey ziri ezi mgbe o dere na ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ nwa oge nwere ụkwụ anọ n'ala. Muybridge bipụtara foto ya na 1879 wee nweta ụfọdụ nlebara anya ọha. Marey nwere olile anya ijikọta anatomy na physiology. Iji ghọtakwuo ihe oyiyi chronophotographic ya, o jiri ha tụnyere ihe oyiyi nke anatomy, ọkpụkpụ, nkwonkwo, na uru ahụ nke otu ụdị ahụ. Marey mepụtara usoro ihe osise na-egosi ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ ma na-agbagharị, nke mbụ n'ime anụ ahụ wee bụrụ ọkpụkpụ. Edekọwo ọnụnọ na ọrụ Marey na Naples nke ọma,[1] karịsịa maka akwụkwọ echekwara na ebe nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.Marey malitere ịga Naples n'ihi na mmekọrịta ya na madame Vilbort, nwunye Joseph Vilbort, onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Globe.Madame Vilbort kwagara Naples iji gwọọ ọrịa ya, n'ihi ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, Marey sochiri ya. Marey na Madame Vilbort zụtara villa Maria na Posillipo na 1880.Marey rụzuru na Naples akụkụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ya bụ n'ịghọta ngwá ọrụ ya tupu eme ihe nkiri na n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dohrn mụrụ banyere mmegharị azụ ndị a na-akwado na tankị aquarium.N'ime akwụkwọ ozi e dere ụbọchị 1 Nọvemba 1876 Marey rịọrọ Stazione Zoologica ka o weta azụ̀ ray ndụ maka ọmụmụ ihe ya.Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị na-agba akaebe na mmekorita nke Marey na Anton Dohrn bụ ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie na ọdụ anụmanụ nke na-echekwa foto ebe ha abụọ na-apụta ọnụ n'oge njem nleta ma gosi Marey n'ụgbọ mmiri Dohrn.Ojiji nke egbe chronophotographic, nke Marey ji achụ nnụnụ, ma na-agbapụghị, pụtara ihe ọhụrụ nye ndị obodo na-akpọ Marey mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "onye nzuzu sitere na Posillipo" ("lo scemo di Posillipo"). Ọ tụpụtara "Iwu Marey", iwu nke kwuru na mmụba nke ọbara mgbali na-eme ka mbelata ọnụọgụ obi na ụzọ ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prescott|first=Sara L.|date=2022-02-16|title=Internal senses of the vagus nerve|journal=Neuron|volume=110|issue=4|pages=579–599|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.020|pmid=35051375|issn=0896-6273}}</ref> O mepụtara "Marey's tambour" maka nnwale physiological.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Putnam|first=James J.|date=September 1879|title=On the Reliability of Marey's Tambour in Experiments requiring Accurate Notations of Time|journal=The Journal of Physiology|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=209–213|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1879.sp000059|issn=0022-3751|pmid=16991287}}</ref> == Ihe osise == E mere égbè chronophotographic nke Marey na 1882. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rossell|first=Deac|date=2013|title=Chronophotography in the context of moving pictures|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17460654.2012.756651|journal=Early Popular Visual Culture|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=10–27|doi=10.1080/17460654.2012.756651|issn=1746-0654}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ a nwere ike iwere okpokoro iri na abụọ n'usoro na sekọnd, na okpokoro niile edere n'otu foto ahụ. N'iji foto ndị a nyochaa ịnyịnya, nnụnụ, nkịta, atụrụ, ịnyịnya ibu, enyí, azụ, ihe ndị dị obere, molluscs, ụmụ ahụhụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ, wdg. Ụfọdụ na-akpọ ya "ogige ntụrụndụ na-eme ihe nkiri" nke Marey. Marey mekwara ọmụmụ ihe a ma ama banyere nwamba na-agbada n'ụkwụ ha mgbe niile. O mere otu ọkụkọ na nkịta ọmụmụ ihe yiri nke ahụ wee chọpụta na ha nwere ike ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ. Marey mụtakwara banyere njem mmadụ. O bipụtara akwụkwọ ọzọ Le Mouvement na 1894.   [[Faịlụ:Lancement_poids_par_membre_du_racing_club_(1900).webm|thumb|Foto na-agagharị agagharị site na 1900 na-egosi usoro ịgba égbè]] N'afọ 1885, Marey kwuru otu o si nwee ike igwu egwu site na égbè ya site na iji phenakistiscope. N'afọ 1889, o mepụtara igwefoto chronophotographe nke na-ewere foto na fim na ọbụna oghere.Otú ọ dị, o jighị ike kpọghachi ya n'ihi na ọ naghị enwe ike ịgafe n'etiti okpokolo agba n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Edison gara Marey na 1889 wee nwee ike dozie nsogbu ahụ site na iji usoro ihe nkiri sprocketed na-aga n'ihu yana W.L. Dickson bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-eji ụdị cylindrical nke phonograph.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Haddleton|first=Graham P.|date=2003|editor=Cavailler|chapter=Etienne-Jules Marey: a short biography and appreciation|pages=188|title=25th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics|doi=10.1117/12.516735}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke ndụ ya ọ laghachiri n'ịmụ mmegharị nke ụdị adịchaghị adị, dịka bọọlụ na-ada ada. Nnukwu ọrụ ikpeazụ ya bụ nleba anya na foto nke ụzọ anwụrụ ọkụ. Samuel Pierpont Langley kwadoro nyocha a n'okpuru nkwado nke Smithsonian Institution, mgbe ha abụọ zutere na Paris na Exposition Universelle (1900). N'afọ 1901, o nwere ike iwu igwe anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ụzọ anwụrụ ọkụ 58. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ụzọ ikuku ikuku mbụ. == Akwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:Étienne-Jules_Marey.jpg|thumb|Marey n'etiti ihe ndị o mepụtara (sphygmograph, ngwá egwu na-edekọ ụda, ihe nlereanya nke nnụnụ na-efe efe, ihe ngosi, igwefoto) ]]   == Hụkwa == * Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) * Ihe osise * Ịtụle ọsọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by or about Étienne-Jules MareynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * Works by Étienne-Jules MareynaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * [http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/marey Sayensị nke mmegharị na onyinyo nke oge]: ihe ngosi n'ịntanetị site na [http://www.bium.parisdescartes.fr BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris)] , na Collège de France na Pr Marta Braun (Mahadum Ryerson), onye dere Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (Mahadum Chicago Press, 1992) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051514/http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay/article/mouvements-de-lair-etienne-jules-marey-1830-1904-photographe-des-fluides-4216.html?S=1&cHash=6ec9933eae Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, onye na-ese foto nke Fluids] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000407103638/http://www.expo-marey.com/indexFR.htm Ihe ngosi onyonyo, na ihe nkiri, na animation n'ịntanetị] * [http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/marey.htm Etienne-Jules Marey: ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ, BIUM (Paris)] * Foto, bibliography, na akụkọ ndụ na Virtual Laboratory nke Max Planck Institute for the History of Science * {{IMDb name|4620889}} * [[iarchive:lamachineanimale00mare|Ngwá Ọrụ Anụmanụ]] * "Bodies Against Time," bụ edemede nke Zoe Beloff na magazin Triple Canopy n'ịntanetị. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114094557/http://europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/%C3%89tienne-Jules%20Marey/multilingual%3A1/ Ihe ncheta na European Film Gateway Portal] * [[iarchive:physiologiedumo01maregoog|Nnụnụ Na-efe]] fajlay324wc7lb85ct0im90egkisw00 0 65673 697708 452512 2026-08-10T06:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 13 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697708 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ann Bishop''' (19 Disemba 1899 – 7 Mee 1990) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe banyere ihe ndị Britain sitere na Girton College na Mahadum Cambridge na onye otu Royal Society, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nke Royal Society. A mụrụ ya na Manchester mana ọ nọrọ na Cambridge maka ọtụtụ ndụ ọkachamara ya. Ọpụrụiche ya bụ protozoology na parasitology; Ọrụ mbụ ya na nje nje ciliate, gụnyere nke na-ebute ọrịa blackhead na toki anụ ụlọ, tọrọ ntọala maka nyocha ya mechara. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka doctorate ya, Bishọp gụrụ parasitic amoebae wee nyochaa chemotherapies nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa amoebic gụnyere ọnyụnyụ amoebic..&nbsp; Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara bụ nyocha zuru oke nke Plasmodium, nje ịba, na nyocha nke ụdị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka ọrịa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ mụtara nguzogide ọgwụ na nje a, nchọpụta nke baara ndị agha Britain uru n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọ chọpụtara na enwere ike iguzogide nje ndị a n'otu oge ahụ. Bishọp chọpụtakwara protozoan Pseudotrichomonas keilini wee soro Aedes aegypti, onye na-ahụ maka ịba, rụọ ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke nyocha ya gbasara ọrịa ahụ. N'ịbụ onye a họpụtara na Royal Society na 1959, Bishop bụ onye guzobere British Society for Parasitology ma jee ozi na Kọmitii Malaria nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Bishop na Manchester, England na 19 Disemba 1899.[1] Nna ya, James Kimberly Bishop, bụ onye na-emepụta oche nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nke nna ya ketara. Nne ya, Ellen Bishop (née Ginger), si Bedfordshire. Bishop nwere otu nwanne nwoke, ''amụrụ'' mgbe ọ dị afọ 13.[2] Mgbe ọ dị obere, Bishop chọrọ ịga n'ihu na azụmahịa ezinụlọ, ọ bụ ezie na mmasị ya gbanwere ngwa ngwa na sayensị mgbe nna ya gbara ya ume ịga mahadum.[1] N'inwe ekele maka egwu site na nwata, Bishop na-aga ihe ngosi nke Halle Orchestra na Manchester.[3] Dị ka onye nchọpụta, ọ bụ onye na-etinye uche na onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, na-ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị nwere ụkpụrụ dị elu.[4] Ọ bụ onye na-anọkarị na Girton College n'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya; ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ ya "Girtonian of Girtonians" na obituary ya. Onye na-esi nri nke ọma, a makwaara ya maka iwe ya na enweghị usoro sayensị na ntụziaka ọ chọtara.[5] A matara Bishop na kọleji maka okpu ya pụrụ iche, nke ọ ga-eyi maka nri ụtụtụ kwa ụbọchị tupu ọ gaa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Molteno, nke dị 5.6. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ịkpụ ihe ma nwee ekele maka nka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ masịghị nka nke oge a. ihe ntụrụndụ ya gụnyere ịga ije na ime njem, ọkachasị na Lake District: Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị ahapụ Britain. Ọ na-anọkwa na London na mbido afọ ọ bụla, na-aga opera na ballet ma na-eleta gallery.[3] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ndụ ya, mgbe ọ na-ejedebe na ọpụpụ ya, Bishop zụlitere mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ọgwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe o bipụtara ya na ngalaba ahụ.[6] Ann Bishop nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 90 mgbe ọ rịasịrị obere ọrịa.[6] E mere emume ncheta ya na ụlọ ekpere kọleji ma jupụta na ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya.[7] == Mmụta == [[Faịlụ:Girton_College,_Cambridge,_England,_1890s.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Girton College, alma mater nke Bishop, ihe dịka afọ 30 tupu ọ gaa]] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Bishop wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị onwe onye ruo mgbe ọ gbara afọ itoolu. [2][8] N'afọ 1909, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ banyere n'[[Fielden School|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Fielden]] na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ya bụ Manchester, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ atọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Manchester High School for Girls . Ọ bụ ezie na Bishop bu n'obi ịmụ kemịkalụ, enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ya na [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]] pụtara na ọ pụghị ịchụso ọmụmụ ihe kachasị amasị ya na Honours School of Chemistry. Kama nke ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Manchester n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1918 iji mụọ ihe ọkụkụ, kemịkal, na [[Agụmanụmanụ|zoology]].[2] Ọmụmụ ihe afọ mbụ ahụ na zoology kpaliri mmasị ya na ndụ ya niile na ntinye aka na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Zoology, na-enweta nzere Bachelor of Science na 1921; ọ natara nzere masta ya na 1922. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, n'okpuru nkuzi nke helminthologist R.A. Wardle na protozoologist Geoffrey Lapage, Bishop mụrụ Ciliates nwetara n'ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. [1] [8] Afọ abụọ n'ime ọrụ ya, [1] mgbe ọ nwetasịrị John Dalton Natural History Prize nke mahadum nyere ya, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, Onye otu Royal Society, Sydney J. Hickson.[8] N'afọ 1932, ọ natara [[Sc.D.|D.]]Sc." id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="D.Sc.">D.Sc. site na Mahadum Manchester, maka ọrụ ya na blackhead parasite.[9] Ọ natara Sc ya. D. site na [[Cambridge]]" id="mwpA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Mahadum Cambridge na 1941, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị na aha: enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị nzere zuru oke na Cambridge n'oge a.[1][1] == Ọrụ sayensị == === Ọrụ mbụ === [[Faịlụ:Entamoeba_histolytica_01.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|An ''Entamoeba histolytica'' cyst, isiokwu nke ọrụ mbụ nke Bishop]] Ọrụ Bishop na Hickson na-arụ bụ nnukwu nchọpụta mbụ ya, gbasara mmepụta nke ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Spirostomum]''" id="mwsw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Spirostomum">Spirostomum ambiguum, nnukwu ciliate nke a kọwara dị ka "wormlike". [6][10][11] Na 1909, mgbe ahụ dị afọ iri, ọ banyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Fielden na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ya bụ Manchester, bụ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ atọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Manchester High School for Girls. N'agbanyeghị na Bishop bu n'obi ịmụ kemistri, enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ya na physics pụtara na ọ pụghị ịchụso usoro ọ kacha amasị ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Honors nke Chemistry. Kama, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Manchester na Ọktoba 1918 iji mụọ botany, kemistri, na zoology., [1] otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, ha abụọ bụ ndị a na-achụpụ mgbe ụfọdụ.[10] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a naghị ekwe ka ya na ndị ikom nke ngalaba ahụ nọdụ ala na tebụl: kama nke ahụ, ọ nọdụrụ n'elu ihe enyemaka mbụ.[12] N'ebe ahụ, Bishop gara n'ihu na ọrụ ya na Spirostomum dị ka naanị protozoologist na ngalaba ahụ. [6] Ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ahụ na 1926, iji rụọ ọrụ maka Clifford Dobell na National Institute for Medical Research ebe ọ nọrọ n'ebe ahụ afọ atọ.[1] N'okpuru Dobell, Bishop nyochara amoebae parasitic a hụrụ na eriri afọ mmadụ, na-elekwasị anya na ụdị na-akpata dysentery amoebic, ''Entamoeba histolytica''.[6] Na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị ndị na-akpata ọrịa ọnyụnyụ amoebic, Entamoeba histolytica. Dobell, Bishop, na Patrick Laidlaw mụọ mmetụta nke amoebicides dị ka emetine maka ebumnuche ịgwọ ọrịa amoebal. Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, ọ kpọrọ amoeba genus Dobellina aha onye ndụmọdụ ya.[13] === Ụlọ Ọrụ Molteno === Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na Cambridge's Molteno Institute for Parasite Biology, ebe ọ laghachiri na 1929.[1] Ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ bụ ndọtị nke nyocha ya na Dobell, ka ọ na-amụ nkewa nuklia na parasitic flagellate na amoebae nke ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ma vertebrates na invertebrates. [6] Ọ kewapụrụ otu ụdị protozoan, aerotolerant anaerobes, site na eriri afọ nke ''Haemopis sanguisuga'' n'oge a. Bishop chọpụtakwara ụdị ọhụrụ, ''[./Pseudo&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Trichomonas''_keilini" id="mw_Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pseudotrichomonas keilini">Pseudotrichomonas keilini, nke ọ kpọrọ aha iji kweta na onye ọrụ ibe ya David Keilin, yana ọdịdị nke nje ahụ na ụdị Trichomonas. [6][9] Nnyocha ya na Manchester na H.P. Baynon metụtara nchọpụta, ikewapụ, na ọmụmụ nke parasite blackhead turkey (''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Histomonas]''_meleagridis" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Histomonas meleagridis">Histomonas meleagridis); ọmụmụ a malitere usoro maka ikewapụ na uto parasites site na mmerụ ahụ na imeju. [9] Bishop na Baynon bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ kewapụrụ Histomonas wee gosipụta ọrụ ya na isi ojii.[14] Nkà Bishop nwere na parasitic protozoa sụgharịrị n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama, nyocha zuru oke nke nje ịba (''Plasmodium'') na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ maka ọrịa ahụ. [6] [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Aedes aegypti'', ihe na-ebute ịba]] N'agbata afọ 1937 na 1938, Bishop nyochara mmetụta nke ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe dị iche na ọbara na okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ọ nyochakwa ihe ndị nyere aka n'ịmụ ''Plasmodium''. [6][15] Ọrụ a ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-aga nke ọma banyere ọgwụ mgbochi [[Iba|ịba]].[15] Ọrụ ya sochirinụ sitere na mmalite nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. N'oge agha ahụ, ọ nyochara ọgwụgwọ ọzọ maka ịba. Nnyocha ya nyeere mbọ agha ndị Britain aka n'ihi na [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]], quinine, siri ike inweta n'ihi Ndị Japan bi na Dutch West Indies.[10] Site na 1947 ruo 1964, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka Institute's Chemotherapy Research Institute, nke jikọtara ya na Medical Research Council.[14] Ọrụ Bishop gbanwere iji tinye ọmụmụ nke ọgwụ na-eguzogide ma parasites na ihe ndị na-elekọta ya, ọmụmụ nke ga-eme ka ọ nweta ọnọdụ na Royal Society. Ọrụ dị mkpa site n'oge a nke ndụ Bishop gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na nje ahụ n'onwe ya emeghị ka ọ ghara iguzogide quinine, mana na ihe ndị na-ebute ya nwere ike iguzogide ọgwụ proguanil. Nnyocha ya ''in vitro'' gosipụtara na ọ bụ eziokwu mgbe ejiri ọgwụ ndị ọ mụrụ gwọọ ndị ọrịa nwere ịba tertian, ụdị ọrịa nke na-eme kwa ụbọchị atọ. [6][10] Ọ chọpụtakwara ọgwụ pamaquine na atebrin, tinyere proguanil, ọ bụ ezie na proguanil bụ naanị nke egosiri na ọ na-akpata mmepe nke ọgwụ na-eguzogide.[10][16] Nnyocha ndị ọzọ gosiri na nje ịba nwere ike ịmepụta cross-resistance na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-alụso ịba ọgụ.[14] Bishop rụrụ ọrụ na Molteno ruo 1967. E mechara jiri usoro nyocha ya na nnwale ya mee ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ oke na nke mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere mgbanwe.[14] === Nsọpụrụ na ihe nketa === Bishop natara ọtụtụ utu aha nsọpụrụ na mkpakọrịta n'oge ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1932, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Yallow Fellow nke Girton College, ihe ùgwù o nwere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1990. Bishop bụkwa onye Beit Fellow site na 1929 ruo 1932. [1] Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike nyere ya onyinye na 1937 nke kpaliri ọmụmụ ya banyere ''Plasmodium''. [6] N'afọ 1945 na 1947, o sonyere n'ịhazi Girton College's Working Women's Summer School, ụlọ ọrụ e mere iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ndị agụmakwụkwọ ha kwụsịrị mgbe ha dị afọ iri na anọ.[17] A họpụtara ya na Royal Society na 1959, [1] ma n'otu oge ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii ịba nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa. [14] E hiwere British Society for Parasitology n'afọ ndị 1950, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mbọ Bishop gbara.[6] Na mbụ, e nyere ya naanị pound ise na odeakwụkwọ iji malite Society; iji nweta ego Bishop gafere gburugburu efere pudding na nzukọ Society.[12] Ndị otu ahụ bụbu obere otu nke Institute of Biology na Cambridge, mana ọ ghọrọ otu nwere onwe ya na 1960 ma bụrụ nke Bishop duziri.[10] Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Institute of Biology Parasitology Group, site na 1960 ruo 1962, onye ndú nke atọ n'ozuzu nke otu ahụ.[18] Ka e mesịrị n'afọ iri ahụ, Ngalaba Biology gwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba, mana ọ jụrụ n'ihi ọdịdị ọha na eze nke ọrụ ahụ.[10] Ruo afọ 20, akwụkwọ sayensị Parasitology nwere Bishop na ndị ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ.[5] Mmekọrịta ya na Girton College mere ka etinye ihe ncheta nke ndụ ya, nke ihe odide ya, nke Virgil hotara, na-agụ "Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas", Latin maka "Obi ụtọ bụ onye nwere ike ịmara ihe kpatara ihe".[10] N'afọ 1992, British Society for Parasitology mepụtara onyinye n'aha Bishop, Ann Bishop Travelling Award, iji nyere ndị na-eto eto parasitologists aka na njem maka ọrụ ubi ebe parasites ha nwere mmasị. [19] == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|title=Some observations upon ''Spirostomum ambiguum'' (Ehrenberg)|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Society|volume=67|year=1923|pages=391–434|url=http://jcs.biologists.org/content/s2-67/267/391.full.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|title=The cytoplasmic structures of ''Spirostomum ambiguum'' (Ehrenberg)|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Society|volume=71|year=1927|pages=147–172|url=http://jcs.biologists.org/content/s2-71/281/147.full.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|title=Further experiments on the action of emetine in cultures of ''Entamoeba histolytica''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1928-07_20_2/page/207|author=Laidlaw|first=P. P.|journal=Parasitology|volume=20|issue=2|year=1928|pages=207–220|doi=10.1017/S0031182000011604}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bishop|first=Ann|title=Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man. III: The action of emetine on natural amoebic infections in Macaques|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1929-11_21_4/page/n111|journal=Parasitology|volume=21|issue=4|year=1929|pages=446–468|doi=10.1017/S0031182000029334}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bishop|first=Ann|title=Experiments on the action of emetine in cultures of ''Entamoeba coli''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1929-11_21_4/page/481|journal=Parasitology|volume=21|issue=4|year=1929|pages=481–486|doi=10.1017/S003118200002936X}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bishop|first=Ann|title=The morphology and division of ''Trichomonas''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1931-04_23_2/page/129|journal=Parasitology|volume=23|issue=2|year=1931|pages=129–156|doi=10.1017/S0031182000013524}} * {{Cite journal|title=''Histomonas meleagridis'' in domestic fowls (''Gallus gallus''). Cultivation and experimental infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1938-06_30_2/page/181|year=1938|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=181–194|doi=10.1017/S0031182000025749}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bishop|first=Ann|title=Chemotherapy and avian malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1942-05_34_1/page/1|journal=Parasitology|volume=34|issue=1|year=1942|pages=1–54|doi=10.1017/S0031182000015985}} * {{Cite journal|title=Experiments upon the feeding of ''Aëdes aegypti'' through animal membranes with a view to applying this method to the chemotherapy of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1946-01_37_1-2/page/85|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=37|issue=1–2|year=1946|doi=10.1017/S0031182000013202|pages=85–100|pmid=21014255}} * {{Cite journal|title=Acquired resistance to paludrine in ''Plasmodium gallinaceum''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1947-06-28_159_4052/page/884|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Nature|volume=159|issue=4052|year=1947|pages=884–885|doi=10.1038/159884a0|pmid=20252559}} * {{Cite journal|title=Drug-resistance in ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'', and the persistence of paludrine-resistance after mosquito transmission|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1948-07_39_1-2/page/125|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=39|issue=1–2|year=1948|pages=125–137|doi=10.1017/S0031182000083657|pmid=18876887}} * {{Cite journal|title=Resistance to sulphadiazine and 'paludrine' in the malaria parasite of the fowl (p. Gallinaceum)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1948-10-02_162_4118/page/541|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Nature|volume=162|issue=4118|pages=541–543|year=1948|doi=10.1038/162541a0|pmid=18884622}} * {{Cite journal|title=Sulphadiazine-resistance in ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'' and its relation to other antimalarial compounds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1950-01_40_1-2/page/163|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=40|issue=1–2|year=1950|pages=163–174|doi=10.1017/S0031182000017996|pmid=15401181}} * {{Cite journal|title=Problems concerned with gametogenesis in Haemosporidiidea, with particular reference to the genus ''Plasmodium''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1955-05_45_1-2/page/163|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=45|issue=1–2|year=1955|pages=163–185|doi=10.1017/S0031182000027542|pmid=14370842}} * {{Cite journal|title=A study of the factors affecting the emergence of the gametocytes of ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'' from the erythrocytes and the exflagellation of the male gametocytes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_1956-05_46_1-2/page/192|author=Bishop|first=Ann|journal=Parasitology|volume=46|issue=1–2|year=1956|pages=192–215|doi=10.1017/S0031182000026433|pmid=13322465}} * {{Cite journal|author=Bishop|first=Ann|title=Drug resistance in protozoa|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=34|issue=4|year=1959|pages=334–500|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1959.tb01317.x}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s3myptm2943oon9hwz2lwz1mbz11kki 0 65743 697816 516366 2026-08-10T08:48:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beatrice "Bettie" Willard''' (December 19, 1925 - 7 Jenụwarị 2003) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ onye ọkachamara na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na botany nke tundra dị elu, yana tundra arctic. Ọmụmụ Willard metụtara amụma ọha na ọmụmụ ya, nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ndụ osisi n'ebe dị elu. Willard bụ onye na-ahụ maka nhazi nke Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots n'elu osisi dị na Rocky Mountain National Park, nke edepụtara ugbu a na National Register of Historic Places. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ndị isi ala US Nixon na Ford dị ka nwanyị mbụ na Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) <ref name="nrhpnom1" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == Beatrice Willard was born December 19, 1925, the daughter of Stephen and Beatrice Williard, living in Palm Springs, California and Sierra Nevada during her childhood. Her father was a noted landscape photographer.<ref name="ovh1">{{Cite web|title=Stephen Willard|url=http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/whitney_packers3/stephen_willard.pdf|publisher=Owens Valley History|accessdate=26 August 2011|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000107/http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/whitney_packers3/stephen_willard.pdf}}</ref> She developed an interest in natural studies by the time she was twelve. From an early age she was encouraged by her parents to read about plants, animals, and the environment around her.<ref name="DenverPost">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/denverpost/obituary.aspx?n=beatrice-willard&pid=721729|title=Beatrice Willard Obituary|author=|first=|date=January 15, 2003|work=Denver Post via Legacy.com|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref> She was awarded a B.A. in biological sciences from Stanford University in 1947, then attended the National Park Service Yosemite Field School. However, she was unable to get a job with the Park Service and took work as a high school teacher, first in Salinas, California, then in Oakland, and finally at Tulelake High School in California. In 1952 she began working as a seasonal interpretive ranger at Lava Beds National Monument and Crater Lake National Park. During the 1950s  Willard was awarded a Ford Foundation grant to study alpine ecology in Europe. She earned her M.A. in 1960 and her Ph.D. in 1963, both in botany/plant ecology at the University of Colorado, advised by John Marr, founder of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.<ref name="AAARobit">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0125:BEWDJ]2.0.CO;2|issn=1523-0430|year=2003|volume=35|pages=125–127|journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research|title=Beatrice E. Willard, 19 December 1925–7 January 2003, In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2003-02_35_1/page/125|author=Cooper|first=David J.}}</ref> O dere ala n'elu osisi: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra (1972, revised 1996, with coauthor- illustrator Ann Zwinger), A Guide to the Mammoth Lakes Sierra (1959, with Dean Rinehart and Elden Vestal), A Roadside Guide to Rocky Mountain National Park (1990, na Susan00 National Park, Quits0, National Park) Linda H. Beidleman na Richard G. Beidleman). N'afọ ndị ọzọ [olee mgbe?] ọ duziri Thorne Institute dị na Aspen, Colorado wee na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Rocky Mountain Chapter nke Sierra Club yana ya na Colorado Open Space Council. Willard kwalitere nguzobe nke Florissant Fossil Beds National Ncheta. Dị ka onye otu CEQ ọ dụrụ ọdụ na imewe nke Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị CEQ na 1973 ọ sonyere na Colorado School of Mines wee guzobe mmemme sayensị gburugburu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-enweta onyinye nrite nke United Nations pụtara ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="nrhpnom1">{{Cite web|author=Yost|first=Cheri|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Willard, Beatrice, Alpine Tundra Research Plots|url=http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5LR10540-5LR11754.pdf|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=26 August 2011|date=June 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319070436/http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5LR10540-5LR11754.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYostDavies,_Chase2007">Yost, Cheri; Davies, Chase (June 2007). <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. Archived from <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} gc2e2ntapoke5vkkhg3uciw7e8veqlg 0 66135 697755 475230 2026-08-10T07:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697755 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Doris Benta Maria Löve,''' née Wahlén (amụrụ 2 Jenụwarị 1918 na Kristianstad - nwụrụ anwụ 25 February 2000 na San Jose, California) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Sweden, ọkachasị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Arctic..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Doris Löve na Kristianstad, Sweden. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Lund na 1937. Ọ lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Icelander Áskell Löve. Ọ nwetara PhD na botany na 1944. O lekwasịrị anya doctorate na mmekọahụ nke Melandrium. Mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Iceland. Ha kwagara Winnipeg na 1951, kwaga Montreal na 1955, na Boulder na 1965. Na mahadum ebe Áskell Löve kụziri ihe, Doris Löve apụghị ịbụ onye nkụzi n’otu oge na di ya. Ha mechara kwaga San Jose, California na 1974.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> N'otu, Áskell na Doris Löve mere ọtụtụ nyocha banyere ọnụọgụ chromosome nke osisi na ojiji ha na usoro osisi. Ha bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ na mpaghara a, a na-ewerekwa ha dị ka ndị guzobere cytotaxonomy.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1962, ọ bụ onye nhazi nke nzukọ sayensị nwere mmetụta na ''North Atlantic Biota na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha'' na onyinye sitere n'aka Eric Hultén, Tyge W. Böcher, [[Hugo Sjörs]], John Axel Nannfeldt, Knut Fægri, Bruce C. Heezen na Marie Tharp. N'afọ 1974, a manyere di ya Áskell Löve, onye bụ prọfesọ zuru oke na onye isi oche nke ngalaba ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Mahadum Colorado Boulder, ịgba arụkwaghịm. N'afọ 1997, o dere akụkọ ezinụlọ ya, akụkọ ndụ dị peeji 86 nke na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ịgba arụkwaghịm di ya. E debere ihe ncheta a na Hunt Botanical Library na Pittsburgh na 1997 ma kwesiri ka a ghara ịhapụ ya ruo 2018.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == * Onye otu Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (IAAR) <ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> * Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke Mahadum Colorado Museum Herbarium (COLO) == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==   === Akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọkụkụ === * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1961|title=Chromosome numbers of central and northwest European plant species|series=[[Opera Botanica]] vol. 5|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|location=Stockholm|pages=1–581}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1966|title=Cytotaxonomy of the alpine vascular plants of Mount Washington|series=University of Colorado Studies. Series of Biology No. 24|publisher=University of Colorado|location=Boulder|pages=1–75}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1974|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Slovenian flora|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 1|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=1241}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1975|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Arctic flora|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 2|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=598}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1977|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Pteridophyta|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 3|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=398}} === Usoro nzukọ === * Nzukọ a lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta biogeographical nke continental drift.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1963|title=North Atlantic Biota and their History: A symposium held at University of Iceland, Reykjavík July 1962|publisher=Pergamon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://archive.org/details/northatlanticbio00sk}} Ọrụ nkewa ya mere ka nwunye Kenneth Hare bụ Jocelyn jikọta ọnụ ụlọ ahịhịa sitere na Ugwu Kaumajet.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huneault|first=Kristina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjVhDwAAQBAJ|title=I'm Not Myself at All: Women, Art, and Subjectivity in Canada|date=2018-07-16|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-5403-0|language=en}}</ref> === Nsụgharị === * ''Nnyocha botanical nke Penny Highlands nke Baffin Island, Nsonaazụ nke njem Baffin nke abụọ site na Arctic Institute of North America (1953) n'okpuru nduzi nke Col. P.D. Baird'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schwarzenbach|first=Fritz Hans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq2j5HhAMM0C|title=Botanical Observations on the Penny Highlands of Baffin Island|date=2010|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-8423-1884-7|language=en}}</ref> * Nikolai Vavilov, ''Mmalite na ọdịdị ala nke osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ, Archives of Natural History'', Jenụwarị 1994 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250229745|title=VAVILOV, N. I. Origin and geography of cultivated plants. (Translated by Doris Löve)|date=January 1994|work=Research Gate}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == {{Reflist}} cftzs43ppabuqk7omf3z0e42eputr05 10 66195 697898 477209 2026-08-10T10:22:28Z EmausBot 2058 Fixing double redirect from [[Templeeti:As of]] to [[Templeeti:Ruo]] 697898 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Templeeti:Ruo]] hrf00odu3y5vg6ovdg656tjxw6rz3ok 0 66640 697558 687508 2026-08-10T02:40:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:200109 최영주사진.jpg|thumb|YoungJu Choie ]]   '''YoungJu Choie''' (Korean, amụrụ na Jun 15, 1959) bụ onye South Korea na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Pohang (POSTECH). Ihe nnyocha na-amasị ya gụnyere nkuzi ọnụọgụ na ụdị modular. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Choie gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ewha Women n'afọ 1982, wee nweta nzere ọkankuzi ya na 1986 na Mahadum Temple n'okpuru nlekọta nke Marvin Knopp. Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ nwa oge na Mahadum Ohio State na Mahadum Maryland, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Colorado n'afọ 1989, wee kwaga POSTECH dị ka prọfesọ zuru oke n'afọ 1990. A họpụtara Choie dị ka prọfesọ Mahadum nke POSTECH site na 2022 ruo 2029. Choie ghọrọ onye òtù American Mathematical Society n'afọ 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list|title=List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society|work=American Mathematical Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ == Choie na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba dị iche iche nke Jacobi forms.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=1998-02-01|title=Rankin–Cohen Operators for Jacobi and Siegel Forms|journal=Journal of Number Theory|volume=68|issue=2|pages=160–177|doi=10.1006/jnth.1997.2203|issn=0022-314X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=1997-05-01|title=Jacobi forms and the heat operator|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematische-zeitschrift_1997-05_225_1/page/95|journal=Mathematische Zeitschrift|language=en|volume=225|issue=1|pages=95–101|doi=10.1007/PL00004603|issn=1432-1823}}</ref> Na njikọ aka ya na Winfried Kohnen, Ya na Winfried Kohnen, o gosila ókè ndị dị n'elu na mgbanwe akara izizi nke Fourier coefficients nke cusp forms,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=2009-03-20|title=The first sign change of Fourier coefficients of cusp forms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_2009-04_131_2/page/517|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|language=en|volume=131|issue=2|pages=517–543|doi=10.1353/ajm.0.0050|issn=1080-6377}}</ref> na-akọwapụta ọrụ Siegel n'òzùzù. == Ọrụ ya ndị a họọrọ == * Y. Choie, Y. Park na D. Zagier, Oge nke ụdị modular na Γ 0 (N) {\displaystyle \Gamma _{0} (N) } na Ngwaahịa nke Jacobi Theta na-arụ ọrụ, Journal of the European Mathematical Society, Vol. 21, Mbipụta 5, peeji nke 1379-1410 (2019) * R. Bruggeman, Y. Choie na N. Diamantis, Holomorphic automorphic forms and cohomology, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 253 (2018), no. 1212, vii+167 pp.   * D. Bump na Y. Choie, "Schubert Eisenstein series", American Journal of Mathematics Mpịakọta 136, Nke 6, Dec 2014, 1581-1608. * Y. Choie na W. Kohnen, "Ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke Fourier coefficients of cusp forms", American Journal of Mathematics 131 (2009), No. 2, 517-543. * Y. Choie na D. Zagier, "Rational period functions for PSL (2, Z) ", Contemporary Mathematics, A tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis, 143, 89-108, 1993. * (Akwụkwọ) Y. Choie na MH. Lee, "Jacobi-Like Forms, Pseudodifferential Operators, and Quasimodular Forms", 318 peeji, Springer Monographs in Mathematics on Springer Verlag 2019 (eBook )   * (Akwụkwọ) M. Shi, Y. Choie, A. Sharma na P. Sole, "Codes and Modular forms", World Scientific, (hardcover) December 2019 Peeji: 232  == Ije Ozi ya == Choie bụrịsị onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke International Journal of Number Theory kemgbe afọ 2004. N'afọ 2010-2011 ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society . Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke òtù Society of Korean Women in Mathematical Sciences na 2017. Ọrụ Ọha na Eze ndị a họọrọ: * 2020-2022: NCsoft, onye isi nchịkwana-esoghi na ndị ezege * 2019-2020: Kansụl ndụmọdụ onye isi ala na sayensị na teknụzụ, onye òtù ịtụ árò, Republic of Korea. * 2019-2020: Onye ndụmọdụ mahadum, onye nnọchi anya ngalaba na POSTECH, Pohang, Korea * 2019-2020: osote onye isi oche nke agụmakwụkwọ na Korean Mathematical Society, Korea * 2018-2021: Onye na-anọghị na Board of Trustees, UNIST (Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology), Korea * 2018-2020: Onye na-anọghị na Board of Trustees, NRF (National Research Foundation), Korea * 2018-2020, 2009-2013: Onye nduzi nke Pohang Mathematical Institute, POSTECH, Korea * 2017.12òtù19.11: Onye òtù, Kọmitii nnyocha zuru oke maka nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-akwado ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, Ministri nke Mmụta * 2017-2018: Science and Technology Innovation Board, Ministry nke Sayensị , Teknụzụ, Ozi na nkwukọrịta * 2018-2019/2020-2021: osote onye isi oche nke KOFWST/Auditor, Korea * 2018-2019: Onye isi nke kọmitii ngalaba nke ọrụ òtù nke KOFWST, Korea * 2018: Onye ndụmọdụ mahadum nke POSTECH, onye nnọchi anya ngalaba * 2017: KWMS (Korea Women in Mathematical Sciences), Onye isi, 20170101-20171231 * 2016-2017: KOFWST (Korea Federation of Women's Sciences and Technology Academics) onye otu ndị nlekọta * 2016-2018: otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics (CWM) * 2015-2016: CRB (onye isi nke bọọdụ nnyocha), National Research Foundation * 2009-2015: Kọmitii nhazi, 2014 Seoul ICM, Seoul, Korea * 2013-2015: Kọmitii nhazi, ICWM, 2014, Seoul. * 2008-2009: ICM-2014 kọmitii Seoul Bitteing * 2007-2009: Onye isi nke Ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea. * 2006: Onye òtù WISE Mentoring, 2006 gawa * 2004-2007, 2012: KWMS (Korean Women in Mathematical Sciences), Board of Trustees: == Nkwanye Ùgwù == Choie enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye nkwanye ùgwù dịka "The best Journal Paper Award (2002) " sitere na Korean Mathematical Society, "Kwon, Kyungwhan" Onye isi oche Prọfesọ (2004) na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Pohang, "Nwanyị Sayensị kachasị mma nke Afọ" (2005) site na Ministrị Sayensị na Teknụzụ, "Nwanyị Sayensị na Teknụzụ kachasị mma nke sitere na Amore-Pacific" (2007), KOFWST (Korea Federation of Woman's Science and Technology Association) na "2014 Distinguished research" sitere na Ministrị Agụmakwụkwọ nke Korea. N'afọ 2013, Choie ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị òtù mmalite nke American Mathematical Society . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list|title=List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society|work=American Mathematical Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list "List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society"]. ''American Mathematical Society''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Choie ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ onye òtù Korean Academy of Science and Technology na 2018., nke a natara na 2018-12-22. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke natara (2018) onyinye nkwanye ùgwù agụmakwụkwọ nke Korean Mathematical Society. == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Otú:Ndị òtù American Mathematical Society]] hu03v1qyyvxrcxuq0wyakryqhy3p2jl 0 66694 697491 559704 2026-08-10T01:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697491 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Florence Eliza Allen''' (1876-1960) bụ onye America na-eme [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1907, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị nke abụọ natara Ph.D. na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, na Ph.D nke anọ n'ozuzu site na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name=":02" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Florence Eliza Allen na October 4, 1876, na Horicon, Wisconsin, <ref name=":2" /> nke Eliza na Charles Allen. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=John W.|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GvwUAAAAYAAJ|title=Woman's who's who of America : a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915|date=1914|publisher=New York : American Commonwealth Co.|others=Harvard University}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeonard1914">Leonard, John W. (1914). [[iarchive:bub_gb_GvwUAAAAYAAJ|''Woman's who's who of America : a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915'']]. Harvard University. New York : American Commonwealth Co.</cite></ref> Nna ya, onye ọka iwu, nwụrụ na 1890 mgbe Allen dị afọ 14. O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, Charles Allen, bụ onye dị afọ anọ ma bụrụ onye nta akụkọ ụlọikpe. Nne Allen nwụrụ na 1913. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Protestant, Allen bụ onye otu First Congregational Church na Madison, Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wis.)|first=First Congregational Church (Madison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DALnAAAAMAAJ&dq=florence+eliza+allen&pg=PP5|title=Year Book of the First Congregational Church, Madison, Wis|date=1901|publisher=The Church.|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == Njem agụmakwụkwọ Allen malitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum na mgbakọ na mwepụ na 1900.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alumni directory, 1849-1911|publisher=University of Wisconsin|url=https://archive.org/details/alumnidirectory100univrich/page/58|year=1912}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ a ma ama, nke a nabatara na Phi Beta Kappa, ma sonye na ndụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-eje ozi n'ọkwa ndị ndu n'òtù na-ede akwụkwọ na-akwalite nka dị mma, yana n'òtle ọchịchị onwe onye na bọọdụ akwụkwọ afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morgan|first=Bayard Quincy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNwCAAAAYAAJ&dq=florence+eliza+allen+%22florence+eliza+allen%22&pg=PA3|title=Phi Beta Kappa: Alpha of Wisconsin; Catalogue|date=1917|publisher=University of Wisconsin|language=en}}</ref>[7] Allen gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Wisconsin, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na 1901 site na edemede akpọrọ "Abelian integrals nke ụdị mbụ n'elu Riemann. s = (z − a <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>5 6 <nowiki> </nowiki> (z - b) <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>5 6 <nowiki> </nowiki> (z - c) <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>2 6 <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle s= (z-a) ^{\tfrac {5}{6}} (z-b) ^{ \tfrac{5}{ 6}} (z) ^<nowiki>{{\tfrác {2}{6}}</nowiki>} <nowiki> </nowiki>. " == PhD na edemede == N'afọ 1907, Allen mere akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịghọ nwanyị nke abụọ, mgbe Charlotte Elvira Pengra gasịrị, ịnata PhD na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, nke akpọrọ "The Cyclic Involutions of Third Order Determined by Nets of Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, and 2," bụ nke Linnaeus Wayland Dowling lekọtara ma bipụta ya na Quarterly Journal of Mathematics na 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florence Allen – The Mathematics Genealogy Project|url=https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=7942|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.mathgenealogy.org}}</ref> Ihe a ọ rụzuru gosipụtara ya dị ka onye nke anọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD n'ozuzu ya site na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ nke mahadum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Florence Eliza Allen|url=https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/allen.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=mathwomen.agnesscott.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/allen.htm "Florence Eliza Allen"]. ''mathwomen.agnesscott.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref><blockquote>"A ga-enwe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịga maka PhD. - ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa iji mee ka ha ruo eruo maka otu n'ime oge ụfọdụ - oge ụfọdụ - oghere na ọkwa kọleji na mahadum, ụfọdụ n'ime n'ihi ntụrụndụ ha nwere ike ịgbaso nchụso dị mma. Mana n'ozuzu, ahụghị m nnukwu agbamume a ga-enweta site na ahụmịhe na ihe ndị gara aga. "N'oge a, ọ bụ nnukwu ọdịnihu maka ụmụ nwanyị niile kpebiri ugbu a, dịka m, ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị niile na-etinye aka na mpaghara a pụrụ iche iche".[10]</blockquote> == Ọrụ == N'ịgbaso doctorate ya, Allen nọgidere na Mahadum Wisconsin, ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu onyinye o nyere n'ọhịa, ọ chere ihe ịma aka ihu n'ọganihu ọkachamara, ikekwe n'ihi amụma mgbochi ime mmụọ, n'ihi na nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama na ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum.[11] N'afọ 1945, mgbe afọ iri anọ na atọ nke ije ozi dị ka onye nkuzi gasịrị, e buliri Allen ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1947. <ref name=":02"/> Ogologo oge ọ nọrọ na mahadum ahụ gosipụtara site na nraranye na nkuzi na nyocha. Mgbe ọ nwesịrị edemede ya, akwụkwọ ya a ma ama gụnyere: * "A Certain Class of Transcendental Curves" (1915) E bipụtara ya na Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo ** E bipụtara ya na Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di PalermoRendiconti nke Circolo Matematico di Palermo * "Mkpọrọ nke Tangential Process on the Rational Plane Cubic" (1927) ** E bipụtara ya na American Journal of Mathematics Allen bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters ma sonye na òtù ndị ọkachamara dị iche iche, gụnyere American Mathematical Society na American Mathematical Association.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJw4FwFzsXQC|title=Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters|date=1907|publisher=Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters|language=en|pages=938, 998}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Members of the Society September, 1938|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-society-bulletin_1938-09_44_9/page/11|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|date=September 1938|volume=44|issue=9|pages=11–60|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1938-06837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beckwith|first=Ethelwynn R.|title=The May Meeting of the Wisconsin Section|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|date=November 1936|volume=43|issue=9|pages=528–530|doi=10.1080/00029890.1936.11987892}}</ref> A naghị ahụkarị onyinye ya n'ọhịa ahụ, dịka ihe akaebe, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya amaghị banyere nzere doctorate ya, na-ezo aka na ya dịka "Miss Allen".[11] == Ndụ e mesịrị == N'èzí agụmakwụkwọ, edepụtara Allen na 1914 "Woman's Who's Who of America," ebe o gosipụtara nkwado ya maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":1"/> Allen na nne ya biri ruo 1913 mgbe nne ya nwụrụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ bụ naanị ya biri ma ọ bụ soro ndị ya bi n'ụlọ. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ nọgidere na-etinye aka na obodo ya na òtù ndị ọkachamara. Na Disemba 29, 1960, a nabatara Florence Allen n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Madison, Wisconsin. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nwụrụ na Disemba 31, 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=January 1, 1961|title=Florence Allen, Ex-U.W. Faculty Member, 84, Dies|url=https://basic.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-florence-eliza-a/37837765/|archivedate=2024-05-23|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Wisconsin State Journal|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523194544/https://basic.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-florence-eliza-a/37837765/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Wisconsin State Journal''. January 1, 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> E liri ya na Oak Hill Cemetery n'obodo ya bụ Horicon, Wisconsin. == Hụkwa == * [[Lillian Beecroft]] * [[Vermillion Thisson]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=Judy|title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's|date=2009|publisher=American Mathematical Society|id={{ProQuest|2148436019}}|isbn=978-0-8218-4376-5}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nkwupụta: "Mgbasawanye Cyclic nke Usoro nke Atọ nke Nets of Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, na 2"[https://books.google.com/books?id=7pBoGLtYYeAC&pg=PA258 "Njem Cyclic nke Usoro nke Atọ nke Nets nke Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, na 2"] * {{Cite journal|author=Allen|first=Florence Eliza|title=A certain class of transcendental curves|journal=Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo (1884-1940)|date=December 1915|volume=39|issue=1|pages=149–152|doi=10.1007/BF03015977}} * {{Cite journal|author=Allen|first=F. E.|title=Closure of the Tangential Process on the Rational Plane Cubic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1927-07_49_3/page/456|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|date=1927|volume=49|issue=3|pages=456–461|doi=10.2307/2370676}} * [https://www.wisconsinacademy.org/ Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters] {{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3csiss43sl2y0tdixv8b0s004vr85i0 0 66710 697702 655821 2026-08-10T05:59:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Infọmatiks Ahụike Uche''' bụ alaka nke health or clinical informatics nke lekwasịrị anya n'iji teknụzụ (IT) yana ozi iji melite ahụike ụbụrụ. Dị ka infọmatiks ahụike, infọmatiks ahụ ike uche bụ usoro ọmụmụ chịkọrọ ngalaba dị iche iche nke na-akwalite nnyefe nlekọta, ime nnyocha na agụmakwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics|title=Mental health informatics - Clinfowiki|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011724/http://www.clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mental_health_informatics}}</ref> yana teknụzụ na usoro ndị achọrọ iji mejuputa ya. == Ịgụ Ọnụ na itinye koodu == * Okwu ndị dị na ya yana usoro koodu ndị dịka (DSM) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-updates/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders|title=NIMH » Different Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorders|work=www.nimh.nih.gov|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180944/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2017/different-approaches-to-understanding-and-classifying-mental-disorders.shtml|archivedate=2017-12-27}}</ref> * Nnwale ahụike uche kpọmkwem yana usoro nnyocha ahụ <ref name="y802">{{Cite web|title=Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires|work=sdqinfo.org|url=https://sdqinfo.org/|accessdate=2024-07-10|archivedate=2024-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706055639/https://www.sdqinfo.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawba.info/|title=Dawba|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2024-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014043/https://www.dawba.info/}}</ref> == Usoro nchịkọta data na nchekwa == Nchịkọta ozi dị n'usoro dị mkpa maka omume na-aga nke ọma. Ịchịkọta data ndị bara uru maka nnyocha ahụ na ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa uche bụ ihe ịma aka mgba, ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ọnụọgụ Biomarkers nke enwere ike iji mee ihe na infọmatiks ahụike a haziri ahazi, dị ka okpomọkụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọbara mgbali elu. N'ụzọ dị ukwuu, nnyocha ahụ na ọgwụgwọ dị ugbu a na-agbaso ajụjụ ọnụ ahụike dị n'etiti ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrịa. Ajụjụ ọnụ gasị abụghị naanị na ọ na-esi ike isi na ya nweta data a haziri ahazi n'ihi ahụmịhe ojieme dị iche iche, ọnọdụ, na izi ezi nke ncheta onye ọrịa. Ọganihu dị ngwa ngwa n'usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ yana nchekwa nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro nchịkọta data a.<ref name="data-collection-prototype">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2196/resprot.6919|pmid=28600276|title=Data Collection for Mental Health Studies Through Digital Platforms: Requirements and Design of a Prototype|journal=JMIR Research Protocols|volume=6|issue=6|pages=e110|year=2017|author=Aledavood|first=Talayeh}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2014 na Ireland nyochara iji ngwá ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ dekọọ ọnọdụ obi na echiche kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps" /> Usoro nchịkọta dị otú ahụ ga-enye ọtụtụ data a haziri ahazi nke nsogbu ncheta ndị ọrịa na-emetụtachaghị. * Njikọ nke ọrụ ahụike uche n'ime usoro ndekọ ahụike elektrọniiki (EHRs) na usoro nhazi buru ibu === Sensọ ekwentị na nke dijitalụ === Ịdị ebe niile nke ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ na ngwá nyiwe kọmputa mkpanaka ndị ọzọ na-amalite ime ka ụdị nchịkọta data ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ gasị nwee ike arụmọrụ. Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya a rụrụ ha bụ ndị mbụ na-eji nchịkọta data na-agaghị agafe agafe ejikọtara ya na nyocha iji nye ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka: ogologo oge a na-anụta okwu mmadụ, ọrụ geospatial (ogologo ole e mere njem gaa kwa ụbọchị), mmegarį ahụ, na oge ụra.<ref name="next-gen-psych-assessment">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1037/prj0000130|pmid=25844912|title=Next-Generation Psychiatric Assessment: Using Smartphone Sensors to Monitor Behavior and Mental Health|journal=Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal|volume=38|issue=3|pages=218–226|year=2015|author=Ben-Zeev|first=Dror}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-emepụta ngwá ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ dị mfe nke nwere ike iji data ndị na-adịgide dochie akụkụ nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụike ndị na-adịghị adịgide.<ref name="moodscope">{{Cite book|doi=10.1145/2462456.2464449|year=2013|author=LiKamWa|first=Robert|title=Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services|chapter=MoodScope: Building a mood sensor from smartphone usage patterns|pages=389–402|isbn=978-1-4503-1672-9}}</ref><ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps" /><ref name="mhealth">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1037/a0024485|title=mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioral Healthcare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_professional-psychology-research-and-practice_2011-12_42_6/page/505|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|volume=42|issue=6|pages=505–512|year=2011|author=Luxton|first=David D.}}</ref> == Nnweta ahụike site n'ịntanetị == Nnweta ahụike site n'ịntanetị, nnweta ọgwụ site n'ịntanet na nnweta nnyocha na ọgwụgwọ ụbụrụ site n'ịntanet bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ e si enye nlekọta ahụ nke teknụzụ mere ka o kwe omume. N'ụzọ doro anya, e nwere òtù ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-enyocha ojiji nke ngwá ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ iji na-enye árò ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ihe ncheta maka ịnara ọgwụgwọ m'ọbụrụ n'o metụta ahụike uche. Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka inweta ahụike site n'ịntanet na-ekwu maka ọnụ ọgụ ndị ọrịa ọ na-esi ike inye nlekọta ahụike ọdịnala, dị ka ndị nọ n'ime ime obodo, ndị agha, ma ọ bụ ndị agha gara lara ezumike. Ụdị ndị a ka ọ dịịrị mfe irite uru site na omume nnweta ahụike site n'ịntanet. Nnyocha nke onye nlekota nke ụlọ ọrụ US Veterans Affairs na North Carolina yana Virginia kpughere na pasent iri atọ na isii nke ndị ọrịa na-adị echere ihe karịrị otu ọnwa maka ịhụ onye dokinta nata ụ́sà ahụike ha.<ref name="va-appointments">{{Cite news|author=Slack|first=Donovan|date=March 3, 2017|title=Inaccurate VA wait times preclude thousands of vets from getting outside care, probe finds|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/03/03/veterans-affairs-inspector-general-widespread-inaccuracies-wait-times/98693856/|work=USA Today|accessdate=April 30, 2019}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara na nnweta ahụike site n'ịntanet nwere mmasị ibelata oge ichere ndị a site n'ịbawanye akụkụ nke arụmọrụ nke ịhụ dọkịta na mgbé órià. === Atụmanya ndị ọrịa === N'ezie, iwebata ojiji dị ukwuu nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ n'ime ọrụ ahụike bụ nnukwu ọpụpụ site na ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche nke dị adị. Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-enyocha mmetụta nke iwebata teknụzụ n'ime ntinye aka ahụike n'òzùzù yana ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche kpọmkwem. Nnyochagharị nke ọtụtụ nnyocha emere chọpụtara na ndị ọrịa n'izugbe nwere afọ ojuju na nlekọta ahụike ha natara site n'ịntanet, agbanyeghị na enwere nzaghachị a gwara ọgwa gbasara ịdị irè na arụmọrụ nke mmemme ahụ. N'ọtụtụ nnyocha, ọ na-esi ike ịchọpụta ma ihe nlụpụta so ya ọ bụ n'ihi mwebata teknụzụ, n'ihu na ndị odee anaghị akọwa ihe mere ha ji etinye aka dị otú ahụ.<ref name="bmj telehealth">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016242|pmid=28775188|title=Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis|journal=BMJ Open|volume=7|issue=8|year=2017|author=Kruse|first=Clemens Scott}}</ref> Nnyocha emere maka imewe ngwá akụrụngwa mkpanaaka ọgbaraọhụrụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị okenye na-eto eto gosipụtara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ga-aka anabata iji teknụzụ nye aka na nsogbu ahụike uche ma ọ bụrụ na emepụtara ya dị ka ngwá ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ga-enwekwu mkpali iji ngwá ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ngwá mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ nke egwuregwu, òtù ọ dị, ha gosipụtara nchegbu nwere ike ịdị banyere echiche ọjọọ banyere iji ngwá ahụ.<ref name="irish-mental-health-mobile-apps">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1460458214555041|pmid=25385165|title=Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives|journal=Health Informatics Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=265–275|url=https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._%282014%29_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf|year=2016|author=Kenny|first=Rachel|accessdate=2019-09-29}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKennyDooleyFitzgerald2016">Kenny, Rachel; Dooley, Barbara; Fitzgerald, Amanda (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf "Developing mental health mobile apps: Exploring adolescents' perspectives"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Health Informatics Journal''. '''22''' (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>275. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1460458214555041|10.1177/1460458214555041]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:10197/6275|10197/6275]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25385165 25385165]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21044041 21044041]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929204515/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/6275/1/V2_Kenny_et_al._(2014)_Developing_Mental_Heath_Mobile_Apps.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-aratụcha ndị ọrịa agadi ahụ ịnabata mgbanwe ndị enwere na nlekọta ahụ, nguzogide teknụzụ na-eso ọ̀gbọ́, na-egosi na ọ̀gbọ́ dị ugbu a na ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu ga-anabata nnweta ahụike site n'ịntanet nke ọma.<ref name="mobile health solutions">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1357633X16649790|pmid=27255207|title=Mobile health solutions for the aging population: A systematic narrative analysis|journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare|volume=23|issue=4|pages=439–451|year=2017|author=Kruse|first=Clemens Scott}}</ref> === Teknụzụ iji kwalite omume dị mma === Na ntụkwasị n'inye data ka zie ezi na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ndị na-enye ahụike uche, ekwentị ọgbaraọhụrụ nwere ikike inye ihe ncheta maka omume ibi ndụ dị mmá yana ije hụ dọkịta mgbe o kwesịrị. Jen Hyatt, onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Big White Wall, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ahụike na UK, kwuru na nlekọta ahụike uche dị ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na ọrịa karịa omume na akparamagwa ibi ndụ na-akwali ahụike.<ref name="uk-wired-jen-hyatt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2oHVQmOeNU|title=How Big Data is Improving Mental Healthcare|author=Hyatt|first=Jen|date=May 9, 2016|work=Youtube|publisher=Wired UK|accessdate=April 30, 2019|archivedate=November 19, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119213325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2oHVQmOeNU}}</ref> Karịsịa, nnyocha egosiwo na ugboro ole anyị na-eme njem yana ịgwa ndị ọzọ okwu kwa ụbọchị bụ ihe dị mkpa na ahụike uche anyị n'òzùzù. Ngwá ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu nwere ike iji usoro ọnọdụ nke dị ekwentị ndị oge a iji soro ọrụ geospatial nke ndị na-eji ha, ma tụọ aro omume ụfọdụ site na ịma ọkwa ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta usoro dị ize ndụ.<ref name="big-data-mental-health">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRJArd5hc_4|title=How Your Digital Data Can Help Mental Health Research|author=Lam|first=Megan|date=July 24, 2018|work=Youtube|publisher=TEDxWanChai|accessdate=April 30, 2019|archivedate=January 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126130520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRJArd5hc_4}}</ref> === Ịbawanye inye nlekọta ahụ === Na ntụkwasị nke ụdị ọgwụgwọ na mmekọrịta ọhụrụ, iwebata teknụzụ na infọmatiks nwere ikike imeziwanye ịdị irè na arụmọrụ nke nlekọta ahụike uche dị ugbu a. Nnyocha e mere na UK chọpụtara na ntinye aka dijitalụ dị mfe dị ka izipu ozi SMS (ozi ederede) iji chetara ndị ọrịa ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ụbọchi onye ahụ kwesịrị ịga hụ dọkịta ahụike uche belatara òfùfù ya site n'ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise ruo pasent iri abụọ na asatọ, na-apụta na ego e nwere ike ịchekwa karịrị ndè pounds otu narị na iri ise.<ref name="text-message-reminders">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.201100211|pmid=22302334|title=Text Message Reminders of Appointments: A Pilot Intervention at Four Community Mental Health Clinics in London|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=63|issue=2|pages=161–168|year=2012|author=Sims|first=Hannah|url=http://psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=433008|accessdate=2020-08-28}}</ref> == Nnyocha data == Nchịkọta nke nnukwu data a haziri ahazi banyere ndị ọrịa ahụike uche na-ewebata ohere ịbụ ihe ga-ekwe omume nke nlekọta ahụike uche ịkawanye mma, iwu ahụike uche, na nghọta zuru okè nke ahụike uche. A ga-eme nyocha a na n'ógó buru ibu, ọmụmụ nke ihe mkpata ahụike uche na ahụike ọha na eze na ọnọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe. == Mkpa infọmatiks ahụike uche dị == Mkpa ọ dị itinye n'ọrụ nke infọmatiks ahụike na nlekọta ahụike nke mbụ na nke abụọ edoola onye ọbụla anya na mba ndị mepere emepe kemgbe afọ iri abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ntinye n'ọrụ nke infọmatiks na ahụike uche aghọbeghị ihe zuru oke, n'agbanyeghị nkwenye ndị ọkachamara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/policyandparliamentary/informaticscommittee.aspx|title=Informatics Committee|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2024-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710014045/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/our-people-and-how-we-make-decisions/other-committees/informatics-committee}}</ref> ngalaba ahụ yiri ka ọ dabara adaba na kọmputa <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011757/http://www.healthcareconferencesuk.co.uk/news/newsfiles/Netta_Hollings_61.pdf}}</ref> yana mkpa ọ dị maka inwe akaebe nke nsonaazụ pụtara ìhè.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/camh.12059|title=Innovations in Practice: Further evidence on the effectiveness of the strengths and difficulties added value score as an outcome measure for child and adolescent services|year=2014|author=Rotheray|first=Sebastian|journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health|volume=19|issue=4|pages=270–273|pmid=32878351|url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23192/7/23192%20SDQSubmissionChangesV2%2013%20nov%202013.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stringaris|first=A.|year=2009|title=Longitudinal outcome of youth oppositionality: Irritable, headstrong, and hurtful behaviors have distinctive predictions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2009-04_48_4/page/404|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=48|issue=4|pages=404–412|doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181984f30|pmid=19318881}}</ref> Enwekwara ike nwee ịsụ ngọngọ ndị ọkachamara ime mgbanwe na usoro ọrụ a kwadorola nke iwebata usoro na-agụnye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/|title=Interview med Robert Goodman|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011643/http://sdq-dawba.dk/interview-goodman/}}</ref> == Nchegbu == Data na ozi ndị dị na kọmputa ahụike bụ nke onwe na nke dịịrị onwe. Usoro ngwanrọ zuru oke e mere maka iji nyere aka chọpụta ma gwọọ mgbaàmà ahụike uche na-ekpughe adịghị -ike nke izobe ihe ma nwee ike ịchọ ụkpụrụ nchịkwa yana nchedo data dịka HIPAA iji chebe ndị ọrịa. Otu ihe mgbochi dị mkpa nwere ike ịbụ ihere ọha na eze metụtara nsogbu uche yana mmụba nke mmetụta banyere ichebe nzuzo na nzuzo nke ndekọ na nlekọta ahụike uche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healingpixel.com/how-societal-stigma-complicates-privacy-protection-in-digital-mental-health/|title=How Societal Stigma Complicates Privacy Protection in Digital Mental Health}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ktaz8oh4sq5aq9zni7bvc9sqk32gakb 0 66712 697514 539502 2026-08-10T01:44:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 9 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697514 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihi ụra n'oge ime nwere ike imetụta ihe dị iche iche nke ahụike, homonụ, na nke uche, na-eduga na mgbanwe na oge ụra na ogo. <ref name="Pengo Won Bourjeily 2018 pp. 196–206">{{Cite journal|author=Pengo|first=Martino F.|title=Sleep in Women Across the Life Span|journal=Chest|volume=154|issue=1|year=2018|issn=0012-3692|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.005|pages=196–206|pmid=29679598}}</ref> <ref name="Cai Tan Gluckman Godfrey 2016 p.">{{Cite journal|author=Cai|first=Shirong|title=Sleep Quality and Nocturnal Sleep Duration in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus|journal=Sleep|volume=40|issue=2|date=2016-12-09|issn=0161-8105|doi=10.1093/sleep/zsw058|pmid=28364489}}</ref> <ref name="Meers Nowakowski 2022 pp. 353–357">{{Cite journal|author=Meers|first=Jessica M.|title=Sleep During Pregnancy|journal=Current Psychiatry Reports|volume=24|issue=8|date=2022-06-11|issn=1523-3812|doi=10.1007/s11920-022-01343-2|pages=353–357|pmid=35689720}}</ref><ref name="Sedov Cameron Madigan Tomfohr-Madsen 2018 pp. 168–176">{{Cite journal|author=Sedov|first=Ivan D.|title=Sleep quality during pregnancy: A meta-analysis|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=38|year=2018|issn=1087-0792|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.005|pages=168–176|pmid=28866020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ndị dị ime nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu ụra dịka ehighị ụra nke ọma, iku ume na-adịghị mma, na ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ. <ref name="Sedov Anderson Dhillon Tomfohr‐Madsen 2020 p.">{{Cite journal|author=Sedov|first=Ivan D.|title=Insomnia symptoms during pregnancy: A meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Sleep Research|volume=30|issue=1|date=2020-11-02|pages=e13207|issn=0962-1105|doi=10.1111/jsr.13207|pmid=33140514}}</ref><ref name="Liu Su Wang Zhu 2018 pp. 399–412">{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Lina|title=The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with pregnancy-related health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Sleep and Breathing|volume=23|issue=2|date=2018-09-25|issn=1520-9512|doi=10.1007/s11325-018-1714-7|pages=399–412|pmid=30255484}}</ref><ref name="Chen Shi Bao Sun 2018 pp. 43–54">{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=Si-Jing|title=Prevalence of restless legs syndrome during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|year=2018|issn=1087-0792|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.003|pages=43–54|pmid=29169861}}</ref><ref name="Gupta Rawat 2020 pp. 169–186">{{Cite book|author=Gupta|first=Ravi|title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|chapter=Sleep and sleep disorders in pregnancy|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-64240-0.00010-6|pages=169–186|isbn=9780444642400}}</ref><ref name="Bušková Miletínová Králová Dvořáková 2023 p. 357">{{Cite journal|author=Bušková|first=Jitka|title=Parasomnias in Pregnancy|journal=Brain Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|date=2023-02-18|issn=2076-3425|doi=10.3390/brainsci13020357|pmid=36831900}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe nsogbu ihi ụra n'oge ha dị ime.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2014 pp. 694–700">{{Cite journal|author=Lara-Carrasco|first=Jessica|title=Disturbed dreaming during the third trimester of pregnancy|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=15|issue=6|year=2014|issn=1389-9457|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2014.01.026|pages=694–700|pmid=24780135}}</ref> A na-aghọta ụra nke na-adịghị agwụcha nke ọma dịka ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n’ahụike, ma jikọtara ya na ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu nke inwe nsogbu n’oge ime ime.<ref name="Pengo Won Bourjeily 2018 pp. 196–206" /> == Ihe ndị e dere n'ebe ahụ == === Mgbanwe nke anụ ahụ na nke metabolic === Ime ime na-eweta mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na nke siri ike nke nwere ike imetụta ụra ma nye aka na Nsogbu ụra. Mgbanwe ndị a gụnyere mgbanwe ọdịdị nke nwere ike imetụta ogologo na ogo ụra, na-emebi iku ume n'oge ụra, na mgbanwe metabolic nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ dị elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnọdụ ndị dị ka gastroesophageal reflux na-akawanye njọ ka afọ ime na-aga n'ihu, na-emetụta akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị dị ime ma nwee ike ịkpata nsogbu ụra.<ref name="Habr Raker Lin Zouein 2013 pp. 93–99">{{Cite journal|author=Habr|first=Fadlallah|title=Predictors of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in pregnant women screened for sleep disordered breathing: A secondary analysis|journal=Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology|volume=37|issue=1|year=2013|issn=2210-7401|doi=10.1016/j.clinre.2012.03.036|pages=93–99|pmid=22572522}}</ref> Ịchụ mamịrị n'abalị ugboro ugboro n'ihi mmụba nke nsị sodium nwekwara ike imebi ụra.<ref name="Parboosingh Doig 1973 pp. 888–895">{{Cite journal|author=Parboosingh|first=J.|title=Studies of Nocturia in Normal Pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bjog_1973-10_80_10/page/888|journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=80|issue=10|year=1973|issn=1470-0328|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb02147.x|pages=888–895|pmid=4271274}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, usoro ọkpụkpụ na-enweta nrụgide ka ọ na-emegharị onwe ya maka uto akpa nwa na ịmụ nwa, ihe a nwekwara ike ime ka nsogbu ụra pụta.<ref name="LT G BG p.">{{Cite journal|author=LT|first=Goldsmith|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|volume=24|issue=1|issn=0889-8529|pmid=7781625|title=Relaxin and its role in pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endocrinology-and-metabolism-clinics-of-north-america_1995-03_24_1/page/171|date=1995|pages=171–186|doi=10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30058-6}}</ref> A tụwo aro mgbanwe na metabolism iron na folate n'oge ime dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ dị elu n'etiti ndị nne dị ime. <ref name="Pengo Won Bourjeily 2018 pp. 196–206" /><ref name="Lee Zaffke Baratte-Beebe 2001 pp. 335–341">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Kathryn A.|title=Restless Legs Syndrome and Sleep Disturbance during Pregnancy: The Role of Folate and Iron|journal=Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine|volume=10|issue=4|year=2001|issn=1524-6094|doi=10.1089/152460901750269652|pages=335–341|pmid=11445024}}</ref><ref name="Massachusetts Medical Society 1977 pp. 670–671">{{Cite journal|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=297|issue=12|date=1977-09-22|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/nejm197709222971220|pages=670–671|title=Folate deficiency and restless-legs syndrome in pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1977-09-22_297_12/page/670|author=M I Botez|pmid=895774}}</ref> === Hormone === Mgbapụta nke homonụ mmekọahụ dị ka Estrogen na progesterone na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'oge ime, na-emetụta usoro ụra n'ihe gbasara usoro circadian na mkpa ụra.<ref name="Pengo Won Bourjeily 2018 pp. 196–206" /><ref name="Deurveilher Rusak Semba 2011 pp. 519–530">{{Cite journal|author=Deurveilher|first=Samüel|title=Female Reproductive Hormones Alter Sleep Architecture in Ovariectomized Rats|journal=Sleep|volume=34|issue=4|year=2011|issn=1550-9109|doi=10.1093/sleep/34.4.519|pages=519–530|pmid=21461331}}</ref> Mgbagwoju anya n'ụra nwekwara ike ime n'ihi mgbanaka akpa nwa n'abalị, nke bụ n'ihi mmụba nke oxytocin n'abalị. <ref name="Pengo Won Bourjeily 2018 pp. 196–206" /> <ref name="Hirst Haluska 1991 pp. 804–810">{{Cite journal|author=Hirst|first=Jonathan J.|title=Comparison of Plasma Oxytocin and Catecholamine Concentrations with Uterine Activity in Pregnant Rhesus Monkeys|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=73|issue=4|year=1991|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-73-4-804|pages=804–810|pmid=1890153}}</ref> == Nsogbu ihi ụra == A na-enwekarị nsogbu ụra n'oge ime, na-emetụta ihe karịrị 50% nke ime niile.<ref name="Facco Chan Patel 2022 pp. 321–339" /> Nsogbu ndị a na-emekarị ka afọ ime na-aga n’ihu. Ụdị nsogbu ụra a na-ahụkarị n’ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime gụnyere ụra na-adịghị adị mma, apnea ụra nke mgbochi, yana ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ.<ref name="Facco Chan Patel 2022 pp. 321–339">{{Cite journal|author=Facco|first=Francesca L.|title=Common Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=140|issue=2|date=2022-07-06|issn=0029-7844|doi=10.1097/aog.0000000000004866|pages=321–339|pmid=35852285}}</ref> The American Academy of Sleep Medicine amatala 'nsogbu ụra metụtara ime ime' dị ka ọnọdụ dị iche, na-agụnye ma ehighị ụra na mmụba ụra ehihie na-eme n'oge ime ime.<ref name="Bourjeily 2009 pp. 100–106">{{Cite journal|author=Bourjeily|first=Ghada|title=Sleep disorders in pregnancy|journal=Obstetric Medicine|volume=2|issue=3|year=2009|issn=1753-495X|doi=10.1258/om.2009.090015|pages=100–106|pmid=27582822}}</ref> === Parasomnias === Parasomnias na-anọchite anya nchegbu dị ịrịba ama n'oge ime ime, na somnambulism, nrọ ọjọọ, Egwu abalị, na nrọ doro anya na-eme ugboro ugboro.<ref name="Bušková Miletínová Králová Dvořáková 2023 p. 357" /><ref name="Schredl Gilles Wolf Peus 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Schredl|first=Michael|title=Nightmare frequency in last trimester of pregnancy|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|date=2016-11-09|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1147-x|pmid=27829406}}</ref> Nri na-adịghị mma n’oge ime, ọnụnọ nsogbu ụra dịka nsogbu iku ume na mmegharị ahụ, nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akpata parasomnias, nke na-eme ka o nwee ohere dị elu ịrịa ha n’oge afọ ime. === Enweghị ụra === Insehi ụra metụtara ime bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Chaudhry Susser 2018 pp. 341–348">{{Cite journal|author=Chaudhry|first=Simriti K.|title=Considerations in Treating Insomnia During Pregnancy: A Literature Review|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=59|issue=4|year=2018|issn=0033-3182|doi=10.1016/j.psym.2018.03.009|pages=341–348|pmid=29706359}}</ref> Ka afọ ime na-aga n'ihu, nyocha nke uche na nke ebumnuche na-ekpughe mmụba dị ịrịba ama na nsogbu ụra.<ref name="Sedov Anderson Dhillon Tomfohr‐Madsen 2020 p." /><ref name="Brunner Münch Biedermann Huch 1994 pp. 576–582">{{Cite journal|author=Brunner|first=Daniel P.|title=Changes in Sleep and Sleep Electroencephalogram During Pregnancy|journal=Sleep|volume=17|issue=7|year=1994<ref name="Maasiloi=10.1093/sleep/17.7.576|pages=576–582|pmid=7846455}}</ref><ref name="Maasilta Bachour Teramo Polo 2001 pp. 1448–1454">{{Cite journal|author=Maasilta|first=Paula|title=Sleep-Related Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy in Obese Women|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2001-11_120_5/page/1448|journal=Chest|volume=120|issue=5|year=2001|issn=0012-3692|doi=10.1378/chest.120.5.1448|pages=1448–1454|pmid=11713118}}</ref><ref name="Tomfohr Buliga Letourneau Campbell 2015 pp. 1237–1245">{{Cite journal|author=Tomfohr|first=Lianne M.|title=Trajectories of Sleep Quality and Associations with Mood during the Perinatal Period|journal=Sleep|volume=38|issue=8|year=2015|issn=1550-9109|doi=10.5665/sleep.4900|pages=1237–1245|pmid=25845691}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ndị jiri polysomnography mụọ ụra n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ahụla usoro dị iche iche. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-agụnye ịmụrụ anya mgbe ị na-ehi ụra na mbụ, belata ụra anya na-agagharị ngwa ngwa, na oge ka ukwuu a na-etinye n'oge ụra dị mfe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị ime.<ref name="Sedov Anderson Dhillon Tomfohr‐Madsen 2020 p." /><ref name="Hertz Fast Feinsilver Albertario 1992 pp. 246–251">{{Cite journal|author=Hertz|first=Gila|title=Sleep in Normal Late Pregnancy|journal=Sleep|volume=15|issue=3|year=1992|issn=1550-9109|doi=10.1093/sleep/15.3.246|pages=246–251|pmid=1621025}}</ref><ref name="WILSON BARNES ELLETT PERMEZEL 2010 pp. 38–46">{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=Danielle L.|title=Decreased sleep efficiency, increased wake after sleep onset and increased cortical arousals in late pregnancy|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=51|issue=1|date=2010-12-07|issn=0004-8666|doi=10.1111/j.1479-828x.2010.01252.x|pages=38–46|pmid=21299507}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ka ime na-aga n’ihu, a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe oge ụra zuru ezu dị mkpụmkpụ, ịmụrụ anya ugboro ugboro n’oge ụra, oge ka ukwuu n’ụra dị mfe, oge pere mpe n’ụra miri emi na nke ngwa ngwa, ma na-amụ anya ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ka ọ dị n’oge mbụ nke ime. <ref name="Brunner Münch Biedermann Huch 1994 pp. 576–582" /><ref name="Izci-Balserak Keenan Corbitt Staley 2018 pp. 1161–1168">{{Cite journal|author=Izci-Balserak|first=Bilgay|title=Changes in Sleep Characteristics and Breathing Parameters During Sleep in Early and Late Pregnancy|journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine|volume=14|issue=7|date=2018-07-15|issn=1550-9389|doi=10.5664/jcsm.7216|pages=1161–1168|pmid=29991418}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị dị ime igosipụta enweghị afọ ojuju na ogo ụra ha, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara na-akọ ahụmahụ ụra na-adịghị mma.<ref name="Sedov Cameron Madigan Tomfohr-Madsen 2018 pp. 168–176" /> === Ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ === Nsogbu ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ bụ ọnọdụ a na-ahụ site na mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụkwụ na mkpali a na-apụghị iguzogide eguzogide iji kwalite ha, ọkachasị n'oge ezumike ma ọ bụ enweghị ọrụ. Ọnọdụ a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime karịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu.<ref name="Chen Shi Bao Sun 2018 pp. 43–54" /> Nnyocha egosila site n’ọnụọgụ dị iche iche na ihe dị n’agbata pasent 10 ruo 34% nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-enwe mgbaàmà RLS n’oge ụfọdụ n’ime oge ime ha.<ref name="Gupta Dhyani Kendzerska Pandi-Perumal 2015 pp. 320–329">{{Cite journal|author=Gupta|first=R.|title=Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: prevalence, possible pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=5|date=2015-10-19|issn=0001-6314|doi=10.1111/ane.12520|pages=320–329|pmid=26482928}}</ref> === Mmiri na-adịghị mma === Ịchụ ume na nsogbu ihi ụra bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, na-adịkarị okpukpu 2-3 karịa ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị ime.<ref name="Izci 2006 pp. 321–327" /> Mgbanwe ndị a na-ejikọta na mgbanwe na anatomy nke ikuku elu ma na-alaghachi na ọkwa ndị na-adịghị ime mgbe amuchara.<ref name="Izci 2006 pp. 321–327">{{Cite journal|author=Izci|first=B.|title=Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2006-02_27_2/page/321|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=27|issue=2|date=2006-02-01|issn=0903-1936|doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00148204|pages=321–327|pmid=16452587}}</ref> Obstructive sleep apnea bụ ọnọdụ ebe iku ume na-akwụsị ugboro ugboro n'oge ụra n'ihi ọdịda nke ụzọ ikuku dị n'elu, na-edugakarị mbelata nke ọkwa oxygen. Ọ bụ nchegbu ahụike zuru oke n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma jikọta ya na ihe dị iche iche metụtara ime ime ahụike.<ref name="Liu Su Wang Zhu 2018 pp. 399–412" /><ref name="Sahin Koken Cosar Saylan 2007 pp. 141–146">{{Cite journal|author=Sahin|first=Figen Kir|title=Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy and fetal outcome|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|volume=100|issue=2|date=2007-10-31|issn=0020-7292|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.08.012|pages=141–146|pmid=17976624}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ndị buru oke ibu.<ref name="Louis Auckley Sokol Mercer 2010 pp. 261.e1–261.e5">{{Cite journal|author=Louis|first=Judette M.|title=Maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=202|issue=3|year=2010|issn=0002-9378|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.867|pages=261.e1–261.e5|pmid=20005507}}</ref><ref name="Olivarez Ferres Antony Mattewal 2011 pp. 651–658">{{Cite journal|author=Olivarez|first=Sofia|title=Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening in Pregnancy, Perinatal Outcomes, and Impact of Maternal Obesity|journal=American Journal of Perinatology|volume=28|issue=8|date=2011-04-08|issn=0735-1631|doi=10.1055/s-0031-1276740|pages=651–658|pmid=21480159}}</ref> Ime ime ebe Apnea ụra na-egbochi bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na-eche ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịmalite ọnọdụ dị ka Mgbochi uto intrauterine, [[pre-eclampsia]], na [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] nwụrụ anwụ ihu.<ref name="Louis Auckley Sokol Mercer 2010 pp. 261.e1–261.e5" /> === Nchịkwa === Ịchịkwa nsogbu ụra n’oge ime nwere ike ịchọ iji ọgwụ psychopharmacological.<ref name="Miller Mehta Clark-Bilodeau Bourjeily 2020 pp. 184–197">{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=Margaret A.|title=Sleep Pharmacotherapy for Common Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy and Lactation|journal=Chest|volume=157|issue=1|year=2020|issn=0012-3692|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2019.09.026|pages=184–197|pmid=31622589}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchịkwa nsogbu ehighị ụra nke mbụ site na ọgwụgwọ omume na ọgwụ, ebe nsogbu ehighị ehighị ụra kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na nsogbu ahụike.<ref name="McLafferty Spada Gopalan 2022 pp. 445–452">{{Cite journal|author=McLafferty|first=Laura P.|title=Pharmacologic Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy|journal=Sleep Medicine Clinics|volume=17|issue=3|year=2022|issn=1556-407X|doi=10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.06.009|pages=445–452|pmid=36150806}}</ref> Mgbe ị na-alụso ọrịa ụkwụ na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ ọgụ, ọgwụgwọ na-agụnye iji ọgwụ eme ihe na ibelata ikpughe ihe ndị na-akpata ya dị ka ịṅụ sịga, caffeine, na ọgwụ ụfọdụ.<ref name="McLafferty Spada Gopalan 2022 pp. 445–452" /> == Ihe ize ndụ == Nnyocha na-egosi na oge ụra nne n'oge ime nwere njikọ na nsonaazụ ime ime na-adịghị mma, na oge ụra dị mkpirikpi na ogologo na-ejikọta ya na ọrịa shuga ime (GDM). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Ruiqi|date=2022|title=Maternal sleep during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Diabetes Investigation|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1262–1276|doi=10.1111/jdi.13770|issn=2040-1124|pmid=35171528}}</ref> A na-atụkarị aro oge ụra kachasị mma nke awa 7-9. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Myoga|first=Mai|date=2019-12-09|title=Impact of sleep duration during pregnancy on the risk of gestational diabetes in the Japan environmental and Children's study (JECS)|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=19|issue=1|pages=483|doi=10.1186/s12884-019-2632-9|issn=1471-2393|pmid=31818260}}</ref> Nnyocha ụfọdụ chọpụtara na ụra na-adịghị mma na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ịmụ nwa n'oge, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okun|first=Michele L.|date=2011-11-01|title=Poor Sleep Quality is Associated with Preterm Birth|journal=Sleep|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1493–1498|doi=10.5665/sleep.1384|issn=0161-8105|pmid=22043120}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nyocha meta chọpụtara na njikọ ahụ abụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Ling|date=2020-02-24|title=Association between maternal sleep duration and quality, and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=20|issue=1|pages=125|doi=10.1186/s12884-020-2814-5|issn=1471-2393|pmid=32093626}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ọnọdụ ihi ụra == National Health Service (NHS) na-adụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ọdụ ka ha na-ehi ụra n’akụkụ ha — ma n’aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n’aka nri — iji nweta nchekwa kacha elu n’oge ime ime.<ref name="nhs.uk 2023 k497">{{Cite web|title=Tiredness and sleep problems|work=[[National Health Service|nhs.uk]]|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/common-symptoms/tiredness/|accessdate=2023-09-13}}</ref> Nnyocha na-egosi na karịa izu nke iri abụọ na asatọ, na-eche na ọnọdụ ihi ụra dị ala nwere ike ịkpata mmụba okpukpu abụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa]] nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="nhs.uk 2023 k497" /> A na-atụgharị ihe ize ndụ a dị elu n’ihi nsogbu nwere ike imetụta mgbasa ọbara nye nwa e bu n’afọ na inye ya ikuku oxygen zuru oke.<ref name="nhs.uk 2023 k497" /> Ihi ụra n'azụ nwekwara ike ibute nsogbu dị iche iche, gụnyere azụ mgbu, nsogbu iku ume, nsogbu ọbara mgbali elu, obere ọbara mgbali, nsogbu eriri afọ, na mbelata ọbara na-aga ma n'obi nne ma n'afọ na-eto eto.<ref name="American Pregnancy Association 2021 u987">{{Cite web|title=Best Sleeping Positions During Pregnancy|work=[[American Pregnancy Association]]|date=2021-09-01|url=https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-health-wellness/sleeping-positions-while-pregnant/|accessdate=2023-09-13}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ibu ibu nke jikọtara ya na ime ime ime nwere ike ime ka ohere nke ịmalite apnea ụra mgbe ị na-ehi ụra n'azụ.<ref name="American Pregnancy Association 2021 u987" /> == Nrọ == N'oge ime, oge dị ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe mmetụta uche na-eme, na-agụnye echiche, mmetụta, na mmekọrịta gbasara onwe gị na nwa a na-amụbeghị, nke na-ahụkarị ngosipụta na nrọ. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-akọkarị nrọ ha dịka ihe doro anya ma nwee ezi uche n’ime ha. <ref name="Raphael-Leff Trevarthen Klaus 2018" /> Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime (67-88%) na-akọ na ha na-enwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nrọ metụtara isiokwu dị ka [[Afọ ime|ime ime]], [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]], ma ọ bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2013 Dreams" /><ref name="Van Cage Shannon 2004 pp. 284–292">{{Cite journal|author=Van|first=Paulina|title=Big Dreams, Little Sleep|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_holistic-nursing-practice_november-december-2004_18_6/page/284|journal=Holistic Nursing Practice|volume=18|issue=6|year=2004|issn=0887-9311|doi=10.1097/00004650-200411000-00004|pages=284–292|pmid=15624275}}</ref><ref name="RL J">{{Cite journal|author=RL|first=Blake|title=The pregnancy-related dreams of pregnant women|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice|date=1993|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–122|issn=0893-8652|pmid=8452063}}</ref><ref name="Nielsen Paquette 2007 pp. 1162–1169">{{Cite journal|author=Nielsen|first=Tore|title=Dream-associated Behaviors Affecting Pregnant and Postpartum Women|journal=Sleep|volume=30|issue=9|year=2007|issn=0161-8105|doi=10.1093/sleep/30.9.1162|pages=1162–1169|pmid=17910388}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nnyocha ndị ọzọ na-egosi na 30-62% nke nrọ ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị nne, na ugboro ole ha na-abawanye ka afọ ime na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2013 Dreams" /><ref name="Ser̀ed Abramovitch 1992 pp. 1405–1411">{{Cite journal|author=Ser̀ed|first=Susan|title=Pregnant dreaming: Search for a typology of a proposed dream genre|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1992-06_34_12/page/1405|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=34|issue=12|year=1992|issn=0277-9536|doi=10.1016/0277-9536(92)90149-k|pages=1405–1411|pmid=1529378}}</ref><ref name="Gillman 1968 pp. 688–692">{{Cite journal|author=Gillman|first=Robert D.|title=The dreams of pregnant women and maternal adaptation.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-orthopsychiatry_1968-07_38_4/page/688|journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry|volume=38|issue=4|year=1968|issn=1939-0025|doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.1968.tb02438.x|pages=688–692|pmid=5661552}}</ref><ref name="Winget Kapp 1972 pp. 313–320">{{Cite journal|author=Winget|first=Carolyn|title=The Relationship of the Manifest Content of Dreams to Duration of Childbirth in Primiparae|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_july-august-1972_34_4/page/313|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=34|issue=4|year=1972|issn=0033-3174|doi=10.1097/00006842-197207000-00005|pages=313–320|pmid=5074957}}</ref><ref name="RL J" /> Nrọ ndị a na-emetụtakarị ahụike nne na mmekọahụ nwa ahụ, mana ọ pụkwara ịnwe ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nye nwa ahụ, nne, nna, yana nsogbu n'ime ezinụlọ na alụmdi na nwunye.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2013 Dreams">{{Cite journal|author=Lara-Carrasco|first=Jessica|title=Maternal representations in the dreams of pregnant women: a prospective comparative study|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=4|year=2013|issn=1664-1078|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00551|pmid=23986734}}</ref> Ndị dị ime na-enwekarị ncheta nrọ ka mma, na karịsịa, ọdịnaya nke nrọ ha na-abụkarị ihe na-enye nsogbu karịa oge ndụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Raphael-Leff Trevarthen Klaus 2018">{{Cite book|author=Raphael-Leff|first=Joan|title=Psychological Processes of Childbearing|publisher=Routledge|date=2018-05-03|isbn=978-0-429-48292-2|doi=10.4324/9780429482922}}</ref> <ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2014 pp. 694–700" /><ref name="SL p.">{{Cite journal|author=SL|first=Ablon|title=The usefulness of dreams during pregnancy|journal=The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis|date=1994|volume=75 ( Pt 2)|pages=291–299|issn=0020-7578|pmid=8063485}}</ref> Nnyocha ntụnyere na-atụ aro na ndị dị ime na-echeta nrọ ndị ọzọ na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu ndị metụtara ime ime (dịka, ịmụ nwa, ime ime, nwa e bu n'afọ, ahụ nke ha, ahụ nwa) na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime nwa e bu na onwe ha.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2013 Dreams" /><ref name="Dagan Lapidot Eisenstein 2001 pp. 13–20">{{Cite journal|author=Dagan|first=Yaron|title=Women's dreams reported during first pregnancy|journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences|volume=55|issue=1|year=2001|issn=1323-1316|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00778.x|pages=13–20|pmid=11235851}}</ref><ref name="Nielsen Paquette 2007 pp. 1162–1169" /> Ime ime nwere ike imetụta usoro nrọ, na-eduga n'inwekwu ohere nke inwe nrọ ọjọọ na nrọ ọjọọ. <ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2014 pp. 694–700" /> Nrọ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-abụkarị nke na-eme ihe ike ma na-agụnye ihe ndị ọzọ ebe ha na-enwe ọdachi, mmerụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ na-eche egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ihu, ọ bụ ezie na ha anaghị agụnye omume ime ihe ike.<ref name="Lara-Carrasco Simard Saint-Onge Lamoureux-Tremblay 2013 Dreams" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Pregnancy: Tiredness and sleep problems|work=nhs.uk|date=2023-05-17|url=https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/common-symptoms/tiredness/|accessdate=2023-09-03}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 43xipovp05qqvjjj0edh87d39v1r1th 0 66728 697837 696121 2026-08-10T09:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gene Gordon Abel''' bụ onye America na-agwọ ọrịa isi ngbaka bukwa onye ihe o na eme edochaghi anya .<ref name="HandbookClinicalIntervention">{{Cite book|author=O’Reilly|first=Gary|title=The Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People who Sexually Abuse|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ndi na anu di na nwunye ma soro ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwoke na-arụ ọrụ metụtara nkwekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị anaghị anabata n'obodo maka na-ozighị ezi.<ref name="HandbookClinicalIntervention" /> Ọ bụ onye mepụtara Abel Assessment for Sexual Interest (AASI), ngwá ọrụ nyocha nke ndị na-emebi iwu mmekọrịta nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya na nke a na'anabataghị n'ụlọ ikpe na ikike dị iche iche. <ref name="InadequateStatsSexAbuse">{{Cite journal|author=Fischer|first=L|title=Statistical adequacy of the Abel Assessment for Interest in Paraphilias|journal=Sex Abuse|volume=11|issue=3|pages=195–205|date=July 1999|doi=10.1177/107906329901100303|pmid=10497779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Gillan MacLean|title=Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Abel Assessment|journal=Department of Counseling and Special Education|year=1998}}</ref> O mekwara ule nyocha a na-akpọ Diana Screen, nke a na-eji eme ihe, dịka imaatụ, iji nyochaa ndị na-achọ ọrụ maka omume mmekọrịta na-ezighị ezi - ule nke a katọrọ dịka nke nwere uru sayensị na-enyo enyo. == Ọrụ == Abel bụbu onye Ọkammụta nke ọgwụ na Mahadum Columbia School of Medicine, ma na-akụzi ugbu a na Morehouse School of Medicine na Emory University School of Health . Ọ bụ onye nduzi ruru okwo onye isi na ahụike nke Behavioral Medicine Institute nke Atlanta . <ref name="bio" /> == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == Abel bụ onye otu American Psychiatric Association na [[Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research]] na onye isi oche gara aga nke Society of Behavioral Medicine (1981-82).<ref name="bio">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170903013356/http://bmiatlanta.com/therapists.html Our Therapists: Gene G. Abel, M.D.], Behavioral Medical Institute of Atlanta (access date July 17, 2015)</ref> Ọ bụ onye natara Masters na Johnson Award nke Society for Sex Therapy and Research n'afor 1990, na 1991 Significant Achievement Award nke otu ndị Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, mana na afo 2013 Distinguished Alumni Award nke Mahadum Iowa Carver College of Medicine. == Enweghị ihe ndabere sayensị a ma ama maka usoro nyocha == A katọrọ Ebel maka enweghị ihe ndabere sayensị doro anya, nke a nabatara nke ọma maka usoro nyocha ya. Abel dere akụkọ a na-akpọ "The Abel and Harlow Child Molestation Prevention Study" n'otu isi nke akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'onwe ya n'afọ 2001 nke o dere nke a na- woowe The Stop Child Molesttion Book (nke ya na Nora Harlow dere, na-eji ọrụ mbipụta onwe ya Xlibris), na ule Abel Assessment dabere na nchọpụta nke nyocha metụtara akụkọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ahụ enwetụbeghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ ma ebipụtaghị ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkachamara ọ bụla, ọ naghị enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke usoro nyocha ya maka ọmụmụ sayensị na nkwenye onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Allen|author=Frances|title=A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM-V: Beware of Its Unintended Consequences|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/warning-sign-road-dsm-v-beware-its-unintended-consequences|publisher=[[Psychiatric Times]]|date=June 26, 2009|accessdate=23 January 2014}}</ref> A na-ekwukwa na Ebel gabigara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche ókè iji kwado nkwubi okwu ya na usoro ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mbido afọ 1990, o kwupụtara na o nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na Ndị na-emebi iwu mmekọahụ na-enwekarị ọtụtụ paraphilias. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ akụkọ e bipụtara na 1991 gbaghaara nkwupụta a na akụkọ na-akatọ usoro Ebel maka ịgụ ọtụtụ ihe ugboro abụọ, ma si otú a gbagọọ ịdị arọ nke nyocha ahụ.<ref name="Marshall">{{Cite journal|author=Marshall, W. L., & Eccles, A.|title=Issues in clinical practice with sex offenders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interpersonal-violence_1991-03_6_1/page/69|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|year=1991|volume=6|pages=69–70|doi=10.1177/088626091006001006}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara na ahụike uche ejirila AASI ma ndị na-eme mpụ mmekọahụ ikpe, ọ bụ ezie na anabataghị nyocha ahụ anabata n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ikpe na mba United States.<ref name="MyersAspenPublis">{{Cite book|author=Myers|first=John E.B.|title=Myers on Evidence in Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse|publisher=Aspen|year=2005|isbn=9780735556683}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, a chọpụtara na nyocha ahụ abụghị ihe a na-anabata n'ụlọ ikpe na [[Másáchusẹts|Commonwealth nke Massachusetts]], mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Massachusetts kwadoro n'afọ 2005. Na mkpebi nke afọ 2002 banyere ikike nke ule ahụ site n'aka onye ọka ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Texas bụ Brian Quinn, ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwuru na ebe ọ bụ na a maghị usoro ntinye aka nke Abel, ọ "nwere ike ịdabere na mgbakọ na mwepụ, dabere na nyocha a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, ma ọ bụ naanị anwansi nke ọgwụ Harry Potter na-eto eto na Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry".<ref name="Chammah">{{Cite web|first=Maurice|author=Chammah|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/the-sex-offender-test/397850/|title=The Sex-Offender Test: How a computerized assessment can help determine the fate of men who've been accused of sexually abusing children|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=2015-07-09|accessdate=2015-07-09}}</ref> Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke 9th Circuit kpebiri na afo 2004 na Assessment bụ ngwá ọrụ nke a ga-eji mee ihe naanị dị ka ọgwụgwọ, nakwa na ọ pụghị ịchọpụta ma mmadụ metọrọ ụmụaka.<ref name="MyersAspenPublis" /> Nnyocha onwe onye nnoro onwe nke Assessment kwubiri na ọ bụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndị okenye nakwa na enweghi ozi zuru ezu iji kwado ojiji ya na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ebe Abel kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya na onye na-agwọ ọrịa nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị iji Assessment nyochaa ndị okenye, kamakwa dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji chọpụta ma nwatakịrị nwere mmasị n'ebe ụmụaka ndị ọzọ nọ.<ref name="InadequateStatsSexAbuse"/> Ihe ngosi Diana abụwokwa isi iyi nke esemokwu maka Abel n'ihi na ọ bụ nyocha gafere / ọdịda. Nnyocha ahụ na-ezube ịchọpụta ma mmadụ metọrọ nwatakịrị. Abel akwalitewo iji Diana Screen dị ka ohere azụmahịa maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Franklin">{{Cite news|author=Franklin|first=Karen|date=30 December 2008|title=Will 'revolutionary' Diana Screen end pedophile menace?|work=Forensic Psychologist|url=http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2008/12/will-revolutionary-diana-screen-end.html|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Abel chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị America na-emetọ ụmụaka na-akọwa na ha bụ ndị Protestant.<ref name="f455">{{Cite web|title=document|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=da65e59f06df4d96fce9dc9905c44d051793e5c9|accessdate=2025-01-28|format=PDF}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://abelscreening.com/ Ebe Ndepụta nke Abel] * [http://dianascreen.com/ Ebe obibi nke Diana Screen] {{DEFAULTSORT:Abel, Gene}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jgxoy9464387lzbswxqklhjjbpjidta 0 66939 697824 687779 2026-08-10T08:54:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tutuola|first=Amos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tri1AwAAQBAJ|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|date=2014-07-01|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31155-2|language=en}}</ref> bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Naijiria bụ [[Amos Tutuola]] dere ma bipụta n'afọ 1954. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa okorobịa si West Africa nke furu efu n'ọzara, nke a maara dị ka ọhịa, mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye gbapụrụ n'aka ndị ahịa ohu. A na-egosi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka nchịkọta akụkọ ndị metụtara ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile n'usoro oge, nke na-agbakwunye àgwà ya dị ka nrọ. A na-egosi onye a kacha pụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ ahụ, onye a na-akpọghị aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ niile dị ka onye na-eto eto na onye na-enweghị ahụmahụ, na-amaghị ihe ize ndụ ndị zoro n'ime ọhịa, gụnyere ndị mmụọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ndị mmadụ. Ka ọ na-agafe ebe a dị ịtụnanya dịkwa omimi, ọ na-ezute ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpa egwu na-enwekwa ahụmahụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Sign Up">{{Cite web|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/1156804-my-life-in-the-bush-of-ghosts|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> Ịsụ Bekee Tutuola, site n'echiche nke onye na-akọ akụkọ na-eto eto na-enweghị ihe ọ ma, na-emepụta olu pụrụ iche na nke ziri ezi nke na-agbakwunye na ịma mma na mgbagwoju anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Dị ka ọrụ mbụ nke Tutuola, The Palm-Wine Drinkard, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts jury na ihe atụ yana Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ndị mmadụ. Tutuola na-adabere na ahụmịhe nke yana Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka iji mepụta akụkọ nke na-enyocha isiokwu nke njirimara, ọdịbendị, na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Ọdịdị akụkọ dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na ihe ndị dị egwu, nke na-echetara Grimms' Fairy Tales, na-enye ya mmetụta nke ụwa ọzọ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ọgụgụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke ịkọ akụkọ. == Mmeghachi omume == <ref name="Sign Up" />Time Magazin họọrọ My Life in the Bush of Ghosts dị ka otu n'ime "100 Best Fantasy Books of All Time". Aha ya ka a họọrọ maka Narrative Strainers n'afọ 1984 site na Premio Grinzane Cavour . <ref name="Sign Up" /> == Ụ́kpá Ekele == Aha abọm a nke afọ 1981 My Life in the Bush of Ghosts nke David Byrne na Brian Eno dere si na akwụkwọ akụkọ a. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta == * {{Cite book|author=Kalliney|first=Peter J.|date=September 2013|chapter=Developing Fictions: Amos Tutuola at Faber and Faber|title=Commonwealth of Letters: British Literary Culture and the Emergence of Postcolonial Aesthetics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199977970|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977970.003.0005}} * {{Cite journal|author=Lynn|first=Thomas Jay|title='Redemption Song': Slavery's Disruption in Amos Tutuola's ''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''|journal=English Studies in Africa|volume=59|issue=2|pages=54–63|date=2016|doi=10.1080/00138398.2016.1239418}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mbembe|first=Achille|title=Life, Sovereignty, and Terror in the Fiction of Amos Tutuola|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_winter-2003_34_4/page/n6|journal=[[Research in African Literatures]]|volume=34|issue=4|date=2003|pages=1–26|doi=10.2979/RAL.2003.34.4.1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * My Life in the Bush of Ghosts edepụtara aha ha n'ebe nchekwa data nke akụkọ ifo n'ịntanetị aa0m0ml3ab78cq731i9utvss7s5y9ap 0 67043 697502 697156 2026-08-10T01:24:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697502 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nagwa Abdel Meguid''' (Arabic: نجوى عبد المجيد) bụ ọkà mmụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Egypt na onye mmeri 2002 nke L’Oreal UNESCO Award for Women in Science for Africa and the Middle East.[1]  Nnyocha ya achọpụtala ọtụtụ mmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ebute ọrịa nkịtị dị ka ọrịa X na-emebi emebi na Autism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/five-african-female-scientists-you-should-definitely-know-about/|title=Five African Female Scientists You Should Definitely Know About|publisher=Issues.ayibamagazine.com|date=July 7, 2015|accessdate=July 4, 2015|author=Joy Mwaniki|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018001128/http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/five-african-female-scientists-you-should-definitely-know-about|archivedate=October 18, 2018}}</ref> Meguid nwere Ph.D. na Human Genetics. Mmasị nyocha Nagwa Abdel Meguid gụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ụlọ ọgwụ, ọrịa neurodevelopmental, teknụzụ DNA mmadụ, na dysmorphology. == Ndụ == Meguid gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Gulf nke Arabia . Ọ bụ onye otu Mahadum Uppsala . <ref name=":1" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Meguid bụ onye isi nke ụlọ nyocha na-eme nchọpụta DNA na mgbanwe nke biochemical na nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka autism na fragile X syndrome. Ọ bụ onye isi nke Ngalaba Nnyocha na Ụmụaka nwere Mkpa Pụrụ Iche na National Research Center (NRC) dị na Egypt. Meguid bụ onye isi Geneticist na Genetics Institute na Pasadena, California. Meguid jigidere onye otu na Regional Bio-Ethics Society na Gender Research in Africa n'ime Ozi Nkwukọrịta Ozi maka Empowerment (GRACE). == Ihe nrite == Meguid nwere ihe nrite dị ùgwù maka nyocha ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka National Award for Scientific Excellence (2009), National Research Centre Appreciation Prize in Medical Sciences (2011), na Distinctive Arab Female Scientist Prize ịkpọ aha ole na ole. O nwetakwala ihe nrite maka ọnọdụ nke Scientific Excellence na Advanced Technology (2008). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.grace-network.net/researcher_MENA-meguid.php|title=GRACE|work=www.grace-network.net|accessdate=2017-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023324/http://www.grace-network.net/researcher_MENA-meguid.php|archivedate=2015-09-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.grace-network.net''. Archived from on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nnyocha Banyere Nsogbu Mkpụrụ ndụ Ihe Mere Eme == Meguid enyewo aka na nyocha na nchọpụta nke mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme na ndị Ijipt. Nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a gụnyere phenylketonuria, Duchene muscular dystrophy, ncheta sensọ na-anụ ihe na-adịghị ike X-syndrome.<ref name=":1"/> Meguid emepụtala ụzọ iji gbochie ụfọdụ mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke gụnyere nchọpụta heterozygous na nchọpụta tupu amụọ nwa. Ọ chọpụtala na ọ na-arịa ọrịa autosomal recessive n'ime ndị Ijipt n'ihi oke ọbara n'etiti ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":1"/> === Fragile X Syndrome na Nnyocha Autism === Meguid bu ụzọ chọpụta mmụba nke mgbanwe X na-adịghị ike n'etiti ụmụ nwoke Ijipt. Mgbanwe ahụ mere 0.9 n'ime 1000 ụmụ nwoke Ijipt. E nwere 6.4% nke mmụba na mgbanwe ahụ ga-eme na ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị isi. Meguid kpebiri na oke mmụba nke X na-adịghị ike n'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị Arab nwere isi na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmata ma ọ bụ nchọpụta nke ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwoke ndị Ijipt nwere nchọpụta ikpeazụ nke mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a n'oge ha bụ nwata. Enwere ike ịkọwa mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka ọrịa ahụ nwere njikọ na mmụba nke alụmdi na nwunye ọbara n'etiti ndị Arab.Mmata igbu oge maka ngbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụkwa ihe na-ebutekarị nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara ọnọdụ uche. Meguid kwubiri na oke mgbasa nke ọrịa X na-emebi emebi kwesịrị ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị ọ metụtara. Ọ tụrụ aro na atụmatụ ọgwụgwọ onwe onye na-amalite na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara nwere ike inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere inwe ọganihu karịa n'afọ agụmakwụkwọ ha. Meguid nyochara ọdịdị ụbụrụ na ma ọrịa x na-adịghị ike na ndị ọrịa autistic na ndị ọrịa Autism ma kpebie ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ọdịiche ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama na nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Meguid|first=Nagwa|date=2010-05-01|title=Brain Morphology in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome Correlates With Social IQ: First Report From the Canadian-Swiss-Egyptian Neurodevelopmental Study|journal=Journal of Child Neurology|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=599–608|doi=10.1177/0883073809341670|pmid=20110214|issn=0883-0738}}</ref> E ji 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mee ihe. Enweghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ọdịdị ụbụrụ gụnyere "ọnụ ọgụgụ ụbụrụ zuru oke, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpaghara, akara gyrification, omimi sulcal, na ọkpụrụkpụ ụbụrụ". Ndị ọrịa Autistic nwere mbelata na medial prefrontal bilaterally na hapụrụ anterior cingulate cortices nke ụbụrụ. A chọpụtara na medial prefrontal na anterior cingulate dị ịrịba ama na nghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrịa autistic na ndị na-adịghị ike X nwere nkwarụ na ha abụọ. Enweghị ihe ndị metụtara ụbụrụ kpatara ụkọ ọgụgụ isi. X na-adịghị ike nke nwere njirimara autistic gosipụtara akara dị elu na ọkwa nkwụsịtụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya - ụkọ dị nnọọ iche na nke ndị autistic. Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikọta njirimara X autistic na nke idiopathic autism. Meguid mepụtara usoro nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị mfe iji chọpụta ndị na-ebute ọrịa X na-adịghị ike. Onye na-ebu premutation bụ onye nwere n'etiti 55-200 CGG ugboro ugboro na Fragile X (FMR1) gene. Mgbanwe zuru oke nwere ihe karịrị 200 CGG ugboro ugboro. Usoro ahụ gụnyere ngwa ngwa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based screening tool for expanded Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) alleles.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Meguid|first=Nagwa A.|date=2014|title=Simple molecular diagnostic method for fragile X syndrome in Egyptian patients: pilot study|journal=Acta Biochimica Polonica|volume=61|issue=2|pages=259–263|doi=10.18388/abp.2014_1893|issn=1734-154X|pmid=24936518}}</ref> Nsonaazụ gosipụtara na ụmụ nwoke 16 n'ime ụmụ nwoke 53 nwere CGG na-adịghị mma nke Fragile X gene. 10 n'ime nne ha na 4 n'ime ụmụnne ha nwanyị nwekwara FMR1 premutation. 66.6% alụmdi na nwunye ndị ikwu nọ n'ezinụlọ ndị a mụrụ. E kwubiri na a chụpụrụ ọrịa X na-adịghị ike n'ezinụlọ ndị nne na nna ha nwere ọbara. Kama nke ahụ, ọrịa X na-adịghị ike nwere ike inye aka na nchọpụta mbụ, nke nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka nwere nsogbu. Site n'iwepụ nje ahụ n'oge, enwere ike ibelata mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ụmụaka na mmepe ha. === Nchọpụta nke Mgbanwe Ọdịdị Mkpụrụ ndụ Ihe nketa === ==== Nchọpụta nke Mgbanwe Mgbanwe Mgbochi na Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase ==== Meguid chọpụtara mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase (BCKDK). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Novarino|first=Gaia|date=2012-10-19|title=Mutations in BCKD-kinase lead to a potentially treatable form of autism with epilepsy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-10-19_338_6105/page/394|journal=Science|volume=338|issue=6105|pages=394–397|doi=10.1126/science.1224631|issn=1095-9203|pmid=22956686}}</ref> A chọtara mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na BCKDK n'ezinụlọ ndị nwere nkụnwụ, autism, na Nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi. N'oge gara aga, a maara BCKDK ka ọ na-akpata ọrịa Maple Syrup Urine (MSUD). Mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa autism na epilepsy. protein ahụ nwere ike inactivation nke phosphorylation nke E1α subunit nke ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH). Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa nwere homozygous mutation (otu mutation na nna na nne), mgbe ahụ a na-akpali mbelata na BCKDK ozi RNA na protein, E1α phosphorylation, na amino acid nke plasma membrane. ==== Recessive Non-syndromic Deafness: Mgbanwe na GJB2 gene ==== Meguid kọwara ngbanwe ọhụrụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ GJB2 ( gene maka recessive non-syndromic deafness) na mkpochapụ nke thymine (T) na ọnọdụ 59 (c.59delT) na ngalaba intracellular nke connexin 26.[1]. Mgbanwe a kpatara mmụgharị nke frameshift na amino acid nke iri abụọ na-eduga na njedebe akaghi aka. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nagwa_Meguid Nagwa Meguid na Researchgate] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2hzpfhkxk09t7o967i6puxp2dsbs6zx 0 67135 697737 676819 2026-08-10T06:57:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Robert Broom''' FRS<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|author=Watson|first=D. M. S.|authorlink=D. M. S. Watson|title=Robert Broom. 1866–1951|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1952.0004|journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=8|issue=21|pages=36–70|year=1952}}</ref> FRSE (30 Nọvemba 1866 - 6 Eprel 1951) bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike na steingerving na Britain na [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Broom {{!}} South African paleontologist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Broom|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=25 June 2021|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye dọkịta na 1895 wee nata DSc ya na 1905 site na Mahadum Glasgow.  Site na 1903 ruo 1910, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke anụmanụ na geology na Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-elekọta paleontology na South Africa Museum, Cape Town.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richmond|first=J.|title=Design and dissent: Religion, authority, and the scientific spirit of Robert Broom|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2009-09_100_3/page/485|journal=Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences|volume=100|issue=3|pages=485–504|year=2009|pmid=19960839|doi=10.1086/644626}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=W. E.|title=Dr. Robert Broom, F.R.S|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1951-05-12_167_4254/page/752|journal=Nature|volume=167|issue=4254|pages=752|year=1951|pmid=14833380|doi=10.1038/167752a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ROBERT Broom|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=6660|pages=915–916|year=1951|pmid=14825857|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91306-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ROBERT Broom, M.D., F.R.S|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1951-04-21_1_4711/page/n62|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=4711|pages=889|year=1951|pmid=14821559}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Broom na 66 Back Sneddon Street na [[Renfrewshire (historic)|Renfrewshire]]" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, nwa John Broom, onye na-emepụta ihe osise calico na Paisleys shawls, na Agnes Hunter Shearer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf|title=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|date=July 2006|publisher=RSE Scotland Foundation}}</ref> N'afọ 1893, ọ lụrụ Mary Baird Baillie, onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="Findlay1972">{{Cite book|author=Findlay|first=George|title=Dr. Robert Broom, F.R.S.; palaeontologist and physician, 1866-1951: a biography, appreciation and bibliography|url=https://archive.org/details/drrobertbroomfrs0000find|year=1972|publisher=A. A. Balkema}}</ref> N'ọmụmụ ọgwụ ya na Mahadum Glasgow, Broom bụ ọkachamara na obstetrics.<ref name="SAHO" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1895 ọ gara Australia, na-akwado onwe ya site n'ịgwọ ọrịa. Ọ biri na South Africa na 1897, <ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web|title=Robert Broom|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-broom|work=South African History Online|accessdate=23 March 2017|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> obere oge tupu Agha Ndịda Afrịka amalite. Site na 1903 ruo 1910, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Zoology and Geology na Victoria College, Stellenbosch (nke mechara bụrụ Mahadum Stellenbosch), mana a manyere ya ịpụ n'ọkwa a maka ịkwalite nkwenye na evolushọn.<ref name="SAHO" /> O hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ na mpaghara Karoo nke South Africa, ebe jupụtara na ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa. Dabere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na-aga n'ihu na ihe ndị a na-agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ, e mere ya onye otu Royal Society na 1920. Mgbe achọpụtachara nwa Taung, ọ malitere ịchọ ndị nna nna mmadụ ma malite ọrụ na ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site n'ọgba dolomite dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Johannesburg, ọkachasị Sterkfontein Cave (nke bụzi akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke Ebe Ihe Nketa nke Ụmụ Mmadụ). Na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ site n'ọgba ndị a, o chọpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ, nke kachasị zuru oke bụ okpokoro isi nke australopithecine, nke a na-akpọ Oriakụ Ples, na ọkpụkpụ akụkụ nke gosiri na australopithecines na-eje ije kwụ ọtọ.<ref name="SAHO" /> Broom nwụrụ na Pretoria, South Africa na 1951. == Onyinye == A maara Broom nke ọma maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ ndị na-agwọ ọrịa. Mgbe Raymond Dart chọpụtara Taung Child, nwa ọhụrụ australopithecine, mmasị Broom nwere na nkà mmụta ihe banyere ọdịdị ala mụbara. Ọrụ Broom yiri ka ọ kwụsịrị, ọ na-adaba n'ịda ogbenye, mgbe Dart degaara Jan Smuts akwụkwọ gbasara ọnọdụ ahụ. Smuts, ndị na-etinye nrụgide n'ahụ gọọmentị South Africa, nwetara ọkwa maka Broom na 1934 ya na ndị ọrụ nke Transvaal Museum na Pretoria dịka onye enyemaka na Palaeontology. A kọwawo Broom dị ka "otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Karoo (na, karịsịa, therapsid)", ebe o nwere ike ịkọwa ụdị holotypes therapsid 369 n'oge ndụ ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ụdị ọhụrụ 168. A maara Broom dị ka "onye na-ekewapụ" nke mere ka a ka na-ewere naanị ihe dị ka 57% nke holotypes ya dị irè ruo 2003. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ya na John T. Robinson mere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị egwu, gụnyere iberibe sitere na hominins isii dị na Sterkfontein, nke ha kpọrọ Plesianthropus transvaalensis, nke a na-akpọ Oriakụ Ples, mana nke e mechara kpọọ Australopithecus africanus okenye, yana nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na ebe ndị dị na Kromdraai na Swartkrans. Na 1937, Broom mere nchọpụta ya kachasị ama, site n'ịkọwapụta ụdị hominin siri ike nke Paranthropus site na nchọpụta ya nke Paranthropus robustus.<ref name="JohansonEdey1990">{{Cite book|author=Johanson|first=Donald|title=Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind|url=https://archive.org/details/lucybeginningsof0000joha|year=1990|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-72499-3}}</ref> Nchọpụta ndị a nyere aka kwado nkwupụta Dart maka ụdị Taung. Maka mpịakọta ya, The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae, ebe ọ tụụrụ aro Australopitecinae subfamily, e nyere Broom Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal site na National Academy of Sciences na 1946. <ref name="Elliot">{{Cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727135304/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Ihe fọdụrụ n'ọrụ Broom lekwasịrị anya na nyocha nke saịtị ndị a na nkọwa nke ọtụtụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na hominin mbụ a chọtara n'ebe ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ ruo ọgwụgwụ. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, o dechara akwụkwọ edemede banyere Australopithecines ma gwa nwa nwanne ya nwoke: :: "Ugbu a nke ahụ agwụla ... ya mere mụ onwe m. "<ref name="Morell2011">{{Cite book|author=Morell|first=Virginia|title=Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKatWz1z3r8C&pg=PA188|year=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-4387-2}}</ref> == Ọganihu Mmụọ == Broom bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na ya ma nwee mmasị miri emi na paranormal na ime mmụọ; ọ bụ onye nkatọ nke Darwinism na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya. Broom bụ onye kwenyere na evolushọn ime mmụọ. N'akwụkwọ ya The Coming of Man: Was it Accident or Design? (1933) o kwuru na "ụlọ ọrụ ime mmụọ" duziri evolushọn dịka ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu ka ha wee pụta na mberede. Dị ka Broom si kwuo, e nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị ike ime mmụọ abụọ dị iche iche, ndị mmụọ nwere ike ịhụ ha.<ref name="Bowler2001">{{Cite book|title=Reconciling science and religion: the debate in the early-twentieth-century Britain|authorlink=Peter J. Bowler|first=Peter J.|author=Bowler|date=2001|pages=133–134}}</ref> Broom kwuru na e nwere atụmatụ na ebumnuche na evolushọn nakwa na mmalite nke ''[[Madụ̀|Homo sapiens]]'' bụ ebumnuche kachasị n'azụ evolushọn. Dị ka Broom si kwuo "Ọtụtụ evolushọn dị ka a ga-asị na a haziri ya ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ, na anụmanụ na osisi ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ụwa bụrụ ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ya ibi".<ref name="Lewin1997">{{Cite book|title=Bones of contention: controversies in the search for human origins|authorlink=Roger Lewin|first=Roger|author=Lewin|date=1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226476510}}</ref> Mgbe ọ chọtara okpokoro isi nke Mrs. Ples, a jụrụ Broom ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gwupụtara na mberede, Broom zara na mmụọ gwara ya ebe ọ ga-achọta ihe ọ chọpụtara.<ref name="Dreyer2006">{{Cite book|title=A century of Sundays: 100 years of breaking news in the Sunday times, 1906–2006|first=Nadine|author=Dreyer|date=2006}}</ref> == Nnyocha banyere ndị Khoisan == Broom nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ebe Ndị Khoisan nọ, nke gụnyere ịnakọta ozu ha, gụnyere nke ndị nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, yana igwu ili ochie. Broom malitere ịnakọta ozu mmadụ nke oge a na 1897, obere oge ka ọ kwagara South Africa. N'afọ ahụ, ọ chịkọtara ozu ndị agadi "Hottentot" atọ nwụrụ gburugburu Port Nolloth mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na mpaghara ahụ. Broom kwuru na ya "na-egbupụ isi ha ma sie ha n'ime ite paraffin na stovu kichin". E mechara zigara okpokoro isi ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke Mahadum Edinburgh, n'akụkụ nwa e bu n'afọ dị ọnwa asaa, nke Broom wepụrụ ụbụrụ nke o chebere iche. Broom nwetakwara ozu ndị mkpọrọ nwụrụ anwụ, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na onye mkpọrọ anwụọ ma ịchọrọ ọkpụkpụ ya, ma eleghị anya iwu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ guzo n'ụzọ, mana onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi anaghị echegbu onwe ya maka iwu ndị dị otú ahụ. " Broom kwuru na o liri ọtụtụ ozu n'ogige ya na-enye ha ohere ire ure tupu ha emesịa weghachite ọkpụkpụ ha. Ndị a gụnyere ozu ndị ikom abụọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Douglas: Andreas Links, onye dị afọ iri na asatọ ! Nwoke Ora, (nke edepụtara dị ka MMK 264), yana "bushman" a na-akpọghị aha nke sitere na Langeberg (nke edeputara dị ka MMM 283), onye e sere foto mgbe ọ dị ndụ na arịrịọ Broom, n'agbanyeghị na nke a megidere iwu. A gbakwunyere ọkpụkpụ nke ndị ikom abụọ ahụ na nchịkọta nke McGregor Museum na 1921. Broom kọwara ndị Khoisan dị ka "agbụrụ mebiri emebi" na "agbanyụ mebiri emebe", na-eche na 1907 na ha sitere na "agbamume nke wuru Pyramids" na "Mongoloids", mana ha "mebiri emebi' n'ihi ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke South Africa. N'ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, o kewara ndị Khoisan n'ime agbụrụ atọ, ndị Bushmen, Hottentot na Korana, dabere na ọdịiche dị iche iche, na ụdị ụdị nke agbụrụ Korana bụ ọkpụkpụ nke Links. Ndị ọzọ na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ n'oge a jụrụ atụmatụ nkewa a, ọkachasị agbụrụ Korana. Broom mechara kwuo na ya "mepụtara Korana". A na-emebi atụmatụ nkewa agbụrụ niile taa, n'ihi na ọ dabere na njirimara na-edoghị anya, na-eme ka nkewa siri ike bụrụ nke aka ike. Anatomist Goran Štrkalj dere na: "O doro anya na ọrụ anthropological nke Broom bụ ... mmetụta nke echiche agbụrụ na ajọ mbunobi nke ụbọchị ahụ". == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == [[Faịlụ:Transvaal_Museum-025.jpg|thumb|Bust nke Robert Broom na Mrs. Ples]] [[Faịlụ:Sterkfontein_Caves_51.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ncheta dị n'ọgba Sterkfontein]] N'etiti ọtụtụ narị isiokwu o nyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, ndị kachasị mkpa gụnyere: * "Fossil Reptiles of South Africa" na ''Sayensị na South Africa'' (1905) * "Anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke Karroo Formation" na Geology of Cape Colony (1909) * "Ọganihu na ọdịdị nke Marsupial Shoulder Girdle" na Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899) * "Ntụnyere nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ nke Permian nke North America na ndị nke South Africa" na Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910) * "Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles" na Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society (1911). * The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae (1946). '''Akwụkwọ''' * Mmalite nke ọkpụkpụ mmadụ: mmeghe maka osteology mmadụ (1930) * Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ yiri anụ na-enye nwa ara nke South Africa na mmalite nke anụ na-enyara nwa ara (1932) * ''Ọbịbịa nke mmadụ: ọ bụ ihe mberede ma ọ bụ imewe?'' (1933) * Anụmanụ a chọtara n'ala South Africa: Australopithecinae (1946) * Sterkfontein ape-man Plesianthropus (1949) * ''Ịchọta njikọ furu efu'' (1950) == Ihe Nketa == A na-eme ncheta Robert Broom n'aha sayensị nke ụdị agwọ kpuru ìsì Australia, Anilios broomi, [1] Triassic archosauromorph reptile Prolacerta broomi, rhinesuchid amphibian Broomistega, Permian dicynodont Robertia broomiana na millerettid Broomia na aloe osisi Aloe. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala '' (nke nwere ndepụta njikọ) '' * Ndepụta nke fossils hominin '' (nke nwere ihe oyiyi) '' * Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research * John Talbot Robinson, onye nchọpụta nke Mrs Ples. * Òtù Ndị Archaeological nke Pan-Afrịka == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rbroom.html Akụkọ ndụ: Robert Broom], TalkOrigins ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie TalkOrigins * [http://www.mprinstitute.org/vaclav/Broomevo.htm Robert Broom: A Short Bibliography of his Evolutionary Works, MPRInstitute.org site.] * [http://www.mprinstitute.org/vaclav/Broom.htm British metaphysics dị ka egosiri na Robert Broom's evolutionary theory, nsụgharị nke edemede nke Václav Petr bipụtara na Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 75 (1): 73-85. Praha 2000. Ihe odide na foto gosipụtara n'ozuzu ya na saịtị MPRInstitute.org.] {{Cradle of Humankind}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ixd1guspc61sioer449v4c170vzzevs 0 67159 697786 516509 2026-08-10T08:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697786 wikitext text/x-wiki   Frances Gamble (1949-1997) bụ onye South Africa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ihu igwe na ọkà mmụta spele. Ọrụ ya na nchekwa ọgbara ọhụrụ buru ibu na ịsụ ụzọ. Ọ tụlere usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na amụma nchekwa nke dị mkpa iji chebe ha. Gamble bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Ọgba nke South Africa, bụ nke zubere imeziwanye mmepe sayensị na ọkachamara nke speleology na South Africa. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Association Education Environmental Education Association nke South Africa site na 1986 ruo 1989 na nke South Africa Geographical Society site na 1989 ruo 1991. N'oge Apartheid kpachibidoro mmekorita maka ndị nchọpụta South Africa, o wuru netwọk ụwa iji kwado nyocha. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frances Niven na 1949 na Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province, South Africa nye Cynthia Mary (née Hosking) na John McGregor "Jack" Niven.[1] Nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta.[2][3] Tupu alụmdi na nwunye ya, nna ya jere ozi na South Africa Air Force na n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ e kenyere Royal Air Force ọrụ na Egypt, Italy, Sudan, na Yugoslavia..[4] Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ gụnyere ụmụnne ya nwanyị Joan na Sheila. [5] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1950, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Bulawayo, nke dị na Southern Rhodesia, bụ́ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Teacher's College ruo 1965. N'afọ ahụ, ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri Natal, Jack ghọkwara onye isi nkuzi na Mahadum Natal.[4] Niven debanyere aha na Mahadum nke Natal ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Science na 1969 na postgraduate Honours degree na 1971. [6] == Ọrụ == Na Jenụwarị 1972, a họpụtara Niven dị ka Onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na Mahadum Witwatersrand na Ngalaba Geography na Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.[3][7] Niven rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa ma na-eme njem mgbe niile na Pilgrim's Rest maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji nweta ahụmịhe mbụ na nyocha.[3] Ọ lụrụ W. A. L. Gamble ma ha abụọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị Caryn.[3][6] N'afọ 1982, ọ nwetara PhD ya, site na Mahadum Natal na thesis akpọrọ The Management of Karst Cave Ecosystems in the Transvaal . Ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ na South Africa, na dị ka prọfesọ [[Margaret E. Marker]] si kwuo, naanị ọrụ ruo ọnwụ Gamble nke nyochara ihu igwe ọgba ma kwado maka nchekwa ọgba.[3] Gamble malitere ịkụzi nkuzi nwa oge na 1985 na mbụ na ngalaba nke obodo na atụmatụ mpaghara wee na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Mechanical Engineering. Ọ nọgidere na-ejikọta ya na Mahadum Wiwaterrand ruo 1995. [8][9] N'ọrụ ya sara mbara na nchekwa ọgba, ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị tinye aka na njikwa na ịmepụta ntuziaka maka nchekwa na ojiji nke usoro okike ọgba. Otu n'ime nsogbu ndị o kwuru bụ na ndị njem nleta na ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo na-akpatakarị mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.[10] N'etiti nsogbu ndị mepere emepe kpatara, ọ chọpụtara [[mmetọ]], gụnyere nsị, mmetọ ugbo, na anwụrụ ọkụ; mgbanwe na ikuku na ikuku; mgbanwe mmiri nke mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ, okporo ụzọ, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, na ebe a na'ịgba mmiri; na mmebi n'ihi mgbawa.[11] Nsogbu ndị ọbịa webatara ma kpatara gụnyere ihe mkpofu na ihe odide, usoro ọkụ na lampenflora, mgbanwe nke osisi na anụmanụ, na iwepụ ihe dịka guano na Ọdịdị ala.[12] Gamble malitere ịkụzi ihe n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1985 nke mbụ na Ngalaba nke Obodo na Atụmatụ Ógbè wee gaa na School of Mechanical Engineering. Ọ nọgidere na-ejikọta ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand ruo 1995.[3] Ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị ntorobịa gụnyere akwụkwọ, asọmpi, na mgbalị nhicha na saịtị dị iche iche, na-emesi mkpa ọ dị ichebe ọgba ike. [3][6] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Environmental Education Association of South Africa (EEASA) n'etiti 1986 na 1989 ma bụrụ onye isi nke nzukọ ahụ ruo 1992.[3] A maara ya karịsịa n'oge ọ nọ na EEASA maka ịdọta ndị nkwado iji mee ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ha na-aga n'ihu ma guzobe usoro nchịkwa nke nyere ndị ọkà mmụta South Africa ohere ịnweta mmekọrịta gafee ókèala.[13] Gamble bụ onye guzobere Cave Research Organisation nke South Africa, otu na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye ọkachamara na nyocha sayensị na speleology na mba ahụ.[3] Ọ bụkwa onye otu British Cave Research Association na United States-based National Speleological Society. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na International Union of Speleology, ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke South African Geographical Society n'etiti afọ 1989 na 1991. [6][3] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Gamble nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa eriri afọ na 27 Machị 1997 na Brenthurst Clinic na Braamfontein ma lie ya na 14 Eprel na Johannesburg.[14] Ọkà mmụta [[Stephen A. Craven]], kwuru na 1992, na onyinye ya bụ "ọrụ kachasị zuru oke na nchekwa ọgba na South Africa". [10] N'oge iwu Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gbochiri ikike maka ndị ọkà mmụta nọ na South Africa ka ha na ndị nchọpụta mba ụwa na-arụkọ ọrụ, Gamble webatara usoro mmụta interdisciplinary maka sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma wuo netwọk na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa iji mee ka agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha dị mfe. [15][16] == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Niven|first=F. M.|title=The Modification Of Selected Counter Radiation Empirical Equations for Application to Johannesburg|journal=[[South African Geographical Journal]]|date=April 1975|volume=57|issue=1|pages=36–45|doi=10.1080/03736245.1975.10559545|issn=0373-6245}} * {{Cite journal|author=Niven|first=F. M.|title=Diurnal atmospheric characteristics of the Sterkfontein Tourist Cave|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-journal-of-science_1978-04_74_4/page/134|journal=[[South African Journal of Science]]|date=April 1978|volume=74|pages=134–135|issn=0038-2353}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Gregory|first=W. L.|title=The Wolkberg Cave System: The Report to the Transvaal Provincial Administration|date=1980|publisher=Cave Research Organisation of South Africa|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|isbn=978-0-620-04675-6}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=F. M.|title=Rainfall in the Namib Desert Park|journal=Madoqua|date=September 1980|volume=12|issue=3|pages=175–180|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA10115498_206|issn=1010-2299}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=Frances M.|title=Alpha-Radiation in Karst Areas of the Transvaal, South Africa|journal=Transactions|date=1981|volume=8|issue=4|pages=254–260|url=http://caving-library.org.uk/catalogue/BCL/code/php/library.php?action=search&lib=&type=any&search=author&search_string=Gamble%20Frances%20M.}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=F. M.|title=Disturbance of Underground Wilderness in Karst Caves|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-environmental-studies_1981_18_1/page/33|journal=International Journal of Environmental Studies|date=November 1981|volume=18|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.1080/00207238108709921|issn=0020-7233}} *   * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Gamble|first=F. M.|title=Environmental Education in Southern Africa: A Directory of Informal and Non-Formal Activities|date=1987|publisher=Foundation for Research Development, CSIR|location=Pretoria, South Africa|isbn=978-0-7988-3828-3}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=Frances|title=Geographers and Ecosystems: A Point of View|journal=Southern African Journal of Environmental Education|date=August 1987|volume=5|pages=24, 26|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/137697|issn=0256-7504}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=Frances|title=Educational Resource Identification in the Environment|journal=Southern African Journal of Environmental Education|date=April 1988|volume=7|pages=26–29|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/137474|issn=0256-7504}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Gamble|first=F. M.|title=Environmental Education in Southern Africa: A Directory of Informal and Non-Formal Activities|date=1990|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Environmental Affairs]]|location=Pretoria, South Africa|oclc=85912955}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gamble|first=F. M.|title=Geographers and the Environment in a Changing Southern Africa|journal=[[South African Geographical Journal]]|date=September 1992|volume=74|issue=2|pages=72–74|doi=10.1080/03736245.1992.10586400|issn=0373-6245}} == Edemsibia ==   === Akwụkwọ ===   lav6aap44r4np2j2l1o9w93v3eejacy 0 67197 697798 674862 2026-08-10T08:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sydney Brenner OIST 2008 (33208371153) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sydney Brenner ]]   '''Sydney Brenner''' CH FRS FMedSci MAE (13 Jenụwarị 1927 - 5 Eprel 2019) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/obituaries/sydney-brenner-dead.html|title=Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92|first=Nicholas|author=Wade|date=5 April 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=John|date=2020|title=Sydney Brenner. 13 January 1927—5 April 2019|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=69|pages=78–108|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2020.0022}}</ref> bụ onye [[South Africa]] nwere akara ugo mmụta maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. N'afọ 2002, ya na H. Robert Horvitz na Sir John E. Sulston kerịtara [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]].<ref name="fried" /> Brenner nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịrụ ọrụ na koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke molecular biology mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology nke Medical Research Council (MRC) na Cambridge, England. O guzobere òkpò ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' dị ka ihe nlereanya maka nnyocha nke ihe ọmụmụ developmental biology, ma guzobe Molecular Sciences Institute na Berkeley, California, mba Amerika. <ref name="hodgkin">{{Cite journal|author=Hodgkin|first=JA|title=Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genetics_1977-06_86_2/page/275|journal=Genetics|volume=86|issue=2 Pt. 1|year=1977|issn=0016-6731|pmid=560330|pages=275–87|doi=10.1093/genetics/86.2.275}}</ref> <ref name="BrennerElgar1993">{{Cite journal|author=Brenner|first=S.|title=Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1993-11-18_366_6452/page/265|journal=Nature|volume=366|issue=6452|year=1993|pages=265–68|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/366265a0|pmid=8232585}}</ref><ref name="de Chadarevian2009">{{Cite journal|author=de Chadarevian|first=Soraya|title=Interview with Sydney Brenner|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=40|issue=1|year=2009|pages=65–71|issn=1369-8486|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.008|pmid=19268875}}</ref><ref name="Friedberg2008">{{Cite journal|author=Friedberg|first=Errol C.|title=Sydney Brenner|journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology|volume=9|issue=1|year=2008|pages=8–9|issn=1471-0072|doi=10.1038/nrm2320|pmid=18159633}}</ref><ref name="googlescholar">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner|title=Sydney Brenner publications|publisher=[[Google Scholar]]|accessdate=28 September 2008|archivedate=18 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918170110/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner}}</ref>&nbsp; == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Brenner n'obodo Germiston dị na Transvaal mgbe ahụ (nke dị na Gauteng taa), South Africa, na 13 Jenụwarị 1927. Nne na nna ya, Leah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf|title=Errol C. Friedberg. Sydney Brenner: A Biography|work=cshlpress.com|accessdate=5 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060300/https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf}}</ref> (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Blecher) na Morris Brenner, bụ [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] kwagara mba ọzọ. Nna ya, onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, si [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] bịa South Africa n'afọ 1910, nne ya si Riga, Latvia, n'afọ 1922. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị, Phyllis.<ref name="autobiography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/|publisher=nobelprize.org|accessdate=6 April 2019|title=Sydney Brenner, Biographical|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073829/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx|title=Brenner, Sydney (1927– ) World of Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=encyclopedia.com|accessdate=27 July 2016|archivedate=20 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164238/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Germiston High School na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Ebe ọ sonyeere mahadum ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, a chọpụtara n'afọ nke abụọ ya na ọ ga-adị ntorobịa ukwuu itozu maka ịrụ ọrụ ahụike na ngwụcha afọ isii ya, ya mere e nyere ya ohere inweta nzere Bachelor of Science na Anatomy na Physiology. N'oge a, Joel Mandelstam kụziiri ya physical kemịstrị, [[Alfred Oettle]] kụziiri ya microscopy, ebe [[Harold Daitz]] kụziiri ya neurology. Ọ nwetakwara nkuzi izizi banyere anthropology na paleontology site n'aka Raymond Dart na [[Robert Broom]]. Onye gụrụ histology bụ [[Joseph Gillman]] bụkwa onye nduzi nnyocha na ngalaba Anatomy rụgidere Brenner ka ọ gaa n'ihu inweta nzere mbụ ya ma karịa, inwetakwa nzere MSc. Brenner kwetara ọ bụ ezie na nke a ga-apụta na ọ gaghị agụsị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke ha-akwụsịkwa ego a na-akwụ ya. Ọ kwadoro onwe ya n'oge a site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nnyocha. Ọ bụ n'oge a, n'afọ 1945, ka Brenner ga-ebipụta ọrụ ndị sayensị mbụ ya. Akwụkwọ edemede inweta nzere Masta ya bụ na ngalaba cytogenetics na mbipụta n'oge a n'ọ́gbọ́ ọmụmụ Brenner ga-emecha kpọọ Cell Physiology.<ref name="autobiography" /> N'afọ 1946, Wilfred Le Gros Clark kpọrọ Brenner na Ngalaba Anatomy ya na Oxford, n'oge ọ gara njem nleta South Africa. A gbara Brenner ume ka ọ gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba ahụike ya. Brenner laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ebe ọ dara ọmụmụ ọgwụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ịwa ahụ ma nweta nzere klas mbụ na Obstetrics na Gynecology. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, Brenner agụgharịchaala Medicine and Surgery ma n'afọ 1951 nweta nzere Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBCh). <ref name="autobiography" /> Brenner natara ime ngosi agụmakwụkwọ n'ezi nke afọ 1851 site na Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 nke nyeere ya aka ịgụzu ma nweta nzere Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) na Mahadum Oxford dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị Mahadum na Exeter College, Oxford, nke Cyril Hinshelwood lekọtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/|title=Dr Sydney Brenner|work=Exeter College|language=en|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406012421/https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime nnyocha == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị DPhil ya, Brenner mere nnyocha na-esi inweta nzere ọkankuzi na [[California]],_Berkeley" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of California, Berkeley">Mahadum California, Berkeley . <ref name="berkeley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html|title=Sydney Brenner: Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center|publisher=Salk Institute|accessdate=25 August 2015|archivedate=1 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001010916/http://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology na Cambridge. N'ebe ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị 1960, o mere ntinye na molecular biology, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ ngalaba na-apụta apụta. N'afọ 1976, ọ sonyeere Salk Institute na California . Ya na Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, na [[Beryl M. Oughton]], ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na Eprel 1953 ịhụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA, nke Francis Crick na James Watson wuru; n'oge ahụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Kemịstrị nke Mahadum Oxford. Ihe nlereanya DNA ọhụrụ ahụ masịrị ha niile, ọkachasị Brenner, onye mechara soro Crick rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha Cavendish dị na Mahadum Cambridge na ụlọ nyocha ahụike e mepere ọhụrụ Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). Dị ka Beryl Oughton, onye mechara bụrụ Rimmer, si kwuo, ha niile ji ụgbọala abụọ mee njem mgbe Dorothy Hodgkin gwara ha na ha na-aga Cambridge iji hụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA. Brenner mere ọtụtụ ihe ntinye dị mkpa na ngalaba Molecular Biology na-apụta apụta na afọ ndị 1960 (lee Phage group). Nke mbụ bụ igosi na usoro koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile na-ekpuchi ekpuchi agaghị ekwe omume. Nghọta a kewara ọrụ koodu site na mgbochi nhazi dị ka George Gamow chepụtara na koodu dị nkọ. Nke a mere ka Francis Crick chepụta echiche nke molekụl a na-eche n'echiche (nke e mechara mara dị ka transfer RNA ma ọ bụ tRNA) nke na-ebufe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na RNA gaa na protein. Brenner nyere aha ahụ "adaptor hypothesis" n'afọ 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Crick|first=Francis|date=1955|title=On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club|url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=National Library of Medicine|archivedate=16 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816132804/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc}}</ref> Nkewa a hụrụ anya n'etiti anticodon na amino acid dị na tRNA bụ ihe ndabere maka ozi na-aga n'otu ụzọ na usoro ndụ nwere koodu. A maara nke a dị ka nkwenkwe dị mkpa nke molecular biology, ya bụ, ozi na-esi na nucleic acid gaa na protein ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-esite na protein gaa na nucleic acid. N'ịgbaso nghọta nkwụnye a, Brenner chepụtara maka messenger RNA n'oge mkparịta ụka Eprel 1960 ya na Crick na François Jacob, nke ọ gara n'ihu ya na Jacob na Matthew Meselson igosi ịdị adị ya n'oge ọkọchị ahụ.<ref name="Cobb">{{Cite journal|author=Cobb|first=Matthew|title=Who discovered messenger RNA?|journal=Current Biology|date=29 June 2015|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032|volume=25|issue=13|pages=R526–R532|pmid=26126273}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ya na Crick, Leslie Barnett, na Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner gosipụtara ọdịdị atọ nke koodu ntụgharị protein site na nnwale sayensị nke Crick (Brenner, Barnett, Watts-tobin na ndị òtù ya mere nke afọ 1961, nke chọpụtara frameshift mutations.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/1921227a0|author=Crick|first=Francis|title=General nature of the genetic code for proteins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1961-12-30_192_4809/page/1227|journal=Nature|volume=192|issue=4809|pages=1227–32|year=1961|pmid=13882203}}</ref> Brenner ịrụkọ ọrụ ya na Sarabhai, Stretton na Bolle n'afọ 1964, na-eji amber mutants nwere nkwarụ na bacteriophage T4D protein isi, gosipụtara na usoro nucleotide nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ na usoro amino acid nke eriri polypeptide na-agakọ. Tinyere ọrụ decoding nke Marshall Warren Nirenberg na ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta nke ọdịdị atọ nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oke mkpa iji kọwaa koodu ahụ.<ref name="NautilusGoldstein">{{Cite web|url=https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp|title=The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped|author=Goldstein|first=Bob|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Nautilus|accessdate=Jan 21, 2021|archivedate=10 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210101407/https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp}}</ref> Barnett nyere aka guzobe ụlọ nnyocha Sydney Brenner na Singapore, ka ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/|title=Uncovering a scientific life in the archives|date=19 February 2014|first=L.|author=Kaplish|accessdate=5 April 2019|work=Wellcome Library blog|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073941/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Esther Lederberg, Gunther Stent, Sydney Brenner na Joshua Lederberg ka esere ha foto n'afọ 1965]] Brenner, ya na George Pieczenik, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf|title=Letter by Brenner (primary source)|work=rutgers.edu|accessdate=8 April 2019|archivedate=7 November 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107101749/http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf}}</ref> mepụtara nnyocha matrix kọmputa mbụ nke nucleic acid site na iji TRAC, nke Brenner nọgidere na-eji. Crick, Brenner, Klug na Pieczenik laghachiri n'ọrụ mbụ ha ịkọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akwụkwọ ọsụ ụzọ ha gbasara mmalite nke protein synthesis, ebe ihe ndị mgbochi dịịrị mRNA na tRNA jikọtara aka pụta na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ise na ntụgharị nke anticodon loop, wee si otú ahụ mepụta usoro ntụgharị koodu atọ n'achọghị ribosome. Ihe nlereanya a chọrọ koodu na-ekpuchi ibe ya nw'obere.<ref name="Klug">{{Cite journal|author=Crick|first=FH|title=A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis.|journal=Origins of Life|date=December 1976|volume=7|issue=4|pages=389–97|pmid=1023138|doi=10.1007/BF00927934}}</ref> Akwụkwọ sayensị e bipụtara dị oke ụkọ n'ihi na ndị rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta ya gụnyere ndị edemede atọ bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị nrite Nobel.<ref name="Another">Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962, Brenner in 2002, and Klug in 1982. However, this is not the only case. See {{Cite journal|author=Barton|first=D. H. R.|title=The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids|journal=Experientia|date=March 1954|volume=10|issue=3|pages=81–90|doi=10.1007/BF02158513|pmid=13161888}} Barton (1969), Prelog (1975) and Woodward (1965) all became Nobel winners.</ref> == Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù == Brenner nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ, gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf|title=Sydney Brenner CV|work=[[ETH Zurich]]|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=9 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109193742/https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/|title=Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae|work=[[NobelPrize.org]]|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=5 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405215956/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/}}</ref>   == Ndụ onwe onye == Brenner lụrụ May Brenner (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Covitz, mesịrị bụrụ Balkind) site na Disemba 1952 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2010; <ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who|title=Brenner, Sydney|id=U8635|author=Anon|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8635|year=2015|edition=online [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ụmụ ha gụnyere Belinda, Carla, Stefan, na nwa nwunye ya Jonathan Balkind sitere na alụmdi mbụ nwunye ya lụrụ Marcus Balkind. Ọ biri na Ely, Cambridgeshire. Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists|author=István Hargittai|date=2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9781908977533|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> Brenner nwụrụ na 5 Eprel 2019, na Singapore, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na abụọ.<ref name="fried">{{Cite journal|author=Friedberg|first=Errol|title=Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) Mischievous steward of molecular biology's golden age|journal=Nature|volume=568|issue=7753|year=2019|pages=459|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01192-9|pmid=30988427|authorlink=Errol Friedberg}}</ref> <ref name="asianscientist">{{Cite web|first=Sim|author=Shuzhen|title=Sydney Brenner, 'father of the worm' and decoder of DNA, dies at 92|url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/|work=asianscientist.com|date=5 April 2019|accessdate=5 April 2019|archivedate=8 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508102530/https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sydney Brenner (1927–2019)|url=https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/|work=MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology|accessdate=6 April 2019|date=5 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406115523/https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Soraya De Chadarevian; Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II, CUP 2002, 444 pp;   * Francis Crick; What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990)   * Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz na Nzuzo nke Ndụ', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp, . Maka foto a na-enweghị isi.  * Robert Olby; Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, , bipụtara na 25 August 2009.  * Max Perutz; ''Olee oge m nwere: Akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara.'' , CSHL Press 2008, 506pp . Maka foto nwere nkọwa.  * Matt Ridley; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) nke mbụ e bipụtara na June 2006 na US na UK September 2006, site na HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, ; na akwụkwọ mpịakọta, site na Atlas Books (na ndepụta), .   * Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives * [[Lewis Wolpert]]; Otu anyị si ebi ndụ na ihe mere anyị ji nwụọ, Faber na Faber 2009, 240 peeji;   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1139457 Alan Macfarlane gbara ajụjụ ọnụ 23 Ọgọst 2007 (vidiyo)] * Sydney Brenner gụnyere Nobel Lecture 8 Disemba 2002 Onyinye Nature na Sayensị''Onyinye Okike Maka Sayensị'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] om33j48dt4b94gmucwmvzh05xrdlqvi 0 67969 697841 540244 2026-08-10T09:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697841 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Brenda D. Wingfield''' bụ Prọfesọ South Africa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na onye osote onye isi oche mbụ nke Mahadum Pretoria. A maara ya maka ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọrịa fungal osisi. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Brenda D. Fairbairn <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael J. Wingfield|url=https://www.apsnet.org/members/give-awards/awards/Fellows/Pages/MichaelJWingfield.aspx|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Michael J. Wingfield|language=en-US}}</ref> na [[Zambia]] ma gụọ akwụkwọ na [[Zimbabwe]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Butler-Adam|first=John|date=2016-07-26|title=Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Awards, 2016|journal=South African Journal of Science|language=en|volume=112|issue=7/8|doi=10.17159/sajs.2016/a0164|issn=0038-2353}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFButler-Adam2016">Butler-Adam, John (26 July 2016). [[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/a0164|"Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Awards, 2016"]]. ''South African Journal of Science''. '''112''' (7/8): 2. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/a0164|10.17159/sajs.2016/a0164]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</cite></ref> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enwe mmasị na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa wee gaa n'ihu na-amụ na Mahadum Natal . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://city-press.news24.com/Business/winning-women-a-passion-for-trees-20160701|title=Winning Women: A passion for trees|author=Grant-Marshall|first=Sue|date=2016-07-01|work=CityPress|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-19}}</ref>Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Sc.Hons Med na Mahadum Cape Town, nzere Master na Mahadum Minnesota na PhD na Mahadum Stellenbosch (1989).N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Pretoria. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala nke Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute <ref name="up">{{Cite web|url=http://www.up.ac.za/the-genomics-research-institute/article/1929175/professor-brenda-wingfield|title=Professor Brenda Wingfield|work=University of Pretoria|accessdate=29 March 2017|archivedate=25 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525191906/http://www.up.ac.za/the-genomics-research-institute/article/1929175/professor-brenda-wingfield}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acgt.co.za/our-contributors/professor-brenda-wingfield|title=Professor Brenda Wingfield|work=African Centre for Gene Technologies|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> O bipụtara ihe karịrị 400 isiokwu gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma zụọ ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 50 nke Masters na PhD.<ref name="up"/> Wingfield nwere oche South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) na Fungal Genomics . <ref name=":0"/> == Nnyocha == Ọrụ Wingfield gbadoro ụkwụ na fungi na-eme dị ka osisi nje.[1] Na njikọ ya na nyocha ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa South Africa.<ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 1995, Wingfield nyochara ụdị dị iche iche nke ''Armillaria'', ọkachasị ''A. cepistipes'', ''[[Armillaria gellus|A. gallica]]'', ''A. mellea'', na ''A. tabescens'' na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na North America.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A PCR-Based Identification Method for Species of Armillaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mycologia_march-april-1995_87_2/page/280|journal=Mycologia|volume=87|issue=2|year=1995|pages=280–288|author=T. C. Harrington and B. D. Wingfield|doi=10.1080/00275514.1995.12026531}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, ya na Michael Wingfield, Pedro Crous na Irene Barnes nyochara ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ''D. septosporum'' na ''D. pini'' wee mechie nyocha ya n'eziokwu na D.''D. pini'' dị iche na D.''D. septosporum''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/343865|title=Multigene phylogenies reveal that red band needle blight of Pinus is caused by two distinct species of Dothistroma, '' D. septosporum'' and ''D. pini''|author=Irene Barnes|journal=[[Studies in Mycology]]|year=2004|volume=50|issue=2|pages=551–565}}</ref> Na Eprel nke otu afọ ahụ, ọ mụrụ iwebata fungus ''[[Leptographium wingfieldii|L. wingfieldii]]'' na North America na otu osisi dị iche iche dị ka ''T. piniperda'', ''D. valens'' na ''I. pini'' si eri ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Leptographium wingfieldii introduced into North America and found associated with exotic Tomicus piniperda and native bark beetles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_2004-04_108_4/page/411|journal=Mycological Research|author=Karin Jacobs|volume=108|issue=4|pages=411–418|date=April 2004|doi=10.1017/S0953756204009748|pmid=15209281}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta na-edu ndú na otu maka ọrụ mbụ nke Africa na-arụ ọrụ iji mapụta genome zuru oke nke ero nke na-akpata pine pitch canker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scibraai.co.za/a-life-dedicated-to-fungi-and-academics/|title=A life dedicated to fungi - and academics|author=Duvenage|first=Engela|date=2014-07-10|work=SciBraai|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-19}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Wingfield bụ onye natara ihe nrite [[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]] maka ihe ọmụmụ sayensị ya site na [[Southern African Society for Plant Pathology]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/brenda-wingfield-185436|title=Brenda Wingfield|work=The Conversation|date=19 August 2015|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ natara nsọpụrụ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.up.ac.za/research-matters/news/post_2528662-two-more-international-accolades-for-prof-brenda-wingfield|title=Two more international accolades for Prof Brenda Wingfield|date=2 August 2017|work=University of Pretoria|accessdate=2020-01-19}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọ natara akara A site na National Research Foundation (NRF). <ref name=":0"/> National Science and Technology Forum nabatara ya maka ọrụ nyocha ya na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forestry.co.za/prof-brenda-wingfield-wins-nstf-award/|title=Prof Brenda Wingfield wins NSTF award|date=7 July 2014|work=Forestry South Africa|accessdate=2020-01-19|archivedate=2015-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504052706/https://forestry.co.za/prof-brenda-wingfield-wins-nstf-award/}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, otu [[Oppenheimer Memorial Trust]] nyere ya ihe nrite Harry Oppenheims Fellowship Award. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/index.php/news-item?id=401|title=Brenda Wingfield receives the Harry Oppenheimer Memorial Fellowship award|work=FABI|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> E nyere ya onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Mycological Society of America (MSA) na 2017, ọ bụkwa onye otu American Phytopathological Society . <ref name=":1" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Elsabe Olivier, [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtOEdQaaKRQ Prọfesọ Brenda Wingfield na-akwado Open Access na Mahadum Pretoria] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wingfield, Brenda}} qfkemu64ccjtpaotg4qm60shdlecq0y 0 71756 697475 539419 2026-08-10T00:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697475 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sir Henry Taylor''' KCMG (iri na asato n'afo Ọktoba 1800 - 27 Machị 1886) bụ onye England na-ede ihe nkiri na onye na-ede uri, onye ọrụ Colonial Office, na onye edemede. == Mbido Ndu ya == A mụrụ Henry Taylor na 18 Ọktoba 1800 na Bishọp Middleham . Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke atọ nke George Taylor Sr na Eleanor Ashworth, onye nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ. Nna ya lụrụ Jane Mills ọzọ na 1818, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Witton-le-Wear. Enyi George Taylor Sr bụ Charles Arbuthnot chọtara ọrụ aka na London maka Henry Taylor na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, George Taylor Jr. N'afọ 1817, ha abụọ na nwanne ha nwoke nke abụọ, William, nwa akwụkwọ ahụike, gara London. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne atọ ahụ butere ọrịa typhus, ụmụnne ya abụọ nwụkwara n'ime izu abụọ.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Taylor, Henry (1800-1886)}}</ref> Mgbe ọdachi a gasịrị, Henry Taylor nabatara ọrụ na nchịkwa nke [[Barbados]]. E wepụrụ ọnọdụ Taylor na Barbados na 1820, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ nna ya. == N'Ọfịs Ndị Ọchịchị == Taylor nwetara ọrụ odeakwụkwọ na Colonial Office, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1824 ruo 1872, site na Henry Holland. N'ọkwa a, Taylor jere ozi n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide Robert William Hay . A họpụtara Taylor ka ọ bụrụ Knight Commander nke Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) na 1869 Birthday Honours. == Mmekọrịta edemede == [[Faịlụ:Study_of_King_David,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha nke Eze Devid, nke Julia Margaret Cameron. Eze David bụ nke Sir Henry Taylor gosipụtara, 1866]] Taylor dere uri Byronic na edemede banyere Thomas Moore, nke William Gifford nabatara maka Quarterly Review na 1822.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=654: Article 6. Moore's ''Irish Melodies''|journal=[[Quarterly Review]]|volume=28|issue=55|pages=139–144|date=October 1822|url=http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/55.html|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri London n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1823, ọ chọpụtara na Gifford ebipụtala edemede ọzọ nke ya, banyere Lord John Russell.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=687: Article 4. Lord John Russell, ''Don Carlos, or Persecution; a Tragedy, in Five Acts''|journal=[[Quarterly Review]]|volume=29|issue=58|pages=370–382|date=July 1823|url=http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/58.html|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> Taylor nyekwara aka na London Magazine, ma nwee onyinye nke nchịkọta akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Recent poetical plagiarisms and imitations|journal=[[The London Magazine]]|volume=VIII|issue=6|pages=597–604|date=December 1832|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033845689;view=1up;seq=613}}</ref> Nna ya George bụ enyi William Wordsworth. N'afọ 1823, mgbe ọ gara Lake District, Henry Taylor matara Robert Southey, ha wee bụrụ ndị enyi. Jane Taylor nwere nwa nwanne nne, Isabella Fenwick (1783-1856), onye ọ kpọbatara n'ezinụlọ Wordsworth. Ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Wordsworth mgbe ọ na-emecha, dịka ọ bụ Taylor ruo n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=William Wordsworth|title=The Fenwick Notes of William Wordsworth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqtjVSYaN3AC&pg=PA12|accessdate=16 December 2012|year=2008|publisher=Humanities-Ebooks|isbn=978-1-84760-004-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Wordsworth and His Circle|year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA311|accessdate=16 December 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref name="Wyatt1995"/> Ọ bụ ezie na Fenwick abụghị onye edemede n'onwe ya, ọbụbụenyi ya hapụrụ mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide n'ihe odide Taylor na Wordsworth. N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya, Henry Taylor dere, "E nwere ọtụtụ uche ya n'ihe odide m. Ọ dị m ka ọ dịkwuo mma ka e nwee ihe ndị ọzọ; ọ dịkwa m ka ọ hapụ echiche ya n'azụ ya n'akwụkwọ nke ya".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxdHAAAAYAAJ&q=autobiography+of+henry+taylor|title=Autobiography of Henry Taylor, Volume I|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1885|location=London|pages=54}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Henry_Taylor_Philip_Van_Artevelde,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Henry Taylor, nke Julia Margaret Cameron sere foto, onye ọ na-anọkarị na ya. A zụlitere afụ ọnụ ahụ mgbe ọrịa mere ka ọ kpachara anya ịkpụ afụ ọnụ. Millais chọrọ (n'efu) ka Taylor bụrụ ihe nlereanya maka ya dị ka Moses.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Colin Ford|title=Julia Margaret Cameron: A Critical Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wadpyu1Gz90C&pg=PA51|accessdate=16 December 2012|year=2003|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-707-8}}</ref>]] Ọrụ Taylor wetakwara ya ndị enyi edemede: ndị Thomas Hyde Villiers, na onye ọrụ ibe ya James Stephen. Site na Villiers ọ matara Charles Austin, John Stuart Mill, na ụfọdụ Ndị Bentham. O kwuru okwu megide echiche ha, n'ime ụlọ ọrụ arụmụka nke Mill dere. Ọ kpọkwara ha ka ha soro Wordsworth na Southey nwee nzukọ onwe onye. Mill mere ka Taylor mata Thomas Carlyle na Nọvemba 1831, na-amalite ọbụbụenyi ogologo oge.<ref name="Cumming2004">{{Cite book|author=Mark Cumming|title=The Carlyle Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nvdx-4-CzoC&pg=PA461|accessdate=16 December 2012|year=2004|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3792-0}}</ref> Echiche Carlyle banyere "ezi eziokwu" nke Taylor ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ James Anthony Froude bipụtara n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka "obi ọjọọ". <ref name="Mr. Froude and Carlyle">{{Cite book|title=Mr. Froude and Carlyle|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJn1pCTHFvkC&pg=PA158|accessdate=16 December 2012|publisher=Ardent Media|id=GGKEY:8XQN23A2TB5}}</ref> Ọ makwaara John Sterling, ma mata Fanny Trollope mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ ikpe nke Louis Philippe nke France. Taylor chọsiri ike ịghọ onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ nke Southey. Ezinụlọ ahụ na-ese okwu maka alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ nke Southey, na Caroline Anne Bowles, hụrụ ya na Wordsworths na ndị ọzọ na-emegide Bowles.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lynda Pratt|title=Robert Southey and the Contexts of English Romanticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfmepWeuW_kC&pg=PA224|accessdate=16 December 2012|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3046-3|pages=223–4}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke Southey.<ref name="Seville1999">{{Cite book|author=Catherine Seville|title=Literary Copyright Reform in Early Victorian England: The Framing of the 1842 Copyright Act|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n4suaopVXsC&pg=PA182|accessdate=16 December 2012|date=20 September 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62175-5}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Na Witton, Taylor dere The Cave of Ceada nke a nabatara maka Quarterly Review. Taylor dere ọtụtụ egwuregwu, gụnyere ''Isaac Comnenus'' (1827), <ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Isaac Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/isaaccomnenusap00taylgoog|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1827|oclc=707078180}}</ref> ''na Philip van Artevelde'' (1834). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Philip van Artevelde|publisher=Boston, Ticknor and Fields|location=London|year=1863|oclc=405182}}</ref> Nke ikpeazụ a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama ma mee ka e jiri ya tụnyere Shakespeare. N'afọ 1845, e wepụtara akwụkwọ uri. Edemede ya The Statesman (1836) kpatara esemokwu ụfọdụ, dị ka echiche "nke a na-eche na ọ bụ" nke na-atọ ọchị banyere otu ọrụ gọọmentị si arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|editor=Schaefer|title=The statesman|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=1992|origyear=1836|isbn=9780275944032}}</ref> Taylor bipụtara Autobiography ya na 1885, nke nwere foto Wordsworth, Southey, Tennyson na Walter Scott. N'ime ya, n'onwe ya, o nyere echiche Richard Whately banyere ya dị ka "Bacon a kpọlitere n'ọnwụ", onye nwere ihe ka mma ime kara ide amaokwu (nke a ga-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Autobiography of Henry Taylor, 1800-1875, Volume 2: 1844-1875|publisher=Longmans, Green|location=London|year=1885|oclc=277228504}} [https://archive.org/stream/autobiographyhe01taylgoog#page/n180/mode/2up archive.org.]</ref> Abụ ya Edwin the Fair <ref>{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Edwin the Fair|url=https://archive.org/details/edwinfairanhist04taylgoog|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1842|oclc=4790134}}</ref> gosipụtara Charles Elliot dị ka Earl Athulf. [[Thomas Frederick Elliot]], nwanne Charles, bụ onye ọrụ ibe ya na Colonial Office. == Aha ọma n'akwụkwọ == N'oge ya, a na-akwanyere Taylor ùgwù nke ukwuu dị ka onye na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patmore|first=Coventry|title=The Modern English Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_north-british-review_1858-08_29_57/page/134|journal=North British Review|date=1858|volume=29|pages=134–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Vere|first=Aubrey|title=Mr. Henry Taylor's Late Plays and Minor Poems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_north-british-review_1865-12_43_86/page/385|journal=North British Review|date=1865|volume=43|pages=385–424}}</ref>Dịka ọmụmaatụ, J.G. Lockhart kwuru na ''''Filip'' Van Artevelde'' nwetara Taylor "ebe n'etiti ezigbo ndị na-ese ihe n'oge ya", na, dịka 1868, J.H. Stirling mere Philip karịa ihe ọ bụla Robert Browning mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lockhart|first=J.G.|title=Philip Van Artevelde|journal=Quarterly Review|date=1834|volume=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stirling|first=J.H.|title=The Poetical Works of Robert Browning|journal=North British Review|date=1868|volume=49}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ugbua a na-eleghara ihe Taylor rụzuru anya n'amaokwu na ihe nkiri ma mesie ike mkpa ya dị ka onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike maka ịdị mfe nke ederede, isiokwu gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ndụ nkịtị, na ọzụzụ ọgụgụ isi na ederede, na-etinye mkpa pụrụ iche na nhazi doro anya na nke ezi uche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cox|first=R.G.|title=Victorian Criticism of Poetry: The Minority Tradition|journal=Scrutiny|date=1951|volume=18}}</ref> Taylor lụrụ Hon. Theodosia Alice Spring Rice, nwa nwanyị nke Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle nke Brandon, na 17 Ọktoba 1839. Ha nwere ụmụ ise, gụnyere onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Ida Alice Ashworth Taylor na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Eleanor Ashworth Towle]] na Una Ashworth Taylor . <ref name="Wyatt1995">{{Cite book|author=John Wyatt|title=Wordsworth and the Geologists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7_xuUhuvewC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 December 2012|date=2 November 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47259-3|pages=94–5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJohn_Wyatt1995">John Wyatt (2 November 1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L7_xuUhuvewC&pg=PA95 ''Wordsworth and the Geologists'']. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">94–</span>5. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47259-3|<bdi>978-0-521-47259-3</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> == Ebe e si nweta ya == *  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a public domain: Cousin, John Williams(1910) *  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a nangalaba ọha na eze: ."Taylor, Henry(1800-1886) == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Egwuregwu === * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Isaac Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/isaaccomnenusap00taylgoog|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1827|oclc=707078180}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=The virgin widow|url=https://archive.org/details/virginwidowplay00tay|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|location=London|year=1850|oclc=774388}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=St. Clement's eve|url=https://archive.org/details/stclementseveap01taylgoog|publisher=Chapman and Hall|location=London|year=1862|oclc=4790189}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Philip van Artevelde|url=https://archive.org/details/philipvanartevel00tayl|publisher=Boston, Ticknor and Fields|location=London|year=1863|oclc=405182}} === Abụ Ndị E dere === * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Edwin the Fair|url=https://archive.org/details/edwinfairanhist04taylgoog|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1842|oclc=4790134}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=The poetical works of Henry Taylor|url=https://archive.org/details/poeticalworks00johngoog|publisher=Chapman and Hall|location=London|year=1864|oclc=1878181}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=The works|publisher=Chadwyck-Healey|location=Cambridge, England|year=1992|origyear=1878|oclc=60518022}} === Isiakwụkwọ dị n'akwụkwọ === *   ** Enwekwara dị ka: Taylor, Henry (1836), "On secrecy", na Taylor, Henry (ed.), The statesman, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman, pp. 128-131, OCLC 4790233. [[iarchive:statesman00taylgoog|Ihe ngosi.]]  === Ihe odide === * Na Ndepụta nwere Mgbasa Ozi mbụ, na Akwụkwọ Ozi Okwu Mmalite na Egwú.{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=654: Article 6. Moore's ''Irish Melodies''|journal=[[Quarterly Review]]|volume=28|issue=55|pages=139–144|date=October 1822|url=http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/55.html|accessdate=15 March 2015}} * {{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=687: Article 4. Lord John Russell, ''Don Carlos, or Persecution; a Tragedy, in Five Acts''|journal=[[Quarterly Review]]|volume=29|issue=58|pages=370–382|date=July 1823|url=http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/qr/index/58.html|accessdate=15 March 2015}} * {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|editor=Schaefer|title=The statesman|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=1992|origyear=1836|isbn=9780275944032}} ** E bipụtara ya na mbụ dị ka: Taylor, Henry (1836). <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTaylor1836">[[iarchive:statesman00schagoog|''Onye ọchịchị'']]. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. </cite> <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTaylor1836">OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4790233 4790233].&nbsp;</cite> [[iarchive:statesman00taylgoog|Ihe ngosi.]]{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=The statesman|url=https://archive.org/details/statesman00schagoog|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman|location=London|year=1836|oclc=4790233}} * [[iarchive:notesfromlifein00sirgoog|Enwere ya n'ịntanetị.]] ** Ego / Ịdị umeala n'obi & nnwere onwe / Amamihe / Nhọrọ n'alụmdi na nwunye / Ụmụaka / Ndụ abụ {{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Notes from life in six essays|url=https://archive.org/details/notesfromlifeins00tay|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1847|oclc=1112226}} *   ** ''Akwụkwọ ozi Wordsworth degaara Henry Taylor banyere edemede ahụ'': Wordsworth, William (1969) [1907], "CCCLXXXIX William Wordsworth degaare Henry Taylor: Rydal Mount, December 26th, [1823.]", Akwụkwọ ozi nke ezinụlọ Wordsworth, site na 1787 ruo 1855 Vol. 3 1833-1855, nke Wordsworth, William; Wordsworth, Dorothy, Knight, William Angus (ed.), New York, New York: Haskell House Publishing, peeji nke 211-213, OCLC 255149323, ... o [Byron] kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ siri ike nke ị, ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ, ga-enye ya otu ụbọchị, ma nwee ike ime ya, dịka m na-ahụ site na mgbasa ozi a tụlere isiokwu ahụ na London Magazine <cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFWordsworth1969">''3 1833-1855'', nke Wordsworth, William; Wordsworth, Dorothy, Knight, William Angus (ed.), New York, New York: Haskell House Publishing, peeji nke 211-213, OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255149323 255149323], <q>...</q>&nbsp;&nbsp;<q>o [Byron] kwesịrị ntaramahụhụ siri ike nke ị, ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ, ga-enye ya otu ụbọchị, ma nwee ike ime ya, dịka m na-ahụ site na mgbasa ozi a tụlere isiokwu ahụ na London Magazine''Magazin London''</q></cite> ** edemede: <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTaylor1832">"N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e si nweta ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị e si emegharị". The London Magazine. '''Nke asatọ''' (6). Baldwin, Craddock & Joy: 597-604. <q>Maazị Coleridge atachabeghị ahụhụ site na nke a, na ịpụtaghachi ihe enwetaghị uru ọ bụla nye Lord Byron, n'ihi na ọ doro anya na enweghị ike; ya mere, site n'aka onye ọ bụla na-agụ akwụkwọ maara uri, ọ bụ onye dere ya.</q></cite>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Henry|title=Recent poetical plagiarisms and imitations|journal=[[The London Magazine]]|volume=VIII|issue=6|pages=597–604|date=December 1832|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033845689;view=1up;seq=613}} == Edensibịa == <references responsive="0"></references> *   * Works by or about Henry TaylornaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * Works by Henry TaylornaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) {{Authority control}}Ebe ndi isi gjybgu70ch6hxuae3tglrlgf1tybzed 0 71778 697705 538006 2026-08-10T06:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Ikpoba River|native_name=|name_other=|name_etymology=|nickname=|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|image_alt=|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|map_alt=|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=Location of Ikpoba River in Nigeria|pushpin_map_alt=|mapframe=yes|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type2=State|subdivision_name2=[[Edo State]]|length=|width_min=10m|width_avg=12m|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=|source1=Ishan Plateau|source1_location=[[Edo State]], Nigeria|source1_coordinates=<!-- {{Coord|...}} -->|source1_elevation=|mouth=Ossiomo River|mouth_location=[[Edo State|Edo]], [[Delta State|Delta]] States|mouth_coordinates={{Coord|6|03|1|N|5|39|30|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{cvt|922|km2}}{{sfn|Nigerian Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Society.|1992|p=148}}|basin_landmarks=Ikpoba Dam|basin_population=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|waterbodies=|waterfalls=|bridges=Ikpoba Bridge|ports=}}Osimiri '''Ikpoba''' bụ ụzọ mmiri dị na ndịda Nigeria, na-agafe Steeti '''Edo''' ma na-enye ihe ndị bi na '''Benin City''' na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu ji eme ihe. Ọ na-amalite site na '''Ikpo ugwu Ishan Plateau''', na-asọba site na '''Benin City''' ma na-asọpụta n’ime mpaghara mmiri (basin) ruru ihe dị ka '''922 km² (356 sq mi)'''. Ọ na-enye '''mmiri dị ọhụrụ (freshwater)''', na-emepụta '''ike eletrik site na mmiri (hydroelectric power)''' ma na-akwado '''ịmị mkpụrụ ugbo site n’irrigation'''. Ụdị mmegharị mmiri ya ('''hydrology''') na-adabere na mgbanwe nke '''mmiri ozuzo oge dị iche iche'''. '''Baseflow''' na-etinye ihe dị ka '''56%''' nke ngụkọta mmiri ọ na-ebupụ (discharge), ebe '''44%''' fọdụrụ si na '''mmiri na-asọba n’elu ala (overland flow)'''. N’akụkụ elu osimiri ahụ, ọ na-egosi '''usoro mgbasa mmiri dendritic (dendritic drainage pattern)''' ma na-enweta nkwado site na '''mmiri n’okpuru ala (groundwater)''' si na '''Benin Formation''', nke na-eme ka mmiri ya na-asọkarị n’ụzọ kwụsie ike n’afọ niile. Nnyocha achọpụtala '''ọla arọ (heavy metals)''' dịka '''cadmium''', '''lead''', na '''mercury''', nke na-ebute nchekasị gbasara '''nsị sitere n’ihere ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na nsị ụlọ obibi (industrial na domestic waste pollution)'''. Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta Osimiri Ikpoba gụnyere mgbukpọ ọhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ya, nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo na mmepe obodo ukwu na-akpali. Ọnụnọ nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ mmanya, ebe a na-egbu anụ, na ebe a na'ịgbapụta nsị emetụtala gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ. Iji belata mmetụta ndị a, Gọọmentị Steeti Edo amalitela mgbalị iji kpochapụ ma kpochapụ osimiri ahụ, na-ezube ibelata idei mmiri na mpaghara ndị dị ala nke Benin City. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a na gburugburu ebe obibi, Osimiri Ikpoba ka bụ ihe enyemaka maka ịkụ azụ, njem, na obere mmepụta ọkụ eletrik mmiri. Atụmatụ iji ike mmiri ya eme ihe enweela ọganihu, na nyocha nke ime ihe na njikọ aka na United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) iji mepụta ike na-agbanwe agbanwe site na mmiri ahụ. Osimiri ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe mpaghara na usoro ihu igwe. == Ụzọ na mmiri == The Ikpoba River, a sixth-order river flowing through Benin City in Edo State, Nigeria, originates from the [[Ishan Plateau]] and spans a catchment area of approximately 922 km2 (356 sq mi).[2] It follows a southward course, beginning in highland regions and meandering through both urban and rural landscapes before joining a larger drainage system. The river's coordinates range from 6°19′12″N, 5°24′0″E to 6°22′48″N, 5°51′7.2″E, indicating its reach across multiple ecological zones.[2] Hydrological studies suggest that, despite minor seasonal variations, the river maintains relatively stable water levels year-round due to a combination of groundwater inflows and surface runoff.[3] In studied sections, the river's width ranges between 10 and 12 meters, with depth fluctuations influenced by precipitation levels and local topography.[2] Isi mmalite mmiri nke '''Osimiri Ikpoba''' gụnyere '''mmiri ozuzo na-adaba ozugbo''', '''mmiri n’okpuru ala (groundwater) na-apụta site na Benin Formation''', yana '''mmịnye mmiri sitere n’aka ọtụtụ obere osimiri na-asọba n’ime ya (tributaries)'''.[1] Nnyocha hydrograph na-ekpughe na ndagwurugwu na-eme ihe dị ka 56% nke ngụkọta ya, na-eme ka ọrụ mmiri na-abanye n'okpuru ala na-eme n'ịkwado oke osimiri ahụ.[1] 44% fọdụrụnụ na-abịa site na mmiri na-asọ asọ n'ihi ihe omume mmiri ozuzo na mmiri na mmiri na ya, na-enye aka na mgbanwe nke oge mmiri.[1] N’oge '''mmiri ozuzo''' (na-adịkarị site n’ọnwa '''Eprel ruo Ọktoba'''), '''mmiri ozuzo siri ike''' na-eme ka ọsọ na ọnụọgụ mmiri na-asọba bawanye, ebe n’oge '''oge akọrọ''', ogo mmiri na-ebelata, mgbe ụfọdụ na-eme ka '''akụkụ osimiri (riverbanks)''' na '''ntinye sedimenti (sediment deposits)''' pụta ìhè..[4] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agafe Benin City, ihe dị iche iche na-emetụta ya, gụnyere mmiri ozuzo, nsị ụlọ ọrụ, na mmiri nsị ụlọ.[4] Ihe omume ndị dị ka ịsa ụgbọala, ịsa ahụ, na igbu azụ - ọkachasị n'okpuru mmiri nke Ikpoba Bridge - agbanweela mmiri ya, na-ewebata mmetọ ndị na-emetụta ogo mmiri.[5] Mmekọrịta ya na gburugburu obodo emeela ka mgbanwe dị na njirimara mmiri, gụnyere mbuze na mkpokọta ala.[5] Nkọwa hydrodynamic na-egosi na mpaghara ndị nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ime obodo na-egosipụta ọnụego dị ala nke ịbanye, na-eduga n'ịbawanye mmiri na ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke idei mmiri n'oge nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. [6] Otu '''akụkụ hydrology dị mkpa''' nke '''Osimiri Ikpoba''' bụ '''Ikpoba Reservoir''', nke e kere site na '''Ikpoba Dam''', nke e mechiri mmiri ya nke mbụ n’afọ '''1975''' ma na-eje ozi dịka '''isi iyi mmalite mmiri a na-eji enye Benin City'''..[3] Dam ahụ na-enyere aka ịchịkwa mmiri na-aga, na-ebelata mgbanwe nke oge mgbe ọ na-enye mmiri maka iji ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ.[3] Otú ọ dị, sedimentation aghọwo nchegbu, na nyocha na-eme atụmatụ na 23.16% nke ikike nchekwa nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ efunahụla n'ihi mkpokọta ala.[7] Nke a emeela ka ọ dị mkpa ka a na-egwu mmiri oge na mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji mee ka mmiri ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ma hụ na mmiri na-aga n'ihu.[6] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe n'ime mmiri ya na-emetụta mgbanwe mmiri nke osimiri ahụ.[2] Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa n'ebe ndị dị n'elu mmiri emeela ka mmiri na-asọbawanye, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri, na mmebi nke mmiri na-eme ka mmiri na osimiri ka njọ.[2] Tụkwasị na nke a, mmepe obodo nke Benin City agbanweela usoro mmiri nke osimiri ahụ, yana ebe ndị ọzọ a na-eme ka mmiri dị n'okpuru ala belata.[4] Nnyocha atụwo aro usoro nchịkwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide iji dozie nsogbu ndị a ma kwado ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba nke osimiri ahụ.[8] == Geology na geomorphology == Osimiri '''Ikpoba''' na-agafe '''Benin Formation''', otu nhazi ala (geological unit) nke mejupụtara nke ukwuu site na '''aja (sand)''' na-adịghị akpọkọtara, '''nkume nta (gravel)''' na '''ájà dị nro (clay)''', nke malitere n’oge '''Late Tertiary'''. Nhazi ala a bụ akụkụ nke '''Niger Delta Basin''' ma mara ya maka '''nnukwu porosity na permeability''', nke na-eme ka '''mmiri n’okpuru ala (groundwater)''' na-abanye ma na-akwado osimiri. Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti osimiri na sedimenti ndị dị n’okpuru ya na-emetụta '''ijide mmiri (water retention)''', '''mbufe sedimenti (sediment transport)''', na '''ịdịkwasi ike nke ala osimiri (stability of the riverbed)'''. Ọdịdị sedimenti ndị a nwere '''nkume buru ibu (coarse-grained sediments)''' na-akwado '''baseflow kwụsie ike''', na-eme ka osimiri nwee ike ịga n’ihu na-asọ mmiri ọbụna n’oge '''oge akọrọ''', mgbe '''mmiri na-asọba n’elu ala (surface runoff)''' na-ebelata.<nowiki>[[1]]</nowiki> Omume mmadụ dịka '''ichapụ aja (sand mining)''' na '''igbutu ọhịa (deforestation)''' agbanweela nkesa sedimenti, nke kpatara '''mbibi ala n’ógbè ụfọdụ (localised erosion)''' na '''mgbanwe ọsọ mgbasa mmiri (variations in flow velocity)'''. .[4] Ọdịdị ala nke osimiri ahụ na-emetụta usoro mmiri na ntinye aka mmadụ. N'elu ya, osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa ebe ahịhịa na-eme ka osimiri kwụsie ike ma belata mbuze. Ka ọ na-agafe mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nke Benin City, ọwa ahụ na-agbanwewanye n'ihi owuwu mmiri na mgbakwunye aka. Ntọala nke ihe mgbochi ndị a emebiwo njem nke ihe okike, na-akpata nkwụsị n'ebe ụfọdụ ka ọ na-eme ka erosion dị ngwa na ndị ọzọ.[4] Ihe owuwu nke Ikpoba Dam emetụtala ọdịdị ala nke osimiri ahụ site na ijide ihe ndị dị n'elu mmiri ma gbanwee usoro mmiri na-agbadata. Dam ahụ emeela ka mkpokọta nke ezigbo ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebelata ikike nchekwa ya ka oge na-aga. Nnyocha na-egosi na 23.16% nke ngụkọta nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ efunahụla n'ihi siltation, na-achọ ka a na-agbanye mmiri oge.[7] Ụzọ mbuze na-agbanwe n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ dabere na ojiji ala na ọnọdụ mmiri. A hụla ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke erosion n'akụkụ Ikpoba Bridge, ebe ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ dị ka ịsa ụgbọala, ịta ehi, na ịdọrọ ájá emeela ka osimiri ghara ịdị mma. Omume ndị a na-eme ka ibu nke ala dịkwuo elu ma na-eduga n'ịkụcha ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri na-enwe nnukwu nkwụsị nke sediment, karịsịa n'ihi mbelata ọsọ mmiri na mbata nke nsị ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya n'ógbè a na-ewepụ mmiri na-adịghị mma n'ime osimiri ahụ, na-eduga na mmekọrịta kemịkal nke na-eme ka mkpụmkpụ nke ala dịkwuo elu. Nke a emeela ka e nwee ebe a na-etinye ihe n'ime ala ebe a na'ime ala na-agbakọta, na-emepụta apịtị ma na-agbanwe ụzọ osimiri ahụ.[5] Mpaghara dị n’akụkụ osimiri ('''riparian zone'''), nke a na-ekpuchi mbụ site na '''achara achara mba ala (native bamboo – ''Bambusa vulgaris'')''', emerụla emebi n’ihi '''igbutu ọhịa''' maka '''ọrụ ugbo''' na '''mmepe obodo'''. Ịla n’iyi ahịhịa na osisi emeela ka '''mmiri na-asọba n’elu ala (runoff)''' bawanye, belata '''nbanye mmiri n’ime ala (groundwater infiltration)''' ma mee ka '''mbibi ala (erosion)''' sie ike. N’ebe ụfọdụ, e ji '''akụkụ konkiri (concrete embankments)''' kwado '''akụkụ osimiri (riverbanks)''' iji gbochie ịla n’iyi ala ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na owuwu ndị a na-enye '''nkwụsi ike nwa oge''', ha agbanweela '''ụzọ mgbasa mmiri osimiri (hydrodynamics)''', mee ka '''ọsọ osimiri bawanye''' ma tinye aka n’ịba ụba '''mbibi ala n’ebe dị n’ala osimiri (downstream erosion)'''. Na mgbakwunye, iwepu '''ahịhịa na osisi dị n’akụkụ osimiri (riparian vegetation)''' emetụtala '''ebe obibi anụmanụ bi n’ime mmiri na ndị na-ebi n’akụkụ mmiri (aquatic na semi-aquatic species)''', na-emetụta '''ịdị iche iche nke ndụ (biodiversity)'''.[2] Sedimentation within the reservoir remains a concern. The total volume of silt in the reservoir is estimated at 347,378.41 m3 (12,267,553 cu ft), reducing its capacity to store water for hydroelectric power generation and urban supply. If unchecked, sediment accumulation could lead to increased overflow risks and reduced efficiency of the dam's operations.[3] The Edo State Government has recognised this challenge and directed dredging of the Ikpoba River to restore its capacity and mitigate flooding risks. The Benin City Rainstorm Master Plan is being updated to integrate erosion control measures specific to the Ikpoba watershed. These efforts aim to balance development needs with ecological sustainability.[6] == Ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi == Osimiri Ikpoba na-akwado usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke gụnyere ihe dị iche iche dị n'ime mmiri na nke ala. Osimiri ahụ na-enye ebe obibi maka ụdị azụ, anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime ala, nnụnụ ndị dị n"osimiri, na ahịhịa mmiri. Otú ọ dị, mmetọ ígwè dị arọ, mgbasawanye obodo, na mgbukpọ ọhịa emetụtala ụdị dị iche iche nke Osimiri Ikpoba, na-eduga na mgbanwe na ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Nnyocha achọpụtala na nsị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nsị ọrụ ugbo na-ewebata mmetọ dịka cadmium (Cd), ntutu (Pb), na mercury (Hg) n'ime osimiri, na-akpata mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. E jikọtara ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ndị a na mgbanwe na anụ ahụ azụ, gụnyere mmetụta na gills, imeju, na ọrụ akụrụ.[9] Obodo azụ dị na Osimiri Ikpoba gụnyere ''Tilapia zillii'', ''Clarias gariepinus'', ''Clarias anguillaris'', na ''Oreochromis niloticus'' - ụdị ndị ọkụ azụ obodo ahụ nwetara. Ndị bi na Tilapia egosila ihe ịrịba ama nke mkpokọta ígwè dị arọ, na oke nke okpu na cadmium achọpụtala na anụ ahụ ha, ọkachasị na ụdị ndị anakọtara site na ngalaba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri dị nso na ebe mmepụta ihe. Azụ n'ógbè ndị a na-egosipụtakwa ọdịdị ọdịdị na mbelata ihe ịga nke ọma ọmụmụ, na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara mmetọ pụta ìhè.[9] Obodo invertebrate nke dị n'okpuru ala, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-egosi ịdị mma mmiri, emetụtawokwa ya. Nnyocha achọpụtala mbelata nke ụdị ọgaranya n'akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ na-ahụ maka nsị ụlọ ọrụ, na ụdị na-anabata mmetọ na-aghọwanye ihe kachasị. N'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ndị dị n'elu mmiri nwere obere mmetọ na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke macroinvertebrate, gụnyere ụdị dị nro nke chọrọ ọkwa oxygen dị elu.[4] Mmebi ebe obibi na mmetọ emetụtawokwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ikpoba. Ụdị nnụnụ dị ka Pied Kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis''), Little Egret (''Egretta garzetta''), na African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) na-adabere n'osimiri maka nri, akwụ́, na ọmụmụ. Mfu nke ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri na mmụba nke nsogbu mmadụ belatara ebe obibi dịnụ, na-eduga na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ ụfọdụ. Nnyocha achọpụtala na nnụnụ dị iche iche kachasị elu na mpaghara osimiri nwere ahịhịa na-enweghị nsogbu, ebe ebe ebe ndị na-enwe mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmeri n'obodo ukwu na-egosi mbelata nke ụdị nnụnụ.[5] Iwepụ osisi achara n'akụkụ osimiri - nke nyere ebe obibi maka nnụnụ na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ - emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ belata.[2] Tụkwasị na nke a, mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe emetụtala nnụnụ na-eri azụ, na-eduga na mbelata ihe ịga nke ọma n'etiti ụdị dị ka kingfishers na egrets.[5] Ahịhịa na osisi bi n’ime '''Osimiri Ikpoba''' agbanwewokwa n’ihi '''itinye nri kemịkal (nutrient loading)''' sitere na '''mmiri na-asọba site n’ubi ugbo (agricultural runoff)''' na '''mmepụta nsị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (industrial discharges)'''. Ntinye nri ndị a karịrị akarị emeela ka '''algae''' na '''osisi mmiri ndị na-abụghị nke ala (invasive aquatic plants)''' too ngwa ngwa, ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-emebi '''usoro mgbasa mmiri nke osimiri''' ma belata '''ogo oxygen''' dị n’ime mmiri. Mgbasa nke osisi ndị na-abụghị nke ala, dịka '''water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes'')''', emewo ka nsogbu pụta n’ihi igbochi ụzọ mmiri na igbanwe '''ebe obibi anụmanụ mmiri'''. Ọnụnọ '''algal blooms''' nke bawanyere emeela ka '''mbelata oxygen n’ógbè ụfọdụ (localised oxygen depletion)''' pụta, ihe a na-akpọ '''hypoxia''', nke nwere ike ibute '''ọnwụ azụ (fish kills)''' na mbelata '''ịdị iche iche nke ndụ (biodiversity)'''..[2] == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal|author=Osarogie|first=Odigie J|title=Heavy Metal Toxicity and Histopathology of Selected Organs of Tilapia Fish (''Tilapia zilli'') from Ikpoba River, Benin City|journal=FUNAI Journal of Science & Technology|volume=2|issue=1|issn=2504-9534|date=8 August 2016}} * {{Cite book|author=Do Carmo|first=J.S.A.|title=River Basin Management: Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies|publisher=IntechOpen|year=2021|isbn=978-1-83968-130-1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ezugwu|first=C.N.|title=Estimation Of The Life Of Ikpoba River Reservoir|journal=International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology|volume=2|issue=8|issn=2278-0181|year=2013}} * {{Cite book|author=Akenzua|first=Prince Humphrey Jude|title=Killer Tiger in Benin City|date=2003|isbn=978-978-8015-55-0}} * {{Cite book|title=Journal of Mining and Geology|publisher=Nigerian Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Society.|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFhSAQAAIAAJ|ref={{sfnref|Nigerian Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Society.|1992}}|accessdate=26 February 2025}} * {{Cite journal|author=Victor|first=Reginald|title=Macrobenthic invertebrates of a perturbed stream in Southern Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution-series-a-ecological-biological_1985_38_2/page/99|journal=Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological|volume=38|issue=2|date=1985|doi=10.1016/0143-1471(85)90070-4|pages=99–107}} * {{Cite web|author=Imuetinyan|first=Funmilayo|title=Edo govt reiterates plan to dam Ikpoba river|work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation|date=20 February 2020|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/edo-govt-reiterates-plan-to-dam-ikpoba-river/|accessdate=26 February 2025}} * {{Cite web|author=Igiekhume|first=Donatus|title=Flooding: Obaseki directs immediate dredging of Ikpoba River|work=Office of the Auditor General - Edo State Government|date=19 July 2024|url=https://auditorgen.edostate.gov.ng/flooding-obaseki-directs-immediate-dredging-of-ikpoba-river/|accessdate=26 February 2025}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iinxfihbkx5udwjm59pmsjd5ze1xtzo 0 71820 697602 642390 2026-08-10T03:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eftyhia Vardas FC Path bụ prọfesọ pụrụ iche na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ngalaba nke Medical Virology, Mahadum Stellenbosch, nakwa onyeisi nke virology na Lancet Laboratories na Johannesburg. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Minista nke COVID-19 na minista ahụike South Africa.''' == Mmụta == Vardas gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand (UoW) na BSc na physiology ahụike ma mesịa nata MBBCh ya, DTM&H na DPH sochiri ya./< == Ọrụ == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ọkachamara ya na National Institutes of Communicable diseases na South Africa ma nwetakwa asambodo dịka onye otu South African College of Pathologists na clinical virology.<ref name="Conv">{{Cite web|title=Eftyhia Vardas|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/eftyhia-vardas-183050|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=The Conversation|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://theconversation.com/profiles/eftyhia-vardas-183050 "Eftyhia Vardas"]. ''The Conversation''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> O nwetara diplọma na ọgwụ na ịdị ọcha nke ebe okpomọkụ, ahụike ọha na eze site na UoW na modeling ọrịa na-efe efe site na London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine . <ref name="WCIM">{{Cite web|title=Prof Eftyhia Vardas|url=http://www.wcim2018.com/staff/professor-eftyhia-vardas/|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=WCIM 2018|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211033128/http://www.wcim2018.com/staff/professor-eftyhia-vardas/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''WCIM 2018''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Vardas bụ onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ COVID-19 nke Minista ahụike nke South Africa.<ref name="Conv"/><ref name="WCIM"/> Ọ bụ prọfesọ pụrụ iche na-akwanyere ùgwù na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na Ngalaba nke Virology, Mahadum Stellenbosch, na onye isi nke virology na Lancet Laboratories nke Johannesburg, ebe, n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2021, nchọpụta nke nje SARS-CoV-2 ọhụrụ dugara na nchọpụta nke Omicron. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Trial of potentially variant-proof vaccine ongoing in Western Cape {{!}} Institute Of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine|url=http://www.idm.uct.ac.za/news/trial-of-potentially-variant-proof-vaccine-ongoing-in-western-cape|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=www.idm.uct.ac.za|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AN">{{Cite news|title=Inside the South African lab that discovered Omicron|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/09/inside-the-south-african-lab-that-discovered-omicron//|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha ya gara aga gụnyere nnwale maka ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa HIV / AIDS, <ref name="Abbott2020">{{Cite news|author=Abbott|first=Alison|title=Therapeutic HIV vaccines show promise|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/therapeutic-hiv-vaccines/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Scientific American|date=27 July 2020|language=en}}</ref> ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọcha n'anya B na ọgwụ mgbochi nje virus nke mmadụ. <ref name="Conv"/> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === N'afọ 2009, o ruru eru maka diplọma nke Cape Wine Master na edemede akpọrọ "Ọda na ịrị elu nke Sémillon na South Africa". <ref name="CWM">{{Cite web|title=Vardas, Eftyhia (Prof) {{!}} Institute of Cape Wine Masters|url=https://www.icwm.co.za/members/vardas/|work=www.icwm.co.za|accessdate=7 January 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Five new Cape Wine Masters graduate|url=https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=13752|work=wine.co.za|accessdate=7 January 2022|language=en|date=13 May 2009}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Giuliano, Anna R.; Palefsky, Joel M.; Goldstone, Stephen; Moreira, Edson D.; Penny, Mary E.; Aranda, Carlos; Vardas, Eftyhia; Moi, Harald; Jessen, Heiko; Hillman, Richard; Chang, Yen-Hwa; Ferris, Daron; Rouleau, Danielle; Bryan, Janine; Marshall, J. Brooke; Vuocolo, Scott; Barr, Eliav; David; Haupt, Richard M.; Guris, Dalya (3 Febụwarị 2011). "Ọrụ nke Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine megide ọrịa HPV na ọrịa na ụmụ nwoke". New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (5): 401–411. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909537. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 3495065. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (Onye so dee ya) {{Cite journal|title=Efficacy of Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine against HPV Infection and Disease in Males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-02-03_364_5/page/401|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=3 February 2011|volume=364|issue=5|pages=401–411|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0909537|pmid=21288094|issn=0028-4793|author=Giuliano|first=Anna R.}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịdị nke Papillomavirus nke mmadụ n'èzí na ihe ndị metụtara ya n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na kọntinent ise". Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọrịa na-efe efe. 203 (1): 58–65. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq015. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 3086430. <nowiki>PMID 21148497</nowiki>. (Onye so dee ya) {{Cite journal|title=External Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Associated Factors Among Heterosexual Men on 5 Continents|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=1 January 2011|volume=203|issue=1|pages=58–65|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiq015|pmid=21148497|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/203/1/58/879985?login=true|issn=0022-1899|author=Vardas|first=E.}} * Hillman, Richard J.; Giuliano, Anna R.; Palefsky, Joel M.; Goldstone, Stephen; Moreira, Edson D.; Vardas, Eftyhia; Aranda, Carlos; Jessen, Heiko; Ferris, Daron G.; Coutlee, Francois; Marshall, J. Brooke; Vuocolo, Scott; Haupt, Richard M.; Guris, Dalya; Garner, Elizabeth I. O. (7 Disemba 2011). "Immunogenicity nke Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Type 6/11/16/18) Ọgwụ mgbochi na ụmụ nwoke 16 ruo 26 afọ". Clinical na Vaccine Immunology. 19 (2): 261–267. doi:10.1128/CVI.05208-11. PMC 3272915. <nowiki>PMID 22155768</nowiki>. (Onye so dee ya) {{Cite journal|title=Immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Type 6/11/16/18) Vaccine in Males 16 to 26 Years Old|journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology|date=7 December 2011|doi=10.1128/CVI.05208-11|pmid=22155768|language=EN|author=Hillman|first=Richard J.|volume=19|issue=2|pages=261–267}} == Edemsibịa == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eftyhia-Vardas-2 Eftyhia Vardas Researchgate] * {{Cite news|title=Work on a pioneering vaccine begins Living with AIDS # 253|url=https://health-e.org.za/2006/04/05/work-on-a-pioneering-vaccine-begins-living-with-aids-253/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Health-e News|date=5 April 2006}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vardas, Eftyhia}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kd1s0xrvqkcurpun0u9d0ckpqdqfm34 0 71921 697775 541349 2026-08-10T07:56:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Nigerian Immigrants | image_skyline = | image_caption = Nigerian immigrant protesters petitioned for deportation in the US }} Ịchụghachị ndị mbịarambịa West Africa si Naịjirịa mere ozugbo e tìrì iwu nchịkwa nke Jenụwarị 1983 sitere n'aka Onye isi ala [[Shehu Shagari]], nke manyere ndị mbịarambịa iwu na-akwadoghị ịhapụ mba ahụ ma ọ bụ akpọchie ha. N'ihi iwu Shagari nyere, a chụpụrụ ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ, gụnyere otu ndè ndị Ghana.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref>&nbsp; == Akụkọ ka O Si Mee == Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbịarambịa ndị ahụ ka a dọtara mmasị ha na Naịjirịa n'ihi ọganihu mmanụ nke afọ 1970, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 1983, akụ na ụba adịghịzi ike.<ref name="Yen">{{Cite news|author=Solomonov|first=M.|date=2015-08-15|title=Ghana Must Go: Exodus From Nigeria Remembered|work=Yen.com.gh|url=https://yen.com.gh/16384-ghana-must-go-exodus-nigeria-remembered.html|accessdate=2017-05-14}}</ref> Iwu Shagari ahụ bụ nzaghachi a na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ maka ọgba aghara okpukpe nke jupụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ n'afọ 1980 (nke a maara dị ka Kano Riots) nakwa afọ 1981. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref> Tupu afọ 1983, a chụpụrụ ndị mbịarambịa ọtụtụ ugboro na West Africa n'ihi ihe dị iche iche.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Peil|first=Margaret|date=August 1971|title=The Expulsion of West African Aliens|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-modern-african-studies_1971-08_9_2/page/205|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=205–229|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024903}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Peil|first=Margaret|date=Autumn 1974|title=Ghana's Aliens|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-migration-review_fall-1974_8_3/page/367|journal=The International Migration Review|volume=8|issue=3|pages=367–381|doi=10.1177/019791837400800303}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere nchụpụ Ghana chụpụrụ ndị Naijiria n'afọ 1954 na n'afọ 1969 na nchụpụ Togo chụpụrụ ụmụ amaala si [[Côte d'Ivoire]], Dahomey, na Naijiria n'afọ 1958.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Ọnọdụ E Nyere ndị Mbịarambịa === Ụzọ bụ isi e si aga Ghana bụ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Benin]] na [[Togo]]. N'ihi mgbalị a nwara iwere ọchịchị n'ike n'afọ gara aga, Onye isi ala Ghana, Jerry Rawlings, mechiri ụzọ isi gafee ala na Togo, nakwa iji zere mbata mberede nke ndị laghachiri, Togo mechikwara ókèala ya na Benin. Ya mere, ozugbo ndị mbịarambịa rutere Benin, a machibidoro ụzọ ha si apụ ma manye ha ịnọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Cotonou, oche gọọmentị nke mba ahụ, na-anwa ịchọta ụgbọ mmiri na-aga Ghana. Mgbe ha tọrọ atọ ihe karịrị otu izu, Ghana meghere ókèala ya, na-eme ka Togo mee kwa otu ihe ahụ ka ndị Ghana nwee ike ịlaghachi n'ụlọ.<ref name="Yen">{{Cite news|author=Solomonov|first=M.|date=2015-08-15|title=Ghana Must Go: Exodus From Nigeria Remembered|work=Yen.com.gh|url=https://yen.com.gh/16384-ghana-must-go-exodus-nigeria-remembered.html|accessdate=2017-05-14}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSolomonov2015">Solomonov, M. (2015-08-15). [https://yen.com.gh/16384-ghana-must-go-exodus-nigeria-remembered.html "Ghana Must Go: Exodus From Nigeria Remembered"]. ''Yen.com.gh''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe Ncheta == === Akpa "Ghana Must Go" === Ụdị akpa na-adịghị okè ọnụ nke eji naịlọn akpara àkpà ka úté mee, nke ndị mbịarambịa na-eji ebu ihe ha, nwetara aha "Ghana Must Go" n'oge ọpụpụ ndị mbịarambịa ahụ. Ruokwa ebe afọ 2019, a ka na-akpọkwa akpa ahụ aha a n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Naijiria, Ghana, na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke West Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, onye Naijiria na-ese foto bi na New York bụ Obinna Obioma jiri akpa ndị ahụ mee uwe na ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi banyere nkwagarị nke akpọrọ ''Anyi N'Aga'' n'asụsụ [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]]. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Nduka|author=Orjinmo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54871584|title=In pictures: Turning the iconic Ghana Must Go bag into high fashion|publisher=BBC News|date=2020-11-19|accessdate=2020-11-19}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, akpa ahụ nwere aha ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche na-ejikọta ya na ndị mbịarambịa. Na Germany a na-akpọ ya "Türkenkoffer" (akpa ndị Turkey), na US, "Chinatown tote", na [[Guyana]], "Guyanese Samsonite", na n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, "Akpa ndị ọgbọsọ agha".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a === Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Naịjirịa na Ghana adịkwuola mma kemgbe ihe ndị ahụ mere n'afọ 1983. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2022-07-30|title=Ghana Must Go: Nativism and the Politics of Expulsion in West Africa, 1969–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac006|journal=Past & Present|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtac006|issn=0031-2746}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ghana Must Go (akwụkwọ akụkọ) == Edensibịa == <references /> l47qzqwd7ggf3f6e25nnix306u4vtuv 0 72345 697764 577404 2026-08-10T07:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697764 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alice Mossie Brues''' (Ọktoba 9, 1913 - Jenụwarị 14, 2007) bụ onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="SandfordKilgore2008">{{Cite journal|author=Sandford|first=Mary K.|title=Alice Mossie Brues (1913–2007)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2008-03_110_1/page/157|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=110|issue=1|year=2008|pages=157–160|issn=0002-7294|doi=10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00019_1.x}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Alice bụ nwa nwanyị Charles Thomas Brues, onye na-amụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nje na Mahadum Harvard na nne ya bụ Beirne Barrett Brues, onye na-amụ ihe gbasara osisi. Alice bụ onye na-amụ ihe gbasara okike nke jisiri ike n'ihe gbasara osisi. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-enweta ọrụ a kpọmkwem nke ịnakọta ụmụ nje site n'osisi site n'aka ndị nne na nna ya, ma n'afọ 1924, nne ya bipụtara akwụkwọ nke diari nke ncheta ezinụlọ ha. Na 1933, Alice gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College, na-eme nkọwa n'ozizi na psihọlọji. Mgbe e mesịrị na-amụ n'okpuru Earnest Hooton, ọ nwetara PhD site na Harvard na 1940 na anthropology. Mbụ ya bụ dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta na Peabody Museum na Harvard, ma mesịa dị ka onye ndụmọdụ anthropologist na Chemical Corps. N'afọ 1946, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ nke Anatomy na Mahadum Oklahoma School of Medicine, e mechara bulie ya n'ọkwa prọfesụ zuru oke n'afọ 1960. Ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta nke anthropology anụ ahụ na Stovall Museum na Norman, Okla., (1956-65) na onye ọrụ na Southwestern Homicide Investigators Seminar (1954-65). Mgbe ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke anthropology anụ ahụ na Mahadum nke Oklahoma School of Medicine, o nyere aka na ngalaba nke paleopathology na forensic anthropology.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Buikstra|first=Jane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_tQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Alice+Mossie+Brues&pg=PA156|title=The Global History of Paleopathology: Pioneers and Prospects|date=2011-05-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973437-5|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1965, a nabatara Brues na ngalaba anthropology na Mahadum Colorado na Boulder, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1984. Ọ natara ihe nrite atọ maka ihe ịga nke ọma, otu site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị otu ọkachamara nke ọ bụ onye otu ya: American Association of Physical Anthropology (AAPA), Human Biology Association na American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Ọ bụ osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' ruo afọ anọ, onye otu AAPA Executive Board ruo afọ atọ, osote onye isi oche AAPA site na 1966 ruo 1968 na onye isi ocheAAPA site na 1971 ruo 1973. Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka Human Biology Council na osote onye isi oche nke kansụl ahụ na 1976-77. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndụmọdụ nke National Institute of Dental Research (1972-75) na kọmitii nyocha fellowship maka National Institute of Mental Health (1976-77). O bipụtara ihe karịrị edemede sayensị 300, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, ọkachasị People and Races (1977). Alice raara ọrụ a nye nna ya, na-eto ya maka ịkụziri ya "iche echiche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ" n'oge ọ dị obere. Ọrụ ahụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ e bipụtara gbasara agbụrụ site n'echiche nke anthropological n'ụzọ Carleton Coon (onye Brues sokwa rụọ ọrụ) ma bipụtaghachi ya na 1990. Ọ nwetara ụfọdụ nyocha dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọzọ agwakọtaghị na ndị na-adịghị mma. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * "Obi: Alice Mossie Brues,. American Journal of Human Biology, Mpịakọta nke 19, Mbipụta nke 4, peeji nke 597, July/August 2007. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20684/abstract] * "Women anthropologists: selected biographies", Ute Gacs, Greenwood Press, 1988, peeji nke 23-27.&nbsp; * "Ndị mmadụ na agbụrụ, Nyocha site na: Elizabeth J. Glenn", Man, New Series, Vol. 13, Nke 1, Mar., 1978, peeji nke 139.&nbsp; {{Authority control}} in4tuegs3f84b3b7aalsezdublk3to3 0 72363 697670 577553 2026-08-10T05:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 8 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697670 wikitext text/x-wiki Ursula Moser Cowgill (9 Ọktọba 1927 – 27 Ọktọba 2015) bụ onye sayensị na onye mmụta ọdịbendị nke rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Yale, Dow Chemical Company na Mahadum Colorado n'oge ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 20. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe banyere omume ugbo na Mesoamerica tupu Columbian, oge ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịbendị njikere ibughari na ọnwụ nwa, na ọrụ nwere ike nke selenium na belata ọnwụnwa site na AIDS. Ọzọkwa, ọ lekọtara pottos anọ maka ọtụtụ afọ ma bipụta usoro nke nlele banyere omume ha. Cowgill nwetara PhD site na Mahadum Iowa State na 1956. Ka emechara, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyocha kemistri maka onye na-amụ ihe gbasara mmiri G. Evelyn Hutchinson. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ụfọdụ e bipụtara ọnụ na Hutchinson, pụtara na mmalite afọ 1960s. Cowgill na-ebị na Colorado kemgbe afọ 2003. Na mgbakwunye na nchọpụta sayensị ya, ọ bụ onye ọrụ ọgụ maka American Civil Liberties Union. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ ugbo nke Maya === N'etiti 1961 na 1963, Cowgill na Hutchinson mere ọmụmụ gbasara ala na Petén Basin, Guatemala, na ebumnuche ịmụ banyere mmetụta usoro ugbo nke ọdịbendị Maya tupu-abia Kristi.[1] Nchọpụta ha kọrọ na usoro ikpụrụ nke ndị Maya emeela ka ala nwee ndi mmadu mkpa, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike ịkwado ihe oriri n'ikpeazụ. Ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ụfọdụ ejikọrọ oke ala a na-emebi emebi na ọdịda obodo ndị Maya na Petén mpaghara na narị afọ nke 10. === Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na ọnwụ ụmụaka === Nnyocha Cowgill banyere okike nwoke na nwanyị na ọnwụ ụmụaka gụnyere ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na England na nkọwa nke oge a na Guatemala. Site na iji ndekọ ọmụmụ na ọnwụ site na ndekọ ụka nke York n'etiti afọ 1538 na 1812, Cowgill chọpụtara na n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ, ụmụ agbọghọ na ọkwa ọ bụla nke nwata na-anwụnụ na ọnụego ka elu karịa ụmụ nwoke nke otu afọ. Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ na e nwere ụmụ nwoke 136 maka ụmụ nwanyị 100. Cowgill chere na nke a bụ akụkụ n'ihi na ụmụ agbọghọ nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-akpa àgwà ọjọọ karịa, na akụkụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwoke na-enweta nri na nlekọta ka mma karịa ụmụ nwanyị. Na Guatemala, Cowgill gụrụ otu obodo ndị obodo ebe oke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-abawanye ngwa ngwa—178:100. Cowgill kwuru na ndị nne n'obodo a na-enye ụmụ nwoke ara ogologo oge karịa ụmụ nwanyị, na ha na-enye ha mmasị pụrụ iche ọbụlagodi mgbe ha kwụsịrị ịnara ara. Cowgill na Hutchinson kwuru na omume ịkpali mmekọahụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ ndị na-eto eto n'obodo a nwere ike ịbụ usoro mgbapụta ndụ. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite journal|pages=238–41|author=Cowgill|first=U. M.|title=An Apparent Lunar Periodicity in the Sexual Cycle of Certain Prosimians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1962-02_48_2/page/238|volume=48|issue=2|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|year=1962|pmid=16590923|doi=10.1073/pnas.48.2.238}} * Bajo de Santa Fe (ya na G.E. Hutchinson). Akwụkwọ, 1963. * {{Cite journal|pmid=14023537|year=1963|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=Sex-ratio in childhood and the depopulation of the Peten, Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-biology_1963-02_35_1/page/90|volume=35|pages=90–103|journal=Human Biology}} * {{Cite journal|pages=614–623|author=Cowgill|first=U. M.|title=Season of Birth in Man. Contemporary Situation with Special Reference to Europe and the Southern Hemisphere|url=https://archive.org/details/ecology_summer-1966_47_4/page/614|volume=47|issue=4|journal=Ecology|year=1966|doi=10.2307/1933939}} * ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Laguna de Petenxil, obere ọdọ mmiri dị na Northern Guatemala''. Akwụkwọ, 1966. * {{Cite journal|pmid=16591451|year=1967|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=Heat transfer solely by molecular conduction in the metalimnion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1967-02_57_2/page/198|volume=57|issue=2|pages=198–200|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|doi=10.1073/pnas.57.2.198}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=406401|year=1977|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=A myeloliposarcoma in a female Perodicticus potto: Mineralogical and elemental chemical analysis|volume=6|issue=2|pages=114–8|journal=Journal of Medical Primatology|doi=10.1159/000459730}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=402025|year=1977|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=Elemental analysis of a tumor from a nocturnal prosimian with special emphasis on bromine|url=https://archive.org/details/science-of-the-total-environment_1977-01_7_1/page/63|volume=7|issue=1|pages=63–9|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|doi=10.1016/0048-9697(77)90017-1}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=7419137|year=1980|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=Normal blood values of an adult male Perodicticus potto with comparative data from other primates|url=https://archive.org/details/folia-primatologica_1980_33_4/page/273|volume=33|issue=4|pages=273–90|journal=Folia Primatologica|doi=10.1159/000155942}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=2484368|year=1988|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=The tellurium content of vegetation|volume=17|pages=43–67|journal=Biological Trace Element Research|doi=10.1007/BF02795446}} * Aquatic toxicology na nyocha ihe ize ndụ, mpịakọta nke iri na abụọ (ya na Llewellyn R. Williams). Akwụkwọ, 1989. * {{Cite journal|pmid=2386407|year=1990|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=The reproducibility of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test using the reference toxicant sodium lauryl sulfate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_july-august-1990_19_4/page/513|volume=19|issue=4|pages=513–7|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|doi=10.1007/BF01059069}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=1898115|year=1991|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=The response of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test to fifteen formulations and pure compounds in common use|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_1991-07_21_1/page/35|volume=21|issue=1|pages=35–40|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|doi=10.1007/BF01055553}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=9438032|year=1991|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=Variation in the nitrotoxin concentration of 13 species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) over a 6-year period|volume=31|issue=2|pages=111–8|journal=Biological Trace Element Research|doi=10.1007/BF02990419}} * {{Cite journal|pmid=9152511|year=1997|author=Cowgill|first=UM|title=The distribution of selenium and mortality owing to acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the continental United States|volume=56|issue=1|pages=43–61|doi=10.1007/BF02778983|journal=Biological Trace Element Research}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} p4uuo3h351773wczb1p4bnna14iutgw 0 72660 697616 688264 2026-08-10T04:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Pesach (General) in the Schechter Letter.png|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter ]] The '''Schechter Letter''',<ref>{{Cite book|author=Zhivkov|first=Boris|date=2015|title=Khazaria in the 9th and 10th Centuries|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-29307-6}}</ref> also called the '''Genizah Letter'''[2] or '''Cambridge Document''',<ref>{{Cite book|author=Golden|first=Peter B.|date=2007|title=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|chapter=The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism|isbn=978-9004160422}}</ref> was discovered in the Cairo Geniza by Solomon Schechter in 1912.[2] It is an anonymous Khazar letter discussing several matters including the wars of the early 940s, involving the Byzantine Empire, the Khazar Khaganate, and Kievan Rus'.[2] Scholars have debated its authenticity.[2] == Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ == A kọwara Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter dị ka akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye edemede Khazar a na-akpọghị aha ruo n'aka onye Juu a ma ama nke a na-amaghị aha ya. Ụfọdụ kwenyere na onye otu Constantinopolitan Khazar degaara Hasdai ibn Shaprut Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị idegara eze Khazar Joseph akwụkwọ ozi na nke na-enweghị isi mbụ ya (lee Akwụkwọ Ozi Khazar). Ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya ekwuola na aha ndị na-ekwughachi ọdịnala ndị Juu dị omimi na enweghị ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere anya ọ bụla na-akwado akụkọ ya nwere ike itinye ya na ọdịnala nke ederede dị egwu banyere agbụrụ ndị furu efu nke Israel.<ref name="Stampfer" /> E tinyere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ n'ime mkpokọta Genizah nke Schechter nyere Mahadum Cambridge na 1898. Ọtụtụ n'ime folio ahụ enweghị ike ịgụ, naanị otu mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ fọdụrụ dị. Nke a na-eme ka ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, mkparịta ụka ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo ahụ doo anya. == Ihe odide ntọghata == Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter nwere akụkọ banyere ntọghata Khazar nke dị iche na nke Khazar Correspondence na Kuzari. N'ihe ndekọ Schechter Letter, ndị Juu si Peasia na Armenia kwagara Khazaria iji gbanahụ mkpagbu, ebe ha na ndị Khazars na-akwagharị akwagharị jikọtara, n'ikpeazụ na-agbakọta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Feldman|first=Alex M.|date=2022|title=The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9781474478113}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, onye ndú agha siri ike bilitere (na Schechter Letter, a na-akpọ ya Sabriel), onye nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka a kpọọ onwe ya onye onye ọchịchị nke ndị Khazars. Sabriel sitere n'agbụrụ ndị Juu mbụ, nwunye ya Serakh mere ka o kwenye ịnabata okpukpe ndị Juu, nke ndị ya sochiri ya.[6][7] Ihe na-esote n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ furu efu ma e wezụga iberibe ole na ole. Akụkọ banyere alaeze Khazar na-adaba na enweghị isi iyi ndị Alakụba, ndị Juu ma ọ bụ ndị Byzantium site n'oge ahụ gbasara agha nke ịkwaga. Ọ dịkwa iche na isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo na Khazar gbanwere gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu na aha ya nke ndị na-achị achị. Aha ndị metụtara, Sabriel bụ aha mmụọ ozi na ọdịnala ihe omimi ndị Juu, Serah bụ onye Bible, na nkwupụta nke agbụrụ Simiọn nke e dekọrọ ọnwụ ya na Bible, na-egosi Shaul Stampfer n'ụzọ siri ike na ederede ahụ bụ isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnala ndị Juu bara ọgaranya nke mmezu ọchịchọ na ederede ihe omimi banyere agbụrụ iri furu efu nke Izrel.<ref name="Stampfer">{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_spring-summer-2013_19_3/page/n3|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer|first=Shaul}}</ref> == HLGW na Romanus == Akụkụ dị mkpa nke Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ ka ọ dị ndụ na-akọ maka ihe mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (nye onye dere ya) - mwakpo nke HLGW (ikekwe Oleg), onyeisi (knyaz) nke Rus, nke Eze Ukwu Byzantine Romanus nke Mbụ Lecapenus kpaliri.[8] Romanus, onye na-akpagbu ndị Juu, nwere ike ịchọ ịgbagha mmegwara Khazar maka amụma ya. Dịka Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ si kwuo, onye isi Khazar Pesakh meriri HLGW na mpaghara Taman. Mgbe ndị Khazars chere ogbugbu ya ihu, HLGW kwetara ịwakpo Constantinople (n'ezie, mwakpo dị otú ahụ mere na 941), ebe e meriri ya wee gbaga FRS (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya Pesia), ebe ọ nwụrụ. [9] Ọ bụrụ na Oleg bụ Helgi (HLGW) n'ezie ma sonye n'agha ndị a, ''Akwụkwọ Ozi Genizah'' na-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu ete ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10] == Mmetụta nke ederede == Ọ bụrụ na e were ya n'ụzọ nkịtị ma ọ bụghị dị ka akụkọ ifo nke agbụrụ ndị furu efu, akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agbagha akụkọ ọdịnala nke ndị Khazars. Nke mbụ, nsụgharị ya nke ntọghata ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ ndị Juu maka ndị Khazar oge onye edemede ahụ. Ma nke a bụ akụkọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ọ na-egosi na ndị Khazars lere onwe ha anya dị ka ndị otu ndị Juu zuru oke. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-ekwu na n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ mgbe ndị Khazars tọghatara gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu, ụfọdụ Ndị Alani emeela okpukpe ndị Juu ruo n'ókè nke na Alania bịara ịzọpụta Khazaria n'aka ndị iro ya (ahịrị 52-53). [11] Nke a bụ naanị ihe akaebe na-akwado ihe ndekọ Benjamin nke Tudela banyere okpukpe ndị Juu na Alania. Tinyere nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na HLGW dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-ezo aka na Oleg (Helgi), ma o sonye n'agha ndị a, Akwụkwọ Genizah ga-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10] Kama onye ga-anọchi ya bụ Igor nke Kiev chịrị site na 912 ruo ogbugbu ya na 944, dịka Primary Chronicle si kwuo, Constantine Zuckerman (1995) kwubiri na Igor chịrị naanị site n'oge ọkọchị nke 941 ruo oge oyi nke 945.[12] N'afọ ndị gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta elegharala akaụntụ Schechter Letter anya;[2] Zuckerman ekwuola na akụkọ Schechter Letter kwekọrọ na isi mmalite Rus ndị ọzọ, ọ na-egosikwa na ọgụ dị n'ime ọchịchị Rus mbụ n'etiti otu ndị na-akwado Oleg na Igor, ọgụ nke Oleg meriri n'ikpeazụ. Zuckerman kwuru na a ga-ekpebi usoro oge mbụ nke Rus n'ihi isi mmalite ndị a. N'ime nkwenkwe Zuckerman na ndị ọzọ nyochachara isi mmalite ndị a bụ na ndị Khazars efughị ​​Kiev ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 10 (kama ịbụ 882, ụbọchị ọdịnala), na Igor abụghị nwa Rurik kama ọ bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ dị anya karị, nakwa na Oleg esoghị Rurik ozugbo, kama na e nwere ọgbọ furu efu n'etiti onye nwe Varangian a ma ama na ndị ga-anọchi ya. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|authorlink=Kevin Alan Brook|first=Kevin Alan|author=Brook|title=The Jews of Khazaria|edition=3rd|location=Lanham|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=978-1538103425}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Douglas M. Dunlop|author=Dunlop|first=Douglas M.|title=The History of the Jewish Khazars|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1954}} * {{Cite book|author=Golb|first=Norman|title=Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century|location=Ithaca|publisher=Cornell Univ. Press|year=1982|isbn=0-8014-1221-8}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine|title=On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor|journal=[[Revue des études byzantines]]|volume=53|year=1995|pages=237–270|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1995_num_53_1_1906}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ostrowski|first=Donald|date=2018|title=Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/52/1/article-p30_2.xml|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|volume=52|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1163/22102396-05201009}} * {{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_spring-summer-2013_19_3/page/n3|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer|first=Shaul}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 21xv86dhns6c7wj9rtomk03zb9cq3n1 0 72663 697729 595752 2026-08-10T06:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akwụkwọ ozi Khazar''' bụ otu akwụkwọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ dị kemgbe afọ 950 ma ọ bụ 960, nakwa na ọ bụ akwụkwọ ozi dị n'etiti Hasdai ibn Shaprut, odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Caliph nke Cordoba, na Joseph Khagan nke ndị Khazars. Akwụkwọ ozi a bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole e kwuru na ọ bụ onye edemede Khazar, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ otu n'ime obere isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazar. Nzaghachi Joseph na-enye ma akụkọ banyere ntọghata Khazar gaa na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na ọganihu ya n'ọgbọ ndị sochirinụ, yana igosi na n'ime otu ọgbọ nke ọdịda nke alaeze Khazar na 969, steeti Khazar ka dị ike n'agha ma nata ụtụ site n'ọtụtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A na-agbagha izi ezi nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na a na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro iheomume, asụsụ, ókèala na akụ na ụba nke ndị Khazars n'oge ahụ, ma nwee obere ihe akaebe na-akwado ihe mgbe ochie. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Akwụkwọ ozi a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Hasdai ibn Shaprut, odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Abd ar-Rahman nke Atọ, onye Umayyad Caliph nke Cordoba na al-Andalus, malitere. A na-ekwu na Hasdai, onye nwere ọtụtụ kọntaktị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị oke ego, mụtara na ndị Khazar dị adị site n'aka ndị ahịa Khorasani. Amaghị ihe ọ maara banyere steeti Khazar dị iche, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ bụ ihe na-abụghị eziokwu, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ onye nwere ike ịmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ okwu Joseph na-ekwu na e nwere nkwurịta okwu n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ n'oge gara aga. A na-ekwu na onye ozi mbụ Hasdai gara Constantinople, ebe ndị ọchịchị Byzantine jụrụ ikwe ka ọ gaa n'ihu. A na-ekwu na ọ lọtara, ikekwe were akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Schechter Letter (nke Khazar dere ma eleghị anya e bu n'obi maka Hasdai) laghachi ya. N'ikpeazụ, a na-ekwu na e nyere akwụkwọ ozi Hasdai nye ndị Juu nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Croatia, wee ruo Khazaria site n'aka onye ozi ọzọ, Isaac ben Eliezer nke Nemetz. ([[Jémanị|Germany]]). Nzaghachi a na-ekwu na Joseph na-enye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazar na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba ya ugbu a (ihe dị ka 960) Ọ gara n'ihu kpọọ Hasdai ka ọ bịa Khazaria, ọkpụkpọ òkù nke Hasdai nwere ike ọ gaghị anabata. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ adịgidewo na nsụgharị atọ dịtụ iche kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. In 1856, the Judaic scholar Abraham Benisch wrote, "Criticism has never doubted the authenticity of the letter of the rabbi [Hasdai], and modern investigators see no reason for doubting the authenticity of the king's reply."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Benisch|first=Abraham|date=1856|title=Travels of Rabbi Petachia, of Ratisbon|publisher=Trubner and Co.|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10239844?page=112,113}}</ref> In 1995, historian Constantin Zuckerman wrote, "No one contests any more that the two preserved versions [of Joseph's reply], however much tampered with by later editors, go back to an authentic tenth-century document."<ref>{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|title=On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor|journal=Revue des études byzantines|volume=53|year=1995|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine}}</ref> In 2007, historian Peter Benjamin Golden wrote that "Dunlop and most recently Golb have demonstrated that Hasdai's letter, Joseph's response (dating perhaps from the 950s) and the 'Cambridge Document' are, indeed, authentic."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Golden|first=Peter B.|date=2007|title=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|pages=145–146|chapter=The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism|isbn=978-9004160422}}</ref> In 2025, history professor David J. Wasserstein wrote, "The surviving remnants of the correspondence between Hasdai and the king of the Khazars, now accepted as genuine, offer precious testimony to Khazar history."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wasserstein|first=David J.|date=17 December 2025|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.1198|chapter=The Golden Age of Jews in Al-Andalus|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Shaul Stampfer ajụla izi ezi nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ a sịrị na ọ natara ya n'aka eze Khazar, na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ asụsụ na ọdịdị ala n'etiti ọganihu nke ederede akụkọ ihe mere e ji eme na ihe adịgboroja na Spain oge ochie.<ref name="stampfer">{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_spring-summer-2013_19_3/page/n3|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer}}</ref> Ihe odide ahụ, nke e dere n'asụsụ Hibru na ọtụtụ ihe Arabic, na-enye usoro iheomume ọtụtụ narị afọ site na ụbọchị alaeze Khazar; ókèala dị nnọọ iche na nke o nwere n'oge ahụ; na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ọrụ ugbo dị anya site na eziokwu n'oge.<ref name="stampfer" /> Eziokwu nke akụkọ ntọghata ahụ n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ ka onye ọkà mmụta Talmudic nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ bụ Rabbi Judah ben Barzillai nke Barcelona jụrụ.<ref name="stampfer" /> Stampfer na-ede na "ihe odide akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Alakụba site n'oge Hasdai ibn Shaprut yiri nnọọ akwụkwọ ozi a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na nchegbu ya banyere njirimara. " <ref name="stampfer" /> Akụkọ dị otú ahụ ga-abụ ihe bara uru nye ndị isi ndị Juu na-apụta iji gosi na nkwa Bible nke ịbụ eze ndị Juu dị. <ref name="stampfer" /> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Zuckerman na Joshua Olsson, na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ahịrịokwu dị na ma obere ma ogologo nke nzaghachi Josef bụ ihe ịchọ mma, nakwa na isii n'ime ndị eze iri na anọ edepụtara aha ha, gụnyere Eze Obadaịa, onye na-akwado okpukpe ndị Juu, adịghị adị, karịsịa n'ihi na ndepụta eze e hotara na Sefer ha-Ittim nke Judah ben Barzillai, etinyeghị aha ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|title=On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor|journal=Revue des études byzantines|volume=53|pages=248–250|year=1995|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.1017/S1356186313000266|title=Coup d’état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=23|issue=4|date=October 2013|author=Olsson|first=Joshua T.}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nke a ziri ezi, nsụgharị nke Judah wepụtara bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ ebe nsụgharị ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ bụ nke e ji aka mepụta. Zuckerman kwenyere na ebumnuche nke mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na ederede ahụ bụ iji zoo ihe akaebe maka omume ọ bụla nke ndị Juu Khazar na-eme nke na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ, dị ka ebubo ịchụ àjà na-aga n'ihu nke a kpọtụrụ aha naanị na nsụgharị Judah, na ịkwalite akụkọ nke "usoro okpukpe ndị Juu nke ndị Khazars" nke mgbanwe okpukpe Obadiah mere ka o kwe omume.<ref>{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|title=On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor|journal=Revue des études byzantines|volume=53|pages=249|year=1995|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Akwụkwọ ozi Hasdai degaara Eze Josef === : Mụ onwe m, Hasdai, nwa Aịzik, nwa Ezra, nke [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] a chụgara na [[Jerusalem]] na Sepharad, onye na-ejere nna m ukwu eze ozi, na-ehulata ala n'ihu ya ma na-ehi ụra n'ebe obibi nke Eze gị site n'ala dị anya. Ana m enwe obi ụtọ na ịdị jụụ na ịdị ebube gị ma gbatịa aka m nye Chineke n'eluigwe ka O wee gbatịa ọchịchị gị n'[[Israel]].... : Tooro [[God|Chineke]] dị n'ụzọ dị mma maka ebere ya n'ebe m nọ! Ndị eze nke ụwa, ndị a maara ịdị ebube na ike ya [Abd-ar-Rahman], na-ewetara ya onyinye, na-eme ka ihu ọma ya dị oke ọnụ, dị ka Eze nke Ndị Frank, Eze nke Gebalim, ndị bụ Ndị Germany, Eze nke Constantinople, na ndị ọzọ. Onyinye ha niile na-agafe n'aka m, a na-enyekwa m ụgwọ inye onyinye. [Ibn Shaprut, onye maara ọtụtụ asụsụ, natara ndị nnọchi anya ndị a.] Ka egbugbere ọnụ m too Chineke nke Eluigwe, onye na-agbasa obiọma ịhụnanya ya n'ebe m nọ, n'enweghị uru ọ bụla nke m, mana n'ime obi iru ala ya! : Ana m ajụọ ndị nnọchi anya ndị eze a mgbe niile bụ ndị na-eweta onyinye banyere ụmụnne anyị ndị Izrel, ndị fọdụrụ n'agbụ, ma ha anụla ihe ọ bụla gbasara nnapụta nke ndị nọ n'aghụghọ ma ha ahụghị ezumike. [Ọ chọsiri ike ịmata ma ọ bụrụ na "Ebe Iri ahụ furu efu" dị ka steeti Hibru nwere onwe ya n'ebe ọ bụla.] : N'ikpeazụ, ndị ozi ahịa nke Khorasan [ala dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Caspian n'ebe ugwu Iran nke oge a] gwara m na e nwere alaeze Juda nke a na-akpọ al-Khazar. Mana ekwenyeghị m n'okwu ndị a n'ihi na echere m na ha gwara m ihe ndị dị otú ahụ iji nweta obiọma na ihu ọma m. Ya mere, anọ m na-eche echiche, ruo mgbe ndị nnọchi anya Constantinople bịara [n'etiti 944 na 949] na onyinye na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka eze ha nye eze anyị, m jụọ ha ajụjụ banyere okwu a. : Ha zara m, sị: "Ọ bụ eziokwu, aha alaeze ahụ bụ al-Khazar. Ọ bụ njem ụbọchị iri na ise site n'oké osimiri site na Constantinople, mana site n'ala ọtụtụ mba na-etinye aka n'etiti anyị; aha eze na-achị ugbu a bụ Joseph; ụgbọ mmiri na-abịa mgbe ụfọdụ site na mba anyị iji weta azụ, akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa nke ụdị ọ bụla [Ndị Khazars, nnukwu ndị ahịa, nwetara agha ha si na Rus gaa n'ebe ugwu.] Ha bụ ndị anyị na-emekọrịta ihe anyị; enwere nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị nnọchi anya m; enwere m. N'ihi ya, e gbadatara m ala ma sọpụrụ Chineke nke eluigwe. [Hasdai nwere obi ụtọ: [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] enweghịzi ike ikwu na ndị Juu enweghị mba dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka ịjụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs]].].... : Ana m ekpe ekpere maka ahụike nke Onyenwe m Eze, nke ezinụlọ ya, na nke ụlọ ya, nakwa ka e guzobe ocheeze ya ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Ka ụbọchị ya na ụbọchị ụmụ ya gbasaa n'etiti Izrel! === Azịza Eze Josef === * ''Akwụkwọ ozi nke JOSEPH nke Eze, Abụ nke AARON nke Eze, Mkpụrụ obi ya Onye okike na-ebute ya n'elu okpomọkụ nke ASSEMBLY, HasdaI, Abụ nke ISAAC, Abụ nke EZRA'' . . . Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na akwụkwọ ozi gị mara mma nke e nyere anyị bụ Isaac, nwa Eliezer, onye Juu si n'ala Germany [Isaac buuru ya na Germany, [[Hungary]], na Kievan Rus gaa Khazaria.] Ị mere anyị obi ụtọ ma anyị na-enwe obi ụtọ na nghọta na amamihe gị.... Ya mere, ka anyị mezigharịa mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke nna anyị nwetara n'etiti, ka anyị nyefee ihe nketa a nye ụmụ anyị. [Joseph kwenyere na Ndị Khazars nwere mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na Ndị Arab [[Spain|Spanish]].] Ị jụọkwara anyị n'akwụkwọ ozi gị: "Ndị mmadụ ole, ezinụlọ ole, na agbụrụ ole ị bụ?" Maara na anyị sitere na Jafet, site na nwa ya nwoke Togarmah. [N'akwụkwọ ndị Juu, Togarmah bụ nna nke Ndị Turkey niile.] Achọpụtara m n'akwụkwọ usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị nna nna m na Togarmah nwere ụmụ nwoke iri. Ndị a bụ aha ha: nke okenye bụ Ujur, nke abụọ bụ Tauris, nke atọ bụ Avar, nke anọ bụ Uauz, nke ise bụ Bizal, nke isii bụ Tarna, nke asaa bụ Kozar, nke asatọ bụ Janur, nke itoolu bụ Bulgar, nke iri bụ Sawir. [Ndị a bụ ndị guzobere agbụrụ ndị bibu n'ógbè Black na Caspian Seas.] Abụ m nwa Khazar, nwa nwoke nke asaa. Enwere m ihe ndekọ na ọ bụ ezie na ndị nna anyị dị ole na ole n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, Onye Nsọ a gọziri agọzi ka ọ bụrụ Ọ [nke a bụ aha a na-ahụkarị maka Chineke], nyere ha ike, ike, na ike ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu n'agha mgbe agha gasịrị na ọtụtụ mba ndị dị ike ma dị ọtụtụ karịa ha. Site n'enyemaka nke Chineke, ha chụpụrụ ha ma weghara mba ha. N'elu ụfọdụ n'ime ha, ha etinyela ọrụ mmanye ọbụna ruo taa. Ala [n'akụkụ Volga] nke m bi ugbu a bụ nke Ndị Bulgaria bibu. Ndị nna nna anyị, ndị Khazars, bịara lụso ha ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na Ndị Bulgaria a dị ọtụtụ dị ka ájá dị n'ikperé mmiri [ihe na-ezo aka n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa], ha enweghị ike iguzogide ndị Khazar. Ya mere, ha hapụrụ mba ha wee gbalaga ebe ndị Khazars chụpụrụ ha ruo Osimiri Danube. Ruo n'ụbọchị a, ndị Bulgaria mara ụlọikwuu n'akụkụ Danube ma dị nso na Constantinople. Ndị Khazars ebiela n'ala ha ruo ugbu a. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọtụtụ ọgbọ gafere ruo mgbe otu Eze bilitere nke aha ya bụ Bulan. Ọ bụ nwoke maara ihe ma na-atụ egwu Chineke, jiri obi ya niile tụkwasị Onye Okike ya obi. Ọ chụpụrụ ndị dibịa afa na ndị na-efe arụsị n'ala wee gbaba na ndò nke nku ya ... Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a gbasara aha ya na mgbasa ozi. Eze nke Ndị Byzantium na Ndị Arab nụrụ banyere ya zigara ndị nnọchi anya ha na ndị nnọchianya ha na nnukwu akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ nnukwu onyinye nye Eze yana ụfọdụ ndị amamihe ha iji tọghata ya n'okpukpe nke ha. [Ndị Byzantium na ndị Arab nwere olileanya ịkwụsị mwakpo nke ndị Khazars site n'ịtọghata ha ma mesịa mee ka ha bụrụ ndị enyi site na okwukwe ha.] Mana Eze - ka mkpụrụ obi ya bụrụ nke e kegidere n'ime ndụ [okwu olili ozu maka ndị Juu] Ya na Onyenwe anyị Chineke ya - onye maara ihe, zitere maka onye Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ. Eze nyochara, jụọ, ma nyochaa nke ọma ma kpọkọta ndị amamihe ka ha nwee ike ịrụrịta ụka banyere okpukpe ha. Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha gbaghaara arụmụka nke onye na-emegide ya ka ha wee ghara ikwekọrịta. Mgbe Eze hụrụ nke a, ọ gwara ha, sị: "Gara n'ụlọ, mana laghachi m n'ụbọchị nke atọ..." N'ụbọchị nke atọ, ọ kpọrọ ndị amamihe niile ọnụ ma gwa ha. "Kwuo okwu ma rụrịta ụka ma mee ka m doo anya nke bụ okpukpe kachasị mma. " Ha malitere ịlụ ọgụ n'etiti onwe ha n'enweghị nsonaazụ ọ bụla ruo mgbe Eze gwara onye ụkọchukwu [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] "Gịnị ka ị chere? Banyere okpukpe ndị Juu na [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]], nke a ga-ahọrọ?" Onye ụkọchịrị zara, sị: "Okpukpe nke ndị Izrel ka mma karịa nke ndị Alakụbụrụ". N'elu nke a, Eze kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, unu abụọ ejirila ọnụ gị kweta na okpukpe ndị Izrel ka mma Ya mere, ịtụkwasị obi na ebere nke [[God|Chineke]] na ike nke Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile, ahọrọ m okpukpe Izrel, ya bụ, okpukpe [[Abram|Abraham]]. Ọ bụrụ na Chineke ahụ m tụkwasịrị obi, na onyinyo nke nku ya, ga-enyere m aka, Ọ nwere ike inye m ego, ọlaedo, na ọlaọcha ị kwere nkwa ugbu a n'udo gaa n'ala gị. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile nyeere Bulan aka, wusie ya ike, ma wusie ya ume. Ọ kpọrọ onwe ya, ndị na-ejere ya ozi, ndị na'elekọta ya ozi, na ndị ya niile úgwù. [Ihe odide Arabic na-ekwu na ezinụlọ eze na ndị a ma ama ghọrọ ndị Juu, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkịtị emeghị.][?] Mgbe ahụ Bulan zitere ma si n'ebe niile kpọta ndị amamihe nke Israel bụ ndị kọwaara ya Torah ma hazie iwu ndị ahụ n'usoro, ruo taa anyị anọwo n'okpuru okpukpe a. Ka a gọzie aha Chineke ma bulie ncheta ya ruo mgbe ebighi ebi! Kemgbe ụbọchị ahụ, mgbe nna m banyere n'okpukpe a, Chi nke Israel emeela ka ndị iro ha niile dị ala, na-edo ndị mmadụ na asụsụ niile gburugburu ha, ma ọ bụ Ndị Kraịst, ndị Alakụba, ma ọ bụghị ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iguzo n'ihu ha ruo taa [ihe dị ka 960]. Ha niile bụ ndị na-akwụ ụtụ isi. [Ma naanị ihe dị ka afọ iri ka e mesịrị, Sviatoslav nke Mbụ nke Kiev meriri Josef, 969.] Mgbe ụbọchị Bulan gasịrị, otu n'ime ụmụ ya biliri, eze Obadaịa aha ya bụ [aha ahụ pụtara "ohu Chineke"], onye haziri alaeze ahụ ma guzobe okpukpe ndị Juu nke ọma na nke ziri ezi. O wuru ụlọ nzukọ na yeshivot, kpọbata ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu, ma nye ha ọlaedo na ọlaọcha. [Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu gaara esi Baghdad na Constantinople bịa.] Ha kọwara ya Baịbụl, Mishnah, Talmud na usoro ọrụ Chineke. Eze ahụ bụ nwoke na-asọpụrụ ma hụ Torah n'anya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ezigbo ndị ohu Chineke. Ka Mmụọ Nsọ nye ya ezumike! Ezezia, nwa ya nwoke nọchiri ya; n'akụkụ ya bụ Manasseh, nwa ya; n"akụkụ ya bụ Hanukkah, nwanne Obadiya; n'azụ ya bụ Aịzik, nwa ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nwa ya bụ Zebulọn; mgbe nke ahụ bụ nwa ya nwoke Moses; mgbe nke a gasịrị nwa ya nwoke bụ Nissi; mgbe nke ya bụ nwa ya bụ Aaron; mgbe nke ọzọ nwa ya nwoke Benjamin; mgbe nke abụọ bụ nwa ya, Josef, eze, abụ m Eze, nwa eze, na nwa ndị eze. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla m na-amaghị nwere ike ịnọ n'ocheeze nke ndị nna m: nwa ahụ nọchiri nna ahụ. Nke a abụwo omenala anyị na omenala nke ndị nna nna anyị kemgbe ha malitere. Ka ọ bụrụ uche amara nke Onye na-ahọpụta ndị eze niile ka ocheeze nke alaeze m ga-atachi obi ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Ị jụọla m maka ihe omume nke mba m na oke alaeze m. Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na m bi n'akụkụ osimiri a maara dị ka Itil [Volga]. N'ọnụ osimiri ahụ, e nwere Oké Osimiri Caspian. Isi mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, njem nke ọnwa anọ. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ ebo bi n'obodo ukwu na obodo nta, n'ebe dị iche iche na ebe e wusiri ike.... Cheta na m bi na ndagwurugwu nke Itil, site n'enyemaka Chineke, ana m eche ọnụ osimiri ahụ nche, anaghịkwa ekwe ka ndị Rus na-abịa n'ụgbọ mmiri banye na Caspian iji ruo ndị Alakụba. Anaghịkwa m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị iro ha [ndị Alakụba] ndị na-abịa site n'ala banye ruo Derbend [Derbend, obodo Arab, bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ndị na-akwaga ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Europe na-atụ anya ịgbaga ma wakpo obodo ndị bara ọgaranya nke Asia Minor.] Aghaghị m ịlụso ha agha, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na m enye ha ohere ọ bụla, ha ga-eme ka ala ndị Alakụba dum tọgbọrọ chakoo ruo Baghdad. Ị jụkwara m gbasara ebe m bi. Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na, site n'amara Chineke, m bi n'akụkụ osimiri a nke nwere isi obodo atọ. Eze nwanyị bi n'otu n'ime ha; ọ bụ ebe amụrụ m. O buru ibu nke ukwuu, e wuru ya gburugburu dị ka okirikiri, dayameta ya bụ parasangs iri ise. [Eze ahụ biri n'otu agwaetiti dị na Volga; e nwekwara obodo dị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ.] Ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba bi n'obodo nke abụọ. E wezụga ndị a, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ohu nke mba niile nọ na ya. Ọ dị n'etiti, square parasangs asatọ n'ogologo na obosara. N'ime nke atọ, m bi n'ụlọ ndị isi m, ndị isi m, ndị ohu m, ndị na-ebu ihe ọṅụṅụ na ndị nọ m nso. Ọ dị gburugburu n'ọdịdị ya, dayameta ya dịkwa ka parasangs atọ. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime mgbidi ya. Nke a bụ ebe obibi m n'oge oyi. Site n'ọnwa Nisan [Maachị ruo Eprel] gaa n'ihu, anyị na-apụ n'obodo ahụ, onye ọ bụla na-apụkwa n'ubi vaịn ya, ubi ya na ọrụ ya.. Ị na-ekwu n'akwụkwọ ozi gị na ị na-achọsi ike ịhụ ihu m. Ọ ga-amasịkwa m ịhụ ọdịdị gị na ịma mma nke amamihe na ịdị ukwuu gị. Ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ dịka okwu gị si dị. Ọ bụrụ na e nyere m ka mụ na gị na-emekọrịta ihe ma hụ ihu gị dị mma, mara mma, na nke mara mma mgbe ahụ ị ga-adị ka nna m na mụ dị ka nwa gị nwoke. Dabere na iwu gị, a ga-achịkwa ndị m niile, dịka iwu gị na ndụmọdụ gị si dị, m ga-eduzi ihe niile m na-eme. Ịsị aka gaa nke ọma. == Ndị Khazars na Spain == Ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị rabaị Khazar yiri ka ha gụrụ akwụkwọ na Spain. Abraham ibn Daud nke Toledo, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Book of Tradition (1161), dere, sị: "Ị ga-ahụ obodo ndị Israel gbasaa na mba ofesi... ruo Dailam na osimiri Itil ebe ndị Khazar bi bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị ntọghata. Eze Khazar Joseph zigara Hasdai ibn-Shaprut akwụkwọ ozi ma gwa ya na ndị ya niile gbasoro okwukwe ndị rabaị. Anyị ahụla ụmụ nke ndị Khazars na Toledo, ụmụ nke ndị amamihe, ha agwara anyị na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ha bụ nke nkwenkwe ndị rabaị". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dunlop|first=Douglas M.|title=The History of the Jewish Khazars|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1954}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * al-Andalus * Ihe mgbaru ọsọ * Agha Khazar na Arab * Hasdai ibn Shaprut * Ndị Khazars * [[Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=Kevin Alan|author=Brook|title=The Jews of Khazaria|edition=3rd|location=Lanham|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=978-1538103425}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Douglas M. Dunlop|author=Dunlop|first=Douglas M.|title=The History of the Jewish Khazars|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1954}} * {{Cite book|author=Feldman|first=Alex M.|title=The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2022|isbn=9781474478113}} * {{Cite book|author=Golb|first=Norman|title=Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century|location=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-8014-1221-8}} * {{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-social-studies_spring-summer-2013_19_3/page/n3|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer|first=Shaul|authorlink=Shaul Stampfer}} * {{Cite book|author=Zhivkov|first=Boris|title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-29307-6}} * {{Cite journal|authorlink=Constantin Zuckerman|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine|title=On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor|journal=[[Revue des études byzantines]]|volume=53|year=1995|pages=237–270|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1995_num_53_1_1906}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tlhy9j7m0omfwhpsonwf7y4305mg1ic 0 72686 697807 595855 2026-08-10T08:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Awjila|nativename={{lang|auj|Jlan n Awilen}}|states=[[Libya]]|region=[[Cyrenaica]]|speakers={{sigfig|2,690|2}}|date=2020|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Berber languages|Berber]]|fam3=[[Eastern Berber languages|Eastern]]|fam4=[[Eastern Berber languages|Awjila–Sokna]]|iso3=auj}} Awjila (nke a na akpo Aujila, Augila, Aoudjila, Awgila, Awdjila; aha nke ya: Jlan n Awilen; na ụdị Berber ndị ọzọ Tawjilit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvadorjafer.net/linguasfera/1Afroasiatic/10Tamazic/lingtamazic.htm|title=Linguasfera: Tamazic (Berber)|language=ca|work=Llengües, Literatures i Cultures del Món, [LLCM]|accessdate=2015-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maroc.nl/forums/nieuws-de-dag/122656-berbers-willen-geen-arabieren-meer-zijn-12-print.html|title=Berbers willen geen Arabieren meer zijn|language=nl|work=maroc.nl|date=2014-12-20|accessdate=2015-10-27}}</ref>) bụ ke a na-akpọkwa Aujila, Augila, Aoudjila, Awgila, Awdjila; aha nke aka ya: Jlan n Awilen; n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke Berber Tawjilit na-asụ na Cyrenaica, [[Libya]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=11198&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Libya: UNESCO-CI|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2015-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030150653/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=11198&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|archivedate=2020-10-30}}</ref> na oasis Awjila. N'ihi Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Libya, data ozugbo gbasara asụsụ ahụ enwebeghị ike ịnweta. Otú ọ dị, ozi Facebook site n'aka ndị ọkà okwu na ndị na-eto eto na-ekwu okwu enyewo ụfọdụ data mgbakwunye na nso nso a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Putten|first=Marijn|url=http://corpus.revues.org/2593|title=Attrition and revival in Awjila Berber: Facebook posts as a new data source for an endangered Berber language|journal=Corpus|volume=14|pages=23–58|year=2015|issue=14|doi=10.4000/corpus.2593}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu == Awjila bụ onye otu alaka Berber nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Afroasiatic, nke otu obere asụsụ Eastern Berber. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Sokna nke Libya nke gbahapụrụ agbahapụ ma dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu, yana ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo 2,000-3,000 fọdụrụnụ.. UNESCO na-ewere Awjila dị ka onye nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu n'ihi na ndị na-ekwu okwu kacha nta erutela ma ọ bụ gafere afọ etiti.. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Asụsụ Berber nke Libya chere mmegbu siri ike ihu n'oge Muammar Gaddafi, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mibi nke ụdị ụfọdụ dị ka [[Asụsụ Sokna|Sokna]] na ihe ize ndụ nke ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Awjila na Ghadames. A machibidoro iji asụsụ Berber / [[Amazigh languages|Amazigh]] mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè, Gaddafi gọnahụrụ kpamkpam ịdị adị nke ndị Imazighen, na-ekwu, "kpọ onwe gị ihe ọ bụla ị chọrọ n'ime ụlọ gị - Berbers, ụmụ Setan, ihe ọ bụla - mana ị bụ naanị ndị Libya mgbe ị hapụrụ ụlọ gị". <ref name="gaddafi">{{Cite news|url=http://muftah.org/denied-existence-libyan-berbers-under-gaddafi-and-hope-for-the-current-revolution/|author=Solieman|first=Ishrah|title=Denied Existence: Libyan-Berbers under Gaddafi and Hope for the Current Revolution|publisher=Muftah|date=2011-03-24}}</ref> Ọ gọnahụrụ ịdị adị nke ndị Berber dị ka agbụrụ dị iche, ma kpọọ ndị Berber "ihe sitere na ọchịchị ndị ọzọ" nke West mepụtara iji kewaa Libya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103200010.html|title=Libya: Gaddafi Rails Against 'No Fly' Attacks and Berbers|date=2011-03-20|publisher=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2026-02-26|archivedate=2011-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134313/http://allafrica.com/stories/201103200010.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/libyan-rebels-seize-western-border-crossing-as-fighting-in-mountains-intensifies/2011/04/21/AFaoxhIE_story.html|title=Libyan rebels seize western border crossing, as fighting in mountains intensifies|work=The Washington Post|date=2011-04-21|author=Denyer|first=Simon}}</ref> Ọ na-elekwasị anya ugboro ugboro na ndị na-ahụ maka ikike Amazigh (gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ si mba ọzọ), nke a nwere ike ịkọwa enweghị ozi dị ugbu a na nke emelitere na asụsụ Berber nke Libya na obere ọdịnaya dị, ọbụlagodi na [[Arabic]], na Ịntanetị (dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ a hụrụ na ụdị Amazigh nke Morocco na Algeria). Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị òtù Awjili na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe na Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientalberber.wordpress.com/2014/02/18/awjili-negation-and-facebook/|title=Awjili negation and Facebook|work=Oriental Berber|date=2014-02-18|author=Souag|first=Lameen|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603053102/http://orientalberber.wordpress.com/2014/02/18/awjili-negation-and-facebook/|archivedate=2014-06-03}}</ref> 39mpfx44vcfovmkd8quplujg3zhi5hx 0 72714 697645 596258 2026-08-10T04:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Book of Nestor the Priest''''', originally titled '''''Account of the Disputation of the Priest''''' (''Qissat Mujadalat al-Asquf'' Arabic: قصة مجادلة الأسقف) or its Hebrew textual avatar '''Sefer Nestor Ha-Komer''' (written c. 900 CE)<ref name="Reeves">{{Cite journal|author=Reeves|first=John C.|title=The Polemic of Nestor the Priest, Qiṣṣat Mujādalat al-Usquf and Sefer Nestor Ha-Komer: Introduction, Annotated Translations, and Commentaryby Daniel J. Lasker; Sarah Stroumsa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1999_119_2/page/346|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1999|volume=119|issue=2|pages=346–347|doi=10.2307/606138}}</ref> is thought to be the earliest surviving anti-Christian Jewish polemic. The original version of the book was written in Judeo-Arabic, and a translation to Hebrew which confused an opening quote from Nestorius with the name of the author of the book, who is actually unknown.<ref name="Reeves" /> It cites extensively and critically from the New Testament and Church sources. The title ''komer'' (כומר) describes a Christian priest (in modern Hebrew the word is used both for Catholic or Orthodox priests and for Protestant ministers), rather than a kohen or Jewish priest. The text is written as the story of a Christian priest (wrongly named Nestor in the Hebrew translation) who converted to Judaism and wrote a critical account of the fundamental Christian doctrine regarding the nature of Jesus and the Trinity.<ref name="Reeves" /> It was also used by Muslim polemic writers against Christianity.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lieberman|first=Phillip I.|date=2021-12-23|title=Jews as Producers and Consumers of History in the Medieval Islamicate World|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/qsa/16/1-2/article-p292_11.xml|journal=Quaderni di Studi Arabi|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=292–312|doi=10.1163/2667016X-16010012|issn=2667-016X}}</ref> Mbipụta nke oge a פולמוס נסתור הכומר The Polemic of Nestor the Priest nke Daniel J. Lasker na Sarah Stroumsa dere bụ nke Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East bipụtara, 1996. == Hụkwa == * Toledot Yeshu * Milhamoth ha-Shem nke Jacob Ben Reuben 12C * Sefer Nizzahon Yashan ma ọ bụ Nizzahon vetus 13C * Sefer Joseph Hamekane nke R. Joseph hen R. Nathan onye ọrụ 13C (Paris MS) * Nkume Mmetụta nke Ibn Shaprut == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 09t7oprtkz7u8lswmfszehuy3u467j0 0 72822 697489 596207 2026-08-10T01:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Chilean Sign Language|states=[[Chile]]|speakers=21,000|date=2011|familycolor=Sign|fam1=?[[Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family|Chile-Paraguay-Uruguay Sign]]<br />?[[Francosign]]|iso3=csg}} '''Chilean Sign Language''' (Spanish: Lengua de señas chilena, '''LSCh''') bụ asụsụ ogbi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ asaa ndị ntị chiri na Chile. Ndị mmadụ na Chile niile na-eji ya, ọ bụkwa asụsụ mbụ ndị mmadụ ji eme ihe obodo ndị ogbi, a na-eji ha eme nkọwa telivishọn. E nwere mgbanwe dị iche iche n'asụsụ ahụ dabere na ihe ndị dị ka ebe obodo, afọ, na ebe agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite journal|author=Parks|first=Elizabeth|date=2011|title=A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Deaf People of Chile|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/38/94/20/38942092294949625251859003265857053622/silesr2011_027.pdf|journal=SIL International}}</ref> == Nkesa Ala == A na-asụkarị ya na [[Chile]] niile === Mpaghara === * Santiago * Iquique * Puerto Montt * [[Punta Arenas]] === Atụmatụ Ojiji Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ === Na 2004, a chọpụtara na ihe dị ka mmadụ 292,700 (1.8%) nke ndị Chile nwere ụdị nsogbu ntị. Ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị nwere nsogbu ntị karịrị afọ 65. Nke a na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eji LSCh dị naanị ihe dị ka mmadụ 21,000. == Ịghọta na Ọnọdụ == === Ọrụ na Iwu Gọọmentị === === Agụmakwụkwọ === E nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ iri abụọ gbasaara na Chile maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri. Enweghị otu usoro ime ya ebe obodo dị iche iche na-eme ya n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na isi obodo mba ahụ, Santiago, a na-amata ụmụ akwụkwọ naanị dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ ndị na-akatọ naanị ma na-amụta ihe n'ebe dị iche iche. A na-amata ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ihe e tinyere n'ime ha dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu naanị. E nwere mahadum anọ e mepụtara maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri dabere na akara ule a na-ahazi. Ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na n'ime mmadụ iri na asaa, ihe dị ka mmadụ iri ka a kụziiri LSCh site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe mmadụ asaa ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ ha kụziiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-anọghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. === Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu === LSCh nwere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ole na ole a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ Spanish site na LSCh, dịka ''Diccionario Bilingüe Lengua de Señas Chilena-Español'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mineduc.cl/index2.php?id_seccion=4270&id_portal=20&id_contenido=20646|title=Educación Especial|work=www.mineduc.cl|accessdate=25 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027090519/http://www.mineduc.cl/index2.php?id_portal=20&id_seccion=4270&id_contenido=20646|archivedate=27 October 2015}}</ref> Na 2008, ndị nnọchiteanya iri atọ si n'akụkụ Chile niile zukọrọ ọnụ iji mepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọkọlọtọ. == Mkpisi mkpịsị aka == Mkpụrụedemede aka nke LSCh gụnyere mkpụrụedemede Spanish iri abụọ na asaa, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ogbi, a na-ejikwa ya ede aha na okwu ndị na-enweghị akara ọkọlọtọ. A na-akọwa mkpụpụta mkpịsị aka dị ka ụdị anya nke na-egosipụta grapheme ndị mejupụtara okwu, na-enye ụzọ isi nweta ozi nkewa nke okwu. <ref name="Puente">{{Cite journal|author=Puente|first=Anibal|date=2006|title=Fingerspelling and Sign Language as Alternative Codes for Reading and Writing Words for Chilean Deaf Signers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-annals-of-the-deaf_summer-2006_151_3/page/299|journal=American Annals of the Deaf|volume=151|issue=3|pages=299–310|doi=10.1353/aad.2006.0039|pmid=17087440}}</ref> E tinyela ya n'ime obodo ndị ntị chiri maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya nke gụnyere "mgbe echiche enweghị akara kpọmkwem, maka aha kwesịrị ekwesị, maka akara mgbazinye, ma ọ bụ mgbe akara ndị na-edoghị anya." <ref name="Puente" /> [[Faịlụ:Alfabetochileno.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|MmMkpụrụedemede mkpịsị aka Chile (lee onye na-ege ntị)]] == Leekwa == * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Chile * Asụsụ ndị ogbi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{sign language navigation}} 5q8ijulq3fw56ik5ewi7v62nepm5ret 0 72830 697925 596215 2026-08-10T10:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ịbịanye Aka n'Eziokwu Bekee''' ( ''SEE-II'', mgbe ụfọdụ, '''Bekee Ezubere Aka''' ) bụ usoro nkwukọrịta aka nke na-agbalị ịbụ ihe nnọchianya kpọmkwem nke [[Asụsụ Bekee|okwu]] na ụtọasụsụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] . Ọ bụ otu n'ime [[Ejiri aka tinye akara bekee|ọtụtụ usoro ndị dị otú ahụ]] a na-eji na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee. Ọ metụtara [[Ejiri aka tinye akara bekee|Seeing Essential English]] (SEE-I), usoro akara aka nke e mepụtara na 1945, dabere na ụdị okwu Bekee. SEE-II na-egosipụta ọtụtụ n'ime okwu akara ya site na Asụsụ Ama Ama nke America (ASL), mana ọ na-agbanwe ọdịdị aka ejiri na ASL iji jiri ọdịdị aka nke mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke okwu Bekee kwekọrọ. A naghị ewere SEE-II dị ka asụsụ ASL n'onwe ya; kama ọ bụ usoro e mepụtara maka asụsụ—ya bụ, maka Bekee. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Tupu afọ 1970, ụmụaka ntị chiri nwere ike inweta agụmakwụkwọ "naanị ọnụ", ebe ndị nkuzi na ndị okenye ndị ọzọ anaghị eji akara n'ime klas. N'ihe dị ka mmalite afọ 1970, a malitere iji akara n'ime klas " nkwukọrịta zuru oke ". ASL ka bụ asụsụ a ma ama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a ka mepụtara ụdị [[Ejiri aka tinye akara bekee|Bekee ejiri aka dee]] . Isi ihe atọ mere ka e mepụta Bekee ejiri aka dee, nke a na-akpọ "Signing Exact English (SEE), karịsịa. N'oge ahụ, enweghị afọ ojuju na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka ntị chiri, ebe ọ bụ na nsogbu na nhazi okwu na ọdịdị na-ebelata ikike ide ihe ha. Na mgbakwunye, a hụrụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ntị na ụmụaka ntị chiri gbasara ihe ọmụma gbasara mmepe asụsụ nkịtị. N'ikpeazụ, nchegbu bilitere n'ihe gbasara ịgụ okwu na mgbagwoju anya nke ịdabere naanị na ịgụ okwu. Ka nchegbu na-arị elu maka obere ọkwa agụm akwụkwọ na nkà agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri nwetara, sistemụ akara ejiri aka dee malitere ịmalite. David Anthony, onye nkuzi ntị chiri, mepụtara usoro Bekee mbụ (SEE-I), ya na ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka ndị nkuzi ntị chiri ndị ọzọ yana ndị nne na nna nwere ụmụ ntị chiri. A maara nke a taa dị ka Usoro Mbara Igwe (MSS). Ndị otu Anthony ndị ọzọ lere usoro a anya dị ka nke na-ezughị oke, Gerilee Gustason, nwanyị ntị chiri na onye nkuzi ntị chiri, yana ndị otu ndị ọzọ nke otu SEE-I mbụ mepụtara SEE-II. E mepụtara SEE-II iji nye ụmụaka ntị chiri na ndị na-anaghị anụ ihe otu ikike nkwurịta okwu Bekee dịka ndị ọgbọ ha na-anụkarị. E bipụtara ya na mbụ na 1972 site n'aka Gustasen, Pfetzing, na Zawolkow, SEE-II na-adaba na akara ngosi anya na nhazi asụsụ Bekee. N'adịghị ka ASL, nke bụ asụsụ n'ezie ma nwee usoro ụtọasụsụ pụrụ iche nke ya, e zubere SEE-II ka ọ bụrụ ihe nlereanya anya nke Bekee a na-asụ ma na-enye ụmụaka nwere nsogbu ntị ohere ịnweta Bekee ziri ezi, dịka ụmụaka niile na-anụ ihe na-enweta n'ebe agụmakwụkwọ. SEE na-eji usoro okwu Bekee, mgbakwunye nke ihe mgbakwunye na oge, imepụta akara ọhụrụ ndị a na-anaghị anọchite anya na ASL na iji mkpụrụokwu mbụ nwere akara ntọala iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu Bekee ndị yiri ya. SEE-II dị na akwụkwọ na ihe ndị ọzọ. SEE-II gụnyere ihe dị ka akara 4,000, nke 70 n'ime ha bụ njedebe okwu ma ọ bụ ihe nrịbama a na-ahụkarị. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere Bekee e ji aka dee, SEE-II gụnyere ọrụ mmegharị ahụ na nghọta ka elu. == Ụdị aka == Ọdịdị aka bụ otu n'ime ihe anọ dị na ihe ịrịba ama ma na-ebu ọtụtụ ozi gbasara ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla. Ụdị ihe ịrịba ama abụọ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihe ịrịba ama na-agbanwe agbanwe gụnyere mmegharị aka, ọdịdị aka ahụ nwekwara ike ịnọgide otu ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịgbanwe site n'otu ọdịdị aka gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, naanị ọdịdị aka na mmalite na njedebe nke ihe ịrịba ama na-agbanwe agbanwe dị mkpa iji ghọta ihe ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla pụtara. E nweela ihe dị ka ụdị aka 30-40 akọwapụtara na SEE, ha nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe yiri nke ASL. === Ụdị aka nke SEE-II na ASL === ASL bụ asụsụ zuru oke, pụrụ iche, nke pụtara na ọ bụghị naanị na o nwere okwu nke ya kamakwa usoro asụsụ na usoro okwu nke ya nke dị iche na Bekee a na-asụ. SEE-II abụghị ezigbo asụsụ kama ọ bụ usoro nke akara ngosi nke dabere na akara sitere na asụsụ ASL iji kparịta ụka na Bekee site na akara na mkpịsị aka. Okwu nke SEE-II bụ njikọta nke akara ASL, akara ASL agbanwere agbanwe, ma ọ bụ akara Bekee pụrụ iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Signing Savvy|url=http://www.signingsavvy.com/blog/45/The+difference+between+ASL+and+English+signs}}</ref> Ihe kpatara akara SEE-II ji dị iche na ASL bụ ịgbakwunye nghọta ka e wee ghọta okwu Bekee kpọmkwem maka mkparịta ụka ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ - akara maka "ụgbọ ala" na ASL bụ aka "S" abụọ na-egosipụta aka dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-ejide ma na-ebugharị wiil. Nke a bụ otu akara eji eme ụgbọala ọ bụla nke wiil na-achịkwa. Na SEE-II, aka C abụọ na-abịanye aka na "ụgbọ ala", otu n'elu nke ọzọ, na-apụ n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Iji kọwaa ụgbọala ọzọ, a na-agbanwe ọdịdị aka ka ọ gụnye mbido mbụ nke ụdị ụgbọala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, V maka "van", B maka "bọs", J maka "jeep", wdg). A na-akpọ nke a akara mmalite - a na-eme ka ihe akara ahụ pụtara doo anya site n'iji mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke okwu Bekee e zubere ịmalite akara ahụ. Nke a na-enye onye bịanyere aka ohere ịkọwapụta kpọmkwem ihe ha chọrọ ikwurịta na Bekee. == Ojiji == Ebe ọ bụ na SEE-II bụ asụsụ Bekee e ji aka dee, SEE-II na ụdị ya dị iche iche nwere ike ịdị mfe maka ndị na-asụ Bekee ịmụta. Ugbu a, nwa akwụkwọ nkịtị nke ndị ntị chiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-anaghị anụ ihe nke ọma na-agụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ihe dị ka ọkwa klas nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke anọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mueller|first=Vannesa|title=Technology-Enhanced Shared Reading With Deaf and Hard- of-Hearing Children: The Role of a Fluent Signing Narrator|journal=Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education|year=2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=72–101|doi=10.1093/deafed/enp023|pmid=19734237}}</ref> E jirila SEE-II mee ihe n'olileanya ịkwalite nkà ịgụ ihe n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri. Ụmụaka ndị tolitere na SEE-II dị ugbu a n'afọ 20 na 30 ha ma bụrụ ndị otu obodo ntị chiri. Nnyocha obere <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Appelman, K. I., Callahan, J. O., Mayer, M. H., Luetke, B. S., & Stryker, D. S.|date=2012|title=Education, employment, and independent living of young adults who are Deaf and hard of hearing|journal=American Annals of the Deaf|volume=157|issue=3|pages=264–275|doi=10.1353/aad.2012.1619|pmid=22978202}}</ref> nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 46 bụbu ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Northwest nke America nke na-eji SEE gosiri na ọtụtụ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma gaa kọleji. Ọtụtụ gụchara akwụkwọ na kọleji ma nweta ọrụ, biri ndụ n'adabereghị onwe ha (78.8%), nwee ike ịnya ụgbọala (93.3%), ma votu (88.9%). Ihe dị ka 15% nke ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe a na-enweta ego nchekwa mgbakwunye . Òtù na-akwado Hands &amp;amp; Voices na-arụ ụka na SEE-II dị mfe maka ndị nne na nna na ndị nkuzi ụmụaka ntị chiri ịmụta asụsụ Bekee n'ihi na ha anaghị amụta ụtọasụsụ ọhụrụ, nakwa na ọ na-enye nkwado maka ndị mmadụ na-eji ihe e tinyere n'ime cochlear, na-enyere ha aka ịhazi ọdịdị aka SEE-II ha na-ahụ na ntị na okwu ha na-ekwu. <ref name="Stephenson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.handsandvoices.org/comcon/articles/see.htm|title=Communication Considerations: Signing Exact English (SEE)|author=Stephenson|first=Patrice|accessdate=5 December 2013}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ojiji nke Signing Exact English abụrụla ihe arụmụka mana na 2012, Dr. Marc Marschark (onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Deaf Studies'' and ''Deaf Education'' ) tụrụ aro ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkwado dị mma maka ige ntị, ikwu okwu, asụsụ Bekee, na ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">ihe e dere n'ebe a chọrọ</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ụfọdụ ndị ntị chiri na-ahụ na SEE siri ike ịghọta na imepụta nke ọma. Ndị otu obodo ntị chiri amụrụ na 1980s na-etolitekarị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke ịdenye aka na ikwu okwu ma na-eme ya n'oge ndụ ha toro eto. N'adịghị ka ụdị Bekee e ji koodu dee, dị ka SEE-II, ASL bụ asụsụ e si n'okike mepụta, ọ dị oke mkpa ka ụmụaka na-eji SEE nwee ohere ịmụta ASL. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mellon, Nancy K., [[John Niparko|John K. Niparko]], Christian Rathmann, Gaurav Mathur, Tom Humphries, Donna Jo Napoli, Theresa Handley, Sasha Scambler, and John D. Lantos.|date=2015|title=Should all deaf children learn sign language?|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/1/170.short|journal=Pediatrics|volume=136|issue=1|pages=170–176|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1632|pmid=26077481}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ndị nkuzi na-akwado ya dịka ụzọ isi nye ụmụaka ntị chiri ohere ịhụ ụdị asụsụ Bekee. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">Ntụaka achọrọ</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> E nwere nnyocha e bipụtara na ''Journal of Deaf Studies in Deaf Education'' na 2013 iji gosi na SEE na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ obodo maka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ usoro nkwukọrịta n'ụzọ teknụzụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Johnson|first=Robert E|title=Unlocking the Curriculum: Principles for Achieving Access in Deaf Education.|year=1989|publisher=Gallaudet Research Institute|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=89–3}}</ref> Ọ na-enye ndị na-akanye aka ohere ịhapụ okwu medial morphemes mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ikwu ma bịanye aka na ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-emepụta akara maka ''ule'' na akara abụọ: ULE + -TION. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Signing Family: What Every Parent Should Know about Sign Communication|year=1998|publisher=Gallaudet University Press|location=Washington D.C.|pages=Chapter 6|author=Stewart, David}}</ref> Sistemụ ahụ na-eche na ebe ọ bụ na ''ule'' abụghị okwu n'asụsụ Bekee, onye na-ekiri ihe ga-ejupụta akụkụ ndị na-efu, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-egosipụtakwa nke a site na okwu ha nwere ike ịghọta kwa ụbọchị na mmemme ebe a na-eji SEE (Northwest School for Hearing-North-Death Children in Seattle). Ya mere, onye na-eji SEE-II ga-ebu ụzọ mara Bekee iji ghọta ụdị ziri ezi. A ghaghị ịkụziri ụmụaka ihe ịrịba ama ndị nwere ihe nnọchianya morphemic Bekee na-ezughị ezu dịka ọ na-eme mgbe ụmụaka na-amụta ịgụ usoro ide Bekee, naanị na-ezughị ezu n'oge mana ha na-eje ozi bara uru (dịka SEE si eme). Na mgbakwunye, maka iji asụsụ ihe atụ, akara ga-asụgharị n'ụzọ nkịtị site na Bekee a na-asụ gaa na Bekee E Signed. Iji mụtakwuo maka SEE na irè ya, gụọ nyocha kachasị ọhụrụ dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ bụ isi gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ntị chiri. Arụmụka ọzọ megide SEE-II bụ na ọ nwere ike ọ bụghị ụzọ nkwukọrịta kachasị dị irè. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hoffman|first=Andrew|title=Signed Exact English|url=http://lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/signedenglish02.htm}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ASL na-arụ ụka na SEE-II na-eji usoro nkwukọrịta kpọmkwem eji eme ihe n'usoro asụsụ nke Asụsụ Ogbi nke Amerịka (ASL) ma na-ejupụta ya na okwu ndị dabere na Bekee nke na-ebelata nkwurịta okwu ma na-eme ka ọ siere ndị mmekọ nkwurịta okwu ike ịgbaso. Ha kwenyere na SEE-II nwere ike ịbụ ngwaọrụ maka ịkụzi Bekee mana ekwesịrị ịnọ naanị na gburugburu klaasị. == Esemokwu agụmakwụkwọ == Na United States, ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ nke ndị nkuzi nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-anaghị anụ ihe nke ọma na-akụzi ihe site n'ụdị asụsụ ogbi ma ọ bụ sistemụ ejiri aka dee koodu; nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ASL, SEE-II, SEE-I, ma ọ bụ Bekee E ji aka dee/aka dee, ma ọ bụ njikọta ha. Arụmụka a bụ ma SEE-II ọ bara ụmụaka uru iji kwado ozizi ya kama ASL nke naanị 6% nke ụmụaka na-eji taa. Ndị na-akwado SEE-II na-egosi site na nyocha na sistemụ ahụ bara uru n'inyere ụmụaka aka ịmụta ige ntị, ikwu okwu, ịghọta na iji Bekee yana ịgụ na ide Bekee dịka ndị ọgbọ ha si eme. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Luetke-Stahlman|first=Barbara|year=1988|title=The benefit of oral English-only as compared with signed input to hearing-impaired students|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_volta-review_1988-12_90_7/page/349|journal=The Volta Review|volume=90|issue=7|pages=349–61}}</ref> Ha na-ekwukwa na SEE-II nwere ike ịdị dị ka ihe ọzọ bara uru karịa ASL na-egbochighị mmụta ASL, <ref name="Luetke2">{{Cite journal|pmid=2346108|year=1990|author=Luetke-Stahlman|first=B|title=Can SEE-2 children understand ASL-using adults?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-annals-of-the-deaf_spring-1990_135_1/page/7|volume=135|issue=1|pages=7–8|journal=American Annals of the Deaf|doi=10.1353/aad.2012.0454}}</ref> n'ihi na ọ dị mfe ịmụta maka ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ọnụ, dịka ndị nwere obere ntị ma ọ bụ enweghị nsogbu ntị. <ref name="Luetke3">{{Cite journal|pmid=2091451|year=1990|author=Luetke-Stahlman|first=B|title=Enhancing parents' use of SEE-2. Progress and retention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-annals-of-the-deaf_1990-12_135_5/page/371|volume=135|issue=5|pages=371–8|journal=American Annals of the Deaf|doi=10.1353/aad.2012.0442}}</ref> Ndị mmegide na-ekwu maka ọghọm dị n'ịnwa ịkwalite ojiji nkịtị nke sistemụ ejiri aka dee koodu, nke na-abụghị asụsụ n'ezie, ma na-arụ ụka na SEE-II na-enye uru iji kwado akụrụngwa agụmakwụkwọ nke enwere ike itinye n'ịkwalite nnabata ASL zuru ụwa ọnụ. == Leekwa == * Nkwukọrịta zuru oke * [[Usoro akara Gorman|Okwu Paget Gorman Binyere Aka]] * Okwu a na-akpọ "Site n'Ọnụọgụ" == Edensibia == <references /> == Ịgụkwu ihe == * {{Cite book|author=Gustason|first=Gerilee|title=Signing Exact English|publisher=Moderns Signs Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0916708238|url=https://archive.org/details/libroparalasfami00gust}} * {{Cite journal|author=MacDougall|first=James C.|title=The development of the Australasian signed English system|journal=Australian Teacher of the Deaf|volume=29|year=1988|pages=18–36}} * Appelman, K.; Callahan, J.; Mayer, M.; Luetke, B.; & Stryker, D. (Spring, 2012). A Comparison of Post-Secondary Measures of Success When Students are Deaf or Hard of Hearing, ''American Annals of the Deaf''. Volume 157, Number 3, Summer 2012 * Luetke, B. Nielsen, D.C. & Stryker, D. (2010). Addressing the need to develop morphemic awareness en route to reading English proficiently when students are deaf or hard of hearing; documenting; the unrealized, empirically-substantiated use of Signing Exact English. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. == Njikọ mpụga == * http://www.handspeak.com/study/index.php?id=86 Ihe ngosi na akụrụngwa * http://www.signingexactenglish.com/ Weebụsaịtị a bụ ebe zuru oke maka ozi nke na-enye akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị nke akara SEE. Ị nwere ike ịghọ "onye otu" nke saịtị a site na ịkwụ ụgwọ. Nke a na-enye gị ohere ịnweta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị na onye ntụgharị nke akara SEE. * https://web.archive.org/web/20141109175951/http://www.seecenter.org/resources.html : Ebe a na-enye ọzụzụ na nkwado maka SEE n'ịntanetị. Ọ na-enyekwa ozi gbasara ogbako na ebe nnwale mpaghara nke ndị na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị ezinụlọ ha nwere ike ịga. * https://seemysigns.com/ Alisa George bụ onye ntụgharị okwu na onye nkuzi asambodo ESSE na Northwest School maka ụmụaka ntị chiri na ndị ntị chiri, ọ na-abanyekwa aka na SEE ruo ihe karịrị afọ 20. Ọ na-akụzi ihe n'ụlọ ahịa nkà dị n'ógbè ahụ yana ịhazi na ịkụzi klaasị kwa ọnwa atọ n'onwe na n'ịntanetị. * Article title Emma na Egor na-enye akwụkwọ, egwuregwu na ihe enyemaka nkuzi maka ndị nne na nna, ndị nkuzi na ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka ntị chiri, ndị na-anaghị anụ ihe na ndị na-anaghị ekwu okwu. fdfgzivveucd4gbo1t8kzxelpne37xg 0 73001 697454 632947 2026-08-09T19:08:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697454 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ainehi Edoro''' (amụrụ na 11 Disemba) <ref name="Happy Birthday to Ainehi Edoro" /> bụ onye edemede Naịjirịa, onye nkatọ na onye gụrụ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye hiwere ma bipụta blọgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka bụ Brittle Paper. Ọ bụ ugbu a osote prọfesọ nke Global Black Literatures na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison.<ref name="one" /> Akụkụ nnyocha ya gụnyere akụkọ ifo nke narị afọ nke 21, akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ/ọha na eze, Akwụkwọ akụkọ Anglophone zuru ụwa ọnụ, Akwụkwọ edemede Afrịka, Akụkọ ifo Britain nke oge a, Echiche Akwụkwọ, Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị, na Mmadụ Dijitalụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/contact/|title=Contact Us|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> == Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Edoro was born in [[Akure]], Nigeria, and grew up in [[Obodo Benin|Benin City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejournalist.org.za/contributor/ainehi-edoro/|title=Einehi Edoro|work=The Journalist|date=23 February 2016|accessdate=18 August 2022}}</ref> While working on her doctorate from Duke University, Edoro founded ''Brittle Paper''.<ref name="Happy Birthday to Ainehi Edoro">{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/12/happy-birthday-ainehi-edoro-brittle-papers-founder-editor/|title=Happy Birthday to Ainehi Edoro, Founder and Editor of Brittle Paper|work=Brittle Paper|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=2 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://brittlepaper.com/2017/12/happy-birthday-ainehi-edoro-brittle-papers-founder-editor/ "Happy Birthday to Ainehi Edoro, Founder and Editor of Brittle Paper"]. ''Brittle Paper''. 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Until June 2018, she was assistant professor at Marquette University. Her interests are centered on fictional African literature.<ref name="one">{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/06/ainehi-edoro-to-leave-marquette-university-for-dual-appointment-at-university-of-winscosin-madison/|title=Ainehi Edoro to Leave Marquette University for Dual Appointment at University of Wisconsin-Madison|work=Brittle Paper|date=4 June 2018|accessdate=2 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://brittlepaper.com/2018/06/ainehi-edoro-to-leave-marquette-university-for-dual-appointment-at-university-of-winscosin-madison/ "Ainehi Edoro to Leave Marquette University for Dual Appointment at University of Wisconsin-Madison"]. ''Brittle Paper''. 4 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marquette.edu/english/Edoro.shtml|title=AINEHI EDORO|publisher=Marquette University|accessdate=2 August 2018|archivedate=18 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718124335/http://www.marquette.edu/english/Edoro.shtml}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2018, Edoro guzobere Brittle Paper, blọọgụ maka ndị na-akwado Akwụkwọ Africa. N'ịkọwa etu o si bịa na Jennifer Emelife, ọ kọwara, sị: "Nkebi nke akwụkwọ na-eme ka ọdịdị na-adịghị adịte aka nke ọrụ edemede na echiche n'ime oghere dijitalụ...Brittle Paper bụ maka idekọ ndụ nke ederede n'ime ohere mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.praxismagonline.com/celebrating-brittle-paper-7-interview-founder-ainehi-edoro/|title=Brittle Paper at 7-Interview with Founder, Ainehi Edoro|first=Jennifer|author=Emilife|work=Praxis Magazine|date=31 July 2017|accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> Dị ka Edoro si kwuo, enweghị afọ ojuju n'ịkekọrịta echiche edemede ya naanị na ndị agụmakwụkwọ ya bụ ihe dugara ya na ịde blọgụ, agbanyeghị na ebumnuche ya bụ "akụkọ akụkọ ifo na ọdịbendị edemede Africa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/interview-with-ainehi-edoro-founder-of-brittlepaper-com/|title=Interview with Ainehi Edoro, Founder of BrittlePaper.com|first=Sola|author=Osofisan|work=African Writer|date=1 February 2015|accessdate=2 August 2018|archivedate=6 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115244/https://www.africanwriter.com/interview-with-ainehi-edoro-founder-of-brittlepaper-com/}}</ref> Edoro bụ onye edemede na-enye aka na Africa Is A Country, nke bụ saịtị nke echiche, nyocha, na ederede ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/about|title=About Us|work=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Eprel 2020, osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Brittle Paper, Otosirieze Obi-Young, kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ maka mbipụta ahụ n'ihi esemokwu nchịkọta akụkọ. Okwu ndị ọchịchị edoghị anya ma dị iche ma ọ kwụsịrị ma ọ bụ chụpụrụ ya.<ref name="Edoro statement">{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/04/statement-on-the-departure-of-brittle-papers-former-deputy-editor/|title=Statement on the Departure of Brittle Paper's Former Deputy Editor|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|work=Brittle Paper|date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Otosirieze on leaving">{{Cite web|url=https://otosirieze.com/statement-on-leaving-brittle-paper/|title=Statement on Leaving Brittle Paper|author=Otosirieze|date=15 April 2020|work=otosirieze.com|accessdate=4 March 2026|archivedate=23 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423190116/https://otosirieze.com/statement-on-leaving-brittle-paper/}}</ref> Esemokwu ahụ gbara gburugburu mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime n'akụkọ banyere [[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]], onye edemede na nwunye gọvanọ Kaduna steeti Mallam Nasir El-Ru fai. Hadiza Isma El-Rufai gbachitere egwu nwa ya nwoke na-eyi onye ọrụ Twitter n'ike n'oge arụmụka na netwọk mmekọrịta, na-ekwu "Kwụsị ifufe, na-ewepụta ifufe. Ihe niile ziri ezi n'ịhụnanya na agha" mgbe a dọrọ ya aka ná ntị maka okwu nwa ya nwoke Bello, tupu ya emesịa rịọ mgbaghara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/387581-outrage-as-el-rufais-son-threatens-to-gang-rape-twitter-users-mother.html|title=Outrage as El-Rufai's son threatens to gang rape Twitter user's mother|work=[[Premium Times]]|first=Samuel|author=Ogundipe|date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/387730-hadiza-el-rufai-apologises-denounces-sons-pro-rape-tweet.html|title=Hadiza El-Rufai apologises, denounces son's pro-rape Tweet|first=Samuel|author=Ogundipe|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Onye nchịkọta akụkọ na osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Brittle Paper enweghị ike ịbịaru nkwekọrịta banyere idezi na post Brittle Paper, ya mere e wepụrụ post ahụ, tinyere nkwupụta dị mkpirikpi. N'echi ya, Obi-Young kpaliri esemokwu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta site na nkwupụta ọha na eze nke edepụtara na blọọgụ ya. Nkwupụta ahụ gụnyere ebubo a na-ejighị n'aka megide Brittle Paper na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, ma mepụta echiche nkwekọrịta na Twitter.<ref name="Otosirieze on leaving" /> Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Brittle Paper zaghachiri esemokwu ahụ na nkwupụta na 15 Eprel 2020, ebe ọ gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ. N'ịzaghachi ebubo Obi-Young nke censorship na misogyny, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ahụ kwuru na Brittle Paper dere akụkọ iri na-ese okwu, na-akwado nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-emegide censorship.<ref name="Edoro statement" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * "Achebe's Evil Forest: Space, Violence, and Order in Things Fall Apart Journal of Postcolonial Enquiry", ''The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry'', April 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Edoro-Glines|first=Ainehi|date=April 2018|title=Achebe's Evil Forest: Space, Violence, and Order in Things Fall Apart|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2052261417000551/type/journal_article|journal=The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=176–192|doi=10.1017/pli.2017.55|issn=2052-2614}}</ref> * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/06/how-not-to-talk-about-african-fiction "How not to talk about African fiction"], ''The Guardian'', 6 April 2016. * [https://africasacountry.com/2018/11/gods-of-fiction-african-writers-and-the-fantasy-of-power "Gods of Fiction: African Writers and the Fantasy of Power"], ''Africa Is a Country.'' * [https://africasacountry.com/2018/02/africa-is-a-country-in-wakanda "Africa is a country in Wakanda"], ''Africa Is a Country.'' == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2018, edepụtara Edoro na "100 Women" nke OkayAfrica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/media-1/2018/2/28/ainehi-edoro-glines|title=Ainehi Edoro-Glines|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|language=en-US|accessdate=10 March 2020|archivedate=14 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014191751/https://100women.okayafrica.com/media-1/2018/2/28/ainehi-edoro-glines}}</ref> E depụtakwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ise kachasị nwee mmetụta na 2016 site na Guardian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/five-most-influential-nigerian-women-of-2016/|title=Five most influential Nigerian women of 2016|first=Sinem|author=Bilen-Onabanjo|date=3 December 2016|work=Guardian|accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, e bipụtara ihe odide ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain ''The Guardian'', ebe ọ hụrụ ịkpa ókè n'echiche nke ndị edemede Afrịka site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/06/how-not-to-talk-about-african-fiction|title=How not to talk about African fiction|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|date=6 April 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> Na June 2018, Edoro bụ onye isi ikpe na asọmpi edemede [[Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLC|GTBank]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/decade-old-story-wins-gtbanks-dusty-manuscript-contest/|title=Decade old story wins GTBank's Dusty Manuscript Contest|work=The Eagle Online|date=21 June 2018|accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye mgbasa ozi nke onye edemede Africa nke afọ site na Brittle Paper . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/lola-shoneyin-named-literary-person-of-the-year-id8176181.html|title=Nigerian author named Literary Person of the Year|work=Pulse|date=28 March 2018}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2pfzjq4jvob3166d1cw0g42iub56nvg 0 73072 697468 596744 2026-08-09T22:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Grande_Paix_de_Montréal_14_Signature_des_AMIKOUÉS.svg|thumb|Amikwa mbinye aka nke beaver na Great Peace of Montreal.]] Ndị '''''amik''''' ( Ojibwe: Amikwaa, "Ndị Beaver"; site na amik, "beaver"), nakwa dịka Amicouës, Amikouet, wdg., bụ agbụrụ ndị America, otu n'ime ndị mbụ ndị Europe nabatara na narị afọ nke 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hifn.ca/?page_id=295|title=Emerging History|publisher=Henvey Inlet First Nation|accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref> Ndị Amikwa bụ ndị Anishinaabeg, ma na-asụ Asụsụ Ojibwe. Na Mmekọrịta Jesuit, a na-akpọ ndị Amikwa dị ka '''Nez Perce''' (ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na ndị Pacific Northwest Nez Perce). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpRrp_PJnFIC&dq=amikwa+Nez+Perce&pg=PA164|title=Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced|isbn=9780786451692|author=Clark|first=Patricia Roberts|date=2009-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_10.html|title=The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 10|accessdate=2014-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228060627/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_10.html|archivedate=2014-12-28}}</ref> Ha biri n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Huron, n'ihu Manitoulin Island, n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'etiti Missisagi na French Rivers, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Spanish. Na Septemba 1753, Bacqueville de la Potherie kwuru na ha biri n'ụsọ Ọdọ Mmiri Nipissing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/a/amikwa_history.htm|title=Amikwa Indian Tribe History|date=9 July 2011|publisher=Access Genealogy|accessdate=22 August 2012|archivedate=15 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315053913/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/a/amikwa_history.htm}}</ref> Ha bụ nnukwu ìgwè dị ike nke jikọtara ya na ndị Nipissings ma nwee njikọ na ndị Outchougai, [[Mandua]], na [[Atchiligouan]].<ref name="Bellfy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/supplements/excerpts/Spring%2011/9780803213487_excerpt.pdf|author=Bellfy, Phil|title=Three Fires Unity: The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands|publisher=Nebraska Press|accessdate=22 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103224902/http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/supplements/excerpts/Spring%2011/9780803213487_excerpt.pdf|archivedate=2014-01-03}}</ref> Ọrịa na agha ndị Iroquois fọrọ nke nta ka ha kpochapụ ndị Amikwa, o yikwara ka onye ikpeazụ n'ime ebo ahụ ejikọtala na ndị Nipissings ma ọ bụ ndị Ojibwe.<ref name="Bellfy" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 15tk01igiqp5gzfe886byz08dchjgmq 0 73178 697834 672451 2026-08-10T09:04:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Iñapari|nativename=|pronunciation=|states=[[Peru]]|region=[[Las Piedras River (Peru)]]|speakers=5|date=2020|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[Piro languages|Piro]]|nation={{flag|Peru}}|iso3=inp|notice=IPA}} '''Iñapari''' bụ asụsụ obodo South America nke dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu, nke naanị mmadụ anọ na Peru na-asụ n'akụkụ osimiri Las Piedras dị nso n'ọnụ osimiri Sabaluyoq. Asụsụ a agwụla na Bolivia dị nso. Ndị ọkà okwu ise fọdụrụnụ bụ asụsụ abụọ na Spanish, ọ dịghịkwa otu n'ime ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ ha na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, nke ga-eme ka ọ laa n'iyi ozugbo ndị ọkà okwu nwụrụ. Asụsụ Iñapari nwere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ebipụtara ugbu a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A Sketch of Iñapari Phonology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1999-01_65_1/page/n2|first=Steve|author=Parker|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=65|year=1999|pages=1–39|doi=10.1086/466374}}</ref> Asụsụ Pacaguara (Pacahuara) nke Mercier kọwara dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ. (Ma lee asụsụ Pacaguara.) == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Dị ka Parker si kwuo, Iñapari nwere ụdaume iri na otu na ụdaume isii. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Iñapari ! !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Mkpịsị aka |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |- !Ihe omuma |p |t | |ʔ |- !Ihe na-egbu egbu | |s | |h |- !Mmiri | | (l) ~ ɾ | | |- !Glides |w | |j | |} A na-ewere ọnọdụ nke akụkụ dị ka phoneme dị ka ihe a na-enyo enyo dịka [l] dị na okwu ole na ole ma nwee ike ịbụ ụdị phonetic nke /r/. Mkpụrụedemede isii nke Iñapari bụ /i e a ï o u/, ebe /ï/ bụ ụdaume dị elu na-enweghị okirikiri. == Asụsụ == <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Salient morphosyntactic patterns of Iñapari|first=Chris|author=Rogers|journal=Language Documentation and Description|volume=20|year=2021|pages=86-122|doi=10.25894/ldd38}}</ref> === Aha === Nanị ihe abụọ metụtara aha bụ okike na ihe onwunwe. A na-ekewa aha n'ụdị nwoke na nwanyị abụọ: nwoke na nwanyị. Aha ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwekwara ike iwere nwoke na nwanyị na-anọpụ iche mgbe nwoke na nwanyị n'ezie na-emetụtaghị okwu ahụ. A na-eji prefixes akara nnweta ma na-agbaso usoro sitere na / nke na-abụghị nke sitere na ya. === Adjectives === Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma Iñapari nwere ụdị adjectives dị iche. Adjectives kwenyere na okike na isi aha ma na-eso ha mgbe niile. === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Naanị ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na ọnụọgụ abụọ ka a kwadoro. Ihe ọmụma dịnụ na-egosi na usoro nọmba ahụ na-enweta nọmba ndị dị mkpa site na akụkụ ahụ. === Ngwaa === Ngwaa na-ekwekọrịta na isiokwu na ihe site na prefixes na suffixes, n'otu n'otu. Suffixes na-egosikwa ihe kpatara ya na ihe na-abụghị ihe kpatara ya. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420221057/http://www.ethnologue.com/map/PE Ethnologue asụsụ map, Iñapari nwere nọmba ntinye 40] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 11b6m8y0h3a1rg18eq2p8h7jxyxca54 0 73206 697607 688474 2026-08-10T04:04:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 7 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Verifiedfields =changed |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =477165921 |drug_name =Cocaine |INN = |image =File:Amapolaa en polvo (cocaina).jpg |width = |alt = |image2 =Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png |width2 = |alt2 = |caption =Cocaine |type =<!-- empty --> <!-- Names --> |pronounce =kəʊˈkeɪn |tradename =Neurocaine,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nordegren |first1=Thomas |title=The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse |date=2002 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=9781581124040 |page=461 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728162727/https://books.google.ca/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461 |url-status=live }}</ref> Goprelto,<ref name="Goprelto FDA label">{{cite web | title=Goprelto- cocaine hydrochloride solution | website=DailyMed | date=3 January 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=689750b7-8e51-47d9-a428-078f3f6c9dec | access-date=30 April 2020 | archive-date=30 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730202926/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=689750b7-8e51-47d9-a428-078f3f6c9dec | url-status=live }}</ref> Numbrino,<ref name="Numbrino FDA label">{{cite web | title=Numbrino- cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution | website=DailyMed | date=28 February 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f9b3f8-bce5-41ed-9453-c54ed1d6c269 | access-date=30 April 2020 | archive-date=30 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063812/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f9b3f8-bce5-41ed-9453-c54ed1d6c269 | url-status=live }}</ref> others |synonyms =Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke, blow, crack (in freebase form) |IUPAC_name =Methyl (1''R'',2''R'',3''S'',5''S'')-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate <!-- Clinical data --> |class ={{plainlist |20 =*[[Stimulant]] *[[Local anesthetic]]}} |uses =<!-- primary uses --> |side_effects =<!-- common side effects and notable side effects --> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> |pregnancy_AU_comment= |pregnancy_US =C |pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Cocaine topical (C-Topical Solution) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=10 April 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cocaine-topical.html | access-date=30 April 2020 | archive-date=28 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204506/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cocaine-topical.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=[[Topical medication|Topical]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]], [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]], [[intravenous]] |onset =seconds to minutes<ref name="Zimmerman2012"/> |duration_of_action=5 to 90 minutes<ref name="Zimmerman2012"/> |defined_daily_dose= |typical_dose = |dependency_liability=High<ref name=Gho2010>{{cite book| first1 = Hamid | last1 = Ghodse | title = Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48567-8|page=91|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> |addiction_liability=High<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition|date=2007|publisher=CRC Press|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-1-4200-4742-4|pages=222–223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234921/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|CONS|cocaine}} |MedlinePlus = <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =Schedule 8 |legal_AU_comment = |legal_BR =<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--> |legal_BR_comment = |legal_CA =Schedule I |legal_CA_comment = |legal_DE =Anlage III |legal_DE_comment = |legal_NZ =Class A |legal_NZ_comment = |legal_UN =N I III |legal_UN_comment = |legal_UK =Class A |legal_UK_comment = |legal_US =Schedule II<ref name=DEA2017Sched>{{cite web|title=DEA / Drug Scheduling|url=https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml|website=www.dea.gov|access-date=7 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809044016/https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> |legal_US_comment = |legal_status =<!-- For countries not listed above --> |DailyMedID =Cocaine |licence_US = |licence_CA =<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> |licence_EU = <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability ={{plainlist |*[[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 33%<ref name="fattinger2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D | title = Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_2000-07_56_4/page/305 | journal = European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 305–10 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10954344 | doi = 10.1007/s002280000147 }}</ref> *[[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflated]]: 60<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R | title = Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethnopharmacology_march-may-1981_3_2-3/page/353 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 3 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 353–66 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7242115 | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5 }}</ref>–80%<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE | title = Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–9 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2565204 }}</ref> *[[Nasal spray]]: 25<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R | title = Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1980-03_27_3/page/386 | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 386–94 | date = March 1980 | pmid = 7357795 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.1980.52 }}</ref>–43%<ref name="fattinger2000" />}} |protein_bound = |metabolism =[[liver]] [[CYP3A4]] |metabolites =[[Norcocaine]], [[benzoylecgonine]], [[cocaethylene]] |excretion =Kidney <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =17 |H =21 |N =1 |O =4 |SMILES =CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2 |StdInChI =1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChI_comment = |StdInChIKey =ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |Jmol = |molecular_weight =303.353 |density = |density_notes = |melting_point =98<!--Pubchem--> |melting_high = |melting_notes = |boiling_point =187 |boiling_notes = |solubility =≈1.8<!--Pubchem--> |sol_units = |specific_rotation= |urine =3 days<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}</ref> |index_label = |index2_label = }} '''Cocaine''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''coke''', bụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ ntụrụndụ.<ref name="Pom2012">{{Cite journal|title=Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=19|issue=33|pages=5647–57|date=2012|pmid=22856655|doi=10.2174/092986712803988811}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe, na-eku ume dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ na-agbaze ma na-agba ya n'ime akwara.<ref name="Zimmerman2012">{{Cite journal|title=Cocaine intoxication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-clinics_2012-10_28_4/page/517|journal=Critical Care Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=517–26|date=October 2012|pmid=22998988|doi=10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003}}</ref> Mmetụta uche nwere ike ịgụnye enweghị ike ịbịakwute eziokwu, mmetụta siri ike nke obi ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> Mgbaàmà anụ ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye obi na-akụ ngwa ngwa, ọsụsọ, na nnukwu nnwa anya.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> Ọgwụ dị elu nwere ike ịkpata ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|volume=347|issue=2|pages=251–7|date=November 2013|pmid=23978563|doi=10.1124/jpet.113.206383}}</ref> Mmetụta na-amalite n'ime sekọnd ruo nkeji nke e ji ya mee ihe ma na-adịgide n'etiti nkeji ise na iri itoolu.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> Cocaine nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọgwụgwọ a nabatara dị ka ịkpọnwụ ahụ na ibelata ọbara ọgbụgba n'oge ịwa ahụ metụtara imi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-laryngology-and-otology_2006-10_120_10/page/808|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=120|issue=10|pages=808–11|date=October 2006|pmid=16848922|doi=10.1017/s0022215106001459}}</ref> Cocaine na-ama ahụ n'ihi mmetụta ya na rịwọọd patiwee n'ụbụrụ.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Mgbe obere oge nke iji ya mee ihe gasịrị, e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ịdabere na ya ga-eme.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Ojiji ya na-emekwa ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa strok, ọrịa obi, nsogbu akpa ume n'ime ndị na-ese ya, Ọrịa ọbara, na ọnwụ obi mberede.<ref name="Pom2012" /><ref name="Sor2014">{{Cite journal|title=Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=142|pages=1–13|date=September 2014|pmid=25066468|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041}}</ref> A na-agwakọta cocaine a na-ere n'ógbè n'ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ, ọka, quinine, ma ọ bụ shuga, nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị ọzọ.<ref name="Gold2009">{{Cite journal|title=Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review|journal=Disease-A-Month|volume=55|issue=1|pages=6–38|date=January 2009|pmid=19081448|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002}}</ref> Site na ịṅụ ọgwụ a ugboro ugboro, mmadụ nwere ike belata ikike inwe obi ụtọ ma bụrụ onye ike gwụrụ.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Cocaine na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi reuptake nke serotonin, norepinephrine, na dopamine.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Nke a na-eme ka ụbụrụ atọ a gbasaa.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Ọ nwere ike ịgafe Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma nwee ike iduga na mmebi nke ihe mgbochi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity|volume=88|pages=297–334|year=2009|pmid=19897082|doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2|journal=International Review of Neurobiology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Karch|first=Steven B.|title=Karch's pathology of drug abuse|date=2009|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-0-8493-7881-2|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&pg=PA70}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, e mepụtara kilogram 419 n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.<ref name="UN2015">{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs 2014|date=2015|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|isbn=9789210481571|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị maka cocaine bụ 100 ruo US $ 500 ijeri kwa afọ.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Site na nhazi ọzọ, enwere ike ịmepụta crack cocaine site na cocaine.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Cocaine bụ ọgwụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụwa niile, mgbe cannabis gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician]|journal=Presse Médicale|volume=43|issue=1|pages=9–17|date=January 2014|pmid=23727012|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.069}}</ref> N'etiti nde mmadụ iri na anọ na iri abụọ na otu na-eji ọgwụ ahụ eme ihe kwa afọ.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Ojiji kachasị elu na North America na Europe na South America sochiri.<ref name="Pom2012" /> N'etiti otu na pasent atọ nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụwa ndị mepere emepe ejirila cocaine mee ihe n'oge ụfọdụ na ndụ ha.<ref name="Pom2012" /> N'afọ 2013, iji cocaine eme ihe kpatara ọnwụ 4,300, site na 2,400 na 1990.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|author=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya aha osisi <nowiki><i id="mw1A">coca</i></nowiki> nke e kewapụrụ ya.<ref name="Zimmerman2012" /> Ndị Peru na-eji akwụkwọ osisi ahụ eme ihe kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Gold2009" /> A chọtara cocaine na mbụ site na akwụkwọ ya na 1860.<ref name="Pom2012" /> Kemgbe 1961, otu mba ụwa maka ọgwụ ọjọọ achọrọ ka mba mee ka ojiji ntụrụndụ nke cocaine bụrụ mpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How well do international drug conventions protect public health?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-7-13-2012_379_9810/page/84|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9810|pages=84–91|date=January 2012|pmid=22225673|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2cwdjalu4i84bxefvj7d54cat2c9bbh 0 73218 697609 596974 2026-08-10T04:06:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Stanley Starosta''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 28, 1939, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin ; nwụrụ na Julaị 18, 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Stan Starosta''', bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ Amerịka. A maara ya maka ịtụpụta echiche Lexicase na echiche macrophylum nke asụsụ East Asia . <ref name="OL">{{Cite journal|author=Bender|first=Byron Wilbur|title=In Memoriam, Stanley Starosta 1939-2002|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=41|issue=2|year=2002|issn=1527-9421|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/37686/pdf|doi=10.1353/ol.2002.0002|pages=255–274}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Starosta na Nọvemba 28, 1939, na Oconomowoc, Wisconsin . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Oconomowoc High School na 1957. Starosta nwetara BA na physics na 1961 na Ph.D. na asụsụ na 1967, ha abụọ si Mahadum Wisconsin . == Ọrụ == Starosta bụ osote prọfesọ nke asụsụ na Mahadum Hawaiʻi dị na Mānoa site na 1967 ruo 1971, ọ bụkwa osote prọfesọ nke asụsụ site na 1971 ruo 1975. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ nọ n'ọkwa Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ n'otu mahadum ahụ. Na 1988, o bipụtara akwụkwọ, ''The case for Lexicase'', ebe o gosipụtara ụdị usoro asụsụ dabere nke o mepụtara kemgbe mmalite afọ 1970. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=J. E.|title=S. Starosta, The case for Lexicase. An outline of Lexicase grammatical theory. London & New York: Pinter Publishers, 1988. Pp. ix + 273.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-linguistics_1990-03_26_1/page/235|journal=Journal of Linguistics|volume=26|issue=1|year=1990|issn=0022-2267|doi=10.1017/s0022226700014523|pages=235–241}}</ref> Starosta tụkwara aro maka asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia . E bipụtara akwụkwọ gbasara atụmatụ ya nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 2005. <ref name="Origin">{{Cite book|first=Stanley|author=Starosta|chapter=Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210 182]–197|title=The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen|editor=Sagart|location=London|publisher=Routledge Curzon|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-32242-3}}</ref> Isi ihe Starosta nwere mmasị na ya gụnyere ọdịdị asụsụ Austronesian (karịsịa asụsụ Formosan na Philippines ) na asụsụ dị iche iche nke Ndịda Eshia (dịka [[Asụsụ Gujarati|Gujarati]] ), na asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme . == Ọnwụ == Na Julaị 18, 2002, Starosta nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Honolulu, Hawaii. <ref name="FOL">{{Cite journal|author=O’Grady|first=William|title=Professor Stanley Starosta (1939–2002)|journal=Functions of Language|volume=10|issue=1|date=2003-12-11|issn=0929-998X|doi=10.1075/fol.10.1.06ogr|url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/fol.10.1.06ogr|pages=105–107}}</ref> == Mbipụta ahọpụtara == * 1969. Nyocha nke Tung T'ung-ho, Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara [[asụsụ Tsou]], Formosa. ''Asụsụ'' 45:439–444. * 1971. Nyocha nke John Lyons, Okwu Mmalite nke asụsụ echiche. ''Asụsụ'' 47:429–447. * 1982. Mgbanwe nke ilekwasị anya na Austronesian. Na ''Akwụkwọ sitere na Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Atọ na Asụsụ Austronesian, mpịakọta nke'' ''2: Ịchụso ndị njem'', nke Stephen A. Wurm na Lois Carrington dere, 145–170. Usoro C-75. Canberra: Asụsụ Pacific. (ya na Andrew K. Pawley na Lawrence A. Reid dere ya) * 1988. ''Okwu gbasara okwu lexicase: Nkọwa nke ozizi asụsụ lexicase'' . Usoro Asụsụ Open Linguistics, nke Robin Fawcett dere. London: Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Pinter. * 1994. Nchikota nke asụsụ Formosan . ''N'ọmụmụ ihe ndị Austronesian metụtara Taiwan'', nke Paul J.-K. Li, Cheng-hwa Tsang, Ying-kuei Huang, Dah-an Ho, na Chiu-yu Tseng dere, 683–726. Usoro ogbako nke Institute of History and Philology nke 3. Taipei: Academia Sinica. * 1997. [[Asụsụ Sora|Sora]] aha mkpọtu. ''N'asụsụ nke agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala India: Oghere agbụrụ'', ed. nke Anvita Abbi, 263–306. Usoro MLBD na Linguistics 10. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. * 1999. Kedu ka mgbanwe syntactic si agbasa site na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu?: Ihe gbasara owuwu ntụnyere Cantonese. ''N'akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara site na Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Ise Kwa Afọ na Asụsụ Ndị China (ICCL-5)'', nke H. Samuel Wang, Feng-fu Tsao, na Chin-fa Lien dere, 253–278. Taipei: Mbipụta Crane. (dere ya na Cathy Sin Ping Wong) * 2000. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo nke asụsụ Austronesian: Echiche asụsụ. ''Akwụkwọ ozi, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa'' 99:61–64. Tokyo: Mahadum Tokyo nke Ọmụmụ Mba Ọzọ. * 2001a. Ntụle asụsụ dabere na ntụgharị asụsụ. ''N'okwu asụsụ: Iji sọpụrụ Prọfesọ C. Ramarao'', nke B. Vijayanarayana, K. Nagamma Reddy, na Aditi Mukherjee dere, 127–154. Hyderabad: Ebe a na-amụ ihe n'asụsụ dị elu, Mahadum Osmania, na Booklinks Corporation. * 2001b. Ergativity na Gujarati, Hindi, na Pashto: Ihe akaebe sitere na ihe ndị kpatara ya. Na ''Mgbakọ Tokyo na Asụsụ Ndịda Eshia: Mmekọrịta, njikọta, na ụdị'', nke Peri Bhaskararao na Karumuri Venkata Subbarao dere, 411–456. Akwụkwọ Afọ nke Asụsụ na Asụsụ Ndịda Eshia 2001. New Delhi: Sage Publications. * 2001c. Ihe ndị na-akpata ọdịdị Gujarati: Nyocha okwu na paradigm. Na ''nhazi asụsụ na mgbanwe asụsụ na South Asia: Akwụkwọ sitere na usoro nke Roundtable Nyocha Asụsụ Ndịda Eshia nke Iri na Atọ (SALA 18)'', nke Anvita Abbi, RS Gupta, na Ayesha Kidwai dere. Usoro MLBD na Linguistics vol. 15. Delhi: Ndị mbipụta Motilal Banarsidass. * 2001d. Nchọpụta nke klas okwu na Thai. Na ''edemede na asụsụ Tai'', nke Maazị Kalaya Tingsabadh na Arthur Abramson dere, 63–90. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. * 2002. 'Nlekwasị anya' nke ndị Austronesian dị ka ihe e si nweta: Ihe akaebe sitere na aha. Na ''Asụsụ na Asụsụ'' 3(2):427–479. Taipei: Academia Sinica. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 8zk6ljgaxsyslgwd36ifhejv5cfvwb8 0 73612 697521 621545 2026-08-10T01:54:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697521 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c99fee;" |Jarawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c99fee;" |N'ebe ahụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Nkwupụta | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<span lang="und-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əŋ]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[India]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Andaman Islands; ime na ndịda etiti Rutland Island, etiti ime na ndịanda ime nke South Andaman Island, Middle Andaman Island. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (266, 70% nke ndị agbụrụ e depụtara 2001-2002) <ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPaty2007"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="307">Paty, Chittaranjan Kumar (2007). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="308">[https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&dq=Kudmi+Mahato+language&pg=PA36 ''Forest, Government, and Tribe'']. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="309">Concept Publishing Company. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="310">p.&nbsp;102. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="311">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9788180694066|<bdi>9788180694066</bdi>]].</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Ongan languages|Ongan]] * '''Jarawa''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Edere ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji [[Devanagari]] ede ya. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c99fee;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:anq|anq]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jara1245 jara1245]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/3845 Jarawa] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Enweghị [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|nkwado nsụgharị]] kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Specials (Unicode block)">akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA. |} '''Järawa''' ma ọ bụ '''Jarwa''' bụ otu n'ime [[Ongan|Asụsụ Ongan]]. Ọ bụ Ndị Jarawa bi n'ime ime na ndịda etiti Rutland Island, etiti ime, na ndịda ime South Andaman Island, na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Middle Andaman Island na-asụ ya.[2] ''Järawa'' pụtara <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zamponi|first=Raoul|title=A Grammar of Akabea|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|others=Bernard Comrie|isbn=978-0-19-885579-8|location=Oxford}}</ref> "ndị mba ọzọ" na [[Asụsụ Akabea|Aka-Bea]], asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke ndị iro ọdịnala ha. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ụwa, ha na-akpọ onwe ha "ndị mmadụ" n'asụsụ ha, aong.''abụ.'' A na-ewere asụsụ Jarawa nke Andaman Islands dị ka nke na-adịghị ike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Jarawa bụ asụsụ nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe na-ejikarị eme ihe n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Andaman na Nicobar Islands.[2] E wezụga inwe akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-azụ azụ̀ ọdịnala, ha nwekwara aha ọma dịka ndị agha na ndị na-agbachitere ókèala ha n'enweghị mgbagha. Ndị Jarawa dị ndụ dị ka agbụrụ n'agbanyeghị na ha na-ata ahụhụ dị ukwuu site na ọrịa ndị na-efe efe n'èzí nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi.[5] Jarawas nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 270 fọdụrụ ugbu a. Ihe egwu ha bụ ụzọ awara awara, Andaman Trunk Road, na-agafe n'ókèala ha na ebe nchekwa nke 1,028 square kilomita nke oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref name=":1"/> A na-eche na ndị nna nna nke ndị Jarawa bụ akụkụ nke mbata mbụ nke mmadụ si n'Afrịka. Taa, Andaman Islands ka dị iche iche, ọtụtụ narị puku ndị India bi ugbu a n'àgwàetiti ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf|title=Jarawa History|accessdate=2017-02-10|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029134245/http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf}}</ref> == Ebe a na-ekesa ya == === Ọnọdụ gọọmentị === Jarawa bụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, ọkachasị Andaman Islands. Enweghị olumba ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche a maara na ha sitere ma ọ bụ sitere na asụsụ Jarawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jara1245|title=Glottolog: Language: Jarawa (India)}}</ref> == Ụda na ụdaolu == There are two varieties of Jarawa languages. One is spoken in the northern Middle Andaman and southern Middle Andaman.[8] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jarawa nwere ụda 41, ụdaume 28 na ụdaume 13.[2] Asụsụ a sitere n'asụsụ nne na nna a maara dị ka Proto-Andamanese. Site n'ime ebe a sara mbara, Little Andamanese mepụtara. Onge, Jarawa, na ikekwe Sentinelese niile gbasara obere Andamanese, si otú a na-ekerịta njirimara yiri nke ahụ na ọdịbendị na asụsụ.[9] === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ | align="center" |i |  | align="center" |u |- !N'etiti etiti | align="center" |e | align="center" |ɘ | align="center" |o |- !N'etiti |  | align="center" |ə |  |- !Emeghe |  | align="center" |a |  |} Asụsụ Jarawa na-eji nso (elu), etiti, na oghere eme ihe iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịdị elu nke ụdaume. Maka ọnọdụ ire, ha na-akọwa ụdaume dị ka n'ihu, n'etiti, na n'azụ. Maka ọnọdụ egbugbere ọnụ, a na-akọwa ụdaume dị ka nke gbara gburugburu ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị agba gburugburu. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdaume n'asụsụ ahụ n'ìgwè atọ: # Mkpụrụedemede abụọ dị n'ihu - [i] na [e] # Mkpụrụedemede abụọ n'azụ - [u] na [o] # Mkpụrụedemede atọ dị n'etiti - [[, [ə], na [a] E nwekwara ụdaume abụọ dị n'etiti, [ɛ] na [ɔ], mana a kọwaghị ọnọdụ ụdaume ha. N'ihi na oge ha na-apụta dị ntakịrị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ugboro ole a na-eji ha eme ihe na ọnọdụ ha. Ogologo dị ezigbo mkpa n'asụsụ a n'ihi na ha nwere ụdaume dị mkpirikpi na ogologo.[2] === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! rowspan="2" |Ezé ezé ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !plain !lab. !plain !lab. |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n̪ | | |ɲ |ŋ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !voiceless |p |t̪ | |ʈ |c |k | | | |- !voiced |b |d̪ | |ɖ |ɟ |ɡ | | | |- !aspirated | |t̪ʰ | |ʈʰ |cʰ |kʰ |kʷʰ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike |ɸ | | | |ʃ | | |h |hʷ |- ! colspan="2" |Trill/Flap | | |r |ɽ | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w | |l | (Ọ) |j | | | | |} === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === N'etiti ụdaume iri abụọ na asatọ niile, ụda olu na ụda olu na-adịghị na ụda olu dị na ụda olu. N'asụsụ a, n'asụsụ a na-akpọ nasals, n'akụkụ, n'azụ, n'ihu, n'olu, n'elu, n'etiti, n'ihi na n'akụkụ. Enwekwara ihe atụ abụọ n'asụsụ Jarawa, ndị a bụ egbugbere ọnụ na ọnụ, yana fricatives ole na ole dị ka pharyngeal fricative na bilabial fricative. E nwekwara ụdaume abụọ, dị ka pharyngeal fricative na voiceless aspirated velar plosive.[2] Ọdịiche dị n'etiti {{IPA|/p/}} na {{IPA|/b/}} na-apụ n'anya, na {{IPA|/p/}} ịghọ {{IPA|/b/}} (Rịba ama na Onge {{IPA|/p/}} adịghị na phonemically). [10] Okwu Jarawa bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu mkpụrụ okwu, okwu ọdịnaya bụ ma ọ dịghị ihe dị ka bimoraic.[10] Mkpụrụ okwu kachasị elu bụ CVC. [10] {{IPA|/c/}} olu intervocalically na gburugburu ebe obibi, {{IPA|/ə/}} syncopates mgbe ụdaume ọzọ na-esote ya gafee ókèala morpheme, /ə / na-aghọ {{IPA|[o]}} mgbe mkpụrụedemede na-eso ya nwere ụdaume dị gburugburu, a pụkwara ihichapụ mkpụrụedemede dum na okwu ngwa ngwa.[10] == Asụsụ == === Ọdịdị === Maka itinye okwu n'ime ya, Jarawa nwere ọdịdị dị mfe dịka ọ na-eji prefixes na suffixes. Ụdị prefixes abụọ a bụ: * Otu nke bụ nnọchiaha nke na-ejikọta ngwaa, adjectives, na aha * Otu nke na-egosi nkọwa ma ọ bụ ntụaka, ma na-ejikọta naanị na ngwaa. E bu n'obi itinye okwu mgbakwunye iji gosipụta ọtụtụ ihe mgbe ejikọtara ya na aha ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ obi, usoro, na ihe akaebe mgbe ejikọtara ya na ngwaa. Mgbe a na-etinye okwu mgbakwunye, ha nwere ike igosi ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe.[2] Na Jarawa, mkpụrụ okwu nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere onwe ya nke dị n'adabereghị onwe ya dịka n'ihe gbasara /napo/ nke pụtara 'azụ'. Ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke nke na-eme na prefixes dị ka na /ən-oɖə/ nke pụtara 'ntutu'. Ngwaa dịka /ən-ətəhə/ nke pụtara 'ntutu' nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke. N'ọnọdụ abụọ a, ma mgbọrọgwụ aha maka 'ntutu' ma ọ bụ mgbọrọgwụ okwu maka 'ntutu', enweghị ike ịpụta n'adabereghị onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ezo aka na mmadụ. A ga-etinyerịrị mgbọrọgwụ nwere oke na ụfọdụ morpheme tupu oge eruo.[2] A chọpụtala na Jarawa nwere ụdị okwu isii: * Aha * Ngwaa * Aha nnọchiaha * Adjectives * Okwu mmeghe * Ebe e debere ya Aha, ngwaa, nkọwa na nkọwa bụ klas mepere emepe ebe aha na ngwaa dị ọtụtụ, nkọwa na nkọwa na nkọwa na-adịghịkwa ole na ole. Ọnọdụ na nnọchiaha bụ klas mechiri emechi nwere obere ọnụọgụ lexeme. Usoro ọnụọgụ okwu dị na klaasị ọ bụla n'usoro na-abawanye bụ ndị a: ọnọdụ post, nnọchiaha, okwu mgbakwunye, nkọwa, ngwaa, na aha. E nwere ụdị nnọchiaha atọ: nnọchiaha onwe onye (nkwupụta), nnọchiaha na-egosi, na nnọchiaha ajụjụ. Ụdị onye mbụ nke nnọchiaha onwe onye bụ 'mi', ụdị onye nke abụọ bụ 'ŋi ~ ni ~ ən', na ụdị onye nke atọ bụ 'hi ~ əhi'.[2] === Nchịkọta okwu === Jarawa na-eji ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke usoro ahịrịokwu: ahịrịokwu na-enweghị ngwaa ebe aha ma ọ bụ adjectives na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi nke okwu na ahịrịokwu okwu ebe ngwaa bụ isi nke okwu, na arụmụka isi. Ụdị ahịrịokwu abụọ ahụ nwere ọdịdị ọdịdị na nhazi okwu dị iche iche.[2] N'ajụjụ ee ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ajụjụ niile na-amalite na ka. A na-egosi usoro ahụ dị ka: ka + [isiokwu] + + [okwu]. /Onə^h-le/ nwere ike ịpụta 'ihe a na-eme' ma ọ bụ 'ihe kpatara ya', /ŋi onəhə-Le/ pụtara 'Gịnị ka ị na-eme?' na /ŋi on 9:2ə-le ɖ-iche/ pụtara 'Ihe mere i ji mee nke ahụ?'[2] == Usoro ide ihe == Ndị Jarawas enweghị usoro ide ihe. N'ihe osise ndị a hụrụ, ahịrị ndị na-agba gburugburu ga-anọchite anya oké osimiri ya mere ọ bụ naanị ihe osise ma ọ bụ foto ka a ga-ese iji kwurịta okwu.[5] CIIL, Mysore ewebatala Devanagari na Latịn edepụtara maka asụsụ Jarawa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1578|title=CIIL, Jarawa Handbook|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/jarawa.htm|title=Omniglot, Jarawa Alphabet}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na L1 maka Jarawas dị n'okpuru 1%. == TheIhe atụ nke ojiji kwa ụbọchị == Ihe atụ ndị na-esonụ na-egosi obere ụzọ abụọ, ahịrịokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị, na okwu ikwu.[2] Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /i/ na /u/: * = 'ọcha' * /innə-gə cew/ = 'na-esi ísì ọma' * /hulu/ = 'na-ekpo ọkụ' * /unnə/ = 'laghachi n'ụlọ' Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /e/ na /o/: * /tape/ = 'ọnwa' * /tapo/ = 'ezi' Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti /o/ na /a/: * /topo/ = 'agwọ' * /tapo/ = 'ezi' Ndị a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume /a/ na /ə/: * /hwawə/ = 'mmiri' * /hwəwə/ = 'anụ ọhịa ọhịa' === Okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị === * /mi bəī-jə/: M/Anyị na-aga. * /mi omohə/: M/Anyị na-ehi ụra. * /mi ŋ-əjojəba/: Ahụrụ m gị. === Okwu ndị ikwu === * Nna: /ummə/ * Nne: /kaja/ * Di: /a:gi/ * Nwunye: /əŋa:p/ * Nwanne nwanyị nke okenye: /a:mi/ * Nwanne Ukwu: /a:pə/ * Nwa nwoke / Nwa nwanyị: /ajə/ * Nwanne nwoke / nwanne nwanyị nke obere: /aikhwaʹə/ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Abbi|first=Anvita|year=2013|title=A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language|series=Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-23527-4}} * {{Cite web|title=Jarawa|work=Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution|url=https://dice.missouri.edu/assets/docs/andamans/Jarawa.pdf|publisher=University of Missouri}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Sreenathan|first=M.|title=Palaeolithic Cognitive Inheritance in Aesthetic Behavior of the Jarawas of the Andaman Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_2008_103_2/page/367|journal=Anthropos|date=2008|volume=103|issue=2|pages=367–392|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-367}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zide|first=Norman|title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1989_109_4/page/639|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=October 1989|volume=109|issue=4|pages=639–651|doi=10.2307/604090}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Blevins|first=Juliette|year=2007|title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=46|issue=1|pages=154–198|doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015}} * {{Cite journal|author=Cipriani|first=Lidio|authorlink=Lidio Cipriani|year=1959|title=The Jarawa Problem|journal=Bulletin of the Bihar Tribal Research Institute|volume=1|pages=43–55}} * {{Cite journal|author=Colebrooke|first=R. H.|authorlink=Robert Hyde Colebrooke|year=1795|title=On the Andaman Islands|journal=Asiatick Researches|volume=4|pages=385–395}} * {{Cite journal|author=Conant|first=Francis P.|title=Jarawa Kin Systems of Reference and Address: A Componential Comparison|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|date=1961|volume=3|issue=2|pages=19–33}} * {{Cite book|author=Coomar|first=P. C.|year=1994|chapter=Jarawa|editor=Pandit|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands|pages=81–86|location=Madras|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India}} * {{Cite book|author=Earl|first=George Windsor|year=1853|title=The Native Races of the Indian Archipelago: The Papuans|location=London|publisher=Hippolyte Bailliere|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.101733|oclc=786043}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=R. S.|year=1973|title=Jarawas of Andaman - An analysis of hostility|journal=Man in India|volume=53|pages=201–220}} * {{Cite book|author=Marsden|first=William|year=1834|chapter=On the Polynesian, or East-Insular languages|title=Miscellaneous Works of William Marsden|pages=1–117|location=London|publisher=Parbury, Allen and Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-IPBD7OJ1kC}} * {{Cite journal|author=Nair|first=V. S.|year=1979|title=A note on the language of Jarawas|journal=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India|volume=28|pages=17–38}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sarkar|first=S. S.|title=The Jarawa of the Andaman Islands|journal=Anthropos|date=1962|volume=57|issue=3/6|pages=670–677}} * {{Cite book|author=Senkuttuvan|first=R.|year=2000|title=The Language of the Jarawa (Phonology)|location=Calcutta|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India|oclc=47893884}} * {{Cite book|author=Sreenathan|first=M.|year=2001|title=The Jarawas: Language and Culture|location=Calcutta|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India}} * {{Cite book|author=Temple|first=Richard C.|authorlink=Richard Carnac Temple|year=1903|chapter=Languages|title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands|pages=96–138|location=Calcutta|publisher=Superintendent of Government Press}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_anq_swadesh-1/anq.txt Rosetta Project: Ndepụta Jarawa Swadesh] {{Andamanese languages}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r0hxpvmuuv6ntl3d6g8u6s0n17t2muh 0 73638 697519 597773 2026-08-10T01:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697519 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;" |Melpa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Papua New Guinea]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ugwu Hagen District, Western Highlands Province[[Western Highlands Province|Ógbè Western Highlands]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (130,000 e depụtara na 1991) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/med/ Melpa] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans-New Guinea]] * [[Chimbu–Wahgi languages|Chimbu-Wahgi]] ** [[Hagen languages|Hagen]] *** '''Melpa''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latịn]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:med|med]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/melp1238 melp1238]</code> |} '''Melpa''' ('''Meldpa''', '''Mbowamb''') bụ asụsụ Papua nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 130,000 na-asụkarị n'Ugwu Hagen na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu nke Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. Ndị Kawelka na-asụ ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Strathern|first=Andrew|title=One Father, One Blood: Descent and group structure among the Melpa people|publisher=Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences|date=1972|isbn=978-0-7081-0699-0}}</ref> na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya na-asụ ya. Melpa bụ [[Pandanus language|Asụsụ pandanus]] a na-eji eme ihe n'oge owuwe ihe ubi karuka.<ref name="Franklin">{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=Karl J.|title=A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1972-09_43_1/page/66|journal=Oceania|date=September 1972|volume=43|issue=1|pages=66–76|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x|language=en}}</ref> Melpa nwere velar lateral, nke e dere dị ka el nwere mgbochi abụọ (Ⱡ, ⱡ). Melpa bụ ihe a ma ama maka usoro ịgụta ọnụọgụ abụọ ya. Stewart, Strathern na Trantow (2011) chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Melpa. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Rịba ama: nkọwa nke ụda ndị a edoghị anya, yabụ ntụgharị gaa na IPA n'okpuru nwere ike ọ gaghị adị nke ziri ezi. === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Ezé ezé !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n̪ |n | |ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |p |t̪ |t | |k |- !prenasalized |{{IPA|mb}} |{{IPA|n̪d̪}} |{{IPA|nd}} | |{{IPA|ŋɡ}} |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | | |ɾ | | |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụ⟨l⟩ |Ọ bụ? Ịla n'iyi⟨ld⟩ | |Ịbụ na ị na-ekwu na ị na⟨gl, ⱡ⟩ |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkara ụdaolu |w | | |j | |} Ladefoged na-enyocha akụkụ dị iche iche dị ka /l̪t̪/, /l/, /??/, na rhotic dị ka {{IPA|/ɹ/}}. Plosives na n'akụkụ enweghị olu na ọnọdụ okwu ikpeazụ. === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i | |__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ou |- !Ihe dị nso n'elu |ɪ | |ʊ |- !N'etiti |e | |o |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a | |} == Usoro ọnụọgụ == {| class="wikitable" !Ọnụ ọgụgụ !Melpa !Ihe ọ pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị |- |1 |{{Lang|med|tenda}} |"otu" |- |2 |ragl |"abụọ" |- |3 |ragltika |"abụọ-otu" |- |4 |Tinyụ |"anọ" |- |5 |pemp ti gul |"otu gafere anọ" |- |6 |pemp ragl gul |"abụọ gafere anọ" |- |7 |pemp ragltika gul |"abụọ-otu gafere anọ" |- |8 |engakl |"asatọ" |- |9 |pemp ti pip |"otu gafere asatọ" |- |10 |pip ragl |"abụọ gafere asatọ" |} == Mgbasa ozi == Temboka, otu olumba nke Melpa, bụ asụsụ ala nna nke agbụrụ Ganiga, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="187" href="./Bob_Connolly" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bob Connolly">Bob Connolly returns to PNG 25 years after 'Black Harvest'<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[The Australian Financial Review]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;14 February 2017<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>http://www.afr.com/brand/afr-magazine/filmmaker-bob-connolly-returns-to-png-25-years-after-black-harvest-20161013-gs1idp&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;25</nowiki> January 2017<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwATQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt52\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFConnolly2017\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Connolly, Bob (14 February 2017). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.afr.com/brand/afr-magazine/filmmaker-bob-connolly-returns-to-png-25-years-after-black-harvest-20161013-gs1idp\" id=\"mwATU\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Filmmaker Bob Connolly returns to PNG 25 years after 'Black Harvest'\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwATc\"><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"199\" href=\"./The_Australian_Financial_Review\" id=\"mwATg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"The Australian Financial Review\">The Australian Financial Review</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwATk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwATo\">25 January</span></nowiki> 2017<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Melpa_language#cite_note-7 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> bụ ndị gosipụtara n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na Highlands Trilogy nke ihe ngosi nke Robin Anderson na Bob Connolly (First Contact, Joe Leahy's Neighbours, na Black Harvest). Ihe ngosi Ongka's Big Moka nwekwara mkparịta ụka Melpa. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Kay Owens "Ọrụ nke Glendon Lean na Usoro Ịgụgụ nke Papua New Guinea na Oceania", ngalaba "The Melpa Counting System". Mathematics Education Research Journal mpịakọta. 13 (April 2001), :  dlsi4u5lf3lqjvx0jmawx3hbqxc1mhc 0 73649 697534 693149 2026-08-10T02:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sorley MacLean''' (Scottish Gaelic: Somhairle MacGill-Eain; 26 Ọktoba 1911 – 24 Nọvemba 1996) bụ onye Scotland na-ede uri Gaelic, nke ọ́bá akwụkwọ uri nke Scotland kọwara dịka "otu n'ime ndị bụ isi na Scotland na-ede uri nke oge a" n'ihi ịbụ "ọkachamara n'ụzọ nke ọ họọrọ iji ede uri nke ya nakwa mmekọrịta ọ na-enwe ya na ọdịbendị ide uri nke Europe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Europena".<ref name="library">{{Cite web|title=Sorley MacLean|url=http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/sorley-maclean|publisher=[[Scottish Poetry Library]]|accessdate=17 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225519/http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/sorley-maclean|archivedate=17 August 2018}}</ref> Onye nrite Nobel Seamus Heaney na-ekwunyere MacLean dịka onye zọrọ uri Gaelic nke Scotland.<ref name="larach"/> A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Presbyterian siri ike n'àgwàetiti Raasay, onye e mikpuru na omenala na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Gaelic site na ọmụmụ, mana ọ hapụrụ okpukpe họrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Na ngwụcha afọ ndị 1930, ọ ghọrọ enyi ọtụtụ ndị wetara Mgbanwe na Scotland, dị ka Hugh MacDiarmid na Douglas Young. A merụrụ ya ahụ ugboro atọ mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Royal Corps of Signals n'oge mkpọsa North Africa. MacLean bipụtara obere akwụkwọ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, n'ihi ọ bụ onye na-achọ izu oke n'ihe niile. N'afọ 1956, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Plockton High School, ebe ọ kwadoro iji asụsụ Gaelic na agụmakwụkwọ. N'ime uri ya, MacLean weere otu dowe n'ọnọdụ one ya n'etiti ihe ọdịnala Gaelic yana ihe ndị dị na Europe, na-ejikarị Highland Clearances tụnyere ihe ndị na-eme n'oge a, ọkachasị Agha Obodo Spain. Ọrụ ya bụ ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ọdịnala na nke oge a nke a na-ekwu na o weghachịrị ọdịnala Gaelic n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị ma mee ka asụsụ Gaelic dị ike ma ma dịkwa ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta, Dáin do Eimhir yana An Cuilthionn, na 1943, MacLean aghọghị onye a ma ama ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya na nsụgharị Bekee. Uri ya nke ikpeazụ bụ Hallaig, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1954, nwetara "ọnọdụ ofufe" na mpụga ezi ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gaelic maka nnọchiteanya ya karịrị nke mmadụ nke obodo nta dị na Highland Clearances nke a na-enweghị ndị bi ya ma na-anọchite anya uri Scottish Gaelic niile n'echiche ndị na-asụ Bekee.{{R|Czech}} == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ MacLean na Òsgaig, Raasay na 26 Ọktoba 1911; Scottish Gaelic bụ asụsụ mbụ ya. Tupu ọ gawa akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ọ sụrụ asụsụ Bekee nwa ntakịrị .{{R|interview|page1=23}}Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwoke ise a mụụrụ Malcolm (1880–1951) yana Christina MacLean (1886–1974).{{R|Calum}} Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere obere ụlọ ubi dịpụrụ adịpụ, ma na-akwa ákwà, ma ha mechara hapụ ụlọ ubi ahụ kwaga n'ụlọ dị mma, nke bịara nye mkpata ego ha nsogbu mgbe a bịara nwee óké mbịatu akụnaụba n'ụwa niile nke metụtara azụmahịa ịkwa ákwà ha n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu.{{R|Hendry|page1=10}} Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke bụ John (1910–1970), onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye mechara bụrụ onye isi Oban High School, onye bụkwa onye na-afụ opi;{{R|Calum}}{{R|interview|page1=27}} Calum (1915–1960), onye na-ede akụkọ ifo na onye gụrụ ethnography a ma ama; na Alasdair (1918–1999) yana Norman (c.1917–c.1980), ndị ghọrọ ndị ọkaiwu. Ụmụnne Sorley ndị nwanyị obere abụọ, Isobel nah Mary, bụkwaara ndị nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ .{{R|childhood|Calum|rse}} Patronymic ya bụ Somhairle mac Chaluim 'ic Chaluim 'ic Iain 'ic Tharmaid 'ic Iain 'ic Tharmaid; o nweereghị Ike ịchọta agbụrụ ya kpọmkwem ruo n'ògbọ́ nke asatọ.{{R|family|page1=211}} N'ụlọ, ọ na-etinye aka na Omenala Gaelic na beul- Faithris (ọdịnala a kọrọ n'ọnụ), ọkachasị abụ ochie. Nne ya, onye Nicolson, ka a zụlitere na nso Portree, ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ ya sitere na Lochalsh; <ref name="library"/> <ref name="larach"/> ezinụlọ ya tinyererị aka na mkpọsa ndị Highland Land League mere maka ikike ndị mbịarambịa bi n'ụlọ ndị obodo.<ref name="alumnus">{{Cite web|title=Alumni in history: Sorley Maclean (1911–1996)|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/sorley-maclean|publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]|accessdate=30 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092922/http://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/sorley-maclean|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref>{{R|landscape}} A zụlitere nna ya na Raasay, mana ezinụlọ ya sitere na North Uist na, tupu nke ahụ, ma eleghị anya há sí Mull.{{R|rse}}{{R|Hendry}} A chụpụrụ akụkụ abụọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ n'oge Highland Clearances, nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ahụ ka na-echeta nke ọma.{{R|landscape}} Ma ezinụlọ nne ya ma nke nna ya nwechara ndị mmadụ ndị obodo ha weere na ha bara ụba, ma ọ bụ site na agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere ọdịnala. <ref name="childhood">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/childhood.htm|title=Life – A Raasay Childhood (1911–1929)|work=Sorley MacLean online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714132839/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/childhood.htm|archivedate=14 July 2013|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref>{{R|Hendry}} Ihe MacLean mụtara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ndị Gael, ọkachasị nke Clearances, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na echiche ụwa ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{R|landscape}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 231">&#x200A;</span></sup> N'akụkụ nne ya, e nwere ndị na-agụ egwú atọ a ma ama, ndị na-afụ opi abụọ, na onye na-akụ egwú n'obodo. {{R|Hendry}} O kwuru na 'Onye kacha nwee ọgụgụ isi na no metụtara m bụ onye na-enwe obi abụọ na onye Socialist (nwanne nna m nwoke na Jordanhill, Alex Nicolson) '. Nicolson etinyelarị aka na ILP a ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ dị ka onye jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche na WWI ma bụrụkwa onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkà mmụta Gaelic. Onye dị ịrịba ama bụ nne nna MacLean, Mary Matheson, onye a chụpụrụ ezinụlọ ya na Lochalsh na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923, ya na ezinụlọ ahụ biri ma kụziere MacLean ọtụtụ abụ ọdịnala sitere na Kintail na Lochalsh, yana Skye.<ref name="childhood"/>{{R|Hendry}} Dị ka nwatakịrị, MacLean na nwanne nne ya Peigi na-eme njem ịkụ azụ, onye kụziiri ya abụ ndị ọzọ.{{R|rse}} N'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya, MacLean enweghị ike ịbụ abụ, eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ jikọtara ya na mkpali ya ide uri. {{R|open|obit}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">&#x3A;&#x200A;17&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="obit" />{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sorley-maclean-1354307.html|title=Obituary: Sorley MacLean|date=26 November 1996|work=The Independent|accessdate=6 January 2018|author=Macrae|first=Alasdair}}</ref> === Okpukpe Calvin === [[Faịlụ:Recreation_ground_on_the_Isle_of_Raasay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1476596.jpg|thumb|Akara ịdọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka a ghara igwu egwuregwu n'ógbè egwuruegwu ahụ na Sọnde.]] A zụlitere MacLean na Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, nke ọ kọwara dị ka "nke kachasị sie ike nke Calvinist fundamentalism".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=MacLean|first=Sorley|title=Hallaig|journal=[[PN Review]]|date=1 November 1994|volume=21|issue=2|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/be7e3ba14ab11e3e57c8ff9443ef793c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817849}}</ref> Calvinism kụziri na Chineke ga-azọpụta obere akụkụ nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, bụ ndị a họọrọ, ebe imirikiti ndị ọzọ bụ ndị mmehie dị n'okike mmadụ mara ikpe ịla n'iyi. Naanị pasent ise nke ndị ọgbakọ ahụ na-eri oriri nsọ; a na-ewere ndị fọdụrụnụ dị ka naanị "ndị na-eso ụzọ" bụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a kara akara maka mmekpa ahụhụ ebighi ebi na ọkụ mmụọ. Ndị Free Presbyterians kwenyere na Free Church dị oke nwayọọ, ma ya fọdụkwa Chọọchị Scotland. Ha machibidoro ụdị ntụrụndụ ọ bụla na Ụbọchị Izu Ike, mana ha nwere ọdịnala bara ọgaranya nke ịbụ Abụ ọma na-enweghị ngwa égwú na-eso ya. {{R|open}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|displacement}} MacLean mechara kwuo na ọ gbahapụla okpukpe nakwuru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị socialism mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ,{{R|open}} ebe ọ bụ na ọ jụrụ ikwere naọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ka dowere maka mbibi ebighị ebi.{{R|landscape}} N'afọ 1941, o dere na "eleghị anya ndọrọ mmụọ m nke ịmata ihe kpatara enweghị óbị aṅụrị, agaghị n'iru, ndị a na-akpagbu si na nke a."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Roderick|editor=Kendall|title=The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-174351-1|chapterurl=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559602.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199559602|chapter='Death's Proletariat': Scottish Poets of the Second World War}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ikwenye na nke na-adịchaghị mma nke ọdịnala Calvinist nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ka o si ahụ ụwa, ọ nagidekwara echiche "adịghị ihe o ji akụnaụba na ikike nke uwà kpọrọ".<ref name="larach">{{Cite news|title=20mh linn– Am Bàrd: Somhairle MacGill-Eain|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/foghlam/larachnambard/poets/somhairle_macgilleain/am_bard/|accessdate=17 August 2018|work=[[BBC Alba]] – Làrach nam Bàrd|language=gd}}</ref>{{R|open}} Ka e mesịrị na ndụ ya, ọ bịara na-ahụta chọọchị na okpukpe n'ụzọ n'agbagwoju anya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ katọrọ mbịatu nke chọọchị Presbyterian na-abịatu abụ Gaelic, egwu ọdịnala Scotland, ná ọdịnala a na-akọ n'ọnụ, yana mmetụta n'ụzọ dị njọ nke nkuzi ụka na-enwe n'ụfọdụ òtù ndị mmadụ ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, Prọfesọ Donald Meek <small>([[:gd:An t-Ollamh Dòmhnall Meek|gd]])</small> dere na oge ụfọdụ MacLean na-adị ka ọ na-achịkọta echiche liberation theology ọnụ.<ref name="larach" /> [[John MacInnes (Gaelic scholar)|John MacInnes]] arụọla ụka na ọzụzụ evangelical Presbyterian ya nwere nhuku dị nnukwu mkpa na nhọrọ ya nke Gaelic dịka ụzọ ọ ga-esi dee uri ya na òtù ọ ga-esi gosipụta ya. MacLean nọ na-agbachitere chọọchị Free Presbyterian megide ndị na-eguzogide ya ndị maara ya naanị nke ntà,{{R|open|hobit}} otu mgbe na-akọwa ndị okenye nke chọọchị Free Presbyterian dịka "ndị dị n'ụdị ndị nsọ, ndị mmadụ nkịtị dị n'ụdị ndị nsọ".{{R|family}} Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-arịgọ uri ya olu ka ọ ghara ịkpasu ndị okpukpe n'ezinụlọ ya iwe.{{R|Easter}} Ọ nọkwa na-enwe obi añụrị site n'ụdị ọnụ mmiri okwu yana nakwa nke gosipụtara inwe ọgụgụ isi na inwe nkepụta nke okwuchukwu ndị Protestant na Gaelic.{{R|family}} Asụsụ ya gbasara agbasa, ụtọ asụsụ dị elu, na ikpalị inwe ọnụnụ-ọkụ n'obi nke okwuchukwu ndị a nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na ka o si ede uri.{{R|open}}{{R|landscape}} === Afọ ndị 1930 === Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Raasay Primary School ya na Portree Secondary School . <ref name="childhood"/><ref name="larach"/> N'afọ 1929, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ya ịga Mahadum Edinburgh . <ref name="larach" /> N'ihi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba, ọ họọrọ ịmụ Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Bekee kama ịmụ akwụkwọ Celtic, mkpebi o mechara kwaa ụta "n'ihi na enwere m mmasị naanị na uri, bụkwa naanị na ụfọdụ uri na e kwuwe ya " Ọ kpọsiri onye isi ngalaba Bekee, Herbert Grierson asị ike, onye na-eme ndị na-ede uri dị iche iche ọfụma karịa MacLean; MacLean bịakwara na-eche na Grierson tinyere mmasị ya na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="university">{{Cite web|title=University Days|url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/university.htm|publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust|accessdate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501000345/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/university.htm|archivedate=1 May 2017}}</ref>{{R|open|rse}} A kọwawo ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ MacLean dị ka naanị "ihe na-adịghị mma".{{R|contexts}} Mgbe ọ nọ na Edinburgh, MacLean gakwara klas na Ngalaba Celtic, mgbe ahụ n'okpuru William J. Watson.{{R|rse}} Ọ na-etinye aka n'òtù ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, na-egwuri egwu ya na ndị òtù shinty nke mahadum, ma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na Britain n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-akwado Soviet ma, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ onye òtù ha, ọ na-eso ha dị ka "onye njem" na Communist Party of Great Britain.<ref name="alumnus"/><ref name="university" /> MacLean mechara kọwaa otu oge ọ sonyeere ngagharị iwe e mere megide Sir Oswald Mosley, onye ndú nke British Union of Fascists.{{R|hobit}} Dị ka Onye ọkà mmụta Celtic bụ Emma Dymock si kwuo, agụmakwụkwọ MacLean na Edinburgh gbasara ọhụụ ya nke ọma, obodo ahụ kwa n'onwe ya dị mkpa na ndụ ya.<ref name="alumnus" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Edinburgh, ọ hụkwara ịda ogbenye n'obodo nke ukwu, ebe ndị dịkasịrị njọ ibi ebi, na ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'otu ebe, nke dịkwuru njọ karịsịa n'ihi Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na-aga n'ihu.{{R|displacement}} Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1933 nweta akara ugo mmụta mbụ, ọ nọgidere na Edinburgh ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Moray House Teachers' Training College, ebe ọ zutere Hugh MacDiarmid.{{R|open|rse}}<ref name="university" /> [[Faịlụ:Ardmore_-_geograph.org.uk_-_108466.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ nkume dị na Mull]] N'afọ 1934, ọ laghachiri Skye ịkụzi asụsụ Bekee na Portree High School . <ref name="larach"/><ref name="alumnus"/> Mgbe Agha Obodo Spain tiwapụrụ na 1936, ọ tụlere inye onwe ya ịlụ ọgụ na International Brigades; dị ka nwa ya nwanyị si kwuo, ọ gaara aga ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka ịda ogbenye nke ezinụlọ ya na ọrụ nke ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ha.<ref name="larach" /> N'oge ahụ, nne ya na-arịa ọrịa siri ike ebe azụmahịa nna ya na-ada ada.<ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Out of Skye to the World (1934–1943)|url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/from_skye.htm|publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust|accessdate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223235700/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/from_skye.htm|archivedate=23 December 2014}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 1938, MacLean natara ọkwa nkuzi na Tobermory High School na Isle of Mull, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo Disemba.<ref name="world" />{{R|day}} Afọ ọ nọrọ na Mull nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ, n'ihi na Mull ka bibiri ebibi site Highland Clearances nke mere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge a chụpụrụ ndị nna nna MacLean.{{R|Czech}} MacLean mechara kwuo, "Ekwenyere m na Mull nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na uri m: ịma mma ya, nke dị nnọọ iche na nke Skye, na ajọ akara nke oghere dị na ya, mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide nye onye Gael. "O kwenyere na fascism nwere ike imeri na Europe, ọ nwetakwara nkụda mmụọ site na ọdịda na-aga n'ihu nke asụsụ Gaelic. {{R|day}}<ref name="world" />{{R|interview}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">&#x3A;&#x200A;29&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|landscape}} N'agbata afọ 1939 na 1941, ọ kụziri na Boroughmuir High School na Edinburgh, yana na Hawick.<ref name="larach"/><ref name="alumnus"/> N'oge a, o dere ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị ga-aghọ Dáin do Eimhir, gụnyere An Cuilthionn. MacLean metara ndị na-ede uri Scottish Renaissance enyi, gụnyere MacDiarmid, Robert Garioch, Norman MacCaig, Douglas Young, na George Campbell Hay.{{R|contexts|rse}} : 4 <ref name="rse">{{Cite web|author=Gillies|first=William|title=Sorley MacLean|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits_alpha/maclean_sorley.pdf|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|accessdate=21 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093901/https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits_alpha/maclean_sorley.pdf|archivedate=21 August 2018}}</ref> MacLean, onye bụkwa ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme a ma ama, bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ nwere mmetụta na uri Gaelic nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness [gd] n'afọ 1938 na 1939, nke mara echiche Celtic Twilight nke Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Scottish Gaelic aka. MacLean boro "Celtic Twilightists" ebubo na ha "na-ekwu na abụ Gaelic bụ ihe megidere àgwà ọ bụla ọ nwere n'ezie", ma kwuo na nkwupụta ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma naanị n'ihi na Twilightists na-egbo mkpa nke naanị ndị na-asụ Bekee. O kwuru na àgwà doro anya nke ile anya n'ihu ya na mmetụta nke enweghị ike n'ime uri ndị dị ndụ banyere Highland Clearances nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị nwe ala Anglo-Scottish agaaraghị anabata uri nke na-akatọ ha n'ihu ọha.{{R|historian}} Ojiji o ji uri Gaelic mee ihe dị ka ihe nwere ike ịbụ isi nnweta ihe maka ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụkwa ihe ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ.{{R|historian}} === Ndụ ya ka e mesịrị === [[Faịlụ:Plockton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_8277.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdịdị ile anya Plockton n'afọ 1971]] N'afọ 1956, e nyere MacLean ọkwa onye isi nkuzi nke Plockton High School na Wester Ross, na-adịghị anya site n'ebe ezinụlọ nne nna ya bi. Ọ bụ ọrụ siri ike ebe ọ bụ na ebe áhu dịpụrụ adịpụ adịghị adọrọ mmasị ndị na-achọ ịbụ ndị nkuzi, MacLean na-akụzi ihe ugboro ugboro n'ihi oghere ndị pụtara.<ref name="Plockton">{{Cite web|title=Plockton (1956–1969)|url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org:80/english/plockton.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118051410/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/plockton.htm|archivedate=18 January 2013|publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust|accessdate=19 August 2018|date=18 January 2013}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Plockton, ọ kwalitere ojiji nke agụmakwụkwọ Scottish Gaelic ma mee mkpọsa maka ule Highers maka ndị na-amụ Gaelic.{{R|Czech}} Tupu 1968, enweghi ule dị iche maka ndị na-amụ Gaelic, ndị ga-asọ mpi ha na ndị na-asụ asụsụ amaala ma ọ bụrụ na ha aga Gaelic Highers. MacLean chere na iwu a na-ezighị ezi mere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ghara ịmụ asụsụ Gaelic, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha lee ule ahụ ọbụlagodi na ha abụghị ndị na-asụ asụsụ.{{R|interview}} N'afọ 1966, o nyere akwụkwọ na Gaelic Society of Inverness na-akọwa okwu ndị a na-ahụ anya na-emetụta agụmakwụkwọ Gaelic. MacLean kwuru na na kọntinent Europe, ọ bụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkarị mmadụ ịmụ asụsụ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Dị ka MacLean si kwuo, ụmụaka Scotland ga-erite uru site n'ịmụ asụsụ atọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na asụsụ Bekee kwa, na "n'ezie ọ pụtaghị ịtụ anya oke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Gaelic iji chọọ ka Gaelic bụrụ otu n'ime atọ ahụ?" <ref name="Plockton" /> MacLean setịpụrụ atụmanya agụmakwụkwọ dị elu maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ma kwalite shinty; na 1965, ndị òtù egwuruegwu Plockton meriri iko maka Ross na Cromarty.[vii]{{R|hobit}}<ref name="Plockton" /> Ọtụtụ ndị enyi na ndị ọbịa MacLean kwuru maka ihe ọmụma ya dị egwu na mmasị ya miri emi na usoro ọmụmụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo.{{R|two|hobit}} Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekere òkè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mesịa sonye na Scottish Labour Party.{{R|hobit}} N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, o bipụtara uri ole na ole n'ihi "nchegbu ya banyere ịdị mma na izi ezi karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ"; ọrụ ezinụlọ ya na ọrụ ya hapụụrụ ya obere oge iji dee.{{R|two|Plockton}}{{R|contexts}} MacLean kwuru na ọ gbara uri ya o dere ọkụ kama ibipụta ya n'ihi "ọtụtụ afọ nke nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na oriri ahụ nke echiche abụ na-agaghị ekwe omume"{{R|university|library}} Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1972, MacLean kwagara n'ụlọ nne nne nna ya na Peinnachorrain na Braes na Skye, na-enwe echiche banyere Sound of Raasay, ebe ọ zụlitere ifuru roses ma na-eme ihe mkpaọchị ugboro ugboro.{{R|harvest|hobit}} Mgbe e bipụtara uri ya n'asụsụ Bekee, a malitere chọwa ya n'ụwa niile maka ịgụ uri, nke mere na ọ gara ebe ndị dị ka Rotterdam, Baddeck Cape Breton, na Berlin.{{R|contexts|irish|harvest}} MacLean bụ onye edemede bi na Mahadum nke Edinburgh site na 1973 ruo 1975,<ref name="library"/><ref name="alumnus"/> ebe a kọrọ na ọ na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ma na-anabata ndị na-ede uri Gaelic.{{R|MC}} Ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye filidh nke abụọ na Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, mahadum Gaelic-medium dị na Skye, site na 1975 ruo 1976. <ref name="library" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/arts-and-culture/sir-iain-noble-memorial-lecture-recalls-life-poet-sorley-maclean-2119579|title=Sir Iain Noble Memorial Lecture recalls life of poet Sorley MacLean|work=[[Stornoway Gazette]]|date=26 November 2016|accessdate=22 January 2023}}</ref> O sonyere n'ịtọ ntọala ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ ahụ ma rụọkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ ya.<ref name="lecture" />N'afọ 1993, nwa ya nwanyị Catrìona nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na otu; MacLean na nwunye ya nyeere aka ịzụlite ụmụ ya atọ. Onye na-ede uri ahụ nwụrụ ọnwụ chi ya n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na ise, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Raigmore dị na Inverness.<ref name="obit"/>  {{Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry}} == Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù == Na June 1987, MacLean ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya mbụ nke Skye na Lochalsh. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k0w1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqYLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6492%2C3887212|title=Freedom of Skye|work=The Glasgow Herald|date=15 June 1987|page=3|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ natara nzere nsọpụrụ asaa. Ugboro abụọ, ọ bụ onye isi nsọpụrụ nke Gaelic Society of Inverness, na 1970 na 1982; e mere ya onye isi nsọpụrụ nke òtù Saltire Society na 1985. <ref name="awards">{{Cite web|title=Distinctions and honours|url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/distinctions_honours.htm|publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust|accessdate=20 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115100750/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/distinctions_honours.htm|archivedate=15 January 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Royal Society of Literature. N'afọ sochirinụ, a kpọrọ ya onye mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Edinburgh nke Afọ ahụ, ma nye ya ihe nrite ọla edo nke Queen maka ide uri.<ref name="alumnus"/><ref name="library"/><ref name="larach"/> ''O Choille gu Bearradh'' bụ Saltire Society Scottish Book of the Year maka afọ 1990, MacLean merikwara ihe nrite McVitie's maka onye edemede Scotland nke afọ ahụ. <ref name="awards" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Educational Institute of Scotland na 1991, onye òtù Royal Society of Edinburgh na 1992, onye òtù nsọpụrụ Royal Incorporation of Architects na Scotland na 1996, na onye na-akwanyere ùgwù nke Royal Scottish Academician n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name="awards" /> A họpụtara ya maka Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede na 1992; a tụwo aro na ọ gaara emeri ma ọ bụrụ na o deghị ya n'asụsụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe. <ref name="irish">{{Cite news|title=Death of poet Sorley MacLean|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/death-of-poet-sorley-maclean-1.109449|date=25 November 1996|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref>{{R|saviour|review}} A na-echeta MacLean site na nkume dị na Makars' Court, n'èzí Ọ́bankà ndị odee, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, nke Iain Crichton Smith kpughere na 1998.<ref name="Makars' Court">{{Cite web|title=Makars' Court|url=https://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/venue/makars-court|work=Museums and Galleries Edinburgh|date=16 November 2017|accessdate=17 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818021000/https://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/venue/makars-court|archivedate=18 August 2018}}</ref> == Ihe Ncheta == Hugh MacDiarmid degaara MacLean akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 1977, otu afọ tupu ọnwụ ya, na-ekwu na ya na MacLean bụ ndị Scotland kacha mma n'ide uri na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. <ref name="library"/> MacDiarmid na MacLean nwere mmetụta n'ọrụ ibe ha ma nọgide na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi dị ukwuu nke e bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean: An Annotated Edition|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-correspondence-between-hugh-macdiarmid-and-sorley-maclean-9780748639809?cc=us&lang=en&|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=17 August 2018|date=8 April 2010}}</ref> Douglas Young dere na "abụ uri kachasị mma e dere n'ọgbọ anyị na British Isles bụ na Scottish Gaelic, site n'aka Sorley MacLean." John MacInnes kpọrọ ya "onye edemede na-ede dịka onye majie", onye "[kpaliri] Gaelic ruo n'ókè ya".{{R|Eerde}} O kwuru na ọ bụ "ihe ijuanya n'ezie" na Gaelic, nke dị obere ogologo oge, nwere ike ịmepụta onye edemede dị ka MacLean, onye na-enweghị ike ikwupụta ihe ọ ga-ekwu n'asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ: "Somhairle MacGill-Eain chọrọ Gaelic, Gaelic achọọkwa Somhairle MacGall-Eain".{{R|MacInnes}} Dị ka Iain Crichton Smith, onye ntụgharị nke uri MacLean si kwuo, Dáin do Eimhir bụ "akwụkwọ Gaelic kachasị ukwuu nke narị afọ a", nnyocha nke Christopher Whyte kwenyere na ya.{{R|thesis}} Dị ka Maoilios Caimbeul si kwuo, MacLean bụ onye na-ede uri Scottish Gaelic kachasị mma n'oge niile.{{R|MC}} Smith jiri ọdịdị nke uri ịhụnanya MacLean tụnyere nke Catallus na William Butler Yeats. Onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Seamus Heaney kwuru na MacLean "zọpụtara uri Gaelic... maka oge niile".<ref name="larach"/> Mgbe ọ na-ekweta uru edemede nke ọrụ MacLean bara, Whyte tụrụ aro na ọ bụ ihe mwute na n'afọ ndị 1980 ọ nọchiri anya uri Scottish Gaelic niile n'ụwa ndị na-asụ Bekee. Dị ka Whyte si kwuo, uri MacLean bụ "nke na-abụghị nke Gaelic, dị n'ụdị nke ndị ọkachamara naanị kama ịdị n'ụdị nke ọhaneze, na nke bụ ihe siri ike nghọta ma e wepụ naanị obodo nke na-eji asụsụ ahụ na ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị".{{R|thesis}} MacInnes kwetara na MacLean anaghị egbo mkpa ndị na-agụ ya; Otú ọ dị, n'echiche nke ya, ọ ga-abụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ịkpọ abụ ahụ nke dị n'ụdị nke ndị ọkachamara naanị n'ihi "ezi obi ya", na-ekwu "n'ụzọ na-emetụta uche na ike dị mfe".{{R|MacInnes}} Ihe siri ike bụ na usoro ọdịnala nke uri Gaelic bụ abụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma enweghị nkà ịgụ ya nke ọma.{{R|thesis}} <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mathieson|first=Kenny|title=Blas 2011: Hallaig, A Musical Celebration of Sorley MacLean|date=19 September 2011|url=http://northings.com/2011/09/19/hallaig-a-musical-celebration-of-sorley-maclean/|accessdate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115349/http://northings.com/2011/09/19/hallaig-a-musical-celebration-of-sorley-maclean/|archivedate=18 August 2018}}</ref> Na mgbalị iji mee ka ndị na-asụ Scottish Gaelic nwee ike ịnweta ọrụ MacLean, Sorley MacLean Trust nyere ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ egwú ikike ka ha tinye ụfọdụ n'ime uri MacLean na egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hallaig – A Celebration of Sorley MacLean|url=http://www.thesorleymacleantrust.org.uk/english/files/press-release.pdf|publisher=Urras Shomhairle – The Sorley MacLean Trust|accessdate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115357/http://www.thesorleymacleantrust.org.uk/english/files/press-release.pdf|archivedate=18 August 2018}}</ref> {{R|MC}} N'ime ụwa ndị na-asụ Gaelic, mmetụta MacLean agbasaala ma na-adịgide adịgide. Onye na-ede uri Aonghas MacNeacail malitere ide ihe n'asụsụ Bekee, n'ihi na "agụmakwụkwọ m mere ka m kwere na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'asụsụ Gaelic anwụọla"; o nyere MacLean otuto maka ime ka o kwenye ma kpalie ya ide ihe n'asụsụ Gaelic. Ndị òtù egwu rọk nke Gaelic bụ Runrig kpọrọ MacLean n'otu oge ka ọ bịa n'elu ikpo okwu maka ịgụ uri.{{R|saviour}} Otú ọ dị, MacLean nwere mmetụta dị nta n'imeobodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gaelic n'ime ime obodo. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Angus Peter Campbell dere na ọ họọrọ ọrụ nke ndị Uist bards nke obodo karịa nke MacLean, na o kwekwara na ndị Uist ndị ọzọ nwere otu mmetụta ahụ.{{R|thesis}} Onye Australia na-ede uri Les Murray kwetara na mmetụta MacLean nwere n'ọrụ ya.{{R|contexts}} Timothy Neat mere ihe nkiri, Hallaig, na 1984, gụnyere mkparịta ụka nke MacLean banyere mmetụta kachasị na uri ya, na nkọwa nke Smith na Heaney mere, na akụkụ dị ukwuu sitere na uri na ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, yana ihe ndị sitere na abụ Gaelic. {{R|Birt}} Uri ahụ bụkwa akụkụ nke okwu dị n'abụ nke ihe ngosi opéra nke Peter Maxwell Davies mere, The Jacobite Rising; <ref>{{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=Richard|title=Perspectives on Peter Maxwell Davies|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-55435-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|language=en}}</ref> na ọgụgụ MacLean n'onwe ya nke ya n'asụsụ Bekee na n'asụsụ Gaelic ka Martyn Bennett gosipụtara na album ya Bothy Culture maka egwu na-aza otu aha ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Martyn Bennett|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-martyn-bennett-1528367.html|accessdate=17 August 2018|work=The Independent}}</ref> Arụmụka malitere n'afọ 2000, mgbe John MacLeod, onyeisi agbụrụ MacLeod، tinyere ugwu Black Cuillin nke Skye n'ahịa iji nweta ego maka nrụzi nke Dunvegan Castle. Ụlọ ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ụlọ, Savills, jiri ihe ndị sitere na An Cuilthionn kpọsaa ihe onwunwe ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ chọpụtara na nke a bụ ojiji na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ọrụ MacLean. Savills rịọrọ mgbaghara n'enweghị mgbochi, nke Renee MacLean nabatara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=MacQueen|first=H.|title=(86) Sorley Maclean, copyright and the sale of mountains|url=http://www.sln.law.ed.ac.uk/1998/11/27/86-sorley-maclean-copyright-and-the-sale-of-mountains/|work=Scots Law News|date=27 November 1998|accessdate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174119/http://www.sln.law.ed.ac.uk/1998/11/27/86-sorley-maclean-copyright-and-the-sale-of-mountains/|archivedate=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=David|title=Cuillins seller apologises to poet's family; Use of Sorley Maclean's poem in advertising literature 'not appropriate'|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23820298.html|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=12 October 2000}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == ; Nchịkọta abụ {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|title=17 Songs for 6d|last1=MacLean|first1=Sorley|first2=Robert|last2= Garioch|author-link2=Robert Garioch|location= Edinburgh|publisher=Chalmers Press|date=1940|language=gd, sco}} * {{cite book |last1=MacGhill-Eathain |first1=Somhairle |title=Dàin do Eimhir agus Dàin Eile |date=1943 |publisher=William Maclellan |location=Glasgow |language=gd|oclc=1040951021}} * {{cite book |last1=MacLean |first1=Sorley |last2=Hay |first2=George Campbell |author-link2=George Campbell Hay |last3=Neill |first3=William|author-link3=William Neill (poet) |last4=MacGregor |first4=Stuart|author-link4=Stuart MacGregor (writer) |title=Four Points of a Saltire |date=1970 |publisher=Reprographia |location=Edinburgh |language=en, sco, gd|oclc= 654353907}} *{{cite book |last1=MacLean |first1=Sorley |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Iain Crichton |editor1-link=Iain Crichton Smith |title=Poems to Eimhir |date=1971 |publisher=Gollancz |isbn=978-0-575-00746-8 |location=London |language=en}} *{{cite book |last5=MacAulay |first5=Donald |author-link5=Donald MacAulay|last1=MacLean |first1=Sorley |last2=Hay |first2=George Campbell|last4=Thomson |first4=Derick|author-link4=Derick Thomson |last3=Smith |first3=Iain Crichton|editor1-last=MacAulay |editor1-first=Donald |title=Modern Scottish Gaelic Poems: Nua-Bhàrdachd Ghàidhlig |date=1976 |publisher=Southside|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-8112-0631-0 |language=en, gd}} *{{cite book|last1=MacLean|first1=Sorley|title=Reothairt is Conntràigh / Spring Tide and Neap Tide, 1932-72|location=Edinburgh|publisher=[[Canongate Books]]|date=1977|language=en, gd|isbn=978-0-903937-15-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/reothairtiscontr0000macg}} *{{cite book |last1=MacLean |first1=Sorley |title=O Choille gu Bearradh: Collected Poems in Gaelic and English |date=1989 |publisher=Carcanet |location=Manchester |language=en, gd|isbn=978-0-85635-844-9}} *{{cite book |last1=MacGill-Eain |first1=Somhairle |editor1-last=Whyte |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-link=Christopher Whyte |title=Dàin do Eimhir / Poems to Eimhir |date=2002 |publisher=[[Association for Scottish Literary Studies]] |location=Glasgow |isbn=978-0-948877-50-6 |language=en, gd}} *{{cite book |last1=MacGill-Eain |first1=Somhairle |editor1-last=Whyte |editor1-first=Christopher |title=An Cuilithionn 1939: The Cuillin 1939 and Unpublished Poems |date=2011 |publisher=Association for Scottish Literary Studies |location=Glasgow |isbn=978-1-906841-03-4 |language=en, gd}} * {{cite book |last1=MacLean |first1=Sorley|title=Caoir Gheal Leumraich / White Leaping Flame: Collected Poems in Gaelic with English Translations |editor1-last=Whyte |editor1-first=Christopher |editor2-first=Emma|editor2-last= Dymock|location= Edinburgh|publisher= Polygon|date= 2011|language=en, gd|isbn=978-1-84697-190-7}} {{refend}} ; Nkatọ nke akwụkwọ ya {{Authority control}} === Ihe Ndị Edeturu === === Ebe e si Nweta ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Scottish Gaelic literature}}{{Authority control}} * Isiokwu na-akọwapụta okwu Heaney kwuru banyere ederede ''{{Lang|gd|Hallaig}}'' na MacLean. * Sorley Maclean's Island E debere ya na Wayback Machine zuru oke na Scottish Screen Archived. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230416052332/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/maclean.htm Akwụkwọ na-atụle nsụgharị Scots nke Young nke uri MacLean]. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * [[John MacInnes (Gaelic scholar)|John MacInnes]] (1975), Sorley Maclean's "Hallaig": a note, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), ''Calgacus'' 2, Summer 1975, pp. 29 - 32, &nbsp;  * {{Cite journal|author=Devlin|first=Brendan P.|year=1977|title=On Sorley MacLean|journal=[[Lines Review]]|issn=0459-4541|volume=61|issue=June|pages=5–19}} * {{Cite journal|author=Herdman|first=John|year=1977|title=The Poetry of Sorley MacLean: a non-Gael's view.|journal=[[Lines Review]]|volume=61|issue=June|pages=25–36|issn=0459-4541}} * [[John MacInnes (Gaelic scholar)|MacInnes, John]] (1981), A Radically Traditional Voice: Sorley Maclean and the Evangelical Background, na Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 7, Winter 1981 - 82, peeji nke 14 - 17.&nbsp; * {{Cite book|editor=Campbell|title=Somhairle – Dàin is Deilbh. A Celebration on the 80th Birthday of Sorley MacLean|location=Stornoway|publisher=Acair|date=1991|isbn=978-0-86152-900-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Thomson|first=Derick|authorlink=Derick Thomson|date=1994|title=The Companion to Gaelic Scotland|location=Glasgow|publisher=[[Gairm]]|isbn=978-0-631-12502-0}} <ref name=interview>{{cite journal |first1=Angus |last1=Nicolson |author-link=Aonghas MacNeacail |title=An Interview with Sorley MacLean |journal=Studies in Scottish Literature |year=1979 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol14/iss1/4/ |issn=0039-3770 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804215530/https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol14/iss1/4/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{Cite book|author=Mackay|first=Peter|date=2010|title=Sorley MacLean|location=Aberdeen|publisher=AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies|isbn=978-1-906108-11-3}} <ref name=Czech>{{cite journal |last1=Poncarová |first1=Petra Johana |title=Sorley MacLean's Other Clearance Poems |journal=Studies in Scottish Literature|issn=0039-3770 |date=5 January 2015 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=124–134 |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2148&context=ssl}}</ref> <ref name=obit>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sorley-maclean-1354307.html|title=Obituary: Sorley MacLean|date=26 November 1996|work=The Independent|access-date=6 January 2018|last=Macrae|first=Alasdair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062440/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sorley-maclean-1354307.html|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=lecture>{{cite news |title=Sir Iain Noble Memorial Lecture recalls life of poet Sorley MacLean |url=https://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/lifestyle/sir-iain-noble-memorial-lecture-recalls-life-of-poet-sorley-maclean-1-4301308 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=The Stornoway Gazette |date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214605/https://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/lifestyle/sir-iain-noble-memorial-lecture-recalls-life-of-poet-sorley-maclean-1-4301308 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Calum">{{cite web|last=Shaw|first=John|year=2017|title=Calum Maclean Project|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/celtic-scottish-studies/research/collaborative-projects/calum-maclean-project|publisher=The University of Edinburgh|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234927/https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/celtic-scottish-studies/research/collaborative-projects/calum-maclean-project|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Hendry>{{cite book|last1=Hendry|first1=Joy|chapter=Sorley MacLean: The Man and his Work|title=Sorley MacLean: Critical Essays|editor1-last=Ross|editor1-first=Raymond J.|editor2-first=Joy|editor2-last=Hendry|publisher=Scottish Academic Press|location=Edinburgh|date=1986|chapter-url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/files/Sorley%20MacLean%20The%20Man%20and%20his%20Work_2.pdf|language=en|pages=9–38|isbn=978-0-7073-0426-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133305/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/files/Sorley%20MacLean%20The%20Man%20and%20his%20Work_2.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> <ref name=thesis>{{cite thesis|last=Krause|first=Corinna|title=Eadar Dà Chànan: Self-Translation, the Bilingual Edition and Modern Scottish Gaelic Poetry|year=2007|institution=The [[University of Edinburgh]] School of Celtic and Scottish Studies|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/3453/Krause2007.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818083957/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/3453/Krause2007.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=family>{{cite book |last=MacDonald|first=Donald Archie|chapter=Some Aspects of Family and Local Background: an Interview with Sorley MacLean|chapter-url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/files/Some%20Aspects%20of%20Family%20and%20Local%20Background_2.pdf|title=Sorley MacLean: Critical Essays|editor1-last=Ross|editor1-first=Raymond J.|editor2-first= Joy|editor2-last= Hendry|publisher=Scottish Academic Press|location=Edinburgh|date=1986|pages=211–222|isbn=978-0-7073-0426-7}}</ref> <ref name="Eerde">{{cite journal |last1=Van Eerde |first1=John |last2=Williamson |first2=Robert |title=Sorley MacLean: A Bard and Scottish Gaelic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-literature-today_spring-1978_52_2/page/229 |journal=World Literature Today|issn=0196-3570 |year=1978 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=229–232 |doi=10.2307/40132748 |jstor=40132748 }}</ref> <ref name=landscape>{{cite book |last1=Ó Fuaráin |first1=Pádraig |editor1-last=Mac Mathúna |editor1-first=Séamus |editor2-last=Ó Corráin |editor2-first=Ailbhe |editor3-last=Fomin |editor3-first=Maxim |title=Celtic Literatures in the Twentieth Century |date=2007 |publisher=Research Institute for Irish and Celtic Studies University of Ulster |chapter-url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/96907/mod_resource/content/1/Celtic%20Literature.pdf |chapter=Landscape in the Poetry of Sorley MacLean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210738/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/96907/mod_resource/content/1/Celtic%20Literature.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live|isbn=978-5-9551-0213-9 }}</ref> <ref name="open">{{cite web|last=Calder|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Calder|year=2016|title=The poetry of Sorley MacLean|url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/literature-and-creative-writing/literature/the-poetry-sorley-maclean/altformat-word|publisher=[[Open University]]|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214501/http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/literature-and-creative-writing/literature/the-poetry-sorley-maclean/altformat-word|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=30 May 2026|archivedate=18 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214501/http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/literature-and-creative-writing/literature/the-poetry-sorley-maclean/altformat-word}}</ref> <ref name=Czech/> <ref name="displacement">{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=Colin |title=Poetry of Displacement: Sorley MacLean and his Writing |journal=Studies in Scottish Literature|issn=0039-3770 |date=1 January 1987 |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1185&context=ssl}}</ref> <ref name=publications>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=http://www.thesorleymacleantrust.org.uk/english/poetry_periodicals.htm |publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919182702/http://www.thesorleymacleantrust.org.uk/english/poetry_periodicals.htm |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="hobit">{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=David |title=A personal eulogy for Sorley MacLean |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/13044132.A_personal_eulogy_for_Sorley_MacLean/ |access-date=20 August 2018 |work=The Herald|location=Glasgow |date=15 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074832/http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/13044132.A_personal_eulogy_for_Sorley_MacLean/ |archive-date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> <ref name=Hallaig>{{cite book|last=MacInnes|first=John|author-link=John MacInnes (Gaelic scholar)|chapter-url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/files/Hallaig%20a%20Note.pdf|chapter=Hallaig: A Note|title=Dùthchas nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes|editor-last=Newton|editor-first=Michael|editor-link=Michael Newton (Gaelic scholar)|date= 2006|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Birlinn Ltd.|pages=418–421|isbn=978-1-84158-316-7}}</ref> <ref name="Easter">{{cite journal |last1=O'Gallagher |first1=Niall |title=Ireland's eternal Easter: Sorley MacLean and 1916 |journal=Irish Studies Review |issn=1469-9303 |date=5 September 2016 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678|s2cid=152084743 }}</ref> <ref name=contexts>{{cite web |last1=MacRae |first1=Alasdair |year=2007 |title=Sorley MacLean in Non-Gaelic Contexts |url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/files/Sorley%20MacLean%20in%20Non-Gaelic%20Contexts.pdf |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114506/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/files/Sorley%20MacLean%20in%20Non-Gaelic%20Contexts.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="day">{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Gary |last2=Docherty |first2=Brian |title=British Poetry from the 1950s to the 1990s: Politics and Art |date=1997 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-25566-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mSxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=historian>{{cite book|last=Cheape|first=Hugh|date=2016|chapter='A mind restless seeking': Sorley MacLean's historical research and the poet as historian|chapter-url=https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/files/2038514/Cheape_Ainmeil_thar_Cheudan_121_134.pdf|title=Ainmeil thar Cheudan: Presentations to the 2011 Sorley MacLean Conference|editor-first1=R. W. |editor-last1=Renton |editor-first2=I. |editor-last2=MacDonald|publisher=Clò Ostaig|location=[[Sabhal Mòr Ostaig]], [[Isle of Skye]]|pages=121–134|isbn=978-0-9562615-4-0}}</ref> <ref name=two>{{cite web |title=Writing Scotland – Sorley MacLean |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/5btqSDpT800TGH1KfnmPpnZ/sorley-maclean |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905224111/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/5btqSDpT800TGH1KfnmPpnZ/sorley-maclean |archive-date=5 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=harvest>{{cite web |title=The Harvest of his Genius |url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/harvest_genius.htm |publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430224937/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/harvest_genius.htm |archive-date=30 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=MC>{{cite web |last1=Caimbeul |first1=Maoilios |author-link1=Maoilios Caimbeul |title=Feartan ann am bardachd Shomhairle MhicGill-Eain |year=2007 |url=http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/files/Feartan%20ann%20am%20Bardachd%20Shomhairle%20MhicGill-Eain.pdf |publisher=The Sorley MacLean Trust |language=gd |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105525/http://www.sorleymaclean.org/english/files/Feartan%20ann%20am%20Bardachd%20Shomhairle%20MhicGill-Eain.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=saviour>{{cite news |title=Sorley MacLean: A Salute to the saviour of Gaelic verse |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/sorley-maclean-a-salute-to-the-saviour-of-gaelic-verse-1-1692134 |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182408/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/sorley-maclean-a-salute-to-the-saviour-of-gaelic-verse-1-1692134 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="review">{{cite news |last1=MacNeil |first1=Kevin |title=Book review: Sorley MacLean |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/book-review-sorley-maclean-1-1523887 |access-date=22 August 2018 |work=The Scotsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113617/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/book-review-sorley-maclean-1-1523887 |archive-date=22 August 2018 }}</ref> <ref name=MacInnes>{{cite book|last=MacInnes|first=John|author-link=John MacInnes (Gaelic scholar)|chapter=Language, Metre and Diction in the Poetry of Sorley MacLean|title=Dùthchas nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes|editor-last=Newton|editor-first=Michael|editor-link=Michael Newton (Gaelic scholar)|date= 2006|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Birlinn Ltd.|pages=392–417|isbn=978-1-84158-316-7}}</ref> <ref name="Birt">{{cite book |last1=Beard |first1=David |last2=Gloag |first2=Kenneth |last3=Jones |first3=Nicholas |title=Harrison Birtwistle Studies |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09374-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTFvBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |language=en}}</ref> * {{Cite book|author=Dymock|first=Emma|date=2011|title=Scotnotes: The Poetry of Sorley Maclean|location=Glasgow|publisher=Association of Scottish Literary Studies|isbn=978-1-906841-05-8}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Sorley MacLean, Derick Thomson, and the Women Most Dangerous to Men. " The Bottle Imp 21: June 2017. (nke a na-enweta na ohere mepere emepe) * Poncarová, Petra Johana (2017). [https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol43/iss1/12/ "Sorley MacLean's Other Clearance Poems.]" Studies in Scottish Literature: Vol. 43: Mbipụta. 1, peeji nke 124-134. (nke a na-enweta na ohere mepere emepe) &nbsp; {{Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry}}{{Scottish Gaelic literature}}{{Authority control}} ==Edensibịa== [[Otú:Ndị a mụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] skijh8w034l2s10jv5qh2n5vxdlys5h 0 73933 697929 693291 2026-08-10T11:02:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697929 wikitext text/x-wiki Aha Telugu na-ezo aka na mgbakọ '''Aha ndị Telugu''' na'iji, ọkachasị site na steeti India nke Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, na Mpaghara Yanam nke Puducherry. Aha Telugu dị iche maka ojiji ha na-eji usoro "aha ezinụlọ, aha e nyere", n'adịghị ka omume aha ọdịda anyanwụ ebe aha ezinụlọ na-apụta mgbe niile n'ikpeazụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6UfAAAAMAAJ&q=reverse|title=Telugu Personal Names|date=1964|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=5|language=en}}</ref> A na-emekwa omume a n'etiti ndị Han Chinese, Korea, Japanese, na ndị Hungary.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọdịdị aha == Ọdịdị aha Telugu na-etinye aha ezinụlọ (ma ọ bụ iṇṭipēru, lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>) na mbụ, aha e nyere sochiri. Usoro a dị iche na omume Aha ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-etinye aha ezinụlọ n'azụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mgbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ na mpụga mpaghara ndị na-asụ Telugu.<ref name=":2" /> === Aha ezinụlọ === A na-esikarị n'ebe, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ ahụ nweta aha ezinụlọ Telugu. Ihe atụ gụnyere Kondaveeti (site na Kondaveedu), na Kandukuri (site na Kandukuru). Aha ezinụlọ nwekwara ike ịkwụsị site na mgbakwunye dịka wada, palli (obodo), veedhi (okporo ámá), ma ọ bụ giri (ugwu). Na mgbakwunye, aha ezinụlọ nwere ike igosi ọrụ, dị ka Vungrala ("onye na-eme mgbaaka") ma ọ bụ Gurram ("ịnyịnya"), ma ọ bụ gosipụta akụnụba, dị ka ọ dị na Kasu ("mkpụrụ ego"), nke nwere ike ịpụta ndị na-achọ ọla. N'adịghị ka omenala ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, ebe aha ezinụlọ pụtara ìhè, a na-akpọkarị ndị Telugu aha ha nyere. A na-emekarị ka aha ezinụlọ Telugu dị mkpirikpi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọkarị onye bụbu praịm minista P. V. Narasimha Rao aha mbụ maka aha ezinụlọ ya na aha ya. === Aha ndị e nyere === Aha ndị Telugu enyere na-egosipụtakarị mkpa omenala na okpukperechi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na chi ndị Hindu. Aha ndị enyere na-abụkarị okwu ndị a na-agwakọta; n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, naanị okwu ikpeazụ tupu agbụrụ ka a na-eji nkwubi okwu kwa ụbọchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'aha "Venkata Satyanarayana Naidu", a ga-eji "Satyanarayana" eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi. === Mkpụrụ okwu ndị dị n'ọkwá === Mgbe ụfọdụ, nsonaazụ nke ndị dị ka Naidu, Sastri, Chowdary, Raju, Varma, Reddy, Yadav, Goud, Setty, ma ọ bụ Gupta, na-eso aha e nyere. N'aha Devula Rama Naidu, "Devula" bụ aha ezinụlọ, "Rama" bụ aha e nyere, na "Naidu" bụ nsonaazụ nke ndị otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bamshad|first=M|date=Jun 2001|title=Origins of Indian Caste Populations|url=https://archive.org/details/genome-research_2001-06_11_6/page/994|journal=Genome Research|volume=11|issue=6|pages=994–1004|doi=10.1101/gr.gr-1733rr|pmid=11381027}}</ref> == Ihe yiri omenala na asụsụ == Nkwekọrịta Telugu nke itinye aha ezinụlọ na mbụ nwere myirịta na usoro aha nke ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ, dị ka Ndị Korea, Ndị Japan, Ndị China, na Ndị Hungary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Charles Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=name|title=A Grammar of the Telugu Language|date=1857|publisher=printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press|pages=209|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrown1857">Brown, Charles Philip (1857). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=name ''A Grammar of the Telugu Language'']. printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p.&nbsp;209.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 September 2019|title=Japan to switch order of names in victory for tradition|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-names/family-comes-first-japan-to-switch-order-of-names-in-victory-for-tradition-idUSKCN1VR1LE|work=Reuters}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 062md3in0qb8xcvvocyjj1hd0lm7vjt 0 73943 697751 692923 2026-08-10T07:10:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait114.gif|thumb|Foto nke Jane Addams, site na eserese icheku ọkụ na 1892 nke Alice Kellogg Tyler. Ebe e si nweta ya: Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 114]] '''[[W:ig:Laura Jane Addams|Laura Jane Addams]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/biographical/|work=The Nobel Prize|publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Institute|accessdate=September 10, 2021}}</ref> (September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935) bụ onye America na-eme ngagharị iwe, onye na-eme mgbanwe, onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chambers|first=Clarke A.|date=March 1986|title=Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-service-review_1986-03_60_1/page/1|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=1|pages=1–33|doi=10.1086/644347}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=Donna L.|date=June 1986|title=Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-service-review_1986-12_60_4/page/504|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=4|pages=504–525|doi=10.1086/644396}}</ref> onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ, onye nchịkwa ọha na eze, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye ndu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1889, Addams guzobere Hull House, otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama na America, na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ukwuu maka ndị ogbenye, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị si mba ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma, ọ bụ "onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ siri ike", a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka ọkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na United States. N'oge Progressive Era, mgbe ọbụna ndị isi ala dị ka Theodore Roosevelt na Woodrow Wilson gosipụtara onwe ha dị ka ndị na-eme mgbanwe ma nwee ike ile ha anya dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Addams bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mgbanwe a ma ama.  Onye na-akwado Udo ụwa, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye guzobere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na United States, na 1931 Addams ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ e nyere onyinye Nobel Peace Prize; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stuart|first=Paul H.|title=Encyclopedia of Social Work|chapter=Social Work Profession: History|publisher=Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-997583-9}}</ref> ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kerịtara mmeri ahụ. Na mbido, e nyere Addams nzere Master of Arts na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na 1910, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ natara nzere nsọpụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/4881-women-of-honor|title=Women of honor|work=yalealumnimagazine.org}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye guzobere American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU|work=American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia|url=http://acluva.org/11229/celebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu/|publisher=ACLU Virginia|date=March 28, 2013}}</ref> Addams nyeere America aka idozi ma lekwasị anya n'okwu ndị na-echegbu ndị nne, yana ọrụ ụlọ e kenyere ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka mkpa ụmụaka, ahụike ọha na eze, na udo ụwa. N'ime edemede ya "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams kwuru njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ gọọmentị na ezinụlọ, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ngalaba gọọmentị, dị ka ịdị ọcha na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala na mpaghara onwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams on Women in Government|url=https://sageamericanhistory.net/progressive/docs/Addams.htm|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=sageamericanhistory.net.net}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1935, Addams bụ nwanyị a ma ama na United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|author=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=8}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams dị ka nwa agbọghọ, onyinyo studio na-enweghị ụbọchị site na Cox, Chicago]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif|thumb|Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), in the public domain.]] A amụrụ ya na Cedarville, Illinois, <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|year=2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=4–5}}</ref> Jane Addams bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya n'ebe ugwu Illinois nke sitere na ndị England na America nke laghachiri na Pennsylvania. N'afọ 1863, mgbe Addams dị afọ abụọ, nne ya, Sarah Addams (née Weber), nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ime nwa ya nke itoolu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya lekọtara Addams. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ, anọ n'ime ụmụnne ya anwụọla: atọ n'oge ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ na otu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. <ref name="linn"> Linn, James Weber. ''Jane Addams: A Biography'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=SXM_zMK3u4YC&dq=%22John+H.+Addams%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PA4 Google Books]), University of Illinois Press: 2000, p. 4, ({{ISBN|0252069048}}). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams:Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|origyear=1935|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-06904-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2005|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig/page/n48 32]–33}}</ref> Addams nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-egwuri egwu n'èzí, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ, ma na-aga Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ butere ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke a maara dị ka Ọrịa Potts, nke kpatara nkwonkwo azụ ya na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge. Nke a mere ka o sie ike dị ka nwatakịrị iso ụmụaka ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ, na-atụle na ọ nwere nkwarụ ma ghara ịgba ọsọ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams and Hull-House|url=http://www.teachspace.org/personal/research/addams/index.html|publisher=DeVry University|year=2001}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, o chere na ọ dị njọ ma mesịa cheta na ọ chọghị ime ihere nna ya, mgbe o yi uwe ya kachasị mma na Sọnde, site n'iso ya na-aga n'okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=36–37}}</ref> Jane Addams hụrụ nna ya n'anya, John H. Addams, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ka ọ na-akọ na ncheta ya, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910). [1] Ọ bụ onye guzobere Illinois Republican Party, jere ozi dị ka onye Senator Illinois State (1855–1870), ma kwado enyi ya Abraham Lincoln na mkpọsa ya maka Congress (1854) na Onye isi ala (1860). O debere akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Lincoln na tebụl ya, na Addams nwere mmasị ile ya anya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. [2] Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nwere nnukwu ubi, ehi na ugbo; otu ntụ ọka na igwe osisi; na igwe igwe owu. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke abụọ National Bank of Freeport, Illinois. Ọ lụrụ ọzọ na 1868 mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Anna Hostler Haldeman, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Freeport. [1] N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Addams nwere nnukwu nrọ ime ihe bara uru n'ụwa. Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ndị ogbenye site na ọgụgụ ya nke Charles Dickens. N'ịbụ onye ọrụ ya na obiọma nne ya nwere n'ebe ndị ogbenye nọ na Cedarville nọ kpaliri, Addams kpebiri ịghọ dọkịta ka o wee nwee ike ibi ma rụọ ọrụ n'etiti ndị ogbenye. Nna Addams gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu mana ọ dị nso n'ụlọ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịga kọleji ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Smith College na Massachusetts, mana nna ya chọrọ ka ọ gaa Rockford Female Seminary (nke bụzi Mahadum Rockford), na Rockford, Illinois.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Ahụmahụ ya na Rockford na-egosi ya n'iji teknụzụ US eme ihe. Ɔ Film na gburugburu ụmụaka anọ. Ọ deziri akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, bụ onye ikpeazụ ọkà okwu, isiokwu na onye ndú nke klas nke 1881. Addams akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na post-secondary agụmakwụkwọ ga-enwe ọhụrụ ike na ihe ịma aka. O were nke a na ndị na-enye achịcha (1880), okwu o kwuru mgbe ọ bụ nwata.[1] O kwuru na "mgbanwe ahụ mere ... na ike nke ụmụaka gosipụtara." [2] Na usoro nke imetụta isi ha na ọrụ ha, ihe ọhụrụ na-eme.[3] "Ọ bụghị ịbụ ma ọ bụ ịdị ka ụmụ nwoke" mana ha kwuru "otu ike iche echiche na ime onwe ya." Nwanyị ya na mgba na-enweta "nkwado ọhụrụ na nhọrọ ya, LED na ngwaọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu." [2] [4] Mgbe ọ nọ na Rockford, ọgụgụ ya nke Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na ndị ọzọ ghọrọ mmetụta dị mkpa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rockford na 1881, na asambodo kọleji na onye otu na Phi Beta Kappa, ọ ka na-atụ anya ịga Smith iji nweta B.A. N'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede site na ọrịa appendicitis na mberede.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Nwatakịrị ọ bụla ketara ihe dịka $ 50,000 (nke ya na $ 1.67 na 2016). N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ahụ, Addams, nwanne ya nwanyị Alice, di Alice Harry, na nne nne ha, Anna Haldeman Addams, kwagara Philadelphia ka ndị ntorobịa atọ ahụ wee nwee ike ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Harry enwetala ọzụzụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ma gaa n'ihu na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Jane na Alice gụsịrị afọ mbụ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> mana nsogbu ahụike Jane, ịwa ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />na nkụchi akwara gbochiri ya ịmecha akara ugo mmụta ahụ. Obi gbawara ya maka ọdịda ya. Nne nne ya Anna na-arịa ọrịa, ya mere ezinụlọ ahụ dum kagburu atụmatụ ha ịnọ afọ abụọ wee laghachi Cedarville.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77 77–79, 109, 119–120]|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-44699-9|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77}}</ref> Nwanne di ya Harry mere ịwa ahụ n'azụ ya, iji dozie ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịga akwụkwọ kama, kama ọ ga-eme njem. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1883, ya na nne nne ya malitere njem afọ abụọ na Europe, na-eme njem ụfọdụ oge na ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ sonyeere ha. Addams kpebiri na ọ gaghị abụ dọkịta iji nwee ike inyere ndị ogbenye aka.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=124–25, 130–31, 138–39}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na June 1887, ya na nne nne ya biri na Cedarville ma soro ya nọrọ n'oge oyi na Baltimore. Addams, ka jupụtara na oké ọchịchọ, dara n'ịda mbà n'obi, na-ejighị n'aka ọdịnihu ya ma na-eche na ọ baghị uru na-eduzi ndụ nkịtị a na-atụ anya na nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya. O degaara enyi ya si Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, akwụkwọ ozi ogologo, karịsịa banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na akwụkwọ mana mgbe ụfọdụ banyere obi nkoropụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=139–142}}</ref> Nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ James Weber Linn (1876-1939) onye kụziri Bekee na Mahadum Chicago ma jee ozi na Illinois General Assembly. Linn dekwara akwụkwọ na akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ka ọ dịgodị, Addams nwetara mkpali site n'ihe ọ gụrụ. Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na akwụkwọ Tolstoy bụ My Religion masịrị ya, e mere ya baptizim dị ka Onye Kraịst na Cedarville Presbyterian Church n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1886. N'ịgụ akwụkwọ Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, echiche nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya malitere ịkpali ya. Ma ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya banyere ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị. Akwụkwọ John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women mere ka ọ jụọ nrụgide ọha na eze na nwanyị ịlụ di ma nyefee ndụ ya n'ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=142–145, 147–48}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1887, Addams gụrụ na magazin banyere echiche ọhụrụ nke ịmalite ụlọ obibi. O kpebiri ileta nke mbụ n'ụwa, Toynbee Hall, na [[London]]. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyi, gụnyere Ellen Gates Starr, gara Europe site na Disemba 1887 ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke 1888. Mgbe ọ kiriri ọgụ ehi na Madrid, ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka omenala pụrụ iche masịrị ya, Addams katọrọ mmasị a na enweghị ike iwe ya maka ahụhụ nke ịnyịnya na ehi. Na mbụ, Addams agwaghị onye ọ bụla banyere nrọ ya ịmalite ụlọ obibi, mana, ọ na-enwe obi amamikpe maka ịghara ime ihe na nrọ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=152–55, 157}}</ref> N'ikwere na ịkekọrịta nrọ ya nwere ike inyere ya aka ime ya, ọ gwara Ellen Gates Starr. Starr hụrụ echiche ahụ n'anya ma kweta isonyere Addams n'ịmalite ụlọ obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=162–65}}</ref> Addams na enyi ọzọ gara London na-enweghị Starr, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=166, 175–76}}</ref> N'ileta Toynbee Hall, Addams nwere obi ụtọ. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "otu obodo nke ụmụ nwoke Mahadum bi n'ebe ahụ, nwere klọb ntụrụndụ ha na ọha mmadụ niile n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma, n'otu ụdị ahụ ha ga-ebi n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ n'efu nke 'ị na-eme ihe ọma,' n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmetụta ma na-arụpụta ezigbo nsonaazụ na klas ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya yiri ka ọ dị mma. "Ọraụ Addams nke klas ndị na-agwakọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, dịka ha nwere na ndị Kraịst mbụ yiri ka ọ bụ n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen}}</ref> Ụlọ obibi dị ka Addams chọpụtara bụ oghere ebe enwere ike ịme njikọ ọdịbendị a na-atụghị anya ya na ebe enwere ike ịgbasa ókèala dị warara nke ọdịbendị, klas, na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha ji okpukpu abụọ dị ka ebe nka obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ha tọrọ ntọala maka ọha mmadụ America, oghere na-anọpụ iche ebe obodo dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche nwere ike ịmụta ihe n'aka ibe ha ma chọọ otu ihe maka ọrụ ọnụ. Ọrụ ụlọ obibi ahụ bụ "mgbalị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ iji mee ka ọdịbendị na 'okwu nke ihe' gbakọọ ọnụ. " Mgbalị na'adịghị agwụ ike bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, ọgụ iji mee ka omenala nke ya dị ike site na ijikọ ya na ọdịiche na esemokwu nke obodo ndị mbịarambịa n'obodo America na mkpa nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bilton|first=Chris|title=Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy|journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=135–150<!--|access-date=2014-04-16-->|doi=10.1080/10286630600813644}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hull_House_Entrance.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.128]] [[Faịlụ:Doorway_at_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ n'ụlọ ikpe Hull. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.149]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_in_a_car_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1915]] N'afọ 1889 Addams na enyi ya na kọleji na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Ellen Gates Starr <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morrow|first=Deana F.|title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|location=New York|isbn=0-231-12728-6}}</ref> jikọrọ aka guzobe Hull House, ụlọ obibi na Chicago. Charles Hull wuru nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mebiri emebi na 1856 ma chọọ nrụzi na mmelite. Addams na mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka mmefu ego niile (ịrụzi elu ụlọ ahụ, imezigharị ọnụ ụlọ, ịzụta oche) na ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, onyinye sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kwadoro ụlọ ahụ malite n'afọ mbụ ya ma Addams nwere ike belata oke onyinye ya, ọ bụ ezie na mmefu ego kwa afọ toro ngwa ngwa. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya ghọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye ogologo oge na ụlọ ahụ, gụnyere Helen Culver, onye na-elekọta ala nwa nwanne nne ya Charles Hull, onye mechara kwe ka ndị na-inye onyinye jiri ụlọ ahụ mee ihe n'efu. Ndị ọzọ nyere aka bụ Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, [[Mary Wilmarth]], na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=Jane Addams|work=American National Biography online|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=February 2000|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00004.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=195–96, 219, 224–25, 335, 378}}</ref> Addams na Starr bụ mmadụ abụọ mbụ bi na akụrụngwa ahụ, nke ga-emecha nwee ihe dị ka anụmanụ 25. N'ime ụbọchị ya, [1] ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,000 na-eleta Hull House kwa izu. Ụlọ Hull bụ ebe izu ike, ịdị ọcha, itinye uche na ọgwụgwọ, yana ebe obibi na maka imemma obodo. Otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na Hull House bụ onye nwere foto, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ndụ ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya.[2] Ndị bi na Hull House kere ebe obibi ezinụlọ, ụgbọ nwa, ike, ụkwara nta, typhoid, mkpofu ahịhịa, cocaine, na ọrụ. Ndị bi na Hull House bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma bụ ndị na-akwado ntọala ha na ndị ọrụ ọrụ, National Consumers League, na nhọpụta ntuli aka.[2] Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice sonyeere Hull House iji nye ndị ogbenye ọrụ.[3] Ihe owuwu ya gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị okenye, ụfọdụ maka ndị agadi, ụlọ nzukọ obodo, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụfọdụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Usoro ide akwụkwọ ozi bụ ihe mmalite nke usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọtụtụ mahadum na-enye taa. Na mgbakwunye na ịnye ohere mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala maka ọtụtụ ndị kwabatara bi na campus, Hull House nyere nhọrọ maka ndị ọrụ na-eto eto iji nweta ikike ha. N'ikpeazụ, Hull House nwere ụlọ obibi iri na atọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ebe obibi okpomọkụ (nke a maara dị ka Bowen Country Club). Otu akwụkwọ nke Hull House nke dị ezigbo mkpa nye Jane Addams bụ Art Program. Ihe omume nka na Hull House nyere Addams ọhọpụta ikike ike ihe aka, nke "mmere" onye ahụ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ. Ọ ụlọ ka ụlọ ahụ nye eze, oge na ngwaọrụ iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume iche echiche n'onwe ha. Ọ nka dị ka isi ihe iji ụdị obodo dị iche nke ahụ site na dị n'otu, onye onwe onye, ​​Flash na echiche. Ihe osise bụ ndị dị mkpa nke kaadị ya obodo, na-emebi echiche ndị a na-ejighị n'aka ma na- ndu na-ahụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike na-adabere na ya, dabere na idepụta site na na-adịghị.[1] Site na ego sitere n'aka Edward Butler, Addams mepere ebe ngosi nka na oghere studio dị ka otu n'ime mgbakwunye mbụ na Hull House. Ala mbụ nke mgbakwunye ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba nke Chicago Public Library, ụlọ nke abụọ nwere ụlọ Butler Art Gallery, bụ nke gosipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ nkà a ma ama yana ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Oghere ihe nkiri dị n'ime ụlọ ngosi ahụ nyere ma ndị bi na Hull House na ndị obodo ebe ha ga-amụ ihe nka ma ọ bụ ịbata ma nụchaa ọrụ ha mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ. Ka Hull House tolitere, na mmekọrịta ya na ndị agbata obi ya na-abawanye, ohere ahụ ghọrọ obere ihe nkasi obi maka ndị ogbenye na ụzọ isi gosipụta na ịgbanwe omenala na obodo dị iche iche. Nkà na omenala na-aghọ akụkụ buru ibu na nke dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị kwabatara na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ụmụaka abanyela n'omume ahụ. Enyere ụmụaka ndị a nkuzi n'ụdị na ọkwa nka niile. Ebe dị ka Butler Art Gallery ma ọ bụ Bowen Country Club na-enwekarị klaasị ndị a, mana a na-akụzikarị klas ndị ọzọ n'èzí. Addams, site n'enyemaka nke Ellen Gates Starr, hiwere Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) na nzaghachi dị mma na klaasị nka ụmụaka. CPSAS nyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha ihe osise nke ndị nka ama ama n'ụwa, goro ndị na-ese ihe ka ha kuziere ụmụaka ka e si emepụta nka, ma kpọga ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago.[1] === Mpaghara dị nso n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ === [[Faịlụ:Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Polk Street n'ihu Hull House. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Afọ Iri Abụọ na Hull House (1910), p.95]] [[Faịlụ:South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|South Halsted Street n'ihu Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] Mpaghara Hull House bụ ngwakọta nke agbụrụ Europe ndị kwagara Chicago na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ngwakọta ahụ bụ ala ebe ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ ebere nke Hull House nwalere echiche ha ma maa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka. Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center dekọrọ ngwakọta agbụrụ ahụ: "Ndị Germany na ndị Juu biri n'ebe ndịda nke etiti ahụ (n'ebe ndị ọzọ nke Twelfth Street)... Delta nke [[Greeks|Ndị Gris]] guzobere site na Harrison, Halsted Street, na Blue Island Streets jere ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ndị Irish bi n'ebe ugwu na ndị French Canada bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. " Ndị Ịtali bi n'ime etiti nke Hull House Neighborship ... site n'osimiri dị na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, gaa na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe a bịara mara dị ka Little Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com|title=Stories from Chicago's Little Italy|publisher=Taylor Street Archives|accessdate=April 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/|archivedate=December 28, 2018}}</ref> Ndị Gris na ndị Juu, tinyere ihe fọdụrụ n'ìgwè ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ kwabata, malitere ọpụpụ ha site na agbata obi na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Naanị ndị Ịtali gara n'ihu dị ka obodo na-enweghị nsogbu ma na-aga nke ọma site na Great Depression, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na karịa "ụkpụrụ omume ọma" atọ kachasị mma maka ebe obibi ọha na eze: "ịkụzi site na ihe atụ, imekọ ihe ọnụ, na ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ya bụ, ịha nhata, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo okwu, mmekọrịta ọha na eze gafee klas. Ya mere, Hull House nyere usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ obodo, ọdịbendị, ntụrụndụ, na agụmakwụkwọ ma dọta ndị ọbịa na-adọrọ mmasị site n'akụkụ ụwa niile, gụnyere [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], onye mechara bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1890, [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], na ndị ọzọ bi n'ụlọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọrụ mgbanwe ọha na eze n'ụwa. Hull House jiri usoro kachasị ọhụrụ (ịsụ ụzọ na eserese ọnụ ọgụgụ) mụọ oke mmadụ, enweghị ọrụ, ịba na typhoid, cocaine, ịgụ ụmụaka, ndị nta akụkọ, ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ, na ịmụ nwa. Malite na mgbalị iji melite agbata obi dị nso, otu Hull House tinyere aka na mkpọsa obodo na steeti niile maka ụlọ ka mma, mmelite na ọdịmma ọha na eze, iwu ụmụaka siri ike, na nchedo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Addams wetara ndị ọbịa a ma ama site na gburugburu ụwa ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na ndị isi Chicago na ndị ọrụ ebere. N'afọ 1912, o nyere aka malite Progressive Party ọhụrụ ma kwado mkpọsa onye isi ala nke [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. "Filosophy Adams jikọtara mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi siri ike maka imeziwanye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na mgbalị imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ọmịiko na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, na ndị na'udo, Addams jụrụ ka a kpọọ ya aha. Ọjụjụ a bụ nke bara uru karịa nke echiche. "<ref name="WWU">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website|chapter=Jane Addams|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|year=2019}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ụmụaka === [[Faịlụ:In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif|thumb|Na Hull House Music School. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), peeji nke 383]] [[Faịlụ:Sick_Mother_&_Children.gif|thumb|N'ụlọ obibi, Nne na-arịa ọrịa na Ụmụaka. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 164]] Ụlọ Hull kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka na Americanization nke ndị mbata ọhụrụ. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kwalitekwara egwuregwu na nyocha na mpaghara ntụrụndụ, ntorobịa, na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Addams rụrụ ụka na Mmụọ nke Ntorobịa na okporo ụzọ Obodo (1909) na egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ dị mkpa n'ihi na obodo ahụ na-emebi mmụọ ntorobịa. Ụlọ Hull gosipụtara ọtụtụ mmemme na nka na ihe nkiri, klaasị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, klọb ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, klaasị asụsụ, otu ịgụ akwụkwọ, mmemme ịgbatị kọleji, yana ebe ịsa ahụ ọha, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụlọ nka, na ebe egwuregwu, niile dị n'ime gburugburu ebe enwere ike ikwu okwu. E mere ha nile iji kwalite nkwado onye kwuo uche ya, ịdị n'otu, na omume onye ọ bụla. O nyeere aka ịgafe koodu ụlọ mbụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ mbụ. Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya sitere na Hull House, na 1901 Jane Addams tọrọ ntọala ihe ga-abụ Òtù Na-echebe Ụmụaka. JPA nyere ndị otu nchekwa ụmụaka mbụ na United States ruo oge ahụ. Site na 1907 ruo 1940, JPA na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụaka, na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegbu, ọrụ na mmegbu, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, na mpụ na nsogbu nke Chicago. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ iji meziwanye ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na iji ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ka ha wee nwee ike iru eru ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'obodo, na n'ógbè ha.[1] === Nchịkọta ọrịa ọha na eze === Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere akụkọ ọdịdị obodo nke ịba ahụ ma kọọ na ndị ọrụ dara ogbenye na-ebu ihe kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na anyaukwu azụmaahịa nke mere ka ndị ọchịchị obodo leghara ahụike, ịdị ọcha, na iwu ụlọ anya. N'ịgwakọta [[Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mgbanwe obodo, o mechara merie ndị isi ma kwalite nkesa ziri ezi nke ọrụ obodo na omume nyocha nke oge a. Addams kwuru banyere "ike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ntụrụndụ ọha na eze iji mee ka klas nke obodo dị iche iche dị iche iche". Addams sooro Chicago Board of Health rụọ ọrụ ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche mbụ nke Playground Association of America. === Mmetụta banyere ịgba akwụna === N'afọ 1912, Addams bipụtara A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, banyere ịgba akwụna. Akwụkwọ a bụ ihe a ma ama nke ukwuu. Addams kwenyere na ịgba akwụna bụ naanị n'ihi ịtọrọ mmadụ. Akwụkwọ ya mechara kpalie Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story Shoes, nke Lois Weber mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri na-emepe emepe nke 1916 nke otu aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silentfilm.org/archive/shoes|title=Shoes|author=Byrne|first=Rob|work=San Francisco Silent Film Festival}}</ref> Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bu n'obi na Hull House bụ ngwaọrụ nnyefe iji weta ụkpụrụ nke omenala dị elu gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji nye ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Efficiency Movement, nnukwu mmegharị na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke chọrọ ịchọpụta na iwepụ ihe mkpofu na akụ na ụba na ọha mmadụ, yana ịzụlite ma tinye n'ọrụ omume kachasị mma. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, a gbanwere anya site n'iweta nka na ọdịbendị n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka e gosipụtara na iwu ụlọ Butler) iji meghachi omume na mkpa nke obodo site n'inye nlekọta ụmụaka, ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na nnukwu oghere nzukọ. Hull House ghọrọ ihe karịrị ebe nnwale maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, ndị ọkachamara: ọ ghọkwara akụkụ nke obodo ebe a tọrọ ntọala ya, mmepe ya na-ekpughe akụkọ ihe mere eme. [[Faịlụ:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg|alt=A sketch of Jane Addams and Alva Belmont sitting side by side|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise 1912 nke Addams na Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, ndị otu National American Woman Suffrage Association. Addams bụ osote onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buell|first=Janet W.|date=1990|title=Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643|journal=The Historian|volume=52|issue=2|pages=219–241|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x|issn=0018-2370}}</ref>]] Addams kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti nwere oge ntụrụndụ na ume yana ndị ọrụ ebere bara ọgaranya, ka ha rụọ ọrụ obodo ha itinye aka n'ihe omume obodo dị ka okwu nke "ịrụ ụlọ obodo". Addams si otú a gbasaa echiche nke ọrụ obodo iji tinye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ịbụ nne (nke gụnyere ịzụlite ụmụaka). Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba gburugburu "ibu ọrụ, nlekọta, na ibu ọrụ", nke na-anọchite anya isi iyi nke ike ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche a nyere ntọala maka ọrụ ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke obodo nke Addams kọwara ma nyewanye ike na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke Addams kwadoro. Addams kwuru na a zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụmụ nwoke, n'ihe ndị dị nro nke ọdịmma mmadụ ma chọọ iwulite ọrụ ọdịnala ha nke ide ụlọ iji bụrụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọrụ idebe ụlọ ka ukwuu gụnyere mgbalị mgbanwe gbasara nsị na-egbu egbu, mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ọcha (nke na-ebu ụkwara nta), ikuku na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, na ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma. Addams duziri "agha mkpofu"; na 1894 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye nyocha nke ịdị ọcha nke Chicago's 19th Ward. Site n'enyemaka nke Hull House Women's Club, n'ime otu afọ, a kọọrọ kansụl obodo ihe karịrị 1,000 mmebi iwu nke ngalaba ahụike na nchịkọta ihe mkpofu belatara ọnwụ na ọrịa. Addams na onye ọrụ ebere John Dewey nwere ike ịrụ ụka ogologo oge na ha kọwapụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ihe gbasara pragmatism na localism, na-emesi ọrụ ike na oke ike.[1] Echiche nke abụọ nke na-eme ka Addams na mpaghara ya dị iche na ndị inyom nke oge a bụ mkpa ọ dị ịgbasa n'ime ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo na nchọpụta nke usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na omume nke na-ejedebe na ngwá ọrụ ngwá ọrụ, dị ka na mmemme Addams maka otu oge ọrụ na nke abụọ, oku ha na-akpọ maka ike ka e nye echiche nke ndị na-achị 2] oge otu na [. Ọrụ Addams lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, mmekọahụ, ihe ngosi, na ịbụ nne. N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya abụọ, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910) na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Hull House (1930), ọrụ okike Addams kwekọrọ na echiche Progressive-Era ya. N'akwụkwọ ya A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (1912), ọ na-akọwa ihe ụmụ mmadụ na nke ọha mmadụ na-esi na ịgba ohu, ịgba ohu, na ụdị nrigbu ndị ọzọ n'etiti ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ America site na 1890 ruo 1910. Addams' autobiography bụ ma nghọta ma na-enye ike, ọ bụkwa ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ime ka ikike ya nwee ike. Ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwunye ma ọ bụ esi nri na-ejere ndị mkpọrọ Hull House ozi, dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ ụmụ ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị nne n'onwe ya, a na-ewere Addams dị ka "nne nke mba", n'ihi ọdịdị nne ya n'anya ndị ya.[1]. [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams,_1906.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1906, nke George de Forest Brush (1855-1941), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution]] Addams nọgidere na-enwe usoro ihe omume ya dị arọ nke okwu ihu ọha gburugburu mba ahụ, ọkachasị na kọleji. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye ọmụmụ kọleji site na Ngalaba Mgbasawanye nke Mahadum Chicago. Ọ jụrụ onyinye sitere na mahadum ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ ya, gụnyere onyinye sitere na Albion Small, onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba Sociology, nke ọnọdụ ngalaba gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ jụrụ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'èzí agụmakwụkwọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị okenye na-edebanyeghị aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, n'ihi ịda ogbenye na / ma ọ bụ enweghị asambodo. Ọzọkwa, ọ chọghị ka mahadum chịkwaa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. A họpụtara Addams ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Chicago Board of Education . <ref>{{Cite web|author=FitzPatrick|first=Lauren|title=Who is your Chicago public school named for?|url=https://graphics.suntimes.com/education/school-names/|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=en|date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> Addams bụ onye otu iwu nke American Sociological Society, nke e guzobere na 1905. O nyere ya akwụkwọ na 1912, 1915, na 1919. Ọ bụ nwanyị a ma ama n'oge ndụ ya. == Mmekọrịta == N'ozuzu, Addams nọ nso na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ma dị ezigbo mma n'ịkpali ha itinye aka na klas dị iche iche na mmemme Hull House. Ka o sina dị, n'oge ndụ ya niile, Addams na ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, gụnyere Mary Rozet Smith na Ellen Starr. Mmekọrịta ya nyere ya oge na ume iji chụsoo ọrụ mmekọrịta ya mgbe a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ mmetụta uche na ịhụnanya. Site na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ya na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-akọwa ya dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'oge a, dịka ọtụtụ ndị isi na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom nke oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mbụ ya na ya na-ahụ n'anya bụ Ellen Starr, onye ya na ya guzobere Hull House, onye ọ zutere mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Rockford Female Seminary. N'afọ 1889, ha abụọ gara Toynbee Hall ọnụ wee malite ọrụ ụlọ obibi ha, zụta ụlọ na Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mmekọ ịhụnanya nke abụọ ya bụ Mary Rozet Smith, onye bara ọgaranya ma kwado ọrụ Addams na Hull House, onye ya na ya nwekọrọ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Aldrich|chapter=Addams, Jane|author=Holmes|first=Sarah|title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|isbn=978-0-415-15982-1}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lilian Faderman dere na Jane hụrụ onwe ya n'anya ma ọ kpọrọ Mary "My Ever Dear", "Darling" na "Dearest One", wee kwubie na ha nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya nke di na nwunye. Ha nọgidere na-emekọ ihe ọnụ ruo 1934, mgbe Mary nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ, mgbe afọ 40 gachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> E kwuru na, "Mary Smith ghọrọ ma nọgide na-abụ ihe kachasị elu na nke doro anya na egwu nke bụ ndụ onwe Jane Addams". <ref name="Brown">{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=The Education of Jane Addams|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|location=Philadelphia, PA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In0FyWy858gC&q=jane+addams+lesbian&pg=PP1|isbn=0-8122-3747-1}}</ref> Ha abụọ nwere ụlọ ezumike na Bar Harbor, Maine. Mgbe ha kewara, ha na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'ụbọchị - mgbe ụfọdụ ugboro abụọ. Addams ga-edegara Smith akwụkwọ ozi, "M na-achọ gị n'ụzọ dị egwu ma bụrụkwa nke gị 'ruo ọnwụ'. <ref name="Loerzel">{{Cite news|author=Loerzel|first=Robert|title=Friends—With Benefits?|work=Chicago Magazine|date=June 2008|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Friends-With-Benefits/|accessdate=March 29, 2009}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-egosikwa na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ lere onwe ha anya dị ka di na nwunye: "E nwere ihe kpatara ya n'omume nke ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na-anọkọ ọnụ", Addams degaara Smith akwụkwọ. == Okpukpe na ebumnuche okpukpe == Nkwenkwe okpukpe Addams sitere n'agụ akwụkwọ ya sara mbara na ahụmịhe ndụ ya. Ọ hụrụ ọrụ obibi ya dị ka akụkụ nke "Social Christian". Addams mụtara banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka ndị guzobere Toynbee Hall, Samuel na Henrietta Barnett. Ndị Barnetts nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịtọghata ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ha kwenyere na Ndị Kraịst kwesịrị itinye aka n'ụwa ma, n'okwu otu n'ime ndị isi nke òtù ndị Kraịst na England, W. H. Fremantle, "na-etinye mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmụọ nke ịhụnanya nke Kraịst". According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches. Dị ka Joslin si kwuo (2004), "Nkwado ọhụrụ, dị ka [Addams] na-akọwa ya sitere na nke ụwa, ọ bụghị nke okpukpe, ụkpụrụ nkwenye". Dị ka Jane Addams Hull-House Museum si kwuo, "Ụfọdụ ebe obibi ọha na eze nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe. Ndị ọzọ, dị ka Hull- House [nke Addams guzobere], bụ ndị ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|accessdate=November 29, 2014}}</ref> Hilda Satt Polacheck, onye bibu na Hull House, kwuru na Addams kwenyesiri ike na nnwere onwe okpukpe ma na-eweta ndị mmadụ nke okwukwe niile n'ime ọha na eze, nke ụwa nke Hull House. Otu ihe dị iche, ka ọ na-ekwu, bụ oriri Krismas kwa afọ, ọ bụ ezie na Addams hapụrụ akụkụ okpukpe na chọọchị ahụ. Bible jere ozi Addams dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali maka ndụ ya nke ije ozi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ịchụso ọkpụkpọ ya. Mmetụta a na-ekwusi ike n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya Jizọs na ịkwalite nguzobe nke Alaeze Chineke n'ụwa pụtakwara ìhè n'ọrụ Addams na Social Gospel movement. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_&_Mary_Rozet_Smith,_1923.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Jane Addams [n'aka ekpe] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.) ]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|254x254px|Ndị nnọchiteanya na Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (n'aka ekpe) na Miss Elizabeth Burke nke Mahadum Chicago, 1911]] N'afọ 1898, Addams sonyeere Anti-Imperialist League, na-emegide US annexation nke Philippines. Onye na-akwado Progressive Party, ọ họpụtara Theodore Roosevelt maka onye isi ala n'oge Nzukọ nke Party, nke e mere na Chicago n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1912. Ọ debanyere aha na ikpo okwu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ iwu Ụgbọ agha ndị ọzọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu okwu ma na-eme mkpọsa maka mkpọsa onye isi ala nke afọ 1912 nke Roosevelt. Na Jenụwarị 1915, ọ banyere na Women's Peace Party ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche mba.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm|title=Woman's Peace Party|publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com|accessdate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm|archivedate=July 27, 2009}}</ref> Ndị inyom Europe na-ahụ maka udo kpọrọ Addams ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na The Hague, Eprel 28-30, 1915,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> ma họrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi kọmitii iji chọta njedebe nke agha. Nke a gụnyere izute ndị isi iri na mba ndị na-anọpụ iche yana ndị nọ n'agha iji kwurịta banyere ogbugbo. Nke a bụ mgbalị mbụ dị ịrịba ama nke mba ụwa megide agha ahụ. Addams, tinyere ndị nnọchi anya [[Emily Greene Balch|Emily Balch]] na Alice Hamilton, dere ahụmahụ ha nke ọrụ a, bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ, Women at The Hague (Mahadum Illinois). [[Faịlụ:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams bịanyere aka na eserese nke Manuel Rosenberg 1917]] [[Faịlụ:International_Congress_of_Women1915_(22785230005).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|320x320px|International Congress of Women na 1915. aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian]] - Armenia, 2. Leopoldine Kulka, 3. [[Laura Hughes (activist)|Laura Hughes]] - Canada, 4. Rosika Schwimmer - Hungary, 5. Anita Augspurg - Germany, 6. Jane Addams - USA, 7. Eugenie Hanner, 8. Aletta Jacobs - Netherlands, 9. Chrystal Macmillan - UK, 10. Rosa Genoni - Ịtali, 11. Anna Kleman - Sweden, 12. Thora Daugaard - Denmark, 13. Louise Keilhau - Norway]] Na 1917, ọ ghọrọ onye so na Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (alaka America nke International Fellowship of Reconciliation, hiwere na 1919) wee jee ozi na Council Fellowship ruo 1933.[1] Mgbe US banyere agha na 1917, Addams katọrọ nke ukwuu. Abara ya ezigbo mba dị ka onye na-akwado udo. A na-agụ okwu ya na 1915 na pacifism na Carnegie Hall n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka New York Times, nke mbụ ya dị ka onye mba.[2] [3] Dị ka e kwuru, n'oge njem ya, ọ na-eji oge na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị mba ụwa na ndị mba ma na-ekwughachi echiche Victorian ya na ọrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-eme n'udo. Nkwado ọzọ bịara na ihe nrite nke Nrite Nobel Peace Prize to Addams na 1931; ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kesara ihe nrite ahụ. [4] Dị ka onye mbụ meriri nturu ugo US, a matara Addams maka "nkwupụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America". O nyefere òkè ya nke ego nrite n'aka otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. [5][6] === Pacifism === Addams bụ onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa, na-eje ozi dịka onye ndu na onye ndu echiche; Onye edemede Russia bụ Leo Tolstoy na pragmatism nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma John Dewey na George Herbert Mead metụtara ya.[1] Akwụkwọ ya, Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace and Bread in Time of War, na ọrụ udo ya nyere aka weta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere udo na agha.[2] Ọ hụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na udo dị ka ihe na-agbakọ aka; ha niile ga-agbakọ aka iji nweta ihe ọ hụrụ. Addams abụrụla onye na-akwado ọgụ siri ike kemgbe 1899, dị ka ọ dị na ngagharị iwe ime ihe ike sochiri Agha Spen na America. Akwụkwọ ya Newer Ideals of Peace (1907) bụ òtù udo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke chọrọ itinye echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ kpọrọ ndị inyom na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi dịka Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, na Emily Greene Balch ka ha sonyere ya na International Animal Welfare League mgbe 1914 Free Movement gasịrị. Ọrụ Addams rụpụtara mkpụrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, mgbe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi jikọtara udo na ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ mmadụ na ọchịchọ nke agha. N'afọ 1899 na 1907, ndị isi ụwa choro udo site n'ịkpọkọta nzukọ udo ọhụrụ na nke nwere mmetụta na The Hague. Nzukọ ndị a mepụtara Nzukọ Hague nke 1899 na 1907. A kagburu nzukọ nke afọ 1914 n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ. Nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke ụmụ nwanyị na Hague kpọkọtara jupụtara na oghere ahụ. N'oge ahụ, ma US na Netherlands nọpụrụ iche. Jane Addams bụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na Hague, nke gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 1,200 sonyere site na mba 12 na-alụ agha na mba na-anọpụ iche. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịmepụta usoro iji kwụsị ime ihe ike nke agha. Ma usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na nke mba ụwa ewepụghị olu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị nnọchiteanya nwanyị ahụ kwuru na iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka iwu na mkpebi gbasara agha na udo kpatara iwu na-ezighị ezi. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ nabatara usoro mkpebi na-edozi nsogbu ndị a ma kpọọ oku maka ịgbatị ikike na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro udo mba ụwa na njedebe agha. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Addams na ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu gara Europe niile na-ezute ndị isi, ìgwè ụmụ amaala, na ndị agha merụrụ ahụ site n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. A kpọtụrụ idu ndú ya n'oge nnọkọ ahụ na njem ya gaa n'isi obodo nke mpaghara ndị agha mebiri emebi aha na nhọpụta maka Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/nominations/|accessdate=2022-09-06|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Addams megidere itinye aka na Mgbasawanye nke US ma mesịa megide ndị na-achọ ọchịchị America na mba ofesi. N'afọ 1915, o kwuru okwu na Carnegie Hall ma boo ya n'èzí maka imegide itinye aka US n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges|title=New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois|work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Addams katọrọ agha dị ka ọdachi nke mebiri obiọma mmadụ, ịdị n'otu, na ọbụbụenyi obodo, ma mee ka ezinụlọ dị iche iche n'ụwa niile lụọ ọgụ. N'aka nke ya, ndị otu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ mba n'anya katọrọ echiche ya n'''Oge'' Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1917-18). Oswald Garrison Villard bịara chebe ya mgbe ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị agha nye ndị agha mmanya na-aba n'anya obere oge tupu nnukwu mwakpo ala. "Were ikpe Jane Addams maka otu. Site na mmegbu [New York] Times na-ekpuchi ya, otu n'ime ndị inyom anyị kachasị mma, n'ihi na ọ gwara eziokwu dị mfe na a na-enyekarị ndị agha Allied mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ tupu ha agafee Ala Ọ dịghị Nwoke. Ma mgbe eziokwu ahụ pụtara n'aka Sir Philip Gibbs na ndị ọzọ, ọ dịghị otu okwu mgbaghara na-abịa. " Ọbụna mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ndị mmegide gosipụtara usoro udo na iwepụ ngwá agha dị ka ndị na ndị na ndị agha dị ka ihe siri ike, ndị Kọmunist, ndị na-enweghị mba. Ndị agha ochie na-eto eto na American Legion, nke ụfọdụ ndị otu Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) na League of Women Voters kwadoro, adịghị njikere ịlụso ndị agadi, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka mma, ndị nwere ego na ndị ama ama nke WILPF ọgụ. Ka o sina dị, DAR nwere ike ma chụpụ Addams na ndị otu ha. Mgbalị ndị Legion na-eme iji gosipụta ndị otu WILPF dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị nke a na-akọ kpaliri ndị na-ege ntị na-arụ ọrụ, mana Onye isi ala Calvin Coolidge na ndị nọ n'etiti kwadoro Addams na mbọ WILPF ya na 1920s iji machibido gas na-egbu egbu na agha iwu. Otú ọ dị, mgbe 1920, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu nke Progressive Era. N'afọ 1931, onyinye Nobel Peace nye ya na Nicholas Murray Butler mere ka ọ bụrụ otu onye otuto.    [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 66qm3ud3l03a8etzoe2dybrvc2494vl 0 74020 697593 628781 2026-08-10T03:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697593 wikitext text/x-wiki Ntọhapụ (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọbiri dị ka decon, dcon, ma ọ bụ decontam) bụ usoro nke iwepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na ihe ma ọ bụ mpaghara, gụnyere kemịkalụ, micro-ntule, na/ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme redio. Enwere ike nweta nke a site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, mkpochapụ, na/ma ọ bụ mwepụ anụ ahụ. Ọ na-ezo aka na mmemme a kapịrị ọnụ e mere iji belata ihe egwu dị n'ụdị mmetọ ahụ na-ebute, na-emegide ihicha izugbe. [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|A na-ejikarị mkpochapụ eme ihe na gburugburu ahụike, gụnyere dentistry, ịwa ahụ, na sayensị anụmanụ, na usoro nkwadebe nri, na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi.]],<ref>{{Cite web|title="Water Decontamination", in ''McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 2004'', p 372|url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_rowell002.pdf|accessdate=2013-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109050430/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_rowell002.pdf|archivedate=2020-01-09}}</ref> na sayensị forensic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evaluation of a decontamination protocol for hair shafts before mtDNA sequencing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_1998-06-08_94_1-2/page/65|year=1998|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=94|issue=1–2|pages=65–71|author=Jehaes|first=Els|pmid=9670485|doi=10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00052-8}}</ref> == Usoro == Usoro mkpochapụ gụnyere: * Antisepsis * Disinfection * Anụ ahụ nhicha * Sterilisation (microbiology) * Ultrasonic nhicha * Mmiri dị ọcha Enwere ike iji ụzọ mkpochapụ dị iche iche, gụnyere usoro anụ ahụ dị ka ịsa mmiri, na ihe nchacha kemịkalụ dị ka mmanya na ihe ncha. == Hụkwa == * ụfụfụ mkpochapụ * Ntọhapụ akọrọ * Ndozi gburugburu ebe obibi * Imetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala * Mmetọ mmadụ * Imetọ ala == Edemsibia ==  {{Reflist|30em}} {{Civil defence}} {{Authority control}} te8eln2o4e79q4hl6lhq6js3613x4qn 0 74170 697750 598876 2026-08-10T07:09:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''placebo na-arụ ọrụ''' bụ placebo nke na-emepụta mmetụta ndị a na-ahụ anya nke nwere ike ime ka onye a na-agwọ kwenye na ha na-enweta ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi, kama placebo na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. == Nomenclature == Dị ka akwụkwọ 1965 si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients' responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|date=April 1965|volume=12|pages=336–45|url=http://www.leecrandallparkmd.net/pdfs/placebo.pdf|pmid=14258363|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720340008002|accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> a tụrụ aro okwu ahụ bụ '''"Placebo zoro ezo"''' (German: Kaschiertes Placebo) na akwụkwọ 1959 e bipụtara na German. <ref>{{Cite journal|language=German|title=Das Placeboproblem|journal=Fortschr Arzneimittelforsch|volume=1|pages=279–454|year=1959|pmid=13710190}}</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya == Ihe atụ nke placebo na-arụ ọrụ bụ ọrụ Shader na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nke afọ 1964, bụ́ ndị jiri ngwakọta nke obere ọgwụ phenobarbital gbakwunyere atropine mee ihe iji mee ka ahụ́ jụlata na ọnụ kpọrọ nkụ nke phenothiazines mepụtara. Morphine na gabapentin bụ ọgwụ na-egbu mgbu na mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke ụra na isi ọwụwa. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 na-enyocha mmetụta ọgwụ mgbu ndị a na-egbu mgbu, a họọrọ lorazepam dị ka ọgwụ mgbu na-arụ ọrụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị ọgwụ mgbu mana ọ na-akpata ụra ma nwee ike ịkpata isi ọwụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=352|pages=1324–34|date=March 31, 2005|issue=13|title=Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-03-31_352_13/page/1324|journal=[[N Engl J Med]]|pmid=15800228|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042580}}</ref> Nnyocha site na ngwụcha afọ 1950 gaa n'ihu na ọgwụ mgbochi ọgwụ dịka morphine ejirila dicyclomine dị ka placebo na-arụ ọrụ, na n'oge ụfọdụ a kọrọ na ọ na-akpata mmeghachi omume nke ọdụ òké Straub, dị ka ọtụtụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Clonidine na-achọta ugbu a iji ya mee ihe dị ka ọgwụgwọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal|title=Phenobarbital and atropine in combination, an active control substance for phenothiazine research|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3956%2864%2990018-4|author=Shader|first=R. I.|journal=[[Journal of Psychiatric Research]]|volume=2|issue=3|date=October 1964|pages=169–183|accessdate=7 September 2020|doi=10.1016/0022-3956(64)90018-4|pmid=14242375}} cg7bx72ski3x913l09j80a326samski 0 74191 697456 654429 2026-08-09T19:27:21Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368228221|Ola Akinboboye]]" 697456 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ola (Olakunle) Akinboboye''' (gè nti *)= ọbụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-ahụ maka ọrịa obi nuklia na America. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.nydailynews.com/new-york/great-people-leading-black-cardiologist-heart-healthy-messages-pulpit-article-1.1314197|title=Great People: Leading black cardiologist says heart-healthy messages should come from the pulpit|publisher=Daily Times|author=Clem Richardson|accessdate=July 30, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/07/medics-alarmed-over-rising-cardiovascular-ailments/|title=Medics alarmed over rising cardiovascular ailments|date=July 31, 2012|author=Catherine Karongo|publisher=CFM News|accessdate=July 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Richardson|first=Clem|date=2013-04-12|title=Great People: Cardiologist Dr. Ola Akinboboye says 'heart smart' messages should be delivered in black churches|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/04/12/great-people-cardiologist-dr-ola-akinboboye-says-heart-smart-messages-should-be-delivered-in-black-churches/|accessdate=2023-11-08|work=New York Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], Olakunle nwetara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan kọọlejị na afu maka ogwu (1984). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Olakunle O. Akinboboye, MD|url=https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1780632844/olakunle-o-akinboboye|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=nyulangone.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ kwagara na mba United Steetị ebe ọ nwetara MBA na nzere masta na ahụike ọha na eze na Mahadum Columbia. == Ọrụ ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ == --- <nowiki>*</nowiki>Olakunle* gụchara ọzụzụ pụrụiche ya na _Internal Medicine_ dị na *mahadum Nassau ebe ṅnetà ogwu*, wee gaa mee _ṅọnyere ha_ na ọrịa obi na *Steeti mahadum di ṅa obodo oyibọ ana akpọ New Yọrk*. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara na mahadum di na kolumbia Vagelos kọọlejị ṅdi dọkita na ndi dokita na awa ahu* ebe ọ gụchara _nonyere ha_ ha nyere ha ọzụzụ pụrụiche na _nuklé cardiolojị na _echocardiography_ dị elu. Ọ ghọrọ *Prọfesọ Nnyemaaka nke ogwu ahuike na kọọlajị ulọ ogwu weill nke di na mahadum Cornell, nke di na obodo New York. Ugbu a ọ bụ *Onye isi ahụike* na *Laurelton obu onye mara maka obi ọfuma P.C.* na ọgbakọ ndi na afu maka ogwu na obodo Rosedale, Queens. Ọ na-ahụ maka: - *Nnyocha obi* - - *Ọbara mgbali elu === Òtù ndị dọkịta === Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndi isi oche mba nille nke kọọlejị obi nkr amèrikà site na afọ1997 ruo 2000. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala nke iri na anọ nke ṅa gbakọ ndi dokita obi ojị akara ha bu (ABC) nke e guzobere na afo 1974 iji lekwasị anya na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrịa obi na ndị afrika no na ala Amerika.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/church-health-programs-needed-african-american-survey-shows_n_3072164.html|title=Church Health Programs Needed, But Not At The Pulpit, African-American Survey Shows|date=April 14, 2013|accessdate=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọọlejị ndi dokita di na amerika Ndị otu ndị ọzọ gụnyere: == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] m5dscvzs1ayr11hw7ule2e4ikl5y4ur 0 74355 697508 620686 2026-08-10T01:31:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697508 wikitext text/x-wiki Na UK, onye ọrụ ahụike nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dochie ọrụ nke onye ọrụ ahụike nke ahụike, onye ọrụ iwu nwere ọrụ dịịrị ndị ọchịchị mpaghara n'igbochi ọrịa, nke kwụsịrị mgbe emegharịrị iwu Ọrụ Ahụike Mba nke 1973.. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The medical officer of environmental health|url=https://archive.org/details/public-health_1981-09_95_5/page/247|journal=Public Health|date=September 1981|volume=95|issue=5|pages=247–249|doi=10.1016/s0033-3506(81)80014-5|pmid=7302095|issn=0033-3506}}</ref><ref name="Walrond1978">{{Cite book|author=Walrond|first=H. A.|title=The role of the medical officer in environmental health|date=1978|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-721221-2|url=https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/files/2017-01/the-medical-role-in-environmental-health-web-final.pdf}}</ref> Ha bụ ndị ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke ndị ọchịchị mpaghara nabatara n'okpuru Iwu Ahụike Ọha.<ref name="Jessop1985">{{Cite journal|author=Jessop|first=E. G.|title=Microcomputers and the work of a medical officer for environmental health at district|journal=Community Medicine|date=1985|volume=7|issue=2|pages=122–125|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a043769|pmid=4017529|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45156444|issn=0142-2456}}</ref> Ayliffe's (1981) na-akọwa na "ụfọdụ ọrịa bụ nke iwu na-agwa onye ọrụ ahụike maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi; dọkịta na-achọpụta ọrịa ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọkwa ahụ. " Onye ọrụ ahụike gburugburu n'aka nke ya na-agwa Chief Medical Officer. <ref name="Ayliffe1981">{{Cite book|author=Lówbúrý|first=Édwárd Jóséph Lístér|title=Control of Hospital Infection: A Practical Handbook|date=1981|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4899-6884-5|edition=2nd|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1ElBAAAQBAJ&dq=Medical+officer+of+environmental+health&pg=PA23|language=en|chapter=2. Administration and responsibility}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Inquiry publishes expert report on Public Health and Administration {{!}} Infected Blood Inquiry|date=August 2022|publisher=APS Group|url=https://www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Expert%20Report%20to%20the%20Infected%20Blood%20Inquiry%20-%20Public%20Health%20and%20Administration.pdf}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} fkb6jipj9kfqsdk167ft9i4ly3wxlzj 0 74366 697585 620704 2026-08-10T03:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697585 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Shulamith Bath Shmuel Ben Ari Firestone''' (onye amụrụ '''Feuerstein'''; <ref name="Fox30Aug2012">{{Cite news|author=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/nyregion/shulamith-firestone-feminist-writer-dies-at-67.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> Jenụwarị 7, 1945 - Ọgọst 28, 2012) <ref name="tablet">{{Cite news|work=Tablet Magazine|author=Butnick|first=Stephanie|date=August 30, 2012|title=Shulamith Firestone (1945-2012)|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/110721/shulamith-firestone-1945-2012}}</ref> bụ onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na mmalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na onye guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị atọ: New York Radical Women, Redstockings, na New York Radikal Feminists. N'ime òtù ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị kpọrọ ya "firebrand" na "fireball" n'ihi ike ọ na-akwado maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, o kwuru okwu na National Conference for New Politics na [[Chicago]]. N'afọ 1968, ọ haziri ihe omume ihe atụ a na-akpọ "The Burial of Traditional Womanhood" wee sonye na ngagharị iwe Miss America n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shulamith Firestone's Women's Liberation action materials from the Redstockings Archives|url=https://www.redstockings.org/index.php/qgive-back-the-voteq|work=www.redstockings.org|accessdate=2020-05-08}}</ref> Ọ mere mkpesa banyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ na Madison Square Garden, ha haziri okwu gbasara [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]], ma mebie nzukọ iwu ite ime.<ref name="Hall2011">{{Cite book|title=American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties|author=Hall|first=Simon|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0365-3}}</ref><ref name="Halbert-J-ICS">{{Cite journal|author=Halbert|first=Debora|title=Shulamith Firestone: Radical feminism and visions of the information society|journal=Information, Communication & Society|date=January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|pages=115–135|doi=10.1080/1369118042000208933}}</ref> N'afọ 1970, Firestone bipụtara ''The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution'' . E wepụtara ya na Septemba nke afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ederede nwere mmetụta n'ime Echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche ndị e gosipụtara na The Dialectic of Sex mechara bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe nke cyberfeminism na xenofeminism, na arụmụka Firestone a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-ebute ụzọ na mkparịta ụka banyere teknụzụ na okike.<ref name="Angel-xenofeminism">{{Cite book|title=At the Speed of Light: from cyberfeminism to xenofeminism, cyberfeminism, xenofeminism and the digital ecology of bodies|author=Angel|first=Maria|publisher=Western Sydney University|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name="Paasonen-Cybernation">{{Cite book|author=Paasonen|first=Susanna|chapter=From Cybernation to Feminization: Firestone and Cyberfeminism|date=2010|title=Further Adventures of the Dialectic of Sex: Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone|pages=61–83|editor=Merck|series=Breaking Feminist Waves|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230109995_4|isbn=9780230109995}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede, Firestone nyere aka ma nyere aka dezie magazin ụmụ nwanyị Notes . <ref name="Routledge-Dictionary" /> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká site na ime ihe ike, a chọpụtara na Firestone nwere schizophrenia, ọnọdụ ọ biri na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2012. Ọrụ ikpeazụ o bipụtara bụ Airless Spaces, nke e wepụtara na 1998. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi dabere na ahụmịhe ya na ọrịa uche.<ref name="villager">{{Cite news|work=The Villager|url=http://www.thevillager.com/?p=7172|author=Anderson, Lincoln|title=Shulamith Firestone, radical feminist, wrote best-seller, 67|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=August 31, 2012}}</ref> E mepụtara ihe ngosi akpọrọ ''Shulie'' nke gosipụtara Firestone n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ma chọta ụzọ ya dị ka onye na-eche echiche ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. A tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi mbụ ahụ, nke gosipụtara Firestone n'onwe ya; Otú ọ dị, e mechara mepụta ntụrụndụ nke mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Firestone na Ottawa, Ontario, Canada na Jenụwarị 7, 1945.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụaka isii na ada mbụ nke Kate Weiss, onye German gbara ọsọ ndụ nke gbanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, na Sol Feuerstein, onye na-ere ahịa na Brooklyn.[3] Nne na nna Firestone bụ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks.[4] N'April 1945, mgbe Firestone dị ọnwa anọ, nna ya sonye na ntọhapụ nke ogige ịta ahụhụ Bergen-Belsen na Germany.[3][a] N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ezinụlọ Anglicized aha nna ha sitere na Feuerstein ruo Firestone wee kwaga St. Louis, Missouri.[1] Nna ya ghọrọ onye Juu nke Ọtọdọks mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma ma Susan Faludi kọwara ya dị ka onye na-adọ aka ná ntị siri ike. Otu n’ime ụmụnna nwanyị Firestone, Tirzah Firestone, chetara na nna ha wepụrụ iwe ya na Shulamit. Shulamith na-emegidekarị atụmanya nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ezinụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe nna ya gwara ya ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke dina, a gwara ya na ọ bụ "n'ihi na ị bụ nwa agbọghọ". Nwanna nwanyị ọzọ, Laya Firestone Seghi, kọrọ akụkọ banyere Sol na Shulamith na-eyi egwu igbu onwe ha.[1] Tirzah Firestone kọwara nne Firestone dị ka onye nwere "echiche na-enweghị isi nke ịbụ nwanyị" nke echiche ọdịnala nke ịbụ nwanyị ndị Juu kpụrụ.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Firestone hapụrụ otu afọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị iji sonyere nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya Daniel na Mahadum Washington dị na St. Louis.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara ọmụmụ Bekee na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na 1961 ruo 1963, wee nyefee ya na agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke na School of the Art Institute of [[Chicago]], ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts na eserese na 1967. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Chicago, ọ biri na North Side ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahọrọ akwụkwọ ozi na post ọfịs.<ref name="Faludi-Death" /> N'afọ 1967, o guzobere na Chicago otu Nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ kemgbe mmegharị nke nhọpụta, nke akpọrọ Westside.<ref name="Fox30Aug2012">{{Cite news|author=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/nyregion/shulamith-firestone-feminist-writer-dies-at-67.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 30, 2012}}</ref> === Mgbalị === Na St. Louis, Firestone rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi na ngalaba mpaghara nke Congress of Racial Equality, ma tinye aka na Catholic Worker Movement. <ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> A maara Firestone dị ka Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi nkwenye ya na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ụdị mmekọahụ a na-emegbu emegbu nakwa na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inweta naanị site na iwepụ usoro nna ochie zuru ụwa ọnụ. O sitere n'ọrụ [[Karl Marx]] na Friedrich Engels, <ref name="Firestone-Dialect"> {{Cite book|author=Firestone|first=Shulamith|title=The Dialect of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire|publisher=William Morrow and Company, Inc|year=1970a|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78478-052-4|oclc=905734953}} </ref> mgbe ọ na-akatọkwa ha maka ịghara inye nyocha nke na-adabere na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Firestone gbasaa usoro echiche ha iji tinye n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ụdị nyocha dị iche na nke bụ isi. N'akwụkwọ seminal ya nke 1970 The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, Firestone dere, "Ụmụ nwanyị ga-ajụ, ọ bụghị naanị ịjụ, ụfọdụ, ọdịiche dị n'otu n'otu, na usoro nke okike."[1] Otu n'ime isi ihe dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ bụ na mmegbu a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ha nwere ịtụrụ ime na ịmụ nwa - ọnọdụ nke na-abụkarị isi iyi ike nye ụmụ nwoke. Firestone na-egosipụta iji ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ahapụ ụmụaka na ikiri ndị gba ọtọ.[1] A na-ezutekarị echiche ndị a gbasara mkpa ọ dị na nzaghachi siri ike sitere n'aka ndị inyom ndị ọzọ. A kọwakwara ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na cyberfeminism. A na-ekwukwa na itinye aka Firestone n'òtù ndị inyom dị ka ihe siri ike, ọkachasị n'ihi na ha na-ekwu maka isiokwu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị atụle n'ihu ọha n'oge ahụ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere isiokwu ndị dị ka Orgism ụmụ nwanyị na omume ite ime a manyere ya. N'afọ 1967, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, Firestone gara National Conference for New Politics na Chicago, nke mere site n'August 31 ruo Septemba 1, ya na ihe dịka ndị ọzọ na-eto eto 2,000. Na nnọkọ ahụ, ọ zutere Jo Freeman, ha abụọ jikọtara n'ihi nkụda mmụọ ha nwere banyere enweghị nlebara anya na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị. Ha abụọ tinyere mkpebi na-akwado iwu alụmdi na nwunye na nke ihe onwunwe ziri ezi na "nchịkwa zuru oke site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị nke ahụ ha".<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> E weere mkpebi ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mkpa maka mkparịta ụka n'ala. Ọ bụ ezie na Firestone na Freeman nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka nkwupụta ha gbakwunye na njedebe nke usoro ihe omume ahụ, a gwaghị ya okwu n'oge nzukọ ahụ. Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Firestone, nwara ikwu okwu iji mee mkpesa, onye nduzi nzukọ, William F. Pepper, jụrụ ịmata ha. Ka ụmụ nwanyị ise na-abịarute n'elu ikpo okwu iji kwupụta mgbagha ha, a kọrọ na Pepper kụrụ Firestone aka n'isi wee sị, "Nwee obi ụtọ, obere nwa agbọghọ; anyị nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa anyị ga-ekwu maka ya karịa nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị". <ref name="Hall2011">{{Cite book|title=American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties|author=Hall|first=Simon|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0365-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties|author=Freeman|first=Jo|date=1999|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|editor=Freeman|location=Lanham|pages=(7–24), 19|chapter=On the Origins of Social Movements}}</ref> Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Firestone na Freeman haziri nzukọ nke dugara n'ịmepụta otu nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Chicago.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> A kpọrọ otu ahụ Westside, dabere na ebe nzukọ ya na ụlọ Freeman na West Side nke obodo ahụ. Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gachara, Freeman malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement, nke e kesara na mba na mba ụwa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nyere aka kọwaa ma mee ka mmụba nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta. Ọtụtụ ndị otu Westside gara n'ihu guzobe òtù ndị inyom ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Chicago Women's Liberation Union. ==== New York Radical Women ==== N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1967, mgbe o nyesịrị aka guzobe otu Westside na Chicago, Firestone kwagara New York City iji gbapụ n'aka onye na-emegbu ya. N'otu ọrụ a na-ebipụtabeghị, ọ kọwara ihe omume mmetọ, gụnyere ịbụ onye a kụrụ ihe n'ike zuru ezu iji wepụ otu ezé ya. Naanị ihe ọ gwara ya bụ nwanne ya nwanyị Laya na enyi nwoke banyere ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ kwagara New York, Firestone guzobere New York Radical Women, otu n'ime ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ọhụrụ nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. Ndị ọzọ guzobere ya gụnyere Robin Morgan, Carol Hanisch, na Chude Pam Allen. Otu ahụ bụ òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ e guzobere na New York City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bindel|first=Julie|title=Shulamith Firestone obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/shulamith-firestone|work=The Guardian|date=6 September 2012}}</ref> Otu ahụ dere akwụkwọ a kpọrọ New York Radical Women's Principles, nke kwusiri ike na a jụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-elekwasị anya naanị n'echiche ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Pearce-SCJ-1999">{{Cite journal|author=Pearce|first=Kimber Charles|title=The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-communication-journal_summer-1999_64_4/page/307|journal=Southern Communication Journal|date=November 1999|volume=64|issue=4|pages=307–315|doi=10.1080/10417949909373145}}</ref> Nkwupụta ahụ kwuru na a machibidoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ma kpọọ ndị na-akwado echiche ụmụ nwanyị ka ha jikọọ aka megide mmegide ahụ. O kwukwara n'ụzọ doro anya na nkwenye nke otu ahụ na ime ihe ike abụghị ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ dị irè iji nweta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. The New York Radical Women mejupụtara usoro ihe omume nke uche a na-ewere dị ka nke siri ike n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Pearce-SCJ-1999">{{Cite journal|author=Pearce|first=Kimber Charles|title=The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-communication-journal_summer-1999_64_4/page/307|journal=Southern Communication Journal|date=November 1999|volume=64|issue=4|pages=307–315|doi=10.1080/10417949909373145}}</ref> E mere mmemme ahụ iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume ịhụ onwe ha dị ka ndị siri ike, ndị nweere onwe ha, na ndị siri ike. Ebumnuche nke usoro a bụ ịma ụkpụrụ ọha na eze aka nke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị nọ n'okpuru ụmụ nwoke na iji gbochie ọdịbendị dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị. ==== Ihe ndị e ji egbu ọbara ==== The New York Radical Women kewara na mbido afọ 1969. <ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Iji gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mara ihe, Firestone na Ellen Willis jikọrọ aka guzobe otu nzukọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-akpọ Redstockings. Otu ahụ nwetara aha ya site na Blue Stockings Society, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndị ama ama na Redstockings gụnyere Kathie Sarachild na Carol Hanisch. Redstockings kwalitere mkpa ọ dị igosi akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ike nke iguzogide nna ochie.<ref name="Pearce-SCJ-1999">{{Cite journal|author=Pearce|first=Kimber Charles|title=The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-communication-journal_summer-1999_64_4/page/307|journal=Southern Communication Journal|date=November 1999|volume=64|issue=4|pages=307–315|doi=10.1080/10417949909373145}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ weere ịkwalite uche dị ka usoro dị mkpa maka inyocha na ịma mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị aka. Ndị otu na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka dabere na ahụmịhe onwe onye - dị ka nwata, ọrụ, na ịbụ nne - kama ịdabere naanị na ederede ederede.<ref name="Sarachild-Weapon">{{Cite book|title=Consciousness Raising: A Radical Weapon|author=Sarachild|first=Kathie}}</ref> Site n'omume a, ndị sonyere na-achọ ịchọpụta usoro nkwekọrịta, ịhazi mkpokọta, ma na-ele mmetụta na ahụmịhe nke ha dị ka ụzọ isi zụlite nghọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ebumnuche nke mkparịta ụka ndị a bụ iji degharịa akụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma kwalite mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. Redstockings ebughị n'obi ịghọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nnukwu nzukọ ndị otu.   Dị ka New York Radical Women, Redstockings mesiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịgbanwe ọha mmadụ na ọkwa uche. Ìgwè ahụ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nyochaa ọdịdị ha na ahụmịhe onwe ha dị ka ụzọ isi guzogide ọchịchị nwoke. E kwenyere na iweghachite ike onwe onye nwere ike iduga na mgbanwe ọha na eze.<ref name="Pearce-SCJ-1999">{{Cite journal|author=Pearce|first=Kimber Charles|title=The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-communication-journal_summer-1999_64_4/page/307|journal=Southern Communication Journal|date=November 1999|volume=64|issue=4|pages=307–315|doi=10.1080/10417949909373145}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị otu ahụ mere n'ihu ọha bụ mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na itinye aka na Mkpesa Miss America nke 1968. <ref name="Sarachild-Weapon">{{Cite book|title=Consciousness Raising: A Radical Weapon|author=Sarachild|first=Kathie}}</ref> The Redstockings gbasara na 1970. ==== Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ nwanyị na New York ==== Na ngwụcha afọ 1969, mgbe ọ hapụrụ Redstockings, Firestone na Anne Koedt guzobere New York Radical Feminists. Ọ hapụrụ otu ahụ na June 1970 n'ihi nkewa nke Susan Brownmiller kpatara.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mwepu na omume nke Firestone lekwasịrị anya na ikike anụmanụ. Na March 1969, ọ haziri okwu ite ime nke mbụ [1] e okwu na-agba a n ´ a nzuk o. Ihe omume ahụ eserese ngosi iri na abụọ bụ ndị Firestone gbara ume ka ha kesaa echiche ha n'ihu nsogbu ite ime. Òtù ndị inyom nke Firestone guzobere na-etinye aka na ngosipụta dịgasị iche iche na ihe ngosi n'okporo ámá. Omume ndị a gụnyere ịkpaghasị ikpe iwu ite ime na ime ngagharị iwe n'ebe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị na-esoghị ụmụ nwoke ịbanye. Otu ngosipụta a ma ama bụ "Burial of Traditional Womanhood," nke emere na 1968 na Arlington National Cemetery, ebe ndị sonyere mere emume olili ozu ihe atụ maka nwa bebi na-anọchite anya Nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Maglaque|first=Erin|title=The radical legacy of Shulamith Firestone|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/shulamith-firestone-dialectic-sex-1970-50-years-review|work=New Statesman|date=21 October 2020}}</ref> Omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịtọhapụ ụmụ oke na Madison Square Garden n'oge ngosi agbamakwụkwọ, nke e bu n'obi imebi ihe omume ahụ ma katọọ ihe ngosi nke alụmdi na nwunye, yana isonye na oghere ọha na eze nke ụmụ nwoke na Wall Street dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nsogbu nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ. === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ka ọ na-erule oge e bipụtara The Dialectic of Sex na October 1970, Firestone apụọla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mmalite 1970s, ọ kwagara St. Marks Place ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ọ gbasoro ọrụ mbipụta nke ya, nke akọwara dị ka “katalọgụ ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị”, nke butere mkpakọrịta okpomọkụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Nova Scotia. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edegharị akwụkwọ na Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Cambridge.[1] N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na CETA Artists Project. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ, o kere ihe osise na Arthur Kill State Prison for Men ma kee ihe osise. Ndị a gụnyere ihe ngosi Rome maka City Arts Center na Lower East Side, maka American Nursing Home na 26 Avenue B, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ o kere ya na onye na-ese Art Guerra na akara na Richmond Hill, Queens, na 116th Street nso Jamaica Avenue. ==== Ịlụso ọrịa uche ọgụ ==== N'etiti afọ ndị 1970, Firestone malitere inwe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa uche. Dị ka Susan Brownmiller si kwuo, na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 1970, Firestone boro omume Brownmiller ụta maka ọnọdụ ya na-akawanye njọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cooke|first=Rachel|title=US feminist Susan Brownmiller on why her groundbreaking book on rape is still relevant|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/18/susan-brownmiller-against-our-will-interview-metoo|accessdate=28 August 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 18, 2018}}</ref> Na May 1974, Firestone gara zoo na St. Louis mgbe ọ hụchara nwanne ya nwoke, Daniel, onye na-agwaghị ya okwu banyere ọnwụ nke abụọ ya, ma hapụ nwa ya nwoke. Na mbụ, a kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala, Firestone mesịrị kpebie na ihe kpatara ọnwụ bụ mgbọ egbe n'obi; a hapụrụ ozu ahụ n'ụjọ ruo mgbe e lichara ya. Firestone gara olili ozu nwanne ya wee dee, "Ma igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ igbu onwe ya, ndụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, [ọ] nyeere m aka mgbu na-eto eto." Na 1977, mgbe ọ matara na ndị enyi ya na-eme njem, Sol na Kate Firestone, na-eme atụmatụ ịkwaga Israel, ọ gara St. Louis iji chịkọta ngwongwo ya. Mgbe ya na nna ya kparịtasịrị obere okwu, bụ́ onye yiri egwu na ọ ga-ajụ ya, ọ raara ezinụlọ ya nye n’akwụkwọ ozi.[1] Dị ka nwanne nwanyị Firestone Tirza si kwuo, ọnwụ nna ha na 1981 mere ka Shulamith nwee nkụda mmụọ: "N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ọ tụfuru ihe o nyere." Ka ọ na-erule oge e bipụtara The Dialectic of Sex na October 1970, Firestone apụọla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mmalite 1970s, ọ kwagara St. Marks Place ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ọ gbasoro ọrụ mbipụta nke ya, nke akọwara dị ka “katalọgụ ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị”, nke butere mkpakọrịta okpomọkụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Nova Scotia. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edegharị akwụkwọ na Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Cambridge.[1] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1993, otu nkwado e guzobere n'okpuru nduzi nke Dr. Fraser ma bụrụ nke Lourdes Cintron nke Visiting Nurse Service duziri nyeere Firestone aka ịpụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. Ọ jụrụ ikwurịta banyere ụmụ nwanyị; n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1995, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ nke abụọ ya.<ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke afọ 1990, netwọk nkwado ahụ gbasara ka Dr. Fraser kwagara ebe ọzọ ma Lourdes Cintron dara ọrịa. A hapụrụ Firestone n'enweghị nlekọta mgbe niile ma gaa n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ na ọnọdụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref name="Faludi-Death" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, a hụrụ Firestone nwụrụ anwụ n'ụlọ ya dị na New York City. Onye nwe ụlọ ahụ chọpụtara ihe ahụ mgbe ndị agbata obi kọrọ na ọ na-esi ísì ọjọọ na-esi na ya apụta. Otu onye nlekọta lere anya na windo site na mgbapụ ọkụ wee hụ ozu ya n'ala. Dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ahụ, Bob Perl, si kwuo, e mere atụmatụ na ọ nwụọla ihe dịka otu ọnwa.<ref name="villager">{{Cite news|work=The Villager|url=http://www.thevillager.com/?p=7172|author=Anderson, Lincoln|title=Shulamith Firestone, radical feminist, wrote best-seller, 67|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=August 31, 2012}}</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Firestone, Laya Firestone Seghi, kwuru na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ezinụlọ ahụ na-agbaso nkwenkwe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks, emeghị nyocha nke ozu, na-ahapụ ohere a na-ejighị n'aka na agụụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya. <ref name="Fox30Aug2012">{{Cite news|author=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/nyregion/shulamith-firestone-feminist-writer-dies-at-67.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ gosiri na Firestone anọwo na-ebi ndụ n'ụzọ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma nwee ahụike na uche na-adịghị mma n'oge na-eduga n'ọnwụ ya.<ref name="tablet">{{Cite news|work=Tablet Magazine|author=Butnick|first=Stephanie|date=August 30, 2012|title=Shulamith Firestone (1945-2012)|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/110721/shulamith-firestone-1945-2012}}</ref><ref name="villager">{{Cite news|work=The Villager|url=http://www.thevillager.com/?p=7172|author=Anderson, Lincoln|title=Shulamith Firestone, radical feminist, wrote best-seller, 67|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=August 31, 2012}}</ref> Otu edemede ncheta nke onye nta akụkọ Susan Faludi, nke e bipụtara na The New Yorker ọtụtụ ọnwa ka e mesịrị, nyere nkọwa ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu maka ọgụ Firestone na schizophrenia ogologo oge ma na-atụ aro na agụụ na-akpata onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya. E mere emume ncheta ya. <ref name="Faludi-Death">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/15/death-of-a-revolutionary|title=Death of a Revolutionary|author=Faludi|first=Susan|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2013-04-08|accessdate=2019-10-08|language=en}}</ref> == Ide ihe == === ''Ihe edeturu'' === Site na New York Radical Feminists, Firestone nyere aka mepụta na dezie usoro ndetu. Akwụkwọ ndị a bụ ndetu sitere na afọ mbụ (June 1968), ndetu sitere na afọ nke abụọ (1970), na ndetu sitere na afọ nke atọ (1971), nke ikpeazụ nke Anne Koedt deziri ya mgbe Firestone nọ na ezumike. === Women's Rights Organization in the U.S.A.: A New Look === N'afọ 1968, Firestone bipụtara edemede akpọrọ The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.: A New View . <ref name="Halbert-J-ICS">{{Cite journal|author=Halbert|first=Debora|title=Shulamith Firestone: Radical feminism and visions of the information society|journal=Information, Communication & Society|date=January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|pages=115–135|doi=10.1080/1369118042000208933}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, o kwuru na òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike ịghọ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Firestone kwusiri ike na mmegharị ahụ abụwo mgbe niile nke siri ike, na-ezo aka na ndị suffragists nke narị afọ nke 19 dị ka ihe atụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ama ụlọ ọrụ ndị guzosiri ike dịka ụka, ikike nwoke ọcha, na usoro ezinụlọ ọdịnala aka. Edemede ahụ gbalịrị imegide akụkọ ndị na-ebelata ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ na ụdị mmegbu ha guzogidere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. === ''Asụsụ Mmekọahụ'' === ''The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution'' (1970) bụ akwụkwọ mbụ Firestone ma ghọọ ederede ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/nyregion/shulamith-firestone-feminist-writer-dies-at-67.html|title=Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67|author=Fox|first=Margalit|date=August 30, 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ tụpụtara usoro ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na echiche ihe onwunwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dabere na mmekọahụ.<ref name="Firestone-Dialect"> {{Cite book|author=Firestone|first=Shulamith|title=The Dialect of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire|publisher=William Morrow and Company, Inc|year=1970a|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78478-052-4|oclc=905734953}} </ref> Firestone chepụtara ọha mmadụ na-enweghị mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma mepụta echiche nke chọrọ ịkọwa ma gbaghaa enweghị nhata nke sitere na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315558806|title=Fifty-One Key Feminist Thinkers|editor=Marso|doi=10.4324/9781315558806|accessdate=2019-09-30|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315558806}}</ref><ref name="Weeks2015">{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Kathi|title=The Vanishing Dialectic : Shulamith Firestone and the Future of the Feminist 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-atlantic-quarterly_the-south-atlantic-quarterly_2015-10_114_4/page/735|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|date=October 2015|volume=114|issue=4|pages=735–754|doi=10.1215/00382876-3157111}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Firestone kwuru na iwepụ ụdị mmekọahụ ga-achọ ihe yiri mgbanwe nke klas - nke yiri njide nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na echiche Marxist. Ọ tụrụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwetaghachi ikike n'ịmụ nwa, gụnyere usoro ndụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ gbara ọmụmụ na ịzụlite nwa gburugburu. O dere, sị:   Firestone jikọtara echiche nke Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, [[Karl Marx]], Frederick Engels, na Simone de Beauvoir iji wuo echiche ya. O kwetara na mmetụta nke Lincoln H. na Alice T. Day's Too Many Americans (1964) na Paul R. Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1968). N'adịghị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị nke oge ya, Firestone jụrụ echiche ahụ na enwere ike inweta nnwere onwe site n'ịkwado ịdị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị. Kama nke ahụ, o kwuru na ọganihu mmadụ chọrọ ịgafe okike n'onwe ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Anyị enweghịzi ike ịkwado nlekọta nke usoro ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi mmalite ya na okike", na "Mgbukpọ nke okike chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa ụzọ ọmụmụ. "<ref name="Halbert-J-ICS">{{Cite journal|author=Halbert|first=Debora|title=Shulamith Firestone: Radical feminism and visions of the information society|journal=Information, Communication & Society|date=January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|pages=115–135|doi=10.1080/1369118042000208933}}</ref> Firestone kwukwara na ndị Black power movement bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, na-ele atụmatụ ya maka mpako agbụrụ na mkpebi onwe onye anya dị ka ihe metụtara ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Merck-Further">{{Cite book|author=Merck|first=Mandy|title=Further Adventures of The Dialectic of Sex: Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230109995|pages=1–6}}</ref> O kwuru na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị ka ndị nwere mmetụta n'ịkpụzi usoro atụmatụ ya maka ụmụ nwanyị. Firestone kọwara ime ime na ịmụ nwa dị ka "ihe obi ọjọọ" ma lee ezinụlọ nuklia anya dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. O kwenyere na ọganihu na teknụzụ ọmụmụ - dị ka [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi ọmụmụ]] na ime ime ime ime - nwere ike ikwe ka e kewapụ mmekọahụ kpamkpam site na ọmụmụ. Ọ kwadoro maka ọmụmụ aka, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "nwa a na-etinye n'ụgbọ," dị ka ụzọ isi tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ịmụ nwa.<ref name="Firestone-Dialect"> {{Cite book|author=Firestone|first=Shulamith|title=The Dialect of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire|publisher=William Morrow and Company, Inc|year=1970a|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78478-052-4|oclc=905734953}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_jIOt6WIT4|title=1969 Throwback Report: "RADICAL FEMINISM"|work=YouTube|accessdate=February 28, 2019|archivedate=August 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821091429/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_jIOt6WIT4}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nkatọ , Firestone ewepụra nke nkụda ndị nne na nna na-enwe ike na mgba ha na uto nto. [1] O kwuru na bọtịnụ na- uto ha site na njikwa ndị ọrụ, ọrụ mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọnọdụ ha dị ala n'ime usoro.[2] Firestone mmetụta na mmetụta nne na akụkụ n'ime ekiri mere ka nsere if a na-emegbu emegbu ma napụ ha akwụkwọ onwe na akwụkwọ onwe na aha.[1] Iji dozie nke a, ọ bụ aro ka a Maris usoro , ekiri ma mma aro ka a ngosi n'otu n'otu kama site n'aka ndị nne na nna n'otu.[3][2] tsare nke onwe fim na-edepụta onwe mpempe dɔtara otuto site n'aka Simone de Beauvoir na Ms. Angela Davis mechara katọọ The Dialectic of Sex maka ọgwụgwọ ya maka ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ. Davis kwuru na Firestone belatara usoro mmegbu niile - dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegbu nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá - na mgbasawanye nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. O kwukwara na nyocha Firestone gosipụtara mgbagwoju anya Oedipus n'okwu agbụrụ, nke, dị ka Davis si kwuo, mere ka Echiche agbụrụ dị ike banyere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|title=Women, Race & Class|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=2019|isbn=9780241408407|location=London|pages=163}}</ref> === ''Ebe ikuku na-enweghị'' === Na 1998, Firestone bipụtara Airless Spaces, nchịkọta ihe ncheta gbasara mmetụta ọgwụ na schizophrenia.[1][2] Site na akụkọ onwe onye, akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ na New York City na-emeso ọrịa uche na ịda ogbenye. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ihe ịma aka nke uche na mgba ndị nwere ọrịa uche na-eche ihu, gụnyere mmetụta nke ihere, ihere, egwu, owu ọmụma, na ikewapụ onwe ha. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-enwekarị mgba na akụkụ mmetụta uche na nke anụ ahụ nke ndụ ha. A kọwawo oghere ikuku na-enweghị ikuku dị ka parody nke ọrụ Firestone, mana kwa n'ihi ngosipụta ya nke ụmụaka ndị nwere uche. Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha mgba nke ndị na-agbalị ịnyagharịa usoro ahụike uche na mkparị dị n'ime ha.[3] == Ihe Nketa == === ''Asụsụ Mmekọahụ'' === ''The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution'' ka na-eji n'ọtụtụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ntuziaka ya, dị ka ịzụlite ụmụaka n'ụzọ na-anọpụ iche, na-egosipụta echiche Firestone setịpụrụ iji nweta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/08/eulogy-for-a-sex-radical-shulamith-firestones-forgotten-feminism/261834/|title=Eulogy for a Sex Radical: Shulamith Firestone's Forgotten Feminism|author=Chertoff|first=Emily|date=31 August 2012|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị bụ isi n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ ka na-ewu ewu na arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị banyere ojiji nke ọganihu teknụzụ na ọmụmụ.<ref name="Paasonen-Cybernation">{{Cite book|author=Paasonen|first=Susanna|chapter=From Cybernation to Feminization: Firestone and Cyberfeminism|date=2010|title=Further Adventures of the Dialectic of Sex: Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone|pages=61–83|editor=Merck|series=Breaking Feminist Waves|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230109995_4|isbn=9780230109995}}</ref> A na-ewere ọrụ Shulamith Firestone dị ka mmalite nke njikọta nke sayensị na teknụzụ na echiche dị oke egwu site na anya ụmụ nwanyị. A ka na-ekerịta echiche ya ma na-atụle ya gụnyere nkwenye ya na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ chụsoo ọrụ na injinia na sayensị. A pụkwara ịchọta echiche Firestone na ọganihu sayensị dị ka mmepụta nke sperm na àkwá aka na otu mmepụta ha nwere ike isi duga n'iwepụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. ==== Cyberfeminism na xenofeminism ==== Ejikọtara olu okwu nke mmekọahụ na xenofeminism.[1] Nnyocha nke Firestone nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụaka na ọrụ nne na-amụ nwa, na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "nwoke" na-ezo aka n'ahụ ahụ, ahụ nwere ike na ikike nke xenofeminists na-ekwu na ọ bụghị mmadụ niile na-adabere na ọchịchọ ha. Helen Hester, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke The Xenofeminism Manifesto, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya na echiche agụụ na-akpali nke Firestone dọtara na ya.[2] N’ezie, Shulamith bụ otu n’ime ndị isi na ngagharị iwe megide ụmụaka. == Ihe odide == * (1968). [https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/the-womens-rights-movement-in-the-us-a-new-view "The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.: A New View"]. Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1968). "The Jeanette Rankin Brigade: Woman Power?". Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1968). "On Abortion", Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1968). [https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15957coll6/id/627 "Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị rap banyere mmekọahụ"]. Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1968), ed. Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women. * (nke a na-akpọ "The Origin of Life - Five Questions Worth Asking") [https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01039/ ''Ihe edeturu site na Afọ nke Abụọ'']. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1970). ''The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution''. New York: William Morrow na Company. * (1971), ya na Anne Koedt, eds. [https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01038/ ''Ihe edeturu site na Afọ nke Atọ'']. New York: New York Radical Women. * (1998). Ebe ikuku na-enweghị ikuku. New York: Semiotext (e) . == Edensibia == {{Reflist|26em}} == Njikọ mpụga ==  {{Radical feminism}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2dgz0t1sto3bcp7o4yiicek3k64p90n 0 74416 697964 620809 2026-08-10T11:53:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697964 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ime ọgwụ, '''usoro''' bụ usoro nsonaazụ a enyere n'iwu n'ihi otu ihe kpatara ya.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|seven/000096126|sequence}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ọrịa n'ihi na usoro ihe omume ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya: ọ bụrụ na A na-akpata B, na B na-akpatara C, na C na-akpali D, mgbe ahụ D agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ahụghị C. Otú ọsila dị, n'ọnọdụ ndị na adịchaghị mma, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ọrịa" eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ kama usoro. Ihe imaatụ gụnyere: * Usoro Oligohydramnios <ref name="pmid8043538">{{Cite journal|date=July 1994|title=Oligohydramnios sequence: the spectrum of renal malformations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bjog_1994-07_101_7/page/598|journal=Br J Obstet Gynaecol|volume=101|issue=7|pages=598–604|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13650.x|pmid=8043538}}</ref> (nke a makwaara dị ka Usoro Potter) <ref name="pmid8667983">{{Cite journal|date=July 1996|title=Neonatal mesenchyme temporal bone study: typical receding pattern versus increase in Potter's sequence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_1996-07_106_7/page/856|journal=Laryngoscope|volume=106|issue=7|pages=856–64|doi=10.1097/00005537-199607000-00014|pmid=8667983}}</ref> * Usoro Pierre Robin<ref name="pmid12605525">{{Cite journal|date=March 2003|title=Management of infants with Pierre Robin sequence|url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=1055-6656&volume=40&page=180|journal=Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.|volume=40|issue=2|pages=180–5|doi=10.1597/1545-1569(2003)040<0180:MOIWPR>2.0.CO;2|pmid=12605525}}</ref> * Usoro Poland<ref name="pmid9988881">{{Cite journal|date=January 1999|title=Smoking during pregnancy and Poland sequence: results of a population-based registry and a case-control registry|journal=Teratology|volume=59|issue=1|pages=35–8|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199901)59:1<35::AID-TERA8>3.0.CO;2-E|pmid=9988881}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} tdriq9hv2ufksmxkwee2t5wapdlfq4m 0 74481 697938 696212 2026-08-10T11:11:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Audre Lorde.jpg|thumb|Audre Lorde]]    '''Audre Lorde''' (/ˈɔːdri ˈlɔːrd/ AW-dree LORD; a mụrụ '''Audrey Geraldine Lorde'''; February 18, 1934 - November 17, 1992) bụ onye edemede America, prọfesọ, [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]], onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na'ede uri, na onye na-agbachitere ikike obodo. Ọ bụ onye na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "Onye ojii, nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, nne, onye agha, onye na'ede uri" onye raara ndụ ya na nkà ya nye iji chee ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi na mmegbu ihu. O kwenyere na enweghi ike inwe "ọchịchị mmegbu" n'etiti "ndị nwere ebumnuche nke nnwere onwe na ọdịnihu dị mma maka ụmụ anyị". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1983|title=There is not hierarchy of oppressions|url=https://uuliveoak.org/pdfs/worship_9-04-09_excerpts_no_hierarchy_of_oppressions.pdf|journal=Interracial Books for Children BULLETIN: Homophobia and Education|volume=14|issue=4|pages=i–ii|doi=|issn=0003-6870}}</ref> <ref name="foundation"/> Dị ka onye na-ede [[Ábu|uri]], a maara ya nke ọma maka nkà na ụzụ na ngosipụta mmetụta uche, yana uri ya nke na-egosipụta iwe na iwe maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke obodo na nke ọha na eze ọ hụrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa na onye guzobere Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Audre Lorde|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/audre-lorde|accessdate=2024-11-26|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ese okwu, a na-akụkọ okwu ya dị ike, nke na-atọ ụtọ, na nke siri ike site na Poetry Foundation.<ref name="foundation"/> Abụ ya na okwu ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndị metụtara ikike obodo, ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị, ọrịa, nkwarụ, na nyocha nke njirimara nwanyị ojii. <ref name="foundation" /><ref name="OutHistory">{{Cite web|author=McDonald|first=Dionn|title=Audre Lorde. Big Lives: Profiles of LGBT African Americans|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/audre-lorde|work=OutHistory|accessdate=March 28, 2021|archivedate=July 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725185013/http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/aa-history-month-bios/audre-lorde}}</ref><ref name="Wire">{{Cite news|author=Nixon|first=Angelique V.|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/02/the-magic-and-fury-of-audre-lorde-feminist-praxis-and-pedagogy/|title=The Magic and Fury of Audre Lorde: Feminist Praxis and Pedagogy|date=February 24, 2014|work=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 28, 2021}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Nna Lorde Byron mụrụ na 20 Ọgọst 1898 na Barbados. E jidere nne ya, Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde na 1902 n'àgwàetiti Carriacou na Grenada. Nne Lorde bụ nwanyị ojii nke na-agafe oge ụfọdụ maka Spanish,[1] maka ebumnuche ire ọrụ ya. Nna Lorde bụ onye Belma, ma ha jụrụ ịlụ nwunye n’ihi ịma mma Byron, ike na ntachi obi.[8] Mgbe ha kwagara, di na nwunye ahụ gara biri na Harlem, agbata obi dị iche iche na mgbago Manhattan, New York. Lorde bụ ọdụdụ nwa n'ime ụmụaka atọ. Lorde kpuru ìsì ruo n'ókè nke ịbụ onye ìsì n'ụzọ iwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ malitere ịgụ na ikwu okwu, n'okpuru nduzi nke Augusta Braxton Baker, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na Alaka 135th Street nke New York Public Library. Nne ya so ya na-ede akwụkwọ n'otu oge ahụ. A mụrụ Audrey Geraldine Lorde, ọ họọrọ ịhapụ "y" site na aha mbụ ya mgbe ọ ka bụ nwatakịrị, na-akọwa na Zami: A New Spelling of My Name na ọ nwere mmasị na nhata [[Ǹkà|nka]] nke "e"- njedebe na aha abụọ dị n'akụkụ "Audre Lorde" karịa n'ịsụgharị aha ya dịka ndị mụrụ ya bu n'obi.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web|author=Parks|first=Rev. Gabriele|title=Audre Lorde|publisher=Thomas Paine Unitarian Universalist Fellowship|date=August 3, 2008|url=http://www.tpuuf.org/?p=130|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130416144217/http://www.tpuuf.org/?p=130|archivedate=April 16, 2013|accessdate=July 9, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Lorde">{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|publisher=The Crossing Press|url=https://archive.org/details/zaminewspellingo0000lord|year=1982}}</ref> Lorde na ndị ọrụ ya siri ike site na nwata. Ya na nna ya na nne ya nọrọ oge, bụ ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike ijikwa azụmahịa ahịa ahịa mmetụta ha na ndị akụ na ụba ha nọ na ọgba aghara n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi na nnukwu nlaghachi azụ. Mgbe ọ malitere, ha na-enwekarị ihere ma ọ bụ na-echekwa onwe ha. icon, Lorde na nne ya, bụ ndị katọrọ ndị nwere ụda akpụkpọ ahụ dịtụ ka nke ya (nke Lorde nwere) na ụwa na nnukwu, e ji "ịhụnanya siri ike" na iwu siri ike mara.[11]. A na-egosi ụgbọ mmiri siri ike Lorde na nne ya n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime uri ya ndị ọzọ, dịka "Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Coal na tebụl kichin".[1] Dị ka nwatakịrị, Lorde lụsoro nkwurịta okwu ọgụ, ma nwee ekele maka ike nke uri dị ka ụdị nkwupụta.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> Ọbụna ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-eche echiche na uri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name - A Biomythography|author=Lorde|first=Audre|year=1982|isbn=0895941228|edition=1st|location=Berkeley|publisher=The Crossing Press|oclc=18190883}}</ref> O buru ọtụtụ uri n'isi, ma jiri ya kwurịta okwu, ruo n'ókè nke na, "Ọ bụrụ na a jụọ ya otú ọ dị, Audre ga-azaghachi site n'ịgụ abụ. " N'ihe dị ka afọ iri na abụọ, ọ malitere ide uri nke ya ma jikọọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka "ndị a chụpụrụ", dịka o chere na ọ bụ. <ref name="Audre Lorde's Life and Career"/><ref name="Audre Lorde's Life and Career" /> N'ịbụ onye Katọlik zụlitere, Lorde gara ụlọ akwụkwọ parochial tupu ọ gaa Hunter College High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi. Onye na-ede uri bụ Diane di Prima bụ nwa klas na enyi. Mgbe ọ na-aga Hunter, Lorde bipụtara uri mbụ ya na magazin Seventeen mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya jụrụ ya maka ịbụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Ọzọkwa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Lorde sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe uri nke Harlem Writers Guild kwadoro, mana o kwuru na ọ na-adị ya mgbe niile ka ọ dị ka onye a chụpụrụ na Guild. O chere na a nabataghị ya n'ihi na ọ "bụ onye ara ma onye na-eme ihe ọ bụla mana [ha chere] m ga-etolite na ya niile". <ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yetunde|first=Pamela Ayo|date=January 1, 2019|title=Audre Lorde's Hopelessness and Hopefulness: Cultivating a Womanist Nondualism for Psycho-Spiritual Wholeness|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735018814692|journal=Feminist Theology|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=176–194|doi=10.1177/0966735018814692|issn=0966-7350}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dean|first=Mary Kathryn|date=February 23, 2014|title=On Faith and Feminism|url=https://thefeministwire.com/2014/02/on-faith-and-feminism-a-sermon/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019133246/https://thefeministwire.com/2014/02/on-faith-and-feminism-a-sermon/|archivedate=October 19, 2021|accessdate=October 19, 2021|work=The Feminist Wire|language=en-US}}</ref> Lorde gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hunter College High School na 1951. ''Zamy'' kwuru na nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok n'afọ 1953. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|url=https://archive.org/details/zaminewspellingo0000lord|publisher=The Crossing Press|year=1982|chapter=Chapter 19}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Audre_lorde.jpg|thumb|Audre Lorde Foto nke Elsa Dorfman.]] N'afọ 1968, Lorde bụ onye edemede bi na Tougaloo College na Mississippi.<ref name="poets.org">{{Cite web|title=Audre Lorde|publisher=Poets.org|url=http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/306|accessdate=July 9, 2009|archivedate=March 9, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309030149/http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/306}}</ref> Oge Lorde nọ na Tougaloo College, dị ka afọ ya na National University of Mexico, bụ ahụmahụ na-eto eto maka ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-eto eto, ndị isi ojii na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha chọsiri ike ikwurịta okwu gbasara ikike obodo nke oge ahụ. Site na mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, ọ kwusiri ike na ọchịchọ ya ọ bụghị naanị ibi ndụ ya "onye ara na onye na-eme ihe ike", kamakwa itinye uche n'akụkụ nke ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede uri. Akwụkwọ uri ya, Cables to Rage, sitere n'oge ya na ahụmịhe ya na Tougaloo.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc">{{Cite book|author=Kimberly W. Benston|editor=Gates|title=The Norton Anthology of African-American Literature: Volume 2|date=2014|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-393-92370-4|pages=637–39|edition=Third}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Audre_Lorde_Residence_(Staten_Island).jpg|alt=A three-story, gray-blue, Neo-Colonial style home with a gabled roofline, open porch, columns, and a pediment with a sunburst decoration. Picture includes shrubs and a trashcan on the front lawn, and the third story is partially obscured by leaves.|thumb|Ebe obibi Audre Lorde na Stapleton Heights, Staten Island, ugbu a bụ New York City Historical Landmark.]] Site na 1972 ruo 1987, Lorde biri na Staten Island. N'oge ahụ, na mgbakwunye na ide na ịkụzi ihe, ọ kwadoro Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Audre Lorde Residence|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/audre-lorde-residence/|publisher=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project|accessdate=April 19, 2018|archivedate=November 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106172140/https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/audre-lorde-residence/}}</ref> Lorde kụziri na Ngalaba Mmụta na Lehman College site na 1969 ruo 1970, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lorde-audre-1934-1992|title=Lorde, Audre (1934–1992)|author=Morehouse|first=Susan Perry|year=2002|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=October 28, 2017|archivedate=October 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012549/http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lorde-audre-1934-1992}}</ref> mgbe ahụ dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na John Jay College of Criminal Justice (nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke Mahadum City nke New York, CUNY) site na 1970 ruo 1981. N'ebe ahụ, ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ịmepụta ngalaba ọmụmụ ndị isi ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Justice Matters|url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/News/Justice_Matters_50.pdf|publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice|accessdate=March 18, 2017|year=2015|archivedate=October 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027084806/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/News/Justice_Matters_50.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi na alma mater ya, Hunter College (nke a na-akpọkwa CUNY), dị ka onye isi oche Thomas Hunter.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cook|first=Blanche Wiesen|editor=Ware|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5|date=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|chapter=Lorde, Audre}}</ref> Dị ka nwanyị ojii na-eme ihe ọ bụla, ọ bụ onye si n'èzí n'ọhịa [[Ndi ocha|nwoke ọcha]] na ahụmahụ ya na gburugburu ebe a nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ọrụ ya. Mpaghara ọhụrụ dị ka Ọmụmụ ndị Africa America na Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị kwalitere isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu ma dọta uche n'ìgwè ndị a na-ekwukarị na mbụ. Site na gburugburu agụmakwụkwọ a, Lorde sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ide ọ bụghị naanị uri kamakwa edemede na isiokwu banyere ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị, na African American.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=New-York Historical Society|date=October 28, 2024|title=Life Story: Audre Lorde (1934-1992)|url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/a-conservative-turn/audre-lorde/#resource|work=Women and the American Story|accessdate=March 26, 2026|archivedate=February 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221052747/https://wams.nyhistory.org/end-of-the-twentieth-century/a-conservative-turn/audre-lorde/#resource}}</ref> Na 1981, Lorde bụ onye ntọala ntọala nke Women's Coalition of St. Croix, [1] otu raara onwe ya nye inyere ndị lanarịrị mmetọ mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị aka. N'afọ ndị 1980, o nyere aka chọta Sistahood in Support of Sisters (SISA) na South Africa iji rite uru na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị e merụrụ na 1980s na mpụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya.[2] N'afọ 1985, Audre Lorde so na ndị nnọchi anya ndị odee nwanyị ojii bụ ndị akpọrọ na Cuba. Ọ bụ The Black Scholar na Union of Cuba Writers kwadoro njem a. Ọ nabatara òtù ụmụnna ndị na-ekekọrịta ihe dị ka ndị inyom ojii na-ede akwụkwọ. Ha letara ndị Cuban uri bụ́ Nancy Morejón na Nicolás Guillén. Ha tụlere ma mgbanwe Cuban agbanweela ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọnọdụ ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.[1] === Afọ ndị Berlin === [[Faịlụ:Audre_Lorde_und_May_Ayim.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Lorde in Berlin, pictured with May Ayim.]] Na 1984, Lorde malitere ọrụ mmụta mmụta nleta na West Berlin na Mahadum Free nke Berlin. Prọfesọ FU Dagmar Schultz kpọrọ ya òkù, bụ onye zutere ya na UN "World Women Conference" na Copenhagen na 1980.[1] N'oge ya na Germany, Lorde ghọrọ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị Afro-German nke oge ahụ.[2] Ya na otu ndị inyom ojii na-agba mbọ na Berlin, Audre Lorde chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "Afro-German" na 1984 na, n'ihi ya, hiwere òtù ojii na Germany.[3] N'ime ọtụtụ njem ya na Germany, Lorde ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, na Helga Emde.[4][5] Kama ịlụso usoro ahụ ọgụ site na ime ihe ike, Lorde hụrụ asụsụ dị ka ụdị nguzogide siri ike ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị German ume ikwu okwu kama ịlụ ọgụ.[6] Mmetụta ya na Germany karịrị ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German; Lorde nyere aka n'ịmata mmekọrịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ na agbụrụ.[4] Audre Lorde nyere ohere bara uru maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii German ịhazi na jikwaa mmetụta ha n'ụzọ ọ bụla ha nwere ahụ iru ala. Ịbụ ndị ọkachamara German na-atụgharị ọzọ, na ịkọwapụta site n'echiche ndị ọzọ nke ihe "ihe ọjọọ" pụtara (ihe nketa agwakọtara) nwere ike imebi echiche nke onwe ha. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a enweghị ike ikwupụta n'ụzọ zuru ezu akụkụ niile nke ịdị adị ha wee hụ na ọha mmadụ na-akpakwa nduru. Audre Lorde nwere ike ịmalite imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti njirimara ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-ahụta na ọha German na ihe ha mere onwe ha. Lorde kere ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a iji kparịta ahụmịhe ha wee mepụta akụkọ German ojii. Nke a abụghị ikwu na Lorde n'onwe ya malitere njirimara German a na-akwado Black Black, kama na o nyere ụmụ German ndị a ihe nlereanya maka ọbụbụenyi, njirimara onwe onye, na ikike ọgụgụ isi.[7] Na Disemba 1989, otu ọnwa ka Mgbidi Berlin dasịrị, Lorde dere uri ya "East Berlin 1989"[1] na-ekwupụta echiche ya na mmemme akụkọ ihe mere eme a. Na uri, mgbe Lorde na-ekwupụta egwu ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide Afro-Germans na ndị ọzọ ojii na Berlin n'ihi ọhụrụ nnwere onwe East Germany, ọ na-akatọ mmeri nke nnwere onwe onye kwuo uche na mmetụta Western, na-egosipụta obi abụọ miri emi banyere ya, na iguzogide, "Weghachi udo" nke ga-emecha na-eduga ná mgbanwe nke Communist East Germany n'ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Mmetụta Lorde na Afro-Germans bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri 2012 nke Dagmar Schultz dere. Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years 1984-1992 nabatara site na Berlin Film Festival, Berlinale, ma nwee ya World Premiere na 62nd Annual Festival na 2012. [1] E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme ihe nkiri gburugburu ụwa, ma na-aga n'ihu na-ekiri ya na ememe dị ka nke 2018. [2] Ihe nkiri 2 na-enweta ihe nrite nke 1 nke Golden. Akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 15th Reelout Queer + Video Festival, Golden Globe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na International Film Festival maka ụmụ nwanyị, okwu ọha na eze, na enweghị ịkpa ókè, na onyinye ndị na-ege ntị maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na Barcelona International LGBT Film Festival. [3] Audre Lorde: Afọ Berlin kpughere enweghị nnabata Lorde natara na mbụ maka onyinye ya na echiche nke intersectionality. [4] == Abụ uri == [[Faịlụ:Audre_Lorde,_Meridel_Lesueur,_Adrienne_Rich_1980.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Audre Lorde (n'aka ekpe) na ndị edemede Meridel Le Sueur (n'etiti) na Adrienne Rich (n'ụzọ nri) na ụlọ ọrụ edemede na Austin, Texas, 1980]] Lorde lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ nchọpụta nke ya, ọ bụghị naanị n'etiti nchọpụta nke ndụ nke na-agbakọ aka n'otu n'otu n'ime mmadụ nke ya. "A na-emeso m dị ka onye ọzọ n'ime otu m so na ya," ka o kwuru. "Ma n'ime obodo," Lorde dere, "ọ bụ n'ezie akwụkwọ nkeonwe, ihe ngosi, agha nwa oge na nke na-egbu mgbu n'etiti mụ na mmegbu m."[1] : 12-13 Ọ na-ahụ onwe ya dị ka "nwanyị na-aga n'ihu" [1]: 17 na "onye na-eme olu" n'ime onwe ya. : 31 : 31 Echiche ya na ọtụtụ njirimara na-egosipụta na ụdị ọrụ ya dị iche iche. Onye nkatọ Carmen Birkle dere, sị: "A na-egosipụta ọdịiche omenala ya n'ụdị ederede omenala, n'ụdị dị iche iche." [1] Ọjụjụ ọjụjụ itinye nduru n'otu ụdị, ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, bụ mkpebi siri ike ya ịbịa n'otu n'otu kama ịbụ echiche efu. Lorde akọwawo onwe ya dị ka "onye na-ahụ maka nwanyị, nne, dike, onye na-ede uri" ma jiri abụ zie ozi a. [2] === Ọrụ ndị mbụ === E bipụtara uri Lorde mgbe niile n'afọ ndị 1960 - na Langston Hughes' 1962 New Negro Poets, USA; n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ọzọ; na magazin ndị isi ojii. N'oge a, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike obodo, ndị na-mmegide agha, na ndị inyom. Na 1968, Lorde bipụtara The First Cities, nchịkọta uri. Diane di Prima, onye bụbu nwa klas ya na enyi sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Hunter College deziri ya. A kọwawo obodo mbụ dị ka "akwụkwọ nke bụ, n'ụzọ, ọhụụ", [1] na Dudley Randall, onye na-ede uri na onye nkatọ, kwusiri ike na mmalite ya na akwụkwọ ahụ na Lorde "na-ahụ ọkọlọtọ ka ọ na-efe efe, ma Blackness ya dị ebe ahụ, n'ụzọ, n'ime ọkpụkpụ "[2]. Nchịkọta ya nke abụọ, Cables to Rage (1970), nke edere n'oge ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ uri na Tougaloo College na Mississippi, lekwasịrị anya na ịhụnanya, Carra, nna, na anya ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka uri "Martha", bụ nke Lorde kwupụtara n'ihu ọha na ọ bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na nke mbụ n'ime ihe odide ya: "[M ga-ahụ ya n'anya ebe a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ onye nzuzu."] A họpụtara maka onyinye nturu ugo akwụkwọ mba maka abụ na 1974, [1] Site n'ala ebe ndị ọzọ bi (Broadside Press) na-egosi ọgụ nke Lorde n'onwe ya na njirimara na iwe na mmegbu ọha. Mpịakọta ahụ na-ekwu banyere isiokwu nke iwe, owu ọmụma, na ikpe na-ezighị ezi, yana ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwanyị ojii, nne, enyi, na onye hụrụ n'anya.[2] 1974 hụrụ ntọhapụ nke New York Head Shop and Museum, nke na-enye foto nke Lorde's New York site na anya nke ma Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na oge ọ bụ nwata: <ref name="foundation">{{Cite web|accessdate=March 28, 2021|title=Audre Lorde 1934-1992|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/audre-lorde|publisher=Poetry Foundation|archivedate=November 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127194430/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/audre-lorde}}</ref> nke ịda ogbenye na ileghara anya na, n'echiche Lorde, na-achọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="Audre Lorde's Life and Career"/> N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mpịakọta ndị a, ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke Coal na 1976 bụ onye guzobere Lorde dị ka onye nwere mmetụta na Black Arts Movement, na nnukwu ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ n'azụ ya-Norton-nyere aka mee ka ọ bịarute ndị na-ege ntị. Mpịakọta ahụ gụnyere abụ sitere na Obodo Mbụ na Cables ruo Rage, ọ gbakwunyekwara ọtụtụ isiokwu Lorde ga-abụ nke a maara maka oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ: iwe ya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke agbụrụ, ememe ya nke onye ojii, na oku ọ na-akpọ maka nyochaghachi ahụmahụ nwanyị. Lorde soro Coal na N'etiti Onwe Anyị (nakwa 1976) na Hanging Fire (1978). N'ime mpịakọta Lorde The Black Unicorn (1978), ọ na-akọwa njirimara ya n'ime akụkọ ifo nke chi ụmụ nwanyị Africa okike okike, ọmụmụ, na ike dike. Mweghachi a nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-ewulite ma na-agbagha echiche Black Arts dị ugbu a gbasara pan-Africanism. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị edemede dị ka Amiri Baraka na Ishmael Reed jiri nkà mmụta mbara igwe Africa mee ihe n'ụzọ nke "wepụtara akụkọ nke chi nwoke nwere obi ike nke nwere ike ịkpụpụta na ịgbachitere eluigwe na ụwa ndị ojii," n'akwụkwọ Lorde, "a na-ebufe onye agha ahụ n'aka onye nche nwanyị nwere ike kwa ike na ọmụmụ."[1] Abụ ekere Lorde bịara bụrụ nke a na-ahụ anya na nke onwe ka ọ na-etolite na inwekwu ntụkwasị obi na mmekọahụ ya. N'ime Sista Outsider: Essays and Speeches, Lorde na-ekwu, "Abụ bụ ụzọ anyị ga-esi nyere aka nye ndị na-enweghị aha ka anyị nwee ike iche echiche ... Ka anyị na-amata ha ma nabata ha, mmetụta anyị na nyocha nke eziokwu nke ha na-aghọ ebe nsọ na ebe ọmụmụ maka echiche kachasị ike na obi ike." [1] Nwanne nwanyị Outsider na-akọwapụta ihe ịma aka nke Lorde na omenala ndị Europe na America. == Nkwupụta == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọrịa cancer (1980) na A Burst of Light (1988) na-eji akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, gụnyere edemede na ntinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, iji gbaa aka, nyochaa, na ịtụgharị uche na nyocha nke Lorde, ọgwụgwọ, mgbake site na ọrịa ara ara, na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ ya site na ọrịa ahụ. [1] [2] N'ime ọrụ abụọ a, Lorde na-ekwu maka echiche Western banyere ọrịa, nkwarụ, ọgwụgwọ, ọrịa kansa na mmekọahụ, na ịma mma anụ ahụ na amara, yana isiokwu nke ọnwụ, egwu ọnwụ, ndụ, ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche, na ike dị n'ime.[3] Lorde's deeply personal book ''Zami: A New Spelling of My Name'' (1982), subtitled a "biomythography", chronicles her childhood and adulthood. The narrative deals with the evolution of Lorde's sexuality and self-awareness.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> === ''Nwanne Nwanyị Na-anọghị n'Ebe'' === Na Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (1984), Lorde na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ịkọrọ ahụmahụ nke ìgwè ndị a na-akparaghị ókè iji mee ka ọgụ ha pụta ìhè na ọha mmadụ na-emegide onwe ha.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> Ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ìgwè ndị mmadụ dị iche iche (karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa America) chọta ihe jikọrọ ha na ahụmịhe ha na ndụ, kamakwa iji chee ọdịiche ihu n'onwe ya, ma jiri ya dị ka isi iyi nke ike karịa nkewa. Ọ na-ekwusi ike ugboro ugboro na ọ dị mkpa maka obodo na mgba iji wuo ụwa ka mma. Otu esi eme ka iwe na iwe nke mmegbu kpaliri bụrụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama n'ọrụ ya niile, na nchịkọta a karịsịa.<ref name="Audre Lorde's Life and Career">{{Cite web|author=Threatt Kulii|first=Beverly|title=Audre Lorde's Life and Career|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|work=|publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign{{snd}}Department of English|accessdate=November 8, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121211926/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm|archivedate=November 21, 2015}}</ref> Edemede ya ama ama, "Ngwaọrụ Nna-ukwu agaghị emebi ụlọ Nna-ukwu", gụnyere n'ime Nwanna Nwanyị N'èzí. Lorde na-ajụ oke na ikike mgbanwe nke a ga-enwe mmụọ mgbe ọ nyochara nsogbu ahụ site na oghere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nke nna ochie. Ọ na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị dị ka ihe a ga-anabata, kama dịka ihe dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ike na "ịbụ" n'ụwa. Nke a ga-emepụta ọha mmadụ nke na-anabata ọdịiche, nke ga-eduga na nnwere onwe. Lorde na-akọwa, "Kewaa na imeri, na ụwa anyị, ga-aghọ akụkọ ifo na isi iyi nke ike." [1] Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ ga-akụziri onwe ha banyere mmegbu nke ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ịtụ anya ka otu ndị na-erughị eru ịkụziri ndị a na-emegbu emegbu bụ ịga n'ihu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, echiche ndị nna ochie. Ọ kọwara na nke a bụ ngwá ọrụ dị ike nke ndị mmegbu na-eji eme ka ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-arụ ọrụ na-eche banyere ndị nna ha ukwu. O kwubiri na iji weta ezigbo mgbanwe, anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nke ndị nna ochie n'ihi na mgbanwe nke ahụ kpatara agaghị adịte aka.[1] N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke na United States, Lorde kwuru, sị: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|title=Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches|publisher=The Crossing Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0895941411|year=1984}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == == Echiche == Ihe odide ya dabere na "echiche nke ọdịiche", echiche ahụ bụ na esemokwu abụọ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị mfe; ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị achọpụtala na ọ dị mkpa igosi echiche efu nke ihe siri ike, nke dị n'otu, ụdị ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya jupụtara na nkewa. Lorde okwu nsogbu, klaasị, afọ na afɔ, agụụ na agụụ na, mgbe e ezi na ndụ ya, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-ebu; Nke ikpeazụ na-aghọ arịa onye a ma ama n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya ka ọ na- ọrịa kansa. O dere ihe ndị a nile dị ka ihe ndabere maka ozi ya nke ndidi. Ọ bụ́ ụka na, n'agbanyeghị na ndịiche dị n'ụdị nwoke na enwetala ihe niile a na-achọ anya, ọ dị mkpa ka a matakwa ma lebara ndịiche ndị ọzọ anya. "Onyenwe anyị," ka Carmen Birkle [de] na-ekwu, "na-etinye uche ya na izi ezi nke ozi. Ọ Poly ka ekwe na-egbochi ya ma ghara ikpe ya ikpe; ọ akwụkwọ ka e tinye ya n'otu ụdị nke 'nwanyị.'"[1] A mara echiche a taa dị ka intersectionality. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekweta na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu ma dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Lorde na-emetụta akụkụ abụọ metụtara ya-agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ada Gay Griffin na Michelle Parkerson A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, Lorde na-ekwu, sị, "Ka m buru ụzọ gwa gị ihe ọ dị ka nwanyị ojii na-ede uri na 60s, site n'ịwụba n'ime. [1] N’akwụkwọ edemede ya “The Erotic as Power” (1978) nke e debere n’ime Sister Outsider, Audre Lorde kọwara “erotic” dịka ebe ike dị maka ụmụ nwanyị naanị mgbe ha mụtara ịhapụ ya n’ime mgbochi ma nabata ya, na-enweghị itinye ya naanị n’ihe gbasara mmekọahụ dịka ọ na-adịkarị n’ọha mmadụ. Ọ na-ekwu na a ga-enyocha ma nwee ahụmahụ nke erotic n’ụzọ zuru oke, n’ihi na ọ bụghị naanị ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, kama ọ bụ mmetụta nke obi ụtọ, ịhụnanya, na ịnụ ụtọ ihe ọ bụla na-enye nwanyị afọ ojuju n’ụzọ ndụ ya, dịka ịgụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ịhụ ọrụ ya n’anya. Ọ jụrụ echiche ụgha nke na naanị site n’ịkwụsị erotic n’ime ndụ na uche ka ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwe ike. Ọ sịrị na ike dị otú ahụ bụ aghụghọ, n’ihi na e wuru ya n’usoro echiche nke ike ụmụ nwoke. Ọ kọwara na ọha mmadụ nke patriarchy agbanweela aha erotic ma jiri ya megide ụmụ nwanyị, nke mere ka ha na-atụ ya egwu. Ụmụ nwanyị na-atụkwa ya egwu n’ihi na erotic bụ ike siri ike ma dị omimi. Ọ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị ka ha kesaa ike ha n’etiti onwe ha kama iji ya eme ihe na-enweghị nkwenye, nke bụ mmegbu. Kama nke ahụ, ha kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe iji jikọta mmadụ niile n’ime ọdịiche na ihe ha nwere ọnụ. Iji erotic dị ka ike na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị iji ọgụgụ isi ha na ike ha ihu nsogbu dịka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, patriarchy, na ọha mmadụ na-egbochi erotic. Audre Lorde kwuru na erotic nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi ike nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ jupụtara n’mmụọ na agụụ n’akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha. Ọ na-akpọ ka erotic bụrụ ụdị “kompas” nke na-enyere ha ịmata ihe bara uru n’ndụ ha. Ọ katọrọkwa echiche nke compulsory heterosexuality na echiche na obi ụtọ ụmụ nwanyị ga-abịa naanị site n’alụmdi na nwunye, Chineke, ma ọ bụ okpukpe. Echiche erotic na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha ghara ịnabata ihe ọha mmadụ na-atụ anya ma ọ bụ ihe dị mfe, kama iguzogide usoro patriarchy nke na-achịkwa mmekọahụ na ndụ ha. Ọ na-ahụ igbochi erotic ma ọ bụ ịnabata ụkpụrụ heterosexual dị ka ụzọ ijide ụmụ nwanyị n’okpuru ọchịchị. Iji nweta onwe ha, ọ na-akpọ ha ka ha weghachite erotic ma jiri ya jide ndụ ha. Ọ na-agbalị iwepụ ọdịiche erotic dị n’etiti ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche iji mee ka ọchịchọ ndị a bụrụ ike mmepụta mgbanwe ọhụrụ. N’agbanyeghị na ọ jụrụ compulsory heterosexuality, echiche a ka na-apụta n’akwụkwọ ya Uses of the Erotic n’ụzọ ụfọdụ nwere akara heteronormativity. Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma feminism ọzọ, Lee Edelman, kọwara heteronormativity dịka usoro omenala nke a na-akwado site n’ịmụ nwa na ịhụ ụmụaka dịka ọdịnihu. Nke a na-ejikọta na okwu Lorde banyere ime ka ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe ka mma. Lorde na-ekwu na mgbọrọgwụ erotic bụ “ebe miri emi nke nwanyị na nke mmụọ, nke siri ike n’ike mmetụta anyị nke a na-ekwughị ma ọ bụ nke a naghị ama,” nke na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịbụ nwanyị. Nke a na-akwado echiche binary banyere okike mmadụ. Echiche a nke essentialism na-akpalite mkparịta ụka n’etiti feminists nke oge ọhụrụ, ma gosikwa otú third-wave feminism si dị iche na fourth-wave feminism n’ịghọta intersectionality. === Echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị === Nkatọ ahụ abụghị otu akụkụ: ọtụtụ ndị inyom ọcha were iwe n'ihi ụdị ejiji nke Lorde. N'edemede ya nke 1984 "Ngwaọrụ Nna-ukwu agaghị emebi Ụlọ Nna-ukwu", [64] Lorde wakporo ihe ọ kwenyere na ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na-akọwa ya dị ka ntọala amaghị ama na nna ochie. Ọ rụrụ ụka na, site n'ịgọnarị ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-eme ka usoro mmegbu ochie na-adịgide adịgide na, n'ime nke a, na-egbochi mgbanwe ọ bụla na-adịgide adịgide. Arụmụka ya kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ọcha bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị agbụrụ dị ka okwu gbasara nwanyị na ndị isi ohu nwoke ọcha, na-akọwa ha abụọ dị ka "ndị nnọchianya nke mmegbu"[65]. === Nkwupụta Lorde banyere ụmụ nwanyị === Lorde kwenyere na ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke nwanyị bụ na ụdị mmegbu niile jikọtara ọnụ; na ịmepụta mgbanwe dị mkpa iji kwado ọha mmadụ; ka ndịrịta iche ekwesịghị ịdị nkewa; na mgbanwe bụ usoro; mmetụta ahụ bụ ụdị ihe ọmụma onwe onye nke nwere ike ịkọwa ma melite ọrụ; na ịnakwere na inwe ihe mgbu na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ya.[1] Na Lorde's "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", ọ na-ede, sị: "N'ezie, e nwere ezigbo ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị agbụrụ, afọ, na mmekọahụ. Ma ọ bụghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị na-ekewa anyị. Ọ bụ kama ọjụjụ anyị jụrụ ikweta ọdịiche ndị ahụ, na nyochaa mgbagwoju anya nke na-esite n'ịkpọ aha ha na àgwà ha na-atụ anya ya. " Kpọmkwem, ọ na-ekwu, sị: "Dịka ndị inyom na-acha ọcha na-ahapụ ihe ùgwù ha wuru nke Whiteness ma kọwaa nwanyị n'ihe banyere ahụmahụ nke onwe ha nanị, mgbe ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-acha agba na-aghọ 'ọzọ'." "Onye ocha nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe". Lorde defines racism, sexism, ageism, heterosexism, elitism and classism altogether and explains that an "ism" is an idea that what is being privileged is superior and has the right to govern anything else. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Lorde argues that a mythical norm is what all bodies should be. According to Lorde, the mythical norm of US culture is White, thin, male, young, heterosexual, Christian, financially secure.[67] === Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii === Ndị ọkà mmụta gara n'ihu na-enyocha ọrụ Lorde na-arụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii taa. Jennifer C. Nash na-enyocha ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii si nabata njirimara ha wee hụ onwe ha n'anya site na esemokwu ndị ahụ.[1] Nash na-ehota Lorde, onye dere, sị: "Ana m agba onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị ume ka ọ banye n'ime ebe dị omimi nke ihe ọmụma n'ime onwe anyị ma metụ egwu na ịkpọasị nke ọdịiche ọ bụla dị n'ebe ahụ anya. Lee onye ọ bụ. Mgbe ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike ịmalite ime ka nhọrọ anyị niile doo anya. " [1] Nash na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha nabata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kama ịtụ egwu ya, nke ga-eduga n'ọha obodo ka mma. Lorde na-agbakwụnye, sị: "Ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ́ ndị dị n'otu, n'ọchịchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ mmetụta uche, abụghị ndị iro nke ndị isi ojii. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mgbe, ụfọdụ ndị ikom ojii na-agbalị ịchịisi site n'ịtụ ndị inyom ojii bụ́ ndị enyi karịa ndị iro." [2] N'afọ 1981, Lorde na enyi ya bụ onye edemede, Barbara Smith guzobere Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press nke raara onwe ya nye inyere ndị edemede ndị ọzọ ojii aka site n'inye ihe, nduzi na agbamume. Lorde gbara ndị gbara ya gburugburu ume ime emume ọdịiche ha dịka agbụrụ, mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ọkwa kama ibi na ha, ma chọọ ka onye ọ bụla nwee ohere yiri nke ahụ. N'oge niile Lorde na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụnyere echiche nke njirimara otu n'ọtụtụ uri na akwụkwọ ya. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-akọwa otu ụdị kamakwa ọ chọrọ ime ememe akụkụ niile nke onwe ya n'otu ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kemp|first=Yakini B.|year=2004|title=Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde's writing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-the-literary-imagination_spring-2004_37_1/page/22|journal=Studies in the Literary Imagination|volume=37|pages=22–36}}</ref> A mara ya ka ọ na-akọwa dị ka nwanyị ojii, nwanyị nwanyị, onye na-emetọ ụmụaka, onye na-ede uri, nne, wdg N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, Lorde lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ njirimara dị iche iche o nweburu na ndụ ya na ndị o nweworo n'ihi ha. Ọ na-egosi anyị na a na-ahụ ike onwe onye na njikọ dị n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ, dabere na omume, na ike ikwu okwu sitere na ahụmahụ ndị a. A na-ekpuchikarị ike nke onwe site n'ebe dị anya nke mmadụ, ma dị ka Lies Xhonneux na-ekwu ma a bịa n'ikike nke ihe ị na-ahụ - ụfọdụ ndị, ndị nọ na obere m gburugburu, nwere ike nke ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya.[1] Ọrụ Lorde lekwasịrị anya na mkpa ọ dị ịnakwere, ịkwanyere ùgwù na ime emume ọdịiche anyị yana ihe anyị na-eme n'ịkọwa njirimara. Na The Master's Tools, o dere na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị adịghị, ma ọ bụ na ọdịiche ndị a enweghị ike imeri, na-agbakwụnye, "Ọdịiche ga-abụrịrị na a ga-anabata ya, kama a ga-ahụ ya dị ka ego nke polarities dị mkpa n'etiti nke ihe okike anyị nwere ike igwu dị ka dialectic. " Lorde gbara ndị na-agụ ya ume ka ha nyochaa ma chọpụta ọdịiche ndị a, na-atụle otú ileghara ọdịiche anya nwere ike isi duga n'ileghara ajọ mbunobi na ajọ mbunobe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbịakwute ọdịiche ndị ahụ anya, ebe ọ na-ekweta na ha nwere ike ime ka ọhụụ anyị na ọgụ anyị dịkwuo mma. O dere na ọ dị anyị mkpa iji nlezianya dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma ghọta na ịdị n'otu abụghị otu. N'ime I Am Your Sister, ọ gbara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ume ka ha buru ibu ọrụ maka ịmụta nke a, ọbụlagodi na ọ pụtara ịkụzi onwe onye, "...nke a ga-eji mee ihe nke ọma n'ịkọwa onwe gị na ịmepụta ihe ndị dị adị maka ịgbanwe ugbu a na iwulite ọdịnihu". Na The Cancer Journals o dere "Ọ bụrụ na akọwaghị m onwe m, a ga-etinye m n'ime nrọ ndị ọzọ maka m ma rie m ndụ. " O kwusiri ike na njirimara onwe onye karịrị naanị ihe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eche banyere mmadụ, mana ihe onye ahụ ga-akọwa, dabere na ahụmịhe onye ahụ. "Ụlọ nke Ọdịiche" bụ ahịrịokwu sitere na echiche njirimara nke Lorde. Echiche ya bụ na onye ọ bụla dị iche na ibe ya ma ọ bụ ọdịiche ndị a na-eme ka anyị bụrụ ndị anyị bụ, kama otu obere akụkụ dị iche iche. Ilekwasị anya n'akụkụ niile nke njirimara mmadụ na-eme ka ndị mmadụ gbakọta ọnụ karịa ịhọrọ otu obere ihe iji mata.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572|doi=10.1353/cal.2012.0100|issn=1080-6512|title="Which Me Will Survive": Rethinking Identity, Reclaiming Audre Lorde|year=2012|author=Leonard|first=Keith D.|journal=Callaloo|volume=35|issue=3|pages=758–777|accessdate=December 4, 2016}}</ref> Ọrụ Lorde "Coal" na "The Black Unicorn" bụ ihe atụ abụọ nke uri nke na-ejikọta njirimara ojii ya, nke ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ọ bụla na-elekwasị anya n'echiche nke njirimara, na otu njirimara n'onwe ya si bụrụ ihe doro anya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akatọ akwụkwọ na-eche na "Coal" bụ ụzọ Lorde si emepụta agbụrụ n'ihe gbasara coal na diamond. Lorde n'onwe ya kwuru na nkọwa ndị ahụ ezighi ezi n'ihi na akọwaghị njirimara n'ụzọ dị mfe ma a gaghị eme ka uri ya dị mfe. Ka anyị na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'etiti Lorde pụta ìhè site na oghere nke na-elekwasị anya na agbụrụ, okike, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba / klas na ihe ndị ọzọ, anyị ga-anabatakwa otu n'ime njirimara ya pụtara ìhè; Lorde atụghị egwu ikwusi ọdịiche ya, dị ka ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ na omume mmekọahụ, mana jiri njirimara nke ya megide nwoke ojii na-egbu egbu. Lorde jiri njirimara ndị ahụ mee ihe n'ime ọrụ ya ma jiri ndụ nke ya kụziere ndị ọzọ mkpa ọ dị ịdị iche. Ihere emeghị ya ikwu na ọ bụ ya ma jiri ya mee ihe maka uru okike ya. While highlighting Lorde's intersectional points through a lens that focuses on race, gender, socioeconomic status/class and so on, we must also embrace one of her salient identities, lesbianism. She was a lesbian and navigated spaces interlocking her womanhood, gayness and blackness in ways that trumped White feminism, predominantly White gay spaces and black male masculinity. Lorde used those identities within her work and ultimately it guided her to create pieces that embodied lesbianism in a light that educated people of many social classes and identities on the issues black lesbian women face in society. === Enyemaka na mkparịta ụka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ === N'ihe dị ka afọ 1960, ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ malitere ịgba gburugburu mkparịta ụka na arụmụka banyere akụrụngwa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ "na-emebi emebi, na-akpa ókè, na-ezighị ezi", ọkachasị n'ime ọnọdụ nke ịrị elu nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective|author=McMichael|first=Phillip|publisher=Pine Forge Press|year=2008|location=Thousand Oaks, California}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke e bipụtara na Sister Outsider, nchịkọta nke edemede na okwu, Audre Lorde dọrọ aka ná ntị megide "ịjụ ọdịiche" na edemede ya, "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", na-atụ egwu na mgbe "anyị anaghị emepụta ngwá ọrụ maka iji ọdịiche mmadụ dị ka springboard maka mgbanwe okike n'ime ndụ anyị[,] anyị anaghị ekwu maka ọdịiche mmadụ, kama ọ bụ nke ọdịiche mmadụ".<ref name=":0"/> Lorde hụrụ nke a na-eme na enweghị itinye akwụkwọ sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'okwu ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. A jụrụ uri, nke a na-ewere dị ka nke na-erughị okwu ma na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, site na ndị otu magazin ụmụ nwanyị nke Lorde na-azọrọ na ha napụrụ "ndị inyom ike na nghọta nke ibe ha". Ọ chọpụtara na "akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke agba [bụ] anaghị etinye ya na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu" <ref name=":0" /> ma gosipụta "ịdị iche" nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-acha agba na ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe dị ka ihe kpatara ya.[was] Site n'ịdị n'otu obodo ndị a ma leghara ọdịiche ha anya, "ụmụ nwanyị nke agba na-aghọ 'ndị ọzọ,' ndị si n'èzí nke ahụmịhe na ọdịnala ha bụ 'ndị si mba ọzọ' ịghọta", <ref name=":0" /> ma si otú a, o yiri ka ha erughị eru maka nlebara anya ndị ọkà mmụta na agụmakwụkwọ dị iche. Lorde gbasaa echiche a nke ịjụ onye nke ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke ọha mmadụ anyị. N'ụzọ uche, a zụrụ ndị mmadụ ka ha meghachi omume na enweghị afọ ojuju site n'ileghara ya anya. Mgbe ileghara nsogbu anya anaghị arụ ọrụ, a na-amanye ha ime ka ha kwekọọ ma ọ bụ bibie ha. Ọ na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ emeghachiri n'okwu a na ọdịiche dị na okike, agbụrụ, na okike: ileghara anya, kwekọọ, ma ọ bụ bibie. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu na a ga-eji ọchịchọ ịmata ihe ma ọ bụ nghọta na-abịakwute ọdịiche. Lorde katọrọ echiche nke ịhọrọ onye ka elu na onye dị ala mgbe ọ na-atụnyere ihe abụọ. N'ihe banyere ndị mmadụ, nkwupụta, na njirimara, ọ na-ekwu na e kwesịrị inwe nhọrọ nke atọ nke ịha nhata. Otú ọ dị, Lorde na-ekwusi ike na edemede ya na ekwesighi imebi ma ọ bụ ghara ịnakwere ọdịiche. Enweghị ịgọnahụ ọdịiche dị na ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, dịka egosiri site na ihe atụ na edemede Lorde, mana Lorde na-alụ ọgụ megide isi ihe na ọdịiche dị njọ. Audre Lorde kpọrọ oku ka a nabata ọdịiche ndị a. N'otu edemede ahụ, o kwupụtara, "ugbu a anyị ga-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ha na anyị hà nhata, ma ọ bụghị ndị dị ala ma ọ bụ ndị dị elu, ma chepụta ụzọ iji ọdịiche nke ibe anyị mee ka ọhụụ anyị na ọgụ anyị dị n'otu baa ọgaranya" <ref name=":0"/> Ime nke a ga-eduga n'ịgbakwunye ma si otú a, ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Lorde dere na ụmụ nwanyị ga- "mepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ nke ike na usoro ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta dị iche iche. Nkọwa ochie ejighị anyị ozi". Site n'ịdị n'otu, Lorde dere na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iweghachi mmegbu ha na-eche ihu ma mepụta obodo ka mma maka onwe ha na ndị ha hụrụ n'anya. Lorde kwuru na ezi mmepe na obodo ndị dị n'ụwa nke atọ ga-abụ na ọbụna "ọdịnihu nke ụwa anyị nwere ike ịdabere na ikike ụmụ nwanyị niile nwere ịchọpụta ma mepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ nke ike na usoro ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta gafee ọdịiche. " <ref name=":0" /> N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, olu na nchegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị na agba na ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-abụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'inweta nnwere onwe na ikike ịzụlite na ịgbanwe obodo ha n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge (na ọdịnihu) nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ. ==== Okwu ==== N'okwu dị mkpa na National Third-World Gay and Lesbian Conference na October 13, 1979, nke isiokwu ya bụ, "Olee mgbe amaghị ihe ga-agwụ?" Lorde chetara ma dọọ ndị bịaranụ aka na ntị, "E nwere ọdịiche dị egwu nke ìgwè dị iche iche n'ime nzukọ a, na ọdịiche dị mma n'etiti anyị n'ime ìgwè ndị ahụ. Ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ike na-eme ka ọhụụ anyị maka ọdịnihu. Anyị agaghị ekwe ka e jiri ya kewaa anyị n'etiti onwe anyị, ma ọ bụrụ otu ihe anyị, ọ bụrụ na anyị, anyị agaghị achọ ka anyị mee ka anyị mee ihe ha, ọ bụrụ otu anyị, ọ dị iche iche iche, ọ bụrụ ihe ha, ma ọ dị iche, anyị, ọ ga-achọ ka anyị ghara iche, ọ dị n'etiti ha mee ka anyị, anyị, anyị ghara iche iche, anyị ghara ime anyị, ọ ghara ime anyị na anyị, ọ bụ site na anyị, ka anyị, ọ hapụ anyị, anyị ka anyị, ka ndị ọzọ, anyị, ka m ka anyị,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde|last=Lorde|first=Audre|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|location=Oxford|pages=209–212}}</ref> Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, n'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1983, Audre Lorde kwuru okwu dị ka akụkụ nke "Litany of Commitment" na March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. "Taa anyị na-aga," ka o kwuru, "ndị na-edina nwoke ibe anyị na ụmụ anyị, na-eguzo n'aha nke anyị na ụmụnne anyị niile na-alụ ọgụ ebe a na gburugburu ụwa, na Middle East, na Central America, na Caribbean na South Africa, na-ekerịta mkpebi anyị ịrụ ọrụ maka ọdịnihu dị mma. Anyị maara na anyị ekwesịghị ịghọ ihe yiri ibe anyị iji nwee ike ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Anyị maara ete mgbe anyị jikọtara aka gafee tebụl nke ọdịiche anyị niile ga-enye anyị ike na nnukwu ike, mgbe ahụ anyị niile.<ref name=":6"/> Onye ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German na onye edemede Dr. Marion Kraft gbara Audre Lorde ajụjụ ọnụ na 1986 iji kwurịta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ya na uri ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a, Audre Lorde kwupụtara olileanya maka oke agụmakwụkwọ na okwu ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbe Kraft jụrụ ya, "Ị na-ahụ mmepe ọ bụla nke mmata banyere mkpa ọdịiche dị n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị White?" Lorde ji nkatọ na olileanya zaghachi: <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Audre Lorde's Transnational Legacies|author=Broeck|first=Sabine|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=2015|location=Boston|pages=45–50}}</ref><blockquote>Ọfọn, òtù ụmụ nwanyị, òtù ụmụ nwoke ọcha, ejirila nwayọ na-amata na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụghị nke na-achọ ọdịmma onwe ya, kama nke bụ akụkụ na akụkụ nke uche ụmụ nwanyị. Echere m, n'ezie, na ihe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe nakwa na e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ugbu a na-aghọta na maka ọdịmma nke ezigbo njikọ aka, ha ga-ahụ na anyị abụghị otu. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụghị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na Blackface. Ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na-apụta na ndụ, ọchịchọ, na eziokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Anyị na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-ekerịta ihe ụfọdụ, na e nwere ihe ndị ọzọ anyị na-adịghị ekerịta. Anyị ga-enwe ike ịbịakọta gburugburu ihe ndị anyị na-ekerịta.</blockquote>Nkatọ Lorde nke ndị nwanyị n'afọ 1960 gosipụtara okwu gbasara agbụrụ, klaasị, afọ, okike, na mmekọahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, onye edemede na onye na-ede uri bụ Alice Walker chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "nwanyị" n'ịgbalị ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị nta na "nwanyị." Ọ bụ ezie na a kọwawo "ụmụ nwanyị" dị ka "otu mmegharị na echiche ndị na-ekerịta otu ebumnuche: ịkọwapụta, guzobe, na nweta ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, omenala, nke onwe na nke ọha mmadụ maka ụmụ nwanyị" site n'ịma aka dị mfe dị n'etiti "ụmụ nwoke" na "ụmụ nwanyị," ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-elegharakarị ọdịiche dị na ahụmahụ na ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ na okike kere n'ime òtù ọha mmadụ [67]. === Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị n'anya na mgbagwoju anya ya === Ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emeghe nkọwa na nkọwa dị iche iche. Ihe Alice Walker kwuru banyere ụmụ nwanyị, na "ndị inyom bụ ndị inyom dịka ndị purple bụ ndị lavender", na-egosi na oke ọmụmụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ma gafee nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na nkọwa ya kachasị mkpirikpi, feminism bụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke e guzobere iji meghachi omume na uto nke echiche agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị. .Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ sara mbara, feminism bụ "mmegharị mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-adabere na nsogbu kwa ụbọchị na ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-acha agba," kamakwa nke "na-achọ ụzọ isi kpochapụ ahaghị nhata ọ bụghị naanị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, mana maka mmadụ niile" site n'ịkwado maka nha anya na nha anya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nwanyị na-emeghe nkọwa, otu n'ime nkatọ ndị a na-emekarị nke nwanyị bụ enweghị usoro nkwenye dị n'otu. A katọkwara ya maka enweghị mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ. Lorde gbasiri mbọ ike maka mgbanwe omenala n'ime obodo nwanyị site n'iji echiche nke nwanyị. N'akwụkwọ bụ "Anger among Allies: Audre Lorde's 1981 Keynote Admonishing the National Women's Studies Association", e kwuru na okwu ya nyere aka na mkparịta ụka na nghọta nke ajọ mbunobi ọha na eze n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta. Ọ bụ ezie na "ihe ize ndụ, obodo ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa, na omenala US" bụ isi isiokwu nke okwu ahụ, Lorde webatara okwu dịgasị iche iche iji maa aka n'echiche nke ndị na-ege ya "nwanyị ọcha".[1] Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na "anyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ mmegbu na egwu, nke ihe kpatara ya abụghị iwe dị n'etiti anyị, kama ọ bụ ịkpọasị siri ike megide ụmụ nwanyị niile, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ndị na'anya nwanyị na ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke, ndị ogbenye - megide anyị niile na-achọ inyocha ihe ndị dị na ndụ anyị ka anyị na-eguzogide mmegbu anyị, na-aga n'ihu na njikọ aka na ime ihe dị irè. "<ref name="Academic Search Complete">{{Cite journal|author=Olson|first=Lester|title=Anger Among Allies: Audre Lorde's 1981 Keynote Admonishing The National Women's Studies Association|journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech|year=2011|volume=97|issue=3|pages=283–308|doi=10.1080/00335630.2011.585169|url=https://zenodo.org/record/889836|accessdate=June 24, 2019}}</ref> N'adịghị ka nke a, Lorde na-emeghe nke ọma maka mmekọahụ ya na ịmụrụ anya mmekọahụ. Na Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, ya "biomythography" (okwu nke Lorde chepụtara nke jikọtara "akụkọ ndụ" na "akụkọ ifo") o dere, "Afọ ole na ole mgbe m toro, mgbe ọ bụla m chere banyere ụzọ m si esi esi ísì n'ụbọchị ahụ, m ga-eche echiche nke nne m, aka ya ka a na-ehichapụ ya ma debe ya nke ọma, na-ele m anya n'elu àkwà, wee jiri nwayọ, nlezianya, mmekọrịta nwanyị ọ bụla na-emetụ n'okpuru, dị ichebe ya na ọnọdụ mmekọahụ nke Lorde"<ref name="Academic Search Complete-2">{{Cite journal|author=Hua|first=Anh|title=Audre Lorde's Zami, Erotic Embodied Memory, and the Affirmation of Difference|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|year=2015|volume=36|issue=1|pages=113–35|doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.36.1.0113}}</ref><ref name="Academic Search Complete-2" /> Mmetụta Lorde nwere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị enweela ihe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name="JSTOR">{{Cite journal|author=Aptheker|first=Bettina|title=Audre Lorde, Presente|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|year=2012|volume=autumn/winter|issue=3–4|pages=289–94|doi=10.1353/wsq.2013.0011}}</ref> Lorde nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide ya na akwụkwọ onwe ya na Lesbian Herstory Archives.<ref name="Klinger">{{Cite book|author=Klinger|first=Alisa|title=Same-Sex Cultures and Sexualities: An Anthropological Reader|year=2005|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-0-470-77676-6|pages=75–79|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsTzWk5r6U4C&pg=PA73|chapter=Resources for Lesbian Ethnographic Research in the Lavender Archives|accessdate=July 31, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1962, Lorde lụrụ onye ọka iwu Edwin Rollins, onye bụ onye ọcha, nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.<ref name="foundation"/> Audre anọwo na-ebi ndụ n'ihu ọha dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke kemgbe kọleji, mana n'ihi ịkpa ókè homophobic, ha abụọ kpebiri ịnọgide na-anọ na nzuzo. Audre na Edwin nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta ghere oghe, na-enye ibe ha ohere ịchụso mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":3"/> Ya na Rollins gbara alụkwaghịm na 1970 mgbe ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Elizabeth na Jonathan. N'afọ 1966, Lorde ghọrọ onye isi ọbá akwụkwọ na Town School Library na New York City, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1968.<ref name="Audre Lorde's Life and Career"/> Lorde na onye na-ese ihe na onye na'ese ihe [[Mildred Thompson]] nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere ya na Naịjirịa na Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Ha abụọ sonyere n'oge Thompson bi na Washington, D.C.[83] Lorde na onye ikpeazụ ya dị ịrịba ama, onye ojii Gloria Joseph, biri ọnụ n’agwaetiti St. Croix, St. Joseph. Lorde na Joseph na-akpa kemgbe 1981, mgbe a chọpụtara na Lorde nwere ọrịa kansa imeju, na Clayton kwagara n'ihu ọha na St. Croix. Ha tinyere aka na otu dị iche iche, gụnyere Che Lumumba School for Truth, Women's League of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, Ụmụnna nwanyị na Nkwado nke Ụmụnna nwanyị na South Africa, na Doc Loc Apiary.[1] == Afọ ndị ikpeazụ == A chọpụtara Lorde nwere ọrịa kansa ara na 1978 wee mee mastectomy. Afọ isii ka e mesịrị, ọ chọpụtara na ọrịa kansa ara ya agbasawo n'imeju ya. Mgbe nchọpụta mbụ ya gasịrị, o dere The Cancer Journals, bụ nke meriri American Library Association Gay Caucus Book of the Year Award na 1981. [1] E gosipụtara ya dị ka isiokwu nke ihe ngosi a na-akpọ A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, nke na-egosi ya dị ka onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye na-akwado ikike obodo, nwanyị, onye nkụzi, onye na-agba ọsọ ndụ. A na-ehota ya na-ekwu, sị: "Ihe m hapụrụ nwere ndụ nke ya. M kwuru nke a banyere uri; Ekwuru m nke a banyere ụmụaka. Ọfọn, n'ụzọ m na-ekwu nke a banyere onye m bụ "[3]. Site na 1991 ruo ọnwụ ya, ọ bụ onye New York State Poet laureate. <ref name="New York">{{Cite web|title=New York|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/newyork.html|work=US State Poets Laureate|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=May 8, 2012|archivedate=November 30, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130130051/https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/newyork.html}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ahọpụta ya dị ka nke a, gọvanọ Mario Cuomo kwuru banyere Lorde, "echiche ya na-ebute echiche nke ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ na obi ọjọọ, nke ajọ mbunobi mmekọahụ... Ọ na-eti mkpu megide ya dị ka olu nke ụmụ mmadụ iwe. Audre Lorde bụ olu onye si n'èzí na-ekwu okwu n'asụsụ nwere ike iru ma metụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe niile. " N'afọ 1992, ọ natara Bill Whitehead Award maka Lifetime Achievement site na Publishing Triangle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alp.org/about/audre|title=About Audre Lorde {{!}} The Audre Lorde Project|work=The Audre Lorde Project|date=November 6, 2007|accessdate=October 24, 2018|archivedate=October 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024023739/https://alp.org/about/audre}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Publishing Triangle guzobere onyinye Audre Lorde iji sọpụrụ ọrụ nke uri ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishingtriangle.org/awards.asp#Audre|title=Publishing Triangle awards page|accessdate=January 15, 2016|archivedate=March 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323191422/http://www.publishingtriangle.org/awards.asp#Audre}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * 1979, 1983: MacDowell Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/audre-lorde|title=Audre Lorde - Artist|work=MacDowell|accessdate=July 15, 2020|archivedate=July 15, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715184829/https://www.macdowell.org/artists/audre-lorde}}</ref> * 1991-1992: New York State Poet laureate.<ref name="New York"/> The Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, otu nzukọ dị na New York City aha ya bụ Michael Callen na Lorde, raara onwe ya nye inye ndị obodo LGBT nlekọta ahụike n'agbanyeghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ. Callen-Lorde bụ naanị ebe nlekọta bụ isi na New York City emebere ka ọ na-ejere ndị LGBT ozi.[1] Audre Lorde Project, nke e guzobere na 1994, bụ òtù dị na Brooklyn maka ndị LGBT na-acha ọbara ọbara. Nzukọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na nhazi obodo na ọrụ na-enweghị ime ihe ike gbasara nsogbu ndị na-aga n'ihu n'ime New York City, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo LGBT, ọrụ AIDS na HIV, ọrụ na-akwado ndị mbata, mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ịhazi n'etiti ndị ntorobịa na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name="About the Audre Lorde Project">{{Cite web|url=https://alp.org/about|title=About ALP|date=November 6, 2007|work=The Audre Lorde Project|accessdate=October 24, 2018|archivedate=February 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064152/https://alp.org/about}}</ref> Na June 2019, Lorde bụ otu n'ime ndị America iri ise "ndị ọsụ ụzọ, ndị na-ebute ụzọ, na ndị dike" nke e webatara na National LGBTQ Wall of Honor n'ime Stonewall National Monument (SNM) na Stonewall Inn nke New York City.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/stonewall-inn-lgbtq-wall-honor|title=National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn|author=Glasses-Baker|first=Becca|date=June 27, 2019|work=metro.us|accessdate=June 28, 2019|archivedate=June 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133313/https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/stonewall-inn-lgbtq-wall-honor}}</ref><ref name="SDGLN">{{Cite web|url=https://sdgln.com/news/2019/06/19/national-lgbtq-wall-honor-be-unveiled-historic-stonewall-inn|title=National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn|author=Rawles|first=Timothy|date=June 19, 2019|work=San Diego Gay and Lesbian News|accessdate=June 21, 2019|archivedate=June 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621091646/https://sdgln.com/news/2019/06/19/national-lgbtq-wall-honor-be-unveiled-historic-stonewall-inn}}</ref> SNM bụ Ihe ncheta mba U.S. mbụ a raara nye Ikike LGBTQ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na oge a ga-ekpughe mgbidi ahụ n'oge ncheta afọ 50 nke Ọgba aghara Stonewall. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Laird|first=Cynthia|url=https://www.ebar.com/news/news//272833|title=Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall|work=The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.|accessdate=May 24, 2019|archivedate=May 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524021601/https://www.ebar.com/news/news//272833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sachet|first=Donna|url=http://sfbaytimes.com/stonewall-50/|title=Stonewall 50|date=April 3, 2019|work=San Francisco Bay Times|accessdate=May 25, 2019|archivedate=May 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525134357/http://sfbaytimes.com/stonewall-50/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, a kpọbatara Lorde n'ime Legacy Walk, ihe ngosi ọha na eze n'èzí na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], nke na-eme emume akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị mmadụ LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-gay-plaque-wrigleyville-20141012-story.html|title=Legacy Walk honors LGBT 'guardian angels'|date=October 11, 2014|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=October 13, 2014|archivedate=May 29, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529001821/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-gay-plaque-wrigleyville-20141012-story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/10/11/photos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk?page=full|title=Photos: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk|work=Advocate.com|date=October 11, 2014|accessdate=October 13, 2014|archivedate=July 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706030243/http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/10/11/photos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk?page=full}}</ref> Ihe nrite Audre Lorde bụ ihe nrite edemede kwa afọ nke Publishing Triangle na-enye iji sọpụrụ ọrụ nke uri ụmụ nwanyị, nke mbụ e gosipụtara na 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Audre Lorde Award for Lesbian Poetry|url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/audre-lorde-lesbian-poetry/|accessdate=2024-02-13|work=The Publishing Triangle|language=en-US|archivedate=October 28, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211138/https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/audre-lorde-lesbian-poetry/}}</ref> In June 2019, Lorde's residence in Staten Island<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2642.pdf|title=Audre Lorde Residence|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|date=June 18, 2019|accessdate=January 22, 2020|archivedate=September 18, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918023136/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2642.pdf}}</ref> was given landmark designation by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/449355-six-new-york-city-locations-dedicated-as-lgbtq-landmarks|title=Six New York City locations dedicated as LGBTQ landmarks|publisher=TheHill|date=June 19, 2019|accessdate=June 24, 2019|archivedate=June 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624190313/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/449355-six-new-york-city-locations-dedicated-as-lgbtq-landmarks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/six-historical-new-york-city-lgbtq-sites-given-landmark-designation-n1019336|title=Six historical New York City LGBTQ sites given landmark designation|work=NBC News|date=June 19, 2019|accessdate=June 24, 2019|archivedate=June 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624073921/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/six-historical-new-york-city-lgbtq-sites-given-landmark-designation-n1019336}}</ref> Maka egwuregwu mbụ ha na Machị 2019, ụmụ nwanyị nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke United States na-eyi uwe elu nwere aha nwanyị ha na-asọpụrụ n'azụ; Megan Rapinoe họọrọ aha Lorde.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ennis|first=Dawn|url=https://www.outsports.com/2019/3/4/18248520/lesbian-icons-honored-with-jerseys-worn-uswnt|title=Lesbian icons honored with jerseys worn by USWNT|publisher=Outsports|date=March 4, 2019|accessdate=March 4, 2019|archivedate=March 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305152541/https://www.outsports.com/2019/3/4/18248520/lesbian-icons-honored-with-jerseys-worn-uswnt}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2021, a kpọrọ Audre onye ọrụ "Broad You Should Know" na podcast Broads You Should Know . <ref name="Broads You Should Know">{{Cite web|author=Broads You Should Know|title=Audre Lorde|url=https://broadsyoushouldknow.com/audre-lorde/|year=2021|accessdate=April 9, 2021|archivedate=April 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417235822/https://broadsyoushouldknow.com/audre-lorde/}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 18, 2021, Google mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 87 na Google Doodle. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Audre Lorde's 87th Birthday|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/audre-lordes-87th-birthday/|accessdate=February 18, 2021|work=www.google.com|language=en}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, a gbanwere aha akụkụ ugwu nke Manteuffelstrasse dị na Berlin Kreuzberg ka ọ bụrụ Audre-Lorde-Straße . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tringali|first=Stella|date=2024-04-25|title=Berlin: Chaos bei der Umbenennung der Manteuffelstraße in Audre-Lorde-Straße|url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mensch-metropole/berlin-chaos-bei-der-umbenennung-der-manteuffelstrasse-in-audre-lorde-strasse-li.2208679|accessdate=2024-05-16|work=Berliner Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> A rụchara ọrụ ahụ na June 28, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-11-02|title=Audre-Lorde-Straße: Berlin street renamed for feminist poet|url=https://www.the-berliner.com/english-news-berlin/audre-lorde-strase-berlin-street-renamed-for-feminist-poet/|accessdate=2025-11-02|work=The Berliner|language=en}}</ref> Lorde bụ isiokwu nke akụkọ ndụ 2024 akpọrọ Survival Is a Promise, nke Alexis Pauline Gumbs dere.<ref name="Wortham_article">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/22/magazine/audre-lorde-biography-legacy.html|title=The Afterlives of Audre Lorde|work=The New York Times|first=J|author=Wortham|date=August 22, 2024|accessdate=August 23, 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwuo maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Wortham_article" /> == Ọrụ == * {{Cite book|title=The First Cities|publisher=Poets Press|location=New York City|year=1968|oclc=12420176}} * {{Cite book|title=Cables to Rage|publisher=Paul Breman|location=London|year=1970|oclc=18047271}} * {{Cite book|title=From a Land Where Other People Live|publisher=Broadside Press|location=Detroit|year=1973|isbn=978-0-910296-97-7}} * {{Cite book|title=New York Head Shop and Museum|publisher=Broadside Press|location=Detroit|year=1974|isbn=978-0-910296-34-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Coal|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|location=New York|year=1976|isbn=978-0-393-04446-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Between Our Selves|publisher=Eidolon Editions|location=Point Reyes, California|year=1976|oclc=2976713}} * {{Cite book|title=Hanging Fire|year=1978}} * {{Cite book|title=The Black Unicorn|url=https://archive.org/details/blackunicornpoem00lord|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|location=New York|year=1978|isbn=978-0-393-31237-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Chosen Poems: Old and New|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=978-0-393-30017-8|url=https://archive.org/details/chosenpoemsoldne00lord}} * {{Cite book|title=Our Dead Behind Us|url=https://archive.org/details/ourdeadbehindusp00lord|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=978-0-393-30327-8}} * {{Cite book|title=The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance: Poems 1987–1992|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|location=New York|year=1993|isbn=978-0-393-03513-1}} * {{Cite book|title=The Collected Poems of Audre Lorde|publisher=W. W. Norton Publishing|year=1997|isbn=9780393040906}}[a] * {{Cite book|title=Your Silence Will Not Protect You : Essays and Poems|publisher=Silver Press|year=2017|isbn=9780995716223}}[b] === Akwụkwọ Prose === * "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Audre Lorde", na Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1982.), peeji nke 66-71 , &nbsp;   === Ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ === == Hụkwa == {{Reflist|30em}} * Akwụkwọ ndị America * Ịbụ onye inyom na United States * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ede uri na-egosi mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị * Ụmụ nwanyị ojii * Intersectionality * Afrocentrism == Edensibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pyj0lha62fhzap6hzmaodjpjywme5qi 0 74501 697724 692942 2026-08-10T06:41:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 15 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697724 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Blank_Venn_diagram_purple_green_orange_01.svg|thumb|300x300px|Nnyocha intersectional na-atụle nchịkọta nke ihe ndị na-emetụta onye ọ bụla na njikọta, kama ịtụle ihe ọ bụla na-anọpụ iche, dịka egosiri ebe a site na iji eserese Venn.]] '''Intersectionality''' bụ [[Social class|klas]]="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="7" href="./Analytic_frame" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Analytic frame">usoro nyocha maka ịghọta etu otu ndị otu na ndị mmadụ si eme ka njikọta pụrụ iche nke ịkpa ókè na ihe ùgwù. Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị a na-agwakọta ma na-agbakọta gụnyere okike, ọkwá, okike, Agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, Okpukpe, nkwarụ, ọdịdị anụ ahụ, na afọ.<ref name="Academia.edu">{{Cite journal|author=Deckha, M.|date=November 2008|url=https://wjlgs.law.wisc.edu/2008/volume-xxiii-no-2/|title=Intersectionality and posthumanist visions of equality|journal=Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society|volume=XXIII|issue=2}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ike iduga ma ike ma mmegbu.<ref name="Holley 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Holley|first=Lynn C.|title=Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: Experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families|journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services|date=2016|volume=28|issue=2|pages=93–116|doi=10.1080/10538720.2016.1155520}}</ref><ref name="Zinn 1996">{{Cite journal|author=Zinn|first=Maxine Baca|title=Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism|journal=Feminist Studies|date=1996|volume=22|issue=2|pages=321–331|id={{ProQuest|233181156}} {{Gale|A18800342}}|doi=10.2307/3178416|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/ZINTDF}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Intersectionality bilitere na mmeghachi omume na ụmụ nwanyị [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] na ndị ikom na-achịkwa Black liberation movement, na-ekwu maka "mmegbu mgbochi" nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, sexism, na heteronormativity. Ọ na-agbasawanye oke [[Ugboro mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị|nke mbụ]] na nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, nke lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọcha, cisgender, na ndị nọ n'etiti, <ref>{{Cite book|author=bell hooks|title=Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism|date=2015|isbn=978-1-138-82148-4|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|oclc=886381091}}</ref> iji tinye ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha, [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye]], Ụmụ nwanyị si mba ọzọ, ma na-achọ ikewapụ onwe ya na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha site n'ịnakwere ahụmịhe na njirimara dị iche iche iche nke ndị inyom. <ref name="IWDA">{{Cite web|url=https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|title=What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?|date=11 May 2018|publisher=International Women's Development Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154503/https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|archivedate=23 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''intersectionality'' na 1989. {{R|Cooper 2016}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 385">&#x3A;&#x200A;385&#x200A;</span></sup> Ọ na-akọwa etu usoro [[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ike]] na-ejikọta ọnụ si emetụta ndị a na-akparaghị ókè na ọha mmadụ.{{R|Cooper 2016}} Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji usoro ahụ akwalite ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="IWDA">{{Cite web|url=https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|title=What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?|date=11 May 2018|publisher=International Women's Development Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154503/https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|archivedate=23 April 2019}}</ref> Intersectionality na-emegide usoro nyocha nke na-emeso axis ọ bụla nke mmegbu n'otu n'otu. N'ime usoro a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụghị ịkọwa ịkpa ókè megide Ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ngwakọta dị mfe nke misogyny na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mana dị ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-aghọta intersectionality dị ka mkpuchi nke ọtụtụ njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (dịka, agbụrụ, okike, na klas), ebumnuche mbụ bụ inye usoro dị n'ime maka nyochaa usoro mmegbu na ihe ùgwù nke na-ejikọta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpa àgwà, ịkpa iche iche, na ịkwado itinye echiche n'ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze kama ịdepụta njirimara mmadụ.<ref name="raar">{{Cite journal|author=Aguayo-Romero|first=R. A.|title=(Re)centering Black Feminism into intersectionality research|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=2021|volume=111|issue=1|pages=101–103|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.306005|pmid=33326278}}</ref> Intersectionality enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị. Ndị na-akwado ya na-atụ aro na ọ na-akwalite ụzọ dị mgbagwoju anya na mgbagwoju eme iji dozie ike na mmegbu, kama inye azịza dị mfe. <ref name="Davis 2008">{{Cite journal|author=Davis|first=Kathy|date=2008|title=Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful|journal=Feminist Theory|volume=9|pages=67–85|doi=10.1177/1464700108086364}}</ref> Ndị na-akatọ ya na-atụ aro na echiche ahụ sara mbara ma ọ bụ dị mgbagwoju anya, na-ebelata ndị mmadụ na ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ echiche, <ref name="intersectionality993">{{Cite journal|author=Tomlinson|first=Barbara|title=To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=993–1017|doi=10.1086/669571|date=2013}}</ref> <ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> ma sie ike itinye ya n'ọrụ na nyocha. [5] <ref name="Bright 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Bright|first=Liam Kofi|date=2015|title=Causally Interpreting Intersectionality Theory|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=83|issue=1|pages=60–81|doi=10.1086/684173}}</ref> <ref name="Guan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Guan|first=Alice|title=An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review|journal=SSM - Population Health|date=December 2021|volume=16|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100977|pmid=34869821}}</ref>{{R|Coaston 2019}} Ndị ọkà mmụta nke postcolonial na transnational feminist ọmụmụ arụrịta ụka banyere itinye n'ọrụ intersectionality n'ụwa niile <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peretz|first=Tal|date=November 2021|title=Locally specific matrices of domination: Towards a global theory of Intersectionalities|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277539521001035|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=89|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102540}}</ref> == Echiche ndị dị mkpa == === Matrik interlocking nke mmegbu === [[Patricia Hill Collins]], onye dere Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory (2019), <ref name="j830">{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=Patricia|title=Intersectionality as critical social theory|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4780-0646-6}}</ref> na-ezo aka na njikọ dị iche iche nke enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka "ihe na-emetụta mmegbu na ihe ùgwù" nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta matrik nke ịchịkwa. Echiche ndị a na-akọwa etu ahụmịhe ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ùgwù na nchụpụ si bụrụ nke a na-akpụzi ọ bụghị naanị site na ọdịiche dị iche iche (dịka, mmasị mmekọahụ, ọkwa, agbụrụ, afọ, wdg), kamakwa site na mmetụta nke mkpakọ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịiche ndị a. Mmetụta nke otu ihe, dị ka agbụrụ, nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka okike ma ọ bụ klas.<ref name="Ritzer 2013">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: the basics|pages=204–207|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|edition=4th|year=2013|isbn=978-0-07-802678-2}}</ref> : 204 : 204  === Ịkpa ókè n'ọtụtụ === [[Faịlụ:Dyke*Line_auf_dem_Jungfernstieg_und_neuen_Jungfernstieg_und_auf_Booten_auf_der_Binnenalster_002.jpg|thumb|Intersectionality na Dyke March na Hamburg, Germany, 2020]] Na European Union (EU) na UK, "ọtụtụ ịkpa ókè" na-ezo aka na ịkpa ókè nke na-agụnye ihe karịrị otu nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (dịka, okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, okpukpe, mmekọahụ, wdg). Ụdị ndị a, nke a na-ewere n'oge gara aga dị iche iche dị ka ndị na-akọwa n'onwe ha, a na-abịakwute ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara mmadụ, nke a weere dị ka ihe dị iche iche. === QEchiche Standpoint === Patricia Collins na Dorothy E. Smith akọwaala Echiche Standpoint. Echiche bụ echiche ụwa nke mmadụ. Echiche Standpoint na-atụ aro na ihe ọmụma ọha na eze bụ nke uche, na-adị n'ime ọnọdụ ala nke onye ọ bụla na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke e mepụtara ya.<ref name="Mann 1997">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A.|title=Standing at the crossroads of modernist thought: Collins, Smith, and the new feminist epistemologies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1997-08_11_4/page/n8|journal=[[Gender & Society]]|volume=11|issue=4|pages=391–408|doi=10.1177/089124397011004002|date=1997}}</ref> : 392 : 392  == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Black feminist scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the concept of intersectionality in two articles published in 1989 and 1991 in the field of legal studies. [1][2][3][1] Intersectionality originated in critical race studies and considers how different forms of oppression (such as racism, sexism, discrimination, homophobia, and so on) can combine and interact to create systems of oppression and privilege that shape the experiences of individuals. Crenshaw used intersectionality to demonstrate how these systems of oppression marginalize minorities in the workplace and society.[1][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Crenshaw chepụtara okwu ahụ Intersectionality na 1989, ndị ọkà mmụta na-adịbeghị anya ekwuola na intersectionality abụghị echiche kwụ ọtọ kama ọ bụ nke gara n'ihu na-etolite ma tupu ma mgbe iwebata ya gasịrị. Na nyocha 2023 nke mmepe nke echiche ahụ, T. Batista na-arụ ụka na intersectionality enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta tinyeworo ya n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọhụrụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ mbụ Crenshaw si na Black Feminist tiori iwu kwadoro iji gosi otú ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ si arụ ọrụ n'otu oge, ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ilekwasị anya na ike nke ike kama ibelata echiche na njirimara.[1] Arụmụka agụmakwụkwọ a na-aga n'ihu agbaghawo ma ogologo ndụ nke nghọta ntọala Crenshaw na ịgbasawanye okwu ndị a na-ekwu ugbu a.[1] === Ndị na-ebu ụzọ na intersectionality === Ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na United States mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Black na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20 - gụnyere Sojourner Truth, Anna J. Cooper, Maria W. Stewart, Ida B. Wells, na ndị ọzọ - na-ama nchụpụ ha n'akụkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme site na òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti <ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref> duziri bụ ndị inyom na-acha ọcha bụ otu ụdị ndụ. <ref name="Davis 1983">{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|authorlink=Angela Davis|title=Women, Race & Class|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=978-0-394-71351-9}}</ref><ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> N'okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" Onye ọbịa Eziokwu kwuru site n'echiche agbụrụ ya dị ka onye bụbu ohu na-akatọ echiche ndị dị mkpa gbasara ịlụ nwanyị.[1] Ọ kọwapụtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmeso a na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị ojii n'ime ọha mmadụ, na-arụ ụka na a na-elekarị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anya dị ka ndị na-emetụ n'ahụ na ndị dị nro, ebe a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị ojii anya dị ka ndị obi ọjọọ na ndị a na-emegbu ma na-erigbu ha. Ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-acha ọcha n'oge ahụ jụrụ nzọrọ ndị a, nke butere nkwutọ na-arịwanye elu nke mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu.[2] Ndị edemede na ndị na-eche echiche dị ka Cooper, Stewart, Wells, Stuart Hall, na Nira Yuval-Davis kwusiri ike na njikọ dị n'etiti agbụrụ agbụrụ na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị, na-egosipụta mmekọrịta.[1][2] N'edemede ya na 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agba", Cooper gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na-emesi nghọta pụrụ iche ha nwere banyere ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu.[1][3] N'akwụkwọ ya A Voice from the South (1892), Cooper kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịtụle "agbụrụ dum" site n'ilekwasị anya na ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Cooper rụrụ ụka na mmegbu ha abụghị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ okike kama ọ bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke abụọ ahụ.[1][4] W. E. B. Du Bois kwuru na usoro agbụrụ, klas, na mba nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Black. [[Patricia Hill Collins]] dere, sị: "Du Bois hụrụ agbụrụ, ọkwa, na mba ọ bụghị n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka ụdị njirimara onwe onye kama dị ka usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke kpụrụ ndị Africa America ohere ịnweta ọnọdụ, ịda ogbenye, na ike". <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> Du Bois hapụrụ okike site na echiche ya ma were ya dị ka ụdị ọdịdị onwe onye.[34] N'afọ 1947, Pauli Murray jiri ahịrịokwu "Jane Crow" kọwaa ihe ịma aka ndị inyom ojii na-eche ihu na Jim Crow South.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Azaransky|first=Sarah|date=2013|title=Jane Crow: Pauli Murray's Intersections and Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-feminist-studies-in-religion_spring-2013_29_1/page/155|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=29|issue=1|pages=155–160|id={{gale|A333448072}}|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.1.155}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> === Ugboro nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị === [[Patricia Hill Collins]] na-akọwa ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado Black, Asian American, Latina, Indigenous, na Chicana feminism na-arụsi ọrụ ike na North America n'etiti afọ 1960 na 1980 dị ka ngwá ọrụ na mmepe nke intersectionality.<ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara kwupụtakwara echiche yiri nke intersectionality, dị ka Awa Thiam, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Chela Sandoval, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Mays 2018">{{Cite book|author=Mays|first=V. M.|date=2018|chapter=History, Aspirations, and Transformations of Intersectionality: Focusing on Gender|editor=Travis|title=APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women: History, Theory, and Battlegrounds|pages=541–566|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=|doi=10.1037/0000059-028}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, otu ìgwè ndị Black na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị haziri Combahee River Collective na Boston, Massachusetts, na nzaghachi maka ihe ha chere na ọ bụ nkewapụ site na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị nwoke na-achịkwa Black liberation movement, na-ekwu maka "mmegbu mgbochi" nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na heteronormativity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Roots of Intersectionality {{!}} University of Rochester School of Nursing|url=https://son.rochester.edu/newsroom/2022/intersectionality.html|work=son.rochester.edu}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ mepụtara echiche nke "n'otu oge": mmetụta nke agbụrụ, ọkwa, okike, na mmekọahụ n'otu oge, nke mere ka ndụ ndị otu ahụ na nguzogide ha megide mmegbu.<ref name="Johnson 2017">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Amanda Walker|title=Resituating the Crossroads: Theoretical Innovations in Black Feminist Ethnography|journal=Souls|date=2017|volume=19|issue=4|pages=401–415|doi=10.1080/10999949.2018.1434350}}</ref> The Combahee River Collective kwalitere nghọta nke ahụmịhe ndị Africa na America nke na-ama nyocha ndị na-apụta site na ndị isi ojii na ndị nwoke na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana ndị sitere na cisgender, ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, ndị inyom heterosexual.<ref name="Norman 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Norman|first=Brian|title='We' in Redux: The Combahee River Collective's ''black Feminist Statement''|journal=[[differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]|volume=18|issue=2|doi=10.1215/10407391-2007-004|date=2007}}</ref> In ''DeGraffenreid v. General Motors'' (1976), Emma DeGraffenreid and four other Black female auto workers alleged compound employment discrimination as Black women resulting from General Motors' seniority-based system of layoffs. The courts weighed the allegations of race and gender discrimination separately, finding that the employment of African-American men in the factory disproved racial discrimination, and the employment of white women in the offices disproved gender discrimination. The court declined to consider compound discrimination, and dismissed the case.<ref name="HoSang">{{Cite book|author=HoSang|first=Daniel M.|editor=Burgett|title=Keywords for American cultural studies|date=2020|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-1-4798-6745-5|pages=142–144|edition=3rd|chapter=Intersectionality|doi=10.18574/9781479867455-038|chapterurl=https://keywords.nyupress.org/american-cultural-studies/essay/intersectionality/}}</ref>{{R|Adewunmi}} Crenshaw said that in cases such as this, the courts have tended to ignore Black women's unique experiences by treating them as only women or only Black.<ref name="Coaston 2019">{{Cite news|author=Coaston|first=Jane|title=The intersectionality wars|url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/20/18542843/intersectionality-conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination|work=Vox|date=28 May 2019}}</ref>{{R|Crenshaw 1989}} N'afọ 1988, Deborah K. King bipụtara edemede "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology". N'ime ya, King na-ekwu maka ihe ghọrọ ntọala maka intersectionality n'oge na-adịghị anya, na-ekwu, "Ndị inyom ojii amatala ọnọdụ pụrụ iche nke ndụ anyị na United States: ihe anyị na ụmụ nwanyị niile, yana njikọ ndị jikọtara anyị na ụmụ nwoke nke agbụrụ anyị".<ref name="King1988">{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Deborah K.|title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1988_14_1/page/42|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1988|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–72|doi=10.1086/494491}}</ref> === ''Ịkwụsị njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ'' === N'afọ 1989, [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''intersectionality'' dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu Ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America na edemede ya bụ Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics . <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref><ref name="Crenshaw 1989">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|date=1989|volume=1989|issue=1|pages=139–167|url=http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8|issn=0892-5593}} [https://archive.org/details/DemarginalizingTheIntersectionOfRaceAndSexABlackFeminis/mode/1up?view=theater Full text at Archive.org]</ref> Okwu Crenshaw arịgoola n'ihu mkparịta ụka mba banyere ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, na ndị uwe ojii - ma kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ enyerela aka ịkpụzi mkparịta ụka iwu.<ref name="Two Decades">{{Cite web|author=<!--anonymous author; no byline-->|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later|date=8 June 2017|publisher=Columbia Law School|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later|accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Adewunmi">{{Cite news|author=Adewunmi|first=Bim|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|date=2 April 2014|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya, Crenshaw na-atụle [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]], na-arụ ụka na ahụmịhe nke ịbụ nwanyị ojii enweghị ike ịghọta n'okwu na-adabere na ịbụ onye ojii ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti njirimara abụọ ahụ, nke, ọ na-agbakwụnye, kwesịrị ime ka ibe ya sikwuo ike.<ref name="Thomas 2004">{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Sheila|title=Intersectionality: the double bind of race and gender|work=Perspectives Magazine|date=Spring 2004|page=2|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_Spring2004CrenshawPSP.authcheckdam.pdf}}</ref> Iji gosi na ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba nwere ahụmahụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị inyom ọcha, Crenshaw na-enyocha ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ na mmeko nwoke na-eme n'ime ụmụ nwoke, nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha agba na-enweta na nchikota nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka na n'ihi na okwu ndị e mere iji na-ekwu banyere agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ anaghị ekwu okwu abụọ n'otu oge, n'ihi ya, a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ha abụọ.[1] Edemede " Mmekọahụ, ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya "nke Jeff Hearn, Sofia Aboim, na Tamara Shefer jikọtara ya na echiche Crenshaw nke intersectionality.[2] Crenshaw na-arụ ụka na ihe owuwu ike na-eleghara ụzọ agbụrụ na okike si jikọta ọnụ. Nke a na-emepụta ụdị pụrụ iche nke mwepu maka ụmụ nwanyị agba. N'otu aka ahụ, ibe ahụ na-akatọ mbọ ikpe ziri ezi maka mmekọahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịba ụba agbụrụ na ahaghị nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị mgbe ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Global Northern na-egosi ndị ogbenye, ụmụ nwanyị ojii bi na Global South dị ka "enweghị enyemaka." Okwu abụọ a na-emetụta otu esi ekwu otu ndị a kpapụrụ iche, kama ikwu maka ha. <ref name="Crenshaw 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Kimberle |title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color |journal=Stanford Law Review |date=1991 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1299 |doi=10.2307/1229039 |jstor=1229039 |citeseerx=10.1.1.695.5934 |s2cid=24661090}} {{block indent |left=2 |Reprinted in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Crenshaw |editor1-first=Kimberlé |editor2-last=Gotanda |editor2-first=Neil |editor3-last=Peller |editor3-first=Gary |editor4-last=Thomas |editor4-first=Kendall |title=Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement |year=1995 |location=New York |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1-56584-271-7 |pages=357–384 |url=https://archive.org/details/critica_xxx_1995_00_1144/page/357/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |ref=none}} }}</ref> Crenshaw na-enyocha ọtụtụ ikpe ndị na-egosipụta echiche nke intersectionality ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na otú iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè siri bụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka DeGraffenreid v. General Motors, Moore v. Hughes Helicopter Inc., na Payne na Travenol. Ihe abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, n'okwu ndị a: nke mbụ, enweghị ike nke ụlọ ikpe ọ bụla iji ghọta nke ọma njirimara nke onye na-agba akwụkwọ, na ikike dị nta nke ndị na-ekpe ikpe na-arụrịta ụka n'ihi ihe mgbochi iwu kere site na iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè, dị ka Title VII nke Civil Rights Act nke 1964.[1] == Ọganihu ==   Ebumnuche nke ''intersectionality'' bụ iji mee ka ihe dị iche iche na-elegharakarị anya site na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ahụ.<ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2005_30_3/page/1771|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref><ref name="Thompson 2002">{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=Becky|title=Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-2002_28_2/page/337|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=337–360|doi=10.2307/3178747}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Intersectionality? {{!}} Intersections of Gender|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/intersections-gender/about/about-intersectionality.html#:~:text=Intersectional%20research%20design%20understands%20that,,%20ability,%20indigeneity%20and%20income.|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=www.ualberta.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rummery|first=Kirstein|chapter=Gender Equality and Social Justice|date=2018|editor=Craig|title=Handbook on Global Social Justice|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|pages=187–200|isbn=978-1-78643-142-4|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187}}</ref> A na-eleghara ahaghị nhata agbụrụ anya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ụmụ nwanyị nke mbụ, nke na-echegbu onwe ya banyere inweta nha nhata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị ọcha na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, : 59-60 na nke abụọ, nke chọrọ iwepụ ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị metụtara ebumnuche ụlọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Fixmer-Oraiz">{{Cite book|title=Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, & Culture|author=Fixmer-Oraiz|first=Natalie|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-305-28027-4|location=Boston, Mass.}}</ref><ref name="Grady">{{Cite web|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|author=Grady|first=Constance|date=20 March 2018|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172242/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archivedate=5 April 2019}}</ref> Ugboro atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị - nke pụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e chepụtara okwu intersectionality - gbalịrị idozi enweghị nlebara anya e nyere agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmasị mmekọahụ, na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.{{R|Fixmer-Oraiz}} : 72–73 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 72–73">&#x3A;&#x200A;72–73&#x200A;</span></sup> A malitere iji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'afọ ndị 1990, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-esote mmepe nke ọrụ Crenshaw site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya [[Patricia Hill Collins]]. Collins na-ekwu na okwu Crenshaw dochiri ihe mbụ ya "echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii", ma "bawanye uru nke echiche ya site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa America na ụmụ nwanyị niile".<ref name="Mann 2005">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A.|title=The decentering of second wave feminism and the rise of the third wave|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-society_2005-01_69_1/page/56|journal=[[Science & Society]]|volume=69|issue=1|pages=56–91|date=2005|doi=10.1521/siso.69.1.56.56799}}</ref> : 61 Collins chọrọ ịmepụta usoro iji chee echiche banyere intersectionality, kama ịgbasawanye na echiche ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọ chọpụtara ngalaba atọ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ihe n'ime intersectionality: otu na-emeso ndabere, echiche, okwu, esemokwu, na arụmụka n'ime Intersectionalité; nke ọzọ na-achọ itinye intersectionnality dị ka atụmatụ nyocha iji nyochaa otu ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta dị iche iche nwere ike isi mee ka enweghị nhata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya; na otu nke na-eji intersectionility eweta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze site na atụmatụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2023|title=$1 Million Berggruen Philosophy Prize Awarded to Patricia Hill Collins – Berggruen Institute|url=https://www.berggruen.org/news/usd1-million-berggruen-philosophy-prize-awarded-to-patricia-hill-collins|accessdate=19 July 2024|work=www.berggruen.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Sayer|first=Andrew|editor=Craig|date=2018|chapter=Income, Work and Justice*|title=Handbook on Global Social Justice|pages=42–45|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-142-4|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na intersectionality malitere site na nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị na mmegbu agbụrụ, na mmegbu nke classist na homophobic / biphobic mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere, echiche ahụ agbasawo iji kpuchie ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Kathy|title=Writing academic texts differently: intersectional feminist methodologies and the playful art of writing|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-50225-2|editor=Lykke|series=Routledge Advances in Feminist Studies and Intersectionality|location=London|chapter=Intersectionality as Critical Methodology}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eji intersectionality eme ihe iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara ọbụna gbasara ahụmịhe ha na-emekọ ihe dịka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụmụ nwanyị Eshia America kọrọ ahụmahụ intersectional nke mere ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara yana ụmụ nwoke Eshia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Choi|first=Jin Young|title=Minoritized Women Reading Race and Ethnicity: Intersectional Approaches to Constructed Identity and Early Christian Texts|date=24 September 2020|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-9159-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwD6DwAAQBAJ&dq=asian+american&pg=PA112|language=en}}</ref> Gloria Wekker na-ekwu na ọrụ Chicana nke Gloria E. Anzaldúa dị mkpa n'ihi na "ụdị ndị dị adị maka njirimara anaghị emeso ya n'ụzọ dị iche ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, mana a na-ezo aka mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara ibe ha".<ref name="Buikema 2009">{{Cite book|title=Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide to Gender Studies|editor=Buikema, Rosemarie|publisher=Routeledge|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-49383-3|pages=63–65}}</ref> === Ọkwá dị iche iche === N'ebe ndịda Eshia, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Dalit ejirila nyocha intersectional mee ka ọ pụta ìhè na ụmụ nwanyị Dalis na-eche ihu, ndị na'ahụ ma ịkpa ókè dabere na ịkpa ókè na ịkpa oke. Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Thenmozhi Soundararajan na-arụ ụka n'ọrụ ha dị ka The Trauma of Caste na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na-elegharakarị mmegbu ndị a na-agbakọta anya, na-akpọ maka nyocha dị iche iche nke na-amata ọkwa dị ka isi axis nke enweghị nhata.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Soundararajan|first=Thenmozhi|title=The Trauma of Caste|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2022|isbn=978-1-62317-766-9|location=United States of America|language=English}}</ref> === Klas === Collins ejirila usoro ụmụ nwanyị Marxist tinye ụkpụrụ intersectional n'ọrụ iji mụọ ịda ogbenye nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ihe ọ na-akpọ "ọrụ / ezinụlọ". N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2000 "Black Political Economy", ọ na-atụ aro na njikọ nke [[Consumer racism|niile="Consumer racism">Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]], ọkwa nwoke na nwanyị, na ọghọm n'ahịa ọrụ nwere ike ịdabere na ahụmịhe pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii - dị ka mgbochi nke mgbanwe akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Black n'ihi ihe nketa na iwu mgbochi ngwakọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=Patricia|title=Black Feminist Thought|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96014-8|edition=0|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780203900055|pages=45–46|ref={{harvid|Collins|2000}}}}</ref><ref name="Browne & Misra 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Browne|first=Irene|title=The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|date=2003|volume=29|issue=1|pages=487–513|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100016}}</ref> :: 506  Chiara Bottici etinyewokwa akụkụ nke anarcha-feminism iji gbochie nkatọ na intersectionality ezughi oke ma ọ bụ ghara ịmata ''kpọmkwem'' nke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, na-ekwu "na enwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ banyere mmegbu ụmụ agbọghọ nakwa na iji lụso ya ọgụ ị ga-alụso ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ ọgụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bottici|first=Chiara|authorlink=Chiara Bottici|title=Bodies in Plural: Towards an Anarcha-feminist Manifesto|journal=[[Thesis Eleven]]|volume=142|issue=1|year=2017|doi=10.1177/0725513617727793}}</ref> === Ọchịchị ndị mmadụ na-achị mba ọzọ === Na Latin America, Maria Lugones webatara echiche nke "nchịkwa nke okike" iji chọpụta otú akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike si jikọta agbụrụ, okike, na klas, na-emepụta ụdị mmegbu pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na ụmụ Afrịka. Ọrụ ya na-ekpughe ịmanye ụkpụrụ okike nke Eurocentric n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, nke na-eme ka njirimara okike na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ghara ịdị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lugones|first=María|date=2007|title=Heterosexualism and the Colonial / Modern Gender System|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_winter-2007_22_1/page/186|journal=Hypatia|volume=22|issue=1|pages=186–209|issn=0887-5367}}</ref> Mara Viveros Vigoya na-enyekwa echiche Latin America nke na-atụle mkpa ọ dị idozi ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị dị ka akụkụ nke usoro intersectional.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Viveros Vigoya|first=Mara|date=2016|title=La interseccionalidad: una aproximación situada a la dominación|journal=Debate Feminista|volume=52|pages=1–17|doi=10.1016/j.df.2016.09.005|issn=0188-9478}}</ref> == Ụdị ya == Na "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color", Kimberlé Crenshaw depụtara ụdị atọ nke intersectionalidad iji kọwaa ihe ike ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ: nhazi, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nnọchiteanya. A ka na-eji usoro ndị a eme ihe taa.<ref name="Cho 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> === Njikọ nke ihe owuwu === Intersectionality nke ihe owuwu na-atụle otú ndị mmadụ si bụrụ ndị a na-ewepụ site na mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ma na-eme ka ụdị nke usoro, ụlọ ọrụ, na enweghị nhata nke ihe owuwe ihe ubi sie ike. <ref name="Homan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Homan|first=Patricia|date=2021|title=Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|language=EN|volume=62|issue=3|pages=350–370|doi=10.1177/00221465211032947|issn=0022-1465|pmid=34355603}}</ref>{{R|Cho 2013}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 797">&#x3A;&#x200A;797&#x200A;</span></sup> : Crenshaw na-eji usoro a nyochaa nhazi nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị nke jikọtara iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike maka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike, yana otu ọdịda ịnakwere mkpuchi nke ihe ndị a si mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ dị otú ahụ tinye aka na-ezughị ezu. <ref name="Pedulla2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pedulla|first=David S.|title=The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-psychology-quarterly_2014-03_77_1/page/75|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|date=2014|volume=77|issue=1|pages=75–94|doi=10.1177/0190272513506229}}</ref>{{R|Crenshaw 1991}}{{R|Cho 2013}} : 797  N'afọ 2020, Alesha Durfee jiri usoro nhazi intersectional nyochaa enweghị ike nke ndị "na-enweghị ọtụtụ ndị a na-achụpụrụ", dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, itinye akwụkwọ, nweta, ije ozi, ma mee ka iwu nchebe n'ọnọdụ ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ma tụọ aro na usoro ndị dị n'ebe ahụ mepụtara enweghị nhata nke ọha na eze. Durfee kwuru na ihe ndabere maka enweghị nhata dị otú ahụ bụ "iwu na usoro dabere na echiche na-ekwesịghị ekwesị banyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu" nke na-adịghị akọwa mgbagwoju anya nke ahụmịhe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Durfee|first=Alesha|date=2021|title=The Use of Structural Intersectionality as a Method to Analyze How the Domestic Violence Civil Protective Order Process Replicates Inequality|journal=Violence Against Women|language=EN|volume=27|issue=5|pages=639–665|doi=10.1177/1077801220958495|pmid=32965175|issn=1077-8012}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, otu ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eji usoro nhazi nke intersectional chọpụtara na mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị nhata ego na nlekọta ahụike US dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mba ahụ mana a na-ejikọta ya na ahụike na-adịghị mma na ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Homan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Homan|first=Patricia|date=2021|title=Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|language=EN|volume=62|issue=3|pages=350–370|doi=10.1177/00221465211032947|issn=0022-1465|pmid=34355603}}</ref> Intersectionality ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-atụle otu ndị na-eme ihe ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike isi wepụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ njirimara na-agwakọta site na ilekwasị anya na "ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, otu ụzọ" nke na-ewepu ha ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ma ọ bụ belata mgbagwoju anya nke ahụmịhe ha.{{R|Cho 2013}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 800">&#x3A;&#x200A;800&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="Evans2022">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Elizabeth |date=2022 |title=Political intersectionality and disability activism: Approaching and understanding difference and unity |journal=The Sociological Review |language=en |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=986–1004 |doi=10.1177/00380261221111231 |doi-access=free |issn=0038-0261}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Crenshaw na Deborah K. King ejirila mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyochaa nkewa nke okwu agbụrụ na nke metụtara okike n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị, nke chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara buru ihe gbasara ha ụzọ dị ka "ndị na-acha odo odo" ma ọ bụ "ụmụ nwanyị", kama igosipụta na ha abụọ bụ<ref name="King1988">{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Deborah K.|title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1988_14_1/page/42|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1988|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–72|doi=10.1086/494491}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-etinye usoro a n'ọrụ iji tụlee njikọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka klas, mmekọahụ, na nkwarụ. <ref name="Evans2022" /><ref name="Pedulla2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pedulla|first=David S.|title=The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-psychology-quarterly_2014-03_77_1/page/75|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|date=2014|volume=77|issue=1|pages=75–94|doi=10.1177/0190272513506229}}</ref> Sameena Azhar et al. akọwawo na ndị Asia America nọ n'okpuru echiche ụgha na ha 'nwere onwe ha pụọ n'agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ha na-atụ aro na àgwà ndị a, nke na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eme ka ahụmahụ ndị Asia America nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ghara ịbụ nke ziri ezi. Ha na-atụ aro na echiche stereotypes nke ndị Eshia America bụ ndị na-emepụta mmekọahụ ha "n'ụzọ na-emebi ụkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ" na-emetụta ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị America Asia n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị Asia America dị ka ndị a na-achọsi ike na inwe mmekọahụ gabigara ókè, ebe a na-ele ndị ogbo ha anya dị ka nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ.[1][2] Nnọchite anya n'etiti bụ ọmụmụ ka e si egosipụta njirimara ndị na-emekọrịta ihe (dịka, agbụrụ, okike, klaasị, mmekọahụ) n'okwu ọdịnala na mgbasa ozi, yana otu nke a si emepụta ma ọ bụ na-ewusi usoro mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị ike.[1] Crenshaw ji usoro a wee nyochaa ka e si wezuga ihe nnọchianya nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na omenala a ma ama.[2] Nnyocha e mere na-esote na nnọchite anya na omenala ndị a ma ama ejirila usoro mba ụwa.[3][4] N'inyocha ihe nkiri na telivishọn, a na-atụ aro na a na-egosipụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-acha agba dị ka ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, "ndị na-egbu mmadụ," ma ọ bụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru - dị ka "Latinas na-ekpo ọkụ," "ndị Asians na-ekpo ọkụ," "ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ewe iwe" - nke na-ehichapụ ihe mgbagwoju anya zuru oke nke njirimara ọha mmadụ na ụkpụrụ (dị ka okike, agbụrụ, na klas), na ọbụna ndị a na-eme ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. [1] Dị ka ọ dị na mkpọsa ndị ọzọ, "ịgba nwanyị na ime ihe ike" na-emezu nzube dị ike.[2] [Ibe achọrọ] [ibe achọrọ] Na nyocha ha gbasara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, gụnyere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ abụọ Fox News na New York Times bipụtara n'etiti 2000 na 2022, Elliot Ash na ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba, ndị LGBTQ + na ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-eji ihe anya na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ stereotypical lens, na-eleghara ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ahaghị nhata, na ịkọ nkọ. Ha chọpụtara na mpụ, ịsa ọcha, na mwakpo megide ndị kwabatara, ndị nne na nna nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ, na ndị transgender bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, bụ́ nke ha chọpụtara na o nyere aka mee ka echiche sara mbara banyere obodo ndị a dịpụrụ adịpụ.[1] N’ihe banyere ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ, Timothy Laurie na Hannah Stark kwukwara ihe dị iche n’ihe nnọchianya nke ndị a na-emegbu na ndị na-eme ihe ọjọọ, sị: “A na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n’etiti, na ndị ọcha ka ha na-emeghachi omume n’usoro mmegbu, ebe a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ amaala, na ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-akpagbu.” [2] === Ụdị ndị ọzọ === ==== Njikọ atụmatụ ==== Marie-Claire Belleau akpọọla oku maka "intersectionality" iji kwalite mmekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche.[1] : 51 Ọ na-ezo aka na omenala dị iche iche na ọha mmadụ na-emepụta ụdị dị iche iche. N'iji Québécois nat-cult mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ, Belleau na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ òtù nzuzo na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị njedebe nke njirimara n'ime onwe ha, na-arụ ụka na e nwere ụzọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ndị inyom si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche nwere ike isi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ site na intersectionality, nakwa na mmekọrịta ndị a nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti "ndị ọchịchị" pụta.[1] : 54 Belleau na-arụ ụka na, site na intersectionality echiche, ndịiche dị n'ime nat-ofufe feminism bụchaghị eluigwe na ala ma ọ bụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, kama ka a ga-aghọta n'ihi na-elekọta mmadụ ọnọdụ. Ọzọkwa, arụmọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a abụghị ihe pụrụ iche. Kama, ha bụ atụmatụ.[1] ==== Mmekọrịta mba dị iche iche ==== Feminists na feminists akatọla intersectionality dị ka Western, gụrụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọgaranya, na onye kwuo uche (WEIRD) [1] echiche nke na-ewepụ ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị.[2][3] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji chegharịa echiche Western nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-eche na ụmụ nwanyị niile na-ekerịta mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị na agbụrụ.[2][4] Shelly Grabe chepụtara okwu intersectionality iji kọwaa echiche sara mbara nke intersectionality. Grabe na-ede, "Intersectionality na-etinye ego na njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, mmegbu akụ na ụba, na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị alaeze ukwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa."[5] Ma ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mba ndị ọzọ dị njikere ilebara "mkpagbu mgbagwoju anya na ọtụtụ ụdị nke nguzogide". [1] [2] Vrushali Patil rụrụ ụka na intersectionality kwesịrị ịnakwere owuwu nke agbụrụ na omenala. Banyere mmetụta nke steeti ahụ na-ewu njirimara, Patil na-arụ ụka, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na anyị anọgide na-eleghara ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe anya ma ghara itinye mba ahụ na mpụta ya n'ime usoro mba, nchọpụta anyị ga-anọgide na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na oge." [3] N'ịgbasawanye echiche ndị a zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke colonialist, ọkà ihe ọmụma Charles W. Mills ekwuola na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịda anyanwụ ewepụla agbụrụ na colonialism, na-akpọ maka "mchụpụ" nke echiche libertarian iji lebara ọchịchị ụwa anya.[1] N'otu aka ahụ, ndị na-enye aka na Gary Craig's Handbook on Global Social Justice na-arụ ụka na ụzọ dị n'etiti etiti ga-edozi usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ahaghị nhata dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme, agbụrụ, na klas, iji nweta ikpe ziri ezi.[2] N'ịkọwapụta echiche a, Marc Aziz Michael egosila, na-adọta ụmụ nwanyị STEM ndebanye aha na data nkà na mba Arab, na ọbụna mgbe a na-etinye axes nke echiche na echiche Western, a na-ahụkarị ha dị ka nchịkọta mmegbu, kama ịbụ ụzọ nke nnwere onwe na nguzogide.[3]. A kwalitela ma katọọ ntinye nke intersectionality na esemokwu Israel na Palestine. Otu ụmụ nwanyị akwadola mkpebi "Boycott, Divest, Sanction" (BDS) dabere na nrụrụ aka. National Women's Studies Association iji tụlee mkpebi BDS na ogbako na-abịanụ \"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-91" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Na 2015, National Women's Studies Association kwalitere mkpebi nke na-akpọ maka "mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu na nzaghachi nke mba ụwa, nke na-elekwasị anya na nzaghachi nke mba ụwa, nke na-emegide B. nyocha na njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọchịchị na òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ kpebisiri ike ịkwatu ha ". [1] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-agbagha iji mba ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kama ịbụ ngwá ọrụ nyocha na-anọpụ iche.[1] Na 2016, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Inside Higher Ed Cary Nelson dere na ikpe na-ezighị ezi "na-eme n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'okpuru usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche," ebe ọ bụ na "mmekọrịta ọ bụla na-abụkarị naanị n'uche onye na-ekiri ma ọ bụ n'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Na 2019, intersectionality bụ "karịa echiche nyocha nke na-enyere aka ijide eziokwu mmekọrịta na ụba na mgbagwoju anya ya; ọ bụkwa usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-atụ aro na ọ na-akwado ohere nke "ụlọ ahịa otu nkwụsị maka Israel" dịka ngwọta ikpeazụ.[2][3] == Europe == Ihe akaebe na-egosi na n'ime Europe enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-acha ọcha na ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na ọkwa ha na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị ikom na-acha ọcha na-egosi ọkwa kachasị elu nke itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ebe n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ụdị ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha.[1]. A na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Europe ka ndị nwere ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ala, karịsịa ndị na-enweghị ike inweta ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.[1] Akụkụ dị mkpa nke intersectionality Europe na-emetụta ọnọdụ mbata na ọpụpụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ndị Europe na-esi n'akụkụ ụwa nile kwaga n'ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịmanye ha ịgbapụ n'ụlọ ha n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye haziri ahazi ma ọ bụ esemokwu n'ime.[1] Ọnọdụ ndị a site n'okike na-eme ka ndị a bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike n'ihi na ha nọ n'ebe a na-amaghị ama na ha enweghị obere ihe iji kwado onwe ha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-adịgasị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ, n'ihi na enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụaka na-akwaga mba ọzọ.[1] Nke a bụ n'elu akụkọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Islamophobia na izugbe mgbochi mbata mba n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla larịị nke European ọha mmadụ.[2] Nnyocha na Europe nke jiri intersectionality mee ihe dị ka usoro nduzi enyewo aka n'ịghọta nke ọma banyere ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, na-egosi na ọ naghị eme na iche iche nakwa na enwere ike ịtụ anya ma dozie usoro ya.<ref name="rolofi">{{Cite journal|author=Humbert|first=Anne Laure|date=May 2025|title=The Role of Intersectionality and Context in Measuring Gender-Based Violence in Universities and Research-Performing Organizations in Europe for the Development of Inclusive Structural Interventions|journal=Violence Against Women|language=en|volume=31|issue=6–7|pages=1688–1711|doi=10.1177/10778012241231773|issn=1077-8012|pmid=38374665}}</ref> Ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị anaghị emetụta ndị otu niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ na-enwekwu nsogbu ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi ọnọdụ ha n'otu n'otu kamakwa n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="rolofi" /> == Ngwa ==   A na-etinye intersectionality n'ọtụtụ ngalaba site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, <ref name="Hancock 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hancock|first=Ange-Marie|title=Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm|journal=[[Politics & Gender]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=248–254|doi=10.1017/S1743923X07000062|date=June 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Holvino 2010">{{Cite journal|author=Holvino|first=Evangelina|title=Intersections: The simultaneity of race, gender and class in organization studies|journal=[[Gender, Work & Organization]]|volume=17|issue=3|pages=248–277|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x|date=May 2010}}</ref> agụmakwụkwọ <ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2005_30_3/page/1771|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref> <ref name="Cooper 1892">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Anna Julia|title=Social theory: the multicultural, global, and classic readings|publisher=Westview Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8133-5044-8|editor=Lemert|edition=6th|location=Boulder, Colo.|chapter=The colored woman's office|origdate=1892}}</ref> nlekọta ahụike, [4] <ref name="Jones 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Sandra J.|title=Complex subjectivities: class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-issues_2003_59_4/page/803|journal=[[Journal of Social Issues]]|volume=59|issue=4|pages=803–820|doi=10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x|date=December 2003}}</ref> na ọrụ, na akụ na ụba. [5]<ref name="Kelly 2009">{{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Ursula A.|title=Integrating intersectionality and biomedicine in health disparities research|journal=Advances in Nursing Science|volume=32|issue=2|pages=E42–E56|doi=10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181a3b3fc|pmid=19461221|date=April–June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Viruell-Fuentes et al 2012">{{Cite journal|author=Viruell-Fuentes|first=Edna A.|title=More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=December 2012|volume=75|issue=12|pages=2099–2106|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.037|pmid=22386617}}</ref><ref name="Ladson-Billings Tate 1995">{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9781315709796-2|chapter=Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education|title=Critical Race Theory in Education|year=2016|author=Ladson-Billings|first=Gloria|pages=10–31|isbn=978-1-315-70979-6|chapterurl=https://www.unco.edu/education-behavioral-sciences/pdf/TowardaCRTEduca.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta nke intersectionality akwadowokwa maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. <ref name="Cho 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name="Levine-Rasky 2011">{{Cite journal|author=Levine-Rasky|first=Cynthia|title=Intersectionality theory applied to whiteness and middle-classness|journal=Social Identities|date=March 2011|volume=17|issue=2|pages=239–253|doi=10.1080/13504630.2011.558377}}</ref> E meela obere nnyocha dị mma iji kwado ma ọ bụ mebie ojiji nke intersectionality, n'ihi itinye echiche na nsogbu na usoro.<ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> A na-ejikarị intersectionality eme ihe na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji nyochaa otu njirimara ndị dị ka agbụrụ, okike, klas, na mmekọahụ si eme ka ahụmịhe nke ịkpa ókè na ihe ùgwù na ọha mmadụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ na-enweta ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ugboro ugboro na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị na-emegbu ha. Ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na ndị nlekọta na-eme mmegbu na-emekarị, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ nwere nhọrọ ole na ole maka ịgbanarị ọnọdụ mkparị ahụ.[1] Enwere omenala "ịgbachi nkịtị" gburugburu ụmụ nwanyị na nkwarụ, nke na-egbochi ọha na eze ịghọta na mmegbu a na-enwe n'etiti ndị nwere nkwarụ na-eduga na-eleghara mmegbu anya mgbe ha zutere ya.[2]. Nke a nwere ike bute ike na-enweghị isi na mwepu nke ndị nwere nkwarụ, na-etinyekwa ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ n'ọnọdụ ebe enwere ike ime n'ihu ma ọ bụ karịa.[1] === Mmụta === Mkpakọrịta na agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere ịtụle ọtụtụ akụkụ nke njirimara ndị mmadụ iji bulie ohere, dị ka asụsụ, ụdị mmụta, na nkwarụ. Laura Gonzales na Janine Butler na-arụ ụka na ụzọ njikọ aka nwere ike inye aka belata mmetụta nke adịghị ike na gburugburu ebe mmụta.[1] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha nke Gonzales na Butler nwetara uru site n'itinye asụsụ abụọ, mgbanwe maka nkwarụ, na itinye isiokwu ndị na-abụghị omenala n'ọrụ ederede ha.[1] Ndị ode akwụkwọ Collin Lamout Craig na Staci Maree na-atụ aro na enwere uru dị na intersectionality na-enyere aka ịkwalite nnabata na nghọta na agụmakwụkwọ.[2] N'ime ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha Sandra Jones banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na-atụle meritocracy n'ime ọha mmadụ niile, mana ọ na-ekwu na agbụrụ na ike ndị ọzọ na-emegbu ya na-eme ka ọ dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="Jones 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Sandra J.|title=Complex subjectivities: class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-issues_2003_59_4/page/803|journal=[[Journal of Social Issues]]|volume=59|issue=4|pages=803–820|doi=10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x|date=December 2003}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye usoro ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ofe otu. Na ngalaba ọrụ ebere UK, Ashlee Christoffersen chọpụtara echiche ise dị iche iche gbasara njikọta. A na-achọta "Intersectionality" na mpaghara iwu, ebe a na-eche na intersectionality dị ka iwu nke na-emeghe maka uru nke dum karịa otu otu. "Ịha nhata" na-emetụta okwu ndị na-emetụta ọtụtụ mmadụ. "Multi-strand intersectionality" na-anwa ịtụle otu dị iche iche mgbe ị na-eme mkpebi, mana ọ naghị ele otu ahụ anya dị ka otu ihe ma ọ bụ otu ihe na-elekwasị anya maka okwu maka otu otu. "Intersectionality" na-ahụ otu ụdị njirimara, dị ka okike, dị ka ihe kachasị mkpa, ebe a na-atụle akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke njirimara mgbe ụfọdụ, na ụdị njirimara dị iche iche na-ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ na-emebi njirimara. "Mpaghara nke njirimara" na-atụle njikọ nke njirimara, ma ọ dịghị njirimara akọwapụtara dị ka ihe dị mkpa. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eche mgbe ụfọdụ na ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-emeso àgwà ndị kachasị njọ, usoro ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ maka mmadụ niile. Christoffersen akpọtụla ụfọdụ n'ime nkọwa ndị a nke intersectionality dị ka "mgbakwunye" ebe a na-eche na ahaghị nhata dị ka agbakwunyere na wepụ.[1] Na United States, nyocha ahịa ọrụ na-egosi na enwere ahaghị nhata akụ na ụba n'ihi agbụrụ na okike, gụnyere maka ụmụ nwanyị America America.[1] : 506-507 N’akwụkwọ nke Esther Chow et al., bụ́ onye dere, sị: “Mmetụta nke ndị nna ochie na echiche ọdịnala banyere okike na ezinụlọ pụtara ìhè na ndụ ndị ọrụ China na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ndị ahịa ha na South Korea, na ndị inyom India di ha nwụrụ, kamakwa ndị Ukraine na ndị ikom Australia nọ n’ụwa ọhụrụ.” [2] === Nlekọta ahụike === A na-eji mmekọrịta dị ka usoro dị oke egwu na nlekọta ahụike, dị ka n'ịgbasa okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi ịmụ nwa, ebe njikọ nke agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike na-emetụta ịnweta nlekọta ahụike na atụmatụ ezinụlọ maka ụmụ nwanyị agba. Nleba anya nke ọma na-ekpughe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị oke nke ọnwụ nne n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-enweta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ metụtara afọ ime, n'agbanyeghị njikwa maka mkpuchi, ego, na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ. Nnyocha ejikọtala ọdịiche ndị a na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mkparị n'ime usoro nlekọta ahụike. E gosiputara ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ka ha ghara ịkọ akụkọ mgbu na igbu oge ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ọkachasị na nlekọta nne na njikwa mgbu.[1][2] Ndị na-agba agba, n'ozuzu, na-enwekarị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na usoro nlekọta ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ngwa ngwa nke 9/11 gasịrị, ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ịdị arọ nwa dị ala na nsonaazụ ahụike ndị ọzọ dị njọ n'etiti ndị Alakụba na ndị Arab America, nchọpụta ha jikọtara ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na okpukpe na-abawanye n'oge ahụ.[1]. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta atụwo aro na atumatu mbata na ọpụpụ nwere ike imetụta nsonaazụ ahụike site na usoro dịka nrụgide, ihe mgbochi na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike, na ndị na-achọpụta ahụike.[2]. Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike, dị ka nchekwa nri, ịnweta ikuku na mmiri dị ọcha, nkwụsi ike ụlọ, na ọnọdụ ọrụ, nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ ahụike, ọkachasị maka obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=David R.|date=19 February 2019|title=Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=16|issue=4|doi=10.3390/ijerph16040606|issn=1660-4601|pmid=30791452}}</ref> Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị ịkpa ókè agbamakwụkwọ usoro ebe obodo ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-ebu ibu nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, na-enye aka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụkwara ume ọkụ, ọrịa kansa, na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ala ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beard|first=Sharon|date=22 January 2024|title=Racism as a public health issue in environmental health disparities and environmental justice: working toward solutions|journal=Environmental Health|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12940-024-01052-8|issn=1476-069X|pmid=38254105}}</ref> Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụtakwa ndị mmadụ nwere obere akụ na ụba na ohere nlekọta ahụike. Usoro ọgwụgwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ọdịiche ahụike taa. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Tuskegee Syphilis, nke gọnarịrị ọgwụgwọ nye ndị ikom ojii na-enweghị nkwenye ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma ha, mmeso mmanye nke ụmụ amaala America na ụmụ nwanyị Latina, òtù eugenics, [1] ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na agbụrụ, na ntinye nke mmemme ahụike na ahụike ọha na eze, [2] bụ ihe atụ niile nke ọdịiche ahụike. Omume ndị a emewo ka enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike n'etiti obodo ndị kewapụrụ iche. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nchọpụta ahụike ewepụla ndị nwere agba, ndị inyom, na ndị nwere nkwarụ na ule nlekọta ahụike, na-eme ka ọdịiche dị na ihe ọmụma banyere otú ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche si emetụta ndị a.[3] Ụkpụrụ a na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta n'ọtụtụ nyocha nyocha ma na-enye aka na enweghị nha anya ahụike na-adị taa. === Ịkwaga mba ọzọ === Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Amụma Africa America (AAPF) akwadola maka ụzọ njikọ aka maka iwu mbata na ọpụpụ, na-atụle ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ, ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye, na okike. AAPF na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-abụkarị ndị mmekọ nke ndị di na nwunye bụbu ụmụ amaala, ma ndị inyom dị otú ahụ enweghị ike ịgba alụkwaghịm maka afọ abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-achọ ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. Dị ka AAPF si kwuo, iwu dị ugbu a gụnyere "ọ dịghị ndokwa ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe bụ ndị na-echekarị ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ dị njọ na ọnwụ n'otu aka, ma ọ bụ nchụpụ n'aka nke ọzọ".[1] === Nkà na ụbụrụ === Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọ n'ihe gbasara akparamaagwa na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kemgbe 1950. [1] Mmetụta ndị a jikọtara ọnụ dabere na ọmụmụ nke ajọ mbunobi, heuristics, stereotypes, na ikpe. Ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ agbatịwo ọmụmụ banyere ajọ mbunobi nke uche na akụkụ nke ọgụgụ isi na akparamàgwà omume. Nchọpụta ahụ bụ na uche onye ọ bụla nwere echiche nke ya n'ime mkpebi na mkpebi ndị na-echebe ọnọdụ ahụ site n'izere mgbanwe na ịṅa ntị na echiche ndị na-abụghị nke ha. [1] Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọtụtụ mgbanwe, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta onye ọ bụla sitere na ọnọdụ bụ nke a kacha mụọ. N'ihi ya, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ anaghị akọwa mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ka okike na agbụrụ dị ka ihe ọ bụla na-erughị ma ọ bụ na-erughị mmetụta ọ bụla ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụrụ ịtụle mmegbu mgbe a na-ele ya anya n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụrụgodị na a kọwapụtara mmegbu kpọmkwem, echiche ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ga-eme ka o sie ike ile ụfọdụ ndị ma ọ bụ ìgwè mmadụ anya dị ka ndị a na-emegbu emegbu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ele ndị isi ojii anya dị ka ndị omekome, na-eme ka ọ na-esiri ha ike inweta ọrụ karịa ndị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, a na-ele ndị ikom ojii na ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ anya dị ka ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, nke na-eme ka ohere ha nwere nweta ọrụ na ịkpata ego, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị ọganihu ọha na eze. Echiche nke ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị na-adịghị njọ na-enyere ndị isi ojii aka izere ebubo mpụ.[1] Ọtụtụ nchọpụta omume egosila na inwe ọtụtụ njirimara akpọchiri ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi nwere mmetụta ndị na-abụghị mgbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mkpokọta, kama, na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ dị mgbagwoju anya.[2][3] Otu n'ime isi okwu na-emetụta nyocha nke intersectionality bụ nsogbu iwu. Ihe owuwu bụ ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ewu blọk nghọta n'ime ngalaba ọmụmụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construct {{!}} Psychology, Measurement & Testing {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/construct|accessdate=7 December 2023|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-enye anyị ihe ị ga-atụle. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa mmegbu na, kpọmkwem, mmetụta nke ịbụ onye a na-emegbu emegbu na ụzọ ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche nwere ike isi na-emekọrịta ihe dị ka ihe owuwu.<ref name="GA">{{Cite journal|author=Grabe|first=Shelly|date=2020|title=Research Methods in the Study of Intersectionality in Psychology: Examples Informed by a Decade of Collaborative Work With Majority World Women's Grassroots Activism|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.494309|pmid=33192755|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> Ka nkà mmụta uche na-eto ma na-agbanwe ikike ya ịkọwa ihe owuwu, nyocha a ga-emeziwanye.<ref name="GA" /> === Mgbanwe === Iji nye ọgwụ mgbochi zuru oke, redressive, na ihe mgbochi, ndị ọkàikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro Ngwọta esemokwu na-eburu n'uche akụkụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Nissen 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Nissen|first=A.|title=Gender-Transformative Remedies for Women Human Rights Defenders|date=2023|journal=Business and Human Rights Journal|volume=8|issue=3|pages=381–384|doi=10.1017/bhj.2023.41|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-and-human-rights-journal/article/gendertransformative-remedies-for-women-human-rights-defenders/2A05A3CBAA5C62794AE194565813CD25}}</ref> === Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === N'ọhịa nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndị na-akwado intersectionality na-ekwu na ọ gwụla ma ndị na-enye ọrụ na-eburu intersectionnality n'uche, ha ga-abachaghị uru maka akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ, dị ka ndị na-akọ ihe ike n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nkwarụ nke mmegbu. Dabere na echiche intersectional, omume nke ndị ndụmọdụ Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-agba ụmụ nwanyị niile ume ka ha kọọrọ ndị na-emegbu ha na ndị uwe ojii abaghị uru n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-akpali agbụrụ, ndị ndụmọdụ ahụ kwesịrị ime ka ndụmọdụ ha nye ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name="Bent-Goodley et al">{{Cite book|author=Bent-Goodley, Tricia B.|chapter=Our survival, our strengths: understanding the experiences of African American women in abusive relationships|editor=Lockhart|title=Domestic violence: intersectionality and culturally competent practice|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-14027-0|year=2010|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/domesticviolence0000unse_e7x2/page/77/mode/1up}}</ref> === Akụkụ ndị ọzọ === A na-ejikwa intersectionality mee ihe na ọmụmụ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ ecofeminist, ọkachasị n'ịtụle etu mmeso anyị na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ na gburugburu ebe obibi si emetụta ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Falcón|first=Sylvanna M.|chapter=Intersectionality, Global Patriarchy, and the Power of Feminist Performance|editor=Davis|date=2023|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Intersectionality Studies|pages=113–121|location=London|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781003089520-11|isbn=978-1-003-08952-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salter|first=Colin|date=2015|title=The animal question and condition: intersectionality and Critical Animal Studies in the Asia-Pacific|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol4/iss1/2|journal=Animal Studies Journal|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–11|issn=2201-3008}}</ref><ref name="Fox 2024">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Laura |date=2024 |title=The Intersectionality of Environmental Injustice, Other Societal Harms, and Farmed Animal Welfare |journal=Environmental Justice |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1089/env.2021.0125 |issn=1939-4071 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024EnvJ...17..101F}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụrụ ịghọta ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka nsogbu nke ọdịmma anụmanụ kamakwa dị ka nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, ikike ndị ọrụ, na ahụike ọha na eze nke nwere ike imetụta obodo na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè.<ref name="Fox 2024" /> == Nzaghachi == === Nkà mmụta === [[Faịlụ:Black_women_leading_the_way.jpg|thumb|Ìgwè mmadụ na-eme ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter na 2015. Isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii anọ, otu na-ejide ihe ịrịba ama.]] Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị enyela nnukwu onyinye na echiche nke intersectionality. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii, karịsịa, ekwuola na ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti dị mkpa iji nweta ikpe ziri ezi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze na imeziwanye usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-emegbu ndị mmadụ.[1]. Beverly Guy-Sheftall na-arụ ụka na "ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-enweta ụdị mmegbu na nhụjuanya pụrụ iche na mba a, nke bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na ịkpa ókè dabeere na agbụrụ na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na ohere ha nwere ohere akụ na ụba"[2]. Stephanie A. Shields na-arụ ụka na akụkụ ọ bụla nke njirimara mmadụ "na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, na-ewusi ike, na-agba ume, na-eme onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nwa amaala". Ọta na-arụ ụka na otu akụkụ enweghị ike ịdị iche, kama "na-ewere ihe ọ pụtara dịka otu n'ihe gbasara nke ọzọ"[3]. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na a na-ejikarị njikọ aka megide ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nwanyị.[1][2] Barbara Tomlinson, nke ngalaba mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara, akatọọla iji echiche nke etiti alụso ụdị echiche ndị ọzọ ọgụ.[1] Downing na-arụ ụka na intersectionality, dị ka a na-ahụ site na oghere nke Andrea Dworkin's class based radical feminism, na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu na njirimara na ọdịmma nke otu kama na onye ọ bụla, na-eduga n'echiche dị mfe na nke enweghị mmasị na otu esi ekpebi ụkpụrụ na omume.[2] Iris Marion Young na-atụ aro na a ghaghị ịnakwere ọdịiche dị iche iche iji chọta okwu ikpe ziri ezi nke na-akwalite mmekorita nke na-enyere aka ịgbanwe ọha mmadụ ka mma.[3] Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka echiche nke National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). [4] Ọkà mmụta Jennifer Nash na-ekwu na, site na iji usoro Afropessimist, intersectionality nwere ike ime ka ahụmịhe pụrụ iche nke ojii na okike dị larịị site n'imeso ụdị njirimara dị iche iche dị ka otu.<ref name="Nash 2018">{{Cite book|author=Nash|first=Jennifer C.|title=Black Feminism Reimagined: After Intersectionality|date=6 December 2018|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0225-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctv111jhd0}}</ref> [peeji dị mkpa] Nash na-akatọkwa ojiji elu nke intersectionality site na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị idozi ahaghị nhata.<ref name="Nash 2018" /> [A chọrọ peeji]   === Uru === N'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-akwado intersectionality na-arụ ụka maka ntinye ya na nnabata nke nuance, ebe ndị nkatọ ya na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ sara mbara. [1] [2] Ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Kathy Davis na-arụ ụka na intersectionality gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru na nke bara uru: "Ọ na-akwado mgbagwoju anya, na-akpali mmepụta ihe, ma na-ezere nkwubi okwu ngwa ngwa, na-agba ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ume ka ha jụọ ajụjụ ọhụrụ na ịchọpụta ókèala a na-adịghị edozi." [1] Rekia Jibrin na Sara Salem na-atụ aro na n'ihi na echiche intersectional na-emepụta echiche dị n'otu ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide mmegbu, nke a na-emepụta ihe isi ike iji nweta praxis ma na-ebute nnukwu mgbagwoju ụzọ n'otú a ga-esi tinye usoro ahụ n'ọrụ. Dị ka ọ dabeere na Echiche echiche, Lisa Downing na-ekwu na ilekwasị anya na ahụmịhe nwere ike iduga na mgbagha na enweghị ike ịchọpụta ihe kpatara mmegbu.<ref name="Downing2018">{{Cite journal|author=Downing|first=Lisa|title=The body politic: Gender, the right wing and 'identity category violations'|journal=French Cultural Studies|date=2018|volume=29|issue=4|pages=367–377|doi=10.1177/0957155818791075|url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/53670526/Downing_August_Pre_Pub_Body_politic_article.pdf}}</ref> Brittney Cooper na-arụ ụka na "intersectionality abụghị omume okpukpe anyị" kama na "dị ka ngwá ọrụ echiche na nyocha maka iche echiche banyere ike, intersectionality na-anọgide na-otu n'ime ndị kasị baa uru na ndị dabeere na ngwá ọrụ anyị nwere".[1] N'ịzaghachi ndị nkatọ nke intersectionality bụ ndị na-achọpụta na ọ ezughị ezu, ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekwu na ọ naghị ekwu kpọmkwem mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị, Chiara Bottici na-arụ ụka na "enwere ihe kpọmkwem banyere mmegbu nke ụmụ agbọghọ na na iji luso ya ọgụ, ị ghaghị ịlụso "ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ niile".[2] Cheryl Townsend Gilkes na Joy James na-arụ ụka na ọ bara uru n'ilekwasị anya na ahụmahụ 4. Patricia Hill Collins na-ekwukwa na-enweghị Echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, intersectionality na-ada. Ọ na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke intersectionality ugbu a n'ime agụmakwụkwọ sara mbara dị ka ọrụ nkuzi, na-eduga na nkọwa ya site n'aka ekpe na aka nri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory|date=23 August 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0709-8|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpkdj}}</ref> N'ihi ya, intersectionality kwesịrị iwere ọnọdụ dị ka echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji kwalite ya dị ka ọzụzụ na dị ka echiche nke enwere ike iji kpochapụ mmegbu usoro.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory|date=23 August 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0709-8|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpkdj}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-adịbeghị anya, dị ka Leslie McCall, ekwuola na iwebata echiche intersectionality dị mkpa na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa na tupu mmepe nke echiche ahụ, e nwere obere nnyocha nke lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe nke ndị mmadụ na-anọ n'okpuru ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu n'ime ọha mmadụ.<ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2005_30_3/page/1771|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref> Enweela mbọ na nso nso a itinye njikọ n'etiti n'ime nyocha gbasara nkwarụ, okike, na ịda ogbenye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jacqueline Moodley na Lauren Graham [1] lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ndị nwere nkwarụ, ndị ogbenye, ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị South Africa ịchọta mmetụta dị iche iche nke njirimara na njirimara na agụmakwụkwọ, ego, na nsonaazụ ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, ndị nchọpụta ejirila data sitere na National Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, EEOC, na Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Research Project iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nkwarụ, okike, afọ, agbụrụ, na njirimara onye ọrụ na mkpakọrịta ha nwere nsonaazụ mmegbu n'ebe ọrụ.[2] Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ịmepụta amụma a na-anwale site na echiche intersectionality nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bowleg|first=Lisa|date=1 September 2008|title=When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sex-roles_2008-09_59_5-6/page/312|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=59|issue=5|pages=312–325|doi=10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z|issn=1573-2762}}</ref><ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> Liam Kofi Bright, Daniel Malinsky, na Morgan Thompson na-atụ aro usoro nke eserese ihe kpatara ya iji nye "nkọwa a na-anwale nke intersectional theory" iji dozie nchegbu dị otú ahụ.<ref name="Bright 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Bright|first=Liam Kofi|date=2015|title=Causally Interpreting Intersectionality Theory|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=83|issue=1|pages=60–81|doi=10.1086/684173}}</ref>   Ndị Conservative dị ka onye na-akọwa ihe na-agbaso omenala nke America Ben Shapiro na-atụ aro na intersectionality na-emepụta "usoro nke mmegbu", ebe a na-ahazi ndị mmadụ dị ka "ndị otu onye mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu otu".{{R|Coaston 2019}} Na mba ụwa, a naghị etinye anya anya intersectional n'isiokwu nke iwu ikike mmadụ. Gauthier de Beco chọpụtara na site na iji oghere intersectional na ndị nwere nkwarụ bụ ndị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, okike, na afọ ole na ole enweghị ikike mmadụ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=de Beco|first=Gauthier|date=27 May 2020|title=Intersectionality and disability in international human rights law|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2019.1661241|journal=The International Journal of Human Rights|volume=24|issue=5|pages=593–614|doi=10.1080/13642987.2019.1661241|issn=1364-2987}}</ref> Ọkà ihe ọmụma Tommy J. Curry ebipụtawo ọtụtụ ọrụ na-atụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma si otú ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, echiche ọjọọ nke ndị ikom ojii.[1] Curry na-arụ ụka na Crenshaw's intersectional model dabeere n'echiche nke mmekọahụ nke abụọ, nke sitere na subculture nke ndị na-ekwu banyere mmekọahụ na-arụ ụka na ndị ikom ojii bụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru ma na-erigbu mmekọahụ. Na nke a, Curry na-arụ ụka na ozizi nwanyị nke "Double Jeopardy" adịghị mma n'ihi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekpebi oke. Curry na-arụkwa ụka na nkwubi okwu Crenshaw na Mapping the Margins gbadoro ụkwụ na nkwenye nke nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ihe ike, mmegide mmekọahụ, na ime ihe ike na-egbu egbu.[2] == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=Basements and Intersections|journal=Hypatia|date=2013|volume=28|issue=4|pages=698–715|doi=10.1111/hypa.12044|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259550036|issn=0887-5367}} * {{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory|journal=Philosophy Compass|date=2014|volume=9|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1111/phc3.12129|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725959}} * {{Cite web|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Defining Black Feminist Thought|publisher=Women of Color Web|year=1990|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/WoC/feminisms/collins2.html|archivedate=11 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211050851/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/WoC/feminisms/collins2.html}} * {{Cite book|editor=Bernroider|title=Intersectionality and the City: Exploring Violence and Inequality in Urban Space|isbn=978-1-003-52972-9|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2025|doi=10.4324/9781003529729}} * {{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality|date=2020|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-5095-3967-3|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Hankivsky|first=Olena|title=Intersectionality 101|url=https://www.sfu.ca/iirp/documents/resources/101_Final.pdf|publisher=Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, Simon Fraser University|location=Vancouver, B.C.|year=2014|isbn=978-0-86491-355-5}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   * {{Cite web|title=Justice Rising: moving intersectionally in the age of post-everything|publisher=London School of Economics|date=26 March 2014|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-player?id=2360}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ehpy8l4us5elhyab40l02w3t6h60cfi 0 74520 697649 621234 2026-08-10T04:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697649 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọrụ Improvement in Small Enterprises (WISE) bụ mmemme bara uru nke International Labour Organization mepụtara maka imeziwanye ọnọdụ ahụike na ọnọdụ nchekwa ọrụ - ọkachasị obere ụlọ ọrụ na nke etiti (SMEs). Ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma nke ukwuu na-elekwasị anya na ntinye aka dị ọnụ ala dị mfe nke na-eme ka arụpụta ihe na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị mma n'otu oge ahụ. Ngwugwu ọzụzụ zuru oke nwere akwụkwọ ntuziaka ime yana na akwụkwọ ntuliaka ndị nkuzi site na ILO. Mmemme ahụ achọpụtala ojiji nke ọma na akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe. Ebubere mmemme ahụ dị ka ọrụ [[PIACT]] na afọ 1976. == Edemsibia == * {{Cite journal|author=Krungkraiwong|first=Sudthida|title=Promotion of a Healthy Work Life at Small Enterprises in Thailand by Participatory Methods|journal=Industrial Health|volume=44|issue=1|pages=108–111|year=2006|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/indhealth/44/1/44_108/_article|doi=10.2486/indhealth.44.108|pmid=16610544|accessdate=3 Sep 2009}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kogi|first=Kazutaka|authorlink=Kazutaka Kogi|title=Ergonomics and technology transfer into small and mediumsized enterprises|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ergonomics_1997-10_40_10/page/1118|journal=Ergonomics|volume=40|issue=10|pages=1118–1129|year=1997|doi=10.1080/001401397187649}} * {{Cite book|author=Thurman|first=Joseph E.|title=On business and work|publisher=International Labour Organization|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RpDBD-y8AC|isbn=978-92-2-108252-1}} * {{Cite book|author=de Givry|first=J|title=The ILO and the Quality of Working Life-A New International Programme: PIACT|publisher=International Labour Review|year=1978|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:MCPau_E9QVUJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1}} == Ihe onwunwe == * (Action manual) {{Cite book|author=Thurman|first=Joseph E.|title=Higher productivity and a better place to work: practical ideas for owners and managers of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises|publisher=International Labour Organization|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhZamdsifHQC|isbn=978-92-2-106409-1}} * {{Cite book|author=Thurman|first=Joseph E.|title=Higher productivity and a better place to work: practical ideas for owners and managers of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises|publisher=International Labour Organization, Geneva|year=1988|isbn=978-92-2-106410-7}} (Trainers' manual) jge9t539a9f8vzpjqkrm5kyr4pm1ofa 0 74525 697484 688473 2026-08-10T01:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Opposed to suffrage.jpg|thumb|Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị ]] '''Ikpa oke nwoke na nwanyị''' a mara ka '''Sexism''' na-olu ndị [[Bekee]], bụ ajọ mbunobi ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè dabere na okike mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mmekọahụ nwere ike imetụta onye ọ bụla, ma ọ na-emetụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, n'ihi na ha bụ nwoke na-esighị ike. Ejikọtala ya na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na stereotypes, ma nwee ike ịgụnye nkwenye na otu okike ka ibe ya.<ref name="Schaefer 2011">{{Cite book |title=Sociology in Modules |last=Schaefer |first=Richard T. |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-802677-5 |location=New York |page=315 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sociologyinmodul0000scha_m7y8/page/315/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |chapter=Women: The Oppressed Majority}}</ref> Oke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịkwalite [[:en:forced marriage|mmenye egwu mmekọahụ]], [[:en:rape|ndina n'ike]], na ụdị ndị ọzọ [[:en:gender-based violence|ime ihe ike mmekọahụ]].<ref name="Matsumoto 2001">{{cite book |last=Matsumoto |first=David |title=The Handbook of Culture and Psychology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513181-9 |page=197}}</ref><ref name="Nakdimen 1984">{{cite journal |last=Nakdimen |first=K. A. |title=The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1984-04_141_4/page/499 |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=1984 |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=499–503 |doi=10.1176/ajp.141.4.499 |pmid=6703126}}</ref> Ikpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na-ezo aka na imebi ohere nha anya dabere na okike. Ikpa oke nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ibilite site na omenala na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ omenala.<ref name="Masequesmay 2014">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Masequesmay |first=Gina |date=5 Jan 2024 |title=Sexism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism |access-date=19 Feb 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ==Ndabere== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile, ịkpa oke dabere na nwoke na nwanyị etolitela na mba dị iche iche. N'[[India]], ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ n'oge bụ ndị e gburu onwe ha. Na [[Europe]], a na-ewere ọtụtụ ndị amoosu ka ụmụ nwanyị, a na-achụkarịkwa ha n'agbanyeghị na e nwere ndị amoosu nwoke.<ref name="EU">[https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 De Vos, M. (2020). The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.]</ref> N'oge a, a naghị ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị ịtụ vootu, itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nweta ọrụ na ekwekwaghị ka ha họrọ ndị ha ga-alụ na mba ụfọdụ.<ref name="Macfarlane 2019">{{Cite news |last1=Macfarlane |first1=Christina |last2=Coppack |first2=Sean |last3=Masters |first3=James |date=September 12, 2019 |title=FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/12/football/iran-blue-girl-sahar-khodayari-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> A na-akọwakarịkwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị na-adabere na okwu ụmụ nwoke. A na-ejikwa ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe mgbe niile dị ka ihe nnọchianya mmekọahụ na n'ebe ụfọdụ, ihe omume ndị na-eweda ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka [[:en:forced marriage|alụm di na nwunye]], [[:en:prostitution|ịgba akwụna]],[[:en:rape|ndina n'ike]] na mgbasa ozi mmekọahụ bụ ihe juru ebe niile na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na-akwalite ma na-eme site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị. ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na-emetụtakwa otu ndị siri ike (ndị nwoke), dịka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị siri ike) nwere ike na-emeso ụmụ nwoke ihe omume ịkpa oke ma ọ bụrụ na enyere ha ikike. Rịba ama na ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara ike ime n'ime otu okike dịka ụfọdụ nwere ike ịkwado nwoke na nwanyị na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị nke ha, nke a na-ewerekwa dị ka ịkpa ókè.<ref>Benatar, David. ''The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men And Boys''. 2012. [[John Wiley & Sons]] Inc., West Sussex, UK; {{ISBN|978-0-470-67446-8}}</ref> ==Ntụaka na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ== {{Reflist}} * Atwell, Mary Welek. 2002. 'Equal Protection of the Law?: Gender and Justice in the United States'. New York: P. Lang. {{ISBN|978-0-8204-5502-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Bojarska |first=Katarzyna |year=2012 |title=Responding to lexical stimuli with gender associations: A Cognitive–Cultural Model |journal=[[Journal of Language and Social Psychology]] |doi=10.1177/0261927X12463008 |volume=32 |pages=46–61 |s2cid=145006661}} * {{cite book |last1=Cudd |first1=Ann E. |last2=Andreasen |first2=Robin O. |author-link1=Ann Cudd |title=Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-1661-9}} Part II What is Sexism? pp.&nbsp;69–114. * {{citation |last1=Cudd |first1=Ann E. |last2=Jones |first2=Leslie E. |author-link1=Ann Cudd |contribution=Sexism |editor1-last=Frey |editor1-first=R.G. |editor2-last=Heath Wellman |editor2-first=Christopher |title=A companion to applied ethics |pages=102–117 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |series=Blackwell Companions to Philosophy |location=Oxford, UK |year=2005 |doi=10.1002/9780470996621.ch8 |isbn=978-1-4051-3345-6 |postscript=. |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoappli0000unse/page/102/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} cfg6shp5vs3oohhrayj1c4fugx7urbr 0 74550 697913 638110 2026-08-10T10:39:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Indira Gandhi''' (amụrụ'''Nehru'''; 19 Nọvemba 1917 - 31 Ọktoba 1984)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/smt-indira-gandhi/|title=Smt. Indira Gandhi|author=|first=|date=|work=pmindia.gov.in|publisher=|accessdate=25 January 2025|quote=}}</ref> bụ onye ọchịchị [[India]] nke jere ozi dị ka praịm minista nke India site na 1966 ruo 1977 na ọzọ site na 1980 ruo mgbe e gburu ya na 1984. Ọ bụ praịm minista mbụ na naanị nwanyị India, na onye dị mkpa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India dị ka onye ndú nke {{ill|Indian National Congress|en}} (INC). Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke [[:en:Jawaharlal_Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]], praịm minista mbụ nke India. Ọ bụ nne [[:en:Rajiv_Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi]], onye nọchiri ya dị ka praịm minista. Ọchịchị ya nke afọ 15 na ụbọchị 350 mere ka ọ bụrụ praịm minista India nke abụọ na-eje ozi ogologo oge mgbe nna ya gasịrị. ==Ndụ ya== A mụrụ Indira Gandhi na 19 Novemba 1917 na {{ill|Allahabad|en}} na steeti {{ill|Uttar Pradesh|en}}.<ref name="Indira Priyadarshini">{{cite book|author=Pupul Jayakar|title=Indira Gandhi: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5JGkb2rhkC&pg=PR9|date=27 November 1992|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-14-011462-1|page=10}}</ref> Nna ya, [[:en:Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]], bụ onye isi na ngagharị nke India maka nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọchịchị [[United Kingdom|Briten]], wee bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ nke [[India]]. Indira bụ naanị nwa dị ndụ nne na nna ya dị ka nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-eto eto. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na India wee gaa [[Switzerland]] maka agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya. N'ihi ọrịa, ọ kwagara [[United Kingdom]]; ọ bụ na United Kingdom ka ọ zutere di ya {{ill|Feroze Gandhi|en}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupte|first1=Pranay|title=Mother India: a political biography of Indira Gandhi / Pranay Gupte.|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-14-306826-6|pages=151–152|edition=Rev.|url=OOmK1lPWq80C|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Ha lụrụ na Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100422_1.html |title=Exhibit celebrates 120 years of South Asians at Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=24 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102074542/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/100422_1.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="degree">{{cite web|title=Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm|work=[[:en:The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220725/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Agbamakwụkwọ ha dịruru afọ 18 ruo mgbe nkụchi obi nwụrụ ya na 1960. Ha mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ—Rajiv na Sanjay. Na mbụ, nwa ya nwoke nke nta bụ Sanjay bụ onye nketa ọ họpụtara, ma mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'ihe mberede ụgbọ elu na June 1980, Indira Gandhi mere ka nwa ya nwoke Rajiv kwenye ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu wee banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na February 1981.<ref name="Auerbach-1984" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi {{!}} prime minister of India|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075521/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/82389/|title=Sonia assures help for father-in-law's grave|website=archive.indianexpress.com|date=21 November 2005|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205144008/http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/82389/|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Auerbach-1984">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/|title=Indira Is India|last=Auerbach|first=Stuart|date=1 November 1984|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103102056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/01/indira-is-india/3a5a4ea5-53d9-47e7-8a30-4f6b39b2e6f6/|archive-date=3 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị nna ya Jawaharlal Nehru site na 1947 ruo 1964, Gandhi bụ onye ọbịa ya wee soro ya gaa ọtụtụ njem mba ofesi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Steinberg|first1=Blema S.|title=Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher|date=2008|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZIBxpeRXxsC&q=indira%2520nehru%2520hostess&pg=PAPR7|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331051303/https://books.google.com/books?id=EZIBxpeRXxsC&pg=PAPR7&q=indira%2520nehru%2520hostess#v=onepage&q=indira%2520nehru%2520hostess&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> N'afọ 1959, o kere òkè na mwepu nke gọọmentị steeti Kerala nke ndị Kọmunist na-edu dị ka onye isi ala Indian National Congress n'oge ahụ. {{ill|Lal Bahadur Shastri|en}}, onye nọchiri Nehru dị ka praịm minista mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1964, họpụtara ya onye ozi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi na ọchịchị ya; N'otu afọ ahụ a họpụtara ya na Rajya Sabha, nzuko omeiwu India. Mgbe Shastri nwụsịrị na Jenụwarị 1966, Gandhi meriri onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya, Morarji Desai, na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke INC ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu ma nọchie Shastri dị ka praịm minista. Ọ bụ praịm minista nwanyị nke abụọ n'ụwa ka [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] gasịrị mgbe ọ ghọrọ praịm minista nke India.<ref>Gandhi, Indira. (1982) ''My Truth''</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kochanek|first1=Stanley A.|title=Post Nehru India: The Emergence of the New Leadership|url=https://archive.org/details/asian-survey_1966-05_6_5/page/298|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|date=May 1966|volume=6|issue=5|page=298|doi=10.2307/2642538|jstor=2642538}}</ref> Dị ka praịm minista, Gandhi bụ onye ama ama maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na-adịghị emebi emebi na nhazi nke ike n'ime ngalaba ndị isi.<ref>Ghosh, P.S., 1999. Whither Indian Polity?. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.3340–3342.</ref> N'afọ 1967, ọ gara agha na [[China]] nke India weghaara mbanye ndị China na {{ill|Himalayas|en}}.<ref>{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ| page=51}}</ref> Na 1971, ọ gara agha na [[:en:Pakistan|Pakistan]] na nkwado nke nnwere onwe na agha nke nnwere onwe na [[:en: Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] nke a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka East Pakistan, nke butere mmeri ndị India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hellmann-Rajanayagam|first1=D|title=Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree|date=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag GMBH|location=Vienna, Zurich|isbn=978-3-643-90320-4|page=27|url=UKBcLhCxSvQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Puri|first1=Balraj|title=Indian Muslims since Partition|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1993-10-02_28_40/page/2144|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=1993|volume=28|issue=40|page=2144|jstor=4400229}}</ref> Gandhi rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmalite nnwale ngwa agha nuklia mbụ nke India mere na 1974.<ref name=prolifimpact>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=George|title=India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation|year=2002|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn= 978-0-520-23210-5}}</ref> Ọchịchị ya mere ka India bịaruo {{ill|Soviet Union|en}}. India nwetara nkwado agha, ego, na nkwado ọchịchị site na Soviet Union n'oge esemokwu ya na Pakistan n'otu afọ ahụ. Gandhi mere India otu n'ime ndị Soviet Union na-akpachi anya n'[[Asia|Eshia]], onye ọ bụla na-akwado ibe ya mgbe mgbe n'agha nakwa na [[:en:United Nations|United Nations]].<ref name="British Academic Press">{{cite book|editor1-last=Light|editor1-first=Margot |last=Duncan|first=Peter J.S. |title=Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures, Chapter II, Soviet-Indian Model|date=1993|publisher=British Academic Press|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-85043-649-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7MA1F1TD08C&pg=PA29}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi echiche nkewapụ na oku maka mgbanwe, o hiwere ọnọdụ mberede site na 1975 ruo 1977, bụ nke ọ na-achị site n'iwu wee kwụsịtụ nnwere onwe obodo. A tụrụ ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị nwere nghọtahie. Ọ chere òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị {{ill|Sikh|en}} ihu n'oge ọchịchị nke anọ ya; na nzaghachi, o jiri ọrụ agha na ụlọ nsọ Sikh nke butere igbu ọtụtụ narị ndị Sikh.<ref name="Univ. of Michigan Press">{{cite book|editor1-last=Guidry|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Kennedy|editor2-first=Michael D.|editor3-last=Zald|editor3-first=Mayer N. |title=Globalizations and social movements : culture, power, and the transnational public sphere|date=2000|publisher=[[Univ. of Michigan Press]]|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-06721-3|page=319|edition=Reprint|url=Eh0OlJWuh4|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Na 31 Ọktoba 1984, ndị nche ya abụọ gburu ya, ndị ha abụọ bụ ndị mba Sikh na-achọ nkwụghachi maka ihe omume na temple.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Mandair|editor1-first=Arvind-pal Singh|editor2-last=Shackle|editor2-first=Christopher|editor3-last=Singh|editor3-first=Gurharpal |title=Sikh religion, culture and ethnicity|date=2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=169–171|url=D8xdAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html|title=India Hangs Two Sikhs Convicted In Assassination of Indira Gandhi|last1=Crossette|first1=Barbara|date=1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 December 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074556/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/06/world/india-hangs-two-sikhs-convicted-in-assassination-of-indira-gandhi.html|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya ọkụ n'otu saịtị nwere nnukwu nkume ọla dị iche iche nke na-echeta ya dị ka "Iron Lady of India"..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/shaktisthal.html|title=Shakti Sthal – Delhi Information|website=www.delhiinformation.in|language=en|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309021606/http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/shaktisthal.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=28 March 2026|archivedate=9 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309021606/http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/shaktisthal.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/|title=Indira Gandhi Cremated in Hindu Ritual|last1=Claiborne|first1=William|date=4 November 1984|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=5 December 2017|last2=Sun|first2=Lena|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206010005/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/11/04/indira-gandhi-cremated-in-hindu-ritual/124ca3f5-3121-4289-9c7d-51a953ab7b39/|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A na-echeta Gandhi dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ike n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminism in Literature: 20th century, topics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbIUAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Thomson Gale|date=2005|isbn=978-0-7876-9115-8|language=en|first1=Jessica|last1=Bomarito|first2=Jeffrey W.|last2=Hunter}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ya na-ehota ọchịchị ya n'oge mmeri nke ndị na-emegide geopolitical China na Pakistan, akụ na ụba na-eto eto na mmalite 1980s, na mgbasa ozi nke ịda ogbenye ya nke mere ka a mara ya dị ka "[[:en:Mother Indira|Mother Indira]]" ''(Nne Indira)'' n'etiti ndị ogbenye na ime obodo. Ndị nkatọ na-ahụ na òtù nzuzo ya nke àgwà ya na ọchịchị aka ike nke India. Na 2020, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Times'' kpọrọ ya aha n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke oge ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year'|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-by-time-among-100-women-of-the-year/articleshow/74498165.cms|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305162811/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-by-time-among-100-women-of-the-year/articleshow/74498165.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} ===Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ=== ''Ndị ọ dere'' * ''My Truth'' (1980), [[Orient Paperback]], {{ISBN|978-81-709446-8-3}} ''Ndị e dere gbasara ya'' * ''My Years with Indira Gandhi'' by [[P. C. Alexander]], Orient Paperbacks, {{ISBN|978-81-709444-2-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-709444-2-3}} * ''Indira Gandhi'' by [[H. Y. Sharada Prasad]], [[Penguin India]], {{ISBN|978-01-433328-8-6}} * ''Indira Gandhi – Tryst with Power'' by [[Nayantara Sahgal]], [[Penguin India]], {{ISBN|978-01-430673-5-1}} *''[[Indira: India's Most Powerful Prime Minister]]'' by [[Sagarika Ghose]], {{ISBN|978-93-862283-4-5}} ce4zk47at5pcuiumu5caxuf75v2i1yv 0 74603 697854 623350 2026-08-10T09:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meri nwere afụ ọnụ''' bụ ụdị ihe oyiyi a na-adịghị ahụkebe site na ihe oyiyi nke oge ochie (site n'oge usoro ndị eze Carolingian) nke e ji afụ ọnụ egosipụta Mary nne Jizọs. Caroline Walker Bynum <ref name="Bynum1984">{{Cite book|author=Bynum|first=Caroline Walker|authorlink=Caroline Walker Bynum|title=Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRN0q7zfyiYC&pg=PA139|accessdate=7 April 2016|year=1984|publisher=U of California P|isbn=9780520052222}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBynum1984">[[Caroline Walker Bynum|Bynum, Caroline Walker]] (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SRN0q7zfyiYC&pg=PA139 ''Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages'']. U of California P. p.&nbsp;139. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780520052222|<bdi>9780520052222</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Neusner|first=Jacob|title=Androgynous Judaism: masculine and feminine in the dual Torah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5bXAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Mercer UP|page=155|isbn=9780865544284 }}</ref> na Jeffrey Schnapp <ref name="Schapp">{{Cite book|author=Schnapp|first=Jeffrey T.|authorlink=Jeffrey Schnapp|editor=Marina S. Brownlee|title=The New Medievalism|url=http://jeffreyschnapp.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/File0001.pdf|publisher=Johns Hopkins UP|location=Baltimore|pages=201–25|chapter=Dante's Sexual Solecisms: Gender and Genre in the ''Commedia''}}</ref> jikọtara ọdịnala ahụ na echiche ochie (nke mbụ) na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwere ike ịdị ka ụmụ nwoke, nke JoAnn McNamara kọwara na ọbụna tolite afụ ọnụ (dị ka akaụntụGregory Onye Ukwu kwughachiri). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=McNamara|first=Jo Ann|year=1976|title=Sexual Equality and the Cult of Virginity in Early Christian Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-summer-1976_3_3-4/page/145|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=145–58|doi=10.2307/3177733}}</ref> Dị ka Schnapp si kwuo, onyinyo Carolingian na-atụ aro na a ga-ele nwanyị uwe cross-dressing anya dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ọganihu ime mmụọ", na-eme emume "ịga mma agha nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị nsọ dị ka [[Perpetua and Felicity|Perpetua]], [[Catherine nke Aleksandria|Catherine]], na Joan of Arc".<ref name="Schapp" /> == Hụkwa == * Wilgefortis - nwanyị nsọ e chepụtara echepụta == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 6nxobty3nf112ouyj4hvqtwfh350ry0 0 74778 697867 629223 2026-08-10T09:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697867 wikitext text/x-wiki   Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) bụ mgbalị iji tụọ ogo ndụ ma ọ bụ ọdịmma nke mba. Uru ahụ bụ nkezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ atọ: ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ọnwụ ụmụaka, na atụmanya ndụ n'otu afọ, ha niile hà nhata na 1 ruo 100. Emebere ya maka Overseas Development Council n'etiti 1970 site na MD Morris, dịka otu n'ime ọtụtụ usoro emepụtara n'ihi enweghị afọ ojuju na iji GNP dị ka ihe ngosi mmepe. O chere na ha ga-ekpuchi ihe ngosi dị iche iche dị ka ahụike, ịdị ọcha, mmiri ọ drinkingụ ,ụ, nri, agụmakwụkwọ wdg. PQLI nwere ike were ya dị ka nkwalite mana ọ na-ekerịta nsogbu izugbe nke ịlele ogo ndụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. A katọrọkwa ya n'ihi na enwere nnukwu ndakọrịta n'etiti ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ na atụmanya ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pratyush|first=MD|title=The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_development-digest_1980-01_18_1/page/95|journal=Development Digest|date=1980|volume=18|issue=1|pages=95–109|pmid=12261723}}</ref> UN Human Development Index bụ ụzọ a na-ejikarị atụle ọdịmma. Nzọụkwụ iji gbakọọ ogo anụ ahụ nke ndụ: # Chọta pasentị nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ (ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ egwú). # Chọta ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka. (n'ime 1000 ọmụmụ) INDEXED Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ = (166 - ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ) × 0.625 #: INDEXED Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka = (166 - ọnwụ ụmụaka) × 0.625 # Chọta Atụmanya Ndụ. #: Ntụmanya Ndụ INDEXED = (Ntụmanya ndụ - 42) × 2.7 # Gbakọ Ọdịdị nke Ndụ Ọdịdị ahụ nke Ndụ hà ka nkezi nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụzọ, INDEXED Ọnụ ọgụgụ Ọnwụ Nwa ọhụrụ na INDEX EDEXED Ndụ Atụmanya. #: Ọdịdị nke ndụ na-aha ka nkezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgụ na ide, INDEXED Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ na INDEXDE Life Expectancy. Mmụba nke ego mba na ego nke onye ọ bụla abụghị ihe na-egosi mmepe akụ na ụba n'ezie, n'ihi na o nwere ọtụtụ njedebe. Ịba ụba ego nke mba ahụ na-etinye n'aka mmadụ ole na ole, nke na-abụghị mmepe. Ọganihu nke obodo kwesịrị ịbụ nke na ọnọdụ obibi ndụ nke ndị ogbenye na-ebili, na-emezu ihe ndị bụ isi nke ụmụ amaala. N'iburu nke a n'uche, Morris Davis Morris gosipụtara ogo anụ ahụ nke ndụ, na nkenke mara dị ka PQLI. N'ime ndeksi a, a na-ahụta ọganihu nke ndụ anụ ahụ nke mmadụ na mmepe akụ na ụba. Ọkwa nke ndụ anụ ahụ na-ekpebi ọkwa mmepe akụ na ụba. Ọ bụrụ na ụdị ndụ obodo ọ bụla dị elu karịa nke mba ọzọ, mgbe ahụ a na-ewere obodo ahụ dị ka nke mepere emepe. Enwere ụkpụrụ atọ iji tụọ ịdịmma anụ ahụ, nke egosiri ebe a: 1)- Ogologo agụmakwụkwọ, 2)- Ogologo ndụ & 3)- Ọnụego ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ. == Hụkwa == * Basic Well-being Index (BWI) * Ndepụta Ịda Ogbenye nke Mmadụ * Quality-of-life Index, ndepụta dị iche nke gbakọrọ na 2005 * Ịdị mma nke ịdị mma * Obi ụtọ Mba * Bhutan GNH Index * Obi ụtọ akụ na ụba == Ihe odide == {{Deprivation Indicators}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Physical Quality Of Life Index}} eoomzrp0ig8oqsvcg7fy40gxrbd2z4n 0 75032 697496 631304 2026-08-10T01:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697496 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe''' bụ otu echiche n’ime [[Radical feminism|feminism siri ike]] nke guzobere gburugburu magazin French a na-akpọ ''[[Questions féministes]]''.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lisa|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor-last=Leonard|editor-first=Diana|series=|location=London|chapter=Reconstructing French Feminism: Commodification, Materialism and Sex|editor-last2=Adkins|editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Ann Rosalind|date=1981|title=Writing the Body: Toward an Understanding of "L'Ecriture Feminine"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177523|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=247–263|doi=10.2307/3177523|hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0007.206|jstor=3177523|url-access=subscription|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A na-akọwa ya site n’iji ngwaọrụ echiche sitere na [[Marxism]] karịsịa [[historical materialism]] iji tụlee [[patriarchy]] na otu e si ewepu ya.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Stevi|date=May 2001|title=Why a materialist feminism is (Still) Possible—and necessary|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027753950100187X|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=283–293|doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00187-X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe na-ele ma [[mmekọahụ]] ma [[okike]] anya dị ka ihe owuwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke sitere na mmegbu ọmụmụ na ịnọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lisa|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor-last=Leonard|editor-first=Diana|series=|location=London|chapter=Reconstructing French Feminism: Commodification, Materialism and Sex|editor-last2=Adkins|editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Delphy|first=Christine|date=1993|title=Rethinking sex and gender|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/027753959390076L|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/0277-5395(93)90076-L|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere nyocha nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ime alụmdi na nwunye na n'akụnụba nkịtị, nkatọ nke usoro ndị ọzọ nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị, mmebi nke mmekọahụ na ịkwado mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nwere onwe ha. Ennifer Wicke kọwara echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe dị ka "okwu ụmụ nwanyị nke na-esi ọnwụ inyocha ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ndokwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gụnyere nke usoro [[okike]], na-etolite... okwu ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe na-ezere ịhụ usoro okike a dị ka mmetụta nke otu... onye nna ochie ma kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụle mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche nke mejupụtara oge ihe onwunwe, akụkọ ihe mere eme".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wicke|first=Jennifer|date=1994-10-01|title=Celebrity Material: Materialist Feminism and the Culture of Celebrity|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/south-atlantic-quarterly/article/93/4/751/344534/Celebrity-Material-Materialist-Feminism-and-the|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|language=en|volume=93|issue=4|pages=751–778|doi=10.1215/00382876-93-4-751|issn=0038-2876}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Okwu ahụ bụ feminism nke ihe onwunwe pụtara na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ma a na-ejikọta ya na ndị isi echiche dịka Christine Delphy, Colette Guillaumin, Nicole-Claude Mathieu, na Monique Wittig .<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Adkins|first=Lisa|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor=Leonard|series=|location=London|chapter=Reconstructing French Feminism: Commodification, Materialism and Sex}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Stevi|date=May 2001|title=Why a materialist feminism is (Still) Possible—and necessary|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027753950100187X|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=283–293|doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00187-X}}</ref> Rosemary Hennessy na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe onwunwe nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ndị inyom Britain na French bụ́ ndị họọrọ okwu ahụ bụ feminism nke ihe onwunwe karịa feminism nke Marxist . N'uche ha, a ghaghị ịgbanwe usoro Marxism ka o wee nwee ike ịkọwa nkewa mmekọahụ nke ọrụ. Marxism ezughị oke n'ọrụ ahụ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi klaasị ya na ilekwasị anya na mmepụta. Feminism nwekwara nsogbu n'ihi echiche ya dị mkpa banyere nwanyị. Feminism nke ihe onwunwe pụtara dị ka ihe nnọchi anya dị mma maka Marxism na feminism ma gosipụta nkesa na-enweghị nhata nke akụrụngwa ọha mmadụ. ''Mgbanwe Obodo Ukwu'' nke Dolores Hayden dere bụ ntụaka. Hayden kọwara ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ dị ka ịtụgharị uche n'otú e si ejikọta ebe obibi nkeonwe na ebe ọha site n'igosi nhọrọ ndị mmadụ iji wepụ "[[ibu arọ]]" n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ụlọ, nri, na ọrụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge international encyclopedia of women: global women's issues and knowledge|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92088-9|editor-last=Kramarae|editor-first=Cheris|location=New York|editor-last2=Spender|editor-first2=Dale}}</ref>Margaret Benston gosipụtara echiche yiri nke ahụ n'isiokwu ya nke 1969, "Akụnụba Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Nnwere Onwe Ụmụ Nwanyị," na-ekwu na ihe ndabere maka ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị ga-apụ n'anya mgbe a na-ebugharị ọrụ ụlọ site na nkeonwe gaa na nke ọha. Agbanyeghị, Benston na-arụ ụka na ọ bụrụ na enweghị nnwere onwe n'ọrụ ụlọ, o nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ezi nha anya dịrị n'ohere ọrụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka na mgbanwe gaa n'ebe a na-eri nri n'obodo nwere ike ịpụta na a na-akwaga ụmụ nwanyị site n'ụlọ nri gaa na nke obodo, ọ bụghị n'ezie ka ha nwere onwe ha pụọ ​​​​n'ibu ọrụ n'ụlọ. Ka echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-aghọ [[Postfeminism|ihe a na-akpọ "postfeminism]] ", echiche nke nwanyị na-aghọ "ihe na-akpata nsogbu, kama iwere ya dị ka ihe a na-enye," ka Stevi Jackson na-ekwu. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Stevi|date=May 2001|title=Why a materialist feminism is (Still) Possible—and necessary|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027753950100187X|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=283–293|doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00187-X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mgbanwe omenala nke afọ 1990 bu n'obi ịkwalite ókè nke ihe ụdị "nwanyị" bụ. Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị malitere ilekwasị anya n'asụsụ mmegbu, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ihe onwunwe na-efunahụkwa ya.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Stevi|date=May 2001|title=Why a materialist feminism is (Still) Possible—and necessary|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027753950100187X|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=283–293|doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00187-X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta ya na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Marxist == Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Marxist lekwasịrị anya n'inyocha na ịkọwa ụzọ e si emegbu ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro nke kapitalizim na ihe onwunwe nkeonwe . Dịka ekwuru na mbụ, e mepụtara echiche ụmụ nwanyị ihe onwunwe dị ka mmụba na Marxism, ebe a chere na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Marxist emeghị nke ọma n'ịhazi ọrụ, karịsịa n'ezinụlọ. Echiche dị ugbu a sitere na echiche ụmụ nwanyị soshalist na Marxist; Rosemary Hennessy na Chrys Ingraham, bụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Feminism nke ihe onwunwe: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives'', kọwara echiche ụmụ nwanyị ihe onwunwe dị ka "njikọta nke ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka - ihe onwunwe akụkọ ihe mere eme, Marxist na feminism siri ike, yana echiche postmodernist na psychoanalytic nke ihe na-egosi na ihe gbasara onwe onye".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hennessy|first1=Rosemary|title=Materialist feminism: a reader in class, difference, and women's lives|last2=Ingraham|first2=Chrys|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-91633-2|editor-last=Hennessy|editor-first=Rosemary|location=New York|chapter=Introduction: Reclaiming Anticapitalist Feminism|editor-last2=Ingraham|editor-first2=Chrys}}</ref> == Ozizi == Rosemary Hennessy Christine Delphy na-ekwusi ike na echiche ihe onwunwe bụ naanị ozizi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-ele mmegbu anya dị ka eziokwu bụ isi nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ ya mere ụmụ nwanyị (na otu ndị ọzọ a na-emegbu) ji chọọ ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ha. Maka ya, "malite site na mmegbu na-akọwa ụzọ ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya, mmegbu bụ echiche ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya".<ref name=":322">{{Cite journal|last1=Delphy|first1=Christine|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|date=March 1980|title=A Materialist Feminism is Possible|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.1980.8|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=79–105|doi=10.1057/fr.1980.8|issn=0141-7789|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a katọrọ ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmepụta na ịmụpụta ihe site n'aka ndị Marxist n'ụzọ siri ike. Maka ndị na-akwado ihe onwunwe, iwulite ozizi nke ịbụ onye nna ochie nke na-ebelata ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị gaa na ịmụpụta ihe na-eme ka echiche nke ndị nna ochie sikwuo ike.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last1=Delphy|first1=Christine|title=L'exploitation domestique|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|last3=Boisset|first3=Annick|date=2019|publisher=Éditions Syllepse|isbn=978-2-84950-738-4|series=Nouvelles questions féministes|location=Paris}}</ref> Delphy na-akọwa ụzọ abụọ e si emepụta ihe n'obodo anyị: ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ. Ụzọ nke mbụ na-enye ohere maka mmegbu ndị isi obodo, ebe nke abụọ na-enye ohere maka mmegbu ezinụlọ na nke ndị nna ochie.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Michèle|last2=McIntosh|first2=Mary|date=1979|title=Christine Delphy: Towards a Materialist Feminism?|journal=Feminist Review|issue=1|pages=95–106|doi=10.2307/1394753|jstor=1394753}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ụka na ụzọ mmepụta ihe n'ime ụlọ bụ ihe ndabere nke mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị, nakwa na [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]] bụ nkwekọrịta ọrụ nke na-enye ụmụ nwoke ikike irigbu ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":3222">{{Cite journal|last1=Delphy|first1=Christine|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|date=March 1980|title=A Materialist Feminism is Possible|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.1980.8|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=79–105|doi=10.1057/fr.1980.8|issn=0141-7789|url-access=subscription}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bekee, bụ́ ndị na-adabere ogologo oge n'ihe dị iche n'etiti mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ndị na-asụ ihe onwunwe na-ahọrọ ikwu maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmekọahụ ( ''rapports sociaux de sexe'' ).<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lisa|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|last2=Leonard|first2=Diana|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor-last=Leonard|editor-first=Diana|series=|location=London|chapter=Reconstructing French Feminism: Commodification, Materialism and Sex|editor-last2=Adkins|editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref> Ha na-ajụ na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe ndabere ebumpụta ụwa ọ bụla—kama, a na-eche na ọ bụ omenala kpọmkwem, ọrụ mmekọahụ ga-abụkwa ụzọ isi mezuo ya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Delphy|first=Christine|date=1993|title=Rethinking sex and gender|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/027753959390076L|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/0277-5395(93)90076-L|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":032">{{Cite book|last=Guillaumin|first=Colette|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor-last=Leonard|editor-first=Diana|series=|location=London|chapter=The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature|editor-last2=Adkins|editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref> Ya mere, ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe na-emegide okwu ọ bụla nke na-agbalị ịkọwa ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị site na njirimara dị n'ime nke otu a, karịsịa nke ọdịdị anatomical, dị ka ikike ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ adịghị ike anụ ahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị metụtara ụmụ nwoke, yana nke ọdịdị uche ma ọ bụ nke psychoanalytic, nke na-eche na ọ nwere uche dị iche maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0322">{{Cite book|last=Guillaumin|first=Colette|title=Sex in question: French materialist feminism|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7484-0294-6|editor-last=Leonard|editor-first=Diana|series=|location=London|chapter=The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature|editor-last2=Adkins|editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref> Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na nkatọ ha bụ ihe ha na-akpọ ''néo-féminité'': emume nke nwanyị nke French difference feminism kwadoro. == Nkatọ == A kọwawo mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya dị ka "ihe na-akpata nsogbu" ma na-ewere ya dị ka "di na nwunye na-enweghị obi ụtọ".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rooney|first=Ellen|date=1996|title=What Can the Matter Be?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_winter-1996_8_4/page/745|journal=American Literary History|volume=8|issue=4|pages=745–758|doi=10.1093/alh/8.4.745|jstor=490122}}</ref> Enwekwara nchegbu maka mgbagwoju anya zuru oke nke feminism ihe onwunwe. A na-ajụ ajụjụ ma ọdịiche dị n'etiti feminism ihe onwunwe na feminism Marxist dị oke mma iji bụrụ onyinye bara uru na ozizi feminist.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Martha E. Gimenez|year=2000|title=What's material about materialist feminism?|url=https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/what%E2%80%99s-material-about-materialist-feminism|access-date=2017-10-10|work=Radical Philosophy}}</ref> Enyemaka Christine Delphy na ihe onwunwe ụmụ nwanyị abụwo isiokwu nke nkatọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na Michèle Barrett na Mary McIntosh. Ha na-atụ aro na nkọwa nke ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkọwa na-enweghị isi nke ịbụ nna ochie nakwa na edemede Delphy "Towards a Materialist Feminism" na-elekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma ghara ijikọ nke a na mmegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Michèle|last2=McIntosh|first2=Mary|date=1979|title=Christine Delphy: Towards a Materialist Feminism?|journal=Feminist Review|issue=1|pages=95–106|doi=10.2307/1394753|jstor=1394753}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, isi nkatọ maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị ihe onwunwe gụnyere enweghị njikọ dị n'ime ozizi ahụ. Site n'ilekwasị anya na mmekọrịta kapitalist yana ọchịchị nna ochie, a na-ahụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe anaghị agụnye ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọkwa dị iche iche, mmekọahụ, na agbụrụ . Hazel Carby gbara aka n'ịtụle nnyocha nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe onwunwe nke ezinụlọ dị ka ihe na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị niile. Kama, ọ kwuru ụzọ ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ si dị iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke ojii, dịka nkewa ọrụ sikwa dị iche na agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carby|first=Hazel|author-link=Hazel Carby|contribution=White woman listen! Black feminism and the boundaries of sisterhood|editor-last=Gilroy|editor-first=Paul|editor-link=Paul Gilroy|title=The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain|publisher=Routledge in association with the [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]], [[University of Birmingham]]|location=London New York|year=1982|pages=211–234|isbn=9780415079099}}</ref> Rosemary Hennessy kwuru na ngwụcha afọ 1980 gbasara otu esi enwe nrụgide n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji mata ọdịiche dị n'ime nkọwa nke "nwanyị" na otu nke a si ejikọta ọ bụghị naanị na klaasị, kamakwa agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na okike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hennessy|first1=Rosemary|last2=Mohan|first2=Rajeswari|date=1989-12-01|title=The construction of woman in three popular texts of empire: Towards a critique of materialist feminism|journal=Textual Practice|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–359|doi=10.1080/09502368908582066|issn=0950-236X}}</ref> Stevi Jackson na-akatọ mmụba nke mmasị na echiche ụmụ nwanyị ihe onwunwe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ọhụrụ ndị a na-ebelata ihe ndị dị na ya gaa n'echiche ndị isi obodo, nakwa na "nke a nwere ike ime ka anyị laghachi azụ n'ụdị Marxism nke afọ 1970 ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma".<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Stevi|date=May 2001|title=Why a materialist feminism is (Still) Possible—and necessary|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027753950100187X|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=283–293|doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00187-X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, echiche ndị na-akwado ihe onwunwe na-elekwasị anya n'okwu mba ụwa. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-atụle mgbanwe akụ na ụba zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihe gbasara ịda ogbenye n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị . Ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na-arụkwa ọrụ iji mepụta atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Hennessy na-enyocha òtù ndị bi n'obodo anọ dị na maquiladora n'akụkụ ugwu Mexico, na-arụ ụka dabere na nyocha a na ọdịdị ụwa nke nna ochie na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-akwado "akụnụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mmekọahụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hennessy|first=Rosemary|date=December 2009|title=Open secrets: The affective cultures of organizing on Mexico's northern border|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464700109343254|journal=Feminist Theory|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1177/1464700109343254|issn=1464-7001|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ndị isi mmadụ == * Christine Delphy * Colette Guillaumin * Rosemary Hennessy * Stevi Jackson * Diana Leonard * Nicole-Claude Mathieu * [[Monique Plaza]] * [[Paola Tabet]] * Monique Wittig == Hụkwa == * Mmegide Okike * Nkatọ nke alụmdi na nwunye * Ibu ọrụ okpukpu abụọ * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị * Metaphysics nke ụmụ nwanyị * Nhazi obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị * Nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qwtkswpblkzabk4zj8mhnxfqnq7awc7 0 75062 697661 631473 2026-08-10T05:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waliyato Clowes''' Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Papua New Guinea. Ọ bụ onye otu National Parliament nke Papua New Guinea site na 1977 ruo 1982, na-anọchite anya Middle Fly Open electorate na Western Province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacwip.org/future-elections/papua-new-guinea/?change&status=past-national-mp|title=Papua New Guinea|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|work=Pacific Women in Politics|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> Clowes bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu mba nke Papua New Guinea na ntuli aka nke afọ 1977, mgbe ọ nọ naanị n'etiti afọ 20. Ọ kwadoro John Guise karịa Michael Somare maka praịm minista.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Papua New Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/australian-journal-of-politics-and-history_1977-12_23_3/page/460|journal=Australian Journal of Politics and History|year=1977|volume=23|issue=3|pages=460}}</ref> Na mbụ, ọ sonyeere United Party, e mechara jikọta ya na National Party na Papua Besena tupu o hiwe otu nke ya, Papuan Alliance (ma ọ bụ Panal) na 1980. Ndị otu ya chọrọ ịhazi ndị omeiwu Papua niile na-anaghị akwado onwe ha, ha nwekwara ndị omeiwu "ruo asatọ", ndị a kọwara dị ka "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Papua nwere ọgụgụ isi" dị iche na ndị Papua Besena nwere echiche dị iche. Clowes na ndị otu ya kwadoro gọọmentị Julius Chan..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-339056544/view?partId=nla.obj-339083632#page/n26/mode/1up|title=Regionalism trend in PNG|work=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=June 1980|accessdate=1 November 2017|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref name="maev">{{Cite web|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/16319|title=Women and politics in Papua New Guinea|publisher=Australian National University|date=March 1985|accessdate=1 November 2017|author=O'Collins, Maev}}</ref> A kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbqezMA6_SsC&q=clowes&pg=PA570|title=Women and Politics Worldwide|publisher=Yale University Press|editor=Nelson, Barbara J.|year=1994|pages=571|isbn=0300054084}}</ref> E meriri Clowes na ntuli aka nke afọ 1982.<ref name="maev" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fkh96u3fr0ivzg7b37q6fxczc0tq5xc 0 75152 697589 689716 2026-08-10T03:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697589 wikitext text/x-wiki Natasha Elena Staller [1] bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka America. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke History of Art na kọleji Amherst.[2] O dere Nchikota nke mbibi: Picasso's Omenala na okike nke Cubism (2001) na ọ bụ 2005 Guggenheim Fellow. To == Akụkọ ndụ == A zụlitere Staller na Glencoe, Illinois, ma mgbe ọ bụ nwata ọ gara Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute nke Chicago na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ nọrọ afọ ikpeazụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mgbanwe na Mexico.<ref name="Staller 2009" /> Ọ nwetara BA ya na Wellesley Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji , ebe "akụkọ nka bụ nke asatọ a kpọsara na ọ bụ onye isi". <ref name="Staller 2009" /> <ref name="amherst">{{Cite web|title=Staller, Natasha {{!}} Faculty & Staff|url=https://www.amherst.edu/people/facstaff/nestaller|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=Amherst College}}</ref>[her] Ọ mụkwara ụbọ akwara na [[Lola Odiaga]] na foto na Minor White. Staller nwetara Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Harvard na 1983; akpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya Toward 'the total image': The Thematic Origins of Cubism . <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web|title=Toward "the total image" :the thematic origins of cubism|url=https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01HVD_ALMA211789740690003941&context=L&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&search_scope=everything&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=everything&query=any,contains,Toward%20the%20total%20image%20:%20the%20thematic%20origins%20of%20cubism,%20a%20thesis&offset=0|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=HOLLIS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduate Alumni {{!}} Department of History of Art and Architecture|url=https://haa.fas.harvard.edu/grad-alumni|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=haa.fas.harvard.edu|archivedate=2025-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123224608/https://haa.fas.harvard.edu/grad-alumni}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara ọrụ na Mahadum Chicago na Mahadum Princeton, ọ sonyeere ngalaba Amherst College na 1992. Staller bụ onye nyere aka na katalọgụ maka 1997 National Gallery of Art exhibition Picasso: The Early Years 1892-1906 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Picasso: The Early Years 1892-1906|url=https://www.jhbooks.com/pages/books/136927/marilyn-mccully-pablo-picasso/picasso-the-early-years-1892-1906|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=Jeff Hirsch Books}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, o bipụtara A Sum of Destructions: Picasso's Cultures and the Creation of Cubism, ebe o kwuru na ọrụ mbụ Picasso nwere njikọ na ụdị Cubism ya karịa ka e chere na mbụ. <ref name="SIGA" /> Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2003 Charles Rufus Morey Book Award, na [[Society for Iberian Global Art]] nyere ya na Jesús Escobar's The Plaza Mayor and the Shaping of Baroque Madrid 2004 Eleanor Tufts Book Award. <ref name="SIGA">{{Cite web|title=2004|url=https://siga.spainculture.us/awards/the-eleanor-tufts-award/2004/|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=Society for Iberian Global Art}}</ref> Nhọrọ kpọkwara akwụkwọ ahụ aha agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke Afọ. <ref name="amherst" /> N'afọ 2005, e nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Natasha Staller|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/natasha-staller|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=Guggenheim Fellowships}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara dị ka ọkachamara gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dịka Annenberg Learner's Art Through Time: A Global View, Picasso na Braque Go to the Movies, na The Private Life of a Masterpiece. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreams and Visions|url=https://www.learner.org/series/art-through-time-a-global-view/dreams-and-visions/|accessdate=2026-03-02|work=Annenberg Learner}}</ref> Staller lụrụ Gary Ruvkun; ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị. Ọ bi na Newton, Massachusetts . <ref name="Staller 2009" /> == Ọrụ == * ''Ngụkọta nke mbibi: Ọdịbendị Picasso na Okike nke Cubism'' (2001) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Florman|first=Lisa|date=2004|title=Review of Picasso: Style and Meaning; Picasso and the Invention of Cubism; A Sum of Destructions: Picasso's Cultures and the Creation of Cubism; Picasso: The Cubist Portraits of Fernande Olivier|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_2004-09_86_3/page/614|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=86|issue=3|pages=614–620|doi=10.2307/4134451|issn=0004-3079}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hamilton|first=Jeanne|date=2002-09-01|title=Cumbersome but ambitious work paints Picasso as creator-destroyer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/775406564/|work=The Commercial Appeal|page=F2}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == <references> <ref name="amherst"/> <ref name="Staller 2009">{{Cite magazine |title=My Life: Natasha Staller |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/magazine/issue-archive/2009summer/staller |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Amherst Magazine |issue=Summer 2009}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i0zmljlozqzd54v5odhp0aob1bst0pv 0 75173 697825 653796 2026-08-10T08:56:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie-Hélène Jacqueline Huet''' (amụrụ na 30 Jenụwarị 1944) bụ onye ọkà mmụta French. A 1987 Guggenheim Fellow, o dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ - gụnyere Rehearsing the Revolution: The Staging of Marat's Death, 1793-1797 (1982), Monstrous Imagination (1993), Mourning Glory: Ebum n'uche ndi French Revolution (1997), na omenala nghasasi (2012) - yana mbipụta ole na ole nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Jules Verne. Ọ bụ ọkammuta na Mahadum California, Berkeley, Amherst College, na Mahadum Princeton, nke ikpeazụ ebe ọ bụ M. Taylor Pyne ọkammuta nke French na Italian. == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Marie-Hélène Jacqueline Huet na 30 Jenụwarị 1944 na Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde . <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZxPAQAAIAAJ|title=Reports of the President and the Treasurer|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|year=1986}}</ref><ref name="DAS 1974">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBsOey-ysl8C|title=Directory of American Scholars|publisher=Jaques Cattell Press|year=1974}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Bordeaux, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na 1964 na nzere doctorate ya na 1968. <ref name="DAS 1974" /> N'afọ 1968, Huet sonyere Mahadum California, Berkeley, malite dị ka osote ọkammuta. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote ọkammuta n'afọ 1974 na ọkammuta zuru oke n'afọ 1979. N'afọ 1985, ọ kwagara Amherst College ma, na mgbakwunye na ijigide ọkwa ọkammuta ya zuru oke, ọ ghọrọ oche ha nke Ngalaba Asụsụ Romance. Ọ kwagara Mahadum Princeton, ebe e mesịrị bulie ya n'ọkwa ka ọ bụrụ M. Taylor Pyne ọkammuta nke French na Italian.<ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web|title=Marie-Hélène Huet|url=https://fit.princeton.edu/people/marie-helene-huet|accessdate=2026-04-05|work=fit.princeton.edu}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Folger Shakespeare ọba akwụkwọ dị ka onye nhazi seminarị.<ref name="Princeton" /> Huet bụ ọkachamara na ngalaba ndị dị ka Oge mmepeanya, ọkachasị otu o si jikọta ya na ọdịbendị na sayensị, yana akụkọ sayensị.<ref name="Princeton" /> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ''Les Héros et Son Double, Essai sur le Roman d'Ascension Sociale au XVIIIe Siècle'' (1975), Rehearsing the Revolution, The Staging of Marat's Death (1982), Monstrous Imagination (1993), Mourning Glory, The Will of the French Revolution (1997), na The Culture of Disaster (2012). <ref name="Princeton" /><ref name="GF" /> O dekwara banyere ọrụ Jules Verne, gụnyere akwụkwọ L'Histoire des Voyages Extraordinaires: Essai sur l'Oeuvre de Jules Verne (1973) na akwụkwọ ise nke Bibliothèque de la Pléiade mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya.<ref name="GF" /><ref name="pleiade.fr">{{Cite web|title=Jules Verne dans la bibliothèque de la Pléiade.|url=https://www.catalogue-pleiade.fr/Verne.IF.htm|accessdate=2026-04-05|work=Pléiade|language=fr}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, <ref name="GF" /> e nyere ya onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship "maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara oke ihe na echiche n'ime usoro ihe okike".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marie Hélène Huet|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/marie-helene-huet|accessdate=2026-04-05|work=Guggenheim Fellowships}}</ref><ref name="Noiray 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Noiray|first=Jacques|date=2013|title=Review of Les Enfants du capitaine Grant. Vingt mille lieues sous les mers, « Bibliothèque de la Pléiade »; L'Île mystérieuse. Le Sphinx des glaces, « Bibliothèque de la Pléiade », Jean-Luc Steinmetz|journal=Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France|volume=113|issue=2|pages=472–475|issn=0035-2411}}</ref> Monstrous Imagination meriri na 1995 Harry Levin Prize nke [[American Comparative Literature Association]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Levin Prize|url=https://www.acla.org/prize-awards/harry-levin-prize|accessdate=2026-04-05|work=American Comparative Literature Association}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke njem pụrụ iche: Essai sur l'Ouvre de Jules Verne (1973) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coutrix|first=M.|date=1977|title=Review of L'histoire des Voyages extraordinaires: essai sur l'œuvre de Jules Verne|url=https://archive.org/details/revue-histoire-litteraire-de-la-france_march-april-1977_77_2/page/317|journal=Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France|volume=77|issue=2|pages=317–318|issn=0035-2411}}</ref> * ''Les Héros et Son Double: Essai sur le Roman d'Ascension Sociale au XVIIIe Siècle'' (1975) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mylne|first=Vivienne|date=1977|title=Review of Le Héros et son double. Essai sur le roman d'ascension sociale au XVIIIe siècle|url=https://archive.org/details/revue-histoire-litteraire-de-la-france_may-august-1977_77_3-4/page/640|journal=Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France|volume=77|issue=3/4|pages=640–642|issn=0035-2411}}</ref> * Nkwughachi Mgbanwe ahụ: The Staging of Marat's Death, 1793-1797 (1982) [a] * Echiche jọgburu onwe ya (1993) [b] * ''Ịkwa újú: Ọchịchọ nke Mgbanwe France'' (1997) [c] * Omenala nke Ọdachi (2012) [d] * (ed. site na Jean-Luc Steinmetz ) Les Enfants du capitaine Grant - vingt mille lieues sous les mers (2012) <ref name="pleiade.fr" /> * (nke Steinmetz dere) L'Île mystérieuse/Le Sphinx des glaces (2012) <ref name="Noiray 2013" /> * (ed. site na Steinmetz) Voyage au centre de la terre na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ (2016) <ref name="pleiade.fr" /> * (nke Steinmetz dere) ''Michel Strogoff na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (2017) <ref name="pleiade.fr" /> * (ed. site na Steinmetz) L'École des Robinsons et autres romans (2024) <ref name="pleiade.fr" /> == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist}} == Edensibịa == <references> <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZxPAQAAIAAJ|title=Reports of the President and the Treasurer|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|year=1986}}</ref> <ref name="Princeton">{{Cite web|title=Marie-Hélène Huet|url=https://fit.princeton.edu/people/marie-helene-huet|accessdate=2026-04-05|work=fit.princeton.edu}}</ref> </references> {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] malo1thkvzbp1o1582pbugfckklm939 0 75296 697482 638834 2026-08-10T01:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697482 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Feminism nke 99%''' bụ nke oge a, nke na-agbaso iwu, nke na'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, nke na na-amata [[intersectionality]] ma na-akwado ọrụ ala ụmụ nwanyị niile, gụnyere ndị ndị ndị ọzọ na-eleghara anya.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ otu ndị America a ma ama na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị tụpụtara ya n'ọkpụkpọ arịrịọ e bipụtara na Viewpoint Magazine na Febụwarị 2017, ma wuo ya n'elu ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị a hụrụ na 2017 Women's March na Jenụwarị. Arịrịọ ahụ kpọrọ oku maka ọgbaghara ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa na 8 Machị 2017. Ọ bụ onye nọchiri anya ihe nketa ọgụgụ isi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị ka femism, femism Marxist, femism Black na transnational / decolonial femism, ma na-ekwusi ike na Mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị abụghị otu ihe kpatara ya, sexism. Ha na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche nke njikọ nke [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị]], Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na akụrụngwa. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == E bipụtara arịrịọ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke pasentị 99 na magazin Viewpoint na 3 Febụwarị 2017. E mere ya dịka nzaghachi maka mkpokọta ụmụ nwanyị a hụrụ na ngagharị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2017 - ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 21 Jenụwarị 2017 - na-eme ngagharị iwe maka nhọpụta Donald Trump dị ka Onyeisiala nke United States ma na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe amụma. Ndị edemede ahụ na-akpọ mmegharị Argentina Ni Una Menos dị ka ihe mkpali ha, ebe ọ bụkwa mmegharị nke anọ nke ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-achọ idozi okwu ndị metụtara mmekọrịta. N'ịchọ iwuli elu na ọsọ nke ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị, ndị edemede ahụ na-akpọsa uche na ihe ha hụrụ dị ka ọdịda nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a dị ka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị ike, nke ha na-arụ ụka na ha emeghị "ọtụtụ" ụmụ nwanyị "ndị na-enweghị ohere ịnweta nkwalite onwe onye na ọganihu nke onwe ha na ndị ọnọdụ ndụ ha nwere ike imeziwanye naanị site na amụma ndị na-agbachitere ịmụpụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-echekwa ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ, ma na-ekwe nkwa ikike ọrụ". Ha na-arụkwa ụka na ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị akala njọ n'ime afọ 30 gara aga n'ihi usoro ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ na usoro ndị isi obodo, ọkachasị ndị agba ojii, ndị ọrụ, ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị ọrụ. == Nkatọ na ihe achọrọ == Feminism nke 99% na-akatọ òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge a, dị ka lean-in femism na corporate femism, maka ijere naanị 1% kachasị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị ozi. Ọ na-ejide ezi uche na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ ha ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha na-arụ ọrụ iji jeere ndị nna ochie ozi, nakwa na nke a dabere na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ohere ịnweta ihe onwunwe na ohere nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ike ịnweta. Ndị dere arịrịọ ahụ ghọtara mkpa ọ dị maka òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke na-egbo mkpa nke ọtụtụ, ma na-adọta uche na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-eleghara anya. Otú ọ dị, ha na-akpọ ndị otu ahụ ka ha lelee ihe karịrị naanị gbasara okike, na-akatọ ọtụtụ okwu na mmegharị gụnyere: ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ọdịda nke neoliberalism, mwakpo megide ikike ọrụ na ileghara ọrụ anya; ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọmụmụ; homophobia; Transphobia; na xenophobia. Ebumnuche nke mmegharị ahụ bụ inye aka n'ihe ndị mepụtara ya na-ahụ dị ka "mmegharị ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa nke nwere atụmatụ gbasaa - ozugbo na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-emegidesi ike, na-egbochi nwoke na nwanyị, na-emeghị ihe ọ bụla".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ == * [[Angela Davis]] * Barbara Ransby * [[Cinzia Arruzza]] * [[Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor]] * Linda Martín Alcoff * Nancy Fraser * Rasmea Yousef Odeh * Tithi Bhattacharya == Mgbanwe ndị metụtara ya == Feminism nke 99% nwere ntọala echiche kwekọrọ na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche ma dị iche iche. A na-aghọta nke ọma dị ka ịjụ ọdịda a na-ahụ anya nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwere onwe ha, ụmụ nwanyị nke 99% na-achọ ijikọta ọnọdụ nke mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmegide nwoke na nwanyị, na mmegide nnwere onwe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime nke a, a na-ejikọta ụmụ nwanyị nke 99% na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị n'ụwa niile. === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agwakọta === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu na a pụghị ịhụ ahụmahụ nke mmegbu site na otu oghere nke njirimara: na ọ bụ njikọta nke ngosipụta njirimara, na ụdị ahụmịhe enyere ọnụ nke na-enye foto ziri ezi nke usoro ndị isi nke mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|date=1 February 2016|chapter=Intersectionality|url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199328581-e-20|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.001.0001|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|accessdate=24 October 2018|isbn=9780199328581}}</ref> Intersectionality na-ewere na ụdị dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka klas, agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, afọ, nkwarụ na okike, adịghị adị iche iche site na ibe ha mana ha jikọtara ọnụ.<ref name=":1" /> Feminism maka 99% na-anabata usoro a na ọkwa dị mkpa, ma na-ekwu na mgbanwe bara uru ga-esite na ndị na-ahụ ya n'onwe ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị ojii === Black femism bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke echiche na-ekwu na [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị]], mmegbu nke klas, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na ịkpa oke agbụrụ na-ejikọta ọnụ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics|author=Hooks, Bell|isbn=9781138821590|edition=Second|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=887450667|year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Defining-Black-Feminist-Thought.html|title=Defining Black Feminist Thought - The Feminist eZine|work=www.feministezine.com|accessdate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062940/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Defining-Black-Feminist-Thought.html|archivedate=29 September 2018}}</ref> N'ụzọ nkịtị, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ụmụ nwanyị maka pasent 99 n'ihi ojiji ha na-eji intersectionality eme ihe n'otu oge. Otu ihe dị iche n'etiti òtù abụọ ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị maka 99% nwere usoro akọwapụtara maka mgbanwe, na-ewere mmụọ nsọ site na Ni Una Menos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị === Socialist femism bụ femism nke na-elekwasị anya na njikọ nke nna ochie na akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kennedy|first=Elizabeth Lapovsky|date=2008|title=Socialist Feminism: What Difference Did It Make to the History of Women's Studies?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_fall-2008_34_3/page/497|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=34|issue=3|pages=497–525}}</ref> Feminism nke 99% na-ejikọkarị na socialist feminism n'ihi nyocha ha yiri nke akụrụngwa, na ọrụ nke ọrụ ụlọ na echiche ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Women, race, & class|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|isbn=978-0394510392|edition=First|location=New York|publisher=Random House|oclc=7459645|year=1981}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavis1981">Davis, Angela Y. (1981). ''Women, race, & class'' (First&nbsp;ed.). New York: Random House. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0394510392|<bdi>978-0394510392</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7459645 7459645].</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://marxismocritico.com/2017/10/17/what-is-social-reproduction-theory/|title="What is social reproduction theory?": Tithi Bhattacharya|date=17 October 2017|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=es-ES}}</ref> Angela Davis, dịka otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara echiche ụmụ nwanyị maka echiche echiche nke pasentị 99, na-eleda echiche ụmụ nwanyị liberal anya n'ihi enweghị ike idozi nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị a na-eche na ha aghọọla ndị a na-emegbu site n'ọkwa klaasị ha: "Ọ bụrụ na e mepụta ụkpụrụ maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị maka ndị rịgoro n'ọkwa akụ na ụba nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị, kedu ka nke a si emetụta ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ala ala?". <ref>{{Citation|title=Angela Davis Criticizes "Mainstream Feminism" / Bourgeois Feminism|date=8 January 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzQkVfO9ToQ|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318203818/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzQkVfO9ToQ|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, Davis na-akatọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị maka ime ihe maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị ndị ihe ùgwù ha na-eme ka ha ghara ịba ụba na agbụrụ na ọkwa. Tithi Bhattacharya, onye ọzọ bịanyere aka na echiche ụmụ nwanyị maka manifesto 99%, agbasaala na ozizi ịmụpụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime ọnọdụ okike, na-enye nyocha marxist nke nkewa dị iche iche nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro mmepụta ego nke ndị isi obodo.<ref name=":3" /> N'ụzọ doro anya, Bhattacharya na-atụ aro na omume a na-akwụghị ụgwọ nke ịmụ nwa, ịzụlite nwa, na ọrụ ụlọ bụ n'onwe ha omume nke ọrụ na-arụpụta ihe, nke a na-eme n'ime ọnọdụ na-erigbu nke kwekọrọ na Echiche ọrụ Marxist.<ref name=":3" /> Isi ihe, bụ na omume ndị a bụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche iche.<ref name=":3" /> N'ụzọ dị iche na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị maka 99% na-ekwu na mgbanwe dị irè na nke bara uru sitere n'echiche na-abụghị nke mgbanwe: ya bụ, mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ chọrọ ọhụụ utopian.<ref name=":4" /> Feminism maka 99% na-ekwu na mgbanwe na-arịwanye elu nke usoro ndị isi na-ezighị ezi na mmegbu ga-eme ka ọha mmadụ nwee ezi omume. Iji mezuo nke a, a chọrọ mgbanwe site n'ala ruo n'elu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọ dịghị Otu Ọ bụghị Ihe Ọ bụla === The Feminism of the 99% manifesto kpọmkwem kwuru na Ni Una Menos bụ isi iyi nke mkpali maka mmegharị ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/|title=Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine|date=3 February 2017|work=Viewpoint Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ "Beyond Lean-In: For a Feminism of the 99% and a Militant International Strike on March 8 - Viewpoint Magazine"]. ''Viewpoint Magazine''. 3 February 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212601/https://www.viewpointmag.com/2017/02/03/beyond-lean-in-for-a-feminism-of-the-99-and-a-militant-international-strike-on-march-8/ Archived] from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, iji ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị niile eme ihe dịka isi ihe na-akwalite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na 8 Maachị 2017 (Ụbọchị Ụmụnwaanyị Mba Nile), ndị na-akwado ndị inyom nọ n'ọkwa dị elu haziri ngagharị iwe ụmụnwaanyị mba ụwa (nke a maara na US dịka Ụbọchị Na-enweghị Ụmụnwaanyị).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/02/womens-strike-march-8.html|title=On March 8, Women Will Go on Strike|author=Evans|first=Dayna|work=The Cut|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en}}</ref> 2017 Women's Day March bụ ngagharị iwe kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/womens-march-anti-donald-trump-womens-rights-largest-protest-demonstration-us-history-political-a7541081.html|title=2 charts which show just how huge the Women's Marches against Trump were|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tqjbdohjxoempn82h5gg0cbplq34fek 0 75361 697874 638111 2026-08-10T09:59:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697874 wikitext text/x-wiki Nnyocha '''interferon-γ release assay''' ('''IGRA''') bụ nnyocha ahụike eji eme nchọpụta nke ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe, ọkachasị ụkwara nta. Nnyocha ntọhapụ Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) dabere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na T-lymphocytes ga-atọhapụ IFN-γ mgbe a kpughere ya nye antigens ụfọdụ. A na-emepụta ule ndị a maka nchọpụta ụkwara nta, mana n'echiche, enwere ike iji ya chọpụta ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adabere na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, dịka cytomegalovirus na [[Leshmanịasis|leishmaniasis]] na COVID-19. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Murugesan|first=Kanagavel|date=2021|title=Interferon-γ Release Assay for Accurate Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T-Cell Response|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=73|issue=9|pages=e3130–e3132|doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1537|pmid=33035306}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere mmeghachi omume nke ahụ nye ọgwụ ọjọọ na akpụkpọ ahụ, ihe ịma aka nke lymphocytes ọbara na ọgwụ ahụ na-akpata mmeghachi ahụ mepụtara nsonaazụ nnyocha dị mma maka ọkara nke ọgwụ ndị a nwalere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Halevy|first=S.|year=2005|title=Clinical implications of in vitro drug-induced interferon-gamma release from peripheral blood lymphocytes in cutaneous adverse drug reactions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2005-02_52_2/page/254|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=254–261|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.006|pmid=15692470}}</ref> __TOC__ == Ụzọ e si eme Ya == Ugbu a e nwere IFN-γ release assay abụọ dị maka nnyocha nchọpụta ụkwara nta: * QuantiFERON-TB Gold (licensed in US, Europe and Japan); and  * T-SPOT.TB, ụdịrị ELISpot, ụdị ọzọ nke ELISA (le nyere akwụkwọ ike na Europe, US, Japan na China).<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the T-SPOT.TB Test Works|url=http://www.tspot.com/about-the-test/t-spot-tb-test-works/|accessdate=2026-05-09|archivedate=2020-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204133637/http://www.tspot.com/about-the-test/t-spot-tb-test-works/}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2025)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ule nke gara aga na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ maka IFN-γ ole e mepụtara na nazaghachị ESAT-6 na CFP-10 [[wiktionary:antigen|antigens]] sitere na ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', ndị e nwere ike ikewapụta pụọ na ndị dị na BCG na ọtụtụ ndị mycobacteria ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ụkwara nta. Ule nke ikpeazu a na-akọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke effector T cells n'otu n'otu na-egosipụta IFN-γ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A ka na-arụ ụka banyere ihe ndị na-egosi ule ahụ. A na-enyocha ya maka nchọpụta nke ụkwara nta na-adịghị ahụ anya na ndị ọrịa HIV (ndị na-enwekarị nnyocha Mantoux na-adịghị mma). <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Utility of interferon-γ ELISPOT assay responses in highly tuberculosis-exposed patients with advanced HIV infection in South Africa|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=7|doi=10.1186/1471-2334-7-99|pmid=17725839}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Tuberculosis}} kmj60gieovrvkfwrkdl4ikeiq2i13xp 0 75380 697835 632487 2026-08-10T09:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697835 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Sidonie-Gabrielle '''Colette'''''' ( [sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt]; 28 Jenụwarị 1873 - 3 Ọgọst 1954), nke a maara dị ka Colette ma ọ bụ dị ka '''Colette Willy''', bụ onye edemede French na nwanyị nke akwụkwọ ozi. Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, na onye nta akụkọ. A maara Colette nke ọma n'ụwa na-asụ Bekee maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1944 ''Gigi'', nke bụ ihe ndabere maka Ihe nkiri 1958 na mmepụta nke 1973 nke otu aha ahụ. Nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi ya The Tendrils of the mime bụkwa nke a ma ama na France.{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}}{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}}{{IPA|fr|sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt|lang}} == Oge ọ malitere == A ''amụrụ'' ''Sido''-Gabrielle Colette na 28 Jenụwarị 1873 n'obodo Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye na ngalaba Yonne, Burgundy . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Flower|first=John|title=Historical Dictionary of French Literature|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2022|isbn=9781538168578|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb9rEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Nna ya, Captain Jules-Joseph Colette (1829-1905), bụ dike agha. Ọ bụ onye Zouave nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Saint-Cyr, onye tụfuru ụkwụ na [[:fr:Bataille de Melegnano|Melegnano]] na Agha nke Abụọ nke Nnwere Onwe Ịtali. E nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye na-anakọta ụtụ isi n'obodo Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye ebe a mụrụ ụmụ ya. A na-akpọ nne ya, Adèle Eugénie Sidonie, née Landoy (1835-1912) Sido. Nna nna Colette, Robert Landois, bụ onye Martinican mulatto bara ọgaranya, onye biri na Charleville na 1787. <ref name="FrancisGontier">{{Cite book|author=Francis|first=Claude|title=Creating Colette Volume 1: From Ingenue to Libertine, 1873-1913|date=1998|publisher=Steerforth Press L.C.|location=South Royalton, Vt.|isbn=1-883642-91-4|pages=367|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/francis-colette.html|accessdate=16 September 2024|language=English|chapter=1}}</ref> N'alụmdi na nwunye mbụ a haziri na Jules Robineau Duclos, nne Colette nwere ụmụ abụọ: Juliette (1860-1908) na Achille (1863-1913). O mechara lụọ Captain Colette wee mụọ ụmụ abụọ ọzọ: Leopold (1866–1940) na Sidonie-Gabrielle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colette (1873–1954) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/colette-1873-1954|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=chicagotribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=Top 10 interesting facts about the French writer Colette|url=https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/paris/top-10-interesting-facts-about-the-french-writer-colette/|accessdate=13 February 2022|work=Discover Walks Blog}}</ref> Colette gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze site na afọ 6 ruo 17. Ezinụlọ ahụ bara ọgaranya na mbụ, mana nlekọta ego na-adịghị mma belatara ego ha na-enweta. [6][7] == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1893, Colette lụrụ Henry Gauthier-Villars (1859-1931), onye edemede na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nke tọrọ ya afọ iri na anọ, onye jiri aha mkpịsị aka "Willy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/people/book-tells-story-of-colettes-france-7264395?src=nl/wkEye/20140103|title=Book Tells Story of Colette's France|work=Women's Wear Daily|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=3 January 2014|author=Koski, Lorna}}.</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ mbụ ya - akụkọ Claudine anọ: Claudine à l'école (1900), Claudine à Paris (1901), Claudine en ménage (1902), na Claudine s'en va (1903) - pụtara n'okpuru aha ya. (A na-ebipụta anọ ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka Claudine na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, Claudine na Paris, Claudine Married, na Claudine na Annie.) [[Faịlụ:Jacques_Humbert_-_Colette.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Colette, nke Jacques Humbert sere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1896.]] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa ọbịbịa afọ na ntorobịa nke dike ha, Claudine, site na nwata dị afọ 15 na-ekwekọghị n'otu obodo Burgundia ruo na doyenne nke ebe a na-edebe akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Paris nke oge ochie. Akụkọ ha na-akọ bụ ọkara nke onwe, ọ bụ ezie na Claudine, n'adịghị ka Colette, enweghị nne[9][10] Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Gauthier-Villars nyere Colette ohere itinye oge ya n'ide akwụkwọ.[11][12][13] O mechara kwuo na ọ gaghị abụ onye edemede ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka Willy.[14][7]Otu n'ime nnwere onwe a ma ama na Paris, ọ kpọbatara nwunye ya n'ime okirikiri ọgụgụ isi na nka avant-garde ma gbaa ndị enyi nwanyị nwanyị ume. Ma ọ bụ ya họọrọ isiokwu nke titillating nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Claudine: "akụkọ ifo nke abụọ nke Sappho ... ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ ma ọ bụ ebe obibi ndị nọn nke onye nkụzi nwanyị na-eduhie eduhie na-achị." Willy "kpọchiri ya [Colette] n'ime ụlọ ya ruo mgbe o wepụtara ibe zuru ezu nke dabara ya." " <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:(Barcelona)_Portrait_de_la_romancière_Colette_-_Jacques-Emile_Blanche_-_Barcelone_Museu_Nacional_d'Art_de_Catalunya.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Colette nke Jacques-Émile Blanche, 1905, Museo Nacional d'Art de CatalunyaEbe ndebe ihe ochie nke Catalonia]] == Mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm gasịrị == Colette na Willy kewapụrụ na 1906, ọ bụ ezie na ịgba alụkwaghịm ha akwụsịbeghị ruo 1910. Colette enweghị ohere ịnweta nnukwu ego nke akwụkwọ Claudine - ikike nwebisiinka bụ nke Willy - na ruo 1912 ọ rụrụ ọrụ egwuregwu na ụlọ egwu egwu n'ofe France, mgbe ụfọdụ na-egwu Claudine na eserese sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na-enweta ego na agụụ na-agụkarị ya. Iji nweta ego, ọ tụgharịrị n'ọrụ nta akụkọ n'afọ ndị 1910.[15] N'oge a, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ese foto. A na-echeta oge a nke ndụ ya na La Vagabonde (1910), nke na-ekwu maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke, isiokwu nke ọ ga-alaghachi mgbe niile n'ọrụ n'ọdịnihu. [[Faịlụ:Colette_and_Mathilde_“Missy”_de_Morny.jpg|thumb|Colette na Mathilde "Missy" nke Morny]] N'ime afọ ndị a, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ malitere mmekọrịta dị iche iche, ọkachasị Natalie Clifford Barney <ref>{{Cite web|first=Cameron|author=van Sant|title=Despite Trans Casting, 'Colette' Still Fails Trans Viewers|url=https://www.intomore.com/impact/despite-trans-casting-colette-still-fails-trans-viewers/|work=intomore.com|date=8 October 2018|publisher=Into|accessdate=20 March 2021|quote=Missy de Morny is certainly transgender, even if the exact specifics of his identity are difficult to determine.}}</ref> na [1] Mathilde de Morny, Marquise de Belbeuf ("Missy" ma ọ bụ "Max"), onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ.[16] Na 3 Jenụwarị 1907, Max na Colette na-esusu ọnụ n'elu ikpo okwu n'ime ihe nkiri akpọrọ "Rêve d'Égypte" kpatara ọgba aghara, n'ihi ya, ha enweghịzi ike ibi n'otu n'ihu ọha, ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta ha gara n'ihu ruo afọ ise ọzọ.[11][16][18] Na 1912, Colette lụrụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Le Matin. Ha mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Colette de Jouvenel, nke a na-akpọ ''Bel-Gazou'', na 1913. == Afọ 1920 na 1930 == N'afọ 1920, Colette bipụtara Chéri, na-egosi ịhụnanya dị n'etiti nwanyị meworo agadi na nwoke ka ukwuu. Chéri bụ onye huru Léa n'anya, onye ogaranya nwere ikike; Obi gbawara Léa mgbe Chéri lụrụ otu nwa agbọghọ bụ́ ọgbọ ya, obi na-adịkwa ya ụtọ ma ọ lọghachikwute ya, ma mgbe otu abalị ikpeazụ ya na ya biri, ọ hapụkwara ya ọzọ.[19] Colette's marriage to Jouvenel ended in divorce in 1924, due partly to his infidelities and partly to her affair with her 16-year-old stepson, Bertrand de Jouvenel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In 1925, she met Maurice Goudeket, who became her final husband; the couple stayed together until her death.[11][12] Colette bụ onye edemede a ma ama n'oge ahụ (The Vagabond enwetala votu atọ maka Prix Goncourt). Afọ iri nke afọ 1920 na 1930 bụ oge kachasị arụpụta ihe na ihe ọhụrụ.[20] Ntọala na Burgundy ma ọ bụ Paris n'oge Belle Époque, ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọahụ. Ọ na-abụkarị ihe gbasara onwe ya: Chéri (1920) na Le Blé en Herbe (1923) na-ahụ maka ịhụnanya n'etiti nwanyị meworo agadi na nwa okorobịa, ọnọdụ na-egosipụta mmekọrịta ya na Bertrand de Jouvenel na di ya nke atọ, Goudeket, onye dị afọ 16 ka ọ dị obere.. [12][11] La Naissance du Jour (1928) bụ nkatọ doro anya ya banyere ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke gosipụtara site na ntụgharị uche banyere afọ na ịhapụ ịhụnanya site na àgwà nne ya, Sido.[21] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, a na-eto Colette dị ka onye edemede nwanyị kacha ukwuu na France. "Ọ ... enweghị nkata, ma na-akọ banyere ndụ atọ ihe niile kwesịrị ịmara," ka Janet Flanner nke Sido (1929) dere. "Ọzọkwa, na ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ, a na-eto ya maka ọgụgụ isi ya, ụmụ mmadụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ zuru oke site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ nke afọ gara aga ... ebulighị ihe ọ bụla na ntụziaka ya ma e wezụga mkpịsị aka nke nlelị. "[22] N'ime afọ 1920, ya na onye edemede onye Juu na Algeria bụ Elissa Rhaïs, onye nabatara onye Alakụba iji ree akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. == Afọ ndị ikpeazụ, 1940-1954 == Colette dị afọ 67 mgbe ndị Germany weghaara France. Ọ nọrọ na Paris, n'ụlọ ya na Palais-Royal. Her husband Maurice Goudeket, who was Jewish, was arrested by the Gestapo in December 1941, and although he was released after seven weeks through the intervention of the French wife of the German ambassador,[24][25][26] N'oge Occupation, o mepụtara mpịakọta abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, Journal à Rebours (1941) na De ma Fenêtre (1942); e wepụtara ha abụọ n'asụsụ Bekee na 1975 dị ka Looking Backwards.[11] O dere isiokwu ndụ maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akwado ndị Nazi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n06/terry-castle/yes-you-sweetheart|title=Terry Castle Reviews ''Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette'' by Judith Thurman|date=16 March 2000|work=London Review of Books|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> Ndị a, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''Julie de Carneilhan'' (1941), nwere ọtụtụ mkparị megide ndị Juu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/07/colette-french-novelist-movie-keira-knightley|title=Wild, controversial and free: Colette, a life too big for film|date=7 January 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref> Na 1944, Colette bipụtara ihe ghọrọ ọrụ ya a ma ama, Gigi, nke na-akọ akụkọ Gilberte dị afọ 16 ("Gigi") Alvar. Amụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke demimondaines, a zụrụ Gigi ka ọ bụrụ onye nkwanye ugwu iji dọta onye hụrụ ọgaranya n'anya mana ọ na-emegide ọdịnala site n'ịlụ ya kama.[29] N'afọ 1949, e mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri French nke Danièle Delorme na Gaby Morlay na-eme ihe nkiri, mgbe ahụ na 1951 gbanwere maka ogbo ya na Audrey Hepburn na-amaghị mgbe ahụ (nke Colette họpụtara n'onwe ya) na ọrụ aha. Ihe nkiri egwu Hollywood nke 1958, nke na-eme Leslie Caron na Louis Jourdan, nwere ihe nkiri Alan Jay Lerner na akara Lerner na Frederick Loewe, meriri Award Academy Award for Best Picture.. N'afọ ndị agha gachara, Colette ghọrọ onye ama ama n'ihu ọha. Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nwere nkwarụ ma Goudeket lekọtara ya, onye lekọtara nkwadebe nke Œuvres Complètes ya (1948-1950). Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ n'ime afọ ndị ahụ ma bipụta L'Etoile Vesper (1946) na Le Fanal Bleu (1949), ebe ọ tụgharịrị uche na nsogbu nke onye edemede nke mkpali ya bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. === Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede === {{Reflist}}N'afọ 1948, Claude Farrère, onye otu Académie Française, họpụtara Colette maka onyinye Nobel na edemede.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=24 September 2018|title=Sidonie Gabrielle Colette in the Nomination Database|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show_people.php&id=1883|work=The official website of the Nobel Prize - Nobel Foundation}}</ref> N'oge mkparịta ụka ahụ, Kọmitii Nobel kwuru na "onye edemede French na-aga n'ụgbọelu ebe a na-enweghị ike ịtụle ya maka onyinye Nobel". N'ihi ya, a jụrụ naanị nhọpụta ya. <ref name="Nobelpriset i litteratur" /><ref name="Nobelpriset i litteratur">{{Cite book|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/8345517|title=Nobelpriset i litteratur. Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901–1950|first=Bo|author=Svensén|date=2001|publisher=Svenska Akademien|isbn=978-91-1-301007-6|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ odeakụkọ == E dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Colette (1895-1900) na njikọ aka ya na di ya, Gauthier-Villars - nyocha egwu maka La Cocarde, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke Maurice Barres guzobere na usoro nke La Fronde.<ref name="Thurman, 2000">{{Cite book|author=Thurman|first=Judith|title=Secrets of the flesh : a life of Colette|date=2000|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-37103-4|publisher=First Ballantine books}}</ref> Mgbe ya na Gauthier-Villars gbara alụkwaghịm na 1910, o dere n'onwe ya maka akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche, na-enweta aha ọma maka edemede ya na-ekpuchi ọnọdụ ọha na eze, ihe nkiri, ejiji, na ihe nkiri, yana akụkọ mpụ.[33] Na Disemba 1910, Colette kwetara ide edemede oge niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ Paris kwa ụbọchị, Le Matin - na mbụ n'okpuru aha nzuzo, mgbe ahụ dị ka "Colette Willy. " Otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye ọ lụrụ na 1912.[34] Otu n'ime ndị editọ ya bụ Henry de Jouvenel, onye ọ lụrụ na 1912. Ka ọ na-erule 1912, Colette akụziworo onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nta akụkọ: "Ị ghaghị ịhụ ma ghara ịmepụta, ị ghaghị imetụ aka, ọ bụghị iche n'echiche .. n'ihi na, mgbe ị na-ahụ mpempe akwụkwọ [n'ebe a na-eme mpụ] na-agbanye n'ọbara ọhụrụ, ha bụ agba ị na-enweghị ike ịmepụta."[35][36] Nkewa nke Colette na Jouvenel na 1923 manyere ya ịhapụ mmekọrịta ya na Le Matin. N'ime afọ iri atọ sochirinụ, isiokwu ya pụtara n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ na abụọ, gụnyere Vogue, Le Figaro, na Paris-Soir. N'oge German Occupation nke France, Colette gara n'ihu na-enye aka na mbipụta kwa ụbọchị na kwa izu, Ụtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị na-akwado Nazi, gụnyere Le Petit Parisien, nke ghọrọ onye na-akwado Vichy mgbe Jenụwarị 1941, na La Gerbe, kwa izu na-akwado ndị Nazi.[37] Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ya abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a katọrọ Colette nke ọma n'oge ahụ maka inyefe akwụkwọ ndị a ugwu ya ma nabata onwe ya n'okpuru ọchịchị Vichy.[38] Edemede ya na Nọvemba 26, 1942, "Ma Bourgogne Pauvre" ("My Ogbenye Burgundy"), ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kpọpụtara ya ka ọ na-anakwere ụfọdụ ebumnuche ultra-nationalist nke ndị odee Vichyist siri ike kwadoro.<ref name="Golsan, 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Golsan|first=Richard J.|title=Ideology, cultural politics and literary collaboration at La Gerbe|journal=Journal of European Studies|date=March 1993|volume=89|issue=89–90|pages=27–47|doi=10.1177/004724419302300103|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A14066069/LitRC?u=nypl&sid=googleScholar&xid=0e3d98dd}}</ref> Mgbe afọ 1945 gachara, ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya bụ nke a na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ, na edemede ikpeazụ ya bụ edemede onwe onye karịa akụkọ a kọrọ.[40] N'oge ọ na-ede akwụkwọ, Colette bipụtara ihe karịrị isiokwu 1200 maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, na akwụkwọ akụkọ.[41] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, na 3 Ọgọstụ 1954, Chọọchị Katọlik jụrụ olili ozu okpukpe n'ihi ịgba alụkwaghịm ya, mana e nyere ya olili ozu steeti, nwanyị France mbụ nke akwụkwọ ozi e nyere nsọpụrụ ahụ, ma lie ya n'ebe ili ozu Père-Lachaise.[25][26][11] [[Faịlụ:Perelachaise-Colette-p1000342.jpg|thumb|Ili Colette na Père Lachaise Cemetery.]] A họpụtara Colette na Belgian Royal Academy (1935), Académie Goncourt (1945, na Onye isi ala na 1949), na Chevalier (1920) na Grand Officer (1953) nke Légion d'honneur.[13] Colette's numerous biographers have proposed widely differing interpretations of her life and work over the decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/27/reviews/000227.27decourt.html|title=Claudine All Grown Up|work=The New York Times|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> Initially considered a limited if talented novelist (despite the outspoken admiration in her lifetime of figures such as André Gide and Henry de Montherlant), she has been increasingly recognised as an important voice in women's writing.[11] Before Colette's death, Katherine Anne Porter wrote in ''The New York Times'' that Colette "is the greatest living French writer of fiction; and that she was while Gide and Proust still lived."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/17/specials/colette-novels.html|title=A Most Lively Genius|work=The New York Times|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Liane de Pougy (1869-1950) site na 1919 ruo 1941, nke e bipụtara dị ka Mes cahiers bleus na French na 1977, na My Blue Notebooks na Bekee na 1979, kọwara ya. Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú Rosanne Cash nyere onye edemede ahụ otuto n'abụ ahụ, "The Summer I Read Colette", na abọm ya nke 1996 10 Song Demo . Truman Capote dere edemede na 1970 banyere izute ya, nke akpọrọ "The White Rose". Ọ na-akọwa otú, mgbe ọ hụrụ ya na-enwe mmasị na akwụkwọ dị arọ na tebụl ("rose ọcha" nke aha ahụ), ọ siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-ewere ya; Capote jụrụ onyinye ahụ na mbụ, mana "...mgbe m mere mkpesa na enweghị m ike ịnabata ihe ọ hụrụ n'anya dị ka onyinye, [ọ zaghachiri] 'Onye m hụrụ n' n'anya, n'ezie ọ dịghị ihe bara uru n'inye onyinye ọ gwụla ma mmadụ jikwa ya kpọrọ ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa.'" <ref>{{Cite book|author=Capote|first=Truman|date=2007|title=Portraits and Observations: The Essays of Truman Capote|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/23734/portraits-and-observations-by-truman-capote/9780812994391/|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780812994391|authorlink=Truman Capote}}</ref> Womanhouse (30 Jenụwarị - 28 Febụwarị 1972) bụ ihe ngosi nka Nkà ụmụ nwanyị na oghere arụmọrụ nke Judy Chicago na Miriam Schapiro, ndị guzobere California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) Feminist Art Program, haziri, ọ bụkwa ihe ngosi nka mbụ nke ọha na eze nke dabeere na ike ụmụ nwanyị. Otu n'ime ọnụ ụlọ dị na ya, Leah's Room nke Karen LeCocq na Nancy Youdelman, dabeere na Chéri nke Colette. Karen na Nancy gbaziri tebụl ejiji ochie na kapet, mee ákwà mgbochi ma kpuchie àkwà ahụ na satin na lace iji mepụta mmetụta nke boudoir. Ha jupụtara n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na uwe ochie na okpu kpuchiri ekpuchi, ma tinye mgbidi na mgbidi iji gbakwunye mmetụta nke nostalgia. LeCocq nọdụrụ na tebụl ejiji ejiji nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka Léa, na-etinye ihe ntecha ugboro ugboro wee wepụ ya, na-emegharị mgbalị onye ahụ na-eme iji chekwaa ịma mma ya na-apụ n'anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shapiro|first=Miriam|title=Recalling Womanhouse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-quarterly_spring-summer-1987_15_1-2/page/25|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=15|issue=1/2|pages=25–30|date=Summer 1987}}</ref> "Lucette Stranded on the Island" nke Julia Holter, site na abọm ya nke afọ 2015 Have You in My Wilderness, dabeere na obere onye si na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Colette bụ Chance Acquaintances . <ref>{{Cite news|title='There's Always A Piece of Me': Julia Holter on Storytelling|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/09/21/442197547/theres-always-a-piece-of-me-julia-holter-on-storytelling|publisher=NPR|accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri 1991 Becoming ''Colette'', onye France na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Mathilda May na-eme Colette. Na ihe nkiri 2018 Colette, Keira Knightley na-eme onye isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jan/22/colette-review-keira-knightley-is-on-top-form-in-exhilarating-literary-biopic|title=Colette review – Keira Knightley is on top form in exhilarating literary biopic|first=Jordan|author=Hoffman|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=27 January 2018|date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndụ Colette n'afọ iri abụọ ya, alụmdi na nwunye ya na di mbụ ya, na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya n'aha ya. == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * Claudine à l'école (1900, sụgharịrị dị ka Claudine at School) * Claudine à Paris (1901, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Claudine na Paris'') * Claudine en ménage (1902, sụgharịrị dị ka Claudine Married) * Claudine s'en va (1903, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Claudine na Annie'') * ''Mkparịta ụka nke anụmanụ'' (1904) * ''Ịla ezumike nká'' (1907) * ''Osisi vaịn'' (1908) * La Vagabonde (1910) * N'elu ụlọ ezumezu (1913) * L'''Entrave'' (1913, sụgharịrị dị ka The Shackle) * ''Udo n'etiti anụmanụ'' (1916) * ''Nwatakịrị na Ọgwụ'' (1917, Ravel opera libretto) * Mitsou (1919) * Chéri (1920) * La Maison de Claudine (1922, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Ụlọ Claudine'') * L'Autre Femme (1922, sụgharịrị dị ka The Other Woman) * Le Blé en herbe (1923, sụgharịrị dị ka Ripening Seed) * La Fin de Chéri (1926, sụgharịrị dị ka The Last of Chéri ma ọ bụ The End of Chéri) * La Naissance du jour (1928, sụgharịrị dị ka Break of Day) * ''Sido'' (1929) * La Seconde (1929, sụgharịrị dị ka ''Onye nke ọzọ'') * Le Pur et l'Impur (1932, sụgharịrị dị ka The Pure and the Impure) * ''La Chatte'' (1933) * Duo (1934) * ''Julie de Carneilhan'' (1941) * Kepi (1943) * ''Gigi'' (1944) * ''Paris nke windo m'' (1944) * ''Kpakpando Vesper'' (1946) * Le Fanal Bleu (1949, sụgharịrị dị ka The Blue Lantern) * Paradis terrestre, na foto nke Izis Bidermanas (1953) Ebe e si nweta ya: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Norell|first=Donna M.|title=Colette: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnRxQgAACAAJ|series=Garland Reference Library of the Humanities|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780824066208}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * La Vagabonde, nke Solange Térac duziri (France, 1932, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Vagabond) * Claudine à l'école, nke Serge de Poligny duziri (France, 1937, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Claudine at School) * ''Gigi'', nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1949, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * ''Julie de Carneilhan'', nke Jacques Manuel duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Julie de Carneilhan'') * ''Minne (ihe nkiri) '', nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Ingénue libertine) * Chéri, nke Pierre Billon duziri (France, 1950, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * Le Blé en herbe, nke Claude Autant-Lara duziri (France, 1954, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * Mitsou, nke Jacqueline Audry duziri (France, 1956, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mitsou) * ''NBC Matinee Theater: The Vagabond'' (1958, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Vagabund) * ''Gigi'', nke Vincente Minnelli duziri (1958, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * Chéri, nke François Chatel duziri (France, 1962, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * The Gentle Libertine ma ọ bụ How Young Girls Grow Wise, nke Robert Kitts duziri (UK, 1967, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ L'Ingénue libertine) * Away from It All: The Ripening Seed, nke Mischa Scorer duziri (UK, 1973, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * Chéri, nke Claude Whatham duziri (UK, 1973, miniseries TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * La Seconde, nke Hervé Bromberger duziri (France, 1973, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Seconte) * ''Claudine'', nke Édouard Molinaro duziri (France, 1978, miniseries TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Claudine'') * La Naissance du jour, nke Jacques Demy duziri (France, 1980, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Break of Day) * Emmenez-moi au théâtre: Chéri, nke Yves-André Hubert duziri (France, 1984, ihe omume TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) * ''Gigi'', nke Jeannette Hubert duziri (France, 1987, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Gigi'') * ''Julie de Carneilhan'', nke Christopher Frank duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Julie de Carneilhan'') * Le Blé en herbe, nke Serge Meynard duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Wheat) * La Seconde, nke Christopher Frank duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Seconte) * Duo, nke Claude Santelli duziri (France, 1990, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Duo) * Bella Vista, nke Alfredo Arias duziri (France, 1992, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akụkọ mkpirikpi ''Bella-Vista'') * Mademoiselle ''Gigi'', nke Caroline Huppert duziri (France, 2006, ihe nkiri TV, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Gigi) * Chéri, nke Stephen Frears duziri (UK, 2009, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chéri) === Onye edemede === * 1934: Lake of Ladies (onye ndu Marc Allégret) * 1935: Divine (onye nduzi Max Ophüls) === Ihe nkiri banyere Colette === * ''Colette'', nke Yannick Bellon duziri (France, 1952, obere ihe ngosi) * Becoming Colette, nke Danny Huston duziri (1991), na Mathilda May dị ka Colette * Colette, une femme libre, nke Nadine Trintignant duziri (France, 2004, ihe nkiri TV), na Marie Trintignant dị ka Colette * ''Colette'', nke Wash Westmoreland duziri (2018), na Keira Knightley dị ka Colette * Colette, l'insoumise, nke Cécile Denjean duziri (France, 2018, ihe ngosi) {{Reflist}} * 100 Akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke Le Monde, ndepụta nke gụnyere Les Vrilles de la vigne''Osisi vaịn'' * Ndị a na-akpọ otu == Edemside == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ ===  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4yxi3uuhyrio73mlmdjexrsxksecjo3 0 75528 697911 673785 2026-08-10T10:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gisèle Pineau (2018).jpg|thumb|266x266px|Gisèle Pineau]]   '''Gisèle Pineau''' (amụrụ na 18 Mee 1956) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164018|title=Voices from the Gaps|work=conservancy.umn.edu|accessdate=Jun 7, 2019}}</ref> bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, onye edemede na onye bụbu nọọsụ ọrịa uche. Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Paris, ọ bụ onye Guadeloupean, o dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe isi ike na ahụhụ nke nwata ya dịka onye isi ojii mgbe ọ na-etolite na obodo Paris. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == N'afọ 1956, a mụrụ Gisèle Pineau na Paris, France. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ kewara oge ya n'etiti France na Guadeloupe n'ihi na nna ya nọ n'ọrụ agha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164018|title=Voices from the Gaps|work=conservancy.umn.edu|accessdate=Jun 7, 2019}}</ref> Pineau lụsoro njirimara ya dị ka onye Black si mba ọzọ ọgụ n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na xenophobia ọ nwere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ndị ọcha niile dị na Kremlin-Bicêtre.<ref name=":0" /> Pineau malitere ide ihe iji kasie ihe isi ike nke ịzụlite French ya na ihe nketa Caribbean obi, ebe ọrụ ya ga-ejikọ ọdịbendị abụọ ahụ kama ikewapụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pineau|first=Gisele|date=2004|title=An Interview with Gisele Pineau|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_spring-2004_35_1/page/180|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=35|issue=1|pages=180–186|doi=10.1353/ral.2004.0034|issn=1527-2044}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ejikọta ya na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ''Creole'', na 1990s ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede a ma ama na Guadeloupe, n'akụkụ Ernest Pépin .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Lucien|title=Créolité Bites|journal=Transition|date=1997|issue=74|pages=124–161|doi=10.2307/2935377|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935377|issn=0041-1191}}</ref> N'ihe odide ya, ọ na-eji ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke ịkọ akụkọ n'ọrụ akụkọ ifo iji weghachite akụkọ ọdịbendị Caribbean.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Suárez|first=Lucía M.|date=2001|title=Gisèle Pineau: Writing the Dimensions of Migration|journal=World Literature Today|volume=75|issue=314|pages=8–21|doi=10.2307/40156744}}</ref> Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmetụta ọ nwere ike inwe n'ahụ nwa agbọghọ na-agbalị ịchọpụta omenala nke ya. Akwụkwọ ya bụ L'Exil Selon Julia na-eme ka nke a pụta ìhè, ebe ọ na-adabere na ncheta na ahụmịhe nke nne nne ya meworo agadi iji nyere ya aka ịmụta banyere omenala obodo ya na ndabere omenala nke ya. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwukwara na ịkpa ókè ọ chere mgbe ọ bụ nwata emetụtaghị naanị ọha mmadụ France na Paris, kamakwa nye ndị Guadeloupe, bụ́ ndị jụrụ ya maka ịbụ onye na-eme ihe n'ụwa mgbe ọ lọtara n'ala ndị nna nna ya. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ biri na Paris ma, ka ọ na-anọgide na-ede akwụkwọ, ọ laghachikwara ịbụ onye nọọsụ na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka iji kwado ndụ ya; mana ọ laghachiri Guadeloupe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ile-en-ile.org/pineau/|title=Gisèle Pineau|date=1999-05-13|work=Île en île|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-04-28}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ==   == Edemsibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180311172528/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/pineau.html Gisèle Pineau] * L'Exil Selon Julia (Exile dị ka Julia si kwuo) E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kzia3fj3vj2pm9migubsxbca8vyh5tw 0 75581 697690 672081 2026-08-10T05:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697690 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Postmodern feminism bụ ngalaba nke nwanyị na-emegide isiokwu nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dabere na nkà ihe ọmụma postmodern, nwanyị postmodern na-ajụ echiche ọdịnala gbasara okike, njirimara, na ike, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mmekọrịta nke echiche ndị a. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke oge a na-arụ ụka na asụsụ na-ewuli eziokwu nakwa na ike agbakwunyere na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ, na-akpụzi njirimara na igbochi ụlọ ọrụ. Ha na-achọ ịgba mgba megide mmegide ọnụọgụ abụọ ọdịnala (dịka, nwoke / nwanyị, omenala / okike) na imebi usoro ndị na-achị achị. Ntinye nke postmodern theory n'ime feminist theory anaghị anabata ngwa ngwa site na ụmụ nwanyị niile - ụfọdụ kwenyere na echiche postmodern na-emebi mwakpo nke femism na-anwa ịmepụta, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akwado njikọ ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Sands|first=Roberta|date=Nov 1992|title=Postmodern Feminist Theory and Social Work: A Deconstruction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-work_1992-11_37_6/page/489|journal=Social Work|volume=37|pages=489|doi=10.1093/sw/40.6.831|issn=1545-6846}}</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Derrida === Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) mara echiche nke otu eziokwu, eziokwu ziri ezi ma ọ bụ "ihe na-egosi gafere," na-arụ ụka na a na-ewu ihe ọ pụtara site na usoro na-enweghị njedebe nke ihe ngosi ndị na-ezo aka naanị na ibe ha. O webatara echiche nke <nowiki><i id="mwLw">ọdịiche</i></nowiki> iji gosipụta etu asụsụ si arụ ọrụ site na ọdịiche na nkwụsịtụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nkọwa. Ọrụ ya na-emesi echiche ahụ ike na asụsụ anaghị anọchite anya eziokwu kama ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Tong|first=Rosemarie|url=https://archive.org/details/feministthoughtc00tong|title=Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction|publisher=Westview Press|year=1989|isbn=9780429493836|location=Boulder, Colorado|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministthoughtc00tong/page/217 217]–224|oclc=1041706991}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTong1989">Tong, Rosemarie (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:feministthoughtc00tong|''Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction'']]</span>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:feministthoughtc00tong/page/217|217]]–224. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429493836|<bdi>9780429493836</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041706991 1041706991].</cite></ref> === Foucault === Michel Foucault (1926-1984) lere ike anya dị ka ike na-agbasa agbasa na nke na-akpụzi echiche mmadụ. N'ime usoro ya, ike abụghị naanị mmegide kama ọ na-arụpụta ihe, na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ, ụkpụrụ, na nlekota onwe onye. Ọ tụrụ aro na ịmata ike ndị a nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịma aka ma melite echiche ha.<ref name=":4"/> === Ịbụ onye inyom na France === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>French Feminism, dị ka a maara taa, abụghị kpọmkwem ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche sitere na France, kama ọ bụ ihe Anglo-American phenomen. Ọ na-akọwa otu echiche jikọtara ya na ndị na-eche echiche na-asụ French—karịsịa Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, na Julia Kristeva. Ọrụ ha gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Freudian na Lacanian psychoanalysis, na-elekwasị anya na ahụmahụ tupu Oedipal, nnọchiteanya nne, na ndị amaghị ihe ọ bụla. Alice Jardine chepụtara okwu a iji kọwaa ihe na-apụta n'etiti ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi nke France na 1980, ebe a na-akọwa ọdịda nke echiche Enlightenment. Maka ndị inyom, nke a pụtara ịlaghachi n'otu arụmụka ahụ / dị iche iche site na oghere ọhụrụ. Akwụkwọ nke Toril Mo Sexual/Textual Politics (1986) gara n'ihu na-akpụzi ndị inyom French site n'ịgụnye naanị Cixous, Irigaray, na Kristeva. Mo mekwara ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti Anglo-American na French feminists: mgbe Anglo-American feminists na-achọ ịchọta "echiche nwanyị", French feminists kwenyere na ọ dịghị njirimara maka ụmụ nwanyị mana na "nwere ike ịmata ụmụ nwanyị ebe a na-ahụ ọdịiche na ọdịiche". Elaine Marks, onye ọkà mmụta na ngalaba nke Women's Studies, kwuru ọdịiche ọzọ dị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na France: Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na French, ọkachasị ndị na-eme ihe ike, katọrọ ma wakpo usoro ndị na-abara ụmụ nwoke uru, yana ịkpọasị ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha, karịa ndị America ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newfrenchfeminis00markrich|title=New French feminisms : an anthology|date=1980|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-0870232800|editor=Marks|location=Amherst|oclc=5051713}}</ref> == Echiche == === Ebe asụsụ dị === Onye ọkà mmụta iwu Mary Joe Frug, onye guzobere otu ndị ọkà mmụta iwu a maara dị ka Fem-Crits - n'onwe ya bụ akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ iwu dị oke egwu - , <ref name="baumgardner">{{Cite journal|author=Baumgardner|first=Paul|title=Ronald Reagan, the Modern Right, and ... the Rise of the Fem-Crits|journal=Laws|volume=8|issue=4|doi=10.3390/laws8040026|date=October 2019}}</ref> tụrụ aro na otu "ụkpụrụ" nke postmodernism bụ na ahụmịhe mmadụ dị "n'ụzọ na-enweghị ike ime n'ime asụsụ". A na-eji ike eme ihe ọ bụghị naanị site na nrụgide kpọmkwem, kamakwa site n'ụzọ asụsụ si emepụta ma gbochie eziokwu anyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Frug|first=Mary Joe|date=March 1992|title=A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-law-review_1992-03_105_5/page/1045|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=105|issue=5|pages=1045–1075|doi=10.2307/1341520}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrug1992">Frug, Mary Joe (March 1992). "A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)". ''Harvard Law Review''. '''105''' (5): <span class="nowrap">1045–</span>1075. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1341520|10.2307/1341520]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341520 1341520].</cite></ref> O kwukwara na n'ihi na asụsụ na-emeghe mgbe niile maka ntụgharị ọzọ, enwere ike iji ya guzogide nhazi na mgbochi a, yabụ na ọ bụ ebe nwere ike ịba uru maka ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe na-emegide ihe dị mkpa === Otu onyinye mbụ na postmodern femism bụ "[[A Cyborg Manifesto|Cyborg Manifesto]]" nke Donna Haraway, nke na-agbagha ókèala dị mkpa n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, na igwe. Haraway na-eji ihe atụ nke cyborg - ngwakọta nke igwe na ihe dị ndụ - iji kwuo na njirimara abụghị nke okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, kama ọ bụ ihe owuwu mmiri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-06|title=After Class Writing: Haraway’s “A Cyborg Manifesto” – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018|url=https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/elliseng1710sp2018/2018/03/06/after-class-writing-haraways-a-cyborg-manifesto/|accessdate=2025-12-27|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/elliseng1710sp2018/2018/03/06/after-class-writing-haraways-a-cyborg-manifesto/ "After Class Writing: Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018"]. 2018-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Donna_Haraway_2016_2.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọkọ akụkọ sayensị Donna Haraway]] Site n'ịkwatu "informatics nke ịchịkwa," Haraway na-akatọ ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ dualisms dị ka nwoke / nwanyị, ọdịbendị / okike, na uche / ahụ, nke nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nna ochie na nke ọchịchị. Ọ na-atụ aro na site na ịnakwere njirimara cyborg, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgafe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara nke oge gara aga ma kama ịmepụta njikọ dabere na ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na-emekọ ihe kama ịbụ ụdị ndụ.<ref name=":5"/> Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti feminism postmodern na alaka ndị ọzọ nke feminism bụ ikekwe arụmụka na mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ opekempe nwoke na nwanyị, bụ n'onwe ya sitere n'asụsụ wuru, echiche dị elu na akwụkwọ Judith Butler nke 1990, Nsogbu Gender. Ha na-adọta ma na-akatọ ọrụ Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, na Jacques Lacan, yana arụmụka Irigaray na ihe anyị weere dị ka "nwanyị" bụ nanị ngosipụta nke ihe e wuru dị ka nwoke. Butler na-akatọ ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị gara aga mere n'etiti (nke ndụ) mmekọahụ na (nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya). Ha na-ajụ ihe mere anyị ji chee na ihe onwunwe (dị ka ahụ) anaghị enwe usoro nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ha. Butler na-ekwu na nke a anaghị ekwe ka a katọọ nke ọma: ọ bụ ezie na ha ghọtara na okike bụ ihe na-ewu ewu, ndị na-ahụ mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na-eche na a na-ewu ya mgbe niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Arụmụka Butler na-egosi na ịdị n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị enweghị otu ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụ otu ngwọta. Similarly, Frug maintains that sex is not something natural, nor is it something completely determinate and definable; rather, sex is part of a system of meaning, produced by language.<ref name=":0"/> Cultural mechanisms "encode the female body with meanings", and then go on to explain these meanings "by an appeal to the 'natural' differences between the sexes, differences that the rules themselves help to produce".<ref name=":0" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2026)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ihe omuma ndi ozo === Ihe dị mkpa na usoro postmodern nke Haraway bụ echiche nke ihe ọmụma dị n'ebe dị, nke na-eje ozi dị ka nkatọ nke Anya Chineke - echiche efu nke inweta ebumnuche zuru oke, echiche na-anọpụ iche nke ụwa site n'ebe ọ bụla. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-emepụta ihe ọmụma sayensị na ọdịbendị niile site na otu echiche a kapịrị ọnụ, nakwa na ịnakwere ọnọdụ ndị a bụ naanị ụzọ isi nweta "ezi ihe". <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Carl Silvio- Refiguring the Radical Cyborg in Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in the Shell|url=https://www.depauw.edu/site/sfs/backissues/77/silvio77.htm|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.depauw.edu|archivedate=2026-01-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104233246/https://www.depauw.edu/site/sfs/backissues/77/silvio77.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.depauw.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, echiche a jụrụ echiche nke "ahụmahụ nwanyị" zuru ụwa ọnụ, kama ịkwado nghọta dị iche iche nke eziokwu nke na-akọwa njikọ agbụrụ, klas, na teknụzụ. Usoro a na-enye ohere maka sayensị ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akatọ ajọ mbunobi akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-etinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na eziokwu ihe onwunwe nke ụwa na-emetụta teknụzụ.<ref name=":6"/> == Nkatọ == E nweela ọtụtụ nkatọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị postmodern kemgbe ọ malitere na 1990s. Ọtụtụ n'ime nkatọ ndị a sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado oge a na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado echiche nke oge a. [[Faịlụ:Gloria_Steinem_crop.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Gloria Steinem]] Ndị nkatọ nke oge a lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke relativism na nihilism dị ka postmodernism kwuputara. Ha na-arụ ụka na site n'ịhapụ ụkpụrụ Enlightenment, postmodern feminism "na-egbochi ohere nke ịtọhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Enwere ike ịhụ nchegbu a na ndị nkatọ dị ka Meaghan Morris, bụ ndị na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị postmodern nwere ike imebi ntọala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke omume dabere na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị, site na mgbagwoju anya ya. Alison Assiter bipụtara Enlighten Women (1995) iji katọọ postmodernists na postmodern feminists n'otu aka ahụ, na-arụ ụka na a ga-enwe nlọghachi na ụkpụrụ Enlightenment na nwanyị nke oge a. Gloria Steinem akatọkwala echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkachasị echiche nwanyị postmodernist, dị ka oke agụmakwụkwọ, ebe okwu dị oke egwu na enweghị ike ịbịaru nso na abaghị uru nye onye ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị a kpọrọ ''onwe ha'' ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a katọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "postmodernism": Butler, dịka ọmụmaatụ, jụrụ okwu ahụ bụ ""postmodernism" dị ka ihe na-edoghị anya iji nwee ihe ọ pụtara. [[Paula Moya]] na-ekwu na Butler na-enweta ịjụ a na postmodernism site na ntụgharị nke ọrụ Cherríe Moraga: "Ọ na-agụ nkwupụta Moraga na 'ihe ize ndụ dị n'ịhazi mmegbu' iji pụta na anyị enweghị ụzọ anyị ga-esi kpebie n'etiti ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche - na mgbalị ọ bụla iji kọwaa ma ọ bụ mee ka ụdị mmegbu ndị mmadụ na-ata na-ata bụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi, na-achịkwa, ma ọ bụ na-achịkọta nke na-eme na-emebi na-emechi anya na-emega n' ka ọ bụrụ na-emecha, na-emeziwanye ihe ngosi nke mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-aghọta ya site na-eme nke ọma. Moya na-ekwu na n'ihi na Butler chere na a pụghị ịhazi ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, na a pọdụrụ ha ma ọlị; ma mee ka ụzọ dị mkpirisi site n'ịhapụ echiche nke ọ bụghị naanị postmodernism, kamakwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu.<ref>Moya, Paula M. L. ''From Postmodernism, 'Realism,' and the Politics of Identity: [[Cherríe Moraga]] and [[Chicana feminism|Chicana Feminism]]'', in {{Cite book|author=Gilbert|first=Susan M.|title=Feminist literary theory and criticism : a Norton reader|year=2007|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|isbn=9780393927900|pages=787–797|edition=1st|authorlink=From Postmodernism, "Realism," and the Politics of Identity: Cherrie Moraga and Chicana Feminism}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|40em}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Nicholson|first=Linda|title=Feminism/postmodernism|date=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415900591|location=New York}} * {{Cite book|author=Assiter|first=Alison|title=Enlightened women: modernist feminism in a postmodern age|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London New York|isbn=9780415083386}} * {{Cite book|author=Kottiswari|first=W. S.|title=Postmodern feminist writers|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|year=2008|isbn=9788176258210}} * {{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Susan|title=A Feminist Theory of Malebashing|journal=Michigan Journal of Gender & Law|date=1 January 1996|volume=4|issue=1|pages=35–127|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/vol4/iss1/2/|issn=1095-8835}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 27k7xmj84hh64tijgigr4aemx9qa25p 0 75591 697851 633002 2026-08-10T09:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697851 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ okwu mepụtara n'oge arụmụka ịha nhata na ọdịiche <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Scott|first=Joan|title=Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Post-structuralist Theory for Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-1988_14_1/page/n53|journal=Feminist Studies|date=1988|volume=14|issue=1|doi=10.2307/3177997|pages=33–50}}</ref> na Ụmụ nwanyị America iji kọwaa echiche na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị iche, mana na enweghị ike ikpe ikpe dị mma n'elu ha ma ụmụ nwoke na ndị nwanyị nwere Ọnọdụ omume ha nhata dị ka ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministvoices.com/carol-gilligan/|title=Carol Gilligan|work=Psychology's Feminist Voices|accessdate=2017-05-10|archivedate=2020-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222094212/http://www.feministvoices.com/carol-gilligan}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị anaghị arụ ụka na enwere njikọ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na omenala ụmụ nwanyị, omume uche (nke a na-akpọkarị "ụzọ ịmara" <ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal|author=Schiebinger|first=Londa|year=2000|title=Has Feminism Changed Science?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-2000_25_4/page/1171|journal=Signs|volume=25|issue=4|pages=1171–1175|doi=10.1086/495540|pmid=17089478}}</ref>), ma ọ bụ àgwà mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Grande Jensen|first=Pamela|title=Finding a New Feminism: Rethinking the Woman Question for Liberal Democracy}}</ref> Ndị inyom a chọrọ ịmata na, n'oge a, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke dị iche iche na ịchọpụta njirimara "ndị inyom" na-abaghị uru.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|author=Tandon|first=Neeru|title=Feminism: A Paradigm Shift}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ọdịdị nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name="Fowler">{{Cite book|author=Fowler|first=Robert Booth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMcPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22gender+feminism%22+%22difference+feminism%22|title=Enduring Liberalism: American Political Thought Since the 1960s|date=1999|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-70-060974-1}}</ref><ref name="Ford">{{Cite book|author=Ford|first=Lynne E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVtFJ5tvINsC&q=%22gender+feminists%22+%22difference+feminists%22|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|date=2008|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-81-605491-6|location=New York}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụdị ụfọdụ nke ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị - dị ka nke Mary Daly - na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na ụkpụrụ ha dị elu karịa nke ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|author=Tandon|first=Neeru|title=Feminism: A Paradigm Shift}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Sandilands|first=Catriona|title=The Good-Natured Feminist Ecofeminism and the Quest for Democracy|date=1999|pages=chapter 5: "Cyborgs and Queers"}}</ref> Enwere arụmụka na-aga n'ihu banyere ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị Daly bụ ihe dị mkpa.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist interpretations of Mary Daly|date=2000|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|isbn=978-0-271-02018-1|editor=Hoagland|series=Re-reading the canon|location=University Park, Pa}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche n'afọ ndị 1980, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka mmeghachi omume nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ewu ewu (nke a makwaara dị ka "iha nhata ụmụ nwanyị"), bụ nke mesiri myirịta dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke iji kwado maka nha anya maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ndịiche dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị, ka ha ka na-elekwasị anya n'ịha nhata n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, kwusiri ike na ndịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị ma kwusie ike na ịha nhata ma ọ bụ nhazi ọkwa adịghị mkpa maka nwoke na nwanyị, na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ka a na-emeso ha nhata. Ntọhapụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bu n'obi imebi ọha mmadụ na iwu, na-ahụ nnabata nke esemokwu nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe mgbochi nye ikike na itinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ebe nwanyị kwenyere na nnọpụiche nwoke na nwanyị na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị "ma ọ bụ site n'ịgba ha ume iṅomi ụmụ nwoke, site n'ịnapụ ọha mmadụ onyinye pụrụ iche ha, ma ọ bụ site n'ikwe ka ha soro na ọha mmadụ nanị n'ihe ndị na-amasị ụmụ nwoke". Ọdịiche nke nwanyị sitere na echiche nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, dị ka ọrụ nke onye edemede German bụ Elise Oelsner, nke rụrụ ụka na ọ bụghị naanị na a ga-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha banye n'ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwoke na-achị (dịka, ndụ ọha, sayensị) kamakwa na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ kwesịrị ịtụ anya ka ha gbanwee n'ụzọ ndị na-amata uru nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-adịchaghị mma, dị ka nlekọta. N'okwu nke ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ ndị feminists atụgharịghachila okwu ahụ bụ "iche nke nwanyị" n'ụzọ na-ajụ "gịnị dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị?" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume sayensị) karịa "gịnị dị iche na nwoke na nwanyị?" Na 1990s, feminists kwuru banyere dualism nke "iche" na "ịha nhata" na gafere ya, karịsịa na postmodern na / ma ọ bụ Deconstructionist mmegharị nke na-eleghara anya ma ọ bụ na-adabereghị na dichotomy. == Nkatọ == Ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka na echiche nke ụfọdụ ndị inyom a ma ama, dị ka ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Carol Gilligan na ọkà mmụta okpukpe Mary Daly, bụ ihe dị mkpa, na-ejikọta ihe ndị dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ndị dị mkpa na "nwanyị" na "nwoke". Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ndị ọzọ ajụla nkọwa ndị dị mkpa nke Daly na Gilligan, na-arụ ụka na a na-ejikarị ebubo nke "ihe dị mkpa" eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ekwu okwu kama ịkatọ echiche ndị dabeere na ihe àmà, ma ọ dịghị egosipụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi echiche Gilligan ma ọ bụ Daly. == Na France == {{Reflist|30em}}<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />A na-akpọkarị "French femism", <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Gambaudo|first=Sylvie A.|date=May 2007|title=French Feminism vs Anglo-American Feminism: A Reconstruction|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350506807075816|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=93–108|doi=10.1177/1350506807075816|issn=1350-5068}}</ref> ọrụ Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray na Julia Kristeva ka a na-ewere dị ka ụdị ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Valpione|first=Giulia|date=December 2022|title=Philosophy and its Institutions: Politics at the Heart of the Canon|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2051536722000324/type/journal_article|journal=Hegel Bulletin|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=353–370|doi=10.1017/hgl.2022.32|issn=2051-5367}}</ref> Ụzọ ha si enyocha ọdịiche mmekọahụ na-ele ọchụchọ maka ịha nhata anya dị ka ihichapụ ihe ndị pụrụ iche nke ahụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka ndị edemede ọdịiche America, "A na-ebo ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na France ebubo mgbe niile na ha bụ ndị dị mkpa". <ref name=":0" />:: 101  == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == 3z8ycx2uby1shslc4qyy1boeygm2k79 0 75699 697771 672574 2026-08-10T07:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omenala ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anwa ịmegharị ma kọwaa àgwà ọdịbendị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}</ref> A na-ejikwa okwu ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị akọwa echiche ndị na-akwado ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Kramarae 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kramarae|first=Cheris|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92090-2|doi=10.4324/9780203800942}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ịbụ nwanyị kewara site na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike mgbe ha jụrụ nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma laghachi n'Echiche dị mkpa banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị nke ha na-ewere ọdịdị nwanyị dị ka nke dị elu. <ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> <ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref><ref name="Evans 1995">{{Cite book|title=Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism|author=Evans|first=Judy|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4462-6493-5|chapter=Cultural Feminism: Feminism's First Difference|oclc=874319830}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'adịghị ka radical ma ọ bụ socialist feminism, omenala feminism abụghị echiche nke ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwukarị kama ọ na-abụkarị akara ngosi nke ndị mmegide ya kwuru. Okwu a pụtara na mbido 1971, mgbe Frances Chapman, n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Off Our Backs, katọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Aphra dị ka onye "jere ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị omenala". [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Na 1972, nwanyị nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Elizabeth Diggs, jiri akara “nwa nwanyị omenala” tinye n'ọrụ niile nke feminism radical. [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Brooke Williams bụ onye izizi kọwapụta “mwepu ọchịchị nke feminism radical” dị ka “Fedeminism omenala” na 1975. "Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị sitere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, "ka Ellen Willis, onye guzobere Redstockings, kwuru, "ihe ndị dị n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ bụ ihe na-emegide onwe ha. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=Ellen|date=1984|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=Social Text|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|doi=10.2307/466537|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Rosemarie Tong bụ ndị na-echepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom dị ka echiche n'ime echiche siri ike. == Echiche == Omenala ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ nke usoro nna ochie kpebiri.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Linda Alcoff na-ekwu na "nchọpụta ọdịbendị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa passivity nke nwanyị dị ka udo ya, mmetụta ya dị ka ọchịchọ ya ịzụlite, subjectivity ya dị ka nghọta onwe ya dị elu".<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> A chọtara echiche yiri nke ahụ n'oge gara aga. [[Jane Addams]] na Charlotte Perkins Gilman kwuru na n'ịchịkwa steeti, imekọ ihe ọnụ, nlekọta, na enweghị ime ihe ike n'idozi esemokwu ọha mmadụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa site na omume ọma ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Ritzer 2007">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2007|isbn=978-0-07-299759-0}}</ref> Josephine Donovan na-ekwu na onye nta akụkọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ahụ maka [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|Ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị]], Margaret Fuller, malitere omenala ụmụ nwanyị na Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845). O kwusiri ike n'akụkụ mmetụta uche, nke ihe ọmụma ma gosipụta echiche ụwa nke dị nnọọ iche na echiche nke ndị na-ahụ maka nghọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levine|first=Amy-Jill|title=A Feminist Companion to the Acts of the Apostles|year=2004|publisher={{nowrap|T & T}} Clark|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-6252-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ Alice Echols, "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement", nke mere ka a nakweere okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ndị inyom nke oge a, ọ bụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Dị ka Echols si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị omenala "na-ejikọta nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe na ichebe nke mmepụta ụmụ nwanyị". 35  Ihe atụ ya nke ndị inyom omenala bụ Kathleen Barry, Susan Brownmiller, Mary Daly, Andrea Dworkin, Susan Griffin, Robin Morgan, Janice Raymond, Adrienne Rich, na Florence Rush. Ndị inyom na-etinye aka na nkewapụ nwanyị, nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, na ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bịara na-ejikọta ya na omenala feminism n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta omenala na akụ na ụba nke nwanyị lekwasịrị anya, nke Echols kọwara dị ka ịla azụ site na nna ochie kama ịkwatu ya. Mary Daly jikọtara "ike nwanyị", ma ọ bụ okwu ya Gyn/Ecology, na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị "nkwado, na-emepụta ndụ" dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-emegbu emegbu n'ihi "mgbochi". Adrienne Rich na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike "oke" nke ụmụ nwoke na-ebelata. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-akpọ oku ka e kee naanị ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-achị na ohere iji "na-ama aka na-adịghị mma nke okike". A katọrọ nkewa a n'ime omenala ụmụ nwanyị maka ileghara ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie akatọ ndị nwoke n'otu n'otu maka mmegbu ha na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na nkewa anụ ahụ, ndị inyom na-akpọ oku maka "nkewa na ụkpụrụ nwoke". A na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị kachasị mkpa na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. Daly kwusiri ike na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke njirimara, gụnyere agbụrụ na ọkwa bụ ìgwè ndị nwoke akọwapụtara, na ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa ha na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ekewa.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Ọgaranya na-ekwupụta "ibu ọrụ mmekọrịta" a na-etinye n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ukwuu ma dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ọbụna ibu ọrụ nke ịgba ohu. Ịmụ nne na ịmụ nwa bụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama na echiche ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgaranya na-eche na nne dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, nke e wuru iji chịkwaa ụmụ nwanyị, nke dị iche na ezigbo nne. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwupụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa nwanyị, ya mere, ndị nna ochie ebibiwo ma a ghaghị idozi ya.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, Carol Anne Douglas (onye nkatọ ogologo oge na Off Our Backs) gụnyere mmetụta nke akwụkwọ Susan Griffin na-ewu ewu Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her dị ka isi na mmepe nke ụdị echiche a.<ref name="Douglas 1990">{{Cite book|title=Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian Theories|author=Douglas|first=Carol Anne|publisher=Ism Press|date=July 1990|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-910383-17-2}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, a na-akpọ isiakwụkwọ a nke akwụkwọ Douglas Male biology as a problem na nyocha nke echiche Griffin bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Woman the Natural . <ref name="Douglas 1990"></ref> == Nkatọ == Ethnographer Kristen Ghodsee na-akọwa ụdị nkatọ dị iche iche sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị kwenyere na "echiche nke ụmụnne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ehichapụ ọdịiche dị mkpa na ike na ịnweta ihe onwunwe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ, agbụrụ, na mba dị iche iche".<ref name="Ghodsee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|title=Feminism-by-Design: Emerging Capitalisms, Cultural Feminism, and Women's Nongovernmental Organizations in Post Socialist Eastern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2004_29_3/page/n89|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|issn=0097-9740|date=2004|volume=29|issue=3|pages=772–753|doi=10.1086/380631}}</ref> :: 727  Nchegbu a na-ahụkarị, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, bụ na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na'etiti naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, kama iburu ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'uche.<ref name="Ghodsee 2004" /> :: 727  [[Audre Lorde]] gosipụtara nchegbu a na "An Open Letter to Mary Daly", ebe Lorde kwupụtara mmechuihu na Daly wepụrụ ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lorde na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Europe n'akwụkwọ ọdịbendị ya, mgbe ọ na-ahọrọ okwu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke Europe iji gosipụta isi ihe ya na ịkọwa "mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|chapter=An Open Letter to Mary Daly|date=2022|title=This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color|edition=40th anniversary|pages=90–93|accessdate=|publisher=State University of New York Press|doi=10.1515/9781438488295-033|isbn=978-1-4384-8829-5}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2026)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nchegbu ọzọ bụ nkwenye na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị "agbaghaghị nkọwa nke nwanyị kama ọ bụ naanị nkọwa nke ụmụ nwoke nyere" ma si otú a na-eme ka ọdịbendị dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Blumenthal|first=Dannielle|title=Women and Soap Opera: A Cultural Feminist Perspective|date=1997|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96039-1|url=https://archive.org/details/womensoapoperacu0000blum/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Mgbe ndị na-akwado ọdịbendị na-ekwu na okwu ndị dị ka nna ochie na ndina n'ike bụ ihe sitere na nkà mmụta ihe ndị nwoke na omume, ohere ịkatọ ma na-ama usoro ndị dị n'azụ nsogbu ndị a. <ref name="Echols 1983" /> Ọzọkwa, nkọwa ndị dị mkpa nke "nwaanyị" na-eme ka mmegbu a chọrọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ ruo "onye a mụrụ 'nwaanyị' ha ga-ekpe ikpe".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Alice Echols kwuru na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere iji lụso "omume rụrụ arụ" ọgụ, ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịchọ nkwanye ùgwù site n'igbochi mmekọahụ ha ma na-atụ aro "ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mmekọahụ".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 Ọ katọrọ echiche a maka ịnwa ịchịkwa ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji jide ụmụ nwanyị maka nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 : 52  Nkwupụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ a na-egosipụtakwa echiche ndị inyom ọdịbendị banyere ụmụ nwanyị transgender. Echols na-akọwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị transgender na nwoke rapaciousness dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma na-akọwara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-adịghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị Transgender maka ebubo na ha "na-emebi ịdị mkpa nke okike, ma na-ehichapụ ókèala dị n'etiti okike", na-eme ka ahụ nwanyị (nke ndị na-eme omenala na-ewere dị ka ụdị ndina n'ike), ma na-eyi egwu iwebata "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị fọdụrụ" n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na oghere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> A na-ekwu na Trans-exclusionary radical femism nwere mmalite ya na omenala ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassi|first=Serena|date=2022|title=Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms|journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=311–333|doi=10.1215/23289252-9836008|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> A katọwokwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị maka itinye aka na akụrụngwa, omume nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere na ọ na-emegide ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-emegiderịta onwe ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Iji mee ka nsogbu ndị inyom na-akwado akụrụngwa pụta ìhè, Echols nyochara mmejuputa, omume, na nsonaazụ nke Feminist Economic Network (FEN), azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị nke bu n'obi iji akụrụngwa mee ihe iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ihe mgbochi ndị nna ochie site na ịgbazinye ego site na ndị inyom credit unions na azụmaahịa ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bruneau|first=Camille|date=13 September 2018|title=How Do Patriarchy and Capitalism Jointly Reinforce the Oppression of Women?|url=https://www.cadtm.org/How-do-patriarchy-and-capitalism-jointly-reinforce-the-oppression-of-women|accessdate=14 January 2021|publisher=Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt|language=en}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na netwọk ahụ na-erigbu ndị ọrụ, jụ Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, otu, na ịza ajụjụ, ma kwado usoro ike n'ime azụmaahịa site n'ikwu na nwanne nwanyị na-eme ka o doo anya na ikike nke onye ọ bụla na-eduga n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Enwere ike ịgbasawanye nchọpụta Echols site na nkatọ nke omume azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị ọdịbendị na Off Our Backs. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ "ndị inyom" na-akwado ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado iji wepụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, ha bụ ndị isi, nwere obere ohere ịnweta mmetụta akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma bụrụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-egosi ntụpọ na mbọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-agba iji gbochie mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu na usoro akụ na ụba mmegbu, iji echiche bootstrap, na ịgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ngwaahịa na ahịa nke na-ejere "nwoke" akụrụngwa ozi.<ref name="Off Our Backs 1976">{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=God, Mom & Apple Pie: 'Feminist' Businesses as an Extension of the American Dream|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=5|issue=11|pages=18–20|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Verta Taylor na Leila J. Rupp ekwuola na nkatọ nke ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụkarị mwakpo megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Taylor 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Verta|date=1993|title=Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1993_19_1/page/32|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=32–61|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494861}}</ref> Nnyocha Suzanne Staggenbourg banyere Bloomington, Indiana mere ka o kwubie na itinye aka n'ihe omume ndị a na-akpọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị "na-enye obere ihe akaebe na omenala ụmụ nwoke dugara na mbelata nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staggenborg|first=Suzanne|date=2001|title=Beyond Culture versus Politics: A Case Study of a Local Women's Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_2001-08_15_4/page/n8|journal=Gender and Society|volume=15|issue=4|pages=507–530|issn=0891-2432|doi=10.1177/089124301015004002}}</ref> : 507 : 507  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Deegan|first=Mary Jo|title=Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918|publisher=Transaction Books|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|chapter=Jane Addams and Cultural Feminism|isbn=978-0-88738-077-8|year=1988|pages=226–230|doi=10.4324/9780203788073-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Balbert|first=Peter|title=D. H. Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination: Essays on Sexual Identity and Feminist Misreading|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-333-43964-7|location=London}} * {{Cite book|author=Echols|first=Alice|title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9|location=Minneapolis}} * {{Cite journal|author=Roseneil|first=Sasha|date=1995|title=The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=191–205|doi=10.2307/591785|issn=0007-1315}} *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q90inapuo5glpv267dk8jg82n6ovx74 0 75917 697681 638375 2026-08-10T05:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697681 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Sirarpie Der Nersessian''' (5 September 1896 – 5 July 1989) was an art historian who specialized in the art of Armenia and the Byzantine Empire. Der Nersessian was a renowned academic and a pioneer in Armenian art history. She taught at several institutions in the United States, including Wellesley College in Massachusetts and as Henri Focillon Professor of Art and Archaeology at [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Dickran Kouymjian|author=Kouymjian|first=Dickran|chapter=Sirarpie Der Nersessian (1896-1989): Pioneer of Armenian Art History|title=Medievalists and the Academy|editor=Jane Chance|location=Madison|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="DumbartonOaks">{{Cite journal|author=Allen, Jelisaveta, Nina G. Garsoïan, Ihor Ševčenko, Robert W. Thomson|title=Sirarpie Der Nersessian: 1896-1989|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=43|pages=ix–xi|year=1989}}</ref> She was a senior fellow at Dumbarton Oaks, its deputy director from 1954 to 1955 and 1961–62, and a member of its Board of Scholars. Der Nersessian was also a member of several international institutions such as the British Academy (1975), the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1978), and the Armenian Academy of Sciences (1966).<ref name="DumbartonOaks" /> By the 1970s, she was recognized as the leading scholar in Armenian studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mirak|first=Robert|title=Sirarpie Der Nersessian, The Armenians (New York: Praeger, 1970)|journal=[[The Armenian Review]]|date=Spring 1971|volume=XXIV|issue=1–93|pages=78–80|url=https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/Armenian-review/1971(1-93).pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Mmụta === A mụrụ Der Nersessian dị ka nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ atọ na Constantinople na 1896. Ọ si n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya (nwanne nne ya bụ onye isi ndị Armenia nke Constantinople Maghakia Ormanian n'oge ahụ). <ref name="DumbartonOaks">{{Cite journal|author=Allen, Jelisaveta, Nina G. Garsoïan, Ihor Ševčenko, Robert W. Thomson|title=Sirarpie Der Nersessian: 1896-1989|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=43|pages=ix–xi|year=1989}}</ref> Nne na nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ ka dị obere: nne ya Akabi, mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, na nna ya Mihran, mgbe ọ bụ afọ iri na asatọ. Ọ gara Essayan School na English High School for Girls na Constantinople, wee mụta asụsụ Armenian, Bekee na French nke ọma mgbe ọ dị obere. N'afọ 1915, n'oge oke Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Armenia, Der Nersessian na nwanne ya nwanyị Arax (n'oge ahụ ụmụ mgbei) jisiri ike gbaga Europe, biri na Geneva. Der Nersessian gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Geneva ruo ọtụtụ afọ ruo mgbe ọ kwagara Paris na 1919. <ref name="SAE">{{Cite book|language=hy|authorlink=Levon Chookaszian|author=Chookaszian|first=Levon|chapter=Ter Nersesyan, Sirarpi Mihrani|title=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|year=1985}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Sorbonne, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na École des Hautes Études de l'université de Paris . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru Ndị ọkà mmụta Byzantium Charles Diehl na Gabriel Millet na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Henri Focillon . <ref name="SAE" /> N'afọ 1922, ọ ghọrọ onye na-enyere Millet aka, ma site n'enyemaka ya, bipụtara otu n'ime isiokwu mbụ ya n'afọ 1929.<ref name="DumbartonOaks">{{Cite journal|author=Allen, Jelisaveta, Nina G. Garsoïan, Ihor Ševčenko, Robert W. Thomson|title=Sirarpie Der Nersessian: 1896-1989|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=43|pages=ix–xi|year=1989}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede abụọ ahụ (ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ga-etinyerịrị edemede abụọ) nke o nyere maka doctorate d'etat ya, "L'illustration du roman de Barlaam et Joasaph" na akwụkwọ edemede gbasara akwụkwọ edemede ndị Armenian nwere ìhè n'oge ikpeazụ nke oge ochie, natara ya nke ọma, na-ewetara ya Mention très honorable, ma Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres na Revue des Études Grecques nyere ha abụọ ihe nrite mgbe e bipụtara na 1937. === Prọfesọ na onye ọsụ ụzọ === N'afọ 1930, Der Nersessian kwagara na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na aro nke ndị nkuzi ya atọ, ndị Byzantinist Charles Rufus Morey, Albert M. Friend Jr., na Walter Cook, na-aghọ onye nkuzi oge na Wellesley College na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]]. Ọ kụziri akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na Wellesley, e wee bulie ya elu ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke ma mechaa bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ngalaba mmemme akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na onye nduzi nke Farnsworth Museum (nke bụ ugbu a Davis Museum). <ref name="SAE">{{Cite book|language=hy|authorlink=Levon Chookaszian|author=Chookaszian|first=Levon|chapter=Ter Nersesyan, Sirarpi Mihrani|title=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|year=1985}}</ref> Der Nersessian bụ nwaanyị mbụ kụziri nka Byzantium na kọleji ụmụ nwanyị, nwanyị mbụ e ji ihe nrite nke Saint Gregory the Illuminator chọọ mma site na Catholicos Vazgen I na 1960, nwanyị mbụ a kpọrọ oku ka ọ gaa kuzie okwu na Collège de France dị na Paris, naanị nwanyị n'oge ya nwetara ọkwa prọfesọ zuru oke na Dumbarton Oaks, na nwanyị nke abụọ a gọziri agọzi site n'aka Society of Antiquaries of London na 1970. N'afọ 1947, ọ natara onyinye Achievement Award site na American Association of University Women. Der Nersesian nọgidere na Dumbarton Oaks ruo 1978, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na France wee biri na nwanne ya nwanyị na Paris.<ref name="DumbartonOaks">{{Cite journal|author=Allen, Jelisaveta, Nina G. Garsoïan, Ihor Ševčenko, Robert W. Thomson|title=Sirarpie Der Nersessian: 1896-1989|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=43|pages=ix–xi|year=1989}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e zigara ọbá akwụkwọ ya niile na Matenadaran na Yerevan, iji nyere ndị ọkà mmụta Armenia aka n'ọmụmụ ihe ha. Obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ 1989, e mepụtara ego onyinye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na Armenia, Fonds Sirarpie Der Neressian na Institut de Recherches sur les Miniatures Arméno-Byzantines, iji sọpụrụ ya. == Họrọ akwụkwọ ndekọ == Ihe omuma nke Der Nersessian lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na kpọmkwem na ọmụmụ nke ụlọ ụka, ihe odide na-enwu gbaa, obere ihe na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1945 bụ Armenia and the Byzantine Empire ka ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme David Talbot Rice, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Armenia and the Byzantine Empire by Sirapie der Nercessian Review by: David Talbot Rice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1946-05_61_240/page/271|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=61|issue=240|date=May 1946|pages=271–272|doi=10.1093/ehr/LXI.CCLX.271-b}}</ref> Jurgis Baltrušaitis, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Armenia and the Byzantine Empire. A Brief Study in Armenian Art and Civilization by Sirarpie der Nersessian; Henri Grégoire Review by: Jurgis Baltrušaitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1946-06_28_2/page/124|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=28|issue=2|pages=124–125|date=June 1946|doi=10.2307/3047064|author=Baltrušaitis|first=Jurgis}}</ref> na Alexander Vasiliev toro. <ref name="Vasiliev">{{Cite journal|title=Armenia and the Byzantine Empire. A Brief Study of Armenian Art and Civilization by Sirapie Der Nersessian Review by: A. Vasiliev|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1945-10_20_4/page/491|journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]]|volume=20|issue=4|date=October 1945|pages=491–494|doi=10.2307/2856749}}</ref> Vasiliev dere na nyocha ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ na ọ bụ "onye kachasị mma n'oge anyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nka, na mmepeanya Armenia. " Vrej Nersessian kọwara nka Armenia ya (1979, French: 1977) dị ka "akwụkwọ kachasị mma na nke kachasị mma" na isiokwu ahụ. <ref name="Vasiliev" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Nersessian|first=Vrej|title=Armenia (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 163)|date=1993|publisher=[[Clio Press]]|location=Oxford}}</ref> N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta akwụkwọ na akụkọ ndị o dere. === Akwụkwọ === * ''Armenia na Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945. * Aght'amar: Chọọchị nke Holy Cross. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964. * Ihe odide Armenia na Walters Art Gallery. Baltimore: The Trustees, 1973. * ''Obere ihe osise Armenia sitere na Isfahan''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ndị Armenia''. New York: Praeger, 1969. * (n'asụsụ French) L'Art arménien. Paris: Ihe osise Europe. Akwụkwọ ndị e sere na fim nke ihe osise na akụkọ ihe mere eme, 1965. * (n'asụsụ French) ''Ihe osise nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Barlaam na Joasaph''. Paris: nke Boccard, 1937 * Obere ihe osise na Alaeze Armenia nke Cilicia site na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ ruo na narị afọ iri na anọ. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Studies, 1993. === Isiokwu na isiakwụkwọ === * "The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad ma ọ bụ nke 'Royal Historian.'" Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13 (1959): peeji nke 141-168.&nbsp; * "An Armenian Gospel of the Fifteenth Century," The Boston Public Library Quarterly 2 (1950): peeji nke 3-20.&nbsp; * (n'asụsụ Armenian) "A General View of the Manuscripts of San Lazarro" ''[[Bazmavep]]'' (1947): peeji nke 269-272.&nbsp; * "Pagan and Christian Art in Egypt. Ihe ngosi na Brooklyn Museum. " The Art Bulletin 33 (1941): peeji nke 165-167.&nbsp; * "Ọrụ Ebube Abụọ nke Virgin na Poems nke Gautier de Coincy," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 41 (1987): peeji nke 157-163.&nbsp; * "Alaeze nke Cilician Armenia," na Kenneth M. Setton, ed. , A History of the Crusades, mpịakọta. 2: Agha Ntụte Ndị Ọzọ, 1189-1311. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1969. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Sirarpie Der Nersessian Papers and Photographs, Dumbarton Oaks. {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6r8b8sh7dcv027d307a0umi4mqgaijd 0 75982 697758 695941 2026-08-10T07:36:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697758 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles 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/><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Africa_(satellite_image).jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite nke kọntinent Afrịka.]] Feminizim Afrịka gụnyere echiche na mmegharị ndị na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na ahụmịhe na mkpa ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka bi na kọntinent Afrịka (ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka ndị bi na…)… [[Afrịka|Kọntinent Afrịka]]). Site n'echiche ọdịda anyanwụ, echiche na mmegharị ndị a na-adaba n'okpuru akara nchebe nke Feminism, mana nkewa a na-eduhie ọtụtụ alaka nke "feminism" Africa. Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka anọwo na ọgụ gbasara nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị kemgbe ogologo oge tupu aha “feminizim Afrịka” sitere n’echiche ọdịda anyanwụ apụta, ma a na-elegharakarị akụkọ ihe mere eme a anya. N’agbanyeghị nkọwa a, ibe a ga-eji okwu “feminizim” kpọọ echiche na mmegharị Afrịka iji dabara n’otu netwọkụ dị mkpa nke… [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]] na ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ (dị ka [[Feminism in Sweden|ụmụ nwanyị na Sweden]], ụmụ nwanyị na India, ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico, ụmụ nwanyị na Japan, ụmụ nwanyị dị na Germany, na ụmụ nwanyị na South Africa). N'ihi na Afrịka abụghị otu ihe, ọ dịghị otu echiche ma ọ bụ mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-egosipụta ahụmahụ niile ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nwere. A na-ejikọta echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa mgbe ụfọdụ, na mkparịta ụka, ma ọ bụ na-emegide Black Feminism ma ọ bụ African feminism (nke a na-ahụ dịka ihe ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ mepụtara ma bụrụkwa maka ha, kama ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka bi na kọntinent ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị si na ya pụta nso nso a). Ibe a na-akọwa ụkpụrụ izugbe nke feminizim Afrịka, echiche dị iche iche, na ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke mmegharị na echiche feminizim n’obodo Afrịka dị iche iche.. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == === Ọganihu nke African Feminism === Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka [[Gabeba Baderoon]] na Alicia C. Decker na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka bụ ndị inyom mbụ. A na-ewere ndị dị ka [[Nana Asma’u|Nana Asma'u]], nwa eze nwanyị Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, na òtù Yan Taru ya iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ma kụziere ha ihe na Caliphate Sokoto dị ka ndị na-ebute ụzọ na ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a n'Africa. Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka etinyelarị aka nke ukwuu na World Conference on Women, 1985 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swaim-Fox|first=Callan|date=2018-11-01|title=Decade for Women Information Resources #5Images of Nairobi, Reflections and Follow-Up, International Women's Tribune Center|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=296–308|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176450|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> ma anọwo ogologo oge na-amata ma na-enwe ekele maka onyinye onye ọ bụla nyere. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Busia|first=Abena P. A.|date=2018-11-01|title=Creating the Archive of African Women's WritingReflecting on Feminism, Epistemology, and the Women Writing Africa Project|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=233–245|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176406|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ kwenyere na feminizim Afrịka bụ ihe ọhụrụ pụtara n’oge a; nzaghachi nye adịghị ike ndị dị na echiche feminizim ọdịda anyanwụ bụ isi. N'agbanyeghi mmalite ya, ụmụ nwanyị Africa abụghị naanị nzaghachi maka iwepụ nwanyị Africa na ọhụụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka enweela ọgụgụ isi na ọchịchọ ịmepụta ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anabata nzụlite na ahụmịhe nke ha. African femism gụnyere ọtụtụ echiche na mmegharị nke na-ekwupụta eziokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na mba Africa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/features_-_african_feminism_in_the_21st_century-_a_reflection_on_ugandagcos_victories_battles_and_reversals.pdf|title=African feminism in context: Reflections on the legitimation battles, victories and reversals|author=Ahikire|first=Josephine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802051528/http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/features_-_african_feminism_in_the_21st_century-_a_reflection_on_ugandagcos_victories_battles_and_reversals.pdf|archivedate=2016-08-02}}</ref> A na-edozi mkpa ụmụ nwanyị, eziokwu, mmegbu, na ike site na nghọta zuru oke na nke na-anabata ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ya yana ihe ndị pụrụ iche na àgwà otu na nkọwa onwe onye dị ka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":1"/> [[Naomi Nkealah]] African feminism “na-agba mbọ ịmepụta nwanyị Afrịka ọhụrụ nke nwere nnwere onwe, na-arụpụta ihe, ma bụrụkwa onye nwere ntụkwasị obi n’onwe ya n’ime omenala dị iche iche nke Afrịka. Feminism n’Afrịka, n’ikpeazụ, na-achọ ịgbanwe omenala n’ụzọ ọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị n’obodo dị iche iche.”. "<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Nkealah|first=Naomi|title=Conceptualizing Feminism(s) in Africa: The Challenges Facing African Women Writers and Critics|publisher=English Academy Review|year=2006|pages=133–141}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, Africa abụghị otu ihe. N'ihi nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta akatọwo echiche nke "ndị inyom Afrịka". E nwere ọdịiche mpaghara, agbụrụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na okpukpe nke na-emetụta otú ụmụ nwanyị si ghọta ihe ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe dị maka ha. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pereira|first=Charmaine|date=2018-11-01|title=Beyond the SpectacularContextualizing Gender Relations in the Wake of the Boko Haram Insurgency|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=246–268|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176417|issn=1536-6936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ouguir|first=Aziza|date=2018-11-01|title=Reflecting on Feminisms in Africa: A Conversation from Morocco|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=269–278|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176428|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka si, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa na Senegal ga-enwe ihe ụfọdụ yiri ya, a ga-enwe ọdịiche n'ụzọ ha si aghọta ọgụ nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":1" /> Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka dị iche iche na-ahụ ma na-enwe ahụmịhe ụwa n’ụzọ dị nnọọ iche iche. A ghaghị ịnakwere ma kwanyere ọdịiche ndị a ùgwù, kama ịgbalị ijikọta ụmụ nwanyị niile n’okpuru atụmanya na-adịghị adị adị nke ịbụ ụmụnne nwanyị ọnụ n’ụwa niile..<ref name=":1" /> Otú ọ dị, e nwekwara ihe jikọrọ ya na ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'ụwa niile. Ihe a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe ùgwù nwoke.<ref name=":1" /> Nwanyị Afrịka nke oge a siri ike, nwere ọgụgụ isi, ma nwee ike ịnagide. Ọ na-achọ ịmepụta ohere ọhụrụ maka ọgbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ga-abịa n'azụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Orakwue|first=Amaka|date=19 March 2018|title=What is African Feminism?|language=en-US|work=Urban Woman Magazine|url=https://urbanwomanmag.com/what-is-african-feminism/|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na Ghana na-enye aka Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị (feminists) na-enye aka n’ọrụ ndị a site n’iji mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (social media) gbanwee mkparịta ụka ọha gbasara feminizim. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta akpọọla ka a na-elebakwu anya n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka maka ọrụ mmekọahụ, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yingwana|first=Ntokozo|date=2018-11-01|title="We Fit in the Society by Force"Sex Work and Feminism in Africa|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=279–295|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176439|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> mgbagwoju anya nke onye nzọpụta ọcha, ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị Afríku, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=George|first=Abosede|date=2018-11-01|title=Saving Nigerian GirlsA Critical Reflection on Girl-Saving Campaigns in the Colonial and Neoliberal Eras|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=309–324|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176461|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'usuu ndị agha, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mougoué|first=Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta|date=2018-11-01|title=Gender and (Militarized) Secessionist Movements in Africa: An African Feminist's Reflections|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=338–358|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176483|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> ọrụ ubi na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makana|first=Selina|date=2018-11-01|title=Contested EncountersToward a Twenty-First-Century African Feminist Ethnography|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=361–375|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176516|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Musangi|first=Neo Sinoxolo|date=2018-11-01|title=Homing with My Mother / How Women in My Family Married Women|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=401–414|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176549|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> oge, [4] na echiche ndị na-eme ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McFadden|first=Patricia|date=2018-11-01|title=ContemporaritySufficiency in a Radical African Feminist Life|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=415–431|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176560|issn=1536-6936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moraa|first=Anne|date=2018-11-01|title=Smoke Is Everywhere, but No One Is RunningA Kenyan Activist Speaks Out|journal=Meridians|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=325–330|doi=10.1215/15366936-7176472|issn=1536-6936}}</ref> === Nsogbu na Western Feminism === Dị ka echiche, emeghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii Afrịka chee echiche. Ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, echiche ndị ọcha, ewepụla ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. ụmụ nwanyị ọcha a enweghị ike ịkọwa nsogbu ndị inyom ojii na-eche ihu na njikọ nke ma ndị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-ekewa ụmụ nwanyị Africa dị ka "ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara," nke na-eleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ahụmịhe pụrụ iche anya.<ref name=":0"/> Na "White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood," Hazel Carby na-ekwu na ndị ọcha na-anwa ịnagide ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ọ na-ede, "Akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme eme ewulitela mmekọahụ anyị na ịbụ nwanyị anyị dị ka ndị na-esi n'àgwà ndị e nyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, dị ka ihe nrite nke ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ, nweta. " Otú ọ dị, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha enweghị ike ihichapụ Africa ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na echiche ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nkwado ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carby|first=Hazel|title=Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=9780226144801|editor=Houston A. Baker, Jr.|chapter=White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of sisterhood|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceev2zRrKBgC&q=black+feminism+and+white+feminism&pg=PA61}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, feminizim ndị ọcha enweghị ike ihichapụ Afrịka ma ọ bụ ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka n’ozizi feminizim ma ọ bụ n’ịkwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị. Afrịka bụ Kọntinent Nne nke mmadụ niile, ya mere akụkọ ndụ na ahụmịhe ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka ga-anọgide bụrụ ihe dị mkpa mgbe niile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Acholonu Obianuju|first=Catherine|title=Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism|publisher=Afa Publications|year=1995}}</ref> Ụdị mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị isi nna na-anwa igbochi ha n'ụlọ.<ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=The Dangers of Western Feminism to African Women {{!}} Elma Akob {{!}} TEDxUniversityofPretoria | date=13 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EbiVAfoGmo |access-date=2023-05-06 |language=en}}</ref> Mana ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọcha a, ọkachasị ndị inyom na-elekọta ụlọ, enweela nnukwu ihe ùgwù na nnwere onwe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii na kọntinent ahụ.<ref name=":11" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị Afrịka ibe ha ewepụla ụmụ nwanyị ha ma jiri ha mee ihe n'ụzọ dị nro site n'aka ndị na-achị ala na ndị na-eme ọchịchị ọhụrụ. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche nsogbu ndị dị ka igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị, Alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ zuru ebe niile ihu, ụmụ nwanyị ojii Afrịka aghaghị ịlụ ọgụ maka ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha n'ebe ndị dị ka United States na Europe.<ref name=":11" /> Ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a esila pụọ na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ma gaa na [[Intersectionality]]. Nke a bụ mmezi karịa ịdị ọcha kpamkpam nke echiche mbụ banyere feminizim, ma mgbanwe a ka ezughị iji mechie ọdịiche dị n’etiti ahụmịhe ụmụnwaanyị ọcha na ụmụnwaanyị ojii Afrịka. N’ihi mmegide na ịkpapụ a, ọtụtụ ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka na-enwekarị mgbagha ịkpọ onwe ha feminists, ọbụlagodi na ha kwadoro ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi n’ihe gbasara okike nwoke na nwanyị.i. Elma Akob, onye ọkà mmụta Cameroon, kwuru Okwu TEDx nke 2022 na-atụ aro na ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị ekwekọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụkpụrụ, na ọdịbendị Afrịka. Ọ na-ekwu na ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ugbu a dabere na echiche nke onye ọ bụla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nwere ike ịjụ ajụjụ a: Olee otú m ga-esi wepụ onwe m na mmegbu? N'ụzọ dị iche, ọtụtụ obodo ndị Afrịka dabeere n'echiche nke "anyị" <ref name=":11" /> N'ọnọdụ obodo a, ajụjụ ka mma nwere ike ịbụ: Olee otú anyị ga-esi nye onwe anyị ike ọnụ? Maka Akob, nsogbu kachasị mkpa na ụmụ nwanyị bụ na ọ naghị aghọta na ụmụ nwanyị bi n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa na-eche ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche ihu. Nkwụsi ike nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị na-anabataghị ọdịnala, ma na-eleda ụmụ nwanyị na'ahọrọ ọrụ ọdịnala anya.<ref name=":11" /> Ya mere, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba maka Africa, mana nke a apụtaghị na ụmụ nwanyị Africa ga-anabata nna ochie. Kama nke ahụ, Akob na-atụ aro Womanism dị ka ihe ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii Africa.<ref name=":11" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị. [[Faịlụ:Awa_Thiam.jpg|thumb|Awa Thiam, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọkà mmụta na-eme ihe ike na Senegal.]] N'ihi nsogbu ndị a na ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ ndị ikom na ndị inyom Afrịka atụkwasịghị ya obi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Kolawole|first=Mary Modupe|date=January 2002|title=Transcending incongruities: Rethinking feminism and the dynamics of identity in Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10130950.2002.9676183|journal=Agenda|volume=17|issue=54|pages=92–98|doi=10.1080/10130950.2002.9676183}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ Afrịka ya na-ahụ ya dịka naanị usoro ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọzọ sitere na ọdịda anyanwụ nke na-erigbu ndị mmadụ. N’eziokwu, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ọgụ maka ịdị nha n’etiti nwoke na nwanyị n’Afrịka akpọbeghị onwe ha “ndị feminizim.”". Maka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka, àgwà maka akara "feminism" amụbaala na-anabatawanye oge.<ref name=":1"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye edemede Ghana Ama Ata Aidoo kwenyere na mbụ na otu ọ bụla a kpọrọ femism ga-emerụ naanị ụlọ na ndụ ezinụlọ ndị Afrịka, mana o gosipụtara nguzo dị mma na akara a na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1991 Changes . <ref name=":1" /> Ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Buchi Emecheta]], [[Molara Ogundipe]], [[Micere Githae Mugo]], [[Amina Mama]], na [[Obioma Nnaemeka]], anabatala ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ka ha na-emekwa ka o doo anya na ha na-echekwa onwe ha na-eji "feminism" eme ihe n'Africa.<ref name=":1" /> N’iche dị iche na feminizim ndị ọcha nke ọdịda anyanwụ, mmegharị ọ bụla n’Afrịka maka ịha nhatanha n’ihe gbasara okike nwoke na nwanyị ga-elebara ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala pụrụ iche dị n’Afrịka anya ka o wee baa uru. Karịsịa, ụdị ọ bụla nke “feminizim” Afrịka ga-elebara ihe ndị a anya…ihe Awa Thiam na-akpọ ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ: ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-emeso mmegbu nna ochie n'ihi mmekọahụ ha, mmegbu nke ndị isi obodo n'ihi ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha na akụ na ụba, na ọchịchị ha n'ihi agbụrụ ha na ọnọdụ ala ha ụwa ndịda ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guy-Sheftall|first=Beverly|date=2003|title=African Feminist Discourse: A Review Essay|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4548092|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=58|pages=31–36|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> N’ezie, mkparịta ụka ndị a gosiri mkpa ọ dị ịnwe echiche gbasara okike na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke Afrịka nke dị iche iche dịka kọntinent Afrịka n’onwe ya. Ma echiche na a ga-enwe okwu ma ọ bụ usoro echiche Afrịka gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị a kpọrọ “feminizim” pụrụ ịbụ naanị nsogbu nke mkpụrụokwu ndị echiche ọdịda anyanwụ metụtara. Ọ bụ nghọtahie iche na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka enweghị ogologo akụkọ banyere ịchịkọta onwe ha ma ọ bụ ịlụ ọgụ gbasara okwu mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":1"/> Akụkọ a nwere ike ọ gaghị akpọ "feminism," mana ọ na-agụnye ọgụ dị iche iche gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nke dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị yiri nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-atụ anya ịhazi.<ref name=":1" /> N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, okwu ahụ bụ "African femism" na-ekwekọghị na ọgụ iji nweta nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ihe ịma aka ndị a kapịrị ọnụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Ọnọdụ nke Africa na-echetara anyị na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị otu nha-ihe niile, nakwa na echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ anaghị emetụta mgbe niile, ma ọ bụ n'aha ma ọ bụ na echiche. === Nchịkwa na Ọchịchị Ndị Bishọp === Ụkpụrụ nke Colonial roots nke enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'Africa na-egosi na Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ mmalite nke enweghị nhatị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. N'ógbè tupu ọchịchị ndị eze, ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nwere ọkwá dị elu, na-enye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba n'etiti ndị nna site n'ịchịkwa ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-eto eto ma na-etinye aka na azụmahịa mba ụwa. Dị ka Ada Uzoamaka Azodo si kwuo, ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ime obodo ndị Afrịka na-achị achị na-akwado.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Azodo|first=Ada Uzoamaka|authorlink=Ada Uzoamaka Azodo|date=Fall–Winter 1997|title=Issues in African Feminism: A Syllabus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-quarterly_fall-winter-1997_25_3-4/page/201|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=25|issue=3/4|pages=201–207}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ọzọ ka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka si n'ọnọdụ "ike na ọbụbụeze onwe onye" gaa na "onye enyemaka mmadụ".<ref name=":10" /> Na ọdịbendị Edo na Yoruba, nne eze bụ utu aha nsọpụrụ maka nne eze ma ọ bụ nwanyị nweere onwe ya nwere ọnọdụ a ma ama. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, site n'enyemaka nke ndị nwe aha, ga-eduzi nzukọ. Dị ka akụkọ ifo Yoruba [[Ndi Haụsa|Ndị Hausa]] si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nwedịrị utu aha eze. Otú ọ dị, n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 20, nna ochie na ọchịchị ndị eze mebiri ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na ọha mmadụ. Ndị isi nwanyị tụfuru ike ha ka ndị isi nwoke malitere iso ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala na-ekwurịta okwu. Echiche ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa banyere nna ochie nke na-akwalite echiche nke ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke na-agbakọta na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba nke obodo ndị a na-achị achị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anunobi|first=Fredoline|date=Fall 2002|title=Women and Development in Africa: From Marginalization to Gender Inequality|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=assr|journal=African Social Science Review|volume=2|pages=2}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị Africa na Mmekọahụ === Akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-agbasa n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ. [[Stella Nyanzi]] na-ede: “Ndị feminizim Afrịka kewara nke ukwuu, ebe ọtụtụ n’ime ha na-ajụ ịma aka heterosexism na homophobia n’ọrụ ha na-alụso patriaki ọgụ. … Naanị ole na ole n’ime ndị feminizim Afrịka na-eso echiche radical na-eleba anya n’ihe gbasara heteronormativity, ebe obere otu ndị feminizim queer Afrịka na-etinye n’ọrụ nghọta na-abụghị nke siri ike ma ọ bụ nke a kpụrụ akpụ, nke na-ahụ okike dịka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-asọpụrụ ịdị iche, kama ịrapara n’echiche abụọ a kapịrị ọnụ nke nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị dị ka naanị ụdị abụọ nke okike.” " === Ọrụ ụmụ nwoke na African Feminism === African Feminism na-agba mbọ inweta nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, ọ bụghị iji merie ụmụ nwoke. Maka ụfọdụ ndị nọ na kọntinent ahụ, okwu ''ụmụ nwanyị'' abụrụla ihe na-ezighi ezi na-egosi otu ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwoke, ndị na-egbochi ọdịbendị, na ndị na-emebi okpukpe.<ref name=":2"/> N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na'ihe gbasara okike na ime ihe. Ọtụtụ alaka nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa kwetara na ụmụ nwoke na-eche ihe isi ike nke ha ihu, na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụmụ nwoke bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke inweta mgbanwe.<ref name=":1"/> N'ezie, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme iwu ugbu a n'ofe kọntinent ahụ bụ ụmụ nwoke, ndị inyom Afrịka chọrọ nkwado ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị a iji nweta ala na mgbanwe iwu.<ref name=":1" /> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-etinye nnukwu uru na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ezinụlọ, ụkpụrụ ndị a na-akpali imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụmụ nwoke n'idozi nsogbu okike.<ref name=":1" /> Ọrụ ụmụ nwoke Afrịka na ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere na ebe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na echiche onwe onye. === Islam na African Feminism === Ụmụ nwanyị [[Àlakụ̀ba|Alakụba]] nwekwara ihe jikọrọ ya na mmepe nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=Desiree|date=2001|title=Introduction: African Feminisms|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066401|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=50|pages=4–10|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> N'ihi na Islam bụ okpukpe na-achịkwa n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Afrịka, ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ga-eburu n'uche ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya nke echiche na usoro nna ochie nke nwere ike iso omume ya. Maka ihe ndị ọzọ, biko lee ibe Wikipedia nke Islamism. == Ụkpụrụ nke African Feminism == E mepụtala ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ feminizim Afrịka dị iche iche iji zaa ahụmịhe ụmụnwaanyị dị iche iche, gbagwojuru anya, ma dịkwa iche iche n’ofe kọntinent Afrịka. === Ụkpụrụ Ndị Inyom nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka === Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ọdịnala bara ọgaranya nke echiche [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị]].^[1] N'isiokwu ya, "West African Feminisms and Their Challenges," Naomi Nkealah na-atụle ụdị dị iche iche nke African feminms.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02564718.2016.1198156|title=(West) African Feminisms and Their Challenges|journal=Journal of Literary Studies|volume=32|issue=2|pages=61–74|year=2016|author=Nkealah|first=Naomi}}</ref> Nke mbụ, ọ na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwanyị, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụghị akụkụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa, n'ihi na ọ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke diaspora ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị Africa.<ref name=":0"/> Nke abụọ, ọ na-ele anya na Stiwanism, nke na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ike na ahụmịhe dị iche iche na eziokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị Afríku.<ref name=":0" /> Nke atọ, ọ na-ele Motherism anya, ụdị nne nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ahụ [[ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo]] ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke ịzụlite ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":0" /> Nke anọ, ọ na-ele anya na femalism, nke na-etinye ahụ nwanyị n'etiti mkparịta ụka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ikpeazụ, ọ na-ele anya na nego-feminism na snail-sense femism, nke na-agba ume itinye ụmụ nwoke n'okwu ụmụ nwanyị iji nweta nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0" /> Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ha. Nke mbụ, ha niile na-ama akara ọdịda anyanwụ "feminism," aka na-eweta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka n'ihu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Nkealah|first=Naomi|year=2016|title=(West) African Feminisms and Their Challenges|journal=Journal of Literary Studies|volume=32|issue=2|pages=61–74|doi=10.1080/02564718.2016.1198156}}</ref> Nke abụọ, n'ihi na ha na-adabere na ụkpụrụ ụmụ amaala, ha na-ewere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke ndị Afrịka iji mepụta ngwá ọrụ ndị dị mkpa iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee obi ike ma kụziere ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":0" /> Nke atọ, ha na-etinye "ntinye nwoke na nwanyị, imekọ ihe ọnụ, na ebe obibi iji hụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-enye aka (ọbụlagodi na ọ bụghị n'otu) iji melite ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ụmụ nwanyị. "<ref name=":0" /> === Ụkpụrụ Ndị inyom nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka === ==== Oge Ọchịchị Ndị Na-achị ==== Alaeze Ukwu ndị na-achị ala ọzọ webatara usoro nke a na-erigbu ndị ikom na ndị inyom n'Afrịka, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-elekọta ngalaba ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |last=Prazak |first=Miroslava |title=Women, Gender, and Sexuality in East Africa |date=2020-05-29 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-142 |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.142 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-emepụta ihe, ma ndị ikom jiri ikike ha chịkwaa ala, ọrụ nke ndị nwunye ha na ego ha nwetara iji nweta ego maka onwe ha.<ref name=":03" /> N'ihe gbasara ngalaba gọọmentị, ụmụ nwoke nwere uru na ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị Europe na-achị ala ahụ tinyere ikike nke ụmụ nwoke n'elu ụmụ nwanyị ma mepụta gọọmentị ime obodo niile na ụmụ amaala Etiopia, na-eme ka ọdịnala na iwu omenala sie ike na nchịkwa ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":03" /> Iji gbapụ n’okirikiri a nke ụmụ nwoke na-achị, naanị nhọrọ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ nwere bụ ịhapụ ime obodo ebe e mechibidoro nkà ha. Otú ọ dị, n’ihi ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke, e tinyere ọtụtụ mgbochi n’ahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji gbochie ha ịpụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị isi ọdịnala jụrụ ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye kwaga obodo ọzọ, ma ha nwekwara ike izighachi ha azụ n’ime obodo ha.ha. Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka kemgbe ọchịchị ndị eze na-achị achị na-eche nsogbu nke enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị ihu, igbu ọchụ ụmụ nwanyị na ikike mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa. Ndụ ha agbanweela site na iwu ndị e debere n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ma gbanweekwa mmepe nke East Africa. Ha enyewo aka na ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na nke a na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ na usoro mmepụta na ndị isi na ahịa ọrụ ugbo, na-emepụta ihe karịrị pasent 70 nke nri mpaghara ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ nwoke ka nwere uru, na-eji "omenala ma ọ bụ ọdịnala ọdịnala" dị ka ụzọ isi mụbaa ike ha, na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka dị ka ndị ka nta. Maka nwanyị ịnwa inwe otu ohere ndị a, ọ dị mkpa ka a mụọ ha n'ezinụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ụmụ nwanyị si n'ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama nwere ike inweta agụmakwụkwọ ma zụlite ọrụ ha. Inweta ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba ha. Ihe atụ nke nwanyị East Africa nke jiri agụmakwụkwọ ya gbapụ na mgbochi nke East Africa, ga-abụ Wangari Maathi si Kenya. Maathi bụ nwanyị mbụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Central Africa iji nweta nzere doctorate ma guzobe Green Belt Movement otu nzukọ iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike "ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ma melite ndụ ha".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are {{!}} The Green Belt Movement|url=https://www.greenbeltmovement.org/who-we-are|accessdate=2025-04-18|work=www.greenbeltmovement.org|language=en}}</ref> Taa, ụmụ nwanyị East Africa na-alụ ọgụ maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, na òtù na-alụso okwu ndị dị ka igbu ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ ma na-abawanye nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na gọọmentị. Mpaghara UN Women's Eastern and Southern Africa (ESAR) na-agbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na gọọmentị ha, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere ndị ọzọ ịtụ vootu, ghọọ ndị ọrụ a họpụtara ahọpụta ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eastern and Southern Africa|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa_africa|accessdate=2025-04-18|work=UN Women – Africa|language=en}}</ref>Dị ka UN Women si kwuo: “Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2020, mpaghara East na Southern Africa (ESA) dekọtara ọkwa kachasị elu nke nnọchite ụmụnwaanyị n’ụlọ omeiwu n’ime mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa, ruru 32%. Ọnụọgụ a karịrị nkezi ụwa niile nke 24.5%. Karịsịa, mba anọ dị na ESA—Rwanda (61%), South Africa (46%), Namibia (42%), na Mozambique (41%)—so na mba iri abụọ na ise kachasị elu n’ụwa niile n’ihe gbasara pasent kacha ukwuu nke ụmụnwaanyị n’ụlọ omeiwu, ma ha niile agafela akara 40% nke a na-ewere dịka nhatanha okike (gender balance).” === Ụkpụrụ Ndị inyom nke North Africa === ==== Oge Ọchịchị Ndị Na-achị ==== Oge ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na North Africa bụ nke ndị Arab si Arab Peninsula, ndị French na ndị Britain. Ọchịchị ndị a na-achị ala na-ekwusi ike na mmegbu dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, "omume ndị France na-achị na Algeria (1830-1962), Tunisia (1881-1956), na Southern Morocco (1912-1956), n'akụkụ ndị Itali bi na Libya (1911-1951), ndị Spain na-echebe na Morocco (1912-1958) na nchịkwa ndị Britain na Egypt (1882-1956) na Sudan (1890-1953), bụ ndị a na'iji usoro eme ihe ike; site na ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ruo na mkpọsa ikpughe na mmemme ịgba akwụna. "<ref name=":13">{{Citation |last1=Salhi |first1=Zahia Smail |chapter=North African Women and Colonialism |date=2021 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies |pages=1151–1167 |editor-last=Yacob-Haliso |editor-first=Olajumoke |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_172 |access-date=2025-04-18 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_172 |isbn=978-3-030-28098-7 |last2=Bougherira |first2=Meriem |editor2-last=Falola |editor2-first=Toyin|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Na Algeria na-achị, ndị France jiri ụmụ nwanyị Algeria mee ihe iji mee ka atụmatụ ha bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro ma kwalite mmemme mmetọ, nke a na-etinye na atụmatụ: "merie ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ọzọ ga-eso". Dị ka akụkụ nke mmegbu a, ndị France guzobere ụlọ ndị akwụna n'ofe North Africa, ebe nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba akwụna dị ka ụzọ isi dịrị ndụ. N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ mmegbu ndị a, a makwaara ụmụ nwanyị Algeria maka nguzogide siri ike ha. Ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ ma ọbụna bụrụ ndị isi na ọgụ ahụ. Otu ihe atụ a ma ama bụ Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, onye kpọkọtara ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na nnupụisi a ma ama megide mwakpo ndị France wakporo mpaghara Kabyle.<ref name=":13" /> Taa, ọ na-eguzo dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke idu ndú nwanyị, ihe nketa ya na-aga n'ihu na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị Algeria n'ọgụ ha na-aga nke ọma megide nna ochie. [[Faịlụ:Tetouan-haraka-nisaiya.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị so na Istiqlal Party na Tetouan, 11 Jenụwarị 1944]] In Morocco, similarly to Algeria and other North African countries, women were already active in fighting against the French and other Europeans. However, unlike French Algeria, French Morocco allowed some sort of autonomy, allowing the traditional system to exist besides the established French government. Despite this Moroccans were dissatisfied with the French practices and "prevalent inequities, poverty and oppression". Causing there to be a rise of Moroccan nationalism after the First World War, some women joined the armed resistance with their male relatives and others stayed away from the conflict and supported the war effort from home. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị na North Africa laghachiri na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom etinyela aka na ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na North Africa, na-arụ ọrụ iji weghachite ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Otu n'ime ndị a ma ama na North Africa bụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'Ijipt Huda Shaarawi, onye mmetụta ya gafere Ijipt ma kpalie ọgbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1923, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Egyptian Feminist Union .<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |chapter=Women, Social Movements and Political Activism in North Africa |date=2021 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies |pages=1347–1363 |editor-last=Yacob-Haliso |editor-first=Olajumoke |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_4 |access-date=2025-04-19 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_4 |isbn=978-3-030-28098-7 |editor2-last=Falola |editor2-first=Toyin|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Onye ọzọ bụ isi ụmụ nwanyị bụ Nawa El Saadawi na onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ banyere njikọ nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Islam. O dere akwụkwọ Women and Sex nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu nke igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị (F.G.M.). <ref name=":22" /> ===== Udi dqA nke Feminism ===== E nwere '''ụdị ụmụ nwanyị atọ''' dị na North Africa; nke ụwa, nke Islam na nke gọọmentị. Secular Feminism: Na-anabata echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ na mgbakwunye na njirimara mba na ọdịbendị nke North Africa. Nnukwu nzukọ: Association Démocratique des Femmes du Maroc na L'Union de l'Action Féminine na Morocco, yana Association of Tunisian Women for Research and Development (AFTURD) na Tunisia. Òtù ndị a bụ ndị ụwa ma nwee mmetụta nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ. Islamic '''Feminist Revivalist Feminism:''' Ọ pụtara n'etiti afọ 1980, nwere echiche dịgasị iche iche. E nwere mbelata nke ewu ewu mgbe Arab Spring gasịrị mana mmegharị ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-ama echiche ọdịnala na nke na-agbaso omenala aka iji melite ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche, na Morocco ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị Islamist Justice and Development Party, na Tunisia na Ennahda Party. Ndị otu abụọ ahụ na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na usoro Islam, ma na-akwado itinye aka ụmụ nwanyị na ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndụ ndị ndu n'ime omenala Islam. State Feminism:A kọwara ya dịka iwu gọọmenti kwadoro nke na-achọ ịkwalite nnwere onwe na mmepe ụmụ nwanyị. Ụdị feminizim nke atọ a malitere ịpụta n’afọ ndị 1950 ruo mmalite afọ ndị 1960. N’akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji feminizim steeti eme atụmatụ pụrụ iche site n’aka gọọmenti dị iche iche nke North Africa iji meziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Inye ụmụ nwanyị ohere nweta agụmakwụkwọ ka mma, nlekọta ahụike na ohere ọrụ abụghị naanị maka nkwado ha, kama ọ bụkwa iji mee ka steeti ahụ pụta dịka ike na-eweta mmepe ọhụrụ... == Echiche Ndị Inyom nke Africa == === Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi na e mepụtara Womenism maka ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ, ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka, enwere ike ikwu na Womanism abụghị akụkụ nke African femism.<ref name=":0"/> Ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ọ bụrụ nkatọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnwere onwe, nke na-ewepu akụkọ na ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ na-apụta site na ụdị ndị Africa America na ndị Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ebunoluwa|first=Sotunsa Mobolanle|authorlink=Mobolanle Ebunoluwa Sotunsa|year=2009|title=The Quest for an African Variant|journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies|pages=227–234}}</ref> African Womanism na-ekwu maka ụmụ nwanyị site na (1) echiche Afrịka; (2) ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afrịka; (3) na echiche echiche Afrịka.<ref name=":0"/> Ụmụ nwanyị dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ọdịbendị, ọchịchị ala ọzọ, na ọtụtụ ụdị nchịkwa na mmeri ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogunyemi|first=Chikwenye Okonjo|year=1985|title=Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1985_11_1/page/63|journal=Signs|volume=11|issue=1|pages=63–80|doi=10.1086/494200}}</ref> Womanism “na-achọ ịmata nsogbu ndị metụtara ọchịchị nwoke n’ime ọha mmadụ, ebe ọ na-achọkwa ụzọ isi dozie mmegbu na ịkpa ókè a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị site n’ileba anya n’ime na n’èzí.” [[Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi]] si kwuo, Womanism gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na "echiche nke ndụ ndị isi ojii, " ma na-echegbu onwe ya "dị ukwuu na ọgụ ike mmekọahụ ndị isi ojii dịka usoro ike ụwa nke na-achịkwa ndị isi ojii. "<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Kolawole|first=Mary Modupe|date=2002|title=Transcending Incongruities: Rethinking Feminisms and the Dynamics of Identity in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4548076|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|volume=17|issue=54|pages=92–98|doi=10.1080/10130950.2002.9676183|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> Ụdị nke Womanism nke Clenora Hudson-Weems wepụtara bụ African Womanism, okwu nke o chepụtara n'etiti afọ 1980. Ojiji o ji okwu "Africana" mee ihe na-egosi na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgụnye ụmụ nwanyị na kọntinent Afrịka na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Diaspora Afrịka. Ọ na-ekwu na a ga-enwe nkewa zuru oke site na feminizim ndị ọcha, nke bụ mmegharị e kere site n’aka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọcha ma bụrụkwa maka ha naanị, na-enweghị itinye ahụmịhe ndị Afrịka n’ime ya. Ọ na-ekwukwa na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nwere ọtụtụ ihe ha jikọrọ ọnụ karịa ihe ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọcha nwere ọnụ, ya mere, a chọrọ ụdị ọgụ na mmegharị ọhụrụ..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hudson-Weems|first=Clenora|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HUDAWR|title=Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves|date=1994|publisher=Bedford Publishers}}</ref> Founded by [[Molara Ogundipe|Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie]], Stiwanism focuses more on the structures that oppress women and the way women react to these institutionalized structures. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> "Stiwa" is an acronym which stands for Social Transformation Including Women in Africa.<ref name=":9"/> Ogundipe-Leslie argues that the struggle for African women is a result of colonial and neo-colonial structures that often place African males at the apex of social stratification.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Maxwell Constantine Chando|author=Musingafi|title=Philosophising Experiences and Vision of the Female Body, Mind, and Soul: Historical Context and Contemporary Theory|publisher=Information Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2021|isbn=978-1-79984-091-6}}</ref> Furthermore, the struggles African women face are also relevant to the way they have internalized the patriarchy and have come to endorse the system themselves.  === Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị === Onye Africa na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye edemede, na onye ọkà mmụta [[Obioma Nnaemeka]] kọwara okwu ahụ bụ "Nego-feminism" n'isiokwu ya Nego-Feminism: Theorizing, Practicing, and Pruning Africa's Way. "Ọ na-ede, "Nego-feminism bụ feminism nke mkparịta ụka; nke abụọ, nego-feminist na-anọchite anya 'enweghị ego' feminism ma bụrụ nke a haziri site na omenala dị mkpa ma gbanwee site na mgbanwe mpaghara na ụwa. " <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Nnaemeka|first=Obioma|year=2004|title=Nego-Feminism: Theorizing, Practicing, and Pruning Africa's Way|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-2004_29_2/page/357|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=29|issue=2|pages=357–385|doi=10.1086/378553}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Afrịka nwere ọdịbendị nke mkparịta ụka na nkwekọrịta mgbe ọ na-abịa na nkwekọ. <ref name=":3" /> Nego-feminizim na-atụ aro na iji nweta nnwere onwe, ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ga-amụta ịkparịta ụka ma mgbe ụfọdụ ikwe nkwekọrịta. Nnaemeka dere na feminizim Afrịka na-arụ ọrụ site n’ịmara “mgbe, ebe, na otu esi agbawa ma ọ bụ zere mgbawa ọnyà ọchịchị nwoke.” " <ref name=":3" /> Nke a pụtara na nego-feminizim maara otu esi eji omenala mkparịta ụka na nkwekọrịta bibie usoro ọchịchị nwoke maka uru na ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị. N'akwụkwọ ya, Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism, [[Catherine Obianuju Acholonu]] dere na ihe ọzọ Afrịka na-eme na Western femism bụ Motherism, na Motherism nwere ịbụ nne, okike, na ịzụlite.<ref name=":4"/> Motherism bụ echiche dịgasị iche iche nke na-agụnye "dynamics nke ịhazi, ịhazigharị, ịmepụta ihe owuwu, iwu na iwughachi na imekọ ihe ọnụ na nne okike na ọkwa niile nke mbọ mmadụ. " <ref name=":4" /> Nne bụ onye na-etinye aka na ndụ na nlekọta nke Nne Ụwa na onye na-anabata ọgụ mmadụ. Acholonu na-eme ka o doo anya, agbanyeghị, na onye na-ahụ maka nne nwere ike ịbụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke. Ịhụnanya nne enweghị ihe mgbochi mmekọahụ n'ihi na isi nke ịbụ nne bụ mmekọrịta, imekọ ihe ọnụ, nnagide, ịhụnanya, nghọta, na ndidi.<ref name=":4" /> Iji mee ka nne na-arụ ọrụ, a ghaghị inwe nkwekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme ka ịdị adị zuru oke nke mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /> === Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị === The femalist model was developed by [[Chioma Opara]].<ref name=":0"/> Opara describes femalism as "A hue of African feminism, is a softer tone than liberal feminism and highly polarized from radical feminism." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> At its core, femalism is African and it emphasizes the importance of the African woman's body.  === Ụmụ nwanyị na-eche echiche === Snail-sense feminism is a theory proposed by [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]].<ref name=":0"/> This feminism encourages Nigerian woman to work slowly like a snail's movement in her dealings with men in the "tough and very difficult patriarchal [Nigerian] society they live in." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Theodora Akachi Ezeigbo na-atụ aro na ụmụnwaanyị “ga-amụta ụzọ isi dịrị ndụ iji nwee ike imeri ihe mgbochi ndị a na-etinye n’ihu ha ma bie ndụ ọma.”."  === Misovirism ụmụ nwanyị === Misovirism bụ echiche nke onye na-eche echiche na Cameroon bụ Werewere Liking chepụtara.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Zabus|first=Chantal J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GPlAgAAQBAJ|title=Out in Africa: Same-sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures|date=2013|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1-84701-082-7|pages=148|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sankara|first=Edgard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OufCx5mYV9kC&q=Misovirism+Werewere+Liking&pg=PT97|title=Postcolonial Francophone Autobiographies: From Africa to the Antilles|date=2011-08-03|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-3176-0|language=en}}</ref> === Omenala ụmụ nwanyị === Omenala ụmụ nwanyị bụ echiche nke onye edemede Naijiria [[Buchi Emecheta]] chepụtara. Ọ na-akọwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "feminism nwere obere f. "<ref name=":5"/> === Ụmụ nwanyị Siyakaka === FAKA, a black queer femme performance duo si South Africa, emeela ihe ha na-akpọ Siyakaka feminism. Siyakaka femism pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "anyị na-eme ka unu niile" ma na-apụta site na ahụmịhe intersectional nke ịbụ onye ojii, onye na-eme ihe ike, nwanyị, nwoke na nwanyị na-ekwekọghị, na ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":12" /> Siyakaka femism na-egosi "abjection na deviance" dị ka nkà ihe ọmụma nke "na-aghọghị mmadụ" <ref name=":12" /> ma bụrụ "onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, onye na-emegidesi klas, onye na'emegide ndị na-eme enyi nwoke, na onye na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma". <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ellapen|first=Jordache A.|date=2021|title=Siyakaka Feminism: African Anality and the Politics of Deviance in FAKA's Performance Art Praxis|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/434/article/829533|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=47|issue=1|pages=114–146|doi=10.1353/fem.2021.0002|issn=2153-3873}}</ref> Siyakaka feminism bụ "ịchụso ime ụwa ojii site na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ".<ref name=":12" /> == Ihe Nlereanya nke African Feminism == === Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria === Ọ bụ ezie na òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị ịrịba ama ama ama amala na kọntinent Afrịka, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201202103024/https://insight.ng/opinion/feminism-in-nigeria/ Òtù] [[Ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa]] Archived Wayback Machine na-eje ozi dị ka ihe atụ kachasị mma nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. Mgbe nzukọ mba nke afọ 1982 gasịrị, mwepụta nke nzukọ Women in Nigeria (WIN) gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị ya ugbu a - na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke a haziri ahazi, nwere ebumnuche doro anya na echiche. <ref name=":02">{{Citation|last1=Madunagu|first1=Bene E.|chapter=The Nigerian Feminist Movement: Lessons from Women in Nigeria (WIN)|date=2010|pages=155–165|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=9781349290345|doi=10.1057/9780230114326_11|title=African Women|hdl=10.1080/03056240802574136|hdl-access=free}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmalite siri ike, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-asọpụrụ WIN maka ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ọzụzụ maka mpụta nke ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị a haziri ahazi na Naịjirịa. [[Faịlụ:Art+Feminism_Editathon_2019_held_by_Wikimedia_Nigeria_Foundation_with_CEEHOPE_in_Nigeria_in_the_month_of_March_2019_05.jpg|thumb|300x300px]] N'ime afọ iri mbụ ya, WIN kwadoro mmepe nke ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa taa. WIN nakweere iwu ndị otu na-emeghe nke 'bịaru otu - bịa niile', ebe a nabatara onye ọ bụla, nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụrụhaala na onye dị otú ahụ nabatara ndokwa nke Iwu WIN.<ref name=":02" /> Atụmatụ WIN nke imeghe òtù ahụ nye onye ọ bụla kwere ka ọtụtụ ndị sonye, ọbụna ndị na-enweghị nghọta gbasara ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke feminisim na ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi n’ihe gbasara okike nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":02" /> Kemgbe e hiwere ya, Women in Nigeria na-akwado ọrụ nchọpụta ma na-etinyekwa aka n’ịkwado mgbanwe iwu na mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha nke ebumnuche ha bụ ime ka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba ndị ọtụtụ ụmụnwaanyị nọ na Naịjíríà na-enwe ka mma. Ọzọkwa, ihe pụrụ iche nke WIN sitere na ịma nke ma ọkwa ma okike n'ihe gbasara ọgụ maka nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria.<ref name=":02" /> Ya mere, WIN ghọtara ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria dị ka "ihe ize ndụ abụọ," ebe mmegbu na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị mara dị ka ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi abụọ, ma dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru ma dị ka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":02" /> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2008, ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria meghere nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa (NFF) - nke guzobere njikọ aka buru ibu ma dị n'otu karịa WIN. Na mbido afọ 2000, e mepụtara NFF mgbe oge nkuchi nke malitere site na mmalite nke African Feminist Forum (AFF) na Accra, Ghana. AFF bipụtara Charter of the Feminist Principles nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka nduzi bara uru nye ndị feminis Afrịka, nke na-akọwa nke ọma otú ndị feminis Afrịka si akọwa onwe ha. Ọ na-enye nghọta banyere feminisim na ọchịchị nnaochie, ma na-akwalite njirimara, ụkpụrụ omume, na ezi ọmụma gbasara nduzi feminis n’ofe kọntinent Afrịka. Mgbe ha nwechara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’ogo ala (grassroots), NFF gbasaa nke ọma ma dochie Women in Nigeria (WIN) dị ka òtù feminis gọọmentị na Naịjírịà. Ọzọkwa, mmegharị feminis ọhụrụ ndị a na Naịjírịà sonyekwara na mmegharị feminis kọntinent Afrịka (Pan-African), ebe e kpọkọtara ọtụtụ puku ndị na-eme ihe feminis si n’ofe mpaghara ahụ iji lụọ ọgụ isi megide ka ọgụ. [[Faịlụ:Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg|thumb|Wangari Maathai na 2001.]] === HụÒtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Kenya === Ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya abụghị otu, mana ọ dịgasị iche iche. Otu ụkpụrụ ahụ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị Kenya. Ya mere, ngalaba a adịghị adị iji gosipụta na òtù ụmụ nwanyị niile nke Kenya bụ otu. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-enye usoro nche anwụ iji hazie ozi gbasara òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche nke Kenya. Lee Women in Kenya maka akụkọ ihe mere eme. ==== Green Belt Movement ==== Na Kenya, Green Belt Movement abụwo òtù a ma ama na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kemgbe 1977, mgbe onye na-eme ihe ike Wangari Maathai guzobere ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Lappé|first=Anna|date=2004|title=The Genius of Wangari Maathai|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45034260|journal=Alternatives Journal|volume=30|issue=5|pages=30–31|issn=1205-7398}}</ref> Mgbanwe a na-elekwasị anya n'ịkụ osisi na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-enyekwa ụmụ nwanyị Kenya ike. Green Belt Movement pụtara n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime ime obodo Kenya so na ndị mbụ nwere mmetụta ọjọọ nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Steady|first=Filomina Chioma|date=2014|title=Women, Climate Change and Liberation in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43496976|journal=Race, Gender & Class|volume=21|issue=1/2|pages=312–333|issn=1082-8354}}</ref> Òtù ahụ kwenyere na ọdịmma nke ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya na mba ndị yiri ya n'Africa ga-enwerịrị njikọ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, enweghị ike inwe ikpe ziri ezi nwoke na nwanyị maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-enweghị ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe.<ref name=":7" /> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000, òtù a agbasawo ọrụ ya iji tinye ọrụ Pro-democracy.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Òtù Ndị Nwanyị Digital ==== Kemgbe ịrị elu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ndị inyom Kenya agbanweela usoro ha iji nweta uru nke usoro ọhụrụ dị ike.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Nyabola|first=Nanjala|date=2018|title=Kenyan Feminisms in the Digital Age|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26511346|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=46|issue=3 & 4|pages=261–272|issn=0732-1562}}</ref> Otu ihe atụ a ma ama nke omume a bụ mkpọsa a haziri iji meghachi omume na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị Kenya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, òtù #JusticeForLiz pụtara na 2013 mgbe e dinara nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na isii aha ya bụ Liz ka ọ na-esi n'ebe olili ozu nna ya nọ na Butula County, Kenya.<ref name=":8" /> Kama ịnagide ezigbo nsonaazụ iwu, a mara ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha rụrụ ọrụ aka dị nro n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị n'ógbè ahụ. Enweghị ikpe ziri ezi a n'ihi mwakpo jọgburu onwe ya kpaliri ngagharị iwe na Nairobi. Iwe gbasaa n'ịntanetị site na #JusticeForLiz. Obodo ikpe ziri ezi ụmụ nwanyị yiri nke ahụ pụtara n'ịntanetị n'ihi omume ime ihe ike abụọ ọzọ megide ụmụ agbọghọ Kenya: #JusticeForKhadija na #JusticesForFatuma . <ref name=":8" /> N'ime ọha mmadụ nke na-ewepụ ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị mgbasa ozi ọdịnala, mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta enyewo ikpo okwu maka akụkọ na olu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya weghachiri mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na ntuli aka nke afọ 2017. <ref name=":8"/> N'oge a, ha gbakọtara gburugburu mkpọsa #WeAre52, nke kwadoro iwu na-enye iwu na ọ dịghị òtù na-achị achị nke nwere ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke otu nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":8" /> Site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ndị inyom Kenya na-agafe usoro mgbasa ozi ọdịnala wee sonye na mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, oghere nke a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị Kenya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. ==== Mmegide Ndị Iche ==== Na Kenya, a na-enwekarị mmegide na-ezute ụmụ nwanyị ma na oghere anụ ahụ ma na dijitalụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya na-abụkarị ndị a na-eyi egwu ime ihe ike na okwu ịkpọasị.<ref name=":8"/> === Òtù Ndị Nwanyị nke South Africa === [[Faịlụ:South_Africa-Regions_map.svg|thumb|Map nke South Africa na mpaghara ya.]] Isi peeji na: Feminism na South Africa. ==== Arụmụka Ọdịiche ==== Na South Africa, ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta nsogbu Agbụrụ mgbe niile. A nyochala omume a ma kpọọ uche na "arụmụka ọdịiche," nke na-ezo aka na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị isi ojii na ndị ọcha.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|author=Rey|first=Cheryl de la|date=1997|title=Introduction: South African Feminism, Race and Racism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066146|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=32|pages=6–10|doi=10.2307/4066146|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, olu ụmụ nwanyị ọcha achịla okwu ụmụ nwanyị South Africa, na-ewepụ olu ndị isi ojii. A chọpụtara nke a karịsịa dị ka nchegbu site n'aka ndị inyom ojii na-abịa na Women and Gender in Southern Africa Conference nke e mere na Jenụwarị 1991.<ref name=":42" /> Arụmụka dị iche iche mebiri echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nke na-achịkwa afọ ndị 1990: enweghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nke na-eleghara ọrụ agbụrụ anya. Usoro a na-ekwu na ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ahụmịhe dị iche iche, okike, ọ bụghị agbụrụ, ga-abụrịrị ụdị nke na-ahazi ọha mmadụ na ime ihe. Arụmụka dị iche iche mere ka ajụjụ ndị a lekwasị anya na ọ bụghị naanị agbụrụ, kamakwa ọkwá mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, agbụrụ, na mmasị mmekọahụ. Usoro arụmụka dị iche iche na-ekweta na ụmụ nwanyị South Africa "na-ahazi n'otu oge, agbụrụ, na okike". <ref name=":42" /> Taa, a na-akpọkarị echiche a n'ọnọdụ mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya mmegbu atọ. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro echiche post-structuralist na-achịkwa okwu ụmụ nwanyị nke South Africa, na-ahapụ ohere maka ọtụtụ njirimara njirimara na njirimara. Ọbụna, ụmụ nwanyị South Africa na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ ma na-alụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ.<ref name=":42" /> [[Faịlụ:Alice_Mogwe_2010-1.jpg|thumb|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] === Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Botswana === [[Botswana]] na-enye ikpe ọzọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị n'ime ọnọdụ Afrịka. Banyere omume nke ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị iji mee ka ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị niile bụrụ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ, onye ọkà mmụta na-eme ihe ike na Botswana bụ [[Alice Mogwe]] dere, sị: "Nwanne nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ ụwa niile n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, mana ọ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na a kwenyere na ọdịiche dị mkpa maka ahụmịhe ndị inyom. " <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|author=Mogwe|first=Alice|date=1994|title=Human Rights in Botswana: Feminism, Oppression, and "Integration"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40644801|journal=Alternatives: Global, Local, Political|volume=19|issue=2|pages=189–193|doi=10.1177/030437549401900207|issn=0304-3754}}</ref> Mogwe na-ekwu na ụdị mmepe akụ na ụba nke na-adabere na onyinye, nke na-achịkwa Botswana na ọtụtụ mba Global South, na-akpagbu ụmụnwaanyị. N’ime ụdị ọha mmadụ dị otú ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ ka a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa, ebe nrigbu mmadụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Omume ndị a, n’agbanyeghị na ha na-emetụta ụmụnwaanyị Botswana nke ukwuu, na-emerụkwa ndị Black na ndị Indigenous n’ụdị nwoke na nwanyị niile. Dị ka ihe mgbochi, atụmatụ feminisim Botswana kwesịrị ibute ikike mmadụ n’ozuzu ya ụzọ, ọ bụghị naanị ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị. Maka Bience Gawanas Mogwe, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ka a tụlee echiche ụmụ amaala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọchịchị ndị mba ọzọ n’ime feminisim Botswana.<ref name=":52" /> Site na imezu ebumnuche ndị a, echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Botswana nwere ike ịga nke ọma ebe ụmụ nwanyị nke ọdịda anyanwụ na-ada mgbe niile. === Òtù Ndị Nwanyị nke Rwanda === [[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|thumb|Flag nke Rwanda.]] ==== Nchịkọta ==== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Rwanda]] gụnyere nkewa agbụrụ, mgbukpọ agbụrụ, na ọchịchị nna ochie. Ụmụ nwanyị nke Rwanda emeriwo nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe mgbochi ndị a ịghọ òtù mba dị ike. Ụmụ nwanyị nke Rwanda na-eche ihe ịma aka dị irè ihu: otu esi ejikọta mbọ nke obere akụkụ nke ndị isi na-ewere onwe ha dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi na ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị isi. <ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|author=Parmar|first=Shubhra|date=2013|title=Feminist Awakening in Rwanda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701165|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=74|issue=4|pages=687–698|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, e nwere okwu nke ime udo n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Hutu na Tutsi mgbe akụkọ ihe mere eme jupụtara na ime ihe ike gasịrị. N'ihi Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda, ụmụ nwanyị haziri iji nye ọrụ ga-enyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nke Rwanda aka, gụnyere ndị otu aka inyere ndị lanarịrị ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, ụmụ mgbei, na ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ aka. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a chọrọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba ka ha na-eweghachi mba ahụ. Otu n'ime nzukọ ndị inyom Rwanda bụ Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe (Pro-Women All Together), nke nwere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri atọ na ise.<ref name=":62" /> N'ozuzu, ụmụ nwanyị Rwanda na-abụkarị ihe na-eme. Ụmụ nwanyị nke Rwanda na-ele ike anya n'okwu ndị dị n'etiti; dị ka a na-ekwurịta okwu mgbe niile ma na-ekwekọrịta ọzọ.<ref name=":62" /> Echiche na òtù dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị Rwanda na-ebute nkwekọrịta, ịkekọrịta ike, na njikọta ụzọ.<ref name=":62" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, na ndụ ọha na eze na Rwanda. ==== Ọganihu nke Atọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị na Rwanda ==== Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Rwanda malitere ịnabata [[Third-wave feminism|Ugboro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị]]. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị a na-ebute njirimara na ọdịiche ụzọ, na-ekwusi ike na ọdịiche na mgbanwe.<ref name=":62"/> Na Rwanda, a na-ejikọta usoro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na mbọ ndị di ha nwụrụ na ndị lanarịrị ime ihe ike mmekọahụ nke mere n'oge Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Avega Agahozo bụ otu nnukwu nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị raara onwe ya nye inyere ndị lanarịrị aka.<ref name=":62" /> ==== Ọdịiche Feminism na Rwanda ==== Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ maka udo na ọgwụgwọ na Rwanda anabatala ihe ụfọdụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị. [[Difference feminism|ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị]] na-ekweta na enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, mana ọ na-ekwusi ike na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":62"/> Dị ka usoro echiche feminisim nke “Difference feminism na-anabata na e nwere ọdịiche dị n’ụzọ ịbụ (ontological) n’etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwaanyị, ma ọ na-emesi ike na nwoke na nwanyị hà nhata. == Ndị inyom a ma ama n'Afrịka == Ndị inyom Afrịka a ma ama gụnyere [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti|Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], Lady Kofoworola Aina Ademola, [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], [[Mona Eltahawy]], Nawal El Saadawi, Maria Sarungi, Fatma Karume, [[Meaza Ashenafi]], Zara Kay, [[Stella Nyanzi]], Pumla Dineo Gqola, Esther Kimani, Modupe Mary Kolawole, Oonkeyer Oyew Nkumi, Uiru Nzwachiaegwu, Ifi Amadiume, Chinyerepokolo, Molara Odipe-Lesle, Aweolan. == Hụkwa == * Ụmụ nwanyị n'ime nnwere onwe nke Africa * Ịbụ onye inyom na Senegal == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9whnkzrdpmzv6p3r4d0d3ixehvna1ey 0 75984 697556 674647 2026-08-10T02:37:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lydia Davis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 15, afọ 1947) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye ntụgharị site na French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, onye na'edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/flash-fiction_n_5481868.html|title=Read 15 Amazing Works Of Fiction In Less Than 30 Minutes|first=Maddie|author=Crum|date=Jun 13, 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's "Can't and Won't"|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> Davis emeela ọtụtụ nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede French, gụnyere Swann's Way nke Marcel Proust na Madame Bovary nke Gustave Flaubert. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Davis na Northampton, Massachusetts, n'ọnwa Julia 15, afọ 1947. <ref name="ILFB"/> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Robert Gorham Davis, onye nkatọ na prọfesọ nke Bekee, na Hope Hale Davis, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ede akụkọ.<ref name="CL-Int">{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contemporary-literature_winter-1999_40_4/page/525|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}</ref> Davis malitere ịmụ egwu, nke mbụ piano, mgbe ahụ violin, nke bụ ịhụnanya mbụ ya.<ref name="Miller, Michael">{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye edemede, Davis kwuru, sị, "Ọ ga-abụ na m na-agakarị ịbụ onye edemede, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ abụghị ịhụnanya mbụ m. Echere m na ọ ga-abụrịrị na m na-achọkarị ide ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ na agaghị m eme ya." Site na nke ise ruo nke asatọ, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis//|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> Site na klas nke ise ruo asatọ, ọ gara The Brearley School na New York City. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na The Putney School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1965. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Barnard College, n'oge ahụ ọ na-edekarị abụ uri.<ref name="Miller, Michael" /> N'afọ 1974, Davis lụrụ Paul Auster, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Daniel (1977-2022).<ref name="CL-Int"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=2022-07-27|title=The Life and Death of Daniel Auster, a Son of Literary Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/style/daniel-auster-life-death.html|accessdate=2023-01-11}}</ref> Auster na Davis mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm; Davis lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Alan Cote ugbu a, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke ọzọ, Theo Cote.<ref name="Ind-Man">{{Cite news|author=Sherwin, Adam|date=2013-05-23|title=World's most concise short story writer Lydia Davis wins Booker International Prize 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/worlds-most-concise-short-story-writer-lydia-davis-wins-booker-international-prize-2013-8627388.html|accessdate=2013-05-23|publisher=Independent}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum dị na Albany, SUNY, ma bụrụkwa onye edemede pụrụ iche nke Lillian Vernon na Mahadum New York n'afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Davis|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/people/lydia-davis|accessdate=2024-11-29|work=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="NYU">{{Cite web|url=http://cwp.as.nyu.edu/object/cwp.announcements.Davis|title=Lydia Davis is Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence|publisher=New York University|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Davis ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ isii, gụnyere The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) na Break It Down (1986), onye ikpeazụ maka PEN / Hemingway Award. Nchịkọta ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Varieties of Disturbance, onye ikpeazụ maka National Book Award nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara na 2007, na Can't and Won't (2013). The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis (2009) nwere akụkọ ifo ya niile ruo 2008. Davis atụgharịwokwa Proust, Flaubert, Blanchot, Foucault, Michel Butor, Michel Leiris, Pierre Jean Jouve na ndị edemede French ndị ọzọ, <ref name="ILFB"/> yana onye edemede Belgian Conrad Detrez na onye edemede Dutch A. L. Snijders. O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, The End of the Story, nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara n'afọ 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/max-issue.html?issue=526|title=Thursday, July 13, 2023: Maximum Shelf: Our Strangers|work=www.shelf-awareness.com}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmetụta == A kọwara Davis dị ka "onye ukwu nke ụdị edemede nke ya onwe ya mepụtara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Teicher|first=Craig Morgan|title=Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|url=http://www.cleveland.com/bookreviews/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-1/1255163642224190.xml&coll=2|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=March 20, 2020}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime "akụkọ" ya bụ naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ahịrịokwu. Davis jiri ọrụ ndị a tụnyere ụlọ elu n'echiche na nnukwu oghere gbara ha gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://032c.com/2013/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis/|title=LYDIA DAVIS: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=032c.com|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> N'ide na Los Angeles Review of Books, Michael LaPointe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu mgbe "Lydia Davis chepụtara akụkọ ifo, ... ọ bụ onye na-eme ya n'oge a".<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org"/> "Olu ya pụrụ iche adịtụbeghị mfe ịbanye n'ụdị omenala," ka Kasia Boddy dere na ''Columbia Companion to the 21st Century Short Story''. Boddy dere, sị: "Ihe atụ Davis na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na-enyocha nsogbu nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na-eji akọwa okwu na omume nke onye nke ọzọ. " N'ime ndị edemede nke oge a, ọ bụ naanị Davis, Stuart Dybek, na Alice Fulton na-ekerịta ọdịiche nke ịpụta na The Best American Short Stories na The Best America Poetry series.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story|author=Boddy|first=Kasia|editor=Gelfant|chapter=Lydia Davis (1947– )|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=219–223|doi=10.7312/gelf11098|isbn=9780231504959}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, Davis natara MacArthur Fellowship.<ref name="Believer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2005. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Davis bụ ọkà okwu pụrụ iche na 2004 &NOW Festival na Mahadum Notre Dame . <ref name="&Now">{{Cite web|title=&Now Program Schedule|url=http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|work=&Now 2004|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015191925/http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref> A mara ọkwa Davis dị ka onye mmeri nke 2013 Man Booker International Prize na 22 Mee 2013 . <ref name="2013win">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}</ref> Nkwuputa ọkwa nke onyinye Davis na weebụsaịtị Man Booker Prize kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe "nkenke na nkenke nke uri." Onye isi oche ikpe ikpe Christopher Ricks kwuru, sị, "Enwere ịmụrụ anya na akụkọ ya, na nnukwu nlebara anya na-eche echiche. Nlebara anya ka esi aghọta ihe ruo n'okwu ma ọ bụ syllable; ịmụrụ anya maka ebumnobi adịghị ọcha na echiche efu nke onye ọ bụla." Davis ritere £ 60,000 dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye ahụ.<ref name="Prize2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|publisher=Man Brooker Prize|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archivedate=2014-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22625777|title=Man Booker International prize goes to Lydia Davis|date=22 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dịka "otu n'ime ndị isi na akụkọ ifo America taa". Davis jụrụ ire akwụkwọ ya bụ Our Strangers on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Lily|date=2023-09-28|title=Why You Can't Buy Lydia Davis's New Book on Amazon|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&p=463178|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Alex|date=2023-09-30|title='I'm not worried about fame or glory': Lydia Davis, the author who has refused to sell her book on Amazon|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/30/im-not-worried-about-fame-or-glory-lydia-davis-the-author-who-has-refused-to-sell-her-book-on-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref> Edepụtara mkpokọta ya Akụkọ Anakọtara nke Lydia Davis dị ka otu n'ime "akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke narị afọ nke 21st" nke New York Times dere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The New York Times Book Staff|title=100 Best Books of the 21st Century|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2024}}</ref> === Ihe nrite === * 1986 PEN/Hemingway Award finalist, maka Break It Down<ref name="ILFB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> * 1988 Whiting Award maka akụkọ ifo <ref name="CL-Int"/> * "St. Martin," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na Grand Street, gụnyere na The Best American Short Stories 1997. * 1997 Guggenheim Fellowship * 1998 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction<ref name="ILFB" /> * 1999 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres maka akụkọ ifo na ntụgharị.<ref name="Believer"/> * "Agbalị," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na mbụ na ''Hambone'', gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 1999 * "A Mown Lawn," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na ''McSweeney''<nowiki/>'s, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2001 * 2003 MacArthur Fellows Program<ref name="Believer" /> * 2007 National Book Award Fiction finalist, maka Varieties of Disturbance: Stories <ref name="NBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html|title=2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis|publisher=National Book Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-23|author=Johnston, Bret Anthony|archivedate=2013-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html}}</ref> * "Ndị ikom," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na 32 Poems, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2008 * 2013 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Announces 2013 Literature Award Winners and Inaugural E. B. White Award|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters|date=2013-03-13|accessdate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042256/http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|archivedate=2015-03-13}}</ref> * 2013 Philolexian Society Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement * 2013 Man Booker International Prize <ref name="2013win"/> * 2020 PEN/Malamud Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Winner|publisher=The PEN/Faulkner Foundation|url=https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/|accessdate=2020-08-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195428/https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/}}</ref> == Ntụgharị asụsụ ahọpụtara == * The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories, Living Hand, 1976<ref name="ILFB"/> * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Sketches for a Life of Wassilly|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-930794-45-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Story and Other Stories|publisher=The Figures|year=1983|isbn=978-0-935724-17-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Break It Down|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1986|isbn=0-374-11653-9|url=https://archive.org/details/breakitdownstori00davi}} * (akwụkwọ akụkọ) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[The End of the Story]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1995|isbn=978-0-374-14831-7|id={{OL|ia:endofstory00davi}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Almost No Memory|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1997|isbn=978-0-374-10281-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Samuel Johnson Is Indignant|publisher=McSweeney's|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9703355-9-3|url=https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonisi00davi}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[Varieties of Disturbance]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|date=May 15, 2007|isbn=978-0-374-28173-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Proust, Blanchot, and a Woman in Red|publisher=Center for Writers and Translators|year=2007|isbn=9780955296352}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2009|isbn=978-0-374-27060-5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis By Lydia Davis|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=Bookmarks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084326/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com:80/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|archivedate=5 Sep 2015}}</ref> * (nke e bipụtara na Can't and Won't) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Cows|publisher=Sarabande Books|year=2011|isbn=9781932511932}} * ''Lydia Davis: Documenta Series 078''. Hatje Cantz 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783775729277|<bdi>9783775729277</bdi>]] &nbsp; * (nke ya na [[Eliot Weinberger]] dere) {{Cite book|title=Two American Scenes|publisher=New Directions|isbn=9780811220415}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Can't and Won't: Stories|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2014|isbn=9780374118587}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays One|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2019|isbn=9780374148850}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays Two|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2021|isbn=9780374148867}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Our Strangers: Stories|publisher=Bookshop Editions|year=2023|isbn=9798987717103}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Leu|first=Chelsea|date=2023-10-04|title=Life Is Boring. Lydia Davis's New Book Makes That Fascinating.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/books/review/our-strangers-lydia-davis.html|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Athitakis|first=Mark|date=2023-10-04|title=How to skewer life's absurdities while thumbing your nose at Amazon|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2023-10-04/how-to-nail-lifes-verbal-absurdities-while-thumbing-your-nose-at-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=October 3, 2023|title=In 'Our Strangers,' life's less exciting aspects are deemed fascinating|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/03/1200166716/book-review-our-strangers-lydia-davis|work=NPR}}</ref> * ''N'ime ahịhịa.'' Yale University Press, 2025. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780300279740|<bdi>9780300279740</bdi>]] &nbsp; === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Pushcart prize: best of the small presses|editor=Bill Henderson|publisher=Pushcart Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-916366-58-2|url=https://archive.org/details/pushcartprizexiv0000unse}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapter=St. Martin|title=The Best American Short Stories 1997|editor=E. Annie Proulx, Katrina Kenison|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1997|isbn=978-0-395-79866-9|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0f5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/bestamericanpoet0000unse_l6n5|quote=Lydia Davis.|chapter=A Mown Lawn|title=The Best American Poetry 2001|editor=Robert Hass|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7432-0384-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIQtFKnRcpcC&q=Lydia%20Davis&pg=PT48|chapter=Men|title=The Best American Poetry 2008|editor=Charles Wright|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9975-6}} === Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafrom1911rev0000ches/|author=Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1977}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Aboard the Aquitaine (Simenon African Trio)|author=Georges Simenon|authorlink=Georges Simenon|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1979|isbn=0-15-103955-0|url=https://archive.org/details/africantriotalat00sime}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=French Photography, from Its Origins to the Present|author=Claude Nori|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Press|year=1979}} * Attilio Colombo (1979). ''Foto ndị magburu onwe ha.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Akwụkwọ Pantheon. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Gaze of Orpheus, and Other Literary Essays|author=Maurice Blanchot|editor=P. Adams Sitney|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0930794378}} * (Davis sụgharịrị okwu iri na itoolu nke Maurice Blanchot, "Joubert et l'espace.") {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert|author=Joseph Joubert|editor=Paul Auster|others=Translator Paul Auster|publisher=North Point Press|year=1983|isbn=0865471088}} * Conrad Detrez (1984). Ahịhịa maka ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * Michel Butor (1986). ''Mmụọ nke Ebe Mediterenian''. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Conrad Detrez (1986). Mpaghara Ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Marie Curie: A Life|author=Françoise Giroud|authorlink=Françoise Giroud|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Holmes & Meier|year=1986|isbn=0841909776|url=https://archive.org/details/mariecurielife00giro}} * Maurice Blanchot (1987). ''Nwoke Ikpeazụ.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Columbia University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Tocqueville: A Biography|author=André Jardin|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1988|isbn=0374521905}} * Michel Leiris (1989). ''Mgbukpọ: Mgbukọta Mgbukwu'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ebe obibi akwụkwọ North Point. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Desert World|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0810160187|url=https://archive.org/details/desertworld00jouv_0}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0810160385}} * Michel Leiris (1991) The Rules of the Game: Scratches. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ụlọ Paragon * Pierre Jean Jouve (1993). ''Helen'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Michel Leiris (1997) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Ihe mkpofu.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Michel Leiris (2017) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Fibrils.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Yale University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Swann's Way|author=Marcel Proust|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-243796-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=No Tomorrow|author=Vivant Denon|authorlink=Vivant Denon|editor=Peter Brooks|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59017-326-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Madame Bovary|author=Gustave Flaubert|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Viking Adult|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-02207-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=Alfred|author=Ollivant|date=2014|title=Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir|series=New York Review Children's Collection|isbn=9781590177297}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=A.L.|author=Snijders|date=2016|title=Grasses and Trees|publisher=AFDH|isbn=9789072603586}} * Snijders, A.L. (2021). ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị.'' Ọ bụ Lydia Davis sụgharịrị ya. Ụzọ Ọhụrụ. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Evans, Jonathan, ''The Many Voices of Lydia Davis: Translation, Rewriting, and Intertextuality'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13607308 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Lydia Davis na Mahadum Columbia. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] *   * "Tụma" na akụkọ anọ ndị ọzọ, Conjunctions, Five Stories, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing[https://web.archive.org/web/20241209005733/https://www.conjunctions.com/print/article/lydia-davis-c24 Akụkọ ise, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing] *   *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402194717/http://thecoffinfactory.com/fiction-negative-emotions-by-lydia-davis/ "Negative Emotions". Coffin Factory (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi)] * [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Believer na Sarah Manguso] * [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_lydia_davis_samuel_johnson_is_indignant.htm Samuel Johnson Na-ewe iwe - TMO Na-ezute Lydia Davis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209115019/http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2086 Ajụjụ ọnụ ''BOMB'' na Francine Prose] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&id=159 ''Nnukwu'' ajụjụ ọnụ na James Yeh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021737/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/qa_with_lydia_davis/ "Q&A na Lydia Davis", The Boston Globe, Kate Bolick, Eprel 29, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html "2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis", ''National Book Foundation''] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/journal/article.html?id=181391 "Ọdịdị bụ Ọdịdị", Poetry Foundation''Ntọala nke uri''] * [http://www.webdelsol.com/Literary_Dialogues/interview-wds-davis.htm "Nkwurịta okwu na Lydia Davis", Web Del Sol''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Del Sol''] * Audio-files @ PENNsound gee Lydia Davis ntị na-agụ site na ọrụ ya * [http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_516.html Onye edemede Page na ''''Internationales Literatufestival Berlin''''] Davis bụ onye ọbịa nke ILB (Internationales Literadufestival Berlin / Germany) na 2001 * [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Davis.php "Lydia Davis", Penn Sound''Ụda Penn''] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/lydia-davis-reading-goodbye-louise Lydia Davis: Ịgụ 'Goodbye Louise'] Vidio site na Louisiana ChannelỌwa Mmiri Louisiana * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/lydia-davis#/ Profaịlụ na The Whiting Foundation] * [https://www.macfound.org/fellows/705/ Ntọala MacArthur] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200222203435/https://www.albany.edu/english/davis_l.php SUNY Albany] * [https://lannan.org/literary/detail/lydia-davis/fiction-award Ntọala Lannan] * [http://writing.upenn.edu/wh/people/fellows/davis.html Ndị edemede Kelly House] * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/long-story-short New Yorker - Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi] * [https://us.macmillan.com/author/lydiadavis/ Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ MacMillan] * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/127387/lydia-davis Ụlọ Penguin Random] * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lydia-Davis Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lydia-davis Ntọala nke uri] {{International Booker Prize}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qflm0f6uoz4ukhyngfmtec61iw63c7x 0 75985 697922 688426 2026-08-10T10:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 11 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|Nje Bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|ọrịa ịgbọ ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Sneeze|ize uzere]].<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2014-12_78_4/page/650|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-2-8-2011_378_9785/page/57|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-01_41_1/page/359|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-12_40_12/page/4738|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-history_2004-01_48_1/page/29|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1994-09_19_3/page/528|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-2-8-2011_378_9785/page/57|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-11-01_72_9/page/1761|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-09_40_9/page/3398|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-06_41_6/page/2547|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2009-08_47_8/page/2551|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] prr993srfqku70lb5p3bwwa8xeprl6l 0 76037 697753 640489 2026-08-10T07:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 13 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697753 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)" |''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:TB_Culture.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |''M. ụkwara nta'' |- ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Nhazi na sayensị]]<span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Mycobacterium|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- |Ógbè: |[[Bacteria|Nje bacteria]] |- class="taxonrow" |Alaeze: |[[:en:Bacillati|Bacillati]] |- class="taxonrow" |Akụkụ: |[[Actinomycetota]] |- class="taxonrow" |Klas: |[[:en:Actinomycetes|Actinomycetes]] |- class="taxonrow" |Iwu: |[[Mycobacteriales]] |- class="taxonrow" |Ezinụlọ: |[[Mycobacteriaceae]] |- class="taxonrow" |Ụdị: |''[[Mycobacterium]]'' |- class="taxonrow" |Ụdị: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''M.&#x20;tuberculosis'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Aha abụọ ya]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''</span>'''<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Zopf 1883</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Aha ndị ọzọ]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" |<small>Tubercle bacillus [[:en:Robert_Koch|Koch]] 1882</small> |} [[Faịlụ:Cavitary_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|''M. tuberculosis'' n'ime akpa ume, na-egosi nnukwu oghere nje bacteria ahụ gbazeworo]] Mycobacterium tuberculosis ('''M. TB'''), nke a makwaara dị ka Koch's bacillus, bụ ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa n'ezinụlọ Mycobacteriaceae na ihe na-akpata ọrịa [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]].<ref name="Gordon & Parish, 2018">{{Cite journal|title=Microbe Profile: Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Humanity's deadly microbial foe|journal=Microbiology|volume=164|issue=4|pages=437–439|date=April 2018|pmid=29465344|doi=10.1099/mic.0.000601}}</ref><ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology: an Introduction to Infectious Diseases|date=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-83-858529-0|edition=4th|chapter=Mycobacteria}}</ref> Nke Robert Koch chọpụtara nke mbụ n'afọ 1882, ''M. tuberculosis'' nwere ụdị mkpuchi na-adịghị adịkewe dị n'ụdị wax n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ya nke ihe kpatara ya bụ ọdịdị nke mycolic acid. Mkpuchi a na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ ghara ịmịkọrọ mmetọ Gram, n'ihi ya, ''M. tuberculosis'' nwere ike igosi n'ụzọ n'esichaghị ike na o nwetara mmetọ Gram.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a closer relative to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial pathogens?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tuberculosis_2002_82_2-3/page/85|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=82|issue=2–3|pages=85–90|date=2002-01-01|pmid=12356459|doi=10.1054/tube.2002.0328}}</ref>  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mmetọ ndị dị n'ụdị Acid dịka Ziehl–Neelsen, maọbụ mmetọ ndị fluorescent dịka auramine ka a na-eji n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ iji were igwe microscope chọpụta ''M. tuberculosis''. Ọdịdị nke ''M. tuberculosis'' bụ ụdị na-achọ ikuku ndụ iji emepụta ike ebe ọ dị elu. Nke dị n'ọdịdị ịbụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume, ọ na-etinye ọrịa n'akpa ume. Usoro nnyocha iji chọpụta ọrịa ụkwara nta a kacha eji eme ihe bụ tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, na polymerase chain reaction.<ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology: an Introduction to Infectious Diseases|date=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-83-858529-0|edition=4th|chapter=Mycobacteria}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Diagnostics for pulmonary tuberculosis|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=92|issue=1086|pages=187–193|date=April 2016|pmid=27005271|doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133278}}</ref> E debere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke M. tuberculosis n'afọ 1998.<ref name="Deciphering the biology of Mycobact">{{Cite journal|title=Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1998-06-11_393_6685/page/537|journal=Nature|volume=393|issue=6685|pages=537–44|date=June 1998|pmid=9634230|doi=10.1038/31159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Re-annotation of the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv|url=https://archive.org/details/microbiology-gb_2002-10_148_10/page/2967|journal=Microbiology|volume=148|issue=Pt 10|pages=2967–73|date=October 2002|pmid=12368430|doi=10.1099/00221287-148-10-2967}}</ref> == Microbiology == ''M. tuberculosis'' na-adị achọ ikuku oxygen iji too, ọ naghịkwa agagharị agagharị.<ref name="pmid10934532">{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3|chapter=251 – Mycobacterium tuberculosis|oclc=903327877}}</ref> Ọ na-ekewa kwa awa iri na asatọ ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ ọbụla. Nke a dị nnọọ nwayọọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, nke na-enwekarị oge nkewa nke ha a na-atụle na nkeji na nkeji (''Escherichia coli'' nwere ike kewaa ihe dịka nkeji iri abụọ ọ bụla). Ọ bụ obere nje nke nwere ike iguzogide ihe ndị e ji egbu nje na-adịghị ike ma nwee ike ịdị ndụ n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu. Mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke jupụtara na abụba dịka mycolic acid na [[:en:Cord_factor|cord factor]] [[:en:Glycolipid|glycolipid]], nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya iguzogide ọsịsa ma bụrụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ike.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical Microbiology|publisher=Elsevier Mosby|year=2005}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|title=Multiple roles of cord factor in the pathogenesis of primary, secondary, and cavitary tuberculosis, including a revised description of the pathology of secondary disease|journal=Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science|volume=36|issue=4|pages=371–386|date=2006|pmid=17127724}}</ref> === Ọdịdị Ya N'Okpuru Igwe Microscope === [[Faịlụ:M.tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Uto nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis na Löwenstein-Jensen (A) na Ogawa medium (B), mgbe izu isii gasịrị na 37 °C.]] A na-ejikarị igwe microscope ahụta nje ndị ọzọ site n'iji ihe mmetọ Gram metọọ ha. Otu ọ dị, mycolic acid dị na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ''M. tuberculosis'' anaghị amịrị ihe mmetọ ahụ. Kama, ihe mmetọ ndị nwere asiid dịka Ziehl–Neelsen stain, maọbụ ihe mmetọ fluorescent dịka auramine ka a na-eji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Diagnostics for pulmonary tuberculosis|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=92|issue=1086|pages=187–193|date=April 2016|pmid=27005271|doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133278}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ha na-afịkọ dị n'ụdị osisi ma bụrụ ndị na-arakata ọnụ ma a hụ ya, n'ihi fatty acid dị na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-arakata ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/tuberculosis.html|title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis|work=textbookofbacteriology.net|accessdate=2016-12-24|archivedate=24 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162909/http://textbookofbacteriology.net/tuberculosis.html}}</ref> Ihe e ji mara ọdịdị a bụ cording, dịka ụmụ irighiri ọtụtụ eriri na-emejuputa ụdọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3|chapter=251 – Mycobacterium tuberculosis|oclc=903327877}}</ref> Ihe e ji mara ''M. tuberculosis'' na tishuu bụ caseating granulomas nwere mkpụrụ ndụ Langhans, gbachara dimkpa ndị nwere ụdị nuclei dị ka "akpụkpọ ụkwụ ịnyịnya". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nzulite === [[Faịlụ:Slant_tubes_of_Löwenstein-Jensen_medium_with_control,_M_tuberculosis,_M_avium_and_M_gordonae.jpg|thumb|Slant tubes nke Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri:Negative control ''M. tuberculosis'': Ndị yichara ihe kpọrọ nkụ Mycobacterium avium complex: Ndị na'ala na-apụrụ n'ala mmiri M. Gordonae: Mkpụkọ ha ndị na-acha odo odo{{unordered list|Negative control|''M. tuberculosis'': Dry-appearing colonies|[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium'' complex]]: Wet-appearing colonies|''[[M. gordonae]]'': Yellowish colonies|item_style=margin-bottom: 0}}]] [[Faịlụ:Mycobacteria_Growth_Indicator_Tube_(MGIT)_samples_in_ultraviolet_light.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Ụfọdụ n'ime Mycobacteria growth indicator tubes na-ewepụta fluorescence na ultraviolet light]] ''M. tuberculosis ka e'' nwere ike ịzụlite na ụlọ nnyocha. E jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ a na-amụkarị maka ha, M. tuberculosis nwere uto dị nwayọ, na-amụba ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ otu ugboro n'ụbọchị. Ihe nzụlite nje bacteria a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere ihe mmiri mmiri ndị dị ka [[:en:Middlebrook_7H9_Broth|Middlebrook 7H9]] maọbụ 7H!2, ihe nzulite nje bacteria siri ike nke dabeere na àkwá dị ka Lowenstein-Jensen, na ihe siri ike nke sitere na agar dị ka [[:en:Middlebrook_7H11_Agar|Middlebrook 7H11]] ma ọ bụ [[:en:Middlebrook_7H10_Agar|7H10]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3|chapter=251 – Mycobacterium tuberculosis|oclc=903327877}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mousavi-Sagharchi|first=Seyyed Mohammad Amin|date=2025-03-01|title=Historical examination of tuberculosis; from ancient affliction to modern challenges|journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102649|issn=1876-0341}}</ref> Mkpụkọ ha ndị a na-ahụ anya na-achọ ọtụtụ izu iji too na efere agar. Mycobacteria growth indicator tubes nwere ike ịnwe gel nke na-enye ìhè fluorescent ma ọ bụrụ na mycobacteria na-etolite na ha. A na-ekewapụta ya na mycobacteria ndị ọzọ site na mmepụta ya nke catalase na niacin.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7812/|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|location=Galveston (TX)|chapter=Mycobacteria and Nocardia|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ iji kwado njirimara ya gụnyere [[:en:Gene_probe|gene probes]] na MALDI-TOF. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Molecular detection and identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and four clinically important nontuberculous mycobacterial species in smear-negative clinical samples by the genotype mycobacteria direct test|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2011-08_49_8/page/2874|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=49|issue=8|pages=2874–78|date=August 2011|pmid=21653780|doi=10.1128/JCM.00612-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Identification of mycobacteria in solid-culture media by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2011-05_49_5/page/1790|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=49|issue=5|pages=1790–94|date=May 2011|pmid=21411597|doi=10.1128/JCM.02135-10}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === Nnyocha e mer banyere ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' site n'igwe microscope scanning electron gosiri na nje bacteria ahụ dị 2.71±1.05 μm n'ogologo yana obosara ime dị 0.345±0.029 μm.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|title=Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes per 0.1 fl of cytoplasm|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=1|date=2015-01-28|pmid=25629354|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117109}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYamadaYamaguchiChikamatsuAono2015">Yamada H, Yamaguchi M, Chikamatsu K, Aono A, Mitarai S (28 January 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309607 "Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes per 0.1 fl of cytoplasm"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (1) e0117109. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1017109Y 2015PLoSO..1017109Y]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117109|10.1371/journal.pone.0117109]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309607 4309607]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25629354 25629354].</cite></ref> Membrane mpụga na nke plasma ya ka a tụrụ na ọ dị 3.04±1.33 µm2 na 2.67±1.19 µm2, n'otu n'otu. Omimi mkpụrụ ndụ ya, membrane mpụga ya, periplasm, membrane nke plasma, na nke cytoplasm ya dị 0.293±0.113 fl (= μm³), 0.006±0.003 fl, 0.060±0.021 fl, 0.019±0.008 fl, na 0.210±0.091 fl, n'otu n'otu. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ribosome ya dị 1672±568 na ịdị arọ ne ribosome dị ebe 716.5±171.4/(0.1 fl).<ref name=":10" /> {| class="wikitable floatcenter" |+Nchịkọta nke ''M. TB'' morphology<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|title=Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes per 0.1 fl of cytoplasm|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=1|date=2015-01-28|pmid=25629354|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117109}}</ref> !Ihe Ndị a na-ahụkarị !Ịdị ukwuu |- |Ogologo |2.71 ± 1.05μm |- |Ebe mpụga membrane |3.04 ± 1.33 μm² |- |Ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ |0.29³ ± 0.113 fl (= μm3) |} === Ụdị Mycobacterium ndị yiri ya === M. tuberculosis bụ akụkụ nke ụdị Mycobacterium ndị nwere otu ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ndị otu itoolu: * ''M. tuberculosis''<ref name="van Ingen2012">{{Cite journal|date=April 2012|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium orygis as M. tuberculosis complex subspecies|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=4|pages=653–55|doi=10.3201/eid1804.110888|pmid=22469053}}</ref> ''sensu stricto'' * ''M. africanum''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. canettii''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. bovis''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. caprae''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. microti''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. pinnipedii''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''[[Mycobacterium mungi|Maazị mungi]]''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> * ''M. orygis''<ref name="van Ingen2012" /> == Ọrịa na ahụike == Ụmụ mmadụ bụ naanị ndị a maara na-ebu M. tuberculosis. Echiche na-ezighi ezi e nwere bụ na ''M. tuberculosis'' nwere ike ịgbasa site na ịkwe n'aka, imetụ oche ụlọ mposi aka, ịkekọrịta nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, ma ọ bụ ịkekọrịta brọsh ezé. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mgbasa ya bụ site na [[:en:Air_droplets|irighiri ya dị n'ikuku]] sitere na onye nwere ọrịa ahụ mgbe ọ kwara ụkwara, zee uzere, kwuo okwu, ma ọ bụ bụọ abụ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Center for Disease Control|title=How TB Spreads|date=26 July 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm|accessdate=14 March 2018|archivedate=30 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730084503/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'akpa ume, alveolar macrophages na ekpuchigide M. tuberculosis maka iri ya, mana ha anaghị enwe ike igbu ma gbarie nje ahụ. Mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya juputara na [[:en:Cord_factor|cord factor]] glycolipids nke na-egbochi ngwakọta nke phagosome na lysosome, nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-emegide nje bacteria.<ref name="pmid8975927">{{Cite journal|title=Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes human alveolar macrophage apoptosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-and-immunity_1997-01_65_1/page/298|journal=Infection and Immunity|volume=65|issue=1|pages=298–304|date=January 1997|doi=10.1128/IAI.65.1.298-304.1997|pmid=8975927}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|title=Multiple roles of cord factor in the pathogenesis of primary, secondary, and cavitary tuberculosis, including a revised description of the pathology of secondary disease|journal=Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science|volume=36|issue=4|pages=371–386|date=2006|pmid=17127724}}</ref> N'ụzọ doro anya, ''M. tuberculosis'' na-egbochi mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nnọchi, endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1); Otú ọ dị, mgbochi a anaghị egbochi ngwakọta nke vesicles jupụtara na nri. Na mgbakwunye, mmepụta nke diterpene isotuberculosinol na-egbochi ntozu nke phagosome ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Edaxadiene: a new bioactive diterpene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-chemical-society-journal_journal-of-the-american-_2009-12-09_131_48/page/17526|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=131|issue=48|pages=17526–27|date=December 2009|pmid=19583202|doi=10.1021/ja9019287}}</ref> Nje bacteria na-ezere ogbugbu nke macrophage site na iwepụ ikike dị na nitrogen intermediates.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Immune evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: living with the enemy|journal=Current Opinion in Immunology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=450–55|date=August 2003|pmid=12900278|doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(03)00075-X}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, egosila na ''M. tuberculosis'' na-ewepụta ma kpuchie onwe ya na 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd), ụdị nucleoside pụrụ iche nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka acid ghara ịba, na-enye ya ohere igbochi ikike pH ma mee ka ọzịza dị na lysosomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases an antacid that remodels phagosomes|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|volume=15|issue=9|pages=889–899|date=September 2019|pmid=31427817|doi=10.1038/s41589-019-0336-0}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=T(oo)bAd|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|volume=15|issue=9|pages=849–850|date=September 2019|pmid=31427816|doi=10.1038/s41589-019-0347-x}}</ref> Na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke M, a chọpụtara na ọkwa PPM1A na-agbanwe, nke a, n'aka nke ya, ga-emetụta mmeghachi omume apoptotic nke macrophages iji kpochapụ pathogens, dịka PPM1a na-etinye aka na ụzọ apoptoic intrinsic na extrinsic. Ya mere, mgbe a mụbara ọkwa PPM1A, ngosipụta ya na-egbochi ụzọ apoptotic abụọ.<ref name="Schaaf_2017">{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the PPM1A signaling pathway to block host macrophage apoptosis|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=|date=February 2017|pmid=28176854|doi=10.1038/srep42101}}</ref> Site na nyocha kinome, a chọpụtara na ụzọ mgbaàmà JNK / AP-1 bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na PPM1A nwere òkè ọ ga-arụ, a na-achịkwa ụzọ apoptotic na macrophages n'ụzọ a.<ref name="Schaaf_2017" /> N'ihi na a na-egbochi apoptosis, ọ na-enye ''''M. ụkwara nta'''' na niche dị nchebe, ya mere nje bacteria nwere ike ịnọgide n'ọnọdụ zoro ezo ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="pmid23841514">{{Cite journal|title=Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|volume=174|issue=2|pages=193–202|date=November 2013|pmid=23841514|doi=10.1111/cei.12170}}</ref> Granulomas, nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, bụ ihe ngosi nke ọrịa ụkwara nta. Granulomas na-arụ ọrụ abụọ n'oge ọrịa: ha na-achịkwa mmeghachi omume nke usoro ịlụso ọrịa ọfụ nke ahụ ma belata mmebi anụ ahụ, mana ha nwekwara ike inye aka na mgbasa nke ọrịa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology|volume=12|issue=5|pages=352–366|date=April 2012|pmid=22517424|doi=10.1038/nri3211}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inflammatory signaling in human tuberculosis granulomas is spatially organized|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=22|issue=5|pages=531–538|date=May 2016|pmid=27043495|doi=10.1038/nm.4073}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=TGFβ restricts expansion, survival, and function of T cells within the tuberculous granuloma|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=29|issue=4|pages=594–606.e6|date=April 2021|pmid=33711270|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2009-01-09_136_1/page/37|journal=Cell|volume=136|issue=1|pages=37–49|date=January 2009|pmid=19135887|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Tuberculous Granuloma and Preexisting Immunity|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|volume=40|issue=1|pages=589–614|date=April 2022|pmid=35130029|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125148}}</ref> Ikike ịmepụta nje ndị yiri M. tuberculosis na ịnwale mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọ bụla maka ọrụ ụfọdụ emeela ka nghọta nke [[:en:Pathogenesis|pathogenesis]] na [[:en:Virulence_factors|ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma]]. A maara ọtụtụ protein ndị a na-emepụta ma na-ezipụ dị ka ndị dị mkpa na pathogenesis.<ref name="WooldridgeK">{{Cite book|editor=Wooldridge K|year=2009|title=Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-42-4}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe dị otú ahụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma bụ ihe na-emetụta eriri (trehalose dimiccolate), nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndụ dịkwuo n'ime onye ọ nọ n'ime ya. Ụdị ndị ''''M. tuberculosis na-eguzogide ọgwụ'''' na-eguzogidezi ihe karịrị otu ọgwụ ụkwara nta, n'ihi mgbanwe e nwere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha. Na mgbakwunye, ọgwụ TB mbụ dị ka rifampicin na streptomycin ebelatala arụmọrụ n'iwepụ nje ụkwara nta dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihi enweghị ike ha ịbanye na niche macrophage.<ref name="Schaaf_2016">{{Cite journal|title=A Macrophage Infection Model to Predict Drug Efficacy Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis|journal=Assay and Drug Development Technologies|volume=14|issue=6|pages=345–354|date=August 2016|pmid=27327048|doi=10.1089/adt.2016.717}}</ref> JNK na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa nke ụzọ apoptotic - intrinsic na extrinsic. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ahụkwa na ọ bụ ihe nsitere n'arụmọrụ PPM1A, <ref name="Takekawa_19989">{{Cite journal|title=Protein phosphatase 2Calpha inhibits the human stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK pathways|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_embo-journal_1998-08-15_17_16/page/4744|journal=The EMBO Journal|volume=17|issue=16|pages=4744–52|date=August 1998|pmid=9707433|doi=10.1093/emboj/17.16.4744}}</ref> ya mere phosphorylation nke JNK ga-eme ka apoptosis mee. <ref name="Dhanasekaran_2008">{{Cite journal|title=JNK signaling in apoptosis|journal=Oncogene|volume=27|issue=48|pages=6245–51|date=October 2008|pmid=18931691|doi=10.1038/onc.2008.301|url=}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ọkwa PPM1A na-adị elu n'oge ''M. tuberculosis dị n'ahụ'', site na igbochi ụzọ mgbaàmà PPM1a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ usoro ọgwụgwọ iji gbuo macrophages nwere ''M. tuberculosis'' site na iweghachi ọrụ apoptotic ya dị mma dịka o si dị na mbụ iji chebe pathogens.<ref name="Schaaf_2017">{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the PPM1A signaling pathway to block host macrophage apoptosis|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=|date=February 2017|pmid=28176854|doi=10.1038/srep42101}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchaafSmithDuvergerWagner2017">Schaaf K, Smith SR, Duverger A, Wagner F, Wolschendorf F, Westfall AO, et&nbsp;al. (February 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296758 "Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the PPM1A signaling pathway to block host macrophage apoptosis"]. ''Scientific Reports''. '''7''' 42101. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...742101S 2017NatSR...742101S]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/srep42101|10.1038/srep42101]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296758 5296758]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28176854 28176854].</cite></ref> Site n'ileba anya na PPM1A-JNK signaling axis pathway, mgbe ahụ, ọ nwere ike iwepụ macrophages nwere ''M. tuberculosis''.<ref name="Schaaf_2017" /> Ikike iweghachi apoptosis nke macrophage na ndị nwere ''M. tuberculosis'' nwere ike imeziwanye ọgwụgwọ chemotherapy nke ụkwara nta dị ugbu a, n'ihi na ọgwụ ụkwara nta nweziri ike ịnweta nje bacteria n'ime niche ahụ ọ nọ na ya. si otú a belata oge ọgwụgwọ ''M. tuberculosis''. Mgbaàmà nke ''M. tuberculosis'' gụnyere ịkwa ụkwara nke na-adị ihe karịrị izu atọ, [[:en:Hemoptysis|hemoptysis]], obi mgbu mgbe iku ume ma ọ bụ ịkwa ụkwara, ịta ahụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ahụ ọkụ, ọsụsọ abalị, oyi, na enweghị agụụ. ''M. tuberculosis'' nwekwara ikike ịgbasa gaa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ahụ. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ọbara na mamịrị ma ọ bụrụ na o metụtara akụrụ, yana azụ mgbu ma ọ bụrụ na o metụtara ọkpụkpụ azụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250|title=Tuberculosis – Symptoms and causes|work=Mayo Clinic|accessdate=2019-11-12|archivedate=20 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020192205/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=3}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke ọrịa === Ịhazi ụdị ya n'ụdị n'ụdị bara uru na nnyocha nke ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta, n'ihi na ọ na-enye ome nnyocha ihe akaebe maka ma ọ bụ megide nnyefe site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ. Tụlee ọnọdụ ebe onye A nwere ụkwara nta ma kwenye na ọ nwetara ya n'aka onye B. Ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria nke sitere na onye nke ọ bụla dị n'ụdị dị iche iche, mgbe ahụ, nnyefe site na B gaa na A bụ nke a ga-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na nje ahụ bụ otu ụdị, mgbe ahụ nke a na-akwado (ma ọ bụghị nke na-egosipụta) echiche na B bunyere ya A.   Ruokwa na mbido afọ ndị 2000, ụdị dị iche iche nke ''M. tuberculosis'' ka a haziri site na pulsed field gel electrophoresis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=DNA polymorphisms in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: a tool for epidemiology|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=30|issue=6|pages=1551–56|date=June 1992|doi=10.1128/JCM.30.6.1551-1556.1992|pmid=1352518|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_1992-06_30_6/page/1551}}</ref> Nke a bụzi nke variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) nọchiri, nke ka dị mfe n'ụzọ teknụzụ ime ma na-enyekwa oghere maka ịme ịkpa oke ka mma n'etiti ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. Usoro a na-eme ka ojiji nke [[Dna|DNA]] na-emegharị onwe ya dị adị n'ime ''M. tuberculosis'' genome. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-ahụ ọgbọ atọ nke nhazi VNTR maka ''M. tuberculosis''. Atụmatụ nke mbụ, nke a na-akpọ 'exact tandem repeat', jiri naanị loci ise, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic diversity in the ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats|journal=Microbiology|volume=144|issue=Pt 5|pages=1189–96|date=May 1998|pmid=9611793|doi=10.1099/00221287-144-5-1189}}</ref> mana mkpebi nke loci ise ndị a nyere adịghị mma dị ka nke PFGE. Atụmatụ nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit, nwere ịkpa ókè dị ka PFGE.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=High-resolution minisatellite-based typing as a portable approach to global analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2001-02-13_98_4/page/1901|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=98|issue=4|pages=1901–06|date=February 2001|pmid=11172048|doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.1901}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for investigation of apparently clustered cases of tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-08_41_8/page/3514|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=8|pages=3514–20|date=August 2003|pmid=12904348|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.8.3514-3520.2003}}</ref> Ọgbọ nke atọ (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit - 2) gbakwunyere loci itoolu ọzọ iji mee ka ngụkọta ya ruo iri abụọ na anọ. Nke a na-enye ogo nke mkpebi karịrị PFGE ma bụrụ ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a maka ịhazi ''M. tuberculosis n'ụdị n'ụdị''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2006-12_44_12/page/4498|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=44|issue=12|pages=4498–510|date=December 2006|pmid=17005759|doi=10.1128/JCM.01392-06}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, banyere ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala, enwere ike ịchọ ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ n'ihi mmetọ nwere ike isi na nje bacteria ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Complications in the study of ancient tuberculosis: non-specificity of IS6110 PCRs|journal=Science and Technology of Archaeological Research|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1179/2054892314Y.0000000002|pages=1–8}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ na ''M. tuberculosis'' na-emekarị n'ihi ma ọ bụghị mkpụkọta nke mgbanwe mere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọgwụ nje ahụ na-achọ, ọ bụrụ mgbanwe na aha ọgwụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: molecular perspectives|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=2|pages=195–209|date=June 1998|pmid=9621190|doi=10.3201/eid0402.980207}}</ref> A ga-ewere ''M. tuberculosis'' dị ka ihe na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ (MDR TB) ma ọ bụrụ na o bido guzogidewa rifampicin yana isoniazid, nke bụ ọgwụ nje kachasị mkpa eji agwọ ya. Tụkwasị na nke a, M. tuberculosis na-eguzogide ọgwụ ọjọọ nke ukwuu (extensively drug-resistant ''M. tuberculosis'' (XDR TB) bụ nke a na-ahụ site na iguzogide isoniazid na rifampin, tinyere fluoroquinolone ọ bụla na ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọgwụ atọ a na-agbanye agbanye n'ahụ (ya bụ, amikacin, kanamycin, ma ọ bụ capreomycin). <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Center for Disease Control|title=Drug-resistant TB|date=April 2014|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/drtb/|accessdate=10 September 2017|archivedate=6 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006054241/https://www.cdc.gov/TB/Topic/DRTB/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_640.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''M. tuberculosis'' (na-acha ọbara ọbara) na anụ ahụ (acha anụnụ anụnụ) ]] [[Faịlụ:Chording_mycobacterium_tuberculesis_culture.jpg|thumb|Cording M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain) omenala na luminescent microscopy]] == Ọgwụ mgbochi Ya == Ọgwụ mgbochi BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin), nke e nwetara site na ''M. bovis,'' ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụ ọrụ megide ụdị ụkwara nta na-eme ụmụaka na ụdị ụkwara nta ndị siri ike, enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbochi ụdị ọrịa a a na-ahụkarị taa, ụkwara nta nke okenye na-eme na akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Early BCG vaccination is unrelated to pulmonary immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adults|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=44|issue=4|pages=1087–1090|date=October 2014|pmid=24969658|doi=10.1183/09031936.00086514}}</ref> N'ihi nke a, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mpaghara ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị elu, ọ bụghịkwa ọgwụ mgbochi a tụrụ aro ya na United States n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị bu ọrịa ahụ. Iji nata ọgwụ mgbochi a na United States, onye ahụ chọrọ ịnata ya ga-agafe usoro ndụmọdụ n'aka onye ọkachamara na ''M. tuberculosis'' ma a na-enye ya naanị ndị mezuru ụkpụrụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm|title=Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=2018-12-11|accessdate=10 April 2025|archivedate=4 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404203913/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm}}</ref> E gosipụtara na inye ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na-akpali ihe a na-akpọ "[[:en:Trained_immunity|iguzogide ọrịa a zụrụ azụ]]", nke na-arụ aka na mmeghachi omume dị elu nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=Jingjing|date=2023-02-10|title=BCG-induced trained immunity: history, mechanisms and potential applications|journal=Journal of Translational Medicine|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12967-023-03944-8|issn=1479-5876|pmid=36765373}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Netea|first=Mihai G.|date=2016-04-22|title=Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease|journal=Science|volume=352|issue=6284|doi=10.1126/science.aaf1098|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27102489}}</ref> N'adịghị ka [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ọnọdụ wetara]], usoro iguzogide ọrịa a zụrụ azụ na-agụnye mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụike dị ka monocytes yana macrophages, ndị na-emeghachi omume karịa nye ọrịa. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eme site na epigenetic reprogramming, dị ka mgbanwe histone, na-eduga n'ịbawanye nke mmepụta [[:en:Pro-inflammatory_cytokine|pro-inflammatory cytokines]]. Nnyocha na-egosi na enwere ike inwe njikọ n'etiti ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na mmeghachi omume ka mma megide COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/04/3cd4a913c3cf-tuberculosis-vaccine-drawing-attention-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html|title=Tuberculosis vaccine drawing attention in fight against coronavirus|work=Kyodo News+|accessdate=14 April 2020|archivedate=24 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824204320/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/04/3cd4a913c3cf-tuberculosis-vaccine-drawing-attention-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọgwụ mgbochi DNA naanị ya ma ọ bụ na njikọta ya na BCG. Ọgwụ mgbochi DNA nwere ikike zuru ezu iji nye ọgwụgwọ TB ma belata oge ọgwụgwọ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022|title=DNA vaccine construct formation using Mycobacterium-specific gene Inh-A|journal=Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine|volume=1|issue=3|pages=192–197|doi=10.4103/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_63_22|issn=2949-6594}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Philip D'Arcy Hart == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Mycobacterium tuberculosis}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010302000815/http://www.tbdb.org/ Ihe nchekwa data TB: ikpo okwu jikọtara ọnụ maka nyocha ụkwara nta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083839/http://www.paediatric-surgery.net/2012/08/tuberculosis-photo-blog.html Foto banyere ụkwara nta] * {{Cite web|title=''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''|work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=node&id=1773&lvl=}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201174847/http://tuberculist.epfl.ch/ Database na Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics] {{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130971}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0ip56er9k583dzosqjraiyo7vr1x1n1 0 76084 697954 656526 2026-08-10T11:33:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cough|image=File:Toux impromptue.jpg|specialty=[[Pulmonology]], [[otorhinolaryngology]]|pronounce={{Unbulleted list|{{audio|En-us-cough.ogg|pronunciation}}|[[Latin]]: '''tussis'''}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ịkụ ụkwara |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Toux_impromptue.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nkpọpụta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * pronunciationiLatin: tussis<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe pụrụ iche | class="infobox-data" |Ọrịa akpa ume, otorhinolaryngology |} '''Ụkwara''' bụ ikuku a kwapụrụ na mberede site na nnukwu oghere iku ume nke nwere ike inyere ha aka iwepụ mmiri, ihe na-aghasa ahụ, ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ banye n'ahụ yana ụmụ irighiri nje. Dị ka ihe nchebe [[:en:Reflex|a na-adịghị ejikwa mgbe o ji eme]], ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-emeghachi ugboro ugboro na mgbaso [[:en:Cough_reflex|cough reflex]] nke a na-eso usoro atọ: iku ume, ikupu ume e mere n'ike megide glottis mechiri emechi, na ikuku siri ike sitere na akpa ume na-esochi mmeghe nke glottis, nke ụda pụrụ iche na-esokarị.<ref name="Lancet-causes">{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-19-25-2008_371_9621/page/1364|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9621|pages=1364–1374|date=April 2008|pmid=18424325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4}}</ref> Ịkwanye ụkwara n'ikpere aka mmadụ ma ọ bụ n'ala - kama ịkwapụ ya n'ikuku dịka onye ahụ na-eku ume - nwere ike belata mgbasa nke irighiri mmiri ya na-efe efe na ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coughing downward reduces spread of respiratory droplets, study finds|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220104115840.htm|accessdate=2025-05-22|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> Ịkwa ụkwara ugboro ugboro na-egosipụtakarị ọnụnọ nke ọrịa. Ọtụtụ [[:en:Virus|nje]] na nje bacteria na-erite uru, site n'echiche evolushọn, site n"ime ka [[:en:Host_(biology)|onye bu ya bụ nje]] na-akwa ụkwara, nke na-enye aka ịgbasa ọrịa ahụ nye ndị ga-ebute ya ọhụrụ. Ịkwa ụkwara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na-abụkarị [[:en:Respiratory_tract_infection|ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume]] na-akpata ya mana ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpali ya bụ [[:en:Choking|iku ume elu elu,]] ịṅụ sịga, [[Mmetọ ikuku]], <ref name="Lancet-causes"/> ụkwara ume ọkụ, Ọrịa gastroesophageal reflux, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nasal_drip" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Post-nasal drip" class="cx-link" data-linkid="80">ịṅụ</a> [[:en:Post-nasal_drip|drip mgbe mmadụ mụchara nwa]], [[:en:Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis|bronchitis siri ike]], [[:en:Lung_tumors|akpụ akpa ume]], nkụchi obi na ọnọdụ ahụike na-adịghị mma ndị dịka [[:en:ACE_inhibitors|angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)]] na [[:en:Beta_blocker|beta blockers]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Guidelines|first=Therapeutic|title=Cough|publisher=Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd|year=2021|language=English}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ ya kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ihe na-kpata ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ịkwụsị ịṅụ sịga ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị ihe mgbochi ACE. [[:en:Cough_suppressant|Ọgwụ mbịatu ụkwara]] dịka [[:en:Codeine|codeine]] ma ọ bụ dextromethorphan, ka a na-edekarịrị ndị mmadụ ka ha na-anụ mana anaghị akpọtụ ya maka ụmụaka. Nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na ọzịza nke ụzọ ikuku ma ọ bụ nwee ike [[:en:Mucoactive_agent|ịkwalite mmepụta abụ]]. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe nchebe sitere n'okike, igbochi ụkwara nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emebi ihe, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ụkwara ahụ na-apụta ihe (na-emepụta phlegm). <ref name="pmid18424326">{{Cite journal|title=Management of chronic cough|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-19-25-2008_371_9621/page/1375|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9621|pages=1375–1384|date=April 2008|pmid=18424326|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60596-6}}</ref> == Ngosipụta Ya == [[Faịlụ:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s001.ogv|thumbtime=0:12|thumb|Vidiyo Shadowgraph na-egosi ka ikuku si ekupụta ma a na-akwa ụkwara, na-eji ịkwa ụkwara na-ekpuchighị ọnụ n'ụdị ọbụla atụnyere otu ndị ọzọ e si ekpuchi ọnụ na imi: ịkwanye ụkwara n'ime aka ekpuchiri ekpuchi, aka e mere ka ọ dị ka iko, ịkwanye ya n'ime akwụkwọ mposi, igwe "njideụkwara", ihe mkpuchi ihu ịwa ahụ, na [[:en:N95_mask|ihe mkpuchi ihu N95]]]] === Nsogbu === Enwere ike ịkewapụta nsogbu nke ụkwara dị ka nke siri ike ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ala ala. Nsogbu ya ndị siri ike na-agụnye ụkwara mgbu ([[:en:Fainting|ikubi ume n'ike]] n'ihi mbelata ọbara na-aga n'ụbụrụ mgbe ụkwara na-adịte aka ma na-agwụ ike), ehighị ụra nke ọma, ịgbọ agbọ nke ụkwara na-akpata, [[:en:Subconjunctival_hemorrhage|ọbara ọgbụgba subconjunctival]] ma ọ bụ "anya ịcha uhie uhie", [[:en:Defecation|,iba nsi]] ma a na-akwa ụkwara n'ụmụ nwanyị nwere akpa nwa dara ada, [[:en:Urination|ịnyụ mamịri]] ma a na-akwa ụkwara. Nsogbu ya ndị na-adịghị ala ala bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-agụnye hernias nke afọ ma ọ bụ pelvic, ike ọgwụgwụ na-agbaji ọgịrịga ala yana [[:en:Costochondritis|costochondritis]]. Ịkwa ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nke a na-eji ike akwa nwere ike imebi ala pelvic yana cystocele nwere ike ime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/cystocele?dkrd=/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder|title=Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) {{!}} NIDDK|work=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=2017-12-02}}</ref> == Nnyocha dị iche iche == Ịkwa ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ omume nzaghachi nke ahụ ha nye nje ma ọ bụ n'ihi ihe ga-akpata ya.<ref name="Review10">{{Cite journal|title=Cough in the pediatric population|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2010-03_156_3/page/352|journal=J. Pediatr.|volume=156|issue=3|pages=352–358.e1|date=March 2010|pmid=20176183|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004}}</ref> N'ime ụmụaka nwere ahụike, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mma ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị ọrịa ọ bụla ịkwa ụkwara ugboro iri n'ụbọchị.<ref name="Review10" /> Ihe kachasị akpata ụkwara siri ike ma ọ bụ ụkwara dị nta bụ [[:en:Respiratory_tract_infection|ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume]].<ref name="Review10" /> Onye toro eto ahụ dị na-akwakwa ụkwara ugboro iri na asatọ na uma isii n'ụbọchị na nkezi, mana n'etiti ndị nwere Ọrịa iku ume, ọnụọgụ nke ha bụ ugboro narị abụọ na iri asaa na ise n'ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Yousaf|author=Nadia|title=Cough frequency in health and disease|url=https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/41/1/241|journal=European Respiratory Journal|date=2013|volume=41|issue=1|pages=241–243|doi=10.1183/09031936.00089312|pmid=23277523}}</ref> N'ime ndị okenye nwere ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala, ya bụ ụkwara nọrọ karịa izu asatọ, ihe karịrị pasent iri itoolu nke ndi nwe ya bụ n'ihi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nasal_drip" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Post-nasal drip" class="cx-link" data-linkid="80">ịṅụ</a> [[:en:Post-nasal_drip|drip mgbe mmadụ mụchara nwa]], ụkwara ume ọkụ, Eosinophilic bronchitis, na Ọrịa gastroesophageal reflux.<ref name="Review10" /> Ihe na-akpata ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala yiri onwe ha n'ime ụmụaka na mgbakwunye nke [[:en:Bronchitis|bacterial bronchitis]]..<ref name="Review10" /> === Ka O si Ekesa === Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ nsonaazụ nke [[:en:Respiratory_tract_infection|ọrịa na-emetụta usoro iku ume]] dịka [[:en:Common_cold|oyi ọmụma]], COVID-19, [[:en:Acute_bronchitis|bronchitis siri ike]]ụkwara ume ọkụ, oyi ịba n'ahụ, [[:en:Pertussis|pertussis]], ma ọ bụ [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]]. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ụkwara na-adịteghị aka, ya bụ ụkwara dị mkpirikpi karịa izu atọ, na-abụ n'ihi oyi a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="pmid20015366">{{Cite journal|title=Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge|journal=Cough|volume=5|year=2009|pmid=20015366|doi=10.1186/1745-9974-5-11}}</ref> N'ime ndị nwere X-ray nke obi, ụkwara nta bụ nchọpụta a na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-aghọtawanye na Pertussis dị ka ihe na-akpata ụkwara na-enye nsogbu n'ime ndị okenye. Mgbe ọrịa iku ume kwụsịrị, onye ahụ nwere ike ịnwezi [[:en:Post-viral_cough|ụkwara postinfectious]]. Nke a na-abụkarị ụkwara kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị akwapụta ihe ọbụla nke na-enweghị phlegm. Mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịgụnye nkwụsi ike n'obi, na ikọ ọkọ n'akpịrị. Ụkwara ahụ nwere ike ịdịgide ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe ọrịa gasịrị. Ihe na-akpata ụkwara ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ọzịza yiri nke a na-ahụ na nsogbu nrụgide na-akpata ugboro ugboro dị ka [[:en:Carpal_tunnel_syndrome|ọrịa carpal tunnel]]. Ikwatụzi ụkwara ugboro ugboro na-eme ka ọzịza nke na-akpata ahụ erughị ala dị, nke na-emezi ka ụkwara dịkwuo.<ref name="pmid16428703">{{Cite journal|title=Postinfectious cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=138S–146S|date=January 2006|pmid=16428703|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.138S}}</ref> Ụkwara postinfectious anaghị azaghachịkarị nye ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nkịtị. Ọgwụ eji agwọ ụkwara postinfectious nwere ike ịgụnye ipratropium <ref name="pmid16428703" /> iji gwọọ ọzịza ahụ, yana ọgwụ ndị na-abịatu ụkwara iji belata ugboro ole ụkwara ahụ na-eme ruo mgbe ọzịza ga-apụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cystic fibrosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353706|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=mayoclinic.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọzịza nwere ike ime ka nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị pụta ihe a dị ka [[:en:Allergies|allergies]], na ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ụkwara (dị ka iji ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ọgwụ allergy) nwere ike inye aka mee ka mgbake dịngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UpToDate|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonallergic-rhinitis-runny-or-stuffy-nose-beyond-the-basics|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=uptodate.com}}</ref> === Ọrịa ikuku na-emeghachi omume === Mgbe ụkwara bụ naanị mkpesa nke onye na-emezu ụkpụrụ maka ụkwara ume ọkụ (mmetụta ụkwara ume na reversibility), a na-akpọ nke a ụkwara ume ụkwara. Ọkụ ụkwara na Eosinophilic bronchitis bụ ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya. Atopic ụkwara na-eme n'ime ndị nwere Akụkọ ezinụlọ nke atopy (ọnọdụ na-adịghị anabata), ọtụtụ eosinophils na sputum, mana na-arụ ọrụ ikuku na mmeghachi omume. Eosinophilic bronchitis bụ eosinophils na sputum na bronchoalveolar lavage fluid na-enweghị ikuku hyperresponsiveness ma ọ bụ ndabere atopic.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Niimi|first=A|title=Cough and Asthma|journal=Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews|date=February 2011|volume=7|issue=1|pages=47–54|doi=10.2174/157339811794109327|pmid=22081767}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a na-emeghachi omume na ọgwụgwọ corticosteroids. Ịkụ ụkwara nwekwara ike ịka njọ n'ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-emetụta akpa ume. Ụkwara ume ọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala n'etiti ndị okenye na ụmụaka. Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ịbụ naanị mgbaàmà onye ahụ nwere site na ụkwara ume ọkụ ya, ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà ụkwara ume nwere ike ịgụnye ịfụ ụfụfụ, iku ume elu elu, na mmetụta siri ike n'obi ha. Dabere n'otú ụkwara ume ọkụ ahụ si sie ike, enwere ike iji bronchodilators (ọgwụ nke na-eme ka ụzọ ikuku meghee) gwọọ ya ma ọ bụ steroid a na-ekuru n'ume. Ọgwụgwọ nke ụkwara ume ọkụ kwesịrị ime ka ụkwara kwụsị. A na-akọwa ọrịa [[:en:Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis|bronchitis]] na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara na-adịgide adịgide nke na-emepụta asọ mmiri (phlegm) na abụ, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa atọ n'ime afọ abụọ n'usoro. Ọrịa bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata "[[:en:Smoker's_cough|ụkwara ndị na-ese sịga]]". Anwụrụ ọkụ si na sịga ahụ na-akpata ọzịza, imepụta abụ n'ime ụzọ ikuku, na ihe isi ike iwepụ abụ ndị ahụ n'ime ụzọ ikuku. Ịkwa ụkwara na-enye aka iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ. Enwere ike ịgwọ ya site n'ịkwụsị ise siga. Ọ pụkwara ịbụ ọrịa oyi ịba n'ahụ ([[:en:Pneumoconiosis|pneumoconiosis]]) na ikuru anwụrụ ọkụ ogologo oge na-akpata ya. === Mmetọ ikuku === [[Mmetọ ikuku]] nwere ike ibute ịkwa ụkwara gụnyere [[:en:Tobacco_smoke|anwụrụ ọkụ tobacco]], ihe na-akpasu ụkwara, gas na-akparaghị ókè, na ụlọ ịdị mmiri mmiri.<ref name="Review10"/> Mmetụta ahụike mmadụ nke ikuku na-adịghị mma na-eru n'ebe dị anya, mana ọ na-emetụta usoro iku ume nke ahụ na usoro obi. Mmeghachi omume nke onye ọ bụla nye mmetọ ikuku na-adabere na ụdị mmetọ onye ahụ na-ahụ, ogo ọ na-ekpughe onwe ya nye mmetọ ahụ, ọnọdụ ahụike nke onye ahụ na ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndị na-emega ahụ n'èzí n'ụbọchị ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, ndị dị anwụrụ ọkụ anwụrụ ọkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eme ka mmetọ ha dịkwuo ukwuu na ikuku. === Ihe Mbata Ndị ọzọ === Enwere ike ịtụle [[:en:Foreign_body|ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ bata]] mgbe ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ma ọ bụrụ na ụkwara malitere na mberede mgbe onye ọrịa na-eri nri. Nke na-adịghị emekarị, ebe ndị a kwara akwa n'ime alaka ikuku nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara. Ịkpọ nkụ sitere na iku ume n'ọnụ nwere ike ịkpali ụkwara ma ọ bụ nri ịbanye ugboro ugboro n'ime [[:en:Vertebrate_trachea|ụzọ ikuku n'akpịrị]] n'ime ndị nwere nsogbu ilo ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cough|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/definition/sym-20050846|accessdate=2022-03-27|work=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why You Cough|url=https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/overview|accessdate=2022-03-27|work=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> === Ụkwara nke Ịṅụ ọgwụ na-akpata === Ọgwụ ndị a e ji agwọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụkwara, dị ka [[:en:ACE_inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]] nke a na-ejikarị agwọ ọbara mgbali elu, nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka mmetụta na-adịghị mma, nke ịkwụsị ịṅụ ha ga-akwụsị ụkwara.<ref name="pmid16428706">{{Cite journal|title=Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=169S–173S|date=January 2006|pmid=16428706|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.169S}}</ref> Beta blockers n'otu aka ahụ na-akpata ụkwara dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma.<ref name=":2"/> === Ịkwa ụkwara Dịka Akparamagwa === [[:en:Habit_cough|Ụkwara dịka akparamagwa]] bụ nke na-emeghachi omume na ọgwụgwọ omume ma ọ bụ nke isi mgbaka mgbe ewepụchara ihe ndị na-akpata ya. Enweghị ụkwara n'oge ụra bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana ọ bụghị nke a ga-emere nchọpụta. A na-eche na ụkwara tic na-adịkarị n'ime ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye.<ref name="pmid16428707">{{Cite journal|title=Habit cough, tic cough, and psychogenic cough in adult and pediatric populations: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines|journal=Chest|volume=129|issue=1 Suppl|pages=174S–179S|date=January 2006|pmid=16428707|doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.174S}}</ref> === Ụkwara Nsogbu Akwara na-akpata === Enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ ọrịa ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala dịka nsogbu akwara. <ref name="pmid21524236">{{Cite journal|title=Cough pharmacotherapy: current and future status|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|volume=12|issue=11|pages=1745–1755|date=August 2011|pmid=21524236|doi=10.1517/14656566.2011.576249}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ maka ụkwara akwara nwere ike ịgụnye iji ọgwụ ụfọdụ na-emetụta akwara akụrụ. Ịkwa ụkwara nwere ike ime na [[:en:Tic_disorder|nsogbu tic]] dị ka [[:en:Tourette_syndrome|Tourette syndrome]], ọ bụ ezie na a ga-ekewa ya site na nkwacha olu na nsogbu a. === Ikpochapụ ụzọ ikuku === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ịkwa ụkwara, na [[:en:Airway_clearance_therapy|ịfụ ụkwara]] bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji wepụ abụ dị ka sputum n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dịka [[:en:Cystic_fibrosis|cystic fibrosis]], na [[:en:Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis|bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala]] . == Ọrịa na ahụike (Pathophysiology) == [[Faịlụ:CoughsAndSneezesSpreadDiseases.jpg|thumb|A na-ele ụkwara anya dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze.]] Ịkwa ụkwara bụ ihe nchebe [[:en:Reflex|a na-adịghị ejikwa mgbe o ji eme]] n'ime ndị nwere ahụike nke uche ndị metụtara uche na-Mmetụta.<ref name="Review10"/> Ụkwara na-amalite site na ịkpali ụdị akwara abụọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, ndị na-anabata ụkwara [[:en:Myelin|nwere myelin]] na-eme ngwa ngwa, na ndị [[:en:Group_C_nerve_fiber|C-fiber]] na-enweghị myelin njedebe ha dị na [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa ume]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mazzone|first=Stuart B.|date=2016-07-01|title=Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=96|issue=3|pages=975–1024|doi=10.1152/physrev.00039.2015|issn=0031-9333|pmid=27279650}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ọgwụgwọ nke ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka dabere na ihe kpatara ya. N'ime ụmụaka, ọkara nke ndị na-akwa ụkwara na-enwere onwe ha n'enweghị ọgwụgwọ n'ime ụbọchị iri, ebe pasnt iri itoolu na-abụ n'ime mkụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=M.|title=Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review|journal=BMJ|date=11 December 2013|volume=347|issue=dec11 1|doi=10.1136/bmj.f7027|pmid=24335668}}</ref> Dị ka American Academy of Pediatrics si kwuo, iji Ọgwụ ụkwara iji belata mgbaàmà ụkwara na-enweta nkwado obere ihe akaebe ma si otú a anaghị atụ aro maka iji ya agwọ mgbaàmà ụkwara n'ime ụmụaka.<ref name="Review10"/> E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na iji mmanụ aṅụ dị mma karịa ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ diphenhydramine na mbelata ụkwara.<ref name="honey">{{Cite journal|author=Oduwole|first=O|title=Honey for acute cough in children.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=10 April 2018|volume=4|issue=12|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5|pmid=29633783}}</ref> Ọ naghị ebelata ụkwara ruo n'ókè dextromethorphan ga-eme ya mana ọ na-eme ka oge ụkwara dị mkpirikpi karịa placebo na salbutamol.<ref name="honey" /> Enwere ike ịnwale ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ [[:en:Inhaled_corticosteroid|corticosteroids a na-ekuru n'ume]] n'ime ụmụaka nwere ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala na mgbalị ịgwọ ọrịa [[:en:Protracted_bacterial_bronchitis|bronchitis diterela aka nke nje bacteria na-akpata]] ma ọ bụ ụkwara ume ọkụ.<ref name="Review10" /> Enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke iji tụọ aro ịgwọ ụmụaka nwere ụkwara nke na-emetụtaghị ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ na ọgwụ mgbochi iku ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chang|first=A. B.|date=2004|title=Inhaled anti-cholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2003|issue=1|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004358.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=14974067}}</ref> N'ihi na ụkwara nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo aerosol na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, maọbụ n'ime ogwe aka, iji akwụkwọ mposi ma ọ bụ akwa aka mgbe ị na-akwa ụkwara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Coughing and Sneezing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/etiquette/coughing_sneezing.html|accessdate=2020-09-14|work=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Maka enyemaka pụọ n'ụkwara, ndị okenye nwere ike ịṅụ ihe na-egbochi ụkwara dịka dextromethorphan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Stop a Bad Cough, Day or Night|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/cold-and-flu/cough-relief/|accessdate=2025-10-31|work=everydayHealth.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ ụkwara ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere expectorants, decongestants, na antihistamines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-01|title=No coughing matter|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/no-coughing-matter|accessdate=2025-10-31|work=Harvard Health|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == Ịkwa ụkwara bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ileta [[:en:Primary_care_physician|dọkịnta]] na United States. <ref name="Review10"/> == Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == [[Faịlụ:20191124Wildfreigehege_Wolfsrat_10.jpg|thumb|Anụmanụ deer na-akwa ụkwara]] Anụ ndị bi na mmiri na-enye nwa ara dị ka dolphin na whale enweghị ike ịkwa ụkwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Woodard|first=James C.|title=Some Parasitic Diseases of Dolphins|journal=Pathologia Veterinaria|date=29 August 2016|volume=6|issue=3|pages=257–272|doi=10.1177/030098586900600307|pmid=5817449}}</ref> Ụfọdụ Anụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ dịka ụmụ ahụhụ na ududo enweghị ike ịkwa ụkwara ma ọ bụ zee uzere. [[:en:Crocodile|Agụ owuru]] nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-23|title=Crocodile 'cough' caught on camera in Florida Everglades|url=https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/crocodile-cough-caught-on-camera-in-florida-everglades/|accessdate=2024-06-13|work=WFLA|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003152031/https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/crocodile-cough-caught-on-camera-in-florida-everglades/}}</ref> Anụmanụ ndị na-ebiị n'ụlọ na anụ ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ dịka nkịta na [[nwamba]] nwere ike ịkwa ịkwa ụkwara, n'ihi ọrịa, allergies, uzuzu ma ọ bụ nkubi ume n'ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pethealthnetwork.com/cat-health/cat-diseases-conditions-a-z/it-normal-cats-cough|title=Is It Normal for Cats To Cough?|work=Pet Health Network|accessdate=2018-04-23}}</ref> Karịsịa, a maara nwamba maka ụkwara tupu ha asụpụta ntutu isi.<ref name=":0" /> N'ụmụ anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara n'ihi ọrịa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi ikuku na-adịghị abatara ya nke ọma na uzuzu n'ime oghere ndị dị n'ime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yourhorse.co.uk/advice/vet-advice/articles/2016/9/5/coughing-explained|title=Coughing in horses explained|work=Your Horse Magazine|accessdate=2018-04-23}}</ref> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel_cough" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Kennel cough" class="cx-link" data-linkid="357">Ụkwara Kennel</a> na nkịta nwere ike ịpụta site na nje virus ma ọ bụ nje bacteria. Deer nwere ike ịkwa ụkwara n'ụzọ yiri nke ụmụ mmadụ n'ihi ọrịa iku ume, dị ka parasitic bronchitis nke ụdị ''Dictyocaulus'' na-akpata.<ref name="PyzielLaskowskiDemiaszkiewicz2017">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1645/16-75|title=Interrelationships of ''Dictyocaulusspp''. In Wild Ruminants with Morphological Description of ''Dictyocaulus'' cervin. Sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from Red Deer, Cervus elaphus|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-parasitology_2017-10_103_5/page/506|year=2017|author=Pyziel|first=Anna M.|journal=Journal of Parasitology|volume=103|issue=5|pages=506–518|pmid=28585897}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Dịka ndezi nke a si dị, ederede a ji ndịnaya si na "Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge", nke nwere ikikere n'ụzọ na-enye ohere iji ya mee ihe ọzọ n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, mana ọ bụghị n'okpuru GFDL. A ghaghị ịgbaso okwu niile dị mkpa. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=Chronic Cough|editor=Carroll|year=2019|publisher=Plural Publishing|isbn=978-1-63550-070-7}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Medical resources|ICD10={{ICD10|R|05||r|00}}|ICD9={{ICD9|786.2}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|DiseasesDB=17149|MedlinePlus=003072|eMedicineSubj=ENT|eMedicineTopic=1048560|MeshID=D003371}}<templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}{{Common Cold}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fjspt5gin99qudtm2wvtbymnw24562i 0 76210 697818 655586 2026-08-10T08:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke nwanyị''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ mepụtara na njedebe afọ 1960 n'ime afọ 1970 dị ka mmeghachi omume na nlelị na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụnwanyị na ọmụmụ ọdịnala nke mpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daly|first=Kathleen|date=1988|title=Feminism and Criminology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_justice-quarterly-jq_1988-12_5_4/page/497|journal=Justice Quarterly|volume=5|issue=4|pages=497–538|doi=10.1080/07418828800089871}}</ref> Ọ bụ echiche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke ụmụnwanyị na e mepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị omempụ site na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụnwoke ma lekwasị anya na mpụ ụmụnwoke, na kwa na ndị omempọ na-agbakwunye ụmụnwanyị ma kpalie ha karịa ịmepụta echiche dị iche iche banyere ndị omempụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Eichler, Margrit|title=The double standard : a feminist critique of feminist social science|date=1979|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=0-312-21823-0|location=New York|oclc=5171135}}</ref> Nka mmụta mpụ nke ụmụnwanyị na-e lekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na'ime ndị ome mpụ, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na usoro ikpe ikpe mpụ iji ghọta ihe kpatara ya, ihe na-eme, na nsonaazụ nke mpụ ụmụ nwanyị. Isi okwu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụnwanyị nke mpụ gụnyere ọrụ nke mmekọahụ na ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe na mkpọrọ, ọrụ nke mmegbu na ndụ ụmụnwanyị, na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị atụrụ mkpọrọ n'agbanyeghị mbelata nke mpụ.<ref name=":0"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Criminology bụ ọmụmụ sayensị nke ihe kpatara mgbazi, na mgbochi nke mpụ na ndị na-eme ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminology|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/criminology|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ngalaba ọmụmụ a malitere na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụghị rụọ na njedebe afọ 1960 na 1970 ka ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị malitere. Nzaghachi nye ndị na-ahụ maka mpụ n'oge ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndị ome mpụ iwu na ndị a na-emegbu, ndị na-eme mpụ na-achọ iweta nghọta banyere ndị inyom na-eme ihe ọjọọ, ndị inyom, na ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na Usoro ikpe mpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tripathi|first=Bibha|date=January 1, 2014|title=Feminist Criminology: Some Reflections|journal=VIDHIGYA: The Journal of Legal Awareness|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–6}}</ref> === Echiche ndị mbụ banyere ụmụnwanyị na-eme ihe na-ezighị ezi === Echiche ndị mbụ banyere mpụ ụmụnwanyị lekwasịrị anya na agwa uche na nke ahụike, karịa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ nke akụnaụba. Echiche ndị a, nke ndị ọka mmụta nwoke na ndị na-ahụ maka mpụ na akwalite, akatọwo ya nke ukwuu maka ị dabere na echiche banyere "ọdịdị ụmụnwanyị", ọtụtụ ndị a na-ekwukwa. Onye Italy na-ahụ maka mpụ bụ Cesare Lombroso jiri phrenology na Anthropological Criminology mee ihe na echiche ya banyere mpụ ụmụnwanyị, na-ekewa "nwaanyị nkịtị" na "nwaanyị omekome", nke a na-ahụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka nwanyị na-adịchaghị mma ma ya mere o yikarịrị ka ọ bụrụ onye omekome.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lombroso, Cesare|title=Criminal woman, the prostitute, and the normal woman|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|others=Ferrero, Guglielmo, 1871-1942., Rafter, Nicole Hahn, 1939-, Gibson, Mary, 1950-|isbn=978-0-8223-8559-2|location=Durham|oclc=652280246}}</ref> Onye America na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ W.I. Thomas kwalite echiche ahụ na ụmụnwanyị na-emebi iwu na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ (dị ka ịgba akwụna) iji chịkwaa ọchịchọ mmekọahụ ụmụnwoke iji nweta ihe ha chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=THOMAS, WILLIAM ISAAC.|title=UNADJUSTED GIRL.|date=2019|publisher=ECHO LIBRARY|isbn=978-1-4068-2244-1|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1119753669}}</ref> Nye Sigmund Freud, ndị omempụ nwanyị na-ahụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụfụ ọnụ", na-eme ihe ike na nnupụisi na ọchịchọ ha maka penis na nwoke ha.<ref name=":1"/> ==== Echiche Izugbe Strain ==== Onye na-ahụ maka mpụ Robert Agnew nwara ịghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị site na echiche General Strain theory. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị nwetara ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche (nrụgide ma ọ bụ nrụgide, ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, nke ego, nke mmetụta uche, wdg) wee meghachi omume n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụnwoke yiri ka ha na-emeghechi omume na ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mpụ ihe onwunwe, a na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya na-emegharị site na mpụ na-ebibi onwe ha, dịka iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=BROIDY|first=LISA|date=2016-08-19|title=Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022427897034003001|journal=Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency|volume=34|issue=3|pages=275–306|language=en|doi=10.1177/0022427897034003001}}</ref> === Echiche mbụ nke ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ maka mpụ === Onye France na Canada na-ahụ maka mpụ Marie-Andrée Bertrand na onye Britain na-ahụ Maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Frances Mary Heidensohn so na ndị ọtụtụ ndị kwetara dị ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ụmụnwanyị na-ahụkarị maka mpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronicling the Shifts: Using the Body Lens to Analyze Policy for High Need Women Offenders|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265189122|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ Heidensohn "The Deviance of Women: A Critique and An Enquiry" (1968) bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nkatọ mbụ nke ọdịda nke ndị omempụ na-agụnye ụmụnwanyị na ọmụmụ ha, na-ekwu ete "ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ otu n'ime mpaghara nke omume mmadụ nke a na'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya" ma kpọọ ka e mee nchọpụta ndị ọzọ gbasara ọdịiche ụmụnwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heidensohn|first=Frances|date=1968|title=The Deviance of Women: A Critique and an Enquiry|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/588692|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=160–175|doi=10.2307/588692|pmid=5659807|issn=0007-1315}}</ref> Ọrụ mmalite nke echiche mpụ ụmụnwanyị gụnyere Freda Adler's Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal (1975), nke jikọtara mpụ nwanyị na mmegharị nnwere onwe nke nwanyị na-aga n'ihu, na-ekwuputa na enwere ohere karịrị n'èzí ụlọ, a na-enyekwa ụmụnwanyị ohere ka ha sonye n'akparamagwa ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-27|title=Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306624X7702100305|journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=233–234|language=en|doi=10.1177/0306624X7702100305}}</ref> A na-akpọ tiori mgbe ụfọdụ dịka"Theory Emancipation ". Akwụkwọ Rita J. Simon "Women and Crime", nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1975, kwụghachiri echiche ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị akatọwo njikọ Adler na Simon, gụnyere Carol Smart na Meda Chesney-Lind <ref>{{Cite book|author=Smart, Carol|title=Women, crime, and criminology : a feminist critique|date=1976|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul|isbn=0-7100-8449-8|location=London|oclc=2686753}}</ref> maka ịkpata "egwu omume" na egwu banyere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị site, n'okwu Chesney, "na-eyi ndị na-achọ ịha nhata na ihe oyiyi nke onye amoosu, nwanyị, na nwanyị akwụna egwu" <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Chesney-Lind, Meda|title=The female offender : girls, women, and crime|date=2004|publisher=Sage Publications|others=Pasko, Lisa.|isbn=978-1-4522-6687-9|edition=2nd|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=808344315}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Ka o sina dị, echiche Adler na Simon banyere "ndị ome mpụ nwanyị ọhụrụ" kpaliri nyocha ọzọ site n'aka ndị nchọpụta nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị ndị inyom. Ọtụtụ ule site n'aka onye na-abụghị onye na-ahụ maka mpụ na-emebi echiche ahụ, ebe ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na nchụpụ akụ na ụba bụ njikọ siri ike na mpụ ụmụnwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Simpson|first=Sally S.|date=1989|title=Feminist Theory, Crime, and Justice*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01048.x|journal=Criminology|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=605–632|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01048.x|issn=1745-9125}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ ndị a bịara ọtụtụ afọ mgbe Marxist-feminist [[Dorie Klein]] lebara anya na enweghị ihe gbasara akụnaụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze a tụlere na nyocha mpụ nwanyị na oge ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Dorie|date=1973|title=The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_issues-in-criminology_fall-1973_8_2/page/n12|journal=Issues in Criminology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=3–30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKlein1973">Klein, Dorie (1973). "The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature". ''Issues in Criminology''. '''8''' (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>30.</cite></ref> === Echiche nke Standpoint === Iji mebie echiche nke oge ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na mmalite afọ 1980 jiri Echiche echiche echiche, nke na-ekwusi ike na a na-emepụta echiche mmadụ dabere na ahụmịhe ha. Nnyocha nke ọdịdị a chọrọ ịghọta mpụ ụmụnwanyị site n'inyocha ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụnwanyị jidere na usoro ikpe mpụ. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị pụtara n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, gụnyere ịda ogbenye, ịṅụbiga mmanya oke, enweghị ebe obibi, na mmetọ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Comack, Elizabeth|title=Women in trouble : connecting women's law violations to their histories of abuse|date=1996|publisher=Fernwood Publishing|isbn=1-895686-61-X|location=Halifax, Canada|oclc=35124149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Richie, Beth|title=Compelled to crime : the gender entrapment of battered Black women|year=1996|isbn=0-415-91145-1|location=New York|oclc=32510587}}</ref> Ọnụnọ a zuru oke nke mmetọ dugara na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere njikọ dị n'etiti mmegbu na mpụ na echiche kachasị na enwere ike ịghọta omume ọjọọ nke ụmụnwanyị dị ka ụzọ isi nagide mmetọ a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Balfour|first=Gillian|date=June 2006|title=Re-imagining a Feminist Criminology|url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735|journal=Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice|language=en|volume=48|issue=5|pages=735–752|doi=10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735|issn=1707-7753}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalfour2006">Balfour, Gillian (June 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735 "Re-imagining a Feminist Criminology"]</span>. ''Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice''. '''48''' (5): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>752. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735|10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1707-7753 1707-7753]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145415229 145415229].</cite></ref> A katọrọ echiche echiche nke Standpoint maka ime ka ụmụnwanyị bụrụ ndị zuru oke, na-anabata nsonaazụ ndị dị n'elu dị ka eziokwu maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gelsthorpe|first=Loraine|title=Feminist perspectives in criminology|date=1990|publisher=Open University Press|isbn=0-335-09933-5|location=Milton Keynes [England]|oclc=21231470}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-emegide oke na ọrụ mmegbu na ndụ ụmụnwanyị, na-arụ ụka na echiche ndị a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị na-ahụ anya maka otu ha si emeghachi omume na mmegbu, yana ịkwado ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị mkpọrọ nwere ike ịnwe mkpa ka ukwuu maka ọgwụgwọ iji dozie mmegbu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hannah-Moffat|first=Kelly|date=2005|title=Criminogenic needs and the transformative risk subject: Hybridizations of risk/need in penality|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1462474505048132|journal=Punishment & Society|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=29–51|doi=10.1177/1462474505048132|issn=1462-4745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An ideal prison? : critical essays on women's imprisonment in Canada|date=2000|publisher=Fernwood|others=Shaw, Margaret., Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, 1967-|isbn=1-55266-024-9|location=Halifax, N.S.|oclc=43507647}}</ref> Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na ọkà mmụta Julia Chinyere Oparah na-agbakwụnye na echiche echiche "na-ezere ajụjụ nke ihe mere steeti ji jiri ntaramahụhụ zaghachi ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu. "<ref>{{Cite book|title=Global lockdown : race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex|others=Oparah, Julia Chinyere.|date=18 March 2014|isbn=978-1-317-79366-3|location=New York|oclc=877868120}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi nkatọ, a na-ekwu na nyocha nke echiche dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ndị omempụ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na ndị omempaka. == Echiche ụmụ nwanyị banyere mpụ == === Ịbụ onye inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ === Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ nwanyị nke na-adabere na usoro ikpe ikpe mpụ iji dozie nsogbu ọha na eze na enweghị oke nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe maka ndị mejọrọ mmekọahụ. Carceral feminists, tụmadi nke gụnyere radical, liberal, na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-acha ọcha feminists, kwenyere na mmetụta dị ukwuu nwere ike ime na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na mmụba na iwu iwu siri ike, ọnụnọ ndị uwe ojii na mgbasawanye nke usoro ntaramahụhụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ndị na-emejọ mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whalley|first=Elizabeth|date=2017-10-02|title=Carceral feminisms: the abolitionist project and undoing dominant feminisms|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2017.1383762|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|volume=20|issue=4|pages=456–473|doi=10.1080/10282580.2017.1383762|issn=1028-2580}}</ref> === Mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado mwepụ === A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ụmụ nwanyị abolitionist na-achọ ikewapụ omume na-adịghị mma site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị omempụ, usoro ha kwenyere na ọ naghị eme ihe iji dozie mgbọrọgwụ nke mpụ na ọha mmadụ. A na-akọwa abolitionism dị ka ihe ịma aka "nkọwa omenala nke mpụ na iwu, mgbe ọ na-agbagha echiche gọọmentị banyere ihe na mmetụta nke ntaramahụhụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ruggiero|first=Vincenzo|date=2015-03-23|title=The Legacy of Abolitionism|url=http://journals.openedition.org/champpenal/9080|journal=Champ pénal/Penal field|language=en|volume=XII|doi=10.4000/champpenal.9080|issn=1777-5272}}</ref> Ndị abolitionists na-ekwusi ike na "mpụ" dị ka a ghọtara ya, dị naanị n'ime iwu ndị na-akọwa ya, a na-emekwa iwu ndị ahụ iji tụọ mkpọrọ ma kewapụ ndị otu "ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/why-prison/7600B91780ED1FCA27073F52B06D2D7A|title=Why Prison?|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03074-9|editor=Scott|series=Cambridge Studies in Law and Society|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139344258}}</ref> Ndị abolitionist na-ele anya n'iwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ iji dozie nsogbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ndị abolitionists ndị ọzọ na-adọ aka ná ntị na mgbe a na-ele mpụ anya dị ka ihe sitere na ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ, "ha na-eme ka nghọta abolitionista dị ka ịkwanye osisi dị afọ 500 site na ogwe ya ma na-atụ anya ka ọ daa n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla maka mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-ejide ya n'ala. "Abolitionist [[Viviane Saleh-Hanna]] na-agbanye echiche a site na intersectionism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Saleh-Hanna|first=Viviane|date=2017-10-02|title=An abolitionist theory on crime: ending the abusive relationship with Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy [R.I.P.]|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2017.1377056|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–441|doi=10.1080/10282580.2017.1377056|issn=1028-2580}}</ref> Saleh-Hanna mepụtara echiche a site na mmejuputa Black Feminist Hauntology. Hauntology na-ezo aka n'ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ nnọgidesi ike nke ihe ndị sitere n'oge gara aga, dịka n'ụzọ nke mmụọ, ma n'ọnọdụ a na-ezobe nsogbu nke ọha mmadụ site na iwu ndị e bu n'obi imebi mmadụ, ịchụpụ, na ịta ndị mmadụ ahụhụ, ọkachasị ndị Black. A na-ahụ usoro ndị na-achọ ime mpụ na ịta ndị isi ojii ahụhụ, dịka Ịgba ohu, iwu Jim Crow, na ịtụ mkpọrọ n'ìgwè n'echiche a dị ka "mmụọ" na-alọghachi mgbe niile nke Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy.<ref name=":3" /> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fcbsee2t70vbe0r9058cmbv5x65elfp 0 76212 697504 645786 2026-08-10T01:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na onye na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ na ndị agha Russia-French (1871–1933)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Marie Goldsmith | honorific_suffix = | native_name = Мария Гольдсмит | native_name_lang = ru | image = Marie Goldsmith (retouched) (3x4 cropped).jpg | alt = Sepia headshot of Marie Goldsmith, a woman with white hair and wearing a black dress | caption = Goldsmith, 1916 | birth_name = Maria Isidorovna Goldsmit | birth_date = {{birth date|1871|07|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], Russian Empire<!--See [[MOS:GEOLINK]]--> | death_date = {{death date and age|1933|01|11|1871|07|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[Paris]], France | resting_place = [[Cimetière parisien de Thiais|Thiais Cemetery]] | other_names = {{hlist|Maria Korn|Maria Isidine}} | siglum = | pronounce = | citizenship = [[French nationality law|French]] (from 1924) | fields = [[Evolutionary biology]], [[ichthyology]] | education = [[University of Paris]] | alma_mater = | thesis_title = Réactions physiologiques et psychique des poissons | thesis_year = 1915 | doctoral_advisor = [[Yves Delage]] | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | father = [[Isidor Goldsmith]] | mother = [[Sofia Goldsmith]] }} '''Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith''' {{OldStyleDate|19{{nbsp}}Julaị|1871|7{{nbsp}}Julaị}} {{snd}}11{{nbsp}}Jenụwarị 1933) bụ onye na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye Russia na French bụ onye ọkachamara ihe ndị dị ndụ. A mụrụ ya na [[Alaeze Ukwu Russia]], a manyere ya ịkwaga mba ọzọ mgbe ọ dị obere n'ihi [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike]] nke ndị mụrụ ya. Na [[Paris]], nne ya metụtara mmasị ya na [[sayensị eke]] na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[anarchism]]. N'afọ 1890, ọ debanyere aha ịmụ [[bayọlọji]] na [[Mahadum Paris]] wee sonye na ndị a chụpụrụ [[anarchism na Russia|Russian]] na ndị diasporic [[anarchism ndị Juu|mmegharị ndị Juu anarchist]]. Mgbe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ maka [[PhD]] ya, ọ bịara n'okpuru nduzi nke ndị ọkà mmụta banyere evolushọn [[Yves Delage]] na [[Peter Kropotkin]], ndị metụtara nghọta ya banyere [[Darwinism|Evolushọn Darwinian]], [[Lamarckism|Ihe nketa Lamarckian]] na [[enyemaka ibe]]. Mgbe [[Mgbanwe Russia nke 1905]] malitere, ya na [[Georgy Gogelia]] hiwere otu [[Achịcha na Nnwere Onwe]], n'ime ha ghọrọ mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị mbụ Russia na-akwado [[anarcho-syndicalism]]. N'afọ 1910, Goldsmith bipụtara usoro akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọdịnala, ya na Delage dere ha. Ha abụọ nyochachara echiche dị iche iche gbasara evolushọn ma mee ihe akaebe maka [[mmekọrịta]] dị ka ihe nwere mmetụta karịa [[asọmpi]], na-emegide [[okpukpe Darwin]] na ozizi nke "[[nlanarị nke ndị kacha sie ike]]". Ha gbachitekwara ozizi nke [[symbiogenesis]] ma nyochaa ọtụtụ ikpe nke [[symbiosis]] n'okike. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1915, Goldsmith emechaala PhD ya wee banye n'ọrụ nyocha [[parthenogenesis]], [[tropism]], [[comparative psychology]] na [[evolutionary psychology]]. Isi ihe o lekwasịrị anya bụ [[bayọlọji mmiri]] na omume azụ. Mgbe [[Agha Ụwa Nke Mbụ]] malitere, o tinyere aka n'akụkụ nke ''[[Manifesto of the Sixteen]]'' n'ime [[internationalist–defencist schism]], o gosikwara nkwado ya maka [[Russian Revolution]] nke afọ 1917 ruo mgbe a chụpụsịrị [[Kronstadt Rebellion]]. Mgbe Delage na Kropotkin nwụsịrị na mbido afọ 1920, Goldsmith kewapụrụ onwe ya n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ma gbalịsie ike ịchọta ọrụ siri ike. Ọnọdụ ya dịka onye mba ọzọ, nwanyị na onye na-akwado ndị isi ike a ma ama mere ka ihe isi ike ya ka njọ. N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1920, ọ banyere n'arụmụka ndị otu anarchist gbara gburugburu ''[[Platformism|the Platform]]'', nke ọ katọrọ maka [[authoritarianism|authoritarian tendencies]]. Mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị na Jenụwarị 1933, o gburu onwe ya. Ọrụ ya nọgidere na-enwe mmetụta n'ime ngalaba sayensị ya, yana mmegharị ndị anarchist, ruo narị afọ nke 21. ==Ndụ mbụ na mmegharị ahụ== A mụrụ Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith na {{OldStyleDate|19 July|1871|7 July}},{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=89|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=516}} n'isi obodo Russia nke [[Saint Petersburg]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=89|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=516}} Nna ya bụ [[Isidor Goldsmith|Isidor Albertovich]], ọkaiwu na onye mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Positivism|positivist]];{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=39|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2pp=89, 93|3a1=Maitron|3y=2014}} o si n'ezinụlọ nke [[Conversions of Jews to Christianity#Russia|Ndị Juu ghọrọ ndị a tọghatara]] ba [[Lutheranism]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=89, 93}} Nne ya bụ [[Sofia Goldsmith|Sofia Ivanovna]], dọkịta na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi; o si n'ezinụlọ ndị isi Russia.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=89, 93}} Ndị mụrụ Goldsmith hụrụ na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ kemgbe ọ dị obere.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=89}} Nne na nna Goldsmith abụọ ahụ tinyere aka na [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike]], dị ka ndị na-eso ụzọ onye otu ọkachamara mmekọrịta mmadụ n'ibe ya [[Pyotr Lavrov]]{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=39|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2pp=89–90|3a1=Maitron|3y=2014}} na ndị enyi nke [[ezinụlọ Bakunin]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=89–90}} A manyere ha ịbanye [[Mbugharị | mbugharị ime obodo]] na [[Russian North]] maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha, ma gbapụ na [[Alaeze Ukwu Russia]] kpamkpam na June 1884.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=89–90}} Ka ọ bụ nwata, ndị mụrụ Goldsmith kpọọrọ ya gaa mba ọzọ na Frans wee biri na [[Paris]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=90|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} N'ebe ahụ, e jidere Isidor, tụọ ya mkpọrọ, o wee nwụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala. Ebe ọ bụ na nne ya na-arịakwa ọrịa ogologo oge, a manyere Goldsmith ịbanye n'ọrụ mgbe ọ dị obere iji lekọta onwe ya na nne ya.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=90}} Ọ ga-anọgide na-ebi ma na-elekọta nne ya, ọbụna ruo mgbe ọ toro.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=91, 93}} Site n'ike nne ya, Goldsmith malitere inwe mmasị na [[sayensị eke]] na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=90–92}} Ahụmịhe ya emeela ka ọ ghara ịtụkwasị [[steeti (ọchịchị)|steeti]] obi, n'oge afọ 1890, ọ gbapụrụ gaa n'ihu [[anarchism]] mgbe ọ gara nkuzi nke [[Saul Yanovsky]] na [[Peter Kropotkin]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=92}} Ọ tụgharịrị ụlọ ya dị na {{ill|Rue Marie-Rose|fr}} n'ebe a na-ezukọ maka ndị a chụpụrụ n'ala ọzọ [[anarchiism na Russia|ndị anarchist Russia]], hụ na ndị ọchịchị aka ike nọ n'ime ndị otu ndị si mba Russia kwaga na Paris.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=93}} Goldsmith malitekwara idegara [[Emma Goldman]] onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anarchist akwụkwọ ozi ruo ogologo ndụ ya.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=92–93}} O mekwara ka [[ndị Juu na-enweghị ọchịchị|ndị otu ndị na-anaghị asọpụrụ Chineke]] nke [[ndị Juu bi na mba ọzọ]] na Paris nwee mmekọrịta; ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ya onwe ya bụ onye na-eso ụzọ [[Judaism]] ma ọ mụbeghị [[Yiddish]], ọ ka maara na nna ya bụ onye Juu. Ọ naghị ahapụkarị ihe omume ndị otu anarchist ndị Juu, ọ bụkwa n'ime ebe a ka o malitere ọrụ ya nke ngagharị iwe ndị anarchist ma mepụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ya.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=93}} ==Ọrụ== ===Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ sayensị mbụ=== [[File:Yves Delage. Photograph. Wellcome V0028126.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait photograph of Yves Delage, wearing a suit and glasses, sitting in profile to the camera|[[Yves Delage]], Onye nkuzi Goldsmith na onye mmekọ sayensị]] Mgbe Goldsmith tolitere, o debanyere aha na [[Mahadum nke Paris]] iji mụọ [[bayọlọji]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=90–91|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=516}} Na 1892, ọ sonyeere òtù [[Internationalist Revolutionary Socialist Students]] (ESRI),{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=92|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} n'ime ya ka o dere akwụkwọ nta gbasara [[anarcha-feminism|feminism anarchist]] na [[anti-Zionism]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=92}} O sonyekwara [[Bourse du Travail]] na [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]], nke o nọchitere anya na [[International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896|International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress]] na London; ebe ahụ ka ọ nọ n'òtù ndị na-emegide omeiwu.{{sfn|Maitron|2014}} Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] ya na 1894, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha physiology nke Mahadum ahụ, mgbe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ maka [[PhD]] n'okpuru ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọdịnala evolushọn [[Yves Delage]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=90–91|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=516}} Goldsmith na Delage ghọrọ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma na-eme nchọpụta.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=90–91|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=517}} Delage appointed Goldsmith as [[general secretary]] of the scientific journal ''L'année biologique'',{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=90–91|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Ogilvie|3a2=Harvey|3y=2000|3pp=516–517}} which she ran from 1902 to 1924.{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} [[File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait photograph of Peter Kropotkin, wearing glasses, a suit and a long white beard|[[Peter Kropotkin]], Onye ndụmọdụ na onye ya na Goldsmith na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] Goldsmith ghọkwara ezigbo enyi nke ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ́ Peter Kropotkin, na-ederịtakwa ya akwụkwọ mgbe niile gbasara sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na 1897 ruo 1917.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=92–93|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2pp=516–517|3a1=Howell|3y=1999|3p=397|4a1=Purchase|4y=2003|4p=190|5a1=Slatter|5y=1997|5p=472}} Ebe ọ bụ na a machibidoro Kropotkin ịbanye France, ha enweghị ike izute ihu na ihu.{{sfn|Slatter|1997|p=472}} Dịka Delage na Kropotkin, Goldsmith ghọrọ onye na-akwado [[Darwinism|Ozizi Darwinian]] na [[evolution]] nke ọma na [[Lamarckism|Ozizi Lamarckian]] gbasara [[ihe nketa]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} Kropotkin nyere Goldsmith ọrụ imecha na nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ ya ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', ọ bụrụ na ọ nwụọ, dịka o kwenyere na Goldsmith bụ naanị onye kerịtara ma ihe ọmụma sayensị ya na echiche ụwa.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=95}} ===Mgbanwe nke 1905=== Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1903, echiche mgbanwe malitere ịpụta ìhè n'etiti ndị si mba Rọshịa; Goldsmith buru amụma na mgbanwe ga-eme na Rọshịa.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=38–39}} Ya na onye na-eme ihe ike na Georgian [[Georgy Gogelia]], Goldsmith hiwere otu ndị anarchist-communist [[Achịcha na Nnwere Onwe]], bụ́ ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa site na [[Geneva]] ma na-ezoro ha ezoo ba Rọshịa.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=39|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Goldsmith wrote for the journal under the [[pen name]] "Maria Korn".{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=100n2|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Woodcock|3a2=Avakumović|3y=1990|3p=360}} Site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Goldsmith na Gogelia ghọrọ mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị mbụ na-akwado [[mmekọrịta ihe]] na mmegharị ndị anarchist nke Russia.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=76|2a1=Thorpe|2y=2010|2p=20}} Ha toro [[mmebi]] na [[n'ozuzu ogbugbu]] dị ka ngwaọrụ dị ike nke ndị ọrụ nwere ike iji gosipụta onwe ha, n'oge okwu ndị dị otú ahụ ka dị iche na [[asụsụ Russia]].{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=76}} Goldsmith n'onwe ya kwadoro ihe nlereanya nke ndị France [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|General Confederation of Labour]] (CGT) dị ka ihe nlereanya maka ndị na-emegide ọchịchị Russia ịgbaso.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=76–77}} Goldsmith kwadoro maka [[anarcho-syndicalism]],{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=94–95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} na-arụ ụka na omume ndị otu syndicalist nke mgbanwe kwekọrọ naanị na ụkpụrụ omume na nkà ihe ọmụma nke anarchism.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=94–95}} Echiche ahụ gbasaa ngwa ngwa, ya na ngagharị iwe izugbe malitere na [[Baku]] na mbido Julaị 1903.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=76}} N'afọ sochirinụ, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Ukraine [[Chernigov Governorate|Chernigov]], malitere ịchọ ịmepụta otu ndị ọrụ mgbanwe, dịka ihe Goldsmith na Gogelia tụrụ aro.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=108}} Mgbe [[Mgbanwe Russia nke 1905]] malitere, ngagharị iwe gbasaara n'ofe mba ahụ na ngwụcha Ọktoba.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=76}} Ihe ndị a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị tinyere aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ laghachi Rọshịa, a kwụsịkwara ibipụta ya na Nọvemba afọ 1905.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=368}} Dịka Goldsmith si kwuo, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enweghị ike ịgbasa n'ime Rọshịa n'ihi oke ọrụ teknụzụ na nhazi.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=369}} Goldsmith na Gogelia nwere olileanya karịa maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa onye ndụmọdụ ha bụ Kropotkin, onye nọgidere na-akwado naanị otu ndị ọrụ.{{sfnm|Avrich|1971|pp=81–82}} Kropotkin nwere obi abụọ gbasara omume [[vanguardism|vanguardist]] nke syndicalism ma dọọ aka ná ntị megide mmetụta Marxist n'ime otu ndị ọrụ.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=82}} Goldsmith chetara na Kropotkin siri ike n'okwu gbasara atụmatụ, ma gosipụta iro megide echiche ahụ bụ na "[[ọgwụgwụ na-akwado ụzọ]]".{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=360}} Ka nnapụ na ihe onwunwe na-ebutekarị mmegbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, o kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya kwadoro mmegide Kropotkin megide ya.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=362}} Goldsmith katọrọkwa ụdị [[Marxism|Marxist]] na [[Sorelianism|Sorelian]] nke syndicalism, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwadoro nke ukwuu, nke na-enweghị njikọ na otu ọrụ; o kwenyere na syndicalism bụ omenala anarchist sitere n'okike.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=108–110}} Mgbe e gbusịrị Mgbanwe nke afọ 1905, Goldsmith na ndị otu ya malitere ịkwadebe onwe ha ozugbo maka nke na-esote.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=114}} O hiwere otu Paris nke ndị otu Anarchist-Communist nke Russia, nke ruru mmadụ iri ise ma zukọta n'ụlọ ya.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=114|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Na 1906, otu ahụ malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Burevestnik (1906)|Burevestnik]]'', nke Goldsmith dere akwụkwọ.{{sfn|Maitron|2014}} Ha haziri ngagharị iwe oge niile iji cheta ncheta ncheta nke [[Paris Commune]] na [[Haymarket affair]],{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=114}} tinyekwara n'ụbọchị ọmụmụ [[Mikhail Bakunin]], ebe Goldsmith na Gogelia kwuru okwu.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=114|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Ha abụọ dekwara akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ syndicalist nke Russia-American ''[[Golos Truda]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=115|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Goldsmith na Kropotkin kwurịtakwara maka imepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ nke ndị anarchist, nke e mere kpọmkwem ka ọ dọta mmasị ndị ọrụ ugbo Russia.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=365}} Mgbe obere oge gasịrị ikpalite otu Bread and Freedom nke Russia, Kropotkin malitere idere ndị otu Kọmunist na-anaghị asọpụrụ ndị Russia akwụkwọ ''Rabochi Mir'', ọ bụ ezie na dịka Goldsmith si kwuo, o tinyeghị aka karịa na ya ebe ọ bụ na ọ tụkwasịghị nnukwu òtù obi.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=371}} Na 1906, ọ gara ogbako nke ndị Russia a chụpụrụ n'agha na [[London]], ebe o dere akụkọ gbasara akụnụba, nhazi na atụmatụ ndị anarchist.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3p=76}} N'otu n'ime akụkọ ndị ahụ, ọ kwadoro [[ọchịchị ndị Kọmunist]] na [[njikwa ndị ọrụ]] nke [[ụzọ mmepụta]], na-ekwupụta nkwenye ya na [[ikpe ziri ezi]] na [[ịdị n'otu]] n'ụdị ha kachasị mma dị mkpa maka mmepe omume nke mmadụ niile na ịmepụta [[nnwere onwe|obodo nweere onwe ya]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=95}} ===Mbipụta sayensị=== [[File:Goldsmith-lab.png|thumb|alt=Photograph of Marie Goldsmith, wearing a lab coat, working at a laboratory desk covered with papers and bottles|Goldsmith nọ n'ụlọ nyocha ya (1910)]] Site na 1909 ruo 1917, Goldsmith na Delage so dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara bayoloji evolushọn.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=90–91|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Akwụkwọ mbụ ha, ''The Theories of Evolution'', malitere site na mmegide okpukperechi [[Mmepụta Ihe#Nkatọ Sayensị|ngọnarị nke Okike]] wee soro ya nwee mkparịta ụka dị ogologo nke echiche evolushọn dị iche iche.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Goldsmith na Delage kọwara Darwinism dị ka ozizi nke na-emesi ike na enweghị usoro [[mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], [[mgba maka ịdị adị]] na [[nhọrọ okike]] dị ka isi ihe ndị kpatara evolushọn.{{sfn|Gillott|2017|p=4}} Ha wee kọwaa Lamarckism nke ọma dị ka ozizi nke na-emesi ike [[mmeghari]] nke onye ọ bụla na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ya, kama [[nchọpụta tupu oge eruo]], dị ka ihe nlereanya maka evolushọn.{{sfnm|1a1=Gillott|1y=2017|1p=5|2a1=Jablonka|2a2=Lamb|2y=1995|2p=10|3a1=Meloni|3y=2016|3p=2}} Ha tụnyere echiche dị warara nke Lamarckism na uche siri ike nke [[Neo-Darwinism]], dịka [[August Weismann]] si kwuo ya .{{sfn|Jablonka|Lamb|1995|p=10}} Dịka echiche ha banyere Lamarckism si dị, ihe nketa na-eme mgbe mgbanwe na ihe mkpali gburugburu ebe obibi na-adabereghị na ya n'ọgbọ ndị sochirinụ; Ha kọwara ihe nketa Lamarckian naanị n'ụzọ nkọwa, n'emeghị echiche gbasara usoro maka mgbanwe n'etiti mgbanwe "na-adabere na mkpali" na "na-adabeghi na mkpali".{{sfn|Jablonka|Lamb|1995|p=11}} N'isiakwụkwọ gbasara [[Nkọwapụta|mmalite nke ụdị]], ha tụlere ọrụ nwere ike ịrụ nke [[ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa allopatric]] na [[ichepụta ọmụmụ]], ọ bụ ezie na ha kwusiri ike na ha enweghị echiche zuru oke nke nwere ike ịme ka mgbanwe na ụdịdị dị iche iche bụrụ otu usoro; echiche a a tụrụ aro ga-apụta ọtụtụ iri afọ ka e mesịrị, ya na mmepe nke [[mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ]].{{sfn|Broquet|Destombe|Valero|Jollivet|2023|p=10}} Akwụkwọ ahụ mechiri site na nchịkọta nke ozizi Kropotkin nke [[enyemaka ibe ya] dị ka ihe kpatara evolushọn.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=94|2a1=Purchase|2y=2003|2pp=92–93, 190}} N'ihi ihe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru nke na-emegide okpukperechi, e bipụtaghachiri okwu mmalite ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-anaghị anabata okpukperechi nke [[Jean Grave]] ''{{ill|Les Temps nouveaux (newspaper){{!}}Les Temps nouveaux|fr|Les Temps nouveaux (journal)}}''. Akwụkwọ a nabatara nke ọma site n'aka ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa, ebe ''[[The New York Times]]'' na-akọwa ya dị ka akụkọ zuru oke nke arụmụka nke oge a gbasara bayoloji evolushọn.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} Nsụgharị Bekee ya bụ nke onye otu ndị ọchịchị aka ike [[André Tridon]] ji aka ya sụgharịa.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} N'isiokwu e bipụtara n'afọ 1911 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ [[anarchism na Portugal|Portuguese anarchist]] ''{{lang|pt|A Sementeira}}'', Goldsmith na Delage sitere n'akwụkwọ [[Charles Darwin]] ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex|The Descent of Man]]'' iji mee ka ọrụ [[mmekọ ihe ọnụ]] na [[ịdị n'otu]] dị na evolushọn pụta ìhè.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} Ha gbaghakwara ozizi [[Herbert Spencer]] nke "[[nlanarị nke ndị kacha sie ike]]" na [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T.H. Huxley]] "[[mgba maka ịdị adị]]", na-egosi ha dị ka mmebi nke Darwinism iji kwado [[usoro] mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ugbu a na enweghị njide onwe onye [[asọmpi]] na-emebi ịdị n'otu na mmekorita.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=94|2a1=La Vergata|2y=2023|2p=496}} Ha boro Huxley ebubo na o mere ka echiche Darwin banyere mgba maka ịdị adị dịkwuo mfe site n'ibelata ya ka ọ bụrụ "ọgụ ruo ọnwụ", ebe ha kọwara ya dị ka mgba site n'aka ihe ndị dị ndụ megide ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Site n'aka Kropotkin, Goldsmith na Delage chọrọ iwepụ asọmpi ma mee ka ọ pụta ìhè mkpa ọ dị imekọ ihe ọnụ. N'ịma aka kpọmkwem megide "onye kacha dịrị ndụ", ha tụrụ aro na ọnọdụ ọjọọ dịka ụnwụ nri na oké ọkọchị mere ka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kachasị sie ike ghara ịdị irè, ebe ọnọdụ dị mma nyere ohere ka mgbanwe ọhụrụ baa ọgaranya.{{sfn|La Vergata|2023|p=496}} Ha kwuru na, n'ọnọdụ dị oke njọ, mmekorita na enyemaka ibe, n'adịghị ka asọmpi, dị mkpa maka ịlanarị.{{sfn|La Vergata|2023|p=506}} Na 1913, ha bipụtara akwụkwọ nke abụọ ha, nke lekwasịrị anya na [[parthenogenesis]].{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} Na 1915, Goldsmith gụchara akwụkwọ PhD ya, na-agbachitere edemede ya na akwụkwọ edemede [[comparative physiology]] na [[comparative psychology|psychology]] nke azụ.{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=114|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2pp=90–91|3a1=Ogilvie|3a2=Harvey|3y=2000|3p=517}} Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere idere ''[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences|Comptes rendus]]'' akwụkwọ nke [[French Academy of Sciences]]; o bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara ọtụtụ isiokwu, gụnyere [[tropism]], [[akparamàgwà mmadụ evolushọn]], parthenogenesis na Mendelism.{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} N'ime nyocha nke akwụkwọ [[Paul Portier (ọkachamara ahụike)|Paul Portier]] nke afọ 1918 gbasara [[symbiogenesis]], Goldsmith kwupụtara na ọ mere ka o kweta na ọ ga-ekwe omume [[asepsis]], myirịta dị n'etiti [[bacteria]] na [[mitochondria]], na mmekọrịta symbiotes na vitamin.{{sfn|Sapp|1994|p=95}} Ya na Delage nyochakwara [[symbiosis]] n'etiti [[legume]] na [[Rhizobia|bacteria]], [[osisi]] na [[Mycorrhiza|fungi]], na [[algae]] na [[microfauna]].{{sfn|Purchase|2003|p=190}} Ka Goldsmith na-ebipụta nyocha ya, o nwetara aha ọma ngwa ngwa n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-enweta ọtụtụ òkù ka ọ gaa kwusaa okwu na mba dị iche iche. Ọ na-akpakọrịta na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama, gụnyere onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike nke France [[Charles Richet]], onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke ndị Russia na-amụ banyere mgbanwe evolushọn [[Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts|Nadezhda Kohts]] na [[Vladimir Wagner]], na onye Switzerland na-amụ banyere ihe ndị sitere n'okike [[Arnold Lang]]. Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ sayensị nye [[Georges Clemenceau]], [[praịm minista France]], onye ji ihe ọmụma ya gbasara bayoloji kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=91}} Na 1919, ọ malitere ọrụ dịka onye nchọpụta na [[Mahadum Paris Faculty of Science]].{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=516}} ==Edemede nke gbasara ndị Anarchist== Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke afọ 1920, Goldsmith aghọọla onye edemede ama ama na-ede akụkọ gbasara echiche anarchist na mmegharị ọrụ maka ọtụtụ mbipụta n'ọtụtụ asụsụ dị iche iche, gụnyere Frans ''{{lang|fr|Les Temps Nouveaux}}'' na Russia ''[[Delo Truda]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=92|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} O tinyekwara aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ Yiddish ''[[Fraye Arbeter Shtime]]'', tinyere akwụkwọ ndị Juu ndị ọzọ na-emegide okpukpe, ma n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ma n'ikpebisi ike, ebe ọ na-esiri ike ịghọta Yiddish n'enweghị enyemaka.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=93}} O dere akwụkwọ nye ndị nta akụkọ anarchist n'aha na-abughi nke ya, na-agbalị ime ka ọrụ sayensị ya dị iche na ngagharị iwe ndị anarchist.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=94}} N'ihe o dere n'oge a, o lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na nhazi, wee hapụ ihe o lekwasịrị anya na mbụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=92}} ===Agha Ụwa Mbụ=== Mgbe [[Agha Ụwa Mbụ]] bịdọrọ, Goldsmith gosipụtara nkwado maka akwụkwọ Kropotkin ''[[Manifesto of the Sixteen]]'', nke were ọnọdụ [[Internationalist–defencist schism|defencist]] wee hazie akụkụ ya nke mmegharị anarchist na [[Allies of World War I|Entente]].{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=117n104|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2p=95|3a1=Maitron|3y=2014|4a1=Zimmer|4y=2017|4p=190}} O hotara ihe dị na manifesto ahụ n'isiokwu ya gbasara ya maka ''Fraye Arbeter Shtime'', ọ bụ ezie na ọ jụrụ ịbịnye aka na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe ọ kwenyereghị n'okwu ya.{{sfn|Zimmer|2017|p=190}} Onye mba Russia nke na-akwado mba ụwa [[Aleksandr Ge]] katọrọ ya nke ukwuu maka ọnọdụ ya,{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=117n104|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2p=95}} onye boro ya ebubo na ọ na-agbagwoju echiche ndị na-anaghị ekwe omume dịka [[nha nhata n'ihu iwu]] na enweghị ọchịchị ma kpọọ ya "[[Joan nke Arc]] nke [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]".{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=95}} Ọ nọgidere na-agbachitere echiche ya n'agha ahụ, ọbụna n'afọ ndị sochiri ya.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} N'akwukwo maka ''Plus Loin'', o kwenyere na, ọ bụ ezie na isonye n'agha ahụ megidere ụkpụrụ [[mgbochi agha|mgbochi agha]], ụkpụrụ ndị anarchist nke iguzogide mmegbu na mwakpo nke alaeze ukwu dị mkpa karịa ma kwado ha isonye na ọgụ megide [[Ike Etiti]].{{sfn|Maitron|2014}} ===Mgbanwe nke 1917=== Mgbe ntiwapụ nke afọ 1917 [[Mgbanwe Russia]] gasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu enweghị ọchịchị Goldsmith, gụnyere Peter Kropotkin, kpebiri ịlaghachi obodo ahụ. Goldsmith n'onwe ya nọgidere na Paris iji lekọta nne ya.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=136}} Ka ewepụrụ mmachibido iwu mba Rọshịa na mbụ na [[nnwere onwe nke ndị nta akụkọ]], Goldsmith nyeere Kropotkin aka ịgụgharị akwụkwọ ya ma kwadebe ha maka mbipụta iwu mbụ ha na Rọshịa.{{sfn|Woodcock|Avakumović|1990|p=403}} Mgbe Kropotkin nwụsịrị, Goldsmith mechara ma sụgharịa akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya ''[[Ethics: Origin and Development]]''.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=92–93}} Site na Paris, Goldsmith bipụtara usoro isiokwu dị iche iche na ''Les Temps Nouveaux'', ebe o ji olileanya gosipụta mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu dị ka mmalite nke njedebe nke [[ọchịchị ego]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} O kwuru na mgbanwe ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ ga-eme ka akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị baa ọgaranya, kamakwa ọ ga-eme ka ọha mmadụ Russia nwee ọganihu n'ihe gbasara ọgụgụ isi na omume. Ebe ọ ghọtara na mgbanwe ahụ na-aga n'ihu [[ọchịchị ọha mmadụ]], ọ kpọrọ oku ka e guzobe njikwa akụ na ụba nke ndị ọrụ na [[nkewapụ ọchịchị]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=96–97}} Goldsmith kwenyere na echiche [[Bolsheviks]]' [[ịhazi mba|nationalist]] na [[statist]], nke lekwasịrị anya na mmemme nke [[ịhazi mba]], megidere mwepụ nke [[ihe onwunwe nkeonwe]] nke [[akụnụba kọmunist]] kwadoro ma nọchite anya ihe mgbochi nye mgbanwe ahụ.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=96–97}} Mgbe e gbusịrị [[Nnupụisi Kronstadt]], echiche Goldsmith banyere mgbanwe ahụ ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị mma karị. Ọ katọrọ [[Ndị Agha Uhie]] dị ka [[ndị agha mgbangharị megide]] ma gọnarị akụkọ Bolshevik na ndị nnupụisi Kronstadt bụ [[ndị na-emeghachi omume|ndị na-emeghachi omume]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=97}} O kọwara nnupụisi Kronstadt dị ka ike mgbanwe n'ezie, nke biliri megide [[ọchịchị aka ike]] iji nweta [[nha nhata ọha mmadụ]] na [[ọchịchị onwe onye]].{{sfn|Maitron|2014}} N'isiokwu e dere n'afọ 1925 maka ''Delo Truda'', o boro ozizi Marxist nke "[ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị proletariat]]" ebubo maka [[Uhie Egwu]], na-egosi ya dị ka ihe ziri ezi [[nhicha]] nke ọchịchọ [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe]] na [[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] niile n'aha ịmepụta [[ọha mmadụ na-enweghị steeti]]. Goldsmith mesiri nkwenye ya ike na ebumnuche mgbanwe na omume mgbanwe ga-ekwekọ na ibe ha, ikwere na ọchịchị aka ike ọ bụla enweghị ike iweta nnwere onwe na [[mkpọchi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] mebiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi mgbanwe. O kwubiri na ọchịchị aka ike nke Soviet nọchiri anya nzọụkwụ azụ site na ọha mmadụ na-enweghị steeti, kama mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=97}} ===Arụmụka gbasara ''Ikpo okwu''=== [[File:1921. Нестор Махно в лагере для перемещенных лиц в Румынии.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait photograph of Nestor Makhno, wearing a moustache and a black suit, resting in a doorway|[[Nestor Makhno]], otu n'ime ndị dere ''Platform'']] Mgbe ntọala nke [[Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire|Revolutionary Syndicalist General Confederation of Labour]] (CGT-SR) gachara, ọ malitere itinye aka na akwụkwọ ozi ya ''{{lang|fr|La Voix du Travail}}''. Ọ sonyekwara na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Delo Truda'', n'akụkụ ndị nnupụisi anarchist [[Peter Arshinov]] na [[Nestor Makhno]].{{sfn|Maitron|2014}} Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke onye mbụ,{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Skirda|3y=2004|3p=280}} idezi na ịtụgharị akwụkwọ ncheta ya.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=280, 286}} Goldsmith kpọrọ oku ka a legharịa anya n'ụkpụrụ ndị na-emegide ọchịchị mgbe mgbanwe Russia gasịrị, na-arụ ụka na ihe ndị mere eme egosila mkpa ọ dị igbochi ọkwa ọchịchị na igbochi ọchịchị aka ike. O kwuru na, nye ndị anarchist, mgbanwe ọ bụla nke na-emeghị ka e guzobe [[ọha mmadụ na-enweghị klas]] "emebeghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya".{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=97–98}} O kwenyere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na mgbanwe ga-eme ka ọha mmadụ na-enweghị ọchịchị kọmunist malite ozugbo, ma kwuo na mgbanwe ga-adị mkpa.{{sfn|Berry|2002|p=292}} Ya mere, ọ kpọrọ oku maka [[mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide]], nke ga-aga n'ihu na-eduga n'obodo na-enweghị steeti na enweghị otu.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=98}} Na 1926, Peter Arshinov na Nestor Makhno kwupụtara mmepe nke ''[[platformism|Ikpo Okwu]]'', nke sitere na mkparịta ụka gbasara ọdịda nke [[Makhnovshchina|Mgbanwe Ukraine]] ma kpọọ oku maka ịdị n'otu echiche na atụmatụ.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3p=124}} Goldsmith nabatara ''Ikpo okwu'' ahụ na mbụ ma chọọ ka ọ gaa nke ọma,{{sfn|Skirda|2002|p=124}} mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ anarchist a ma ama iji kwupụta obi abụọ ha nwere na atụmatụ ahụ.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Moormann|3y=2023|3pp=103–104|4a1=Skirda|4y=2002|4pp=126–127}} O nwere obi abụọ banyere ọrụ [[ọtụtụ|ọtụtụ]] na [[otu ndị pere mpe|ndị pere mpe]] na-arụ n'òtù ndị anarchist,{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Moormann|2y=2023|2p=104n19|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3p=126}} ịkatọ ihe na-echegbu ya nwere ike ịghọ "[[ọchịchị aka ike nke ọtụtụ mmadụ]]".{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=95}} Ọ jụkwara otu a ga-esi hazie usoro ọchịchị ha chọrọ maka [[ndị Soviet nwere onwe ha], otu ha ga-esi elekọta ndị mmadụ ma chebe mgbanwe ha, ma ha ga-echekwa nnwere onwe nke ndị nta akụkọ na [[nnwere onwe ikwu okwu]], na ma ha ga-ekesa ihe onwunwe [[Site n'aka onye ọ bụla dịka ike ya si dị, nye onye ọ bụla dịka mkpa ya si dị | dabere na mkpa nke onye ọ bụla]].{{sfn|Skirda|2002|p=126}} Goldsmith mechara jụ atụmatụ ahụ na òtù ndị anarchist kwesịrị inwe amụma na atụmatụ ha, usoro nhazi siri ike, mkpebi siri ike ma ọ bụ [[Ahịrị pati (ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ahịrị pati]]{{sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=256}} O jụkwara echiche ya gbasara [[ọrụ mkpokọta]], kama iwere ọnọdụ [[Nhazi omume|onye na-eme ihe n'otu n'otu]] na mmegharị ndị anarchist kwesịrị ịkwado [[ọrụ omume]] maka omume ndị otu ya.{{sfn|Moormann|2023|pp=108, 110}} O kwenyere na onye ọ bụla na otu obodo dị n'ime otu kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe ime ihe, nke o lere anya dị ka ụzọ kachasị dị irè ma dịkwa irè iji chekwaa ikike nke ndị pere mpe. O nwere nchegbu na ''Ikpo okwu'' ahụ bụ atụmatụ maka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị etiti, dịka [[Bolshevism]].{{sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=256}} Nke a mere ka arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ banyere ''Ikpo okwu'' ahụ, nke mechara ruo mgbe Arshinov hapụrụ mmegharị ndị anarchist na 1931; o kpọrọ Goldsmith aha kpọmkwem dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-emegide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ ndị kewapụrụ ya site na nkatọ ha nke "ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya".{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=95}} N'ụzọ dị iche, ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta dị mma na Makhno,{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=95|2a1=Peters|2y=1970|2pp=95–96}} na-eme ka ọ na-enwe obi ụtọ ma na-enyocha ahụike ya n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya.{{sfn|Peters|1970|pp=95–96}} ==Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, ọnwụ na ihe nketa== Mgbe Delage nwụrụ n'afọ 1920, Goldsmith chọpụtara na ọ na-esiri ya ike inweta ọrụ kwụsiri ike.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=91|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} Ọ nọọrọ onwe ya n'ime ngalaba ya, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya malitere ịwakpo ọkwa ya dị ka [[Mbugharị na France|onye mbịambịa]]; ọ ghọrọ [[iwu mba French|onye mba France nwetara ikike ịbụ nwa amaala]] naanị na 1924. O nweghịkwa ike ịrụ ọrụ ndị [[Carnegie Institution for Science]] nke dị na US na [[Rockefeller University | Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] nyere, ebe ọ ga-anọgide na-elekọta nne ya. Ebe kacha anya ọ gara site na Paris bụ [[Station biologique de Roscoff]] dị na [[Brittany]], ebe ọ gara n'ihu na [[Ichthyology|nnyocha azụ]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=91}} Na 1927, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka ụlọ nyocha maka ụlọ ọrụ [[École pratique des hautes études]]; site na 1930, ọ durukwa [[nkụzi]] na [[Mahadum Paris Faculty of Medicine]].{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|pp=516–517}} Na 1929, ọ laghachiri Rọshịa obere oge ịga leta [[Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Darwin]] dị na [[Moscow]], ebe ọ hụrụ nyocha Nadezhda Kohts gbasara enwe.{{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} Nne Goldsmith nwụrụ site n'ọrịa ya na Jenụwarị 9, 1933.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=95–96|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} N'ịbụ onye obi dara mbà, Goldsmith kpebiri igbu onwe ya [[igbu onwe ya site na nsí]].{{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=246|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2pp=95–96|3a1=Maitron|3y=2014}} Ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 11,{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=95–96|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} na [[Hôpital Cochin]], mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na otu.{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=95–96}} N'ime ihe e dere banyere igbu onwe ya ya, o nyefere ihe ndị o nwere, gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi ya na Kropotkin na nnụnụ anụ ụlọ ya, nye [[Sascha Schapiro]] na <!--[[Ekaterina Vasylevna Bakunina|Ekaterina Bakunina]]-->Ekaterina Bakunina.{{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1pp=95–96|2a1=Howell|2y=1999|2p=397}} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rịọkwara ka e lie ya na nne ya n'akụkụ nke nna ya n'ili [[Ivry Cemetery]], e mechara lie ha n'ime [[Ili Ozu nke Paris nke Thiais|Ili Ozu nke Thiais]].{{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=95–96n2}} Goldsmith natara usoro [[ọnwụ|ọnwụ]] na nsọpụrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na nke ndị anarchist.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} Onye Juu anarchist na-ede uri [[Sholem Schwarzbard]] dere akụkọ ọnwụ ya nke sitere n'ọkpụkperechị ''Fraye Arbeter Shtime'',{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=93}} ebe Nestor Makhno tinyere ya n'akụkụ Kropotkin dị ka otu n'ime "ndị dike nke ọchịchị anarchism".{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} Emma Goldman, [[Mollie Steimer]] na Alexander Berkman ruuru ya ákwá n'onwe ha n'akwụkwọ ozi ha.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara [[Pierre Ramus]], Berkman kwuru maka ọnwụ Goldsmith na ọgbọ ya nke ndị anarchist nke Russia na-anwụ anwụ.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=246}} Alexander Berkman na [[Grigorii Maksimov]] gbalịrị ịchọta ego iji bipụta akwụkwọ Goldsmith, mana ha emeghị nke ọma n'ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} Berkman n'onwe ya gburu onwe ya na 1936.{{sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=246–247}} Ọrụ ha malitere mgbe afọ 90 gasịrị na ''[[Black Flag (magazine)|Black Flag Anarchist Review]]'', nke bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ itoolu nke Goldsmith n'afọ 2023.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} N'oge [[Nnukwu Nsacha]] na Soviet Union, [[NKVD]] duziri [[Ndepụta nke ihe ndị mere n'ịgba akwụkwọ ọkụ#Akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ nta na foto (site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Soviet)|ịgba akwụkwọ ọkụ]] nke gụnyere akwụkwọ nta Goldsmith nke akpọrọ ''Revolutionary Syndicalism and Anarchism'', tinyere akwụkwọ Kropotkin nke akpọrọ ''Mutual Aid'' na akwụkwọ Bakunin nke akpọrọ ''The State and Anarchism''.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} E dekọrọ akwụkwọ ozi ya sara mbara na Kropotkin, nke ruru mkpụrụ akwụkwọ 400, na [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]].{{sfn|Slatter|1994|p=277n1}} [[Hoover Institution Library and Archives|Nicolaevsky Collection]] depụtakwara akwụkwọ ozi ndị a.{{sfn|Slatter|1994|pp=277n1, 280}} Na 1995, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme [[Michael Confino]] deziri akwụkwọ ozi ha ọnụ ma bipụta ya.{{sfnm|1a1=Howell|1y=1999|1pp=396–397|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=517|3a1=Slatter|3y=1997|3p=472}} Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a na-anakọta agaghị emecha ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ebe Kropotkin bibiri ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi Goldsmith zigara ya,{{sfnm|1a1=Howell|1y=1999|1p=397|2a1=Slatter|2y=1997|2p=472}} mana Goldsmith n'onwe ya debeere akwụkwọ ozi ha nke ya, megide ndụmọdụ Kropotkin.{{sfn|Howell|1999|p=397}} A nọgidere na-ehota akwụkwọ edemede Goldsmith gbasara nghọta anụmanụ n'akwụkwọ sayensị ruo narị afọ nke 21.{{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} ==Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara== ===Akwụkwọ=== *''[https://archive.org/details/lesthoriesdel00dela Les Théories de l'Évolution]'' [''[https://archive.org/details/theoriesofevolut00delauoft The Theories of Evolution]''] (1909){{sfnm|1a1=Broquet|1a2=Destombe|1a3=Valero|1a4=Jollivet|1y=2023|1p=17|2a1=Gillott|2y=2017|2p=20n20|3a1=Jablonka|3a2=Lamb|3y=1995|3p=305|4a1=Meloni|4y=2016|4p=2|5a1=Ogilvie|5a2=Harvey|5y=2000|5p=517|6a1=Purchase|6y=2003|6pp=93n197, 190n446}} *''La parthénogénèse naturelle et expérimentale'' [''Natural and experimental parthenogenesis''] (1913){{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} *''Réactions physiologiques et psychique des poissons'' [''Physiological and Psychological Reactions of Fish''] (1915){{sfnm|1a1=Maitron|1y=2014|2a1=Ogilvie|2a2=Harvey|2y=2000|2p=517}} <!--*''Les grands problèmes de la biologie générale'' [''The major problems of general biology''] (1917)--> <!--*''Le mendélisme et le mécanisme cytologique de l'hérédité'' [''Mendelism and the cytological mechanism of heredity''] (1919)--> *''Revolutionary Syndicalism and Anarchism: Struggle with Capital and Power'' (Golos Truda, 1920){{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=270|2a1=Hough|2y=2023|2p=99|3a1=Maitron|3y=2014}} *''La psychologie comparée'' [''Comparative Psychology''] (1927){{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} <!--*''La Dictionnaire illustrée d'histoire naturelle'' [''The Illustrated Dictionary of Natural History''] (1931)--> ===Edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ=== *"Quelques réactions sensorielles chez le Pouple" (''Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences'', 1917){{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} *"Une contribution à la question des tropismes" (''Bulletin Institut général psychologique'', 1922){{sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000|p=517}} ===Edemede=== <!--*"Antisemitism and Zionism" (Internationalist Revolutionary Socialist Students, 1900)--> *"On Organisation" (London Congress of Communist Anarchists, 1906){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=99}} *"Revolutionary Syndicalism and the Socialist Party" (London, 1907){{sfn|Avrich|1971|p=270}} *"Darwinism" (''A Sementeira'', 1911){{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=98|2a1=La Vergata|2y=2023|2p=496}} *"Evolution" (''Les Temps nouveaux'', 1911){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=98}} *"The Struggle against Capital and Power: Our Controversial Issues" (London, 1912){{sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=270|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-isidine-the-problems-of-tomorrow The Problems of Tomorrow]" (''Les Temps Nouveaux'', 1919–1920){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=96}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-isidine-the-truth-about-kronstadt The Truth about Kronstadt]" (''Les Temps Nouveaux'', 1921){{sfnm|1a1=Berry|1y=2002|1p=92n71|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} *"Kropotkin and Russia" (''Les Temps Nouveaux'', 1921){{sfn|Zimmer|2017|p=174n61}} *"P. A. Kropotkin – His Attitude Towards the War" (''Fraye Arbeter Shtime'', 1922){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=99}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-isidine-the-moral-face-of-the-revolution The Moral Face of the Revolution]" (''Plus Loin'', 1925){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=97}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-korn-marxist-utopia Marxist Utopia]" (''Delo Truda'', 1925){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=97}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-isidine-a-few-words-on-a-confusing-notion A Few Words about a Confusing Notion]" (''Plus Loin'', 1925){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=97}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-korn-on-the-issue-of-revision On the Issue of 'Revision']" (''Delo Truda'', 1925–1926){{sfn|Hough|2023|pp=97–98}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/maria-isidine-organization-and-party Organisation and the Party]" (''Plus Loin'', 1928){{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=99|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014|3a1=Moormann|3y=2023|3p=102|4a1=Skirda|4y=2002|4pp=246–254|5a1=van der Walt|5a2=Schmidt|5y=2009|5p=362}} *"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/marie-isidine-on-the-manifesto-of-the-16 On the Manifesto of the Sixteen]" (''Plus Loin'', 1928){{sfnm|1a1=Hough|1y=2023|1p=99|2a1=Maitron|2y=2014}} <!--*"[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-korn-kropotkin-s-communism Kropotkin's Communism]" (''International collection dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the death of P.A. Kropotkin'', 1931)--> ===Ntụgharị asụsụ=== *''Historical Letters'' by [[Pyotr Lavrov]] (1903){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=90}} *''[[Ethics: Origin and Development]]'' by [[Peter Kropotkin]] (1927){{sfn|Hough|2023|p=93}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{Notelist}} ==Edensibia== {{reflist|2}} ==Ndekọ Akwụkwọ== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=[[The Russian Anarchists]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1971 |isbn=0-691-00766-7 |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |oclc=1154930946 |orig-year=1967}} * {{Cite book |last=Berry |first=David |title=A History of the French Anarchist Movement |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-313-32026-8}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Broquet |first1=Thomas |last2=Destombe |first2=Christophe |last3=Valero |first3=Myriam |last4=Jollivet |first4=Didier |year=2023 |title=A brief history of speciation research at the Station Biologique de Roscoff (1872-2022) |journal=Cahiers de Biologie Marine |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.21411/CBM.A.3DAF598C |issn=0007-9723 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book |last=Gillott |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jy4rDwAAQBAJ |title=Samuel Butler against the Professionals: Rethinking Lamarckism 1860-1900 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781351550185}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Hough |first=Søren |year=2023 |title=Marie Goldsmith: Scientific Luminary, Anarchist Militant |url=https://anarchistfaq.org/blackflag/BlackFlag-vol3-no2.pdf#page=89 |magazine=[[Black Flag (newspaper)|Black Flag Anarchist Review]] |pages=89–99 |volume=3 |issue=2 |issn=0045-2157}}<!-- Republished by PM Press (https://blog.pmpress.org/2023/07/19/marie-goldsmith-scientific-luminary-anarchist-militant/) --> * {{Cite journal |last=Howell |first=Yvonne |date=1999 |title=Review of The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings; Anarchistes en exile Correspondance inedite de Pierre Kropotkine a Marie Goldsmith 1897–1917 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-and-east-european-journal_summer-1999_43_2/page/396 |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=396–398 |doi=10.2307/309569 |issn=0037-6752 |jstor=309569}} * {{Cite book |last1=Jablonka |first1=Eva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7eH7L_7y3IC |title=Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension |last2=Lamb |first2=Marion J. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=9780198540625}} * {{Cite book |last=La Vergata |first=Antonello |title=Images of the Economy of Nature, 1650-1930 |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-31023-2 |series=Evolutionary Biology – New Perspectives on Its Development |volume=7 |pages=477–583 |chapter=Struggles for Existence |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-31023-2_9}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=GOLDSMITH Maria Isidorovna [dite Maria Korn ou Corn, Maria Isidine] |encyclopedia=[[Dictionnaire des anarchistes]] |url=https://maitron.fr/goldsmith-maria-isidorovna-dite-maria-korn-ou-corn-maria-isidine-dictionnaire-des-anarchistes/ |last=Maitron |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Maitron |language=fr |trans-title=GOLDSMITH Maria Isidorovna [known as Maria Korn or Corn, Maria Isidine] |isbn=9782708243163}} * {{Cite book |last=Meloni |first=Maurizio |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalbiology0000melo/ |title=Political Biology: Science and Social Values in Human Heredity from Eugenics to Epigenetics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-137-37771-5 |pages=1–31 |chapter=Political Biology and the Politics of Epistemology |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Moormann |first=Emma |title=Epigenetics and moral responsibilities for health: a philosophical exploration |type=[[PhD]] |publisher=[[University of Antwerp]] |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1970610151162165141 |year=2023 |hdl=10067/1970610151162165141}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Goldsmith, Marie (1873–1933) |encyclopedia=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0/page/516/ |editor-last1=Ogilvie |editor-first1=Marilyn Bailey |volume=1 |pages=516–517 |isbn=0-415-92039-6 |editor-link1=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie |editor-last2=Harvey |editor-first2=Joy Dorothy |editor-link2=Joy Harvey}} * {{Cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Victor |title=Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist |date=1970 |publisher=Echo Books |location=Winnipeg |oclc=7925080}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Purchase |first=Graham |title=Peter Kropotkin: Ecologist, Philosopher and Revolutionary |type=[[PhD]] |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/entities/publication/6a035a33-c74a-42ae-91e0-20be4c0ff607 |year=2003}} * {{Cite book |last=Sapp |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXQ8DwAAQBAJ |title=Evolution by Association: A History of Symbiosis |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=9780195088212}} * {{Cite book |last=Skirda |first=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Skirda |title=Facing the enemy: A history of anarchist organisation |publisher=[[AK Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=1902593197 |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=490977034}} * {{Cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Skirda |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1-902593-68-5 |location=Oakland, California |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=60602979 |orig-year=1982}} * {{Cite journal |last=Slatter |first=John |date=1994 |title=The Correspondence of P. A. Kropotkin as Historical Source Material |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=277–288 |issn=0037-6795 |jstor=4211477}} * {{Cite journal |last=Slatter |first=John |date=1997 |title=Review of Anarchistes en exil: Correspondance inedite de Pierre Kropotkine a Marie Goldsmith 1897–1917 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_russian-review_1997-07_56_3/page/472 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=472 |doi=10.2307/131775 |issn=0036-0341 |jstor=131775}} * {{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Wayne |title=New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism: The Individual, the National and the Transnational |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4438-2393-7 |editor-last1=Berry |editor-first1=David |pages=16–43 |chapter=Uneasy Family: Revolutionary Syndicalism in Europe from the ''Charte d'Amiens'' to World War I |editor-last2=Bantman |editor-first2=Constance}} * {{Cite book |last1=van der Walt |first1=Lucien |author-link=Lucien van der Walt |title=[[Black Flame (book)|Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism]] |last2=Schmidt |first2=Michael |publisher=[[AK Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-904859-16-1 |location=[[Edinburgh]] |pages=239–270 |chapter=Militant Minority: The Question of Anarchist Political Organisation |lccn=2006933558 |oclc=1100238201}} * {{Cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=George |author-link1=George Woodcock |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9210921689609 |title=Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel |last2=Avakumović |first2=Ivan |author-link2=Ivan Avakumović |publisher=Black Rose Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-921689-60-8 |location=[[Montreal]] |oclc=21156316}} * {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Kenyon |title=Anarchism, 1914–18 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781526115768 |chapter=At war with empire: The anti-colonial roots of American anarchist debates during the First World War |doi=10.7765/9781526115768.00016}} {{refend}} ==Ịgụkwu ihe== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite journal |last=Confino |first=Michael |date=1981 |title=Anarchisme et internationalisme. Autour du "Manifeste des Seize". Correspondance inédite de Pierre Kropotkine et de Marie Goldsmith, janvier-mars 1916 |trans-title=Anarchism and internationalism. On the ‘Manifesto of the Sixteen’. Unpublished correspondence between Peter Kropotkin and Marie Goldsmith, January–March 1916 |journal=Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique |language=fr |volume=22 |issue=2/3 |pages=231–249 |doi=10.3406/cmr.1981.1914 |issn=0008-0160 |jstor=20169922 |s2cid=161829629}} * {{Cite journal |last=Confino |first=Michael |date=1982 |title=Kropotkine en 1914: La guerre et les congrès manqués des anarchistes russes. Lettres inédites de Pierre Kropotkine à Marie Goldsmith. 11 janvier-31 décembre 1914 |trans-title=Kropotkin in 1914: War and the missed congresses of the Russian anarchists. Unpublished letters from Peter Kropotkin to Marie Goldsmith. 11 January–31 December 1914 |journal=Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique |language=fr |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=63–107 |doi=10.3406/cmr.1982.1936 |issn=0008-0160 |jstor=20169945}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Confino |first1=Michael |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Daniel |date=1992 |title=Kropotkine savant. Vingt-cinq lettres inédites de Pierre Kropotkine à Marie Goldsmith. 27 juillet 1901-9 juillet 1915 |trans-title=Kropotkin the scholar. Twenty-five unpublished letters from Peter Kropotkin to Marie Goldsmith. 27 July 1901–9 July 1915 |journal=Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique |language=fr |volume=33 |issue=2/3 |pages=243–301 |issn=0008-0160 |jstor=20170822}} * {{cite book |last1=Hough|first1=Søren H.|last2=Coquard|first2=Christopher|year=2026|chapter=Anarchism through Biology: Marie Goldsmith’s Liberatory Science in Practice|title=Women Philosophers and Russia|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|doi=10.1163/9789004760196-009|isbn=9789004760196}} * {{Cite book |title=Anarchistes en exil: correspondance inédite de Pierre Kropotkine à Marie Goldsmith, 1897-1917 |publisher=Institut D'Etudes Slaves |year=1995 |isbn=9782720402173 |editor-last=Confino |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Confino |language=fr |trans-title=Anarchists in exile: unpublished correspondence between Peter Kropotkin and Marie Goldsmith, 1897–1917}} * {{Cite book |title=[[Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years]] |date=2003 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-08670-8 |editor-last=Falk |editor-first=Candace |volume=1 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]}} * {{Cite book |last=Pino |first=Angel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xb0FAwAAQBAJ |title=Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27022-0 |editor-last1=Peng |editor-first1=Hsiao-yen |location=[[Leiden]] |pages=28–105 |chapter=Ba Jin as Translator |doi=10.1163/9789004270220_004 |editor-last2=Rabut |editor-first2=Isabelle}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Pierrot |first=Marc |year=1933 |title=Marie Goldsmith |url=https://archivesautonomies.org/IMG/pdf/anarchismes/entre-deux/plusloin/plusloin-n095.pdf |journal=Plus Loin |pages=1–4 |language=fr |via=Archives Autonomies |issue=95}} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== * [https://mariegoldsmith.uk/ The Marie Goldsmith Project] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goldsmith, Marie}} kzmd5xgbxitoqpci8fh0i6ztur0kbfa 0 76225 697583 645804 2026-08-10T03:21:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 7 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}  '''Nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị''' bụ nchọpụta interdisciplinary nke ok[[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ike]] na [[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ike]] n'ime ọha mmadụ. N'ebe a, ọ na-eji Echiche esemokwu na echiche iji hụ okike na mmekọrịta ya na ike, ma na ọkwa nke Mmekọrịta ihu na ihu na reflexivity n'ime usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ihe elekwasị anya gụnyere usoro mmekọahụ, agbụrụ, Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, na mba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/feminist-theory-3026624|title=Feminist Theory in Sociology|author=Crossman|first=Ashley|date=December 2018|work=ThoughtCo.|accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref> Ọrụ Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) nyere aka ihazi echiche nwanyị bụrụ nke a kwadoro n'afọ ndị 1960. N'ịbụ onye tolitere, ọmegidere ụkpụrụ omenala ọdịnala nke ọha mmadụ tinyere n'ebe ọ nọ site n'ilekwasị anya n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe dị iche na ụmụnwanyị a kụziiri ịbụ ndị inyom. Isi ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya bụ na [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị]] n'etiti ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị yana ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ọha mmadụ na-etinye. Ebe ndị ikom na-aga ọrụ na-enweta ego kwesịrị ekwesị maka ezinụlọ ebe ndị inyom na-anọ n'ụlọ ma na-elekọta ezinụlọ yana ọrụ ụlọ. Ọ "kwusiri ike etu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị iche iche si eduga na enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị", mana o kwenyere na ndiche dị n'etiti ndị amụrụ na akụkụ nwanyị na nke nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlotte Perkins Gilman {{!}} American author and social reformer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Perkins-Gilman|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke nyocha ya gụnyere echiche nke ụzọ dị iche iche gbasara okike ma na-atụle ya n'ụzọ miri emi n'akwụkwọ ya Women and Economics . N'ihi ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, o kwenyere na ụmụnwanyị na-eme ka ha na-ebi ndụ ụfọdụ iji zere inweta ikike ha zuru oke na-ebi n'ọrụ nke nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ. Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke echiche nke akwara, dị ka Sigmund Freud mepụtara, nke a na-azụlite site na iji usoro psychoanalysis a na-akpọ ọnọdụ uche na nke na-amaghị. A ga-ewere ihe atụ a kapịrị ọnụ e nyere dị ka nke na-adaba n'okpuru ihe ọmụma ụgha kama ịbụ ihe ọmụma nke na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị. Na-eduga na nkwenye na a na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya dị ka ihe onwunwe nke di ha, n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ụmụnwanyị ka na-adabere na di iji nye onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha nkwado ego. Gilman kwụkwara na nkewa ọrụ ọdịnala abụghị nke sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ, kama ọ bụ nke a manyere ụmụnwanyị dabere na nhazi nke ọha mmadụ kemgbe tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ọha na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu maka ụmụnwanyị na omume ha na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. Gilman kọwara nke a dị ka ọdachi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ihi na a na-eleghara ụmụnwanyị anya dị ka akụkụ nke echiche nke "ndị kachasị ike". Kama nke ahụ, a na-eche na ụmụnwanyị bụ ndị dị nro na ndị na-adịghị ike bụ ndị dị mma maka ebumnuche mmepụta ihe, na ndị a na-egosipụta dị ka ndị nwere mmetụta na ndị na'adịghị ike amụrụ iji jeere di ha, ụmụ ha, na ezinụlọ ha ozi n'enweghị ndụ maka onwe ha. Gilman mere nnyocha ya n'oge a na-anụbeghị ụmụnwanyị na-arụ ọrụ sayensị na mgbe a machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị ịtụ vootu. Nnyocha ya nyere aka mepụta mmetụta na-akpali akpali, yana nke ụmụnwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke nyeere aka ịkwadebe ụzọ maka ụmụnwanyị na echiche ndị metụtara echiche ụmụnwanyị.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Edles|first=Laura|title=Sociological Theory in the Classical Era|publisher=Pine Forge Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4129-7564-3|pages=9,222–255}}</ref> Nnyocha nke sociology bụ nke na-elekwasị anya ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, mgbe echiche nke sociological malitere ịgbanwe iji lekwasị anya na ụmụnwanyị. N'afọ 1963, Iwu Ịkwụ Ụgwọ Ọha, nke John F. Kennedy bịanyere aka na ya, machibidoro ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụgwọ ọrụ dabere na mmekọahụ (Grady). <ref name="Grady">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|author=Grady|first=Constance|date=2018-03-20|work=Vox|accessdate=2019-05-02}}</ref> Iwu Ịkwụ Ụgwọ Ọha bụ otu n'ime ụzọ mbụ United States malitere ịgbanwe echiche ya banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, otu esi emeso ụmụnwanyị n'ebe ọrụ, na n'etiti ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu. Ọ bụ ezie na Iwu Ịkwụ Ụgwọ Ha nhata lekwasịrị anya naanị na ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata maka ọrụ nhata n'agbanyeghị okike, e mere Isi nke asaa nke Iwu Ikike Obodo nke afọ 1964 n'ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè nke ụdị ọ bụla n'ebe ọrụ. Otu ụdị ịkpa ókè ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị na-eche ihu n'ebe ọrụ bụ iyi egwu mmekọahụ. Mmegbu mmekọahụ bụ ụdị ịkpa ókè iwu na-akwadoghị dabere na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi nke nwere ike ịdị site na "ihe ọchị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị" ruo "mmekọahụ mmekọahụ" na ihe ndị ọzọ (Conley 312). <ref>{{Cite book|title=You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist|author=Conley|first=Dalton|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=2017|isbn=978-0-393-60238-8|location=New York, NY|pages=312|edition=5th}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na iyi egwu mmekọahụ abụghị ụdị ịkpa ókè nke ụmụnwanyị na-eche ihu, mgbe ọ na-eme n'ebe ọrụ ọ na-agụnyekarị ka onye isi nwoke ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ibe ya nọrọ n'okpuru ụmụnwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sapiro|first=Virginia|title=Sexual Harassment: Performances of Gender, Sexuality, and Power|journal=Perspectives on Politics|date=December 2018|volume=16|issue=4|pages=1053–1066|doi=10.1017/s1537592718002815}}</ref> N'afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ikwu ihe ga-eme n'ahụ ha, dị ka ịmepụta [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]] iwu kwadoro, yana ime ka ịwa ahụ n'ike iwu na-akwadoghị (Grady). <ref name="Grady">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|author=Grady|first=Constance|date=2018-03-20|work=Vox|accessdate=2019-05-02}}</ref> Nke a gbanwere otú ndị America si ele ụmụnwanyị anya, mba ahụ malitekwara ịgbanwe iji kwe ka ụmụnwanyị nwee ike ịchịkwa ahụ ha.   Malite na mbido afọ 1990, ọtụtụ ihe gbasara iyi egwu mmekọahụ na mmetọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama ma malite ịmanye ụmụnwanyị ka ha meghee banyere nsogbu ha. Ebubo Anita Young na Justice Clarence Thomas metọrọ ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ bụ otu n'ime ikpe ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 102nd Congress - 1st Session|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=www.senate.gov}}</ref> Mgbe e gosipụtara Thomas dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu n'agbanyeghị ebubo ndị a, ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị malitere ikwu okwu. N'ime nnyocha e mere mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, a kọrọ na "n'etiti pasent 40 na pasent 65 nke ụmụnwanyị na-azọrọ na ha nwetara nsogbu mmekọahụ n'ọrụ" (Sapiro). Mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dugara na mgbanwe n'àgwà banyere nnwere onwe anụ ahụ, na ókèala n'ime ebe ọrụ, na ndụ niile. Malite n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, ụmụnwanyị malitere ịpụta na mkpesa banyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ na ebubo mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ndị nwoke ibe ha, nke dugara n'ịga n'ihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụnwanyị na-emegide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, na-eduga na ọha mmadụ na-aghọta na enwere nsogbu dị mkpa gbasara iyi egwu mmekọahụ (Grady). <ref name="Grady">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|author=Grady|first=Constance|date=2018-03-20|work=Vox|accessdate=2019-05-02}}</ref> Nke a, n'aka nke ya, dugara n'otu òtù ọzọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya a na-akpọ "Me Too Movement" nke mere ka ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị jiri akụkọ na izute ha, na-egosi na iyi egwu mmekọahụ na-emetụta ụmụnwanyị n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bennett|first=Jessica|title=The #MeToo Moment: Parsing the Generational Divide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/us/the-metoo-moment-parsing-the-generational-divide.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> == Ịbụ onye inyom na agbụrụ == Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị na-ekwu na mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-abịa n'agbụrụ, enweghịzi ike ileghara ya anya site na mmegharị ụmụnwanyị na'eto eto. N'ihi mmụba nke ewu ewu nke echiche a, e nweela mmụba ya nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-ekwusi ike n'echiche na ekwesighi ile ụmụnwanyị anya dị ka echiche dị na Western-centric, mana na ọ ga-enwe ike ime mgbanwe iji tinye ihe gbara ya gburugburu na mgbagwoju anya nke ọdịbendị na ọdịnala. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach|author=Gillis|first=Melissa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-931546-8|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://everydayfeminism.com/2015/01/why-we-need-transnational-feminism/|title=Transnational Feminism: Why Feminist Activism Needs to Think Globally|date=2015-01-28|work=Everyday Feminism|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-28}}</ref> E leghaara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụnwanyị na agbụrụ anya ruo mgbe oge nke abụọ nke ụmụnwanyị mepụtara akwụkwọ ka ukwuu na isiokwu nke 'ndị inyom ojii'. Ugboro nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye "echiche ụmụnwanyị ọhụrụ" nke a maara dị ka ịgụnye agbụrụ, okike, na klas iji kọwaa mmegbu ụmụnwanyị nwere ihu na-acha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brewer|first=Rose|date=Spring 1989|title=Black Women and Feminist Sociology: The Emerging Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociologist_spring-1989_20_1/page/57|journal=American Sociologist|volume=20|pages=57–70|doi=10.1007/BF02697787}}</ref> Usoro a na-agwakọta ụmụnwanyị na-enye ohere maka ụdị "alụmdi na nwunye" n'etiti "mmekọahụ / agbụrụ / klas", kama iwepu ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche, agbụrụ, mba, klas mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okike, mmasị mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sokoloff|first=Natalie|date=1999|title=Women's Work|journal=Women's Studies Encyclopedia: Revised and Expanded Edition|pages=1499–1501}}</ref> Ụmụnwanyị na-ata ahụhụ site na mmegbu n'ihi agbụrụ nwere ike ịchọta onwe ha n'ọnọdụ abụọ. E leghaara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụnwanyị na agbụrụ anya ruo mgbe oge nke abụọ nke ụmụnwanyị mepụtara akwụkwọ ka ukwuu na isiokwu nke 'ndị inyom ojii'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse|title=Encyclopedia of feminist theories|date=2000|location=London; New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30885-4}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, òtù ụmụnwanyị, na òtù ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, bụ ndị ụmụnwanyị etiti na ndị dị elu sitere na ndị na-acha ọcha na-achị achị, na-eme ka usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-agafe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihe ndị inyom na-adabaghị na tropes ndị a na-eche ihu. Nke a na-eleghara okwu nke ụmụnwanyị na-emekọrịta ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke òtù ụmụnwanyị bụ n'ihi na amaghị ihe dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-eche ihu, na echiche na nsogbu nke ụmụnwanyị ọcha n'ime ụlọ etiti na nke elu bụ nsogbu nke ụmụnwanyị niile. Arụmụka na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ nke ụmụnwanyị mba na-agba ajụjụ nke "ịdị n'otu", ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara nnọchiteanya ụmụnwanyị nke Global South.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Salem|first=Sara|title=On Transnational Feminist Solidarity: The Case of Angela Davis in Egypt|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=January 2018|volume=43|issue=2|pages=245–267|doi=10.1086/693535|url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88996/7/WRAP-transnational-feminist-solidarity-Egypt-Salem-2018.pdf}}</ref> Ajụjụ a sitere n'aka otu òtù na-emegide echiche nke otu echiche nke ụmụnwanyị nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọ ụmụnwanyị nke Ụwa nke Atọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herr|first=Ranjoo Seodu|date=2014|title=Reclaiming Third World Feminism: or Why Transnational Feminism Needs Third World Feminism|journal=Meridians|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.2979/meridians.12.1.1|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/HERRTW}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ na-eduzi ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị chọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha "n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị 'ndị ọzọ' a na-emegbu emegbu si mba ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ. " N'ihi ya, nke a emeela ka ụmụnwanyị si Global South bụrụ "ihe ndị usoro na ụlọ ọrụ ha, ndị a na-agbanwebeghị ike mbụ a maara dị ka ọdịbendị", na-ehichapụ ọgụ ha n'ụzọ dị irè naanị ka "site n'olu ndị ụmụnwanyị ọdịdịda anyanwụ chọrọ ịzọpụta ha".<ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị Africa America n'ime ngalaba nke echiche ụmụnwanyị abụwo ihe dị mkpa n'ịgbanwe ngalaba ha na-arụ ọrụ. Otu onyinye bara uru n'ọhịa ahụ bụ akwụkwọ Kimberlé Crenshaw dere n'afọ 1989, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics" (Crenshaw 1989). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy {{!}} University of Wisconsin Law School|url=https://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=law.wisc.edu}}</ref> N'ime ya, ọ na-akọwa ụzọ e si hichapụ ụmụnwanyị ojii na nkuzi ụmụnwanyị. A ghaghị ịghọta ụmụnwanyị ojii dịka ndị nwere ọtụtụ njirimara na-ejikọta ma na-eme ka ibe ha sie ike, ahụmahụ abụọ dị mkpa nke ịbụ onye ojii na ịbụ ụmụnwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ata ahụhụ ma n'ihu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma n'akụkụ nwoke na nwanyị, nke a na-ewepụ ọ bụghị naanị site na usoro mmegbu buru ibu kamakwa site na okwu ụmụnwanyị dị ugbu a nke na-eleghara mmekọrịta ha anya. Ọrụ Crenshaw bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ghọta nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị, ebe ọ na-akwadọ echiche ụmụnwanyị ojii ma na-edozi ihe owuwu maka ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ụmụnwoke n'ọdịnihu dịka [[Patricia Hill Collins]]. Anna Julia Cooper na Ida Bell Wells-Barnett bụ ụmụnwanyị Africa America bụ ndị nyere aka n'ime ọtụtụ nnyocha na inye aka bara uru n'ọhịa nke ụmụnwanyị ojii. Cooper na Wells-Barnett jiri aka ha jiri ahụmahụ ha dịka ụmụnwanyị Africa America zụlite "ịmara nke ọha mmadụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya". N'ihi nke a, ụmụnwanyị ndị a na anọchite anya mmepe nke echiche mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị dabere na ọdịmma nke ụmụnwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara. == Nkwado ụmụnwanyị na ọkwa dị iche iche == E nwere ụdị dị iche iche na-anwa ịkọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okike na ọkwa. Otu ihe nlereanya bụ ihe nlereanya ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị nke na-atụle ọdịiche dị na omume na àgwà mgbe a kpọrọ ya na akara nke nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="Ferree 929">{{Cite journal|author=Ferree|first=Myra Marx|date=December 1996|title=Rethinking Stratification from a Feminist Perspective: Gender, Race, and Class in Mainstream Textbooks|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=61|issue=6|pages=929|doi=10.2307/2096301}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ na-anwa ịchọta ezigbo ọdịiche mgbe ewepụrụ "mmekọrịta mmadụ niile".<ref name="American Economic Review">{{Cite journal|journal=American Economic Review|date=1 May 2015|volume=105|issue=5|pages=698–710|doi=10.1257/aer.15000011|title=''American Economic Review''}}</ref> Enweghị nhata ndị dị n'ihi ọtụtụ usoro ndị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dwyer|first=Carol Anne|title=Book Reviews: Maccoby, E. E., and Jacklin, C. N. The Psychology of Sex Differences Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974. 634 pp. $18.95.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-educational-research-journal_fall-1975_12_4/page/513|journal=American Educational Research Journal|date=November 1975|volume=12|issue=4|pages=513–516|doi=10.3102/00028312012004513}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a na-ewepụ usoro ndị a. Ihe nlereanya ọzọ bụ ihe nlereanya nke ọrụ mmekọahụ nke na-eji mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, kama ileghara ya anya, iji gbalịa ịchọpụta ọdịiche dị na okike na otu ndị mmadụ si ahọrọ ịmata iji chọpụta ọrụ okike.<ref name="American Economic Review" /> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ekwenyeghị na usoro ọrụ mmekọahụ a n'ihi na ọ naghị adaba n'okpuru "mghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze". Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ na-egosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti onwe gị na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Ferree 929" /> Otú ọ dị, usoro ọrụ mmekọahụ na-atụle usoro abụọ "na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-adịgide n'ime". <ref name="Baker 190">{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Therese L.|title=Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_teaching-sociology_1995-04_23_2/page/190|journal=Teaching Sociology|date=April 1995|volume=23|issue=2|pages=190|doi=10.2307/1319359}}</ref> Ọtụtụ "ndị na-akụzi banyere okike ekwekọrịtaghị na otu echiche zuru oke nke stratification".<ref name="Ferree 929" /> Ọzọkwa, "nnyocha ụmụnwanyị emeela ka e nwee ihe yiri okike na nkatọ nke ụdị agbụrụ nke na-emezughị iji dozie enweghị nhata dị ka ọrụ nke ihe ọzọ karịa "ọdịiche". <ref name="Ferree 929" /> E nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị iche iche na-ekwu na a haziri okike "n'ụzọ dị iche maka ndị ọcha na ndị ojii" n'ime agbụrụ.<ref name="Baker 190" /> Ndị ọkà mmụta a na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ụka na okike na-emetụtakwa agbụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị. N'otu aka ahụ, okike na-emetụtakwa nhazi nke klas na klas na-emetụta nhazi nke okike.<ref name="Ferree 929" /> == Ịbụ onye inyom na nwoke == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụmụnwanyị abụwo ọrụ ụmụnwanyị na America, na ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị nwere echiche na-adịghị mma n'ebe ọ nọ, ọ dịkarịa ala na 1848 mgbe ụmụnwanyị nke mbụ malitere. A na-akpọ ụmụnwanyị ndị na-akwado ụmụnwanyị "ndị ọjọọ" "ndị ikom kpọrọ asị" ma ọ bụ "ndị na-ewe iwe mgbe niile".<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/2158244017697157|title=Sociology, Theory, and the Feminist Sociological Canon|year=2017|author=Davis|first=Shannon N.|journal=SAGE Open|volume=7}}</ref> A na-ejikọta echiche ndị a naanị na ụmụnwanyị, n'ihi na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị na US ka ụmụ nwoke bụrụkwa ndị na-akwado ụmụnwanyị. [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị|Òtù ụmụnwanyị]] malitere dị ka ụzọ isi nye ụmụnwanyị nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, mana ọ bụghị naanị ụmụnwanyị. Ụmụ nwoke nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị na-akwado ụmụnwanyị ma ọ bụrụ na ha kwenyere na ụmụnwanyị kwesịkwara ikike ha nhata.<ref name="Conlin 928–942">{{Cite journal|author=Conlin|first=Sarah E.|date=2018-11-17|title=Feminist men?: examining men's feminist self-identification, activism and the impact of language|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1371007|journal=Journal of Gender Studies|volume=27|issue=8|pages=928–942|doi=10.1080/09589236.2017.1371007|issn=0958-9236}}</ref> Mmekọahụ bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke sitere na ụkpụrụ ọha na eze etinyela n'ọrụ; dabere n'otú ha si kwere na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ga-anọchite anya onwe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Davis|first=Shannon N.|date=2017-03-21|title=Sociology, Theory, and the Feminist Sociological Canon: Questioning the Use of "Doing Gender" as a Sociological Theory|journal=SAGE Open|language=en|doi=10.1177/2158244017697157}}</ref> Ugboro nke atọ nke ụmụnwanyị malitere echiche nke ijikọ agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aronson|first=Pamela|date=2003|title=Feminists or "Postfeminists"?: Young Women's Attitudes toward Feminism and Gender Relations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3594676|journal=Gender and Society|volume=17|issue=6|pages=903–922|doi=10.1177/0891243203257145|issn=0891-2432}}</ref> Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịdị iche maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ka ọ daba n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na mmekọahụ nke mmadụ. Ọ na-adabere na nkọwa, ụmụnwanyị na ụzọ onye ọ bụla si ahọrọ ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụnwanyị nwere ike ịbụ maka nkọwa. E mere ka ụmụnwanyị nwee omume ụmụnwanyị pụta ìhè ka okike na-anwa ịkọwa ihe mere a na-eji emeso ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị n'ọnọdụ ike n'ụzọ na-ahaghị nhata; ma na-eduga n'echiche Ndị na-asọ ụmụ nwanyị asị nke ịkpọ ụmụnwanyị "ndị na-adịghị ike" n'ihi na "nwaanyị bụ ntụpọ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zalewski|first=Marysia|date=January 2010|title='I don't even know what gender is': a discussion of the connections between gender, gender mainstreaming and feminist theory|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/abs/i-dont-even-know-what-gender-is-a-discussion-of-the-connections-between-gender-gender-mainstreaming-and-feminist-theory/1B400B686D228EE625784088C9D6B4D1|journal=Review of International Studies|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–27|doi=10.1017/S0260210509990489|issn=1469-9044}}</ref> Okwu ndị a na-eji akọwa ụmụnwanyị ndị a na'eji eme ihe dị ka mkparị bụ otuto nye ụmụ nwoke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na nwanyị siri ike, na-eme ihe ike, ma ọ bụ nwee obi ike, a na-akpọ ya onye isi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roy|first=Robin E.|date=2016-11-25|title=Effects of Stereotypes About Feminists on Feminist Self-Identification|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00348.x|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=31|issue=2|pages=146–156|language=en|doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00348.x|issn=1471-6402}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị anọgidewo na-anwa ịhapụ akụkọ ahụ na ụmụ nwoke enweghị ike ịbụ ndị na-ahụkarị ụmụnwanyị, nakwa na ịbụ nwanyị bụ maka ụmụnwanyị.<ref name="Conlin 928–942" /> Nnyocha egosiwo na ụmụ nwoke etinyela aka n'ịmepụta mgbanwe na ịkwanyere òtù ụmụnwanyị ùgwù.<ref name="Conlin 928–942" /> == Feminism na echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị == Echiche nke oge a na-anwa iwepụ ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eme ka heteronormativity sie ike site na ịma ụlọ ọrụ mmegbu aka na ọdịiche ọdịnala n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, n'etiti ọtụtụ nkatọ ndị ọzọ. N'ihe banyere nke a, ụmụnwanyị na echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-ekwu maka otu ụzọ ndị ahụ na-eme ka ndị mmadụ na-ekewa ma na-ehichapụ ụmụnwanyị na ndị LGBTQIA+ site na akụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Otú ọ dị, ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emekarị ka ọnụọgụ nwoke na nwanyị sie ike site na usoro nyocha "dị ka a na-eme isiokwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọmụmụ ahụ" (McCann 2016, 229). Echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị, site na ntụnyere, na-ama echiche ọdịnala nke okike aka site na deconstruction na enweghị nnabata nke dichotomy nke àgwà nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach|author=Gillis|first=Melissa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-931546-8|location=New York}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya na-adịbeghị anya "Epistemology of the Subject: Queer Theory's Challenge to Feminist Sociology", McCann na-eche echiche na usoro nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ụmụnwanyị ihu:"[isiokwu ahụ] anaghị egosipụta ihe dị egwu, nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike, na nke dị ike nke ahụ na ahụ na ahụmịhe. "idozi" na otu isiokwu, mgbe ahụ, bụ ịdebanye aha nke na-ewepu ụfọdụ, mgbe niile n'ụzọ ime ihe ike (maka ihe atụ, ndị ehichapụ n'ụzọ nkịtị n'ihi na ahụ ha anaghị adaba na 23 Cannetary) "Mc1-22).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCann|first=Hannah|title=Epistemology of the Subject: Queer Theory's Challenge to Feminist Sociology|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=2016|volume=44|issue=3/4|pages=224–243|doi=10.1353/wsq.2016.0044}}</ref> Enwere ike imezigharị mpaghara ahụ, ebe ịgbatị ókèala iji tinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị ga-eme "mepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ na nke ọhụrụ maka nyocha... dozie enweghị nhata n'ime ọha mmadụ" (McCann 2016, 237).[and] == Nkatọ ụmụnwanyị nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche == Arụmụka n'ime Mmekọrịta agbụrụ, ọkachasị gbasara echiche ndị na-emegide ibe ha na ọdịbendị dị iche iche, emeela ka ebubo na ụmụnwanyị na-ekwekọghị na iwu ọdịbendị. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị nwere ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na-akwado echiche nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche. Ndị nkatọ a kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị ekwesịghị ịkwaga echiche ha na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-amanye echiche ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị gburugburu ụwa na-ekwu na ụmụ nwoke na-emegbu ụmụnwanyị na mba ndị ọzọ, mana ndị isi nwoke gburugburu ụwa ahụ ga-eme ka mmebi ha na ikike ụmụnwanyị site n'ịgafe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ha (Moller Okin). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okin|first=Susan Moller|title=Feminism, Women's Human Rights, and Cultural Differences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/32|journal=Hypatia|date=1998|volume=13|issue=2|pages=32–52|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01224.x}}</ref> Ndị nwere echiche ụmụnwanyị anaghị eche banyere mmeghachi omume ha na-enweta site n'aka ndị isi ụwa na mba ndị ọzọ. Ha kwenyere na a ga-amachibido imebi ikike ụmụnwanyị gburugburu ụwa, ọrụ ha bụ iwepụ ihe ngọpụ omenala niile maka mmegbu ụmụnwanyị (Moller Okin). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okin|first=Susan Moller|title=Feminism and Multiculturalism: Some Tensions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethics_1998-07_108_4/page/661|journal=Ethics|date=July 1998|volume=108|issue=4|pages=661–684|doi=10.1086/233846}}</ref> Ọrụ nke multiculturalism bụ ikwe ka ọdịbendị dị iche iche biri na obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, maọbụ obodo dị iche iche n'ozuzu, otu ihe nwere ike isi na ya pụta bụ na ụfọdụ okpukpe maọbụ omenala ọdịnala nwere ike igbochi echiche ụmụnwanyị nke Ọdịda anyanwụ. Arụmụka dị n'etiti gụnyere isiokwu nke alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi na igbu akụkụ ahụ nwanyị. Ndị ọzọ ekwuola na arụmụka ndị a sitere na ọdịda anyanwụ ọdịda anyanwụ na enweghị mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ozuzu ịnabata ndị mba ọzọ. === Ụdị ụmụnwanyị === Ụmụnwanyị enweela nkatọ ziri ezi site n'aka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị. Nkwado maka echiche ụmụnwanyị dị elu karịa njirimara nke ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị. E nwere omume na mgbasa ozi maka ndị inyom ka a na-emegharị ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị "na-ejikọkarị ha na ọrụ / ntụrụndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụnwanyị nkịtị". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roy|first=Robin E.|title=Effects of Stereotypes About Feminists on Feminist Self-Identification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2007-06_31_2/page/146|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|date=June 2007|volume=31|issue=2|pages=146–156|doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00348.x}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ụmụnwanyị nwere ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma n'ihi na ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị kwenyere na ha na-anwa itinye ụmụnwanyị n'elu ihe niile. E nwere ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị dịka Jean Bethke Elshtain, Daphne Patai, na Camille Paglia ndị na-emegide akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụmụnwanyị. Ha niile na-emegide ibuli ọdịmma ụmụnwanyị karịa nke ụmụnwoke n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe megidere ihe ụmụnwanyị na-anọchite anya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sommers, Christina Hoff|title=Who stole feminism? : how women have betrayed women|year=1994|isbn=0-671-79424-8|location=New York|oclc=29951876}}</ref> Ha kwekwaara na ụmụnwanyị siri ike na-emerụ ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ìgwè abụọ ahụ megide ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sagaria|first=Mary Ann Danowitz|title=Review of Antifeminism in the Academy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-higher-education_january-february-1999_70_1/page/110|journal=The Journal of Higher Education|date=1999|volume=70|issue=1|pages=110–112|doi=10.2307/2649121}}</ref> Daphne Patai na-ekwu na a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "onye na-emegide ụmụnwanyị" eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi chụpụ ụmụnwanyị na arụmụka agụmakwụkwọ. Anti-feminism anọwo kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ma lekwasị anya na mmegide nke ikike ụmụnwanyị. A gbara ụmụnwanyị ume ka e nye ha ebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'ebe ọha na eze ka ha na-ezere ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kpamkpam. Ndị na-emegide ụmụnwanyị mechara kwurịta na ụmụnwanyị enweghị ọnọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu n'ihi na ọ dị oke ibu arọ maka ụmụnwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Men and masculinities : a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Kimmel, Michael S., Aronson, Amy.|isbn=1-57607-775-6|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=53946980}}</ref> E nwekwara arụmụka megide ikike ụmụnwanyị ịbanye n'òtù ndị ọrụ, ịbanye n'ime ndị ọrụ, ịnọdụ ala na ndị ọka ikpe, igbochi ọmụmụ na ịchịkwa mmekọahụ ha. Ọ bụghị rụọ n'afọ 1975 ka Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na ụmụnwanyị nwere ikike ịhọrọ maka ọrụ ndị ọka ikpe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/feminist-theory-3026624|title=Feminist Theory in Sociology|author=Crossman|first=Ashley|date=December 2018|work=ThoughtCo.|accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref> == Ebensibịa == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kk3co8n37e8kw8tinpyzhcvvlymwu64 0 76366 697963 652674 2026-08-10T11:52:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697963 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox medical condition|name=Abnormal sputum|synonyms=Mucus|image=Enterococcus histological pneumonia 01.png|caption=[[Cocci]]-shaped ''[[Enterococcus]]'' sp. [[bacteria]] taken from a [[pneumonia]] patient|pronounce={{IPA|/'spju:təm/}}|field=[[Pulmonology]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Asọ mmiri ọnụ na-adịghị mma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Abụ |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Enterococcus_histological_pneumonia_01.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |''[[Enterococcus]]'' sp. dị ka akị bekee [[Bacteria|nje bacteria]] e nwetara na onye ọrịa oyi bara ahụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nkwupụta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span lang="und-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'spju:təm/</span>&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe pụrụ iche | class="infobox-data" |Ọrịa akpa ume |} '''Sputum''' bụ [[:en:Mucus|ụkwara]] na-esi n'ụzọ ikuku ndị mgbada apụta (ya bụ [[:en:Trachea|trachea]] na [[:en:Bronchi|bronchi]]). A na-akpọkarị ya "phlegm". Na ihe gbasara ahụike, a na-ejikarị ihe nlele si na sputum eme ihe maka nnyocha nke ile anya nkịtị, nnyocha microbiological nke ọrịa Ọkụ ume, na nnyocha cytological nke usoro iku ume. A chọpụtala na nnyocha anya nkịtị ndị a na-aga nke ọma, mana ha na-adabere na onye na-eme ya bụ nnyocha (n'ọnọdụ ọkachamara, onye dọkịta). Nkà na ụzụ dị ugbu a nke nwere ike nyochaa sputum n'ụzọ ziri ezi karị, mana ọ na-adịkarị oke ọnụ, adị mgbagwoju anya, ma ọ bụ sie ike iji. Onye ọrịa nwere ike ime nnyocha anya nkịtị nke sputum n'ụlọ iji chọpụta ụcha dị iche iche (lee n'okpuru). Ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ọ na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (pus) na-egosi ọrịa ụzọ ikuku (ma ọ naghị egosi ụdị nje na-akpata ya). A na-achọpụta ihe ngosi dị otú ahụ nke ọma mgbe a na-ele sputum ahụ anya n'elu ebe na-acha ọcha, dị ka akwụkwọ ọcha, ite ọcha, ma ọ bụ ala mmiri ọcha. Inwe phlegm (sputum) na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo odo, ma ọ bụ nke rọrọ arọ anaghị egosi mgbe niile ọnụnọ nke ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na ọrịa dị, ụcha nke phlegm (sputum) anaghị ekpebi ma ọ bụ nje vaịrọs, nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje ọzọ kpatara ya. Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịkpata mgbanwe na ụcha nke mucus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green phlegm and snot 'not always a sign of an infection needing antibiotics'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/green-phlegm-and-snot-not-always-a-sign-of-an-infection-needing-antibiotics|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=GOV.UK|date=18 November 2013|language=en}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ihe nlele ndị kacha mma si na sputum na-enwe asọ mmiri dị ezigbo ntakịrị, ebe ọ bụ na asọ mmiri na-emetọ ihe nlele ahụ site n'itinye ya nje bacteria si n'ọnụ. Nke a kachasị bụrụ eziokwu maka ihe nlele ndị a ga-enyocha n'ụlọ nnyocha na cytology maọbụ na microbiology. Ndị ome nnyocha na-atụle nkwesị nke ihe nlele kwesịrị site n'ịnwale mmetọ Gram maọbụ mmetọ cytology nke sputum ahụ. Ihe karịrị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa squamous epithelial dị iri abụọ na ise a na-enyopughị baa n'ime ọfụma n'okpuru igwe nnyocha microscope na-atụsi aro ike na e nwere mmetọ site n'asọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gershman|first=Neil H.|title=Fractional analysis of sequential induced sputum samples during sputum induction: Evidence that different lung compartments are sampled at different time points|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_1999-08_104_2/page/322|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|date=August 1999|volume=104|issue=2|pages=322–328|doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70374-X|pmid=10452752}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ihe nlele ndị si na sputum ka e jila tụọ ogo ọzịza nke ụzọ ikuku ruru n'ọrịa ndị mmadụ dịka ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ (asthma). N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ a egosipụtala na otu otu ndị na-arịasi ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ ike nwere ọzịza nke ụzọ ikuku nke na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ site na corticosteroids.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peters|first=Michael C.|title=Refractory airway type 2 inflammation in a large subgroup of asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=143|issue=1|pages=104–113.e14|date=March 2018|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.1009|pmid=29524537}}</ref> Mgbe e tinyere ihe nlere si na sputum n'efere na microbiology, ihe kacha mma ime bụ inweta akụkụ ihe nlere ahụ nke fọrọ nta ka o yie abụ na-acha odo odo ka ọ banye na swab. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọbara ọbụla dị na sputum, o kwesịkwara ịdị na swab. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe nlere ndị si na sputum microbiological ka a na-eji achọ ọnụnọ ọrịa, dịka ''Moraxella catarrhalis'', ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ''[[:en:Streptococcus_pneumoniae|Streptococcus pneumoniae]], na [[:en:Haemophilus_influenzae|Haemophilus influenzae]]''. E nwekwara ike ịchọta [[:en:Pathogens|nje na-akpata ọrịa]] ndị ọzọ. [[wiktionary:purulent|Purulent]] sputum <ref name="DeGowin's">{{Cite book|author=Richard F. LeBlond|title=DeGowin's diagnostic examination|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2004|isbn=0-07-140923-8}}</ref> nwere pus, nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha, ihe mkpofu mkpụrụ ndụ, anụ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, [[:en:Serous_fluid|mmiri na-esi isi ụtọ]], na mmiri na-amị amị (mucus). Purulent sputum na-adị acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. A na-ahụ ya na ndị na-arịa ọrịa oyi ịba n'ahụ, [[:en:Bronchiectasis|bronchiectasis]], [[:en:Lung_abscess|abscess akpa ume]], ma ọ bụ ọkwa dị elu nke [[:en:Bronchitis|bronchitis]]. == Nkọwa == Sputum nwere ike ịdị (mgbe ejiri anya nkịtị nyochaa ya):   * Ọbara Ọbara<ref name="DeGowin's">{{Cite book|author=Richard F. LeBlond|title=DeGowin's diagnostic examination|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2004|isbn=0-07-140923-8}}</ref> ([[:en:Hemoptysis|ọrịa ịgbọ ọbara]]) ** Asọ mmiri dị ọbara ọbara - ihe na-egosi na e nwere ike nwee ọzịza nke akpịrị (larynx na / ma ọ bụ trachea) ma ọ bụ bronchi; Ọrịa kansa akpa ume; ọbara si ebe ndị ọzọ na-agbapụta, ọnyá afọ gasị, ma ọ bụ akpụ nke dị n'ụzọ ikuku ndị dị ala. ** Sputum na-acha pink - ọ na-egosi sputum gwakọtara nke ọma ya na ọbara sitere na alveoli na / ma ọ bụ obere bronchi dị ka a na-ahụ na ọzịza nke akpa ume. ** Mgbapụta nnukwu ọbara - ihe na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e nwere ọrịa [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]] nke cavity ma ọ bụ akpụ dịka Ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Lung_abscess|abscess akpa ume]]; [[:en:Bronchiectasis|bronchiectasis]]; ọrịa obi akpa ume; embolism akpa ume. ** Sputum na-acha ọbara ọbara dị ka jel - ihe na-egosi oyi ịba n'ahụ nke Klebsiella nwere ike ibute. * Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma ọ bụ nwee ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ n'ime ya - na-egosi ọrịa iku ume nke nwere ike ịnọlarị ogologo oge (ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ sitere na mgbanwe na-emebi emebi e nwere na ihe mkpofu mkpụrụ ndụ) dị ka n'oyi ịba n'ahụ, nkwonkwo akpa ume gbawara agbawa, bronchitis na-efe efe na-adịghị ala ala, na bronchiectasis ma ọ bụ cystic fibrosis nwere ọrịa. * Nchara nchara - nke nje bacteria [[:en:Pneumococcal|pneumococcal]] na-akpatakarị (na oyi ịba n'ahụ), embolism akpa ume, [[:en:Lung_cancer|kansa akpa ume]] ma ọ bụ [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]] akpa ume. * Ụrọ ụrọ - nwere ike igosi ọrịa bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ / odo odo / ụrọ ụrọ); oyi ịba n'ahụ na-adịghị ala ala (na-acha ngwakọta ọcha ọcha na ụrọ ụrọ); [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]]; Ọrịa kansa akpa ume. * Odo odo, purulent na-acha odo odo - ihe na-egosi na ihe nlele ahụ nwere pus. "Ụcha sputum nke ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu ụkwara na enweghị ọrịa akpa ume ọbụla na-adịghị ala ala apụtaghị ọgwụgwọ ya, dị ka ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ nje." Ụcha ahụ nwere ike inye ihe na-egosi ọgwụgwọ dị irè na ndị ọrịa bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala: <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=19242860|doi=10.1080/02813430902759663|volume=27|issue=2|title=Sputum color for diagnosis of a bacterial infection in patients with acute cough|journal=Scand J Prim Health Care|pages=70–3|year=2009}}</ref> * Ụcha gwakọtara odo odo-akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (mucopurulent) na-atụ aro na ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ nje nwere ike belata mgbaàmà ya. Ihe na-akpata ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ahụ bụ site na neutrophil [[:en:Myeloperoxidase|verdoperoxidase]] na-emebi emebi. * Ụcha sputum na-acha ngwakọta ọcha ọcha na ntụ ntụ n'elu ebe ndabere na-acha ọcha (dị ka elu mmiri na-acha ọcha) na-egosi ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ sitere n'onye mmiri gwụrụ n'ahụ, na / ma ọ bụ site n'onye okenye, na / ma ọ bụ ihe nlele nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ eosinophils dị ala na ikekwe ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ neutrophil na-afụ ụfụ (nhọrọ ikpeazụ a na-atụ aro bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala). * Ọdịdị na-acha ọcha, acha mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ opaque (mucoid) pụtara na ọgwụ nje nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ na ọgwụgwọ ya n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka ọrịa nje ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị anabata ya karịa nke micro-organisms na-emeghachi omume na nje. Ịrọ arọ ya nwere ike igosi ụkwara ume ọkụ. * Ịcha ọcha dị ụfụfụ ụfụfụ - nwere ike isi na [[:en:Pulmonary_edema|ọzịza nke akpa ume]] meburu na mbụ. * Ụcha pink dị ụfụfụ ụfụfụ - nwere ike igosi oke [[:en:Pulmonary_edema|ọzịza nke akpa ume]]. Ọgwụ mgbochi nje nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mkpa n'oge a. * Enweghị ụcha ọbụla - embolism akpa ume (si n'enweghị ụcha ọbụla baa n'ịdị ụfụfụ ụfụfụ); COPD [[:en:Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease|chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (si n'enweghị ụcha ọbụla baa n'ịcha ntụ ntụ); viral respiratory infection (si n'enweghị ụcha ọbụla baa n'ịcha ọcha maọbụkwanụ mgbe ụfọdụ obere ụcha odo odo); [[:en:Asthma|ụkwara ume ọkụ]] (si n'ịrọ arọ acha ọcha baa n'ịcha odo odo). == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Medical resources|ICD10={{ICD10|R|09|3|r|00}}|ICD9={{ICD9|786.4}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|DiseasesDB=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=|ICD11={{ICD11|MD10}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] e6oapxk1uqtla8p5sfmn6ccnbst0aod 0 76499 697572 654071 2026-08-10T02:57:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697572 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Carol Greene Duncan''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta na-akwado echiche Marxist na nha ụmụnwaanyị, a maara ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke 'akụkọ nkà ọhụrụ', usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nkà, onye a maara maka ọrụ ya n’ọmụmụ gbasara ụlọ ngosi nkà, ọkachasị nyocha ya banyere ọrụ ụlọ ngosi nkà na-arụ n'ịkọwa njirimara omenala.<ref name="Out of the Boudoir and Into the Streets">{{Cite news|author=Olander|first=William|title=Out of the Boudoir and Into the Streets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/books/out-of-the-boudoir-and-into-the-streets.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=1 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=1986}}</ref><ref name="Mobile Fidelities">{{Cite journal|title=Mobile Fidelities|journal=N.paradoxa|date=May 2006|issue=19|pages=123–135|url=http://www.ktpress.co.uk/pdf/nparadoxaissue19_Martina-Pachmanova_123-135.pdf|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Carol Duncan nwetara akara ugo mmụta BA na Mahadum Chicago na 1958, akara ugo mmụta MA na Mahadum Chicago na 1960, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Class News|url=https://magazine.uchicago.edu/9806/html/news50.htm|accessdate=October 3, 2022|work=University of Chicago Magazine}}</ref> na akara ugo mmụta Ph.D. na Mahadum Columbia, <ref name="Duncan, Carol Scholarship">{{Cite web|title=Duncan, Carol Scholarship|url=https://www.ramapo.edu/scholarships/single/carol-duncan-scholarship/|work=Duncan, Carol Scholarship|publisher=Ramapo College Of New Jersey|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> ebe o dere banyere "ịdị ndụ na mpụta zuru oke nke ọdịnala Rococo na eserese French n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19. " === Nkụzi === Carol Duncan jere ozi dị ka onye otu ngalaba na Ramapo College School of Contemporary Arts site na 1972 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na 2005. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Emerita na Ramapo College . <ref name="Duncan, Carol Scholarship" /> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Duncan na-enyocha ọrụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ngosi ihe nkà na-arụ n'ịkọwa njirimara omenala.<ref name="Khan Academy">{{Cite web|author=Farber|first=Dr. Allen|title=How museums shape meaning|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history-basics/tools-understanding-art/a/tissot-london-visitors|work=Khan Academy|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970 Duncan na ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta nkà gbasara nha ụmụ nwanyị, Linda Nochlin na [[Lise Vogel]], bu ndị mbụ jụrụ echiche ndị a na-asọpụrụ nke ukwuu, dịka echiche banyere ogo nkà, usoro ndị a na-ewere dịka ndị nkà ukwu na ọrụ nkà ukwu, yana echiche banyere amamihe pụrụ iche nke onye na-eme nkà. <ref name="The expanding discourse">{{Cite book|editor=Broude|title=The expanding discourse : feminism and art history|date=1992|publisher=IconEditions|location=New York|isbn=0064303918|pages=[https://archive.org/details/expandingdiscour00norm/page/2 2, 12, 127, 305, 363, 365]|url=https://archive.org/details/expandingdiscour00norm/page/2}}</ref> Edemede ya nke afọ 1973 "Virility and Domination in Early Twentieth-Century Vanguard Painting" tụrụ aro ka e mee nnyocha banyere ụmụ nwoke ndị na-ese ihe osise nke oge a na ụmụ nwanyị ha sere: Duncan jụrụ nnwere onwe nke ndị nlereanya a e sere, na-enyocha nke ọma asụsụ ahụ ha na ntinye ha n'ime ụwa onye na-ese ya (ugboro ugboro, ụlọ ọrụ ya). Site n'inye ihe atụ nke ihe osise ahụ ụmụ nwanyị" nke a na-ese n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ, ọ nwere ike ịkwado nkatọ ya banyere ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ "onye mbụ" nke ndị gba ọtọ nke oge a. A na-ewere edemede ya nke afọ 1975, "When Greatness is a Box of Wheaties" dị ka ihe odide dị mkpa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ụmụ nwanyị, na-akọwa nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị banyere ọgụgụ isi na nkà.<ref name="n.paradoxa’s 12 Step Guide to Feminist Art, Art History and Criticism">{{Cite journal|author=Deepwell|first=Katy|date=September 2010|title=n.paradoxa's 12 Step Guide to Feminist Art, Art History and Criticism|url=https://www.ktpress.co.uk/pdf/nparadoxaissue21.pdf|journal=N.paradoxa|issue=12|pages=6, 8|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede Duncan nke afọ 1989 a ma ama bụ "The MoMA's Hot Mamas" na-enyocha mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ihe nnọchianya ụmụ nwanyị na eserese <ref name="Feminism Art Theory: An Anthology 1968 - 2014">{{Cite book|editor=Robinson|title=Feminism Art Theory: An Anthology 1968 - 2014|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1118360606|pages=131, 165–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6bCBwAAQBAJ&q=%22carol+duncan%22&pg=PA529}}</ref>ọ na-arụ ụka na ihe osiso abụọ a ma ama nke ụmụ nwoke na Museum of Modern Art, de Kooning's Woman I na Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, na-emesi ike 'oke' nke nwanyị, na-emepụtakwa nkewa omenala dabere na okike nke yiri nke ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, nke onye okike nwoke mere ka nwanyị bụrụ ọhụụ / ihe. Ọ nwere ike ịhụ naanị ụdị nwanyị nke onye okike nwoke kọwara, mana a jụkwara ya ọrụ onye okike ma si otú a gbochie ya ịbanye na "ebe etiti omenala dị elu".<ref name="Performing the Body/Performing the Text">{{Cite book|editor=Jones|title=Performing the Body/Performing the Text|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|location=Google Books|isbn=1134655932|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkLnd-jP99gC&q=carol+duncan+The+MoMA%27s+hot+mamas&pg=PA131|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ na ntinye aka n'edemede == Carol Duncan bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na edemede, gụnyere ndị a: === Akwụkwọ === * ''A Matter of Class: John Cotton Dana, Progressive Reform, and the Newark Museum'' (Periscope Publishing, 2009).<ref name="A Matter of Class">{{Cite book|author=Duncan|first=Carol|title=A Matter of Class: John Cotton Dana, Progressive Reform, and the Newark Museum|date=2009|publisher=Periscope|isbn=978-1934772911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBQ1PQAACAAJ|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> * ''Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums'' (Routledge, 1995).<ref name="Review: Culture and Power">{{Cite journal|author=Platt|first=Susan|title=Review: Culture and Power|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_fall-1996_55_3/page/95|journal=Art Journal|date=Autumn 1996|volume=55|issue=3|pages=95–99|doi=10.2307/777774}}</ref> * ''The Aesthetics of Power: Essays in the Critical Art History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993).<ref name="n.paradoxa’s 12 Step Guide to Feminist Art, Art History and Criticism" /><ref name="Book Review: The Aesthetics of Power: Essays in Critical Art History">{{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Johnathan|title=Book Review: The Aesthetics of Power: Essays in Critical Art History|journal=The British Journal of Aesthetics|date=October 1994|volume=34|issue=4|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T004&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA15840351&docType=Book+review&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=LitRC&contentSet=GALE%7CA15840351&searchId=R1&userGroupName=caliart&inPS=true|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref> * ''The Pursuit of Pleasure : The Rococo Revival in French Romantic Art'' (Garland Publishing, 1976).<ref name="&quot;The Pursuit of Pleasure: The Rococo Revival in French Romantic Art&quot; (Book Review)">{{Cite journal|author=Ziff|first=Norman D.|title=Carol Duncan, "The Pursuit of Pleasure: The Rococo Revival in French Romantic Art" (Book Review)|journal=The Art Bulletin|date=1978|volume=60|issue=2}}</ref> ==== Edemede ==== * "Putting the "Nation" in London's National Gallery." In ''The Formation of National Collections of Art and Archaeology''. ''Studies in the History of Art'' 47 (1996): 101–111. * "The MoMA's Hot Mamas." ''Art Journal'' 48, no.2 (Summer 1989): 171–178.<ref name="The MoMA's Hot Mamas">{{Cite journal|author=Duncan|first=Carol|title=The MoMA's Hot Mamas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_summer-1989_48_2/page/171|journal=Art Journal|date=1989|volume=48|issue=2|pages=171–178|doi=10.1080/00043249.1989.10792606}}</ref> * "Virility and Domination in Early Twentieth-Century Vanguard Painting." ''Artforum'' (December 1973): 30–39. * "Happy Mothers and Other New Ideas in French Art." ''The Art Bulletin'' 55, no.4 (1973): 570–583.<ref name="Happy Mothers">{{Cite journal|author=Duncan|first=Carol|title=Happy Mothers and Other New Ideas in French Art|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1973-12_55_4/page/570|journal=The Art Bulletin|date=December 1973|volume=55|issue=4|pages=570–583|doi=10.1080/00043079.1973.10790749}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == Carol Duncan Scholarship,bụ ego nkwado agụmakwụkwọ nke Duncan mepụtara iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Visual Arts aka.<ref name="Duncan, Carol Scholarship" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duncan, Carol}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nvbirk7iwx65ukdgb6p5dufruifu85b 0 76593 697908 655012 2026-08-10T10:35:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 6 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697908 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ahụ Ọkụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Pyrexia, mmeghachi omume ọkụ, ọkụ |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Symptoms-fever.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ihe osise na-egosi onye na-arịa ahụ ọkụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Ihe pụrụ iche]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Ọrịa na-efe efe]], [[Pediatrics|Ọrịa ụmụaka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Signs and symptoms|Mgbaàmà]] | class="infobox-data" |'''Na mbido''': [[Shivering|ịma jijiji]], [[Cold|oyi]] <ref name="Peds2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sullivan JE, Farrar HC|title=Fever and antipyretic use in children|journal=Pediatrics|volume=127|issue=3|pages=580–587|date=March 2011|article-number=e20103852|pmid=21357332|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3852|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Mgbe e mesịrị''': [[Sweat|ọsụsọ]], ọsụsara ahụ <ref name="Sue2014">{{cite book|author1=Huether, Sue E.|title=Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29375-4|page=498|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9XsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498}}</ref><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Complication (medicine)|Nsogbu]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Febrile seizure|Ọrịa na-egbu egbu]]<ref name="CDC2010">{{cite web|author=CDC Staff|date=31 March 2020|title=Taking Care of Someone Who is Sick: Caring for Someone Sick at Home|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/homecare/treatfever.htm|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324084355/http://www.cdc.gov/flu/homecare/treatfever.htm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Virus|Nje virus]], [[Bacteria|nje bacteria]], mmụba nke okpomọkụ nke ahụ <ref name="Kl2015">{{cite book|last=Kluger|first=Matthew J.|name-list-style=vanc|title=Fever: Its Biology, Evolution, and Function|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6983-1|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref name="Gar2012p375">{{cite book|veditors=Garmel GM, Mahadevan SV|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|chapter=Fever in adults|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|page=375|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyAlcOfBhjIC&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20Clinical%20Emergency%20Medicine&pg=PA375}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical diagnosis|Ụzọ nchọpụta]] | class="infobox-data" |Okpomọkụ dị elu karịa nke 37.2 na 38.3 °C (99.0 na 100.9 °F) <ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Differential diagnosis|Nnyocha dị iche iche]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Hyperthermia|Okpomọkụ dị elu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọgwụgwọ | class="infobox-data" |Dabere na isi ihe kpatara ya, ọ dịghị mkpa maka ahụ ọkụ n'onwe ya <ref name="Peds2011" /><ref name="Ric2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Richardson M, Purssell E|s2cid=206857750|title=Who's afraid of fever?|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=100|issue=9|pages=818–820|date=September 2015|pmid=25977564|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2014-307483}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medication|Ọgwụ]] | class="infobox-data" |Antipyretics ([[ibuprofen]], [[paracetamol]] [[acetaminophen]]) <ref name="Ric2015" /><ref name="Gar2012">{{cite book|veditors=Garmel GM, Mahadevan SV|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|page=401|edition=2nd}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugboro ole a na-eme | class="infobox-data" | |} '''Ahụ ọkụ''' ma ọ bụ '''pyrexia''' n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ nke na-egosipụta na [[:en:Human_body_temperature|okpomọkụ ahụ]] ịkarị otu o kwesịrị, nke ihe kpatara ya bụ mmụba nke oke okpomọkụ ahụ na hypothalamus.<ref name="Kl2015">{{cite book|last=Kluger|first=Matthew J.|name-list-style=vanc|title=Fever: Its Biology, Evolution, and Function|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6983-1|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref name="Gar2012p375">{{cite book|veditors=Garmel GM, Mahadevan SV|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|chapter=Fever in adults|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|page=375|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyAlcOfBhjIC&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20Clinical%20Emergency%20Medicine&pg=PA375}}</ref><ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franjić|first=Siniša|date=2019-03-31|title=Fever Can Be A Symptom of Many Diseases|journal=Journal of Medicine and HealthCare|pages=1–3|doi=10.47363/jmhc/2021(3)146}}</ref> Enweghị oke ọbụla ekwekọrịtara kacha dị elu maka okpomọkụ ahụ kwesịrị ekwesị: ebe ndị e si enweta ihe na-eji ọnụọgụ dị n'etiti {{convert|37.2|and|38.3|C|F|1}} n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. <ref name="Harrisons20th" /> Mmụba nke oke okpomọkụ ahụ na-eme ka [[:en:Muscle_tone|muscle contractions]] gbagote ma na-akpata oyi ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Chills|ịjụ oyi]]<ref name="Peds2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Sullivan JE, Farrar HC|title=Fever and antipyretic use in children|journal=Pediatrics|volume=127|issue=3|pages=580–587|date=March 2011|article-number=e20103852|pmid=21357332|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3852|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nke a na-ebute mmepụta okpomọkụ ka ukwuu na mgbalị iji chekwaa okpomọkụ.<ref name="Sue2014">{{cite book|author1=Huether, Sue E.|title=Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29375-4|page=498|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9XsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498}}</ref> Mgbe oke okpomọkụ ahụ laghachiri n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ahụ mmadụ na-ebido ikpo ọkụ, na-agbapụta mmiri, ma nwee ike ịmalite Ọsụsọ.<ref name="Sue2014" /> Ọ na-esi ike ahụ ọkụ akpata [[:en:Febrile_seizure|nkụchi ọkụ]], nke a bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ụmụaka.<ref name="CDC2010">{{cite web|author=CDC Staff|date=31 March 2020|title=Taking Care of Someone Who is Sick: Caring for Someone Sick at Home|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/homecare/treatfever.htm|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324084355/http://www.cdc.gov/flu/homecare/treatfever.htm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> Ahụ ọkụ anaghị agafekarị {{convert|41|to|42|C|F|0}} . <ref name="Gar2012p375">{{cite book|veditors=Garmel GM, Mahadevan SV|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|chapter=Fever in adults|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|page=375|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyAlcOfBhjIC&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20Clinical%20Emergency%20Medicine&pg=PA375}}</ref> Ọrịa ahụ ọkụ nwere ike ịbụ nke ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ahụike na-akpata nke na-esite na nke na-adịghị njọ ruo na nke dị [[:en:Life-threatening|ize ndụ]].<ref name="Gar2012p5" /> Nke a gụnyere ọrịa sitere na nje virus, nje bacteria, na nje parasite - dị ka influenza, [[:en:Common_cold|oyi nkịtị]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], [[:en:Urinary_tract_infections|ọrịa ebe mamịrị si apụta]], appendicitis, [[:en:Lassa_fever|Lassa fever]] COVID-19, na [[Iba|ịba]].<ref name="Gar2012p5" /><ref name="Rod2020">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=34|date=13 March 2020|pmid=32179124|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa gụnyere [[:en:Vasculitis|vasculitis]], [[:en:Deep_vein_thrombosis|deep vein thrombosis]], [[:en:Connective_tissue_disease|ọrịa anụ ahụ njikọ]], mmetụta ndị na-adịghị mma si n'ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na ọrịa kansa. <ref name="Gar2012p5">{{Cite book|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever in Children and Fever of Unknown Origin|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=83|issue=1|pages=38–43|date=January 2016|pmid=25724501|doi=10.1007/s12098-015-1724-4}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na [[:en:Hyperthermia|hyperthermia]], n'ihi na hyperthermia bụ mmụba nke okpomọkụ ahụ karịa okpomọkụ kwesịrị, n'ihi ma ọ bụghị mmepụta okpomọkụ dị ukwuu, ọ bụrụ enweghị mwepụ okpomọkụ otu o kwesịrị n'ahụ. Ọgwụgwọ iji belata ahụ ọkụ anaghị adịkarị mkpa.<ref name="Peds2011" /><ref name="Ric2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Richardson M, Purssell E|s2cid=206857750|title=Who's afraid of fever?|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=100|issue=9|pages=818–820|date=September 2015|pmid=25977564|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2014-307483}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mgbu na ọzịza na-adị eso ya nwere ike ịba uru ma nyere mmadụ aka izu ike.<ref name="Ric2015" /> Ọgwụ ndị dị ka ibuprofen ma ọ bụ paracetamol (acetaminophen) nwere ike inye aka na nke a yana ibelata okpomọkụ ahụ.<ref name="Ric2015" /><ref name="Gar2012">{{cite book|veditors=Garmel GM, Mahadevan SV|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74776-9|page=401|edition=2nd}}</ref> Ụmụaka na-erubeghị ọnwa atọ chọrọ nlekọta ahụike, dịka ndị nwere nnukwu nsogbu ahụike dịka [[:en:Compromised_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-adịghịzi mma]] ma ọ bụ ndị nwere mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003090.htm|title=Fever|date=30 August 2014|work=MedlinePlus|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511181606/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm|archivedate=11 May 2009}}</ref> Okpomọkụ dị elu chọrọ ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Peds2011" /> Ahụ ọkụ bụ otu n'ime ihe [[:en:Medical_signs|mgbaama ahụike]] a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Peds2011" /> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke nleta ahụike site n'aka ụmụaka <ref name="Peds2011" /> ma na-eme na ihe ruru pasent iri asaa na ise nke ndị okenye na-arịasi ọrịa ike. <ref name="Ki2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI|title=Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review|journal=Australian Critical Care|volume=26|issue=3|pages=130–135|date=August 2013|pmid=23199670|doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ahụ ọkụ malitere dị ka usoro nchebe, ịgwọ ahụ ọkụ anaghị eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ mee ka nsonaazụ ya ka njọ.<ref name="Sch2006">{{Cite journal|title=Fieber – nützliches oder schädliches, zu behandelndes Symptom?|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=63|issue=3|pages=185–188|date=March 2006|pmid=16613288|doi=10.1024/0040-5930.63.3.185|language=de}}</ref><ref name="Antipyretic therapy in febrile crit">{{Cite journal|title=Antipyretic therapy in febrile critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Critical Care|volume=28|issue=3|pages=303–310|date=June 2013|pmid=23159136|doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.09.009}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ray|first=Juliet J.|date=December 2015|title=Fever: suppress or let it ride?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=7|issue=12|pages=E633–E636|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.28|pmid=26793378}}</ref> Ndị nne na nna na ndị ọrụ ahụike na-elekarị ahụ ọkụ anya na nchegbu karịa ka ọ kwesịrị, ihe a maara dị ka "oké egwu ahụ ọkụ". <ref name="Peds2011" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Fever Phobia Revisited: Have Parental Misconceptions About Fever Changed in 20 Years?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2001-06_107_6/page/1241|journal=Pediatrics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=1241–1246|date=June 2001|pmid=11389237|doi=10.1542/peds.107.6.1241}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Mgbaàmà ndị Na-Eso ya == Ihe ndị na-esokarị ọrịa ahụ ọkụ bụ akparamagwa onye ọrịa na-arịa, nke na-agụnye ụra, ịda mbà n'obi, enweghị agụụ, [[:en:Sleepiness|ime anya ụra]], hyperalgesia, [[:en:Dehydration|mmiri ịpụ n'ahụ]], <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-05|title=Fever: Symptoms, treatments, types, and causes|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168266|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=www.medicalnewstoday.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harden|first=L. M.|date=2015-11-01|title=Fever and sickness behavior: Friend or foe?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159115004079|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=50|pages=322–333|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.012|pmid=26187566|issn=0889-1591}}</ref> na enweghị ike itinye uche na ihe. Ihi ụra na ahụ ọkụ nwere ike ịkpata nrọ ọjọọ siri ike ma ọ bụ na-agbagwoju anya, nke a na-akpọkarị " nrọ ahụ ọkụ". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cytokine-induced sickness behavior|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=17 Suppl 1|issue=1|pages=S112–S118|date=February 2003|pmid=12615196|doi=10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6}}</ref> [[:en:Delirium|Delirium]] dị nro ma ọ bụ nke siri ike (nke nwekwara ike ịkpata [[:en:Hallucinations|ịrọ nrọ anya ọcha]]) nwekwara ike ịpụta n'oge oke ahụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder|journal=History of Psychiatry|volume=18|issue=72 Pt 4|pages=459–469|date=December 2007|pmid=18590023|doi=10.1177/0957154X07076467|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570887/document}}</ref> == Nnyocha dị iche iche == === Okpomọkụ dị elu === [[:en:Hyperthermia|Hyperthermia]] bụ ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ ahụ karịa ebe o kwesịrị, n'ihi ma ọ bụghị mmepụta okpomọkụ dị ukwuu, ọ bụrụ enweghị mwepụ okpomọkụ otu o kwesịrị n'ahụ.<ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ya, a naghị ele hyperthermia anya dị ka ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Harrisons20th" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beard|first=Robin M.|date=June 2008|title=Fever and Hyperthermia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nursing-us_2008-06_38_6/page/28|journal=Nursing2022|volume=38|issue=6|pages=28–31|doi=10.1097/01.NURSE.0000320353.79079.a5|issn=0360-4039|pmid=18497656}}</ref> Ekwesịghị iwere hyperthermia n'ịgbagwoju anya dịka hyperpyrexia (nke bụ oke ahụ ọkụ).<ref name="Harrisons20th" />  N'ụzọ ahụike, ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahụ ọkụ na hyperthermia, dka hyperthermia nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa ma ghara izaghachị nye ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike isi ike igosi n'ọnọdụ mberede, a na-emekarị ya site n'ịchọpụta ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> == Usoro == === Hypothalamus === A na-achịkwa okpomọkụ ahụ na hypothalamus. Ihe na-akpata ahụ ọkụ, nke a na-akpọ pyrogen, na-ebute ntọhapụ nke prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 na-arụ ọrụ na hypothalamus, nke na-emepụta nzaghachi usoro n'ime ahụ, na-akpata mmetụta na-emepụta okpomọkụ n'ahụ iji kwekọọ n'okpomọkụ ahụ ọhụrụ dị elu. E nwere ndị na-anabata anọ nke PGE2 nwere ike ijikọta (EP1-4), na nnyocha gara aga e mere na-egosi na subtype EP3 bụ ihe na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ahụ ọkụ dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 1998|title=Impaired febrile response in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1998-09-17_395_6699/page/281|journal=Nature|volume=395|issue=6699|pages=281–284|doi=10.1038/26233|pmid=9751056}}</ref> N'ihi ya, enwere ike ịhụ hypothalamus na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka thermostat.<ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Mgbe a na-ebuli okpomokụ ahụ, ahụ na-amụba okpomọkụ ya site na mmepụta okpomọkụ na njigide okpomọkụ. [[:en:Vasoconstriction|Vasoconstriction]] nke dị n'akụkụ na-ebelata okpomọkụ na-efu site na akpụkpọ ahụ ma na-eme ka oyi tụwa onye ahụ. Norepinephrine na-abawanye [[:en:Thermogenesis|thermogenesis]] na [[:en:Brown_adipose_tissue|abụba anụ ahụ na-acha nchara nchara]], na mgbanaka uru ahụ site na ịma jijiji na-ebuli ogo metabolic.<ref name="pmid25976513">{{Cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat|journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology|volume=15|issue=6|pages=335–349|doi=10.1038/nri3843|pmid=25976513}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na usoro ndị a ezughi ezu iji mee ka okpomọkụ ọbara dị n'ime ụbụrụ kwekọọ na ebe ọhụrụ e setịpụrụ na hypothalamus, ụbụrụ na-ahazi usoro mmepụta okpomọkụ site na Usoro akwara na-achị onwe ([[:en:Autonomic_nervous_system|autonomic nervous system]]) ya ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ maka ịma jijiji. Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakamura|first=Kazuhiro|date=November 2011|title=Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever|url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology|language=en|volume=301|issue=5|pages=R1207–R1228|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011|pmid=21900642|issn=0363-6119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morrison|first=S.F.|date=2019-02-10|title=Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546|journal=Annual Review of Physiology|language=en|volume=81|issue=1|pages=285–308|doi=10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546|pmid=30256726|issn=0066-4278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakamura|first=Kazuhiro|date=January 2022|title=A hypothalamomedullary network for physiological responses to environmental stresses|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-021-00532-x|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=35–52|doi=10.1038/s41583-021-00532-x|pmid=34728833|issn=1471-003X}}</ref> * Mmụba mmepụta okpomọkụ site na mmụba nke [[:en:Muscle_tone|ụda uru ahụ]], ịma jijiji (mmegharị nke uru ahụ iji mepụta okpomọkụ) na ntọhapụ nke homonụ ndị dị ka epinephrine; yana * Mgbochi nke mwepụ okpomọkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na [[:en:Vasoconstriction|vasoconstriction]]. Mgbe ebe ọhụrụ ahụ e setị pụrụ na hypothalamus laghachịrị otu o kwesịrị -- n'onwe ya maọbụ site n'ịṅụ ọgwụ -- usoro ahụ otu o si kwesị dịka ọsụsọ, na mweghachị azịụ nke usoro ndị a niile a kọwara n'elu, (dịka ọmumaatụ, vasodilation, ịkwụsị ịma jijiji, na mmepụta okpomọkụ nke na-adịghị eso ịma jijiji) ka a na-eji mee ka ahụ jụọ oyi laghachị na usoro ọhụrụ ahụ dịkwa ala. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nke a dị iche na [[:en:Hyperthermia|hyperthermia]], nke ọnọdụ ahụ otu o kwesịrị na-anọgide, mana ahụ na-ekpobiga ọkụ ókè site na njigide okpomọkụ gabigara ókè ma ọ bụ mmepụtabiga okpomọkụ oke. Hyperthermia na-abụkarị nsonaazụ nke ebe na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu (Ọkụ okpomọkụ) ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma nye ọgwụ. Enwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahụ ọkụ na hyperthermia site na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu na mmeghachi omume ya nye [[:en:Anti-pyretic|ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ ọkụ]].<ref name="Harrisons20th">{{cite book|author=Dinarello CA, Porat R|date=2018|chapter=Chapter 15: Fever|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=20th|volume=1–2|veditors=Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-64403-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2020)">verification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> N'ime ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ, usoro akwara na-achị onwe ya nwekwara ike ime ka anụ ahụ na-acha nchara nchara rụọ ọrụ imepụta okpomọkụ (thermogenesis na-abịụghị nke na-eso ịma jijiji). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nowack|first=Julia|date=2017-11-09|title=Muscle Non-shivering Thermogenesis and Its Role in the Evolution of Endothermy|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=8|doi=10.3389/fphys.2017.00889|issn=1664-042X|pmid=29170642}}</ref> Ịrị elu nke otu obi si akụ na vasoconstriction na-enye aka n'ịbawanye [[Obara Mgbali elu|ọbara mgbali elu]] n'oge ahụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deussen|first=A.|date=September 2007|title=[Hyperthermia and hypothermia. Effects on the cardiovascular system]|journal=Der Anaesthesist|volume=56|issue=9|pages=907–911|doi=10.1007/s00101-007-1219-4|issn=0003-2417|pmid=17554514}}</ref> === Pyrogens === Pyrogen bụ ihe na-akpata ahụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hagel|first=Lars|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookprocessc00hage|title=Handbook of Process Chromatography|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-374023-6|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookprocessc00hage/page/n145 127]–145|chapter=5 – Analysis|doi=10.1016/b978-012374023-6.50007-5}}</ref> N'ihu ihe na-akpata ọrịa, dị ka nje bacteria, nje virus, viroids, ''wdg'', mmeghachi omume nke ahụike nke ahụ bụ igbochi uto ha ma kpochapụ ha. Pyrogens ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ endotoxins, nke bụ lipopolysaccharides (LPS) nke [[:en:Gram-negative_bacteria|nje bacteria Gram na-adịghị emetọ]] dị ka ''[[:en:Escherichia_coli|E. coli]]'' mepụtara. Mana pyrogens na-agụnye ihe ndị na-abụghị endotoxic (nke sitere na microorganisms ndị ọzọ na-abụghị gram-negative-bacteria ma ọ bụ site na kemịkal). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biocompatibility00bout|title=Biocompatibility and Performance of Medical Devices|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-85709-070-6|editor=Boutrand|series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biocompatibility00bout/page/n434 404]–448|chapter=17 – Biological evaluation and regulation of medical devices in Japan|doi=10.1533/9780857096456.4.404}}</ref> Ụdị pyrogens gụnyere ndị na-adị n'ime (endogenous) na ndị nke ezi (exogenous). "Pyrogenicity" nke pyrogens e nyere dịgasị iche: n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, pyrogens si na nje bacteria nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka superantigens ma kpata ahụ ọkụ ngwa ngwa na nke dị ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Affairs|first=Office of Regulatory|date=2018-11-03|title=Pyrogens, Still a Danger|url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/inspection-technical-guides/pyrogens-still-danger|journal=FDA}}</ref> ==== Nke Ime ==== Endogenous pyrogens bụ cytokines wepụtara site na monocytes (nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Veterinary Medicine|date=2017-01-01|publisher=W.B. Saunders|isbn=978-0-7020-5246-0|editor=Constable|edition=11th|pages=43–112|chapter=4 – General Systemic States|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ha na-akpali mmeghachi omume kemịkal, mgbe mgbe n'ihu antigen, na-eduga na ahụ ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịbụ ihe sitere na ihe ndị dị n'èzí dị ka pyrogens exogenous, ha nwekwara ike ibute ihe ndị dị na ya dị ka mmebi nke usoro ndị metụtara ya dị ka Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo rheumatoid ma ọ bụ lupus.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-03-31|title=The history of fever, leukocytic pyrogen and interleukin-1|journal=Temperature|volume=2|issue=1|pages=8–16|doi=10.1080/23328940.2015.1017086|pmid=27226996}}</ref> Ndị isi endogenous pyrogens bụ interleukin 1 (α na β) <ref name="boron-58">{{Cite book|author=Stitt, John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unBlQgAACAAJ|title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4160-3115-4|edition=2nd|location=Philadelphia|chapter=Chapter 59: Regulation of Body Temperature|accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> na interleukin 6 (IL-6).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.)|title=Janeway's immunobiology|others=Weaver, Casey|year=2017|isbn=978-0-8153-4505-3|edition=9th|location=New York|pages=118–119|oclc=933586700}}</ref> Obere endogenous pyrogens gụnyere interleukin-8, [[:en:Lymphotoxin_alpha|tumor necrosis factor-β]], [[:en:Macrophage_inflammatory_protein|macrophage inflammatory protein]]-α na macrophages inflammatory protein-β yana interferon-α, interferon-β, na interferon-γ.<ref name="boron-58" /> [[:en:Tumor_necrosis_factor-α|Tumor necrosis factor-α]] (TNF) na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka pyrogen, nke interleukin 1 (IL-1) na-ewepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 1996|title=The role of TNF-alpha in fever: opposing actions of human and murine TNF-alpha and interactions with IL-beta in the rat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-pharmacology_1996-08_118_8/page/1919|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|volume=118|issue=8|pages=1919–1924|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15625.x|pmid=8864524}}</ref> A na-ahapụ ihe cytokine ndị a n'ime mgbasa ozi n'ozuzu, ebe ha na-akwaga n'akụkụ [[:en:Circumventricular_organ|circumventricular organs]] nke ụbụrụ ebe a na-aka amịkọrọ ha ngwa ngwa karịa n'ebe ndị [[:en:Blood–brain_barrier|mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ]] na-echekwa Mgbe ahụ, cytokines na-ejikọta [[:en:Endothelium|endothelial receptors]] na mgbidi arịa na ndị na-anabata na [[:en:Microglial_cell|microglial cells]], na-akpata ịrụ ọrụ nke Ụzọ arachidonic acid.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Eskilsson|first=Anna|title=Inflammatory Signaling Across the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Generation of Fever|date=2020|publisher=Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences|isbn=978-91-7929-936-1|location=Linköping}}</ref> N'ime ndị a, IL-1β, TNF, na IL-6 nwere ike ibuli ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ndụ ma kpata ahụ ọkụ. Protein ndị a na-emepụta cyclooxygenase nke na-akpali mmepụta hypothalamic nke PGE2 nke na-eme ka a tọhapụ neurotransmitters dị ka cyclic adenosine monophosphate ma na-ebuli okpomọkụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Srinivasan|first=Lakshmi|title=Fetal and Neonatal Physiology|date=2017-01-01|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-35214-7|editor=Polin|edition=5th|pages=1241–1254.e4|chapter=128 – Cytokines and Inflammatory Response in the Fetus and Neonate|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00128-1}}</ref> ==== Ndị si n'èzí ==== Exogenous pyrogens dị n'èzí ahụ ma bụrụ nke sitere na microbial. N'ozuzu, pyrogens ndị a, gụnyere ngwaahịa mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ bacteria, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na ndị na-anabata Toll na hypothalamus ma bulie usoro nhazi okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Mary E.|title=Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice|date=2011-01-01|publisher=W.B. Saunders|isbn=978-0-7020-3935-5|editor=Guerrant|edition=3rd|pages=925–938|chapter=130 – Fever and Systemic Symptoms|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00130-0}}</ref> Ihe atụ nke klas nke exogenous pyrogens bụ nje bacteria lipopolysaccharides (LPS) dị na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke [[:en:Gram-negative_bacteria|nje bacteria Gram na-adịghị emetọ]]. Dabere n'otu usoro nke ọrụ pyrogen, protein nke usoro ahụike, [[:en:Lipopolysaccharide-binding_protein|lipopolysaccharide-binding protein]] (LBP), na-ejikọta na LPS, nnukwu njikọ LBP-LPS ahụ na-ejikọkwa ihe na-anabata CD14 na macrophage. Njikọ LBP-LPS na CD14 na-ebute njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ na ntọhapụ nke cytokines dị iche iche, dịka, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), na tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Ihe omume ọzọ na-agbadata bụ ịrụ ọrụ nke Ụzọ arachidonic acid.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2014|title=Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: Lessons from experimental LPS fever|journal=Comprehensive Physiology|volume=4|issue=4|pages=1563–1604|doi=10.1002/cphy.c130033|pmid=25428854}}</ref> == Nnyocha == {{Authority control}}A chọtala ihe dị iche iche maka Okpomọkụ nkịtị. Okpomọkụ dị n'etiti, dị ka okpomọkụ nke eriri, ziri ezi karịa okpomọkụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name="Niven2015">{{Cite journal|title=Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=10|pages=768–777|date=November 2015|pmid=26571241|doi=10.7326/M15-1150}}</ref> A na-ekwenye n'ozuzu na ahụ ọkụ ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ dị elu sitere na ebe dị elu na:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fever - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759|accessdate=2022-04-23|work=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> == Ọrụ == == Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ == {{Commons category}}Ahụ ọkụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nchọpụta nke [[Anụ ụlọ|ọrịa n'ime anụ ụlọ]]. Okpomọkụ ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ, nke a na-ewere n'ụzọ eriri, dị iche site n'otu ụdị gaa na nke ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekwu na ịnyịnya nwere ahụ ọkụ karịrị 101 °F (38.3 °C). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equusite.com/articles/health/healthVitalSigns.shtml|title=Equusite Vital Signs|publisher=equusite.com|accessdate=2010-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326053227/http://www.equusite.com/articles/health/healthVitalSigns.shtml|archivedate=26 March 2010}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ndị na-enye ohere ka ahụ ha nwee okpomọkụ ahụ "kwesịrị ekwesị" dịgasị iche iche, dị ka kamel, nke okpomọkụ ahụ ya dịgasị iche iche ka okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Body temperature of the camel and its relation to water economy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physiology_1957-01_188_1/page/103|journal=The American Journal of Physiology|volume=188|issue=1|pages=103–112|date=January 1957|pmid=13402948|doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.188.1.103}}</ref> okpomọkụ nke ahụ ya nke juru n'ọnọdụ febrile na-adị iche dabere na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leese|first=A.S.|title='Tips' on camels, for veterinary surgeons on active service|journal=The British Veterinary Journal|date=March 1917|volume=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcYfAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tefera|first=M.|title=Observations on the clinical examination of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the field|url=https://archive.org/details/tropical-animal-health-and-production_2004-07_36_5/page/435|journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production|date=July 2004|volume=36|issue=5|pages=435–449|doi=10.1023/b:trop.0000035006.37928.cf|pmid=15449833}}</ref> Ụmụ anụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ ndị na-enweghị ahụ ọkụ sitere n'usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwekwara ike ibutere onwe ha ahụ ọkụ site n'omume ha . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ụdị igurube ga-achịkwa okpomọkụ ahụ ha iji nweta okpomọkụ ahụ nke ji ihe dị ka 2 ruo 5 °C karịa okpomọkụ ahụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbochie uto nke nje fungal na-akpata ọrịa dị ka ''Beauveria bassiana'' na ''Metarhizium acridum''.<ref name="Thomas2003">{{Cite journal|title=Thermal biology in insect-parasite interactions|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|date=July 2003|volume=18|issue=7|pages=344–350|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00069-7}}</ref> Mkpụrụ aṅụ nwekwara ike ịkpata ahụ ọkụ n'ihi nje fungal ''Ascosphaera apis''.<ref name="Thomas2003" />&nbsp; == Edensibịa == == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/fever.html Ahụ ọkụ na Ịnwere Okpomọkụ nke Nwatakịrị Gị] * [https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003090.htm US National Institute of Health factsheet] * Ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikọkarị na ihe omume ọjọọ Pyrexia (Ahụ ọkụ) dị ka FDA kọrọ, E chekwara 9 March 2012 na Wayback Machine * [https://medlineplus.gov/fever.html Ahụ ọkụ] na MedlinePlus * [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/well/live/fever-benefits.html Gịnị mere anyị ji atụ egwu ahụ ọkụ?] na ''The New York Times'' <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] myakzxhqwtulmjocxajdfyrmag2y89m 0 76610 697707 688513 2026-08-10T06:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Alexander Jakob Boris Zehnder''' (amụrụ na 21 Febụwarị 1946), nke a maara dị ka '''Sascha''', bụ ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ nje na ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na Switzerland. Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ n’ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya dịka prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nje na Mahadum Wageningen na Nnyocha (1983–1992), ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesọ nke nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ETH Zurich (1992–2004). N’otu oge ahụ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Federal nke Switzerland maka Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ Banyere Mmiri (EAWAG).Site na Julaị 2004 ruo Disemba 2007, ọ bụ Onye Isi oche nke ETH Board, otu na-achịkwa ETH Domain — usoro mahadum na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke gọọmenti etiti Switzerland. A maara ya nke ọma maka nchọpụta ya banyere '''Methanothrix soehngenii''', nnyocha ya gbasara '''mmiri mebere eme''' , ọrụ ya dịka otu n’ime ndị guzobere echiche '''ọha mmadụ nke 2000-watt,''' yana onyinye ya n’ịzụlite '''Dow Jones Sustainability Index'''. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Zehnder na 21 Febụwarị 1946 na Goldak, na Canton nke St. Gallen, Switzerland. <ref name="eth">{{Cite web|title=Prof. em. Dr. Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://usys.ethz.ch/en/people/profile.Nzg1NjQ=.TGlzdC8xMzg5LDMyMDE5NzIyMg==.html|work=ETH Zurich|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216145350/https://usys.ethz.ch/en/people/profile.Nzg1NjQ=.TGlzdC8xMzg5LDMyMDE5NzIyMg==.html|archivedate=16 December 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231216145350/https://usys.ethz.ch/en/people/profile.Nzg1NjQ=.TGlzdC8xMzg5LDMyMDE5NzIyMg==.html "Prof. em. Dr. Alexander J.B. Zehnder"]. ''ETH Zurich''. Archived from [https://usys.ethz.ch/en/people/profile.Nzg1NjQ=.TGlzdC8xMzg5LDMyMDE5NzIyMg==.html the original] on 16 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gụrụ sayensị okike na ETH Zurich, na-agwụcha akara ugo mmụta ya na 1971.<ref name="eth" /> Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya, Zehnder kwagara na '''Rabat''', '''Morocco''', ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ maka '''World Health Organization''' (WHO) ruo afọ 1973.Mgbe ọ laghachiri na '''Switzerland''', ọ gara n’ihu na-eme nchọpụta doctorate n’ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ụmụ nje n’otu aka na '''ETH Zurich''' na '''EAWAG'''. O nweta akara ugo mmụta PhD ya n’afọ 1976. N'oge nyocha doctoral ya, Zehnder chọpụtara ''Methanothrix soehngenii'', archaeon methanogenic. A kọw ndụ n'ụzọ doro anya na 1982 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Archives of Microbiology . <ref name="methanothrix">{{Cite journal|author=Huser|first=B.A.|year=1982|title=''Methanothrix soehngenii'' gen. nov. sp. nov., a new acetotrophic non-hydrogen-oxidizing methane bacterium|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-microbiology_1982-07_132_1/page/n2|journal=[[Archives of Microbiology]]|volume=132|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1007/BF00690808}}</ref> Onye ibe ya bụ Willem Meindert de Vos mechara kọwaa ya dị ka "nnukwu nchọpụta" na microbiology anaerobic.<ref name="devos">{{Cite web|author=de Vos|first=Willem|date=4 May 2017|title=1982–1992; Legacies Reconsidered|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/article/1982-1992-legacies-reconsidered.htm|work=Wageningen University & Research|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801221610/https://www.wur.nl/en/article/1982-1992-legacies-reconsidered.htm|archivedate=1 August 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === United States (1977-1982) === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya, Zehnder rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta na Ngalaba Bakterịlọjị nke University of Wisconsin–Madison, ebe ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na Thomas D. Brock site na 1977 ruo 1979. <ref name="eth" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ na Ngalaba Injinịa Civil na Mahadum Stanford, California, site na 1979 ruo 1980. <ref name="eth" /> Site na 1980 ruo 1982, ọ laghachiri Switzerland dị ka onye nkuzi na ETH Zurich na Mahadum Zurich, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nchọpụta dị elu na EAWAG.<ref name="eth" /> === Mahadum Wageningen & Research (1983-1992) === N'afọ 1983, a họpụtara Zehnder ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nje na onye isi oche nke ngalaba na Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo Wageningen, Netherlands . <ref name="eth" /> .<ref name="devos">{{Cite web|author=de Vos|first=Willem|date=4 May 2017|title=1982–1992; Legacies Reconsidered|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/article/1982-1992-legacies-reconsidered.htm|work=Wageningen University & Research|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801221610/https://www.wur.nl/en/article/1982-1992-legacies-reconsidered.htm|archivedate=1 August 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jetten|first=M.S.M.|year=1992|title=Methanogenesis from acetate: a comparison of the acetate metabolism in ''Methanothrix soehngenii'' and ''Methanosarcina'' spp.|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=8|issue=3–4|pages=181–197|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04987.x}}</ref>N’oge ọ nọ n’ọrụ ya, nchọpụta sayensị lekwasịrị anya karịa na microbiology anaerobic (ọmụmụ ụmụ nje na-adị ndụ na-enweghị ikuku oxygen) na microbiology gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a gụnyere ọmụmụ banyere otu ụmụ nje si ewepụ phosphate na otu ha si emepụta biofilm.N’afọ 1992, ọmụmụ e bipụtara n’akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị FEMS Microbiology Reviews nke Jetten,Stans na Zender mere gosiri na Methanothrix soehngenii bụ methanogen a kacha mara nke ọma nke nwere ike iji acetate mee ihe ọbụna mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ acetate dị obere nke ukwuu. === ETH Zurich na EAWAG (1992-2004) === N'afọ 1992, Zehnder were ọrụ abụọ nke onye nduzi nke EAWAG na prọfesọ nke biotechnology gburugburu ebe obibi na ETH Zurich, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 2004. <ref name="alberta">{{Cite web|title=Alexander J.B. (Sascha) Zehnder, Ph.D.|url=https://www.aemera.org|work=Alberta Environmental Monitoring|date=2 December 2015|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> N'okpuru nduzi ya, EAWAG ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya n'ime ETH mebe obibi, injinia gburugburu ebe obibi na mmebi nke mmetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Eawag — Directors|url=https://www.eawag.ch/en/about-us/portrait/history/|work=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> N'oge a, Zehnder ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị guzobere echiche ọha mmadụ nke 2000-watt - ọhụụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ibelata nkezi ike onye ọ bụla na-eji na mba ndị mepere emepe ruo 2,000 watts site na 2050. <ref name="paralimes">{{Cite web|title=Alexander Zehnder|url=https://www.paralimes.org/about-us/governance/alexander-zehnder/|work=Para Limes|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="cooper">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Alexander J.B. Zehnder: Opportunities and Challenges on the Way to Sustainability|url=https://cooper.edu/events-and-exhibitions/events/dr-alexander-jb-zehnder-opporitunities-and-challenges-way|work=Cooper Union|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> Obodo Zurich nabatara echiche a dị ka isi nkuku nke iwu ike ya ogologo oge.<ref name="cooper" /> Ọrụ ya nyekwara aka na mmepe nke Dow Jones Sustainability Index, n'etiti ihe ngosi ụwa mbụ na-agbaso arụmọrụ ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-eduga na nkwado.<ref name="paralimes" /> N'ihe gbasara iwu mmiri, nyocha nke afọ 2003 nke ya na Yang, Reichert, na Abbaspour dere na ''Sayensị na Teknụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi'' chọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri karịrị nke mba na-adabere na mbubata ọka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=H.|year=2003|title=A water resources threshold and its implications for food security|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=37|issue=14|pages=3048–3054|doi=10.1021/es0263689}}</ref> Otu akwụkwọ nyocha e bipụtara n’afọ 2002 n’akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị World Development gosiri na e nwere mmekọrịta na-emegiderịta onwe ya (inverse relationship) n’etiti ịdị ukwuu mmiri dị na mba ndị dị n’ebe ndịda nke mpaghara Mediterranean na mbubata ọka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=H.|year=2002|title=Water scarcity and food import: A case study for southern Mediterranean countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2002-08_30_8/page/1413|journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]]|volume=30|issue=8|pages=1413–1429}}</ref> === Onye isi oche nke ETH Board (2004-2007) === Site na Julaị 2004 ruo Disemba 2007, Zehnder jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ETH Board, òtù na-achịkwa ETH Domain, nke gụnyere ETH Zurich, EPFL, na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mba anọ - Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), EMPA, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), na EAWAG - na ngụkọta mmefu ego kwa afọ nke ihe karịrị ijeri USD 2 n'oge ahụ.<ref name="eth" /> <ref name="zouk">{{Cite web|title=Alexander Zehnder|url=https://zouk.com/advisory-group/57-professor-alexander-zehnder|work=Zouk Ventures|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> N'oge a, o bu n'uche ime ka aha agụmakwụkwọ mba ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ETH sikwuo ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Capper|first=Scott|date=19 October 2004|title=Federal Institutes aim to top academic rankings|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/federal-institutes-aim-to-top-academic-rankings/4153462|work=swissinfo.ch|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219202648/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/federal-institutes-aim-to-top-academic-rankings/4153462|archivedate=19 December 2023}}</ref> Ọ natara nyocha dị iche iche maka ọrụ ya, otu nyocha na ''Die Weltwoche'' na-akọwa ya dị ka "onye dị mma n'ebe na-ezighi ezi". <ref name="eth" /> Ọ lara ezumike nká na Mee 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reichmuth|first=Alex|date=16 December 2010|title=Blick nach vorn|url=https://weltwoche.ch|work=[[Die Weltwoche]]|language=de}}</ref> === Alberta, Canada (2008-2017) === Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye isi oche nke ETH Board, Zehnder jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi sayensị nke Alberta Water Research Institute (AWRI) na Edmonton, Canada site na 2008 ruo 2010.<ref name="eth" /> <ref name="ae">{{Cite web|title=Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Zehnder_Alexander|work=Academia Europaea|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125202317/https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Zehnder_Alexander|archivedate=25 November 2023}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nye ntọala sayensị maka atụmatụ "Mmiri maka Ndụ" nke Alberta. N'ọrụ a, o setịpụrụ atụmatụ sayensị maka nyocha mmiri na mpaghara ahụ, webatara echiche nke mmiri mebere emepe na mkparịta ụka iwu Alberta, ma lekọta ọtụtụ nde dollar nke kwadoro ọrụ na mahadum gafee Alberta.<ref name="alberta" /> <ref name="zouk" /> N'afọ 2010, gọọmentị Alberta jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ya na Alberta Innovates. Zehnder gara n'ihu dị ka onye nduzi sayensị nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ime ngalaba Energy and Environment Solutions (AI-EES) ruo n'afọ 2017.<ref name="ae" /> Otu n'ime onyinye ya kachasị mkpa bụ inye nlekọta sayensị maka ọrụ Predicting Alberta's Water Future (PAWF), nke mepụtara ụdị mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. O tinyere usoro nhazi nke na-eme ka teknụzụ na ihe ọhụrụ, iwu na ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba na ego, na n'okpuru nduzi ya, nyocha mmiri nke Alberta nabatara Ngwá Ọrụ Nnyocha Ala na Mmiri (SWAT) iji mee map n'elu, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na mmiri n'ala gafee ihe karịrị 2,000 sub-basins na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="alberta" /> <ref name="zouk" /> === Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ nke Nanyang, Singapore (2011-dị ugbu a) === Kemgbe afọ 2011, Zehnder jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ Nanyang (NTU) na Singapore, ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu Board of Trustees.<ref name="eth" /> <ref name="ae" /> Ọ na-eduga NTU Sustainable Earth Office (SEO), nke na-ahazi nyocha na ọrụ nke mahadum site na EcoCampus initiative.<ref name="ae" /> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Scientific Advisory Board nke Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), a Research Centre of Excellence nke na-enyocha ọrụ nke obodo microbial na obodo ukwu na gburugburu okike.<ref name="ntu">{{Cite web|title=Prof Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://research.ntu.edu.sg|work=Nanyang Technological University|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na International Advisory Board of NUS Cities ma bụrụ onye otu The World Cities Summit Science of Cities Knowledge Council, Singapore . <ref name="ntu" /> Zehnder bụ onye na-ekwu okwu ugboro ugboro na Singapore International Water Week (SIWW), na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu mmiri, mmiri-ike-nri, na akụrụngwa obodo. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu International Advisory Panel on Environment and Water Technology, Singapore . <ref name="ntu">{{Cite web|title=Prof Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://research.ntu.edu.sg|work=Nanyang Technological University|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> Site na ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ya bụ Triple Z Ltd, ọ na-enye ọrụ ndụmọdụ gbasara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma nye aka mee ka ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ 2000-watt kwekọọ na obodo ukwu Singapore.<ref name="ntu" /> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu Steering Board nke Asia Carbon Institute (ACI), ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na Singapore na-elekwasị anya na ego carbon afọ ofufo na teknụzụ na-adabere na ihu igwe na Eshia.<ref name="ntu">{{Cite web|title=Prof Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://research.ntu.edu.sg|work=Nanyang Technological University|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> === Hungarian Research Network (2023-dị ugbu a) === Site na 2023, Zehnder jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Advisory Board nke Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN) n'oge mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. O duziri nyocha zuru oke nke mba ụwa banyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ 18 nke netwọk ahụ, na-enyocha asọmpi nke nyocha Hungary na ọkwa ụwa.<ref name="hunren">{{Cite web|title=HUN-REN Advisory Board documentation|url=https://hun-ren.hu|work=Hungarian Research Network|year=2023|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> Ntuziaka ya bụ na HUN-REN kwesịrị ịpụ na usoro nchịkwa ọha na eze siri ike ma nabata ihe nlereanya na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere onwe ya nke yiri ụlọ ọrụ ụwa dị ka Max Planck Society ma ọ bụ ETH Domain. E wuru atụmatụ mgbanwe ya na ogidi atọ: mba ụwa, ihe ọhụrụ, na mmetụta. <ref name="hunren">{{Cite web|title=HUN-REN Advisory Board documentation|url=https://hun-ren.hu|work=Hungarian Research Network|year=2023|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> N'ịgbaso nhazi nke netwọk ahụ na mbido 2026, Zehnder ghọrọ onye guzobere International Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. <ref name="hunren" /> == Nnyocha == Zehnder ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị 250 ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma lekọta ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ PhD 80 n'oge ọrụ ya. <ref name="zouk">{{Cite web|title=Alexander Zehnder|url=https://zouk.com/advisory-group/57-professor-alexander-zehnder|work=Zouk Ventures|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> A maara ya dị ka onye sayensị a ma ama na ISI.<ref name="ntu">{{Cite web|title=Prof Alexander J.B. Zehnder|url=https://research.ntu.edu.sg|work=Nanyang Technological University|accessdate=1 May 2026}}</ref> E bipụtara nnyocha ya gbasara azụmahịa mmiri - nke e mere na EAWAG na Hong Yang na ndị ọzọ - na Water Resources Research, Environmental Science & Technology, World Development, na Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. A na-ewere edemede nyocha nke 2007 nke Yang na Zehnder na Water Resources Research dị ka onyinye dị mkpa maka akwụkwọ mmiri mebere emepe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=H.|year=2007|title=Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management|journal=[[Water Resources Research]]|volume=43|issue=12|pages=W12301|doi=10.1029/2007WR006048}}</ref> Akụkụ nka ya gụnyere mmiri n'akụkụ dị mma na nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri na nchekwa nri, na ụkọ mmiri na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. == Nsọpụrụ na ihe nrite == A họpụtara Zehnder ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences na 1990. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sascha Zehnder|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/members/5053|work=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216145242/https://www.knaw.nl/leden/zehnder|archivedate=16 December 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ọ natara nzere doctorate na Mahadum Henri-Poincaré dị na Nancy, France. <ref name="eth" /> N'afọ 1999, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences <ref name="eth" /> na onye mba ọzọ so na Russian Academy of Sciences . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Иностранные члены Российской академии наук|url=https://www.ras.ru/members/personalstaff/foreignmembers.aspx?fmem=8|work=Russian Academy of Sciences|language=ru|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110161636/https://www.ras.ru/members/personalstaff/foreignmembers.aspx?fmem=8|archivedate=10 January 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ natara Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany, Cross of Merit 1st Class.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander Zehnder: Distinction en Allemagne|url=https://agefi.com/actualites/archives/alexander-zehnder-distinction-en-allemagne|work=agefi.com|language=fr|date=12 February 2010|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217124504/https://agefi.com/actualites/archives/alexander-zehnder-distinction-en-allemagne|archivedate=17 December 2023}}</ref> Singapore nyere Zehnder Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal) n'afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Public Service Medal Recipients|url=https://www.pmo.gov.sg/National-Day-Awards/Recipients|work=Prime Minister's Office Singapore|date=22 November 2021|accessdate=1 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217131729/https://www.pmo.gov.sg/National-Day-Awards/Recipients?page=116&keywords=&award=The%20Public%20Service%20Medal&year=|archivedate=17 December 2023}}</ref> N’afọ 2019, a họpụtara Zehnder ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Academia Europaea.N'ọnwa Julaị 2024, e nyere ya nzere dọkịta nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ Nanyang. N'ọnwa Disemba 2025, Onye isi ala Hungary, Tamás Sulyok, nyere Zehnder Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of Hungary n'ihi onyinye ya nyere sayensị Hungary na ọrụ ọ rụrụ n'ịkwalite mmeghari nke netwọk HUN-REN.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congrats Prof Alexander Zehnder! |url=https://scelse.sg/congrats-prof-alexander-zehnder/ |website=Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering |date=29 July 2024 |access-date=1 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520071127/https://scelse.sg/congrats-prof-alexander-zehnder/ |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://usys.ethz.ch/en/people/profile.Nzg1NjQ=.TGlzdC8xMzg5LDMyMDE5NzIyMg==.html Alexander Zehnder na ETH Zurich] * [https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Zehnder_Alexander Alexander Zehnder na Academia Europaea] * [https://www.paralimes.org/about-us/governance/alexander-zehnder/ Alexander Zehnder na Para Limes] * [https://zouk.com/advisory-group/57-professor-alexander-zehnder Alexander Zehnder na Zouk Ventures] * [https://www.eawag.ch/en/about-us/portrait/history/ EAWAG Akụkọ na Ndị Nlekọta] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hurtme4qcxfnyztwr15im9w5diymung 0 76668 697949 655604 2026-08-10T11:28:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Porphyridium purpureum''''' bụ ụdị algae uhie si n'ezinụlọ Porphyridiophyceae . A na-ewere '''''Porphyridium cruentum''''' dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ''P. purpureum'' site n'aka AlgaeBase na-eso Drew. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Drew|first=K. M.|title=Some Generic Names in the Bangiophycidae|url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1965-03_14_3/page/93|journal=Taxon|date=March 1965|volume=14|issue=3|pages=93–99|doi=10.2307/1216459}}</ref> Microalga ''Porphyridium'' sp. bụ isi iyi maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dịka abụba asịd, lipids, polysaccharides cell-wall na pigments. Polysaccharides nke ụdị a bụ sọlfate, udidi ha na-ewepụta ụfọdụ ihe pụrụ iche nke nwere ike nwee ọtụtụ uzọ ojiji nye ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọgwụ. Na mgbakwunye, akọpụtala na biomass ''P. cruentum'' nwere kabọnhaịdrete ruru pasentị iri ise. Carbohydrates dị na biomass na exopolysaccharides nke microalga a nwere ike inye ihe oriri maka bio-fuel na ọgwụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2478/s11535-013-0248-z|title=Effects of nitrogen on growth and carbohydrate formation in Porphyridium cruentum|year=2014|author=Razaghi|first=Ali|journal=Open Life Sciences|volume=9|issue=2|pages=156–162|url=https://research.chalmers.se/publication/189118/file/189118_Fulltext.pdf}}</ref> Alga a nwere phycoerythrin nke enwere ike iwepụta site na lyse na chromatography . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tang|first=Zhihong|date=2016-07-01|title=One-step chromatographic procedure for purification of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1046592816300183|journal=Protein Expression and Purification|language=en|volume=123|pages=70–74|doi=10.1016/j.pep.2016.01.018|pmid=26851659|issn=1046-5928}}</ref> A na-eji ''Porphyridium purpureum'' eme ihe dị ka ụdị ihe nlereanya maka Rhodophyta . N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, plasmids nwere ike ịrọgharị n'ime nucleus sel ya n'agbanweghị agbanwe: mmalite nje bacteria nke mmeghari "na-arụ ọrụ". Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ọnụnọ dị ukwuu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nje bacteria enwetara site na mbufe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwụ ọtọ na Rhodophyta. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Zhichao|title=Replication of bacterial plasmids in the nucleus of the red alga Porphyridium purpureum|journal=Nature Communications|date=27 August 2018|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05651-1|pmid=30150628}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Taxonbar|from1=Q34733453|from2=Q747158}} 3zwsh2b4lc6mobtuw1w3tbqq2xuju04 0 76670 697417 657250 2026-08-09T14:20:40Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327479871|Jackie King]]" 697417 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Eze Jackie (1945 – Jenụwarị 2025) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara sayensị mmiri si South Afrika. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta a ma ama n'ụwa niile n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime mmiri, ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ka e nwee usoro nchekwa mmiri na-eruba n'osimiri (environmental flows) n'ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ mmepe. Ọrụ ya metụtara atumatu njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri n'ụwa niile; n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ kpaliri ka etinye usoro nchekwa mmiri na-eruba n'osimiri maka ichekwa ha n'ime Iwu Mmiri nke Mba South Afrika nke afọ 1998. <ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Jackie|url=https://researchspace.csir.co.za/items/00831aae-898d-49c6-baf5-0bd6276513db|title=Sustainable Use of South Africa's Inland Waters: A situation assessment of Resource Directed Measures 12 years after the 1998 National Water Act|publisher=Water Research Commission (South Africa)|year=2011|location=Pretoria|language=en}}</ref> Ịghọta mkpa ọ dị ịkwụ ndị obodo bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ụgwọ n'ihi mmebi ọnọdụ osimiri n'ime oru ngo mmiri nke Mpaghara Ugwu Lesotho (Ọrụ Mmiri Mpaghara Ugwu Lesotho), na mmata banyere mmiri na-asọba gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ nke Kọmịshọn Osimiri Mekong <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|title=Integrated basin flow assessments: concepts and method development in Africa and South-east Asia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02316.x|journal=Freshwater Biology|date=2010|volume=55|issue=55|pages=127–146|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02316.x}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Eze Jackie malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ ka bụ nne na-eto eto na Cape Town. N'afọ 1973, ọ nwetara nzere BSc na ngalaba Zoology na Chemistry na Mahadum Cape Town, ma mee nnyocha gbasara obere anụmanụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ (macroinvertebrates) bi n'osimiri Eerste dị na Stellenbosch; nnyocha a bụ maka ọrụ ubi (fieldwork) iji kwado nzere PhD nke Mahadum Cape Town nyere ya n'afọ 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Jacqueline Mary|title=An ecological study of the macro-invertebrate fauna of the Eerste River, Western Cape Province, South Africa|publisher=University of Cape Town|year=1982|location=Cape Town|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ sayensị == King tinyere aka n'ịhazi ngalaba nnyocha mmiri dị ọcha nke Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ bụ onye nyocha, onye nkuzi, na onye nlekọta nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum site na 1975 ruo 2008. O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, Water Matters, nke lekwasịrị anya na sayensị nke njikwa mmiri dị n'otu na 2000. Na 2012, a họpụtara ya dịka Prọfesọ Pụrụ Iche na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Western Cape maka ọmụmụ mmiri,na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara ndụmọdụ na China, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Vietnam, South America na ndịda Afrịka niile, ebe o nyere ndụmọdụ nhazi nye ezinụlọ na-eto eto nke òtù mmiri dị n'akụkụ mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Muir|first=David|date=8 January 2025|title=Anthony Turton|url=https://www.facebook.com/dr.anthony.turton/posts/dr-jackie-king-was-a-giant-figure-in-the-science-of-aquatic-ecosystems-she-playe/10162106385589821/|accessdate=24 January 2025|work=Facebook}}</ref> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ya na Cate Brown nke Nnyocha na Ndụmọdụ Banyere Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mmiri Ndị dị na Ndịda na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2025|title=Southern Waters Staff and Associates|url=https://www.southernwaters.co.za/staff-assoc.html|accessdate=24 January 2025|work=Southern Waters}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Eze natara ihe nrite ọla edo nke Òtù Ndị Sayensị Mmiri nke Ndịda Afrịka ma bụrụ onye natara onyinye WWF-SA's Ụwa Dị Ndụ Award n'afọ 2016. N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara King ka ọ bụrụ onye otu mba ụwa nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Amerịka maka Nkà na Sayensị. Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke 2020 Stockholm Water Prize maka onyinye ya na njikwa osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mokati|first=Noni|date=20 March 2019|title=#WorldWaterDay: Meet first African scientist to win 'Nobel water prize'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/worldwaterday-meet-first-african-scientist-to-win-nobel-water-prize-19992996|accessdate=28 January 2025|work=IOL}}</ref> N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, o nyere ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe ya n'ịkwalite ikike[1] wee bipụta sayensị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|date=1998|title=Linked effects of dam-released floods and water temperature on spawning of the Clanwilliam yellowfish Barbus capensis|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1003481524320.pdf|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=384|issue=1–3|pages=245–265|doi=10.1023/A:1003481524320}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|date=2003|title=A scenario-based holistic approach to environmental flow assessments for rivers|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.709?msockid=142d9db1637660d715f688d862c26178|journal=River Research and Applications|volume=19|issue=5–6|pages=619–639|doi=10.1002/rra.709}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|year=2019|title=Water for the environment: From policy and science to implementation and management|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686|journal=Australasian Journal of Water Resources|volume=23|issue=1|pages=67–68|doi=10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na otu ndị isi oche nke Ego Mba Nile maka okike nke ndịda Afrịka, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2025|title=Dr Jacqueline King|url=https://www.wwf.org.za/?23925/Dr-Jacqueline-King|work=WWF-SA}}</ref> Panel Ndụmọdụ Nchọpụta nke South Afrika Kọmitii maka Sayensị na Ụlọ ọrụ Nnyocha na dị ka Onye ndụmọdụ sayensị dị elu na Mba ụwal Ntọala Crane. == Ndụ na ọnwụ == King bụ, n'oge ọ lara ezumike nká, onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-aghọ onye SANParks Honorary Ranger, na-agagharị n'okporo ụzọ ndị ọ na-eleta mgbe niile mgbe ya na nkịta ya na-aga. Ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|title=A tribute to Dr Jackie King|url=https://www.wwf.org.za/?52223/A-tribute-to-Dr-Jackie-King|accessdate=4 February 2025|publisher=WWF|date=31 January 2025}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] o4qhb36t2i0y2qvmcdatsjhikcuocxp 697434 697417 2026-08-09T17:31:48Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with ref tag 697434 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Eze Jackie (1945 – Jenụwarị 2025) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara sayensị mmiri si South Afrika. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta a ma ama n'ụwa niile n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime mmiri, ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ka e nwee usoro nchekwa mmiri na-eruba n'osimiri (environmental flows) n'ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ mmepe. Ọrụ ya metụtara atumatu njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri n'ụwa niile; n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ kpaliri ka etinye usoro nchekwa mmiri na-eruba n'osimiri maka ichekwa ha n'ime Iwu Mmiri nke Mba South Afrika nke afọ 1998. <ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Jackie|url=https://researchspace.csir.co.za/items/00831aae-898d-49c6-baf5-0bd6276513db|title=Sustainable Use of South Africa's Inland Waters: A situation assessment of Resource Directed Measures 12 years after the 1998 National Water Act|publisher=Water Research Commission (South Africa)|year=2011|location=Pretoria|language=en}}</ref> Ịghọta mkpa ọ dị ịkwụ ndị obodo bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ụgwọ n'ihi mmebi ọnọdụ osimiri n'ime oru ngo mmiri nke Mpaghara Ugwu Lesotho (Ọrụ Mmiri Mpaghara Ugwu Lesotho), na mmata banyere mmiri na-asọba gburugburu ebe obibi<ref>drift-eflows.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2.-Lesotho-Highlands-Metsi.pdf</ref> na ọrụ nke Kọmịshọn Osimiri Mekong <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|title=Integrated basin flow assessments: concepts and method development in Africa and South-east Asia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02316.x|journal=Freshwater Biology|date=2010|volume=55|issue=55|pages=127–146|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02316.x}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Eze Jackie malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ ka bụ nne na-eto eto na Cape Town. N'afọ 1973, ọ nwetara nzere BSc na ngalaba Zoology na Chemistry na Mahadum Cape Town, ma mee nnyocha gbasara obere anụmanụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ (macroinvertebrates) bi n'osimiri Eerste dị na Stellenbosch; nnyocha a bụ maka ọrụ ubi (fieldwork) iji kwado nzere PhD nke Mahadum Cape Town nyere ya n'afọ 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Jacqueline Mary|title=An ecological study of the macro-invertebrate fauna of the Eerste River, Western Cape Province, South Africa|publisher=University of Cape Town|year=1982|location=Cape Town|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ sayensị == King tinyere aka n'ịhazi ngalaba nnyocha mmiri dị ọcha nke Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ bụ onye nyocha, onye nkuzi, na onye nlekọta nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum site na 1975 ruo 2008. O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, Water Matters, nke lekwasịrị anya na sayensị nke njikwa mmiri dị n'otu na 2000. Na 2012, a họpụtara ya dịka Prọfesọ Pụrụ Iche na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Western Cape maka ọmụmụ mmiri,na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara ndụmọdụ na China, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Vietnam, South America na ndịda Afrịka niile, ebe o nyere ndụmọdụ nhazi nye ezinụlọ na-eto eto nke òtù mmiri dị n'akụkụ mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Muir|first=David|date=8 January 2025|title=Anthony Turton|url=https://www.facebook.com/dr.anthony.turton/posts/dr-jackie-king-was-a-giant-figure-in-the-science-of-aquatic-ecosystems-she-playe/10162106385589821/|accessdate=24 January 2025|work=Facebook}}</ref> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ya na Cate Brown nke Nnyocha na Ndụmọdụ Banyere Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mmiri Ndị dị na Ndịda na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2025|title=Southern Waters Staff and Associates|url=https://www.southernwaters.co.za/staff-assoc.html|accessdate=24 January 2025|work=Southern Waters}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Eze natara ihe nrite ọla edo nke Òtù Ndị Sayensị Mmiri nke Ndịda Afrịka ma bụrụ onye natara onyinye WWF-SA's Ụwa Dị Ndụ Award n'afọ 2016. N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara King ka ọ bụrụ onye otu mba ụwa nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Amerịka maka Nkà na Sayensị. Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke 2020 Stockholm Water Prize maka onyinye ya na njikwa osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mokati|first=Noni|date=20 March 2019|title=#WorldWaterDay: Meet first African scientist to win 'Nobel water prize'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/worldwaterday-meet-first-african-scientist-to-win-nobel-water-prize-19992996|accessdate=28 January 2025|work=IOL}}</ref> N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, o nyere ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe ya n'ịkwalite ikike <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=Dr Jackie King: "We're Learning the Hard Way That Everything Is Connected" |url=https://www.gwp.org/en/About/more/news/2020/dr-jackie-king-were-learning-the-hard-way-that-everything-is-connected/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Global Water Partnership IWRM Action Hub}}</ref> wee bipụta sayensị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|date=1998|title=Linked effects of dam-released floods and water temperature on spawning of the Clanwilliam yellowfish Barbus capensis|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1003481524320.pdf|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=384|issue=1–3|pages=245–265|doi=10.1023/A:1003481524320}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|date=2003|title=A scenario-based holistic approach to environmental flow assessments for rivers|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.709?msockid=142d9db1637660d715f688d862c26178|journal=River Research and Applications|volume=19|issue=5–6|pages=619–639|doi=10.1002/rra.709}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Jackie|year=2019|title=Water for the environment: From policy and science to implementation and management|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686|journal=Australasian Journal of Water Resources|volume=23|issue=1|pages=67–68|doi=10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na otu ndị isi oche nke Ego Mba Nile maka okike nke ndịda Afrịka, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2025|title=Dr Jacqueline King|url=https://www.wwf.org.za/?23925/Dr-Jacqueline-King|work=WWF-SA}}</ref> Panel Ndụmọdụ Nchọpụta nke South Afrika Kọmitii maka Sayensị na Ụlọ ọrụ Nnyocha na dị ka Onye ndụmọdụ sayensị dị elu na Mba ụwal Ntọala Crane. == Ndụ na ọnwụ == King bụ, n'oge ọ lara ezumike nká, onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-aghọ onye SANParks Honorary Ranger, na-agagharị n'okporo ụzọ ndị ọ na-eleta mgbe niile mgbe ya na nkịta ya na-aga. Ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|title=A tribute to Dr Jackie King|url=https://www.wwf.org.za/?52223/A-tribute-to-Dr-Jackie-King|accessdate=4 February 2025|publisher=WWF|date=31 January 2025}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qmc8vpif20wz8pponorxlb0ar1dptz1 0 76695 697420 674459 2026-08-09T14:46:53Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342815538|Karin Lochte]]" 697420 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist|30em}}   Karin Lochte (amụrụ 20 Septemba 1952) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka oke osimiri, onye nyocha na ọkachamara mgbanwe ihu igwe.[1][2] Ọ bụ onye isi nke German Polar Research Alfred Wegener Institute site na 2007 ruo 2017 yana onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa nke Mahadum Jacobs Bremen. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lochte na Hanover. Ọ natara PhD ya na marine biology na Mahadum College of North Wales na 1984. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị PhD, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na microbiology miri emi na Institut für Meereskunde, Mahadum Kiel. Na mbụ n'ọrụ ya, Lochte bụ prọfesọ nke Biological Oceanography na Ụlọ Ọrụ Leibniz maka Nnyocha Oké Osimiri Baltic na Mahadum Christian-Albrechts dị na Kiel ebe o duuru otu nyocha nke lekwasịrị anya na okirikiri kemịkalụ na oke osimiri. Ọ kụziri biological oceanography na Mahadum Rostock na Kiel site na 1995 ruo 2000 wee mesịa na Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research na Warnemünde ruo 2007. Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oru ngo maka Ebe Nchekwa Data Atlantic maka Usoro Mgbanwe na Ala Oké Osimiri Dị Omimi(ADEPD) ọrụ nyocha gbasara oké osimiri nke European Union kwadoro n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2000. O tinyere aka na nyocha gbasara mpaghara okporo osisi ụwa (polar research) na afọ 2007, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Alfred Wegener Institute dị na Bremerhaven.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencepoles.org/interview/karin-lochte-on-the-work-of-the-alfred-wegener-institute|title=The work of the Alfred Wegener Institute|author=de Pomereu|first=Jean|date=2009-08-20|work=www.sciencepoles.org|publisher=SciencePoles|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> A họpụtara Lochte dị ka onye nduzi nke Alfred Wegener Institute na 2007 ma jide ọkwa ahụ ruo 2017. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/maritimeday/en/speakers/514/lochte|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - European Maritime Day - European Commission|work=European Maritime Day|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625043501/https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/maritimeday/en/speakers/514/lochte|archivedate=2016-06-25}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro nri nke oké osimiri na ihu igwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2008-05-08|title=Karin Lochte, director, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/full/nj7192-254a.html|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=254|pages=254|doi=10.1038/nj7192-254a|author=Gewin|first=Virginia}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Nnyocha ubi gbasara Ụwa na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi maka Òtù Helmholtz . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greentalents.de/jury_jury2010_professor-karin-lochte.php|title=Professor Karin Lochte - Green Talents|work=www.greentalents.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta == Lochte bụ onye otu ọtụtụ mba na mba ụwa, kọmitii sayensị na òtù na-enye ego maka nyocha. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Sayensị nke Germany, nke na-adụ gọọmentị etiti na steeti Germany ọdụ na mmepe nke mahadum, sayensị na nyocha ma bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Sayensị nke wedata Saxony.Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Sayensị na Nnyocha Antarctic na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke Governors nke Mahadum Jacobs . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jacobs-university.de/drupal_lists/archives/pressreleases/14467/index.html|title=Change at the head of Jacobs University's Board of Governors: Karin Lochte takes over the Chair from Theodor Berchem|work=www.jacobs-university.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> Ọ nọ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Okirikiri Arctic .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/81479730|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2014|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/144899364|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2015-11-06|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924004716/https://vimeo.com/144899364|archivedate=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arcticcircle.org/board|title=Board|publisher=Arctic Circle|work=arcticcircle.org|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215956/http://www.arcticcircle.org/board|archivedate=2016-07-01}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * nye iwu nke Merit nke Ọchịchị Federal nke Germany, klas nke mbụ,Hanseatic) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} * Karin Lochte profaịlụ E debere Wayback Machine - na academia-net.org * Curriculum Vitae - asụsụ German [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] r65ivfiuspcd31m6vfcishjb6w313vr 697435 697420 2026-08-09T17:39:04Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with ref tag 697435 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist|30em}}   Karin Lochte (amụrụ 20 Septemba 1952) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka oke osimiri, onye nyocha na ọkachamara mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":1" />{{cite journal|date=2008-05-08|title=Karin Lochte, director, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/full/nj7192-254a.html|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=254|pages=254|doi=10.1038/nj7192-254a|last1=Gewin|first1=Virginia}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nke German Polar Research Alfred Wegener Institute site na 2007 ruo 2017 yana onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa nke Mahadum Jacobs Bremen. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lochte na Hanover. Ọ natara PhD ya na marine biology na Mahadum College of North Wales na 1984. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị PhD, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na microbiology miri emi na Institut für Meereskunde, Mahadum Kiel. Na mbụ n'ọrụ ya, Lochte bụ prọfesọ nke Biological Oceanography na Ụlọ Ọrụ Leibniz maka Nnyocha Oké Osimiri Baltic na Mahadum Christian-Albrechts dị na Kiel ebe o duuru otu nyocha nke lekwasịrị anya na okirikiri kemịkalụ na oke osimiri. Ọ kụziri biological oceanography na Mahadum Rostock na Kiel site na 1995 ruo 2000 wee mesịa na Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research na Warnemünde ruo 2007. Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi oru ngo maka Ebe Nchekwa Data Atlantic maka Usoro Mgbanwe na Ala Oké Osimiri Dị Omimi(ADEPD) ọrụ nyocha gbasara oké osimiri nke European Union kwadoro n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2000. O tinyere aka na nyocha gbasara mpaghara okporo osisi ụwa (polar research) na afọ 2007, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Alfred Wegener Institute dị na Bremerhaven.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencepoles.org/interview/karin-lochte-on-the-work-of-the-alfred-wegener-institute|title=The work of the Alfred Wegener Institute|author=de Pomereu|first=Jean|date=2009-08-20|work=www.sciencepoles.org|publisher=SciencePoles|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> A họpụtara Lochte dị ka onye nduzi nke Alfred Wegener Institute na 2007 ma jide ọkwa ahụ ruo 2017. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/organisation/mitarbeiter/karin-lochte.html|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - AWI|work=www.awi.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/maritimeday/en/speakers/514/lochte|title=Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte - European Maritime Day - European Commission|work=European Maritime Day|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625043501/https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/maritimeday/en/speakers/514/lochte|archivedate=2016-06-25}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro nri nke oké osimiri na ihu igwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2008-05-08|title=Karin Lochte, director, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany|url=http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2008/080508/full/nj7192-254a.html|journal=Nature|volume=453|issue=254|pages=254|doi=10.1038/nj7192-254a|author=Gewin|first=Virginia}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Nnyocha ubi gbasara Ụwa na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi maka Òtù Helmholtz . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greentalents.de/jury_jury2010_professor-karin-lochte.php|title=Professor Karin Lochte - Green Talents|work=www.greentalents.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta == Lochte bụ onye otu ọtụtụ mba na mba ụwa, kọmitii sayensị na òtù na-enye ego maka nyocha. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Sayensị nke Germany, nke na-adụ gọọmentị etiti na steeti Germany ọdụ na mmepe nke mahadum, sayensị na nyocha ma bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Sayensị nke wedata Saxony.Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Sayensị na Nnyocha Antarctic na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke Governors nke Mahadum Jacobs . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jacobs-university.de/drupal_lists/archives/pressreleases/14467/index.html|title=Change at the head of Jacobs University's Board of Governors: Karin Lochte takes over the Chair from Theodor Berchem|work=www.jacobs-university.de|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref> Ọ nọ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Okirikiri Arctic .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/81479730|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2014|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/144899364|title=Arctic Circle Assembly|author=Lochte|first=Karin|date=2015-11-06|work=Vimeo|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924004716/https://vimeo.com/144899364|archivedate=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arcticcircle.org/board|title=Board|publisher=Arctic Circle|work=arcticcircle.org|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215956/http://www.arcticcircle.org/board|archivedate=2016-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presse Detailansicht - AWI |url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/service/presse/presse-detailansicht/karin-lochte-erhaelt-bundesverdienstkreuz.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.awi.de}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * nye iwu nke Merit nke Ọchịchị Federal nke Germany, klas nke mbụ,Hanseatic) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} * Karin Lochte profaịlụ E debere Wayback Machine - na academia-net.org * Curriculum Vitae - asụsụ German [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] buoiykw4btj16e3dai1ofskv8w9f5ke 0 76697 697675 655685 2026-08-10T05:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697675 wikitext text/x-wiki    Paramu Mafongoya bụ prọfesọ Zimbabwe na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) na South Africa, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, ụwa na sayensị gburugburu. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka oche nyocha South Africa (SARChI) na Agronomy na Development Rural na UKZN. Ọ jikọtara ya na Academy of Sciences nke Africa (AAS) na Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS). Ọrụ ya na nyocha ọrụ ugbo, mmepe, agụmakwụkwọ, na njikwa akụrụngwa sitere n'okike gbatịrị ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ. O deela ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 290, gụnyere isiokwu 190 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara, isi 49 n'akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na akwụkwọ 2. Mpaghara nyocha ya gụnyere agronomy, sayensị ihu igwe, sayensị ala, na agroforestry. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ na 23 October 1961 na Zimbabwe, Mafongoya gụchara BSc (Hons) na Agriculture na Mahadum Zimbabwe na 1984. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na United Kingdom, nweta MSc na Applied Plant Sciences na MSc na Agricultural Development na Wye College, University of London, na 1988 na 1990. O mechara nweta PhD na Agroforestry na Mahadum Florida dị na United States na 1995.<ref name="African Scientists Directory b103">{{Cite web|title=Mafongoya|work=African Scientists Directory|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/mafongoya/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Fymat 2018 p. 440">{{Cite book|author=Fymat|first=A.L.|title=Advancing Africa's Sustainable Development: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Science Advancement|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5275-2165-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2J6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA440|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị PhD ya, Mafongoya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na onye isi nke Ngalaba Sayensị Ala na Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo na Mahadum Zimbabwe site na 1995 ruo 1999. Ọ sonyeere International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) dị ka onye isi sayensị na onye nhazi mpaghara maka Southern Africa site na 1999 ruo 2007. O nwekwara ọkwa na Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), na International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).<ref name="African Scientists Directory b103">{{Cite web|title=Mafongoya|work=African Scientists Directory|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/mafongoya/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Herald 2023 n898">{{Cite web|title=Climate change resilient agriculture way to go|work=The Herald|date=27 March 2023|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/climate-change-resilient-agriculture-way-to-go/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref> Na 2007, Mafongoya sonyeere UKZN dị ka prọfesọ nke ọrụ ugbo, ụwa na gburugburu ebe obibi sayensị. Kemgbe 2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka oche SARCHI na agronomy na mmepe ime obodo. Ọ na-edu otu nyocha nke na-elekwasị anya na akụrụngwa okpomọkụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, gburugburu ebe obibi na ihu igwe, njikọta ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ, na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ dụziri ihe karịrị 100 ụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na ndị otu postdoctoral. Ya na ụlọ ọrụ na netwọk dị iche iche nke mba na mba dị iche iche, gụnyere AAS, ZAS, InterAcademy Partnership, Network of African Science Academies, na African Union.<ref name="African Scientists Directory b103">{{Cite web|title=Mafongoya|work=African Scientists Directory|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/mafongoya/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science 2019 w888">{{Cite web|title=UKZN Professor Inducted as Fellow of African Academy of Sciences|work=College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science|date=28 February 2019|url=https://caes.ukzn.ac.za/news/ukzn-professor-inducted-as-fellow-of-african-academy-of-sciences/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == Mafongoya edeela ihe karịrị ọrụ 290, gụnyere akụkọ 190 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara, isi 49 n'akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na akwụkwọ abuo.Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị a kacha akpọtụrụ gụnyere: * {{Cite book|author=Giller|first=Ken E.|title=SSSA Special Publications|chapter=Building Soil Nitrogen Capital in Africa|publisher=Soil Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy|date=26 October 2015|isbn=978-0-89118-946-6|doi=10.2136/sssaspecpub51.c7}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mafongoya|first=P. L.|title=Decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree prunings and litter|url=https://archive.org/details/agroforestry-systems_1997_38_1-3/page/77|journal=Agroforestry Systems|volume=38|issue=1/3|date=1997|doi=10.1023/A:1005978101429|pages=77–97}} * {{Cite journal|author=Snapp|first=S.S|title=Organic matter technologies for integrated nutrient management in smallholder cropping systems of southern Africa|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=71|issue=1–3|date=1998|doi=10.1016/S0167-8809(98)00140-6|issn=0167-8809|url=https://oar.icrisat.org/8056/1/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20and%20Environment_71_1-3_185-200_1998.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=Palm|first=Cheryl A.|title=[No title found]|url=https://archive.org/details/nutrient-cycling-in-agroecosystems_2001_61_1-2/page/63|journal=Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems|volume=61|issue=1/2|date=2001|doi=10.1023/A:1013318210809|pages=63–75}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mafongoya|first=P. L.|title=Appropriate technologies to replenish soil fertility in southern Africa|journal=Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems|volume=76|issue=2–3|date=20 February 2007|issn=1385-1314|doi=10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3|pages=137–151}} == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Paramu Mafongoya enParamu Mafongoya anatala ọkwa dị iche iche maka onyinye ya na sayensị na ọha mmadụ. Akpọrọ ya aha onye otu nke Mahadum Sayensị Zimbabwe na 2013 na Mahadum Sayensị Africa na Ọ jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences site na 2017 ruo 2019. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Soil Science Society of South Africa site na 2015 ruo 2017, na osote onye isi ala ya site na 2013 ruo 2015. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Academy of Science of South Africa na 2012, Science Science in the World0 2008, Soil Science Society of America na 2007, na American Society of Agronomy na 2007.<ref name="College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science 2019 w888">{{Cite web|title=UKZN Professor Inducted as Fellow of African Academy of Sciences|work=College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science|date=28 February 2019|url=https://caes.ukzn.ac.za/news/ukzn-professor-inducted-as-fellow-of-african-academy-of-sciences/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="African Scientists Directory b103">{{Cite web|title=Mafongoya|work=African Scientists Directory|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/mafongoya/|accessdate=30 December 2023}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] st5kkrzw56axkwsv2k1i4j38n2agz0l 118 76700 697437 655689 2026-08-09T17:46:19Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Chinemeremprince moved page [[Mercedes Pascual]] to [[Édēchághị́:Mercedes Pascual]]: Move to draftspace ([[WP:DRAFTIFY]]) 655689 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Mmụta == == Ọrụ == == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 09c16dx2zdxr28gsbcywvdciffvq4si 0 76722 697700 674450 2026-08-10T05:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:HenrikSvensmark.jpg|thumb|HenrikSvensmark]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Henrik Svensmark''' (amụrụ na 1958) bụ onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara fiziki na Danish na prọfesọ na Ngalaba Fiziki nke Sistemụ Anyanwụ na Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space) na Copenhagen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Staff/Solar_System_Physics.aspx?lg=showcommon&id=38287&type=person|title=Henrik Svensmark|publisher=[[Danish National Space Center|Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space)]]|accessdate=2012-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922074712/http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Staff/Solar_System_Physics.aspx?lg=showcommon&id=38287&type=person|archivedate=2011-09-22}}</ref> A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na echiche na obere [[Mbara igwe radieshon|ụzarị eluigwe]] na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa site na nhazi igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gray, Richard|date=February 11, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1542332/Cosmic-rays-blamed-for-global-warming.html|title=Cosmic rays blamed for global warming|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=2012-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark, Henrik|title=Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|journal=[[Astronomy & Geophysics]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1.18–1.24|year=2007|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == Henrik Svensmark nwetara Master of Science in Engineering (Cand. Polyt) na 1985 na Ph.D. na 1987 site na Physics Laboratory I na Technical University of Denmark.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.33igc.org/coco/entrypage.aspx?t=climate%2Bchange&containerid=11714&parentid=11078&entrypage=true&guid=1&lnodeid=7&pageid=5002&ObjectID=12092|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214955/http://www.33igc.org/coco/entrypage.aspx?t=climate%2bchange&containerid=11714&parentid=11078&entrypage=true&guid=1&lnodeid=7&pageid=5002&ObjectID=12092|archivedate=2012-02-10|title=CV - Henrik Svensmark|publisher=33rd International Geological Congress|accessdate=2012-07-14|year=2008}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Paleo-cosmic_flux.svg|thumb|350x350px|'''Njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịiche dị na cosmic ray flux (red) na mgbanwe na okpomọkụ oké osimiri (black) '''.]] Henrik Svensmark bụ onye isi nke Center for Sun-Climate Research na Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI), akụkụ nke Danish National Space Center. Ọ bụbu onye isi otu anyanwụ-climate na DSRI. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa postdoctoral na physics na òtù atọ ndị ọzọ: Mahadum California, Berkeley, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, na Niels Bohr Institute.<ref>{{Cite news|author=[[Lawrence Solomon]]|title=The sun moves climate change|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=fee9a01f-3627-4b01-9222-bf60aa332f1f&k=0|work=online|publisher=National Post|id=The Deniers, Part VI|date=2007-02-02|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Svensmark na Eigil Friis-Christensen kwalitere echiche nke jikọtara ụzarị mbara igwe nke mbara igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nke agbaziri site na ọdịiche dị na ike nke ifufe anyanwụ, nke ha kpọrọ cosmoclimatology. Dickinson enyochala echiche a na mbụ A mụrụ otu n'ime obere usoro nke metụtara njikọ a na nnwale ụlọ nyocha emere na Danish National Space Center (akwụkwọ e bipụtara na Proceedings of the Royal Society A, February 8, 2007). Nkwubi okwu Svensmark site na nnyocha ya wedara mkpa mmetụta nke mmụba mmadụ mere na ikuku CO2 na nso nso a na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke gas griin haus dị ukwuu, ọdịiche nke anyanwụ na-arụ ọrụ ka ukwuu. == Ozizi Cosmoclimatology nke mgbanwe ihu igwe == Svensmark kọwara ozizi ya nke [[Mbara igwe radieshon|cosmoclimatology]] n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara na 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|author=Svensmark, Henrik|journal=Astronomy & Geophysics|issn=1366-8781|year=2007|volume=48|issue=1|pages=18–24|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Anwụ-Ihu Igwe na Denmark National Space Institute "na-enyocha njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ anyanwụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacecenter.dk/research/sun-climate/cosmoclimatology/a-brief-summary-on-cosmoclimatology|title=A brief summary of cosmoclimatology|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=Danish National Space Center|date=February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Research/Research_sections/Sun_Climate.aspx|title=Connection between Solar Activity and Climate Changes|accessdate=25 November 2008|publisher=Center for Sun-Climate Research, Danish National Space Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621100951/http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Research/Research_sections/Sun_Climate.aspx|archivedate=June 21, 2008}}</ref> Peeji mbido ya depụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara n'oge gara aga metụtara cosmoclimatology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacecenter.dk/research/sun-climate/Scientific%20work%20and%20publications|title=Scientific work and Publications|publisher=Danish National Space Center|accessdate=25 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa-spaceweather.net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/proc/Session2/ESTECsww_20051.pdf|title=Influence of Solar Cycles on Earth's Climate|author=Freddy Christiansen|publisher=Danish National Space Center|date=4 September 2007|accessdate=25 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120023759/http://www.esa-spaceweather.net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/proc/Session2/ESTECsww_20051.pdf|archivedate=20 November 2008}}</ref> Svensmark na Nigel Calder bipụtara akwụkwọ ''The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change'' (2007) na-akọwa ozizi Cosmoclimatology na ụzarị mbara igwe "nwere mmetụta na ihu igwe karịa CO2 mmadụ mere": : "N'ime 100 afọ gara aga ụzarị mbara igwe bịara dị ụkọ n'ihi na ọrụ siri ike nke Sun meriri ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Ụzarị mbara igwe pere mpe pụtara igwe ojii pere mpe - yana ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ." Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọtabeghị ọrụ Svensmark na ndị ọzọ bipụtara nke na-eme ka mmadụ kwenye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Lockwood na ndị otu ya<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mike Lockwood|date=July 2012|title=Solar Influence on Global and Regional Climates|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|volume=33|issue=3|pages=503–534|doi=10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3}}</ref> chọpụtara na "Aro nke ígwé ojii na-egosi na ígwé ojii anaghị adabara ihe a hụrụ". Mmekọrịta Spanish/Japan nke ndị ọkachamara na ray anyanwụ/astrophysics chọpụtara na mgbanwe dị na mkpuchi ígwé ojii zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na enweghị njikọ ya na ray anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laken|first=Benjamin|year=2012|title=A Decade of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Is a Solar–Cloud Link Detectable?|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=25|issue=13|pages=4430–4440|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00306.1}}</ref> [[Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen]] mepụtara ihe nkiri vidio gbasara ozizi Svensmark, ''The Cloud Mystery'', ma gosipụta ya na Jenụwarị 2008 na Danish TV 2. Na Eprel 2012, Svensmark bipụtara mgbasawanye nke ozizi ya na Ọkwa Ọnwa nke Royal Astronomical Society<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evidence of nearby supernovae affecting life on Earth|author=Svensmark, Henrik|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issn=1365-2966|year=2012|volume=423|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20953.x|pages=1234–1253}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ ọ na-ekwu na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ụwa n'ime afọ 500 gara aga nwere ike ịkọwa site na tectonics na-emetụta oke osimiri yana ọdịiche dị na ọnụego supernova mpaghara, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọganihu nke evolushọn na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adabere na flux cosmic cosmic ray.. Onye isi DTU Space, Prọfesọ Eigil Friis-Christensen, kwuru, sị: "Mgbe ajụjụ a banyere mmetụta nke ụzarị mbara igwe sitere na remnants supernova malitere 16 afọ gara aga, ọ dịghị mgbe anyị chere na ọ ga-eduga anyị n'ime oge, ma ọ bụ n'ime ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa. Njikọ na evolushọn bụ njedebe nke ọrụ a." == Ule echiche == E meela ule nnwale mbụ na nnwale SKY na Danish National Space Science Center. CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research na Geneva, na-akwado nkwenye zuru oke na Ọrụ CLOUD . === Nnwale Eluigwe === Svensmark mere ihe akaebe nke nnwale echiche na nnwale SKY na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Oghere Ụwa nke Denmark.<blockquote>Iji nyochaa ọrụ nke ụzarị mbara igwe na nhazi igwe ojii dị ala na ikuku ụwa, nnwale SKY jiri muons eke (electrons dị arọ) nke nwere ike ịbanye ọbụna na okpuru ulo nke National Space Institute na Copenhagen. Echiche a, nke nnwale ahụ gosipụtara, bụ na elektrọn ndị a na-ewepụta na ikuku site na muons na-agafe agafe na-akwalite nguzobe nke ụyọkọ molekụla ndị na-ewu ihe maka oghere ikuku ikuku.</blockquote>Ndị nkatọ n'echiche ahụ kwuru na ụyọkọ urughuru emepụtara tụrụ naanị nanometer ole na ole gafee, ebe ikuku ikuku na-achọkarị inwe dayameta nke opekata mpe 50 nm iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe a na-akpọ oghere condensation igwe ojii. Nnwale ndị ọzọ nke Svensmark na ndị mmekọ e bipụtara na 2013<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark|first=Henrik|title=Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50 nm) to changes in ion-nucleation|journal=Physics Letters A|date=2013|volume=377|issue=37|doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2013.07.004}}</ref> gosiri na ikuku ndị nwere dayameta karịrị 50 nm bụ ọkụ ultraviolet na-emepụta ya (site na ọnụọgụ ozone, sulfur dioxide, na vapor mmiri), buru ibu nke zuru oke iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka oghere ikuku igwe ojii. === Nnwale Ọrụ Ígwé Ojii === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akwado nnwale fiziki nke ikuku zuru ezu iji nwalee akwụkwọ edemede Svensmark, na-ewulite na nchọpụta ndị Denmark. CERN malitere ọrụ nwere ọtụtụ usoro na 2006, gụnyere ịmegharị nnwale Danish ọzọ. CERN na-eme atụmatụ iji ihe na-eme ka ihe dị ngwa ngwa kama ịdabere na ụzarị eluigwe na ụwa eke. Ọrụ CERN nke ọtụtụ mba ga-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ebe ha ga-enwe ike ịmụ mmetụta nke ụzarị eluigwe na ihe ndị a na-agbaze n'ime ikuku ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawrence Solomon|title=The sun moves climate change|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=fee9a01f-3627-4b01-9222-bf60aa332f1f&k=0|work=[[National Post]]|id=The Deniers, Part VI|date=2007-02-02|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọrụ CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUTdoor Droplets).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cloud.web.cern.ch/cloud/|title=CLOUD Project Documents|accessdate=25 November 2008|archivedate=24 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224163439/http://cloud.web.cern.ch/cloud/}}</ref> Dunne ''na ndị otu ya'' (2016) egosipụtala isi ihe si na nsonaazụ afọ iri nke afọ e nwetara na nnwale CLOUD emere na CERN. Ha amụọla nke ọma usoro physico-chemical na kinetics nke nhazi aerosols. Usoro nucleation nke mmiri ntapụ mmiri/ice micro-crystals sitere na uzu mmiri nke a mụpụtara na nnwale CLOUD ma hụkwa ozugbo na ikuku ụwa anaghị agụnye naanị nhazi ion n'ihi ụzarị mbara igwe kamakwa ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị mgbagwoju anya na sulfuric acid, ammonia na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ewepụta n'ikuku site na ọrụ mmadụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ala ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri (plankton).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2649|pmid=27789796|issn=0036-8075|volume=354|issue=6316|pages=1119–1124|author=Dunne|first=E. M.|title=Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-12-02_354_6316/page/1119|journal=Science|date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ahụ na obere nuclei igwe ojii na-emepụta nke ọma site na ionization n'ihi mmekọrịta nke ụzarị mbara igwe na ihe ndị mejupụtara ikuku ụwa, usoro a ezughi oke iji kọwaa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ugbu a na mgbanwe nke ike ụzarị mbara igwe nke mgbanwe na ọrụ anyanwụ na magnetosphere Ụwa gbanwere. == Arụmụka na esemokwu == === Ìhè Ọgbara Ọhụrụ nke Galactic na Okpomọkụ Ụwa === Onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oke osimiri bụ́ Paul Farrar (2000)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1005672825112|title=Are Cosmic Rays Influencing Oceanic Cloud Coverage – Or Is It Only El Niño?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_climatic-change_2000-10_47_1-2/page/7|journal=Climatic Change|volume=47|issue=1|pages=7–15|year=2000|author=Farrar|first=Paul D.}}</ref> rụrụ ụka na, dabere na nkesa oghere nke mgbanwe igwe ojii n'oge ọmụmụ ihe Svensmark, mgbanwe ahụ sitere na El Niño nke e jikọtara ya na akara ray nke mbara igwe nke Svensmark jiri n'oge data nke ọmụmụ ihe ya. Nkatọ (2003) nke ọkà mmụta physics bụ́ Peter Laut nke ozizi Svensmark nyochaghachiri data Svensmark ma kwuo na ọ kwadoghị njikọ dị n'etiti radieshon mbara igwe na mgbanwe okpomọkụ ụwa; ọ na-agbaghakwa ụfọdụ ntọala echiche maka ozizi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1364-6826(03)00041-5|url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/Laut2003.pdf|title=Solar activity and terrestrial climate: An analysis of some purported correlations|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=65|issue=7|pages=801–812|year=2003|author=Laut|first=Peter}}</ref> Svensmark zara akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na "...ọ dịghị ebe ọ bụla n'akwụkwọ Peter Laut (PL) o nwere ike ịkọwa, ebe e jighị data anụ ahụ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi, otu àgwà nke akwụkwọ m si eduhie, ma ọ bụ ebe ọrụ m anaghị ebi ndụ dịka ọkọlọtọ sayensị si dị" Mike Lockwood nke Rutherford Appleton Laboratory [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|nke UK]] na Claus Froehlich nke World Radiation Center na Switzerland bipụtara akwụkwọ na 2007 nke kwubiri na mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa nke a hụrụ kemgbe 1985 jikọtara ya na mgbanwe anyanwụ nke na enweghị ụdị usoro ihe kpatara ya, ọ bụ ezie na ha kwenyere na enwere "ihe akaebe dị ukwuu" maka mmetụta anyanwụ na ihu igwe tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Mike Lockwood (scientist)|Mike Lockwood]] & [[Claus Fröhlich]]|title=Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]]|doi=10.1098/rspa.2007.1880|year=2007|volume=463|pages=2447–2460|issue=2086}}</ref> Calder, onye so dee Svensmark, zara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na LondonBookReview.com, ebe o kwuru okwu megidere na okpomọkụ ụwa amụbabeghị kemgbe 1999. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2007, Svensmark na Friis-Christensen weputara nzaghachi nye Lockwood na Fröhlich nke kwubiri na ndekọ okpomọkụ nke elu nke Lockwood na Fröhlich ji mee ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na-eduzi usoro anụ ahụ nke Sun-driven, ma ihe ndekọ okpomọkụ nke ikuku tropospheric na-egosi njikọ na-adịghị mma n'etiti cosmic-ray okpomọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-ewepụ oscillations oké osimiri na ugwu mgbawa na data okpomọkụ. Ha na-arụtụ aka na Lockwood na Fröhlich na-ewepụta data ha site na iji ụzọ na-agba ọsọ nke ihe dị ka afọ 10, nke na-emepụta nrọ nke mmụba okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu, ebe data niile na-adịghị mma na-ezo aka na ikpo ọkụ nke okpomọkụ, dabara na ugbu a maxing site na magnetik ọrụ nke Sun, na nke na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa na CO2 ntinye uche yiri ka ọ gaghị agwụ agwụ. === Ìhè Galactic Cosmic vs Mkpuchi Ígwé ojii === Na Eprel afọ 2008, Prọfesọ Terry Sloan nke Mahadum Lancaster bipụtara akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Environmental Research Letters'' nke akpọrọ "Ịnwale njikọ a tụrụ aro n'etiti ụzarị eluigwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii",<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sloan|first=Terry|title=Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=3|issue=April–June 2008|date=2008-04-03|url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/3/2/024001/erl8_2_024001.html|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024001|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref> nke ahụghị njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti mkpuchi igwe ojii na ike ụzarị eluigwe n'ime afọ 20 gara aga. Svensmark zara site n'ikwu na "Terry Sloan aghọtaghị otú ụzarị eluigwe si arụ ọrụ n'igwe ojii".<ref name="bbc20080403">{{Cite news|author=Black|first=Richard|title='No Sun link' to climate change|work=BBC News|date=2008-04-03|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7327393.stm|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref> Dr. Giles Harrison nke Mahadum Reading, kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa "ebe ọ na-enye oke elu na mmetụta ụzarị eluigwe na igwe ojii na data igwe ojii satịlaịtị zuru ụwa ọnụ". Harrison mụrụ mmetụta nke ụzarị eluigwe na UK.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harrison|first=Giles|title=Empirical evidence for a nonlinear effect of galactic cosmic rays on clouds|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]|volume=462|pages=1221–1233|doi=10.1098/rspa.2005.1628|url=http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~swshargi/WebStuff/Pubs/Abstracts/Harrison&Stephenson06.htm|accessdate=2008-04-05|issue=2068|year=2006}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta ụzarị eluigwe na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ dị obere, ọ ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge (dịka ọmụmaatụ narị afọ) mgbe mgbanwe kwa ụbọchị na-apụta na nkezi". Brian H. Brown (2008) nke Mahadum Sheffield chọpụtakwara njikọ dị mkpa n'ọnụọgụgụ (p<0.05) n'etiti Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) na ígwé ojii dị ala n'ime afọ 22 yana igbu oge awa 15. Mgbanwe ogologo oge na mkpuchi ígwé ojii (> ọnwa 3) na GCR nyere njikọ nke p=0.06.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/4060/|author=Brown, B.H.|year=2008|title=Short-term changes in global cloud cover and in cosmic radiation|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=70|issue=7|pages=1122–1131|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2008.02.003}}</ref> === Mmelite arụmụka === N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Laken et al. (2012)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00306.1|title=A Decade of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Is a Solar–Cloud Link Detectable?|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=25|issue=13|pages=4430–4440|year=2012|author=Laken|first=Benjamin}}</ref> chọpụtara na data satịlaịtị ọhụrụ dị elu na-egosi na El Niño Southern Oscillation bụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ mgbanwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii na ọkwa ụwa na mpaghara. Ha chọpụtakwara na ụzarị mbara igwe galactic, na ọkụ anyanwụ zuru oke enweghị mmetụta dị mkpa na mgbanwe na mkpuchi igwe ojii. Lockwood (2012)<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3|volume=33|issue=3–4|title=Solar Influence on Global and Regional Climates|journal=Surveys in Geophysics|pages=503–534|year=2012|author=Lockwood|first=Mike}}</ref> mere nyocha zuru oke nke akwụkwọ sayensị gbasara "mmetụta anyanwụ" na ihu igwe. A chọpụtara na mgbe etinyere mmetụta a n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na ụdị ihu igwe, a na-egosi na a na-emebiga ihe ókè n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe dịka ndị Svensmark kwuru. Nyocha Lockwood gosikwara ike nke ihe akaebe na-akwado mmetụta anyanwụ na ihu igwe mpaghara. Sloan na Wolfendale (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sloan|first=T.|title=Cosmic rays, solar activity and the climate|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=8|issue=4|date=November 7, 2013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045022}}</ref> gosiri na ọ bụ ezie na ụdị okpomọkụ na-egosi obere njikọ kwa afọ 22, ihe na-erughị pasent 14 nke okpomọkụ ụwa kemgbe afọ 1950 nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnụego ray nke eluigwe. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwubiri na ọnụego ray nke eluigwe erughị mgbanwe na okpomọkụ, na-egosi na ọ bụghị mmekọrịta kpatara ya. Nnyocha ọzọ nke 2013 chọpụtara, n'ụzọ megidere nkwupụta Svensmark, "enweghị njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti radieshon mbara igwe na albedo zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ọ bụ elu ígwé ojii nkezi zuru ụwa ọnụ."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krissansen-Totton|first=J.|title=Investigation of Cosmic Ray-Cloud Connections Using MISR|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|year=2013|volume=40|issue=19|pages=5240–5245|doi=10.1002/grl.50996}}</ref> Na 2013, nnyocha ụlọ nyocha nke Svensmark, Pepke na Pedersen bipụtara na ''Physics Letters A'' gosiri na n'eziokwu enwere njikọ dị n'etiti ụzarị eluigwe na mmepụta nke aerosols nke ụdị mkpụrụ igwe ojii. Site na ụlọ nyocha gaa na ikuku n'ezie, ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na ọrụ anyanwụ na-akpata ihe dị ka pasent 50 nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Svensmark|first=H.|title=Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50 nm) to changes in ion-nucleation|journal=Physics Letters A|year=2013|volume=377|issue=37|pages=2343–2347|doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2013.07.004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/nye-resultater-stotter-omstridt-klimateori|title=Nye resultater støtter omstridt klimateori|date=11 September 2013}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi zuru ezu nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dere na 2007 na blọgụ RealClimate nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, Rasmus E. Benestad gosipụtara arụmụka maka ịtụle nkwupụta Svensmark dị ka "ihe a na-ekwubigaghị ókè".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Benestad|first=Rasmus E.|title='Cosmoclimatology' – tired old arguments in new clothes|date=9 March 2007|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/03/cosmoclimatology-tired-old-arguments-in-new-clothes/|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> (Magazin <nowiki><i id="mwARw">Time</i></nowiki> akọwaala isi ihe mere e ji dee blọgụ a dị ka "ngosipụta doro anya nke ihe akaebe anụ ahụ maka okpomọọkụ ụwa".) == Mbipụta ahọpụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Influence of Cosmic Rays on Earth's Climate|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|year=1998|volume=81|pages=5027–5030|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5027|issue=22}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences]]|volume=463|year=2007|pages=385–396|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|url=http://fruitsens.com/cosmic.pdf|issue=2078}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Astronomy & Geophysics Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges|journal=[[Astronomy & Geophysics]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1.18–1.24|doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x|year=2007}} * {{Cite journal|author=Henrik Svensmark|title=Cosmic Ray Decreases Affect Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=36|issue=15|year=2009|pages=L15101|doi=10.1029/2009GL038429|url=http://www.deas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/FRSEMR22l/Sources/03-Cosmic-rays/3-Svensmark-et-al-2009-GRL.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=M.B. Enghoff|title=Aerosol nucleation induced by a high energy particle beam|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=38|issue=9|year=2011|pages=A33F–0232|doi=10.1029/2011GL047036}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|first=Henrik|author=Svensmark|title=The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change|publisher=Totem Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84046-815-1}} * Enyemaka na Die kalte Sonne. ''Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet'' (Anyanwụ oyi), nke Fritz Vahrenholt na [[Sebastian Lüning]] dere === Fim === * Ihe Omimi nke Igwe Ojii == Ihe nrite == * 2001, Ihe nrite nyocha Energy-E2 * 1997, Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] codrygj86pp4qmwn7p8jdqpk35i4di6 0 76726 697604 687664 2026-08-10T03:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lebanese professor}} {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] --> | name = Pascal Saikaly | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Pascal Elias Saikaly | birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | other_names = | occupation = Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering | period = | known_for = [[Bioelectrochemistry]] | title = | boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = <!--notable national-level awards only--> | website = https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/study/faculty/pascal-saikaly | education = | alma_mater = [[American University of Beirut]] [[University of Cincinnati]] | thesis_title = Ecological Approach to Mitigate Toxic Shock Loads in Activated Sludge Systems | thesis_url = http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1125670988 | thesis_year = 2005 | school_tradition = | doctoral_advisor = [[Daniel Oerther]] | academic_advisors = | influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | era = | discipline = [[Environmental engineering]] | sub_discipline = [[Wastewater treatment]] | workplaces = [[American University of Beirut]] [[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]] | doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | notable_students = | main_interests = | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }} '''Pascal Elias Saikaly''' bụ prọfesọ [[Environmental engineering|Sayensị na Injinia gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke Lebanon . A maara ya nke ọma maka ojiji omics maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Microbiology n'ime sistemu eji arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ekere [[Mmiri mkpofu|Mmiri ọjọọ]] gụnyere Bioclectrochemistry, membrane bioreactors, na granular sludge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bashraheel|first=Aseel|date=2020-01-21|title=A Saudi Eco-friendly food waste startup brings value-added benefits|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1615941/saudi-arabia|work=Arab News|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdworldonline.com/briny-pool-bacteria-can-clean-up-and-power-up/|title=Briny Pool Bacteria Can Clean Up and Power Up|publisher=R and D World|date=2017-11-07|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdrc.kaust.edu.sa/Pages/News-2020-WDRC%20Translational%20Research.aspx|title=Serving the unserved population of Saudi Arabia with KAUST invented decentralized wastewater recycling system|publisher=Water Desalination and Reuse Center|date=2020-06-04|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://is-met.org/2020/10/12/ismet-awards-2020/|title=ISMET Awards 2020|publisher=The International Society for Microbial Electrochemistry and Technology|date=2020-10-12|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> Saikaly na-arụkọ ọrụ ma na-edu ndị otu sayensị na ndị injinia bụ ndị mepụtara ụzọ ọhụrụ isi nweta ike eletrik site na mmiri mkpofu ma na-emepụta ihe ndị bara uru n'otu oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/12/20181211-kaust.html|title=KAUST team develops new chemolithoautotroph bioreactor to convert CO2 to chemicals|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2018-12-11|accessdate=2020-12-20|archivedate=2019-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019143134/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/12/20181211-kaust.html}}</ref> Karịsịa, ọ na-ejikọta ọganihu sitere na nanotechnology na nyocha ihe na ọganihu site na microbial ecology iji mepụta ngwaọrụ iji mepụta bioelectricity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-bionic-catalysts-energy.html|title=Bionic catalysts to produce clean energy|publisher=Phys.org|date=2019-07-02|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> Ọrụ a na-akwado mgbalị ogologo oge nke Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Eze Abdullah iji mee nchọpụta ma wepụta ihe ọzọ na-enye ike. Nnyocha Saikaly mere na-eleba anya n'okwu ndị dị mkpa n'ebe mmiri na-anaghị eru, gụnyere iji mmiri osimiri maka ịsacha ụlọ mposi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moms.com/red-sea-discovery-could-increase-use-saltwater-toilets/|title=Scientists Are Considering Using Saltwater Instead Of Freshwater In Your Toilet, Here's Why|publisher=Moms.com|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ya == Saikaly nwetara B.S. na M.S. ya na Mahadum America nke Beirut. N'afọ 2005, ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Cincinnati. Site na 2005 ruo 2007, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ postdoctoral na Mahadum North Carolina State. Site na 2008 ruo 2010, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum America nke Beirut . N'afọ 2010, ọ sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Eze Abdullah, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ zuru oke ugbu a. == Akwụkwọ o bipụtere == Saikaly nwere ihe karịrị 100 akwụkwọ edepụtara na Scopus nke e depụtara ihe karịrị ugboro 3000, na-enye ya h-index nke ihe karịrị 30. Isiokwu ya ndị a na-ekwukarị gụnyere: * {{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Use of 16S rRNA gene terminal restriction fragment analysis to assess the impact of solids retention time on the bacterial diversity of activated sludge|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2005-10_71_10/page/5814|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=10|pages=5814–5822|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.10.5814-5822.2005|author=Saikaly|first=Pascal|pmid=16204492}} * {{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Do biological-based strategies hold promise to biofouling control in MBRs?|journal=Water Research|volume=47|issue=15|pages=25447–5463|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.033|author=Maleb|first=Lilian|pmid=23863390}} * {{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Assessment of Microbial Fuel Cell Configurations and Power Densities|journal=Environmental Science and Technology Letters|volume=2|issue=8|pages=206–214|doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00180|author=Logan|first=Bruce}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://scholar.google.ro/citations?user=mh75-VoAAAAJ&hl=en Onye Ọkà mmụta Google] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 4re54ozkruv3vqo6lbgnvxs7e7sko2a 0 76738 697962 691979 2026-08-10T11:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oued El Abiod''' (Bekee:Ndagwurugwu Abiod )bụ wadi nke na-emepụta ụzọ ugwu n'ime nnukwu ugwu Aurès , nke dị na Saharan Atlas n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Algeria. Ya na Oued Abdi, ọ bụ otu n'ime wadi ndị kachasị mkpa n'ime mpaghara ugwu Aurès.N'oge mmiri ozuzo, mmiri ozuzo na snow na-agbaze na-asọba n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ ma mepụta Osimiri Abiod. Ndagwurugwu ahụ na-amalite n'okpuru Ugwu Djebel Chélia, nke bụ ugwu kachasị elu na Algeria, ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Tolga. N'ikpeazụ, mmiri ya na-agbasa ma na-apụ n'anya n'ime Ọzara Sahara dị nso . <ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=27}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kimble|first=George H. T.|date=June 1941|title=The Berbers of Eastern Algeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1941-06_97_6/page/n18|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=97|issue=6|pages=337–347|doi=10.2307/1788169}}</ref><ref name="readersnatural" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Ahịhịa ndị dị n'ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke Ndagwurugwu Abiod na-abụkarị Mediterenian nke nwere oke ọhịa nke osisi oak, pine na osisi cedar oge ochie, nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-akwagide na mkpọda ugwu. Akụkụ ndịda bụ ọzara nke nwere ahịhịa na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka oak, junipa, cedar, clumps nke thyme, na harmel. Ndagwurugwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ obere oases<ref name="readersnatural" /> [5] E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmadụ n'akụkụ mgbidi nke Ndagwurugwu Abiod, gụnyere Ghoufi . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNMLAAAAYAAJ&q=Ghoufi+abiod|title=Il était une fois l'ethnographie|author=Tillion|first=Germaine|date=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=9782020257022|pages=94|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA5xAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghoufi+abiod|title=Encyclopédie berbère|author=Isguen-Bouzeis|first=Beni|date=1991|publisher=EDISUD|isbn=9782857442011|pages=1133|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbidi sandstone nke ndagwurugwu ahụ dị nro ma dị mfe ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị, ya mere ọtụtụ obodo nta dị na mgbidi ndagwurugwum ahụ gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ nkume.[5] N'akụkụ obodo Tighanimine, e nwere ihe fọdụrụ na Ọwa mmiri Rom oge ochie. [8] == Edensibịa == <references /> fdjhaym8t2xey5nwlzu5hezbxjz56xt 0 76773 697433 688324 2026-08-09T17:25:54Z Chigozirim2005 19722 697433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''''Febodristningar''''' ma ọ bụ '''''vallgångsristningar''''' bụ ihe a tụrụ n'elu osisi na ugwu nwere ederede, akara, Runes, ọnụ ọgụgụ, mkpụrụedemede na ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ, nke a chọtara na [[Sweden]] n'ihe gbasara ịzụ anụmanụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na-aga n'ihu, nke ndị ntorobịa na-arụ ọrụ na ịzụ anụmanụ hapụrụ. == Mmalite ya == Na Dalarna, Sweden, a chọtawo narị ihe osise ole na ole, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na mpaghara Ore (na Rättvik Municipality) nke mpaghara ahụ. E ji mma mee ihe ndị a e ji aka kpụọ, ha na-esokwa otu ụdị aha mbụ, afọ, na ọtụtụ mgbe, ihe dị mkpa bụ ụbọchị mbụ ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge "fäbod" (oge ịta ahịhịa n'oge okpomọkụ). Ihe osise ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ na ebe ụfọdụ dị ka ugwu na nso mmiri n'ihi na ha bụ ebe dị mma maka ịkpa anụ n'ebe ugwu Sweden. Otu n'ime ebe ndị a bụ Hästbergs klack n'ebe ugwu Ludvika. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ntụleghachi nke oge ọzụzụ atụrụ dị ka "Ọdịmma" ma ọ bụ "Ọjọrọ". N'otu alaka osisi dị na Ore, Dalarna, ụmụ agbọghọ atọ ndị na-azụrụ anụ ha hapụrụ ihe osise na-asị "Anyị na-adị anyị mma dị ka hell" (Wi mår bra som fan). Ọ bụ omenala na ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe n'elu osisi, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-ese ya na nkume.<ref name="fakta"> <ref name="visf"> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == 7g26ncs6aufw155y7c4dj7p3cvq5y4d 0 76901 697869 656631 2026-08-10T09:52:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697869 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker |first=B. |date=1966-05-01 |title=Mpilo Central Hospital (founded by Mpilonhle Qobo)|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489%2866%2990065-4 |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=53–55 |doi=10.1016/0020-7489(66)90065-4 |pmid=5176818 |issn=0020-7489|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{Infobox hospital|name=Mpilo Hospital|org_group=|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|coordinates=|location=[[Bulawayo]]|region=[[Matabeleland]]|country=[[Zimbabwe]]|healthcare=Public|funding=|type=Tertiary Referral<br/>[[Teaching hospital]]|emergency=24 hours|beds=1000|helipad=|founded={{start date and age|1958}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker |first=B. |date=1966-05-01 |title=Mpilo Central Hospital (founded by Mpilonhle Qobo)|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489%2866%2990065-4 |journal=International Journal of Nursing Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=53–55 |doi=10.1016/0020-7489(66)90065-4 |pmid=5176818 |issn=0020-7489|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|affiliation=[[National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe|National University of Science and Technology]]<br/>[[University of Zimbabwe]]|website={{URL|http://www.mpilo.org.zw/}}}} '''Mpilo Central Hospital''',<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grave|first=G. F.|date=November 1972|title=Surgery in Rhodesia. Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-royal-college-of-surgeons-of-england_1972-11_51_5/page/332|journal=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume=51|issue=5|pages=332–333|issn=0035-8843|pmid=4646748}}</ref> more commonly known as '''Mpilo Hospital''', is the largest hospital in Bulawayo,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Masukume|first=Gwinyai|date=June 2012|title=A 54 year analysis of articles from Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe - 168 articles cited 999 times|journal=Malawi Medical Journal|volume=24|issue=2|pages=36–38|issn=1995-7262|pmid=23638269}}</ref> na nke abụọ kachasị na Zimbabwe ka ụlọ ọgwụ Parirenyatwa na Harare gasịrị. Mpilo bụ ụlọọgwụ ọha, yana ebe ntụnye aka maka mpaghara Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South na Midlands nke Zimbabwe. Aha ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, 'Mpilo' pụtara 'ndụ' n'asụsụ Ndebele. Mpilo nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Nọọsụ yana ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ịmụ nwa, ha abụọ dị n'ime ogige ụlọ ọgwụ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ na Zimbabwe == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ == * Ministry of Health and Child Welfare: https://web.archive.org/web/20120417102207/http://www.mohcw.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=87 * Rasmussen, R.K., na Rubert, S.C., 1990. ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Zimbabwe'', Scarecrow Press. [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jbszc2pw3rgrl3qzq1lc7otqk194sju 0 76915 697441 656726 2026-08-09T17:58:06Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697441 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief Gaius Obaseki CBE bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ osote onye isi otu Action Group na 1951.{{sfn|Sklar|1963|p=106}} Ọ bụ onye ndu otu ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Benin na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta bụ ndị na-achọ nnọchite na olu na ọchịchị Benin.{{sfn|Post|1963|p=97}} Enyere ya utu aha Iyase nke Benin site na nkwado nke ndị ntorobịa gụrụ akwụkwọ, obodo ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi na ndị ọchịchị colonial bụ ndị ọ na-arụrụ ya ọrụ n'oge gara aga.{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=123}} Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ntorobịa gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ndị kwadoro ịrị elu ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ihi ọrụ Emegharịrị Ogboni na Benin nke nwere Obaseki dịka onye nwe ya (Oluwo).{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=129}} Obaseki bụ onye ahọpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ọgbakọ omebe iwu Naijiria na ndị isi ọchịchị Gọvanọ. Ọ jere ozi na ọkwa ndị a mgbe ọ na-achị aha Iyase. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Obaseki site n'ezinụlọ Agho Obaseki, onye isi obodo Benin. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị gọọmentị Benin na ụlọ akwụkwọ nyocha, Lagos. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ọchịchị colonial dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu tupu ọ laa ezumike nká dị ka Chief Clerk na ụlọ ọrụ ndị bi.{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=121}} Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, o guzobere azụmahịa osisi. A họpụtara Obaseki bụ Iyase nke Benin n'afọ 1948 ka ọ nwetara nkwado nke otu ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi obodo Benin bụ ndị ndị ọrụ ngo ibe ya na-edu.{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=122}}na ndị ntorobịa gụrụ akwụkwọ nọ na ngalaba ahụ. Obiọma sitere na ngalaba ndị a nke obodo Benin mere ka o kwe omume n'ihi na ọ bụghị onye mbụ na-ahọrọ nke Oba Akenzua II. Ezinụlọ abụọ a nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme, nna Akenzua, Oba Eweka na nna Obaseki, Agho, ndị Iyase bụ ndị mmegide.{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=122}} Ka emezigharịrị n'usoro ọchịchị obodo, otu ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi nwetara ikike nke otu kansụl ngalaba nke Benin mebere ọhụrụ. Obaseki ghọrọ onye isi oche nke kansụl ọhụrụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche ndị ọrụ nchịkwa nchịkwa nke na-ahazi ọrụ nke Benin Central Council, ikike ala nke Oba na Divisional Council na-edu.{{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=125}} E mechara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị omebe iwu na Council Executive Gọvanọ. N'afọ 1930, ụfọdụ ndị omeiwu Benin hibere ụlọ obibi Benin nke Reformed Ogboni, bụ ọgbakọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ndị Yoruba bi na Legọs malitere.{{sfn|Sklar|1963|p=253}} Obaseki ghọrọ onye ndu (oluwo) nke otu ahụ, otu ahụ jikọtara ya na otu ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi wee gaa n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Benin site na 1948 ruo 1951. Ụfọdụ ndị obodo na-atụ Ogbonis egwu mana ọ nwekwara echiche na-aga n'ihu maka ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala na-emegide ndị omenala Benin. N'oge onyeisi oche Obaseki, Council Divisional wefere mkpesa ka e belata ụgwọ ọnwa nke Oba na ịmanye Oba ka ọ chọọ nkwado tupu inye ụmụ amaala aha nke onyeisi ndị site na ọdịdị nke aha ọhụrụ nwere ike ịghọ ndị otu kansụl. Otú ọ dị, e boro kansụl ahụ na ọ bụ Ọgbonis na-achị ya - bụ onye rụgidere ndị ọchịchị obodo ka ha weta ma ọ bụ kwalite ndị otu ha n'ihi ndị ọzọ. {{sfn|Igbafe|1991|p=127}} Ihe omume ndị Ogboni mere butere mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma sitere na akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị ntorobịa gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ndị kwadoro Obaseki dịka Iyase.. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ndị Benin lere Ogboni anya dị ka ndọtị nke ọchịchị ndị Yoruba, ọkachasị ebe ndị isi ndị Ogboni sonyeere otu ihe kacha bụrụ Yoruba Action Group n’afọ 1951. E hiwere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ bụ Otu Edo iji maa ndị Ogboni aka n’isi nke ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala. Otu Edo gara n’ihu imeri ntuliaka ime obodo n’afọ 1951.{{sfn|Sklar|1963|p=254}}Agbanyeghị, Obaseki gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na Ibadan na Legọs dịka onye otu ụlọ ọgbakọ omebe iwu Western na Council of Legislative. Ọ nwụrụ na 1956. == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == *{{cite book |last=Sklar |first=Robert |date=1963 |title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation |url= |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |page= |isbn= |author-link= }} *{{cite book |last=Igbafe |first=Philip |date=1991 |title=The Nemesis of Power: Agho Obaseki and Benin Politics, 1897-195 |url= |location=Benin |publisher=Macmillan Nigeria|page= |isbn= |author-link= }} *{{cite book |last=Post|first=Ken |date=1963 |title=The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959: Politics and Administration in a Developing Political System |url=https://archive.org/details/nigerianfederale0000post|url-access=registration|location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press|page= |isbn= |author-link= }} ==Ọgụgụ ọzọ== *Jacob U. Egharevba. (1957). A Brief Life History of Hon. G.I. Obaseki, the Iyase of Benin nwwj74m954rnijkx87ixt2f1lafd1b2 0 76919 697719 692571 2026-08-10T06:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}}'''Dysprosium''' bụ ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara Dy na atomic nọmba 66. Ọ bụ ihe na-adịghi ahukebe n'ụwa n'Usoro lanthanide nke nwere ọla ọcha. A naghị ahụ Dysprosium n'okike dịka ihe nweere onwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ ya na mineral dị iche iche, dịka xenotime. Dysprosium na-apụta n'okike nwere isotopes asaa, nke kachasị n'ime ha bụ ¹⁶⁴. Dysprosium bụ nke mbụ Paul Émile Lecoq nke Boisbaudran chọpụtara n'afọ 1886, mana ewepụghị ya n'ụdị dị ọcha rụọ mgbe mmepe nke usoro mgbanwe ion na 1950s. A na-eji Dysprosium emepụta magnet neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) , nke dị oke mkpa maka injin ụgbọ ala eletrik na ọrụ dị irè nke turbines ikuku.<ref name="SFA">{{Cite web|title=Navigating the Dysprosium Market|url=https://www.sfa-oxford.com/rare-earths-and-minor-metals/rare-earths-elements/dysprosium-market-and-dysprosium-price-drivers/|work=SFA Oxford|accessdate=24 April 2025}}</ref> A na-eji ya eme ihe maka oke okpomọkụ neutron absorption cross-section n'ime njikwa njikwa na reactors nuklia, maka nnukwu magnetic susceptibility ya ({{Érèkọbalà|χ{{sub|''v''}} ≈ {{val|5.44|e=-3}}}}) na ngwa nchekwa data, yana dịka akụkụ nke Terfenol-D (ihe magnetostrictive). Mmiri nnu dysprosium a na-agbaze agbaze nwere obere nsí, ebe a na-ewere nnu ndị a na-adịghị agbaze dị ka ndị na-enweghị nsí. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == === Ihe onwunwe === [[Faịlụ:Dysprosium.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe nlele nke dysprosium]] Dysprosium bụ ihe dị ụkọ n'ụwa ma nwee ọla, ọlaọcha na-egbuke egbuke. Ọ dị nro ma nwee ike ịkpụpụta ya n'enweghị ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na a zere oke okpomọkụ. Ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke Dysprosium nwere ike imetụta ya nke ukwuu ọbụna obere ihe na-adịghị ọcha.<ref name="CRC">{{Cite book|editor=Lide, David R.|chapter=Dysprosium|year=2007–2008|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|location=New York|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0}}</ref> Dysprosium na holmium nwere ike magnetik kachasị elu nke ihe ndị ahụ, <ref name="nbb"/> karịsịa na okpomọkụ dị ala. <ref name="krebs">{{Cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|author=Krebs, Robert E.|chapter=Dysprosium|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234 234–235]|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234}}</ref> Dysprosium nwere usoro ferromagnetic dị mfe na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru Okpomọkụ Curie ya nke 90.5 , ebe ọ na-agafe mgbanwe nke mbụ site na orthorhombic crystal structure gaa na hexagonal close-packed (hcp). Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwere ọnọdụ antiferromagnetic helical, nke oge magnetik atọm niile dị n'otu ala dị n'akụkụ ma na-eche ihu n'otu akụkụ na oge nke ọkwa ndị dị n'okpuru. antiferromagnetism a na-adịghị ahụkebe na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ aghara aghara (paramagnetic) na 179 K (−94 . <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=IRM Quarterly|year=2000|volume=10|issue=3|author=Jackson, Mike|url=http://www.irm.umn.edu/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf|title=Wherefore Gadolinium? Magnetism of the Rare Earths|accessdate=2009-05-03}}</ref> Ọ na-agbanwe site na mpaghara hcp gaa na mpaghara cubic nke dị n'etiti ahụ na 1,654 . <ref name="Arblaster 2018"> === Ihe ndị e ji eme ya === Dysprosium metal na-ejigide ọkụ ya na ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ikuku. Ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa iji mepụta dysprosium (III) oxide: : 4 Dy + ₃ O₂ → ₂ Dy2O3 Dysprosium bụ nnọọ electropositive na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emeghachi omume na mmiri oyi (na ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ) na-etolite dysprosium hydroxide: : ₂ Dy (s) + 6 H₂ (l) → 2 Dy (OH) ₃ (aq) + 3 H2 (g) Dysprosium hydroxide na-agbaze iji mepụta DyO (OH) na elu okpomọkụ, nke mgbe ahụ na-agbaji ọzọ na dysprosium (III) oxide.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092583881202052X|doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.068|pages=333–337|title=Controlled synthesis and characterization of large-scale, uniform sheet-shaped dysprosium hydroxide nanosquares by hydrothermal method|volume=553|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|date=March 2013|issn=0925-8388|accessdate=2018-06-13|author=Junyang Jin, Yaru Ni, Wenjuan Huang, Chunhua Lu, Zhongzi Xu}}</ref> Dysprosium metal na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ siri ike na halogens niile n'elu 200 °C: &nbsp;  : ₂ Dy (s) + ₃ F2 (g) → 2 DyF3 (s) [akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ] : ₂ Dy (s) + ₃ Cl2 (g) → 2 DyCl3 (s) [acha ọcha] : ₂ Dy (s) + ₃ Br2 (l) → 2 DyBr3 (s) [acha ọcha] : ₂ Dy (s) + ₃ I2 (g) → 2 DyI3 (s) [akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ] Dysprosium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute 9" href="./Sulfuric_acid" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere ion Dy (III) odo, nke dị dịka [Dy (OH₂) 9]³⁺ mgbagwoju anya: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Dysprosium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16|archivedate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116191014/https://webelements.com/dysprosium/chemistry.html}}</ref> : ₂ Dy (s) + 3 H₂₄ (aq) → 2 Dy³⁺ (aq) + 3 SO2−4 (aq). Ngwakọta a na-emepụta, dysprosium (III) sulfate, bụ paramagnetic doro anya. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara === [[Faịlụ:Dysprosium(III)_sulfate_octahydrate.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|2" href="./Dysprosium_sulfate" id="mwtA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dysprosium sulfate">Dysprosium sulfate, Dy2 (SO₄) ₃]] Dysprosium halides, dịka DyF<nowiki><sub id="mwvA">3</sub></nowiki> na DyBr<nowiki><sub id="mwvg">3</sub></nowiki>, na-enwekarị ụcha odo. Dysprosium oxide, nke a makwaara dị ka dysprosia, bụ ntụ ọcha nke nwere ike magnetik nke ukwuu, karịa iron oxide.<ref name="krebs"/> 7" href="./Dysprosium_monosulfide" id="mwyg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dysprosium monosulfide">DyS na-ejikọta ya na ihe dị iche iche na-abụghị ọla na okpomọkụ dị elu iji mepụta ngwakọta abụọ nwere ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche na ọnọdụ oxidation +_₃ na mgbe ụfọdụ +_{_{_₂}}, dịka DyN, DyP, DyH2 na DyH₃; DyS, DyS2, Dy2S<nowiki><sub id="mwzg">3</sub></nowiki> na Dy₅; DyB2, DyB₄, DyB₆ na DyB₁₂, yana Dy3C na Dy2C3.<ref name="patnaik">{{Cite book|author=Patnaik|first=Pradyot|year=2003|title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=289–290|isbn=978-0-07-049439-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&pg=PA243|accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref> Dysprosium carbonate, Dy₂(CO₃)₃, na dysprosium sulfate, Dy₂(SO₄)₃,sitere na mmeghachi omume ndị yiri ya.<ref name="heiserman">{{Cite book|title=Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds|author=Heiserman, David L.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/236 236]–238|publisher=TAB Books|isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ogige dysprosium na-agbaze na mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate (Dy2 (CO3) 3 · 4H2O) nadysprosium oxalate decahydrate (Dy2 (C2O4) 3 · 10H2O) bụ ihe na-adịghị edozi na mmiri..<ref name="perry">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Inorganic Compounds|author=Perry, D. L.|pages=152–154|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8493-8671-8|publisher=CRC Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Zur Kenntnis der Verbindungen des Dysprosiums|pages=1274–1280|first=G.|author=Jantsch|doi=10.1002/cber.19110440215|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=44|issue=2|year=1911|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426439}}</ref> Abụọ nke kasị ukwuu dysprosium carbonates, Dy2 (CO3) 3 · 2-3H2O (yiri mineral tengerite- (Y)), na DyCO3 (OH) (yiri mineral kozoite- (La) na kozoite (Nd)), na-mara na-etolite site a emezighituri nyere iwu (amorphous) precursor na-adọ na a usoro nke 32 (CO3). Nke a amorphous precursor nwere nanoparticles nke okirikiri mmiri nwere mmiri dị ukwuu nke dayameta 10–20 nm bụ nke kwụsiri ike n'okpuru ọgwụgwọ akọrọ na gburugburu na oke okpomọkụ.[.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vallina, B., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Brown, A.P., Blanco, J.A. and Benning, L.G.|year=2013|title=Amorphous dysprosium carbonate: characterization, stability and crystallization pathways|journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s11051-013-1438-3}}</ref> Dysprosium na-emepụta ọtụtụ intermetallics, gụnyere dysprosium stannides.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okamoto|first=H.|date=2005-04-01|title=Dy-Sn (Dysprosium-Tin)|url=http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?ini=xref&body=linker&reqdoi=10.1361/15477030523247|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria & Diffusion|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=200–202|doi=10.1361/15477030523247}}</ref> === Isotopes === Dysprosium na-apụta n'okike nwere isotopes asaa: ¹⁵⁶, ¹⁵⁸, ¹⁶⁰, ¹⁶¹, ¹⁶², ¹⁶³, na ¹⁶⁴. A na-ewere ihe ndị a niile dịka ndị kwụsiri ike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị abụọ ikpeazụ kwụsiri oke: ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnwe alpha decay. N'ime isotopes ndị na-apụta n'okike, ¹⁶⁴ bụ nke kachasị na 28%, ¹⁶² na-esote na 26%; nke kachasị dị ụkọ bụ ¹⁵⁶ na 0.06%.[7] Dysprosium bụ ihe kachasị arọ iji nwee isotopes ndị kwụsiri ike karịa naanị isotopes kwụsiri oke nke a na-ebu amụma na ha ga-abụ radiation. E mepụtara iri abụọ na itoolu radioisotopes, na-agbanwe n'ịdị arọ nke atọm site n'afọ 138 ruo afọ 173. Nke kachasị kwụsie ike n'ime ndị a bụ ¹⁵⁴<nowiki>, nke nwere ọkara ndụ nke 1.40 " data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"e","href":"./Template:E"},"params":{"1":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwASs" style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em" typeof="mw:Transclusion">× 106 afọ, </nowiki>¹⁵⁹ sochiri ya na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 144.4. Dịka iwu n'ozuzu, isotopes ndị dị arọ karịa isotopes kwụsiri ike na-emebi site na β + decay, ọ bụ ezie na ¹⁵⁴ na-eme ka ọ daa site na alpha emission na ¹⁵² na ¹⁵⁹ naanị site na electron capture, ebe ndị dị arịrịọ na-emepe site na β− decay.[7] Dysprosium nwekwara ma ọ dịkarịa ala 11 metastable isomers, na-agbanwe na atomic mass site na 140 ruo 165. Nke kachasị kwụsie ike n'ime ndị a bụ ^165m, nke nwere ọkara ndụ nke nkeji 1.257.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1878, a chọpụtara na erbium ore nwere oxides nke holmium na thulium. Onye France na-emepụta kemịkal Paul Émile Lecoq nke Boisbaudran, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na holmium oxide, kewara [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= dysprosium_oxide" id="mwAUY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dysprosium oxide">dysprosium oxide] na ya na Paris na 1886. <ref name="DeKosky">{{Cite journal|title=Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes|first=Robert K.|author=DeKosky|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|volume=6|issue=4|date=1973|pages=400–423|doi=10.1017/S0007087400012553}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=143|pages=1003–1006|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3058f/f1001.chemindefer|title=L'holmine (ou terre X de M Soret) contient au moins deux radicaux métallique (Holminia contains at least two metal)|language=fr|year=1886|author=de Boisbaudran, Paul Émile Lecoq}}</ref> Usoro ya maka ikewapụ dysprosium gụnyere ịgbaze dysprosius oxide na acid, wee gbakwunye ammonia iji mee ka hydroxide dị. O nwere ike ike ikewapụ dysprosium site na oxide ya mgbe ihe karịrị mgbalị 30 na usoro ya. Mgbe ọ gara nke ọma, ọ kpọrọ ihe dysprosium site na Greek dysprositos (δυσπρόσιτος), nke pụtara "ike siri ike inweta". E wepụghị ihe ahụ n'ụdị dị ọcha ruo mgbe Frank Spedding mepụtara usoro Mgbanwe ion na Mahadum steeti Iowa na mbido afọ 1950.<ref name="nbb"/><ref name="Weeks">{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}</ref> Due to its role in permanent magnets used for wind turbines, it has been argued  that dysprosium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Overland|first=Indra|date=2019-03-01|title=The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=49|pages=36–40|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018|issn=2214-6296}}</ref><ref name="Klinger">{{Cite book|author=Klinger|first=Julie Michelle|title=Rare earth frontiers: from terrestrial subsoils to lunar landscapes|date=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-1-5017-1460-3}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e nwetara Bose-Einstein condensate nke Dy atọms nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Mingwu|date=October 2011|title=Strongly Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensate of Dysprosium|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.190401|journal=Physical Review Letters|language=en|volume=107|issue=19|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.190401|pmid=22181585}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a gbanwere Dy ka ọ bụrụ gas supersolid nke nwere akụkụ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Norcia|first=Matthew A.|date=August 2021|title=Two-dimensional supersolidity in a dipolar quantum gas|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03725-7|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7872|pages=357–361|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03725-7|pmid=34408330|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Faịlụ:Xenotímio1.jpeg|thumb|Xenotime]] Ọ bụ ezie na dysprosium adịghị mgbe a hụrụ ya dịka ihe efu, a na-ahụ ya n'ọtụtụ mineral, gụnyere xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite na bastnäsite, mgbe mgbe na erbium na holmium ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa. Enweghị mineral dysprosium-dominant (ya bụ, na dysprosius na-achịkwa ala ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ihe mejupụtara ya) achọtala.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018|work=www.mindat.org|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Na ụdị dị elu nke ndị a, dysprosium bụ nke kachasị n'ime lanthanides dị arọ, nke nwere ihe ruru 7-8% nke concentrate (ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dịka 65% maka yttrium).<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals|year=2008|volume=49|issue=1|pages=14–22|title=Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals|first=A. V.|author=Naumov|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227326809|doi=10.1007/s11981-008-1004-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|first=C. K.|author=Gupta|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-33340-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0Bte_XhzoAC}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Dy na mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 5.2 mg / kg na mmiri oké osimiri 0.9 ng / L.<ref name="patnaik"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Mmepụta == A na-enweta Dysprosium karịsịa site na ájá monazite, ngwakọta nke phosphate dị iche iche. A na-enweta ọla ahụ dịka ihe a na-emepụta na mmepụta ahịa nke 3" href="./Yttrium" id="mwAZ4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Yttrium">yttrium. N'iwepụ dysprosium, enwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-achọghị site na magnet ma ọ bụ site na usoro flotation. Enwere ike ikewapụ Dysprosium na ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ site na usoro Mgbanwe ion. Ions dysprosium ndị na-esi na ya apụta nwere ike imeghachi omume na Fluorine ma ọ bụ chlorine iji mepụta dysprosium fluoride, DyF₃, ma ọ bụ dysprosium chloride, DyCl3. Enwere ike ibelata ngwakọta ndị a site na iji ma ọ bụ calcium ma ọ bụ lithium metals na mmeghachi omume ndị a: <ref name="heiserman"/> : ₃ Ca + ₂ DyF3 → 2 Dy + 3 CaF2 : ₃ Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3 LiCl About 3100 tonnes of dysprosium were produced worldwide in 2021, with 40% of that total produced in China, 31% in Myanmar, and 20% in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raw Materials Profiles - Dysprosium|url=https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/rmp/Dysprosium|year=2021|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> Dysprosium prices have climbed over time, from $7 per pound in 2003, to $130 a pound in late 2010,<ref name="Bradsher, Keith">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/business/global/30smuggle.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&emc=eta1|title=In China, Illegal Rare Earth Mines Face Crackdown|author=Bradsher, Keith|work=The New York Times|date=December 29, 2010}}</ref> to $1,400/kg in 2011 and then falling to $240/kg in 2015, largely due to illegal production in China which circumvented government restrictions. {{As of|2025|4}} the price is around US$203/kg.<ref name="smm-price">{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Oxide Price, USD/kg|url=https://www.metal.com/en/prices/201102250247|work=Shanghai Metal Market|accessdate=6 April 2025|archivedate=6 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406014645/https://www.metal.com/en/prices/201102250247}}</ref> Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China.<ref name="China rare">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/26/business/global/26rare.html|title=Earth-Friendly Elements, Mined Destructively|work=The New York Times|author=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=December 25, 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2018|11}} the Browns Range Project pilot plant, 160&nbsp;km south east of Halls Creek, Western Australia, is producing 50 tonnes (49 long tons) per annum.<ref name="abc-net-au2018-11-30-rare-earth">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-11-30/rare-earth-mineral-find-to-boost-electric-vehicle-sector/10562460|title=Rare earth mineral discovery set to make Australia a major player in electric vehicle supply chain|author=Major|first=Tom|date=30 November 2018|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Australia rare">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2011/s3377547.htm|title=Halls Creek turning into a hub for rare earths|author=Brann|first=Matt|date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> Dị ka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike na United States si kwuo, ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ya ugbu a na ihe a na-atụ anya ya, tinyere enweghị ihe ọ bụla kwesịrị ekwesị, na-eme ka dysprosium bụrụ otu ihe kachasị njọ maka teknụzụ ike dị ọcha; ọbụna atụmatụ ha kachasị echebara echiche buru amụma na dysprosius ga-ada mbà tupu afọ . Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe (gụnyere dysprosium) na Australia. == Ngwa == A na-eji Dysprosium, na njikọ ya na vanadium na ihe ndị ọzọ, n'ime ihe laser na ọkụ azụmahịa. N'ihi oke okpomọkụ nke dysprosium, a na-eji dysprosiam-oxide-nickel cermets eme ihe na njikwa njikwa neutron na reactors nuklia.<ref name="nbb">{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Development of Dysprosium Titanate Based Ceramics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ceramic-society-journal_2005-04_88_4/page/1064|first=Sinha|author=Amit|journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society|volume=88|issue=4|year=2005|pages=1064–1066|doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00211.x}}</ref> Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides bụ isi iyi nke radiation infrared, nke bara uru maka ịmụ mgbanwe kemịkal.<ref name="CRC"/> N'ihi na dysprosium na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya nwere ike ịnweta magnetization, a na-eji ha eme ihe na ngwa nchekwa data dị iche iche, dịka na diski ike.<ref name="lagowski">{{Cite book|title=Chemistry Foundations and Applications|editor=Lagowski, J. J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267 267–268]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-02-865724-0|publisher=Thomson Gale|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267}}</ref> Dysprosium na-arịwanye elu maka magnet ndị na-adịgide adịgide eji eme ihe na moto eletrik na ndị na-emepụta ikuku. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/dyspro-what-why-an-obscure-element-has-the-ev-industry-in-a-panic-70623bf4?mod=hp_featst_pos4|title=Dyspro-what? Why an Obscure Element Has the EV Industry in a Panic|first=Sean|author=McLain|work=WSJ|date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="MIT-TechRev">{{Cite web|author=Bourzac|first=Katherine|title=The Rare Earth Crisis|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423730/the-rare-earth-crisis/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Magnet Neodymium-iron-boron nwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru 6% nke neodymium dochie anya dysprosium <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics|title=Modeling of magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeB particles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements|author=Shi|first=Fang, X.|year=1998|volume=34|issue=4|pages=1291–1293|doi=10.1109/20.706525|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232140}}</ref> iji bulie coercivity maka ngwa siri ike, dị ka motors na-akwọ ụgbọala maka ụgbọala eletrik na generators maka turbines ifufe. Mgbanwe a ga-achọ ihe ruru 100 gram nke dysprosium kwa ụgbọ ala eletrik emepụtara. Dabere na Toyota na-atụ anya nde 2 kwa afọ, ojiji nke dysprosium na ngwa ndị dị ka nke a ga-eme ka ngwa ngwa gwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supply and Demand, Part 2|first=Peter|author=Campbell|publisher=Princeton Electro-Technology, Inc.|date=February 2008|url=http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm|accessdate=2008-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604005700/http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm|archivedate=June 4, 2008}}</ref> Mgbanwe dysprosium nwekwara ike ịba uru na ngwa ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka nguzogide corrosion nke magnet dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=283|issue=2–3|year=2004|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.06.006|title=Effects of Dy and Nb on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB|first=L. Q.|author=Yu}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Dysprosium bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara Terfenol-D, tinyere ígwè na terbium. Terfenol-D nwere magnetostriction kachasị elu nke ihe ọ bụla a maara, <ref name="etrema">{{Cite web|title=What is Terfenol-D?|url=http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/|publisher=ETREMA Products, Inc.|year=2003|accessdate=2008-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114041/http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/|archivedate=2015-05-10}}</ref> nke a na-eji na transducers, nnukwu band mechanical resonators, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wide Band Tunable Mechanical Resonator Employing the Δ''E'' Effect of Terfenol-D|author=Kellogg, Rick|journal=Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures|volume=15|issue=5|pages=355–368|date=May 2004|doi=10.1177/1045389X04040649}}</ref> na injectors mmiri-fuel dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Take Terfenol-D and call me|author=Leavitt, Wendy|journal=Fleet Owner|volume=95|issue=2|date=February 2000|url=http://fleetowner.com/mag/fleet_terfenold_call|accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> A na-eji Dysprosium eme ihe na dosimeters maka ịlele radiation ionizing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/dysprosium-properties-and-applications.html|title=Dysprosium: Properties and Applications|author=Loewen|first=Eric|work=Standford Advanced Materials|accessdate=Sep 15, 2024}}</ref> A na-etinye kristal nke calcium sulfate ma ọ bụ calcium fluoride na dysprosium. Mgbe a na-ekpughe kristal ndị a na radiation, atọm dysprosium na-akpali akpali ma na-enwu gbaa. Enwere ike ịlele [[luminescence]]" id="mwAj4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Luminescent">luminescent iji chọpụta ogo nke ikpughe nke dosimeter.<ref name="nbb"/> Nanofibers nke dysprosium compounds nwere ike dị elu na nnukwu ebe dị elu. Ya mere, enwere ike iji ha mee ka ihe ndị ọzọ sie ike ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali. Enwere ike ịmepụta eriri nke dysprosium oxide fluoride site na ikpo ọkụ mmiri nke DyBr₃ na NaF rụọ 450 °C na 450 bars maka awa 17. Ihe a siri ike nke ukwuu, na-adị ndụ ihe karịrị 100 awa na mmiri dị iche iche na okpomọkụ karịrị 400 °C na-enweghị redissolving ma ọ bụ aggregate. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm|title=Supercritical Water Oxidation/Synthesis|publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory|accessdate=2009-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420144601/http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm|archivedate=2008-04-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152|title=Rare Earth Oxide Fluoride: Ceramic Nano-particles via a Hydrothermal Method|publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory|accessdate=2009-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527103533/http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152|archivedate=2010-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Unusual dysprosium ceramic nano-fiber growth in a supercritical aqueous solution|author=Hoffman, M. M.|journal=J. Mater. Sci.|volume=35|year=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1004875413406|issue=16}}</ref> Na Mgbakwunye, nke a, ejirila dysprosium mepụta ihe siri ike abụọ na gburugburu ụlọ nyocha. A na-atụ anya na supersolid ga-egosipụta ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, gụnyere superfluidity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/first-2d-supersolid.html|title=Physicists give weird new phase of matter an extra dimension|publisher=Live Science|date=18 August 2021|accessdate=18 August 2021}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A na-eji Dysprosium iodide na dysprosium bromide mee ihe n'ime oriọna dị elu nke metal-halide. Ngwakọta ndị a na-ekewa n'akụkụ etiti ọkụ nke oriọna ahụ, na-ahapụ atọm dysprosium dịpụrụ adịpụ. Nke ikpeazụ na-ewepụta ìhè n'akụkụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọbara ọbara nke spectrum, si otú a na-emepụta ìhè na-egbuke egbuke.<ref name="nbb"/><ref name="gray">{{Cite book|title=The Elements|author=Gray, Theodore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152 152–153]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57912-814-2|publisher=Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152}}</ref> Ọtụtụ paramagnetic crystal nnu nke dysprosium (dysprosium gallium garnet, DGG; dysprosius aluminium garnet, DAG; dys Prosium iron garnet, DyIG) eme ihe na friji adiabatic demagnetization. A mụọla trivalent dysprosium ion (Dy³⁺) n'ihi njirimara luminescence ya na-agbada. Dy-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Dy:YAG) nwere obi ụtọ na mpaghara ultraviolet nke electromagnetic spectrum na-eme ka mmepụta nke photons nke ogologo oge na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya. Echiche a bụ ihe ndabere maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke UV-pumped white light-emitting diodes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carreira|first=J. F. C.|title=YAG:Dy – Based single white light emitting phosphor produced by solution combustion synthesis|journal=Journal of Luminescence|date=2017|volume=183|pages=251–258|doi=10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.11.017}}</ref> Isotopes kwụsiri ike nke dysprosium ka agbazela laser cooled wee kpọchie ya na ọnyà magneto-optical traps<ref name="DyMOT">{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2010|title=Trapping Ultracold Dysprosium: A Highly Magnetic Gas for Dipolar Physics|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=104|issue=6|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.104.063001|pmid=20366817}}</ref> maka nnwale [[Quantum mechanics|quantum physics]] . Nke mbụ Bose na Fermi quantum degenerate gases nke open shell lanthanide mepere emepe ka ejiri dysprosium mebere.<ref name="DyBec">{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2011|title=Strongly Dipolar Bose–Einstein Condensate of Dysprosium|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=107|issue=19|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.107.190401|pmid=22181585}}</ref><ref name="DyFermi">{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2012|title=Quantum Degenerate Dipolar Fermi Gas|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=108|issue=21|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.108.215301|pmid=23003275}}</ref> N'ihi na dysprosium bụ nnukwu magnetik-n'ezie ọ bụ ihe ndọta fermionic kachasị na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kechie ya na terbium maka ọtụtụ atom bosonic <ref name="NIST">{{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=W C|title=Atomic energy levels - the rare earth elements.|date=January 1978|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6507735|accessdate=2023-03-11}}</ref> gasị ndị dị otú ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndabere maka quantum simulation siri ike dipolar na atoms.<ref name="DipolarRev">{{Cite journal|author=Chomaz|first=L.|date=2022|title=Dipolar physics: a review of experiments with magnetic quantum gases|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys.|volume=86|issue=2|doi=10.1088/1361-6633/aca814|pmid=36583342}}</ref> N'ihi ihe ndọta ya siri ike, a na-eji alloys dysprosium eme ihe na usoro ụgbọ mmiri na-eme ka ụda (SONAR). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/lanthanide.html|title=What Are the Lanthanide Series?|author=Lowen|first=Eric|work=Stanford Advanced Materials|accessdate=Aug 2, 2024}}</ref> Ntinye nke alloys dysprosium na imewe nke SONAR transducers na ndị nata nwere ike imeziwanye mmetụta na izi ezi site n'inye ebe magnetik siri ike ma dị irè.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Charles Sherman, John Butler|year=2007|title=Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound|publisher=Springer New York|chapter=Chapter 2 - Electroacoustic Transduction|isbn=978-0-387-33139-3}}</ref> == Nlezianya == Dika ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ, dysprosium ntụ ntụ nwere ike inye ihe egwu mgbawa mgbe a gwakọtara ya na ikuku na mgbe ihe na-enye ọkụ dị. A pụkwara iji ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na-eguzogide ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na-egbochi ihe ahụ. A pụghị iji mmiri gbanyụọ ọkụ Dysprosium. Ọ nwere ike imeghachi omume na mmiri iji mepụta gas Hydrogen na-ere ọkụ.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwasi="">3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Electronic Space Products International<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2008-10-20<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium.htm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2015-09-22&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBjY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt255\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDierks,_Steve200₃\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Dierks, Steve (January 2003). <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-ESPI_68-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Dysprosium#cite_note-ESPI-68 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Enwere ike iji mmiri gbanyụọ ọkụ Dysprosium chloride.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Chloride|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Chloride.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=January 1995|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Chloride.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}</ref> Dysprosium fluoride na dysprosium oxide anaghị ere ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Fluoride|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Fluoride.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=December 1995|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Fluoride.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Oxide|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Oxide.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=November 1988|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Oxide.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}</ref> Dysprosium nitrate, Dy (NO3) 3, bụ ihe na-emeputa ike na-eme ka ọ dị ike ma na-agbanye ngwa ngwa kọntatị na ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="krebs"/> Nnu dysprosium soluble, dịka dysprosium chloride na dysprosium nitrate na-adi egbu mgbe a na-eri ya. Dabere na nsị nke dysprosium chloride na ụmụ oke, a na-eme atụmatụ na iri gram 500 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike igbu mmadụ (cf. ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke gram 300 nke nnu table maka mmadụ 100 kilogram). Mmanụ a na-adịghị agbaze agbaze anaghị egbu egbu.<ref name="nbb"/>&nbsp; == Hụkwa == * Lanthanide * Ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa * Magnet nke Neodymium * Terfenol-D * Monazite * Akụkụ F == Ebensibịa == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eqr061y2mptrgpgpz8ktw503emvbmje 0 76939 697467 656814 2026-08-09T22:03:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naịjirịa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox person | name = Amaka Umeh | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Chiamaka Umeh | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Lagos]], Naịjirịa | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = Randolph College for the Performing Arts | occupation = Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | years_active = 2014–ugbu a | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Chiamaka Umeh''', a maara n'ọrụ dika '''Amaka Umeh''', bụ onye ome ihe nkiri Naịjirịa nke ghọrọ onye ome ihe nkiri ojii mbụ na onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke na nwanyị iji gosi Hamlet na Mmemme Stratford na Canada na 2020, ịnata otuto dị oke mkpa maka arụmọrụ ahụ. Umeh enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere ihe nrite Dora Mavor Moore ise. Umeh kwagara Kanada mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu ma mee ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''The Tempest'' (2014), ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' (2018), ''The Wolves'' (2018), ''Hamlet'' (2020–22), ''Death and the King's Horseman'' (2023), ''Sizwe Banzi Is Dead'' (2023), na ''A Strange Loop'' (2025). Na 2026, Umeh mere ihe ngosi mbụ ha na telivishọn site n'ọrụ Dee Pharma na usoro ihe nkiri gothic nke AMC ''The Vampire Lestat''. == Ndụ mbido == Chiamaka Umeh<ref name="Chiamaka">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Next Stage Theatre Fest's Chiamaka Umeh, Esther Jun and Rebecca Perry |url=https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/chiamaka-umeh-ester-jun-and-rebecca-perry/ |website=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW Toronto]]}}</ref><ref name="HHT">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2mogl8Irwo |title=HHT Alumni Featuring Amaka Umeh |date=13 May 2021 |last=HartHouseTheatre |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> bụ onye amụrụ na [[Lagos]], Naịjirịa.<ref name="Laing">{{Cite web |last=Laing |first=Sarah |date=6 June 2022 |title=Meet Amaka Umeh, the New Star of Canadian Theatre |url=https://thekit.ca/culture/culture-celebrity/amaka-umeh-hamlet-stratford-festival/ |website=The Kit}}</ref> Umeh bụ onye sitere na agburu [[Igbo]] na [[Ikwerre people|Ikwerre]]<ref name="McRae-McNicholls">{{Cite web |last=McRae-McNicholls |first=Neesa |date=23 November 2025 |title=Beyond good and evil: Toronto performer Amaka Umeh chats about a witch’s world in Bad Hats’ Narnia |url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/toronto-performer-amaka-umeh-chats-about-a-witchs-world-in-bad-hats-narnia/ |website=NOW Toronto}}</ref> a zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ [[Christians|Ndị Kraịst]].<ref name="Chiamaka"/> Mgbe Umeh dị afọ iri na otu, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Ottawa, Kanada,<ref name="Nestruck"/> ha mechara biri na Calgary na Toronto.<ref name="Nestruck"/><ref name="Laing"/> Umeh malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ bụ nwata na Naịjirịa. Ahụmịhe mbụ ha nwere n'ihe nkiri bụ site na ihe ngosi nke ''Barney & Friends'' ihe omume n'ụlọ egwu dị na [[Muson Centre]] dị na Lagos, ebe ha bụụrụ nọmba egwu mbụ.<ref name="myentertainmentworld">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2016 |title=Nominee Interview Series: Chiamaka Umeh |url=https://www.myentertainmentworld.ca/2016/03/chiamaka-umeh/ |website=My Entertainment World}}</ref> Umeh nọgidere na-eme ihe nkiri n'oge agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ha, ma mechaa soro Summerstock Theatre Society nke Calgary mee ihe nkiri ruo oge ole na ole.<ref name="myentertainmentworld"/> Umeh nọrọ afọ abụọ na mahadum Calgary maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara bayoloji mgbe ha kpebiri ịnwa ule maka Randolph College for the Performing Arts na Toronto,<ref name="Nestruck"/><ref name="Collymore">{{Cite web |last=Collymore |first=Ann Marie |date=27 October 2025 |title=Why You’ll Fall On Your Knees For Award-Winning Actor Amaka Umeh |url=https://byblacks.com/entertainment/stage/item/3331-why-you-ll-fall-on-your-knees-for-award-winning-actor-amaka-umeh |website=ByBlacks.com}}</ref> isonyere mmemme ihe nkiri egwu na 2012 wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na 2014.<ref name="myentertainmentworld"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaka Umeh |url=https://www.randolphcollege.ca/alumni-1/amaka-umeh |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=[[Randolph College for the Performing Arts]]}}</ref> Na 2021, Umeh mechara Stratford Festival Birmingham Conservatory maka Classical Theatre.<ref name="soulpepper">{{Cite web |title=Death and the King's Horseman |url=https://www.soulpepper.ca/uploads/Shows/2021/AroundtheWorld80Plays/Nigeria/21-Death-and-the-Kings-Horseman-playbill.pdf |website=Soul Pepper |pages=6–7 |accessdate=23 June 2026 |archivedate=23 June 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623215957/https://www.soulpepper.ca/uploads/Shows/2021/AroundtheWorld80Plays/Nigeria/21-Death-and-the-Kings-Horseman-playbill.pdf }}</ref> Umeh gụchara Factory Theatre Mechanicals na Toronto Fringe T.E.N.T. Programs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch now: FreeUp! Emancipation Day 2020, a CBC special celebrating Black Canadian artists |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/watch-now-freeup-emancipation-day-2020-a-cbc-special-celebrating-black-canadian-artists-1.5667532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613061253/https://www.cbc.ca/arts/watch-now-freeup-emancipation-day-2020-a-cbc-special-celebrating-black-canadian-artists-1.5667532 |archive-date=2026-06-13 |access-date=2026-06-13 |work=CBC}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Umeh apụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na Kanada.<ref name="Laing"/> Na 2014, Umeh mere ọrụ dịka Ariel na mmepụta nke ihe nkiri, ''The Tempest'' site n'aka [[William Shakespeare]] na Hart House Theatre dị na Toronto,<ref name="tempest">{{Cite web |title=The Tempest {{!}} Theatre {{!}} Hart House |url=https://harthouse.ca/theatre/show/the-tempest |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=[[Hart House Theatre]]}}</ref> ọ bụkwa onye na-akọ akụkọ na Randolph College maka mmepụta nke Performing Arts nke egwu ''Into the Woods''.<ref name="myentertainmentworld"/><ref name="Hung">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2016 |title=Nominee Interview Series: Chloé Hung |url=https://www.myentertainmentworld.ca/2016/01/chloe-hung/ |website=My Entertainment World |quote=I had worked with Chiamaka Umeh before as I was an assistant stage manager on the Randolph Academy’s production of Into the Woods where she played the Narrator.}}</ref> N'afọ 2015 na 2016, Umeh mere ọrụ Hasana n'egwuregwu Chloé Hung bụ ''All Our Yesterdays'',<ref name="myentertainmentworld"/> dabere na ntọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Naịjirịa 276 site n'aka ndị otu iyi ọha egwu Boko Haram na 2014.<ref name="yesterdays">{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Angela |date=8 January 2016 |title=2016 Next Stage Theatre Festival Review: All Our Yesterdays (AnOther Theatre Company) |url=https://www.mooneyontheatre.com/2016/01/08/2016-next-stage-review-all-our-yesterdays-another-theatre-company/ |website=Mooney on Theatre}}</ref> Umeh rụkwara ọrụ dịka osote onye nduzi na ihe nkiri Crow's Theatre nke afọ 2015 bụ ''Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play'' site n'aka Anne Washburn.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play (2015) |work=The Toronto Theatre Database |url=https://ttdb.ca/shows/mr-burns-a-post-electric-play/}}</ref> Na 2017, Umeh mere nwanne nne Spiker na mmepụta egwu nke Young People's Theatre bụ ''James and the Giant Peach'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fricker |first=Karen |date=13 February 2017 |title=Fun to be had in James and the Giant Peach: review |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/fun-to-be-had-in-james-and-the-giant-peach-review/article_ec8e05ff-e991-5c53-bc75-f0ae5bc80273.html |website=Toronto Star}}</ref> nke ha nwetara nhọpụta maka ihe nrite Dora Mavor Moore maka arụmọrụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="dora2017">{{Cite web |last=Antaki |first=May |date=26 June 2017 |title=38th Annual Dora Mavor Moore Award Winners |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/news/2017-dora-awards/ |website=Intermission Magazine}}</ref> Na 2018, Umeh mere ọrụ Hermia na mmepụta nke egwuregwu William Shakespeare bụ ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' na High Park Amphitheater dị na Toronto.<ref name="midsummer">{{Cite web |last=Bimm |first=Jordan |date=19 July 2018 |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream in High Park dazzles |url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/a-midsummer-nights-dream-in-high-park-dazzles/ |website=NOW Toronto}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nche goolu nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na mmepụta Howland Company na Crow's Theatre nke ''The Wolves'' nke sitere n'aka Sarah DeLappe, nke ha meriri ihe nrite Dora maka arụmọrụ pụrụ iche n'ọrụ pụtara ìhè.<ref name="dora2019">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Mariam |date=26 June 2019 |title=Intermission Magazine - 40th Annual Dora Mavor Moore Award Winners |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/doras/40th-annual-dora-mavor-moore-award-winners/ |website=Intermission Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2018 |title=Review: The Wolves (The Howland Company/Crow’s Theatre) |url=https://www.mooneyontheatre.com/2018/10/14/review-the-wolves-the-howland-company-crows-theatre/ |website=Mooney on Theatre}}</ref> Na 2020, Umeh mere akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịghọ onye mbụ bụ onye ojii na onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị<ref name="Nestruck">{{Cite news |last=Nestruck |first=J. Kelly |date=11 August 2022 |title=Why the Stratford Festival’s Amaka Umeh wants to keep some Hamlet secrets hidden |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-stratford-festival-hamlet-amaka-umeh/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260612100425/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/article-stratford-festival-hamlet-amaka-umeh/ |archive-date=12 June 2026 |access-date=12 June 2026 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref><ref name="Collymore"/> ga-egosi Hamlet na Mmemme Stratford na Kanada,<ref name="CBC">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Watch Amaka Umeh — the first Black woman to play Hamlet at Stratford — perform its most iconic scene |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/watch-amaka-umeh-the-first-black-woman-to-play-hamlet-at-stratford-perform-its-most-iconic-scene-1.5697719 |website=[[CBC Television|CBC]]}}</ref><ref name="caribbeancamera">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Rising star Amaka Umeh is making history on and off stage |url=https://thecaribbeancamera.com/rising-star-amaka-umeh-is-making-history-on-and-off-stage/ |website=The Caribbean Camera}}</ref> nke mbụ n'ime ihe ngosi onyonyo nke emere ka ọ dị maka nkwanye ugwu dịka akụkụ nke FreeUp! Emancipation Day 2020, mgbe a kwụsịtụrụ mmepụta egwuregwu William Shakespeare na Stratford n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19,<ref name="CBC"/> ma mechaa mee ihe nkiri e meghere nye ọha na eze na 2022, nke a na-etokwa ha nke ukwuu maka ya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gienow |first=Lauren |date=3 June 2022 |title=Review: HAMLET at the Stratford Festival is Fresh and Brilliant and Amaka Umeh is a Star |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/BWW-Review-HAMLET-at-the-Stratford-Festival-is-Fresh-and-Brilliant-and-Amaka-Umeh-is-a-Star-20220603 |website=BroadwayWorld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Urquhart |first=Bruce |date=5 June 2022 |title=Umeh's star-making performance makes for a captivating Hamlet |url=https://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/entertainment/umehs-star-making-performance-makes-for-a-captivating-hamlet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605214536/http://www.stratfordbeaconherald.com/entertainment/umehs-star-making-performance-makes-for-a-captivating-hamlet |archive-date=2022-06-05 |access-date=2026-06-12 |work=The Stratford Beacon Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Jessica |date=29 June 2022 |title=REVIEW: Hamlet at Stratford Festival |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/reviews/review-hamlet-at-stratford-festival/ |website=Intermission Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Philip |date=21 February 2023 |title=Stream review: Hamlet from Stratford Festival at Stratford Festival Theatre |url=https://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/hamlet-stratford-festi-21750 |website=British Theatre Guide}}</ref> Na 2021, Umeh mere ọrụ dịka Kaptịn Ahab na ''MOBY: A Whale of A Tale'', mmegharị egwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Herman Melville ''Moby-Dick'' na Pirate Life Theatre na Toronto,<ref name="Moby">{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=21 September 2021 |title=Review: Moby: A Whale Of A Tale |url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/review-moby-a-whale-of-a-tale/ |website=NOW Toronto}}</ref> nke ha ji merie ihe nrite Dora Mavor Moore maka arụmọrụ pụrụ iche site n'aka otu ndị otu.<ref name="Dora2022">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Jessica |date=20 September 2022 |title=2022 Dora Mavor Moore Awards Winners |work=Intermission Magazine |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/news/2022-dora-mavor-moore-award-winners/}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Umeh kọrọ ụdị akwụkwọ ọdịyo nke akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi onye Naijiria-Canada Francesca Ekwuyasi, ''Butter Honey Pig Bread''.<ref name="Ekwuyasi">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |last=Hashimoto |first=Sarah |title=LJ Talks to ECW Press |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/story/LJ-Talks-to-ECW-Press |website=[[Library Journal]]}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Amerịka toro akụkọ Umeh ''The Stranger'', onye kwuru na "olu ha dị nro na olu ha dị adị gbakwunyere obi ụtọ ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Julianne |last1=Bell |last2=Vann |first2=Audrey |date=9 June 2025 |title=The Stranger's Summer Book Bingo Guide |url=https://www.thestranger.com/books/2025/06/09/80089570/the-strangers-summer-book-bingo-guide |website=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị na Maachị 2023, Umeh gosipụtara onye na-eme egwu jazz bụ Rose Lacroix na mmegharị nke Hannah Moscovitch nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Ann-Marie MacDonald, ''Fall on Your Knees'', na Bluma Appel Theatre dị na Toronto, ma mechaa gaa njem nleta ya na egwuregwu ahụ na Halifax, Ottawa, na London.<ref name="Collymore"/><ref name="Knegt">{{Citation |last=Knegt |first=Peter |title=Ann-Marie MacDonald's life-changing novel Fall On Your Knees is now an epic six-hour play |date=20 January 2023 |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/ann-marie-macdonald-s-life-changing-novel-fall-on-your-knees-is-now-an-epic-six-hour-play-1.6720639}}</ref> Na Mee na Juun 2023, Umeh mere Styles/Buntu na ihe nkiri Soulpepper Theatre Company nke a kpọrọ ''Sizwe Banzi Is Dead]'', nke ha ji merie ihe nrite Dora Mavor Moore maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma (General Theatre) na 2024.<ref name="Dora2024">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=TAPA - Recipients of 44th Annual Dora Mavor Moore Awards Announced |url=https://tapa.ca/recipients-of-44th-annual-dora-mavor-moore-awards-announced/ |website=TAPA}}</ref> Na Disemba 2023, Umeh bụ osote onye nduzi na mmepụta Cahoots Theatre Company nke egwuregwu ''Sweeter'' nke Alicia Richardson dere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Alicia Richardson & Amaka Umeh |url=https://stageworthy.ca/391-alicia-richardson-amaka-umeh/ |website=Stageworthy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweeter {{!}} A Production by Cahoots Theatre |url=https://cahoots.ca/production/sweeter |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Cahoots Theatre}}</ref> Na 2026, Umeh pụtara na telivishọn mbụ ya site n'ọrụ Dee Pharma, onye otu ndị otu vampire Lestat n'oge nke atọ nke usoro egwu gothic nke AMC ''The Vampire Lestat''.<ref name="Boyle">{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Kelli |date=7 January 2026 |title='The Vampire Lestat' Teaser: Lestat Picks a Groupie to Drain (VIDEO) |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/1237470/the-vampire-lestat-teaser-video-sam-reid/ |website=TV Insider}}</ref> Maka ihe nkiri ha mere n'egwu ''Narnia'' nke Fiona Sauder dere, na egwu ''Mary, Mary, Mary, Mary'' nke Erin Shields dere, a họpụtara Umeh maka ihe nrite Dora abụọ maka arụmọrụ pụrụ iche site n'aka otu Ensemble na 2026.<ref name="dora2026noms">{{Cite web |last=Abrigo |first=Krystal |date=1 June 2026 |title=TAPA unveils 2026 Dora Award nominees |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/news/dora-noms-2026/ |website=Intermission Magazine}}</ref> Umeh ga a bụ onye okwu na emume Dora Awards na 29 Juun 2026.<ref name="dora2026">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=TAPA - Announcement: Amaka Umeh to host 46th Annual Dora Awards |url=https://tapa.ca/announcement-amaka-umeh-to-host-46th-annual-dora-awards/ |website=TAPA}}</ref> N'afọ 2027, Umeh ga-amaliteghachi ọrụ Rose Lacroix n'egwuregwu ''Fall on Your Knees'' na Guloien Theatre dị na Toronto.<ref name="fall2027">{{Cite web |title=Fall on Your Knees: Part 1 |url=https://www.crowstheatre.com/shows-events/fall-on-your-knees-part1 |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Crow's Theatre}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == Umeh bi na Toronto, Kanada.<ref name="McRae-McNicholls"/> Umeh na-akọwapụta dị ka genderfluid ma jiri nnọchiaha ''she/her'', ''they/them'' na ''he/him'' mee ihe.<ref name="HHT"/><ref name="BBPA">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjwwPaMzA70 |title=BBPA Harry Jerome Awards Amaka Umeh |date=3 May 2022 |work=The Black Business & Professional Association |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"| Afọ !scope="col"| Aha !scope="col"| Ọrụ !scope="col"| Ihe ndetu !scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- !scope="row"| 2021 | ''The Strangers' Case'' | | Short film | <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=The Strangers' Case |url=https://www.levicreates.co/post/the-strangers-case |website=LEVIcreates}}</ref> |- !scope="row" rowspan="2"|2023 | ''Death and the King's Horseman'' | Olohun-iyo - Praise-Singer | Filmed stage performance | <ref name="soulpepper"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Stratford: “Death and the King’s Horseman” premieres on Stratfest@Home February 9 |url=https://www.stage-door.com/3/news/2023-News/Entries/2023/2/stratford-death-and-the-kings-horseman-premieres-on-stratfesthome-february-9.html |website=Stage-door.com}}</ref> |- | ''Hamlet'' | Prince Hamlet | Filmed stage performance | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cristi |first=A. A. |date=21 February 2023 |title=HAMLET With Amaka Umeh Now Available On Stratfest@Home For Streaming Worldwide |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/HAMLET-With-Amaka-Umeh-Now-Available-On-StratfestHome-For-Streaming-Worldwide-20230221 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]]}}</ref> |- |} === Televishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"| Afọ !scope="col"| Aha !scope="col"| Role !scope="col"| Ihe ndetu !scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- !scope="row"| 2026 | ''The Vampire Lestat'' | Dee Pharma | Television series | <ref name="Boyle"/> |- |} === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === ;Dịka onye ome ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable" ! Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Onye na-ede egwuregwu ! Ụlọ ọrụ/Ebe a na-eme ihe ngosi ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="3"|2014 | ''Into the Woods'' | Narrator | Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine | Randolph College for the Performing Arts | <ref name="myentertainmentworld"/><ref name="Hung"/> |- | ''The Tempest'' | Ariel | [[William Shakespeare]] | Hart House Theatre | <ref name="tempest"/> |- | ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' | Caiaphas | Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice | Lower Ossington Theatre | <ref name="ttdb">{{Cite web |title=Amaka Umeh {{!}} The Toronto Theatre Database |url=https://ttdb.ca/people/amaka-umeh/ |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=The Toronto Theatre Database}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|2015 | ''This Is For You, Anna'' | M. 4 / Daughter / Friend / Alicia / Jenny / Victim 3 / Woman 4 / Fiancee | Suzanne Khuri, Ann-Marie MacDonald, Banuta Rubess and Maureen White | Hart House Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | rowspan="2"|''All Our Yesterdays'' | rowspan="2"|Hasana | rowspan="2"|Chloé Hung | The Toronto Fringe Festival | <ref name="myentertainmentworld"/> |- | rowspan="4"|2016 | Next Stage Theatre Festival | <ref name="yesterdays"/> |- | ''Echoes – A New Musical'' | Performer | Andrew Seok | The Toronto Fringe Festival | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | ''Iza the Brave'' | Iza | Mihaly Szabados | The Toronto Fringe Festival | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | ''Suitcases'' | Performer | Rosanna Saracino | Artscape Sandbox | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | rowspan="3"|2017 | ''James and the Giant Peach'' | Spiker | Timothy Allen McDonald, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul | Young People's Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | ''PETS'' | Cat | Ishai Buchbinder | Bellwoods Garage Studio | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | ''"Grab 'Em by the Pussy" or How To Stop Worrying & Love the Bomb'' | Performer | Rouvan Silogix | Bob Nasmith Innovation Backspace | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | rowspan="4"|2018 | ''The Wolves'' | #00 | Sarah DeLappe | Crow's Theatre | <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=The Wolves |url=https://howlandcompanytheatre.com/shows/the-wolves/ |website=The Howland Company}}</ref> |- | ''Beethoven Lives Upstairs'' | Christa | Barbara Nichol | Grand Theatre | <ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Schools Tour Launches with Grand Theatre’s Production of Beethoven Lives Upstairs {{!}} The Grand Theatre |url=https://www.grandtheatre.com/100-schools-tour-launches-grand-theatres-production-beethoven-lives-upstairs |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Grand Theatre (London, Ontario)|Grand Theatre]]}}</ref> |- | ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' | Hermia | William Shakespeare | High Park Amphitheatre | <ref name="midsummer"/> |- | ''A Christmas Carol'' | Abigail | Charles Dickens and Dennis Garnhum | Grand Theatre | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ring in the holidays at the Grand with A Christmas Carol {{!}} The Grand Theatre |url=https://www.grandtheatre.com/ring-holidays-grand-christmas-carol |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=[[Grand Theatre (London, Ontario)|Grand Theatre]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3"|2019 | ''Towards Youth'' | Ensemble | Andrew Kushnir | Crow's Theatre | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Kathleen |date=24 April 2019 |title=Youth find hope for the future through documentary play |url=https://theconversation.com/youth-find-hope-for-the-future-through-documentary-play-113525 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref name="out">{{Cite web |title=Out at School, Toronto Pride, 2019 |url=https://www.lgbtqfamiliesspeakout.ca/out-at-school-toronto-pride-2019.html |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=LGBTQ Families Speak Out}}</ref> |- | ''Blood + Soil'' | Snowball | Rouvan Silogix | Bob Nasmith Innovation Backspace | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | ''Hilda's Yard'' | Bobbi | Norm Foster | Norm Foster Theatre Festival | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=Hilda's Yard |url=https://www.stage-door.com/3/2019-Reviews/Entries/2019/7/hildas-yard.html |website=Stage Door}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|2021 | ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' | Helena, Flute and Moth | William Shakespeare | Tom Patterson Theatre | <ref>{{Cite web |author=Ross |date=31 July 2021 |title=You Can’t Stop the Beat: The Return to Live Theatre at the Stratford Festival in Canada |url=https://t2conline.com/you-cant-stop-the-beat-the-return-to-live-theatre-at-the-stratford-festival-in-canada/ |website=Times Square Chronicles}}</ref> |- | ''MOBY: A Whale of A Tale'' | Captain Ahab | Lena Maripuu and Annie Tuma | Pirate Life Theatre | <ref name="Moby"/> |- | 2022 | ''Hamlet'' | Prince Hamlet | William Shakespeare | Stratford Festival | <ref name="Nestruck"/> |- | rowspan="3"|2023 | ''Fall on Your Knees'' | Rose Lacroix | Hannah Moscovitch | Bluma Appel Theatre | <ref name="Knegt"/><ref name="Collymore"/> |- | ''Death and the King's Horseman'' | Olohun-iyo - Praise-Singer | [[Wole Soyinka]] | Stratford Festival | <ref name="soulpepper"/> |- | ''Sizwe Banzi Is Dead'' | Styles/Buntu | Athol Fugard, John Kani and Winston Ntshona | The Michael Young Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | 2024 | ''Three Sisters'' | Igwe | Inua Ellams | Marilyn and Charles Baillie Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | rowspan="2"|2025 | ''A Strange Loop'' | Thought 2 / Understudy Thought 1 | [[Michael R. Jackson]] | Marilyn and Charles Baillie Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ossip |first=Lori |date=5 May 2025 |title=Review: ‘A Strange Loop’ is an unapologetic, meaningful journey of self-exploration |url=https://nextmag.ca/review-a-strange-loop-is-an-unapologetic-meaningful-journey-of-self-exploration/ |website=Next Magazine}}</ref> |- | ''Narnia'' | Witch | Fiona Sauder | Marilyn and Charles Baillie Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | 2026 | ''Mary, Mary, Mary, Mary'' | Not-A-Mary | Erin Shields | Guloien Theatre | <ref name="ttdb"/> |- | 2027 | ''Fall on Your Knees'' | Rose Lacroix | Hannah Moscovitch | Guloien Theatre | <ref name="fall2027"/> |- |} ;Dịka osote onye nduzi {| class="wikitable" ! Afọ ! Aha ! Onye na-ede egwuregwu ! Onye nduzi ! Ụlọ ọrụ/Ebe a na-eme ihe ngosi ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | 2015 | ''Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play'' | Anne Washburn | Simon Bloom and Mitchell Cushman | Big Picture Cinema | rowspan="2"|<ref name="ttdb"/> |- | 2023 | ''Sweeter'' | Alicia Richardson | Tanisha Taitt | Aki Studio |- |} === Akwụkwọ ọdịyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Afọ ! Aha ! Onye dere ya ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | 2022 | ''Butter Honey Pig Bread'' | Francesca Ekwuyasi | <ref name="Ekwuyasi"/> |} ==Ihe nrite== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ |- ! scope="col"|Afọ ! scope="col"|Ihe nrite ! scope="col"|Otu ! scope="col"|Ọrụ ! scope="col"|Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | rowspan="9"|Dora Mavor Moore Awards | Outstanding Female Performance (Musical Theatre) | ''James and the Giant Peach'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="dora2017"/> |- ! scope="row" | 2019 | Outstanding Performance in a Featured Role | ''The Wolves'' | {{won}} | <ref name="dora2019"/> |- ! scope="row"| 2022 | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (Theatre for Young Audiences) | ''Moby: A Whale Of A Tale'' | {{won}} | <ref name="Dora2022"/> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2024 | Best Leading Performer (General Theatre) | ''Sizwe Banzi Is Dead'' | {{won}} | rowspan="2"|<ref name="Dora2024"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=19 July 2024 |title=Dora Awards 2024: ‘Natasha, Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812’ earns four statuettes at Toronto’s top theatre honours |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/dora-awards-2024-natasha-pierre-the-great-comet-of-1812-earns-four-statuettes-at-torontos/article_64ca30c6-3239-11ef-bfd9-c71e5dbd70b2.html |website=Toronto Star}}</ref> |- | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (General Theatre) | ''Three Sisters'' | {{won}} |- | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (Theatre for Young Audiences) | ''Sweeter'' | {{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=TAPA - Nominees Announced for the 44th Annual Dora Mavor Moore Awards |url=https://tapa.ca/nominees-announced-for-the-44th-annual-dora-mavor-moore-awards/ |website=TAPA}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2025 | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (Musical Theatre) | ''A Strange Loop'' | {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=TAPA announces 2025 Dora Mavor Moore Award Recipients |url=https://tapa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/FINAL-JUNE-30_2024-2025-Season-Recipients-and-Ancillary-Awards_Dora-Mavor-Moore-Awards_June-30-2025.pdf |website=TAPA |page=4}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2026 | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (General Theatre) | ''Mary, Mary, Mary, Mary'' | {{pending}} | rowspan="2"|<ref name="dora2026noms"/> |- | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble (Musical Theatre) | ''Narnia'' | {{pending}} |- ! scope="row" |2022 | Black Business and Professional Association | Harry Jerome President's Award | {{n/a}} | {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=2 May 2022 |title=Amaka Umeh and David Simmonds Receive 2022 Harry Jerome Awards From the BBPA |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Amaka-Umeh-and-David-Simmonds-Receive-2022-Harry-Jerome-Awards-From-the-BBPA-20220502 |website=BroadwayWorld}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2023 | Stratford Festival | Peter Donaldson Award | {{n/a}} | {{won}} | <ref name="dora2026"/> |- ! scope="row" |2025 | Toronto Theatre Critics Awards | Best Ensemble Performance in a Musical | ''A Strange Loop'' | {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Liam |date=9 May 2025 |title=Toronto Theatre Critics’ Awards jury announces 2025 winners |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/news/ttcas-2025/ |website=Intermission Magazine}}</ref> |- |} == Ihe ndetu == {{notelist}} == Edensibia == {{reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== * {{IMDb name}} * Metacritic person * Rotten Tomatoes person * TV Guide person * Instagram {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Umeh, Amaka}} [[Category:Living people]] ae3jgzs4cx1yhgb55n5gc4tt0lwrkqf 0 77002 697943 688444 2026-08-10T11:17:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Shannon Olsson - 1.png|thumb|Shannon Olsson]] '''Shannon B. Olsson''' (onye amụrụ na Bice, <ref name="Birth">{{Cite news|author=Parish|first=Grace|date=27 July 1977|title=Baby Girl Born to Joyce and Norman Bice|page=22|publisher=Tribune Press|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=trp19770727-01.1.22|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> 18 Julaị 1977) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na kemịkalụ gburugburu ebe obibi <ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal|author=Lemming|first=Jack|title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects|journal=Nature|date=13 December 2022|volume=612|issue=582|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|pmid=36510016}}</ref> na nkwado, <ref name="ET Insights">{{Cite web|author=Nair|first=Queenie|title=The Global Director of The Echo Network discusses the future of sustainability in India and globally|url=https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/|work=ET Insights|date=12 January 2023|publisher=Economic Times|accessdate=24 April 2023|archivedate=24 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073248/https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/}}</ref> ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Elizabeth|first=Shilpa|date=3 August 2023|title='Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece|accessdate=27 August 2023}}</ref> Olsson bụ onye nchọpụta na onye nduzi ụwa nke netwọk echo, netwọk "sayensị na ọha mmadụ" na-agafe mba 45.<ref name="EchoBioScience">{{Cite web|author=Krishnan|first=Anusha|title=The echo network – raising voices for a better future|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2020-10-07}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi site na netwọk mba ụwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India ya na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ). <ref name="NNF">{{Cite web|title=ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition|url=https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne|work=Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber|date=24 January 2022|publisher=ATV|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref> Ọ rụburu ọrụ dị ka onye ndu ọrụ na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany, wee bụrụ onye otu ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India. <ref name="iChem">{{Cite journal|author=Olsson|first=Shannon|title=Biosynthetic infochemical communication|journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics|date=2015-07-10|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001|pmid=26158233|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta}}</ref><ref name="NCBS Join">{{Cite web|title=NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson|url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson|work=NCBS News|publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2014-06-09}}</ref> == Malite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ Olsson ka '''Shannon Bryn Bice''' nye Norman Allen Bice na Joyce Elaine Parish na De Peyster, New York.<ref name="Birth"/> Olsson gụrụ akwụkwọ na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ dị na Heuvelton, New York.<ref name="HCS Alumni">{{Cite web|author=Herron|first=Tessa|title=HCS Alumni Newletter|url=https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_-|work=issuu.com|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2017-08-11|archivedate=2023-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122936/https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_-}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ na kọleji Nazaret (New York) ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelọ nke Sayensị na kemistri yana Agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị sayensị na 1999.<ref name="Naz Fulbright">{{Cite web|title=Student Fulbright Scholars|url=https://www2.naz.edu/academics/fulbright/student-fulbright-scholars/|work=Nazareth College|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> E nyere Olsson PhD na 2005 na ngalaba Neurobiology na Akparamàgwà na Mahadum Cornell <ref name="Thesis">{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=Cornell University|title=The scent of speciation – The chemosensory basis for behavioral divergence involved in sympatric host shifts|first=Shannon Bryn|last=Olsson|year=2005|url=https://catalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5867959}}</ref>. nwere ọkachamara na Chemical Ecology n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ Thomas Eisner na Wendell L. Roelofs. ''Rhagoletis pomonella''.<ref name="Thesis" /> E nyere ya onyinye "Distinguished Alumni Award" site na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ, <ref name="HCS Alumni" /> "Graduate of the Last Decade" site na kọleji Nazareth <ref name="GOLD">{{cite magazine |last1=Geib |first1=Alan |title=Shannon Bice Olsson Receives GOLD Award |date=2010-03-21 |publisher=Nazareth College |location=Rochester NY, US |page=32 |edition=Vol. 22, No. 2 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/31170976/connections-spring-2010-nazareth-college |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref>, na nnyocha oge okpomọkụ ya na Clarkson University na Prọfesọ Yuzhuo Li e gosipụtara na United States Capitol maka Council on Undergraduate Research "Posters on the Hill" ihe omume.<ref name="Clarkson">{{Cite web|title=Clarkson Prof And Mentor From De Peyster Present Research At U.S. Capitol Tomorrow|url=https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|work=Clarkson|publisher=Clarkson University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428234551/https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=28 April 2023}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, E nyere Olsson onyinye Fulbright Mmekọrịta nye Mahadum Lund. <ref name="Pachnoda 1">{{Cite journal|author=Stensmyr|first=Marcus C.|title=Detection of fruit- and flower-emitted volatiles by olfactory receptor neurons in the polyphagous fruit chafer Pachnoda marginata (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae)|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|date=2001-09-01|volume=187|issue=7|pages=509–519|doi=10.1007/s003590100222|pmid=11730298|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003590100222|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pachnoda 2">{{Cite journal|author=Larsson|first=Mattias C.|title=Attractiveness of Fruit and Flower Odorants Detected by Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Fruit Chafer Pachnoda marginata|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=2003-05-01|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1253–1268|doi=10.1023/A:1023893926038|pmid=12857034|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023893926038}}</ref> n'okpuru Bill Hansson.<ref name="Naz Fulbright" /><ref name="GOLD" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell, ma n'afọ 2006–2007 mee nnyocha postdoctoral na mahadum ahụ na University of California, Los Angeles<ref name="UCLA">{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson|url=http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html|work=Zimmer Lab|publisher=UCLA|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=23 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132948/http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html}}</ref> na gburugburu ebe obibi kemịkalụ nke invertebrates mmiri na California kelp forests. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2007, ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye ndu ọrụ maka mmemme EU "Biosynthetic Infochemical Communication" <ref name="iChem EU">{{Cite web|title=Biosynthetic Info-chemical Communication|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/032275|work=CORDIS|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany. <ref name="iChem"/> N'afọ 2014, Olsson sonyeere ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences (NCBS) na Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India, na-akwalite kemịkal gburugburu ebe obibi gafee usoro okike India. <ref name="NCBS Join"/> <ref name="Hindu NER Grant">{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit|title=Rs. 25-cr. grant to study if flowers talk to each other|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rs-25crore-grant-to-study-if-flowers-talk-to-each-other/article7142295.ece|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-04-26}}</ref><ref name="collaborations in CE">{{Cite web|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title=Fostering collaborations and creating a roadmap for Indian chemical ecology|url=https://indiabioscience.org/news/2016/fostering-collaborations-and-creating-a-roadmap-for-indian-chemical-ecology|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2016-04-26}}</ref> Na NCBS, Olsson malitekwara otu Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology (NICE), nke jikọtara usoro okike na ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere na kemịkal, molecular biology, ecology, na neuroscience iji nyochaa otu ihe ndị dị ndụ si eji kemịkal iji soro ibe ha na-emekọrịta ihe ma mata ihe ndị dị mkpa na gburugburu ha.<ref name="Naturalism">{{Cite news|author=Saldanha|first=Dahlia|date=2016-07-18|title=Dr Shannon Olsson: naturalism, chemistry and neuroscience|publisher=Biotechin.Asia|url=https://biotechinasia.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/dr-shannon-olsson-naturalism-chemistry-and-neuroscience/|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> Nnyocha Olsson ekwuola maka isiokwu ndị dị ka gụnyere nkwurịta okwu kemịkal na Indian antelope blackbuck <ref name="Blackbuck">{{Cite journal|author=Nair|first=Jyothi V.|title=An optimized protocol for large-scale in situ sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds|journal=Ecology and Evolution|date=2018-05-18|volume=8|issue=11|pages=5924–5936|doi=10.1002/ece3.4138}}</ref> ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi na ubi kọfị India, <ref name="coffee">{{Cite journal|author=Rajus|first=Santosh|title=Behavioral Ecology of the Coffee White Stem Borer: Toward Ecology-Based Pest Management of India's Coffee Plantations|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2021-02-09|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.607555}}</ref> <ref name="coffee2">{{Cite news|author=Desikan|first=Shubashree|title=Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2021-07-10}}</ref> mmetụta nke mmetọ ikuku na anụ ọhịa anyị na ụmụ ahụhụ, <ref name="air pollution">{{Cite journal|author=Thimmegowda|first=Geetha G.|title=A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-08-10|volume=117|issue=34|pages=20653–20661|doi=10.1073/pnas.2009074117|pmid=32778582}}</ref> <ref name="Science">{{Cite journal|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title='Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India|journal=Science|date=2020-08-10|issue=Science News|doi=10.1126/science.abe2623|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> mmetụta nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], <ref name="Nature"/> <ref name="hoverflies">{{Cite journal|author=Nordström|first=Karin|title=In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2017-11-07|volume=114|issue=50|pages=13218–13223|doi=10.1073/pnas.1714414114|pmid=29180408}}</ref> <ref name="CEN">{{Cite journal|author=Katsnelson|first=Alla|title=Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|date=2018-06-18|volume=96|issue=27|pages=785–787|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367|pmid=30062105|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27}}</ref> nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ejikọta COVID-19 na uto na mmetụta, [5] [6] [7] na ọgbọ egwuregwu nke eziokwu dị iche iche maka ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref name="COVID">{{Cite journal|author=Parma|first=Valentina|title=More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthes|journal=Chemical Senses|date=2020-06-20|volume=45|issue=7|pages=609–622|doi=10.1093/chemse/bjaa041|pmid=32564071|url=https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/45/7/609/5860460|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="COVID2">{{Cite news|author=Fernandez|first=Snehal|title=Indian researchers set to study Covid-19 link with loss of smell, taste|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/indian-researchers-set-to-study-covid-19-link-with-loss-of-smell-taste/story-UBaUT7sf8VgYuoz9t2WeJM.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref name="VR">{{Cite journal|author=Kaushik|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2020-05-18|title=Characterizing long-range search behavior in Diptera using complex 3D virtual environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|volume=117|issue=22|pages=12201–12207|doi=10.1073/pnas.1912124117|pmid=32424090}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Katie|title=Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=CNN|date=2020-05-18}}</ref> === netwọk echo === N'afọ 2019, Olsson guzobere [[The echo network|netwọk echo]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=the echo network|url=https://www.echonetwork.in|work=the echo network|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref> mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na nkwado mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, <ref name="EchoBioScience"/> nke mbụ na India, ma mesịa n'ụwa niile. <ref name="ECHO_RM">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=An 'EChO Network' for cross-disciplinary leadership in India|url=https://researchmatters.in/news/echo-network-cross-disciplinary-leadership-india|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Research Matters}}</ref> Onye isi ndụmọdụ sayensị nke Gọọmentị India, K. VijayRaghavan, malitere netwọk ahụ na 19 Disemba 2019, ya na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, Hindustan Unilever Limited, RoundGlass Foundation, India Climate Collaborative, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), na Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) dị ka ndị mmekọ ntọala.<ref name="ECHO_RM" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, netwọk echo nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 2100 na-agafe mba 45.<ref name=":0" /> Olsson kwuru na "Ebumnuche nke netwọk echo bụ ịmepụta usoro maka òtù na ndị mmadụ si na ngalaba dị iche iche iji rụọ ọrụ ọnụ yana agụmakwụkwọ ma jiri sayensị na teknụzụ mepụta obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide. "<ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara Olsson dị ka "Onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India" na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ). Nke a na-akwado Novo Nordisk Foundation.<ref name="NNF"/> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Adaptation for Resilient Incomes (ECOBARI), na Biodiversity Collaborative . <ref name="ECOBARI">{{Cite web|author=D'Souza|first=Marcella|title=ECOBARI – Upscaling Ecosystem Restoration Through Collective Action|url=https://wotr.org/2022/02/23/ecobari-upscaling-ecosystem-restoration-through-collective-action/|work=WOTR|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="BC">{{Cite news|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=India can become a biodiversity champion|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-can-become-a-biodiversity-champion/article66541444.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref name="BC2">{{Cite journal|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=Envisioning a biodiversity science for sustaining human well-being|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-09-30|volume=117|issue=42|pages=25951–25955|doi=10.1073/pnas.2018436117|pmid=32999073}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, o guzobere Citizen Science for Biodiversity (CitSci India), ma soro ha hazie nzukọ ha kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://citsci-india.org/|accessdate=2023-05-22|work=Citizen Science India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CitSci">{{Cite news|author=Menon|first=Rashmi|title=How inclusive is citizen science in India?|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-inclusive-is-citizen-science-in-india-111631260777683.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Live Mint|date=2021-09-10}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ("Guru") maka Future Climate Leaders Programme ma nọrọ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH). <ref name="FCL">{{Cite web|title=Our Gurus|url=https://www.futureclimateleaders.org/gurus.php|work=Future Climate Leaders|publisher=FCL|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="FCL2">{{Cite web|title=TERI and Evergreen Story launch Future Climate Leaders program to engage schoolchildren in climate action measures|url=https://www.teriin.org/press-release/teri-and-evergreen-story-launch-future-climate-leaders-program-engage-schoolchildren|work=The Energy and Research Institute|publisher=TERI|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="RICH">{{Cite web|title=Advisory Committee|url=https://rich.telangana.gov.in/advisory-committee.html|work=Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH)|publisher=RICH|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref> \ === Ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha === Olsson ekwuola okwu ihu ọha maka TEDx.<ref name="TEDxChennai">{{Cite web|title=Connecting with tiny insect brains through virtual reality|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/dr_shannon_olsson_connecting_with_tiny_brains_through_virtual_reality_jan_2018?language=en|work=TED|publisher=TEDxChennai|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2018-03-11}}</ref><ref name="TEDxAU">{{Cite web|title=Empathic Science: How we're more connected to nature than we think|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/shannon_olsson_empathic_science_how_we_re_more_connected_to_nature_than_we_think/details|work=TED|publisher=TEDxAshokaUniversity|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref name="TEDxMAIS">{{Cite web|title=Theme: Do you see what I see?|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/17525|work=TED|publisher=TEDxMAIS|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2015-12-06}}</ref> Ọrụ ya apụtawokwa na Science Gallery Dublin, Ireland, The Victoria and Albert Museum na London, UK, na Ngalaba sayensị na teknụzụ (India) Science Express train.<ref name="Science Gallery Dublin">{{Cite web|title=Insect VR|url=https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/field-test-exhibits/insect-vr|work=Science Gallery Dublin|date=8 September 2020|publisher=Science Gallery|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="V&A">{{Cite news|author=Deepika|first=K.C.|title=A non-flower, but just as bright for insects|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/a-non-flower-but-just-as-bright-for-insects/article27893961.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit M.|title=NCBS, ATREE travel with Science Express|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ncbs-atree-travel-with-science-express/article7953641.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-12-06}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, o kwuru okwu na Nzukọ Nobel nke iri ise na itoolu.<ref name="Nobel Conference">{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson Nobel Conference 59|url=https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2023/speakers/olsson.php|work=Gustavus Adolphus College|publisher=Nobel Conference}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Maka ọrụ sayensị ya, e nyela Olsson United Nations Pinning for Research Excellence site na Ghandian Scholars <ref name="Ghandian">{{Cite news|title=IIIM organizes interaction session between Scientists, Gandhian scholars|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iiim-organizes-interaction-session-between-scientists-gandhian-scholars/|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=2015-03-12}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa Ramanujan Fellow. Nnyocha Olsson gosipụtara site na CNN, Nature (akwụkwọ akụkọ) , Science (akwụkwọ akụkọ, <ref name="CNN"/> Inverse (weebụsaịtị), <ref name="Nature"/> Haaretz, [4] USA Today, <ref name="Science"/> Chemical and Engineering News, [4] The Conversation (weebụbaịtị), [4] na The Hindu, [4] n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Sciencetwo">{{Cite journal|author=Vignieri|first=Sacha|date=2020-09-04|title=Air pollution is bad for bees|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-09-04_369_6508/page/1204|journal=Science|volume=369|issue=6508|pages=1204–1205|doi=10.1126/science.2020.369.6508.twil}}</ref><ref name="Inverse">{{Cite web|author=Sarah|first=Wells|date=2020-05-18|title=These insects are annoying, but they might just save your life|url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/vr-environment-for-flies|accessdate=2023-04-23|work=Inverse}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz">{{Cite news|author=Schuster|first=Ruth|date=2020-05-21|title=Scientists Just Figured Out Why It's So Hard to Swat a Fruit Fly|publisher=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-05-21/ty-article/.premium/scientists-just-figured-out-why-its-so-hard-to-swat-a-fruit-fly/0000017f-ef01-ddba-a37f-ef6fe6590000|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="USA Today">{{Cite news|author=Rice|first=Dole|date=2020-08-14|title=Air pollution harms honey bees too, study finds: Dirty air could kill 80% of bees in India|publisher=USA Today|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/08/14/air-pollution-asian-honey-bees-harmful-study/3374325001/|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="CEN"/><ref name="The Conversation">{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Barbara|date=2020-08-10|title=Air pollution could be making honey bees sick – new study|url=https://theconversation.com/air-pollution-could-be-making-honey-bees-sick-new-study-144155|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Conversation}}</ref><ref name="coffee2"/> A kpọrọ Olsson onye INK Fellow na 2016. <ref name="INK">{{Cite web|title=INK Fellows 2016|url=https://inktalks.com/ink-fellows-2016/|work=INK Talks|publisher=INK|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref> N'ihi mgbalị ya na nkwado, a matara Olsson dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị inyom 75 na STEAM na India".<ref name="75women">{{Cite web|author=PSA|first=Content Desk|date=2022-03-08|title=She Is: 75 Indian Women in STEAM|url=https://www.psa.gov.in/article/she-75-indian-women-steam/3628|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ipwr1z1k4s3kf843w0ea6dt12k4ha02 0 77090 697495 661613 2026-08-10T01:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697495 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mazi Samuel Goomsu Ikoku bụ onye otu ndị ọrụ na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa. Dịka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Southampton, Ikoku kwadoro ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Naịjirịa, na-ede akụkọ ndị West African Pilot bipụtara. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere ndị otu nnwere onwe, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour, duziri Michael Imoudu ma mesịa guzobe otu United Working People's Party na 1952. Otu afọ ka nke a gasịrị, e kewara pati ahụ n'ihu ọha, gọọmentị mere nke a mgbe ha kpọchara òtù ahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na onye kọmunist. Ikoku mechara malite mmekọrịta ya na Action Group (AG) nke gbasaara ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị mbụ. <ref name="azinge">{{Cite magazine |last1=Azinge |first1=Azuka |last2=Ikuniaye |first2=Mahmud |date=1973 |title=Newbreed Personality: Samuel G. Ikoku |magazine=Newbreed |location=Lagos |publisher=New breed organization |volume=2 |pages=44–51}}</ref> Ikoku na-ekwu okwu n'okwu mba mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ụdị a mere ka a kpọọ ya onye na-ese okwu site n'aka onye bụbu Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Sam Momah. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ikoku na Alvan Ikoku si Arochuku na Grace Ikoku si Calabar. Ikoku gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Achimota College wee mechaa mụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum College, Southampton. Malite na 1946, Ikoku nwere mmasị na ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Nnamdi Azikiwe na-edu. Ọ malitere ide akụkọ na West African Pilot nke Azikiwe na-akatọ Kansụl Iwu, ebe nna ya bụ onye otu ahọpụtara, na-arụ ụka megide kansụl dị ka gọọmentị amachibidoro ma na-ekwekọ na echiche Azikiwe gbasara nnwere onwe ozugbo. Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe, ọ zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Eileen. Ọ laghachiri na Naịjirịa na 1949 wee sonye na ọrụ obodo, n'oge a, ọ malitere ọrụ ndụmọdụ na otu ndị ọrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ gọọmentị na 1951, iji tinye oge ya n'ọrụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour nke na-achọ njikọ na World Federation of Trade Unions. Ikoku sonyeere otu ndị ntorobịa socialist iji guzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi, United Working People's Party, n'adabereghị n'aka ndị a ma ama. N'oge a, ọ malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ndị edemede na-akwado echiche Stalinist. Ndị ọchịchị colonial chụpụrụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Union education in Nigeria : labor, empire, and decolonization since 1945|author=Ibikunle.|first=Tijani, Hakeem|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137003591|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=795516354}}</ref> N'afọ 1950, Ikoku sonyeere otu n'ime pati ndị a ma ama mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Action Group nke nwere usoro nhazi siri ike. E nyere Ikoku ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nhazi ozugbo. Na 1957, o meriri na ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara, na nzukọ ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya AG ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndu ndị mmegide. N'oge mkpọsa tupu ntuli aka ahụ, nna Ikoku nọ na-azọ otu oche ahụ n'okpuru United National Independent Party.. Ikoku bụ onye otu otu soshal midia nke Action Group. Ndị otu a ga-elekwasị anya n'echiche dị ka ngwa ọrụ mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikwere na ọchịchị eze dị ka ihe egwu dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayoade|first=John A. A.|date=1985|title=Party and Ideology in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Action Group|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1985-12_16_2/page/169|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=169–188|doi=10.1177/002193478501600204}}</ref> Na 1960, pati ahụ nakweere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dịka echiche mana ndị isi mba nke pati ahụ na onyeisiala mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ kwadoro kapitalizim. Na 1962, ọ gara Ghana, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu nsogbu otu ebido n'ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke butere ọnọdụ mberede. E mechara boo ụfọdụ ndị otu Action Group ebubo maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Na Ghana, Ikoku haziri alaka nke otu ahụ ma rụọkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Nkrumah's Ideological Institute na dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka magazin Spark, nke e bipụtara na Ghana. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye ga-eso Aminu Kano zọọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka 1979 nke Shehu Shagari meriri. Mana, malite n'oge ọchịchị mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịpụ n'echiche ndị otu ọchịchị ya. Ọ hapụrụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke National Party of Nigeria.N'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa, Ikoku akwadoghị nkewa. E jidere ya obere oge mgbe ọ lọtara site na Ghana mana e mechara họpụta ya kọmishọna maka Mmepe Akụ na ụba na Ahụike na Steeti Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Etiti. . Ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ Aminu Kano na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 1979 nke [[Shehu Shagari]] meriri. Otú ọ dị, malite n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịhapụ echiche ya nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ hapụụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke Pati mba Naịjirịa . <ref name="ige">Ige, Taye. "The Doublespeaker." The Week, October 31, 1994, p. 13. ProQuest.</ref> O kwuru maka ịgbatị ọrụ ndị agha n'ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa n'oge ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, ma mechaa bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Mmejuputa Mgbanwe n'oge ọchịchị Sani Abacha. Dịka osote onyeisi oche, Ikoku rụrụ ụka na Abacha nwere onwe ya ịnọchi onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ekweta ịhọpụta ya dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala ha. [[Patti Boulaye|Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1997. Ikoku bụ nna di ya nke Patti Boulaye.]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/03/patti-boulaye-family-values-mother-hid-30-people-nigeria-biafra-war|title=Patti Boulaye: 'My mother hid up to 30 people at a time in our house'|date=2016-06-03|accessdate=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] b4doonm052hk69wrqxu3swyklls6ay3 0 77155 697773 672818 2026-08-10T07:53:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697773 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Faịlụ:African_Great_Lakes.svg|thumb|Usoro nke Ọdọ Mmírí Ukwu Afrịka, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ]] [[Faịlụ:MapGreatRiftValley.png|thumb|Map nke mpaghara buru ibu gụnyere East African Rift na ihe a na-akpọ Great Rift Valley]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka''' (Swahili: Maziwa Makuu; Kinyarwanda: Ibiyaga bigari) bụ usoro nke ọdọ mmiri ndị mejupụtara akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley dị n'ime na gburugburu Osimiri East Africa. Usoro ihe nkiri a gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]], ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na mpaghara; Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu na omimi; Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu; na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, ọdọ mmiri ọzara kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na ọdọ mmiri alkaline kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref name="zambiatour">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/tanganyi.htm|title=~ZAMBIA~|publisher=www.zambiatourism.com|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> N'ozuzu ha, ha nwere mmiri ruru 31,000 km³ (7,400 mi³), nke karịrị ọdọ mmiri Baikal ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Amerịka. Ngụkọta a bụ ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke mmiri dị ọcha dị n'elu ụwa a na-enweghị oyi. Nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nke Afrịka bụ ebe obibi ochie nke nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, pasentị iri nke ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ụwa bi na mpaghara a. Mba ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Zambia]].<ref name="Idnotgalr">{{Cite web|title=International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region|url=http://library.princeton.edu/resource/3870|publisher=Princeton University Library|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref>{{Commons category}} == Ọdọ mmiri na ebe mmiri sị apụ == Ndị a dị n'ọtụtụ ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka, nke e ji ebe mmiri sị apụ wee chịkọta. Ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka dịgasị iche site na ndepụta, ma nwee ike ịgụnye obere ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị n'ime ala, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ akụkụ nke otu ebe mmiri sị apụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri ndị buru ibu, dịka Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. === Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'OsimiriWhite Nile === * [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] * Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga (akụkụ nke usoro Great Lakes mana ọ bụghị onwe ya "ọdọ mmiri ukwu") * Ọdọ Mmiri Albert * Ọdọ Mmiri Edward === Ọdọ mmiri ndị na-asọba n'Osimiri Congo === * Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika * Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu * Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru * Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu === Ọdọ Mmiri nke na-abanye na Zambezi === * Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, site na Osimiri Shire === Ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi === * Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana * Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa == Ógbè Great Lakes nke Africa == Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu (ọ naghị adịkarị: Mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ndị Ka Ukwuu) nwere mba iri dị n'akụkụ osimiri: [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], na [[Zambia]].<ref name="Idnotgalr">{{Cite web|title=International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region|url=http://library.princeton.edu/resource/3870|publisher=Princeton University Library|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> Okwu a na-akpọ interlacustrine ("n'etiti ọdọ mmiri") nwere ike ịpụta mpaghara ahụ,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|authorlink=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC&pg=PA320|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|quote=the fertile corridor of the Great Lakes Region (also called the interlacustrine region)}}</ref> ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke ọdọ mmiri gbara gburugburu.<ref>{{M-W|interlacustrine}} "the region of Africa that is bounded by Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, Edward, and Tanganyika"</ref> [[Asụsụ Swahili]] bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka.<ref name="Shema">{{Cite web|author=Shema|first=Rutagengwa Claude|title=Great Lakes Region of Africa – Burundi|url=http://www.author-me.com/nonfiction/greatlakesregion-burundi.htm|publisher=Author-me|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka asụsụ mba ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị nke mba ise dị na mpaghara ahụ: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, na Democratic Republic of the Congo. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ya dị elu—a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri ise na 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Obiero|first=Kevin|date=2020-10-01|title=Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized, long-term, collaborative networks and partnerships|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S038013302030037X|journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1240–1250|doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2020.02.002|issn=0380-1330}}</ref>—na oke ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara ahụ, a haziri mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ steeti nta. Ndị kacha ike n'ime ọchịchị ndị a bụ Buganda, Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda, na Burundi. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ebe a na-achọkarị isi mmiri Nile na ebe atọ dị n'etiti osimiri Nile, Congo na Zambezi, mpaghara ahụ abụrụla ebe ndị Europe na-achọkarị. Ndị Yuropu mbụ rutere na mpaghara ahụ n'ọnụọgụgụ ọ bụla bụ Ndị Kraịst Ndị ozi ala ọzọ bụ ndị nwere obere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe ndị obodo ahụ, mana o meghere mpaghara ahụ maka ọchịchị mgbe e mesịrị. Mmụba mmekọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ metụtara ụwa dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrịa dị egwu nke metụtara ma mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu dị ka mpaghara nwere nnukwu ikike mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu enwetawo nsogbu site na agha obodo na esemokwu n'ime afọ iri anọ gburugburu mmalite nke narị afọ nke 21 (ihe dị ka 1980 rụọ 2020). N'afọ 2022, Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) toro [[Tanzania]] maka ịnabata na inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si mba ndị ọzọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ aka mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Tanzania, UNHCR's Grandi urges more backing for solutions as the country continues to host refugees|date=27 Aug 2022|url=https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/press/2022/8/6309c8f34/tanzania-unhcrs-grandi-urges-backing-solutions-country-continues-host-refugees.html#_ga=2.182632673.654779216.1669226601-1178526418.1669226601|work=UNHCR US|accessdate=23 Nov 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == AlaUgwu ndị dị n'elu ugwu ahụ dị jụụ nke ukwuu, okpomọkụ ha dịkwa n'etiti 17°C (63°F) na 19°C (66°F) ma nwee mmiri ozuzo buru ibu. Isi mmiri mmiri ndị a na-agbapụta gụnyere osimiri Congo-Zaire, Nile, na Zambezi, bụ́ ndị na-asọba n'ime [[Oshimiri Atlantic|Osimiri Atlantic]], Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, na Oké Osimiri India, n'otu n'otu. Oke ọhịa dị n'ala dị larịị nke Congo-Zaire Basin, ebe ala ahịhịa na savanna (ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ) na-adịkarị n'ugwu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okpomọkụ dị n'ala dị larịị dị ihe dị ka 35°C (95°F). N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Turkana, ihu igwe dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu. Oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi n'ọnwa Ọktoba na-esochi oge mmiri ozuzo dị ogologo site n'April ruo Mee. == Ahịhịa ndụ na ụmụ anụmanụ == Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na Western Rift Valley bụ mmiri dị ọcha ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche. Ihe karịrị ụdị azụ̀ 1,500 bi n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ,<ref name="Turner2001">{{Cite journal|author=Turner|year=2001|title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2001-03_10_3/page/793|journal=[[Molecular Ecology]]|volume=10|issue=3|pages=793–806|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|pmid=11298988}}</ref> tinyere ezinụlọ azụ ndị ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a bụkwa ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ amphibians. Agụ iyi Naịl dị ọtụtụ. Anụmanụ ndị na-amụ nwa gụnyere enyí, ọzọdịmgba na hippopotamus. Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Turkana bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Kenya. Mmiri flamingo na-asọba n'ime ala ya dị omimi. Usoro mgbawa nke East Africa na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ụzọ ikuku maka nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, na-eweta ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ. Nnụnụ ndị a na-enweta nnukwu nri site na plankton n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ ihe na-azụkwa azụ̀ ndị dị ebe ahụ nri. Akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche site na oke ọhịa ruo na ahịhịa savanna. N'ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ, osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa, dịka hyacinth mmiri na-ama jijiji n'elu ala na papyrus nke na-emechi emechi n'ụsọ osimiri, bụ nsogbu. Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ọdọ mmiri Victoria ka Water hyacinth na enye nsogbu. == Ọdịdị ala == Ruo nde afọ iri na abụọ gara aga, mmiri jupụtara na ala dị larịị nke equatorial na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'usoro Osimiri Congo ma ọ bụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Oké Osimiri India. E guzobere Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift nke mere ka nke a gbanwe. Rift bụ ebe na-adịghị ike n'ime ala ụwa n'ihi nkewa nke efere tectonic abụọ, nke a na-ejikarị eriri ma ọ bụ ihe e ji ekpuchi mmiri, nke mmiri ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịchịkọta, na-esokarị. Nkewa a malitere mgbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke mmiri ozuzo na-akpali, malitere ikewapụ onwe ya na akụkụ Afrịka ndị ọzọ, na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Efere ndị sitere na elu ala jupụtara na mmiri nke na-asọba ugbu a n'ebe ugwu. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị n'ime Rift Valley. Ọ dị n'ime ala dị n'etiti Eastern Rifts na Western Rifts, nke e ji mmụba nke oghere ndị ahụ mee n'akụkụ abụọ ya. == Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ihe dị ka afọ nde abụọ ruo atọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana buru ibu karịa ma na-eme nri, ebe ahụ na-emekwa ka ọ bụrụ ebe etiti maka ndị mbido. [[Richard Leakey]] dugara ọtụtụ ihe e gwupụtara n'ebe ahụ, nke mere ka e nweta ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa nke ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ya. A chọtara Okpokoro isi 1470 dị afọ nde abụọ n'afọ 1972. E chere na ọ bụ ''Homo habilis'', mana ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ enyela ya ụdị ọhụrụ, ''Homo rudolfensis'', aha ya bụ site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (nke a maara na mbụ dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Rudolf). N'afọ 1984, a chọtara otu nwa okorobịa Turkana, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkpụkpụ zuru oke nke otu nwa okorobịa ''Homo erectus''. N'afọ 1999, a chọtara okpokoro isi dị afọ 3,500,000 n'ebe ahụ, nke aha ya bụ ''Kenyanthropus platyops'', nke pụtara "nwoke Kenya nwere ihu dị larịị". == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Ịkụ azụ—nke bụ́ isi n'ụdị tilapia kamakwa nke perch osimiri—na-enye ndị mmadụ bi na mpaghara ahụ ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ọdọ mmiri ukwu anọ dị n'ókèala ya, Uganda so n'ime ndị kacha emepụta azụ̀ mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa. Ihu igwe na ala ugwu mgbawa bara ụba n'ugwu na-akwadokwa ala ubi a kụrụ nke ọma. Akụ na ụba nke steeti mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nwere usoro dị iche iche ma dị n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmepe. Ọnụego uto GDP n'ezie sitere na pasent 1.8 na Burundi<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP growth (annual %) – Burundi|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=BI|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> ruo 4.4 na DRC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 1 – Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP ($ PPP at current prices)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/266155225581|accessdate=2021-10-23|doi=10.1787/266155225581|journal=OECD}}</ref> GDP kwa onye ọ bụla na-agbanwe n'etiti $600 na DRC<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita (current US$) – Congo, Dem. Rep.|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CD|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> na Burundi na $800 na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita (current US$) – Uganda|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=UG|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * 2005 Ala ọma jijiji nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika * Ala ọma jijiji nke ọdọ mmiri Kivu na 2008 * Ala Dị larịị nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka * Nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Great Lakes * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara * Ọdọ Mmiri Rift == Ihe edeturu == {{Commons category}}{{Regions of Africa}} == Edensibia == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Cite book|first=Jean-Pierre|author=Chrétien|title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History|location=New York|publisher=[[Zone Books]]|year=2006|isbn=1-890951-35-8}} {{Regions of Africa}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ehv883qwmh7vcqluw1bqtuwx9lkmnas 0 77268 697443 670913 2026-08-09T18:07:22Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya | office = Minister of Health | predecessor = [[Jubril Ayinla]] | successor = [[Alphonsus Nwosu]] | term_start = 1999 | term_end = 2001 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|05|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Umunya]] }} '''Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya''' {{Audio|Ig-Timothy Ndubisi Menakaya.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Mee 1934) bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka Minista Ahụike site na 1999 ruo 2001.[1][2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Menakaya na 27 Mee 1934 ma si Umunya, nke dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Oyi nke Anambra Steeti ugbu a. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Dennis Memorial Grammar School na Onitsha ma mechaa nweta akara ugo mmụta na ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na Mahadum Bologna, Italy, na 1964. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Onyekwelu|first=Ebuka|date=2024-05-29|title=Dr. Tim Menakaya, Nigeria's Former Minister Of Health Turns 90 Years|url=https://journalist101.com/2024/05/29/dr-tim-menakaya-nigerias-former-minister-of-health-turns-90-years/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Journalist101.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nigerianleaders |date=2024-08-05 |title=Coordinating Ministers Of Health And Social Welfare In Nigeria (1957-Present) |url=https://nigerianleaders.com/coordinating-ministers-health-social-welfare-nigeria/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Nigerian Leaders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Kọleji Ndị Dọkịta nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Menakaya rụrụ ọrụ ahụike na Italy na United Kingdom tupu ọ laghachi Naịjirịa n'afọ 1966, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na mpaghara Eastern Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Watch|first=Nigeria Health|date=2015-11-24|title=Adewole stands 'On the Shoulders of Giants': The 18 torchbearers of the Nigerian Health Sector|url=https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/adewole-stands-on-the-shoulders-of-giants-the-18-torchbearers-of-the-nigerian-health-sector/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Nigeria Health Watch|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ndị agha Biafra n'oge [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Archdiocese Roman Catholic nke Onitsha, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ịmụ Nwa Holy Rosary, na Ụlọ Ọgwụ St. Charles Borromeo. N'afọ 1974, o guzobere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Menax na Onitsha . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quadri|first=Opeyemi|date=2024-01-25|title=Ministers of Health in Nigeria (1957-Present)|url=https://infomediang.com/ministers-of-health-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=INFOMEDIANG|language=en-US}}</ref> Menakaya nwere ọkwa ndị ndu n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta ahụike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref> Menakaya jere ozi dị ka Minista Ahụike nke Naịjirịa site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2001, n'oge ọchịchị Onye Isi Ala Olusegun Obasanjo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Idachaba|first=Eleojo|date=2020-06-19|title=Tim Menakaya, Funso Kupolokun: Where are they now?|url=https://blueprint.ng/tim-menakaya-funso-kupolokun-where-are-they-now/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O rụrụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ahụike dị iche iche na atụmatụ iji melite usoro nlekọta ahụike mba ahụ, gụnyere mmemme rollback malaria na atụmatụ mkpuchi ahụike mba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Onyekwelu|first=Ebuka|date=2024-05-29|title=Dr. Tim Menakaya, Nigeria's Former Minister Of Health Turns 90 Years|url=https://journalist101.com/2024/05/29/dr-tim-menakaya-nigerias-former-minister-of-health-turns-90-years/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=Journalist101.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gbasakwara mbọ ndị mmadụ na-eme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ahụike ma nyochaa nkwupụta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa HIV / AIDS.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-01-31|title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} National committee starts checking AIDS cure claim|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/12031/nigeria-national-committee-starts-checking-aids-cure-claim|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.thenewhumanitarian.org|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye na nnabata == <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Biography - Dr. Tim Mainakaya|url=https://www.partners-popdev.org/ageing/comm_bio/TimMainakaya.htm|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=www.partners-popdev.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Idachaba|first=Eleojo|date=2020-06-19|title=Tim Menakaya, Funso Kupolokun: Where are they now?|url=https://blueprint.ng/tim-menakaya-funso-kupolokun-where-are-they-now/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Onyinye Menakaya tinyere n'ọrụ ahụike enyela ya ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, gụnyere Onye Ọkwá 'Officer' n'Otu 'nye iwu nke Federal Republic'(OFR) na ọtụtụ onyinye sitere n'aka ndị otu ahụike na òtù obodo. == ndụ nkeonwe == . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Iyaji|first=Stella|date=2019-08-11|title=Reminiscences with Dr Timothy Menakaya|url=https://dailytrust.com/reminiscences-with-dr-timothy-menakaya/|accessdate=2025-03-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2024-06-17|title=Father's Day: Dr Chichi eulogises father, Menakaya at 90|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/fathers-day-dr-chichi-eulogises-father-menakaya-at-90/|accessdate=2025-03-26|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>Menakaya lụrụ nwunye ma nwee ụmụ, gụnyere Dr. Chichi Menakaya. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 58zvkx2n9zzv03bxr896wvqs6ken8mw 0 77270 697444 670926 2026-08-09T18:12:36Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with ref tag 697444 wikitext text/x-wiki Chief '''Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu''' {{Audio|Ig-Janet Nwadiogo Mokelu.ogg|Listen}} Janet Onwuegbuzia; Febụwarị – Maachị 31, 2003) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiafraNigeriaWorld: The Authority on BiafraNigeria|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013856/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archivedate=March 30, 2013|work=news.biafranigeriaworld.com|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> onye enyemaka, nọọsụ, onye nkuzi, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na nwanyị ọchụnta ego. O nwere ike ịmata onwe ya dị ka onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye na-agba mbọ na onye mba. Otu oge onye otu ma ndị omeiwu Eastern House na Eastern House nke Chiefs na Naịjirịa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating the Nigerian Political Amazons|url=http://www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4795.htm|work=www.gamji.com|accessdate=2016-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216155944/http://www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4795.htm|archivedate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/12/remembering-margaret-ekpo-and-enugu-strike-massacre|work=aljazeera.com|author=Tayo Agunbiade|title=Remembering Margaret Ekpo and the Enugu strike massacre|accessdate=July 13, 2025}} </ref>Mokelu so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ bụ ndị omeiwu na Naịjirịa. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Janet n'ezinụlọ Joseph na Margaret Onwuegbuzia nke Umuagu Quarters, Asaba, nke bụ Delta Steeti ugbu a, Naịjirịa, ọ gara Kọleji Ọzụzụ Ndị Nkụzi (1930-1932), ebe o nwetara asambodo Ndị Nkụzi Klas nke Abụọ ya. A họpụtara ya dịka onye otu pụrụ iche nke Eastern House nke Chiefs na 1959, ya na Chief Margaret Ekpo, Ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye Gọọmentị Steeti Anambra site na 1980 ruo 1983. Mokelu kwenyere nke ọma na ecumenism ma soro enyi ya nwanyị bụ Eudora, Lady Ibiam rụkọọ ọrụ nke ọma iji mee ka ọ gaa n'ihu dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ. O duru Oraifite Anglican Women's Conference ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise, wee mechaa kwụsị ọrụ na 1995. N'oge a, ọ duru ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwoke na Oraifite, na ụlọ ọrụ ịkpa ákwà na ndị ọzọ. Ọ kụnyere ịdọ aka ná ntị na ụkpụrụ omume n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-asọpụrụ ya. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ e chiri echichi dị ka 'Lady Knight' n'Ụka Anglican n'ime ochie Diọsisi nke Niger,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiafraNigeriaWorld: The Authority on BiafraNigeria|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013856/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/nov/08/096.html|archivedate=March 30, 2013|work=news.biafranigeriaworld.com|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> mere ka ọtụtụ ọrụ ọ rụrụ dịkwuo mma. N'ịbụ onye na-emesapụ aka na mmejọ, ọ na-akwado ndị ogbenye mgbe niile, na-enye ego, nri na uwe n'efu. Mokelu tinyere aka dị iche iche n'ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị site na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. O kwenyere na nha nhata, ma bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọtụtụ iwu n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị nke e bu n'obi ime ka ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ibe ya ka mma. Otu n'ime iwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nke na-ekwu na a ga-akwụ ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di otu ụgwọ ọnwa ahụ dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha si akwụ. == Ọgba aghara ọrụ na Enugu == N'afọ 1949, ndị uwe ojii gburu ndị ọrụ igwu ala iri abụọ na otu na-eme ngagharị iwe maka enweghị ego ha ga-akwụ maka ọrụ igwu ala na Enugu. Mokelu kpọkọtara ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ma mee ngagharị iwe megide ogbugbu ahụ ya na ndị otu ya bụ Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti na Margaret Ekpo. Ha kwuru ka a kpee ndị uwe ojii metụtara ogbugbu ahụ ikpe ma gbuo ha. Ha katọkwara iwu ndị ọchịchị n'ihe niile ha chọrọ ime. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Onyeisi Mokelu kwenyere nke ọma na ụmụ nwanyị niile kwesịrị ịtụ vootu ma a tụọ vootu maka ha. Iwu ya dịka onye omeiwu na-akwado nke a, ebe Onyeisi Ekpo - onye soro ya jee ozi n'ụlọ ndị isi site na 1959 ruo 1961 na Ụlọ ndị omeiwu site na 1961 ruo 1966 - bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ mgbe niile n'akụkụ a. == Isi mmalite == * Lee arụmụka ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ndị isi ọwụwa anyanwụ. Akụkọ gọọmentị 1960-1961 na arụmụka ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ndị isi ọwụwa anyanwụ, akụkọ gọọmentị 1961-1966. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] 1x30zu6ui25dqkkrelac0ml42iwjgo5 0 77272 697762 696776 2026-08-10T07:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Virunga 01.jpg|thumb|Virunga]]  <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: '''''Parc national des Virunga''''', na ndebiri aha '''PNVi''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-100.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2026|work=Portals.iucn.org|publisher=[[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]|pages=6|language=fr}}</ref> bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Crawford2008"/> Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Virunga National Park: Facts, History & Conservation|url=https://virunga.org/about/#:~:text=Virunga%20National%20Park%20is%20a,known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CVirunga%20Alliance%E2%80%9D.|accessdate=27 December 2025|work=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.<ref name=":1"/> Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref name="Tedesco2002">{{Cite journal|author=Tedesco, D.|year=2002|title=1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis|journal=Acta Vulcanologica|volume=14|issue=1/2|pages=149–155}}</ref> Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (''Gorilla beringei'') na golden monkey (''Cercopithecus kandti'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007">{{Cite journal|author=Plumptre, A. J.|year=2007|title=The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2007-01_134_2/page/178|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=134|issue=2|pages=178–194|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021}}</ref> Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|title=Virunga National Park|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004">{{Cite journal|author=Debonnet, G.|year=2004|title=Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Parks|volume=14|issue=1|pages=9–16}}</ref> E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.<ref name="NGN2018">{{Cite news|author=Actman, J.|title=Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says|date=2018|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/06/wildlife-watch-virunga-rangers-deaths-poaching-militia-gorillas/|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020|title=Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/twelve-rangers-killed-in-latest-virunga-park-incident/|accessdate=27 April 2020|work=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10|title=COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2021/cop26-landmark-500-million-agreement-launched-protect-dr-congo%E2%80%99s-forest|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Africa Renewal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title="DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat" {{!}} SEJ|url=https://www.sej.org/headlines/drc-auction-oil-and-gas-permits-endangered-gorilla-habitat|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=www.sej.org|language=en}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park|url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/oil_exploration_virunga_national_park|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Banktrack|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/52080/drcs-oil-blocks-auction-civil-society-statement-on-threats-and-intimidation-of-environmental-defenders-in-dr-congo/|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Greenpeace Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ "ndị ochie" ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name="Harroy1993">{{Cite journal|author=Harroy, J.P.|year=1993|title=Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge|journal=Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines|volume=41|issue=41|pages=427–442|doi=10.4000/civilisations.1732}}</ref><ref name="Bashonga2012">{{Cite book|author=Bashonga, M. G.|year=2012|title=Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga|publisher=Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|location=Goma}}</ref><ref name="DeBont2015">{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2015|title="Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_2015-04_76_2/page/215|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=76|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0014|pmid=25937035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Bont, R.|year=2017|title=A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park|journal=Environmental History|volume=22|issue=3|pages=404–432|doi=10.1093/envhis/emx020}}</ref> Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.<ref name="DeBont2015" /><ref name="Inogwabini">{{Cite journal|author=Inogwabini, B.I.|year=2014|title=Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future|journal=Parks|volume=20|issue=2|pages=101−110|doi=10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en}}</ref> N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.<ref name="Stephen2007">{{Cite journal|author=Stephen J.|year=2007|title=Of "Doubtful Nationality": Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=11|issue=5|pages=481–500|doi=10.1080/13621020701605792}}</ref> Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.<ref name="Harroy1993"/> N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka ''Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique'';<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schouteden, H.|authorlink=Henri Schouteden|year=1938|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/9-1938-mission-zending-g-f-de-witte-1933-1935/irscnb_p4137_00f8d8p_09_corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Frechkop1943">{{Cite book|author=Frechkop, S.|year=1943|title=Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park/1-1943-mission-s-mammiferes/irscnb_s2073_00fc5ax_1-core-red.pdf}}</ref> lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;<ref name="Schumacher1943">{{Cite book|author=Schumacher, P.|title=Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park|year=1943|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-p-schumacher-1933-1936/1-1943-mission-p-schumacher/irscnb_p4143_rbins19135_1-5-90-red.pdf}}</ref> mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verhoogen, J.|year=1948|title=Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-verhoogen-1938-et-1940/1-1948-mission-j-verhoogen-les-eruptions-1938-1940-du-volcan-nyamuragira/irscnb_p4142_rbins19133_1-5-130-part-1-red.pdf}}</ref> na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J.|year=1961|title=Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge|url=http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/institut-des-parcs-nationaux-du-congo/exploration-du-parc-national-albert-exploratie-van-het-nationaal-albert-park-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/6-1961-mission-zending-j-de-heinzelin-de-braucourt-1950/irscnb_c23707_009a2cb_6-corps-de-texte-red.pdf}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dart, R.A.|year=1960|title=The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=56|issue=4|pages=85–87|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/56/4/AJA00382353_8871?crawler=true}}</ref> E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.<ref name="Inogwabini"/> N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008"/> Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.<ref name="Crawford2008">{{Cite book|author=Crawford, A.|year=2008|title=MEAs,&nbsp;Conservation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Conflict&nbsp;– A case study&nbsp;of&nbsp;Virunga&nbsp;National&nbsp;Park,&nbsp;DRC|publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|location=Geneva}}</ref> Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.<ref name="Marijnen2018">{{Cite journal|author=Marijnen, E.|year=2018|title=Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo|journal=Development and Change|volume=49|issue=3|pages=790–814|doi=10.1111/dech.12380}}</ref> Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nkongolo, J.K.|year=2015|title=International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park|journal=African Journal of Democracy and Governance|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=77–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen, E.|year=2016|title=Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-11-04_354_6312/page/561|journal=Science|volume=354|issue=6312|pages=561–562|doi=10.1126/science.aal1722|pmid=27811261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hochleithner, S.|year=2017|title=Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park|journal=Conservation and Society|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100–110|doi=10.4103/0972-4923.201397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kümpel, N.F.|year=2018|chapter=Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=51–61|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2015/08/24/actualite/economie/nord-kivu-inauguration-des-activites-du-parc-national-de-virunga|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Radio Okapi]]|language=fr}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Odiaua, I.|year=2018|chapter=Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps|editor=Moukala, E.|location=Paris|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=251–277|title=World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327302910}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|author=Wallis|first=William|title=Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1560124d-d3fa-4184-873b-c609dae8f00e?syn-25a6b1a6=1|accessdate=11 June 2026|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=9 June 2026}}</ref> === Agha nwere Ngwa Agha === Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.<ref name="Debonnet2004"/> Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.<ref name="McNeely2003">{{Cite journal|author=McNeely, J.A.|year=2003|title=Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict|journal=Oryx|volume=37|issue=2|pages=142–152|doi=10.1017/S0030605303000334}}</ref> Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.<ref name="Debonnet2004" /> Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.<ref name="McNeely2003"/> Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).<ref name="Crawford2008"/> Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.<ref name="Refisch2016">{{Cite book|author=Refisch, J.|year=2016|chapter=Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management|title=Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding|editor=Bruch, C.|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxon, New York|pages=825–841|isbn=978-1-136-27207-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SP8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA825}}</ref> Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.<ref name="Marijnen2018"/> A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.<ref name="Verweijen2016">{{Cite journal|author=Verweijen, J.|year=2016|title=The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=300–320|doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79039/3/counterinsurgency-conservation%20nexus.pdf}}</ref> A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka "ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa", maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.<ref name="ips">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/militarised-conservation-threatens-drcs-indigenous-people-part-1/|title=Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1|author=Moloo|first=Zahra|date=14 September 2014|work=Inter Press Service|accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.<ref name="Verweijen2016"/> Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.<ref name="Verweijen2016"/> E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/apr/09/six-virunga-park-rangers-killed-in-drc-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary|author=Burke, J.|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://virunga.org/news/in-memoriam-april2018|title=In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175|work=Virunga|date=2018|accessdate=2018-08-17}}</ref> Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.<ref name="NGN2018"/> E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf|title=Virunga Park Closure Statement|date=2018|accessdate=2018-06-26|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615013113/https://visitvirunga.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/20180602_Closure-Statement.pdf}}</ref> ruo Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-park-idUSKCN1Q50FM|title=Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush|date=2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-04-26|author=Prentice, A.}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rangers killed in "deadliest" DR Congo park attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52415798|work=BBC News|accessdate=27 April 2020|date=2020}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210110-six-park-rangers-killed-in-dr-congo-s-virunga-gorilla-reserve|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/11/africa/congo-virunga-park-rangers-killed-intl/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2021|date=2021}}</ref> Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56151600|accessdate=2021-02-23}}</ref> N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.<ref name="FT"/> == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.<ref name="Crawford2008"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="Mubalama2004">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2004|title=Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Pachyderm|issue=36|pages=16–29}}</ref> Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).<ref name="Crawford2008" /> N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.<ref name=":1" /> Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Karumba|first=Janvier Bagula|date=2011|title=De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/01/14/8505/m_De-l-opportunite-du-developpement-du-tourisme-au-nord-Kivu-Cas-de-la-ville-de-Goma20.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma)|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.<ref name=":1"/> E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.<ref name=":1" /> Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.<ref name=":1"/> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.<ref name=":1" /> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Seimon, A.|year=2012|chapter=Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|pages=18–38}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).<ref name="Plumptre_al2012">{{Cite book|author=Plumptre, A. J.|title=Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2012|editor=Plumptre, A. J.|location=New York|pages=88–105|chapter=The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks}}</ref> Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).<ref name="Bashonga2012"/> == Osisi == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /> Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (''Cyperus papyrus''), jointed flatsedge (''C. articulatus''), common reed (''Phragmites mauritanica''), sacaton grasses (''Sporobolus consimilis''), ambatch (''Aeschynomene elaphroxylon''), conkerberry (''Carissa spinarum''), paperbark thorn (''Vachellia sieberiana'') na kowai fruit (''Coccinia grandis'').<ref name="Mubalama2000">{{Cite journal|author=Mubalama, L.|year=2000|title=Population and Distribution of Elephants (''Loxodonta africana africana'') in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC|journal=Pachyderm|volume=28|pages=44–55}}</ref> Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (''Capparis tomentosa''), ''Maerua'' species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brahmachary, R.L.|year=1980|title=On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=139–142|doi=10.3406/revec.1980.4059|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54997/LATERREETLAVIE_1980_34_1_139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). [[Yushania alpina|African alpine bamboo]] (''Yushania alpina'') na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (''Erica arborea''), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). ''Senecio'' na ''Lobelia'' ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).<ref name="Bashonga2012"/><templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /> === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (''Cercopithecus ascanius''), Dent's mona monkey (''C. denti''), blue monkey (''C. mitis''), Hamlyn's monkey (''C. hamlyni''), De Brazza's monkey (''C. neglectus''), Central African red colobus (''Procolobus foai''), mantled guereza (''Colobus guereza''), olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') na grey-cheeked mangabey (''Lophocebus albigena'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2007" /><ref name="Frechkop1943"/><ref name="Lanjouw2002">{{Cite book|author=Lanjouw, A.|year=2002|chapter=Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees|title=Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=52–60|editor=Boesch, C.|isbn=0-521-00613-9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E7QdC6Q8cIC&pg=PA52}}</ref><ref name="Nixon2008">{{Cite book|author=Nixon, S. C.|year=2008|title=Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9|publisher=The Zoological Society of London|location=London|url=https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf|accessdate=2018-11-13}}</ref> African bush elephant (''Loxodonta africana''), hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') na African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer'') biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.<ref name="Mubalama2000" /> Okapi (''Okapia johnstoni''), blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola''), bay duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi''), yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor''), water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), red river hog (''Potamochoerus porcus''), aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') na bongo (''Tragelaphus eurycerus'') bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008"/> Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'') na giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni'') dị na mpaghara ndịda.<ref name="Lanjouw2002"/> Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (''Kobus kob thomasi''), waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus''), na &nbsp;common warthog (''Phacochoerus africanus'').<ref name="Plumptre_al2012"/><ref name="Treves_al2009">{{Cite journal|author=Treves|first=A.|title=Identifying a potential lion ''Panthera leo'' stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=1|year=2009|pages=60–66|doi=10.1017/S003060530700124X}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta "Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm".<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.<ref name="Treves_al2009"/> N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (''P. pardus pardus''), marsh mongoose (''Atilax paludinosus''), giant pangolin (''Smutsia gigantea''), tree pangolin (''Phataginus tricuspis''), crested porcupine (''Hystrix cristata''), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (''Anomalurus derbianus''), Boehm's bush squirrel (''Paraxerus boehmi''), western tree hyrax (''Dendrohyrax dorsalis''), Emin's pouched rat (''Cricetomys emini'') na checkered elephant shrew (''Rhynchocyon cirnei'') bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.<ref name="Nixon2008"/> === Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ === Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verschuren, J.|year=1989|title=L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre|journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie)|volume=44|issue=4|pages=367–397|doi=10.3406/revec.1989.5528|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55367/LATERREETLAVIE_1989_44_4_387.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> === Nnụnụ === Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Owiunji, I.|year=2005|title=Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society|location=New York|url=http://rw.chm-cbd.net/implementation/rapport-et-documents-nationaux/biodiversity-virunga-volcanoes/download/en/1/the-biodiversity-of-the-virunga-volcanoes.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-12}}</ref> == Agbụrụ dị iche iche ==   Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere: * Ndị Mbuti<ref name="Schumacher1943"/><ref name="DeBont2015"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hart, T.B.|year=1986|title=The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-ecology-nl_1986-03_14_1/page/29|journal=Human Ecology|volume=14|issue=1|pages=29–55|doi=10.1007/bf00889209}}</ref> * Ndị Nande<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kenfack|first=Chrislain Eric|date=17 March 2013|title=Le Paysage Virunga|url=https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf|accessdate=29 September 2024|publisher=[[Center for International Forestry Research]]|language=fr|archivedate=9 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109152839/https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4086-cobambrief.pdf}}</ref> * Ndị Hunde<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Kumu<ref name=":0" /> * Ndị Hutu<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Ndị Tutsi<ref name="DeBont2015" /> * Basongora<ref name="Losh2021">{{Cite news|author=Losh|first=Jack|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="govisitkenya">{{Cite web|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021|archivedate=31 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531102733/https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html}}</ref> Ihe nkiri akụkọ ''Virunga'' na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Screenings|url=http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064200/http://virungamovie.com/screenings/past|archivedate=April 27, 2014|work=Virunga (Official Website)|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sinha-Roy|first=Pifa|title=Netflix's "Virunga" uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-netflix-virunga-idUSKBN0IQ2OB20141107|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref> E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bella, T.|date=2021|title=Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/07/ndakasi-mountain-gorilla-selfie-dies/|work=Washington Post}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Virunga National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/63|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=22 January 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6066|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Virunga National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.visitvirunga.org/|title=Visit Virunga National Park|accessdate=2011-07-16|archivedate=2020-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006091838/https://visitvirunga.org/}} * {{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/12/interview-with-emmanuel-de-merode-director-of-virunga-national-park/|archivedate=December 22, 2017|title=Interview With Emmanuel de Merode, Director of Virunga National Park – National Geographic Blog|work=blog.nationalgeographic.org|date=May 2017|accessdate=2017-12-21}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/virunga-national-parks-africa-congo-rangers/|title=Inside the Fight to Save a Dangerous Park|date=July 2016|work=National Geographic Magazine 230 (1)|accessdate=2017-09-11}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 514l6umn7anz85tx2hydvdzra7zdf2o 0 77281 697446 673641 2026-08-09T18:20:04Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ugorji Okechuwu Ugorji.jpg|thumb|'''Ugorji Okechuwu Ugorji''']]   '''Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UGORJI'S REMARKS AT PROGRESSIVE POLITICS CONFERENCE |url=https://groups.google.com/g/usaafricadialogue/c/SH80E2k1XDY |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=247ureports |date=2014-09-30 |title=The Foreplay Of A Tiger: Ugorji's Deliberate Strides In The Run For Governor - By Ngozi Ajilo-Ibeh |url=https://247ureports.com/2014/09/the-foreplay-of-a-tiger-ugorjis-deliberate-strides-in-the-run-for-governor-by-ngozi-ajilo-ibeh/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=247 Ureports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya na Steeti Imo, nakwa Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche nye Gọvanọ Hope Uzodimma gbasara Nchebe Obodo na Ọgụgụ Isi. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite news|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-12|title=Biafran uprising no threat to Nigeria's unity - Dr Ugorji|url=https://dailytrust.com/biafran-uprising-no-threat-to-nigerias-unity-dr-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ugorji na Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. O nwetara nzere masta na Homeland Security na Mahadum George Washington na Mee 2019. O nwetakwara nzere doctorate nke agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta na 1994, na Certified Public Manager Studies na 1989–1990, na Rutgers, Mahadum Steeti nke New Jersey, na New Brunswick, New Jersey. O nwetara nzere masta na ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ọrụ ndị ọrụ na 1989, nzere masta nke sayensị na bayoloji na 1987, na nzere masta nke nkà na akparamàgwà mmadụ na 1986, na Trenton State College (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka College nke New Jersey), na Ewing Township, New Jersey. Ọ gụchara mmemme ọzụzụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Office ndi Career Services na Mahadum Princeton na 1988–1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=September 15, 2020|title=Ugorji Ugorji: I am drawn to Black womanhood|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ugorji-ugorji-i-am-drawn-to-black-womanhood/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Band|first=News|date=June 20, 2022|title=Imo Homeland Security Commissioner—Ugorji lays out security agenda for the state|url=https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=Band News|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115102931/https://news.band/imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji-lays-out-security-agenda-for-the-state/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ugorji bụ onye guzobere ma na-ebipụta Sungai Books, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ nke dị na Princeton, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sungai Books, Princeton books - All books by Sungai Books, Princeton publisher {{!}} BookScouter.com|url=https://bookscouter.com/publisher/sungai-books-princeton|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=bookscouter.com|language=en}}</ref> O dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, mmekọrịta mba ụwa, na ọdịbendị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị Afrịka na America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinua Achebe As Metaphor By Ugorji O. Ugorji, Ed.D. {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2013/05/20/chinua-achebe-metaphor-ugorji-o-ugorji-edd|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke African Writers Endowment, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=ThriftBooks|title=Okechukwu K. Ugorji Books {{!}} List of books by author Okechukwu K. Ugorji|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/okechukwu-k-ugorji/1951870/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=ThriftBooks|language=en}}</ref> === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ugorji sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1998, mgbe ọ zọọrọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti Imo n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke United NaịjirịaCongress Party (UNCP). <ref>{{Cite news|date=Dec 20, 2018|title=Buhari Will Win Three States In South–East – Ugorji|url=https://independent.ng/buhari-will-win-three-states-in-south-east-ugorji/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> O mechara banye APC wee bụrụ enyi Gọvanọ Uzodimma. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Gọvanọ na nchekwa na ọgụgụ isi obodo, na 2021, a họpụtakwara ya dịka Kọmishọna maka Nchebe Obodo na Ihe Ndị Na-eme Nleba Anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=N. N. L.|date=2021-02-25|title=IMO GOV APPOINTS UGORJI AS SPECIAL ADVISER FOR HOMELAND SECURITY|url=https://nigeriannewsleader.com/index.php/gallery/imo-gov-appoints-ugorji-as-special-adviser-for-homeland-security|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=Nigerian News Leader|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2021-12-21|title=Imo gov swears in 17 new commissioners, chief adviser|url=https://guardian.ng/news/imo-gov-swears-in-17-new-commissioners-chief-adviser/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 29, 2021|title=Aboh Mbaise stakeholders laud appointment of Dr Ugorji as Commissioner|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/aboh-mbaise-stakeholders-laud-appointment-of-dr-ugorji-as-commissioner/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-06-29|title=Imo Health Commissioner Wades Into Lorji Health Centre Project Scandal|url=https://dailytrust.com/imo-health-commissioner-wades-into-lorji-health-centre-project-scandal/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WPS 365|url=https://eu.docs.wps.com/module/common/loadPlatform/?sid=sICCUi86bAZOCka0G&v=v2|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=eu.docs.wps.com}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka nchekwa na nchekwa ndụ n'ime steeti ahụ, nakwa ịhazi ọrụ nke ndị otu nche obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=Visiting the US: the case for Imo State & Uzodimma ~ by Ugorji Okechukwu Ugorji|url=https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203329/https://news.band/visiting-the-us-the-case-for-imo-state-uzodimma-by-ugorji-okechukwu-ugorji/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okeoma|first=Chidiebube|date=2021-12-20|title=Uzodinma swears in commissioners, assigns portfolios|url=https://punchng.com/uzodinma-swears-in-commissioners-assigns-portfolios/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ani|first=Sunday|date=January 27, 2020|title=Uzodinma should run inclusive government –Ugorji|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/uzodinma-should-run-inclusive-government-ugorji/?amp|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-27|title=Ohia, Alozie, Amadi applaud Imo Homeland Security Commissioner, Ugorji|url=https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116160910/https://news.band/ohia-alozie-amadi-applaud-imo-homeland-security-commissioner-ugorji/}}</ref> == ahọpụtara akụkọ ndụ == * Ahụrụ m igwe dara ( Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2014). Ụmụ nwanyị ọwụwa anyanwụ: Eserese zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Igbo (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2009) Drums toro ogologo: Eserese nke ndị Naijiria na-agbanwe America (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2002) The Crow Bride na akụkọ Torti ndị ọzọ (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 1997) Ichekwa ala nna (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2020). ILU: Ilu Afrịka n'asụsụ Igbo, na ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee (Akwụkwọ Sungai, 2023). Ọ bụ abụ ebighi ebi na abụ ndị ọzọ (Goldline na Jacobs Publishing, na Bluesland Communications, 2020).[1] Site na<ref>{{Cite news|author=Art|first=The|date=October 13, 2020|title=Gambari to chair presentation of 'She is Eternal & Other Poems' OFO launch|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/gambari-to-chair-presentation-of-she-is-eternal-other-poems-ofo-launch/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> * ''Site n'afọ nke Chi'': Akụkọ ifo Africa (Sungai Books, 1993) <ref>{{Cite web|title=From the Belly of the Gods|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8074671-from-the-belly-of-the-gods|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> * Njem Torti: Akụkọ sitere na West Afrika(Africa World Press, 1991) <ref>{{Cite news |last=Iwuoha |first=Chidiebere |date=2023-10-03 |title=Ugorji presents 7 books for research, knowledge upgrade |url=https://blueprint.ng/ugorji-presents-7-books-for-research-knowledge-upgrade/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2024-01-16 |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ThriftBooks |title=Okechukwu K. Ugorji Books {{!}} List of books by author Okechukwu K. Ugorji |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/okechukwu-k-ugorji/1951870/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en}}</ref> == ndụ nkeonwe == Ugorji lụrụ Uchenna Kate Ugorji, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka na ahụike ọha na eze. Ha nwere ụmụ isii ma bi na Owerri, Imo Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Time For Gov. Uzodinma To Tigrify —Dr. Ugorji Ugorji|url=https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/|accessdate=2024-01-14|work=News Band|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114203646/https://news.band/time-for-gov-uzodinma-to-tigrify-dr-ugorji-ugorji/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 1ul06wsvhau9rts532oo0a1a5m1wfcc 0 77287 697448 673701 2026-08-09T18:23:22Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dr Laz Unaogu.jpg|thumb|Dr Laz Unaogu]] '''Dr Laz Unaogu''' (27 Febụwarị 1956 - 6 Julaị 2004) bụ Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Naijiria na Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche. O nwekwara ọtụtụ ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime gọọmentị Naijiria. A maara ya dị ka Physicist na Gọọmenti.<ref>Manby, Bronwen. "Nigeria: Transition Or Travesty". ''Human Rights Watch'' 9.6 (1997): 1-58. </ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200407120511.html|title=Nigeria: Unaogu, Former Minister, Dies|author=Nkwopara|first=Chidi|date=2004-07-12|work=Vanguard (Lagos)|accessdate=2018-01-03}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Unaogu na Eziama, Imo State, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na physics na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka (UNN) ma bụrụkwa nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba Fiziks na 1981. Na 1984, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta MSc na Sayensị Ike na Ihe Ndị Dị na ya site na Ngalaba Fiziks na Astronomy, Mahadum Naịjirịa. Ọ sonyeere mmemme Ph.D. nke Ike Anyanwụ na Institute for Energy Research, Calcutta India ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya na Fiziks (ọkachamara na uto kristal na njirimara).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/event/15271|title=Event details: Third International Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND2010) - physicsworld.com|work=physicsworld.com|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba Industrial Physics na Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe dị n'Awka. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Ijeoma Christiana Iboko n'afọ 1984, ha mụtakwara ụmụ ise. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mmasị Dr. Unaogu nwere n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum ahụ. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Naịjirịa, ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu ụmụ akwụkwọ ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye omeiwu kacha mma. A họpụtakwara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke Postgraduate Students Association. Ọ gara n'ihu na mmasị ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee họpụta ya na Federal House of Representatives, na-anọchite anya Mbaitolu, Ikeduru constituency na ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, 1992 n'okpuru National Republican Convention (NRC). Na 1993, ọchịchị nkịtị nke Ernest Shonekan dara n'aka General Sani Abacha, onye weghachiri mba ahụ n'aka gọọmentị ndị agha. General Sani Abacha na-achọ odeakwụkwọ nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ, site na ndụmọdụ, General Abacha họpụtara Dr Laz Unaogu dị ka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ na Nọvemba 1993. N'ime mgbanwe ọchịchị nke kabinet nke afọ 1995, e bufere Dr Unaogu ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche dịka Minista nke Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche ma nọrọ n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1998. == Sayensị na Teknụzụ == Dịka Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Dr Unaogu tinyere aka n'ịhazi ngalaba ahụ ma duzie ịkwaga site na Lagos gaa Abuja mgbe ọchịchị Ernest Shonekan gasịrị. == Nnabata n'aka ọha mmadụ == A kpọrọ okporo ụzọ aha Dr. Laz Unaogu na Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) nakwa na Owerri, Steeti Imo. == Edensibia == 7tl87bb4623pdioo3uqs6czbupffmq8 0 77304 697644 672751 2026-08-10T04:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697644 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mono''' (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) bụ Ọdọ Mmiri soda na Mono County, California, nke e guzobere ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 760,000 gara aga dị ka ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri endorheic. Enweghị ụzọ isi pụta na-eme oke nnu dị elu gbakọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme gore mmiri ya bụrụ alkaline.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Water Chemistry|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160557/https://www.monolake.org/Learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archivedate=Mar 28, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ọzara ahụ nwere usoro okike na-amịpụta ihe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dabere na saline shrimp, nke na-eto eto na mmiri ya, ma na-enye ebe obibi dị oke egwu maka nde nnụnụ abụọ na-agagharị kwa afọ na-eri shrimp na alkali flies (''Ephydra hyans'').<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}</ref><ref name="carle">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Water in California|author=Carle|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=2004|isbn=0-520-24086-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240865}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị obodo Kutzadika'a riri alkali flies' pupae, nke bi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi gburugburu ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922024555/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archivedate=Sep 22, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Mgbe obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na iyi mmiri dị ọcha na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara, na-etinye nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihe ize ndụ. Kọmitii Mono Lake guzobere na nzaghachi wee merie n'ọgụ iwu nke manyere Los Angeles imeju ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hart|first=John|title=Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị n'ime Mono Basin, ọdọ mmiri endorheic na-enweghị ụzọ ọpụpụ na oké osimiri. N'ụzọ dị otú a, nnu ndị a gbazere agbaze na mmiri ahụ na-anọgide na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebuli pH na nnu nke mmiri ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Mono Lake gụnyere Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek, na Mill Creek, nke na-agafe Lundy Canyon. Ike nke ala mepụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ime nde afọ ise gara aga: ndagwurugwu na-agbatị na mgbawa ugwu na-ejikọta ya na mgbawa na ala Sierra Nevada. : 45 : 45  [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_sat_zoomed.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Mono Lake site na mbara igwe, 1985]] Site n'ihe dị ka nde afọ 4.5 ruo 2.6 gara aga, nnukwu oke [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] si n'ugwu mgbawa pụta gburugburu ebe a na-akpọ Cowtrack Mountain (n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke Mono Basin). Lava ndị a mechara kpuchie mpaghara dị ihe dịka square mile 300 (780 km²), ma n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọkpụrụkpụ ha ruru ihe dịka ụkwụ 600 (mita 180). Mgbe e mesịrị, n'etiti ihe dị ka nde afọ 3.8 na afọ 250,000 gara aga, e nwere mgbawa ugwu ọzọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mono Basin. Ọrụ mgbawa a mere ka e nwee Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill (nke mechara bụrụ agwaetiti mgbe mmiri Mono Lake ruru ogo ya kachasị elu), na Mount Hicks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọdọ Mmiri Russell bụ onye bu Mono Lake ụzọ, n'oge Pleistocene. Ụsọ mmiri ya ruru elu nke oge a nke 7,480 feet (2,280 , ihe dị ka 1,100 feet (330 karịa ọdọ mmiri nke oge a. Ka ọ na-erule nde afọ 1.6 gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ime mmiri Walker River. Mgbe mgbawa ugwu Long Valley Caldera 760,000 afọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Adobe n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee banye n'Owens River, ma mesịa banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Manly na Death Valley.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0991:DRIMBD>2.0.CO;2|first=MC|author=Reheis|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=114|issue=8}}</ref> A na-ahụ akara ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Russell, nke ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-akpọ strandlines, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono.<ref name="volcanoes">{{Cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|title=Mono Lake|work=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide|publisher=USGS|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229114402/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|archivedate=2014-12-29}}</ref>&nbsp; Mpaghara dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. Ọrụ mgbawa ugwu nwere njikọ na Mono-Inyo Craters: mgbawa kachasị ọhụrụ mere afọ 350 gara aga, nke mere ka e nwee Agwaetiti Paoha . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono–Inyo Craters|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114723/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters/|archivedate=Jan 31, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-31|publisher=USGS}}</ref> Panum Crater (n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ) bụ ihe atụ nke jikọtara rhyolite dome na cinder cone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide - Panum Crater|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123430/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/science/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archivedate=Dec 11, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=USGS}}</ref>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  == Ụlọ elu Tufa == Ọtụtụ ogidi limestone na-ebili n'elu elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Ụlọ elu limestone ndị a nwere ihe ndị dị ka calcium carbonate dị ka calcite (). A na-akpọ ụdị nkume limestone a [[Tufa]], okwu maka limestone nke na-etolite na okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00030-X|author=Ford|first=T.D.|year=1996|title=A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-science-reviews_1996-11_41_3-4/page/117|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=41|pages=117–175|issue=3–4}}</ref>  === Ụlọ elu Tufa === Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere alkalinity dị elu nke ukwuu, nke a na-akpọkwa soda lake. Alkalinity bụ ikike mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta nwere ịnagide ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta nke asid. Ihe ndị dị ka carbonate (CO₃²⁻) na bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) bụ ụdị base, ya mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere nnukwu oke carbon na-adịghị ndụ gbazere n'ime ihe bekee kporo inorganic carbon. Mgbe calcium ion (Ca²⁺) batara n'ime mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikọta na carbonate wee mepụta mineral carbonate dịka calcite (CaCO₃), nke na-adaba ma na-anakọta n'ala ọdọ mmiri. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na obere isi iyi dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị a nwere nnukwu oke calcium ion (Ca²⁺) gbazere n'ime ha. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ọnụọgụ calcite na-etolite ma na-anakọta gburugburu ọnụ ebe isi iyi ndị ahụ si apụta.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sedimentary-petrology_1953-03_23_1/page/18|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}</ref> Tufa malitere na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. O were ọtụtụ iri afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji mepụta ụlọ elu tufa a ma ama. Mgbe ọdọ mmiri dara, ụlọ elu tufa ahụ bilitere n'elu mmiri ma guzo dị ka ogidi ndị a na-ahụ taa (lee Mono lake # Lake-level history maka ozi ndị ọzọ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/tufa/|title=Tufa|date=22 September 2020|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2023-05-29}}</ref> === Ọdịdị Tufa === [[Faịlụ:Thinolite_sketches.png|thumb|Ndị a bụ ihe osise mbụ nke thinolite nke Edward S. Dana mere site n'akwụkwọ ya site na 1884: Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan . <ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}</ref>]] Nkọwa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tufa malitere na 1880s, mgbe Edward S. Dana na Israel C. Russell mere nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tuf. <ref name="Russell1889">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1889|chapter=Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept. for 1886-1887|pages=261–394}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDana1884">Dana, ES (1884). </cite></ref> Tufa na-apụta dị ka ụlọ elu tufa "nke oge a". E nwere akụkụ tufa site n'ikperé mmiri ochie, mgbe ọdọ mmiri dị elu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta depụtara ọrụ ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na ọdịdị tufa ma James R. Dunn kwadoro ya na 1953. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdị tufa n'ụdị atọ dabere na ọdịdị:<ref name=":72"/><ref name="Russell1883">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1883|chapter=Sketch of the geological history of Lake Lahontan|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 3rd Ann. Rept. for 1881-1882|pages=189–235}}</ref> * Lithoid tufa - buru ibu ma nwee oghere na ọdịdị dị ka nkume * Dendritic tufa - ihe owuwu alaka nke yiri obere osisi * Thinolitic tufa - nnukwu kristal, nke a kpụrụ nke ọma nke ọtụtụ sentimita Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ewepụtala ọtụtụ echiche iji kọwaa otú nnukwu kristal thinolite (a na-akpọkwa glendonite) si malite n'ime thinolitic tufa. Ndị ọkà mmụta amatala na thinolite bụ pseudomorph nke calcite ya bụ, calcite dochiri kristal mbụ, mana ọ ka jigidere ọdịdị mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ruo ogologo oge, a maghị ụdị kristal mbụ ahụ. A chọpụtara ya naanị n'afọ 1963, mgbe a chọpụtara mineral a na-akpọ ikaite (CaCO₃·6H₂O). Ikaite bụ mineral na-adịghị akwụsi ike (metastable) ma na-etolite naanị n'okpomọkụ dị nso na ebe mmiri na-ajụ oyi (ihe dị ka ogo 0°C). Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-egbochi calcite ịmepụta ngwa ngwa, dịka phosphate, magnesium, na organic carbon, na-enyere aka ime ka ikaite dịgide nwa oge. Mgbe okpomọkụ biliri, ikaite na-agbaji ma na-agbanwe ghọọ ọtụtụ obere kristal calcite. N'ógbè Ikka Fjord dị na Greenland, ndị ọkà mmụta hụkwara na ikaite na-etolite n'ụdị ogidi ndị yiri tufa towers nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Nchọpụta a mere ka ha kweta na thinolitic tufa bụ ihe àmà na-egosi ụdị ihu igwe gara aga na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na ebe ahụ nwere oge oyi siri ike nke ukwuu mgbe kristal ndị ahụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whiticar|first=MJ|title=The Cold Carbonate Connection Between Mono Lake, California and the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|volume=4|pages=429–454|year=1998|issue=3/4|doi=10.1023/A:1009696617671}}</ref> === Ọdịdị nke Tufa === N'afọ 1883, Russell nyochara ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ụdị tufa dị iche iche dị na Lake Lahontan, bụ nnukwu usoro ọdọ mmiri nke dị n'oge Pleistocene, nke gbasara akụkụ nke California, Nevada, na Oregon. Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, a chọpụtara na tufa ndị ahụ bụ nke calcium oxide (CaO) na carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka ukwuu mejupụtara. Ma e nwekwara obere ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ, dịka: Magnesium oxide (MgO) – ihe dị ka 2% nke ịdị arọ, Iron na aluminium oxides (Fe/Al oxides) – n'etiti 0.25% na 1.29% nke ịdị arọ, Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) – ihe dị ka 0.3% nke ịdị arọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na CaO na CO₂ bụ ihe kachasị mejupụta tufa, e nwekwara obere mineral ndị ọzọ na-enye ya ụfọdụ njirimara pụrụ iche. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == {{Weather box|collapsed=Y|width=auto|Jan record high F=66|Feb record high F=68|Mar record high F=72|Apr record high F=80|May record high F=87|Jun record high F=96|Jul record high F=97|Aug record high F=95|Sep record high F=91|Oct record high F=85|Nov record high F=74|Dec record high F=65|Jan high F=40.4|Feb high F=44.5|Mar high F=50.5|Apr high F=58.4|May high F=67.6|Jun high F=76.6|Jul high F=83.8|Aug high F=82.7|Sep high F=75.9|Oct high F=65.5|Nov high F=51.7|Dec high F=42.2|Jan low F=19.7|Feb low F=21.5|Mar low F=24.8|Apr low F=29.5|May low F=36.4|Jun low F=43.2|Jul low F=49.6|Aug low F=49.0|Sep low F=42.8|Oct low F=34.6|Nov low F=27.3|Dec low F=21.8|Jan record low F=-14|Feb record low F=-9|Mar record low F=1|Apr record low F=12|May record low F=16|Jun record low F=25|Jul record low F=27|Aug record low F=32|Sep record low F=18|Oct record low F=8|Nov record low F=2|Dec record low F=-8|Jan precipitation inch=2.17|Feb precipitation inch=2.21|Mar precipitation inch=1.38|Apr precipitation inch=0.66|May precipitation inch=0.57|Jun precipitation inch=0.36|Jul precipitation inch=0.55|Aug precipitation inch=0.45|Sep precipitation inch=0.63|Oct precipitation inch=0.64|Nov precipitation inch=1.96|Dec precipitation inch=2.32|Jan snow inch=15.5|Feb snow inch=15.3|Mar snow inch=11.4|Apr snow inch=3.1|May snow inch=0.4|Jun snow inch=0|Jul snow inch=0|Aug snow inch=0|Sep snow inch=0|Oct snow inch=0.7|Nov snow inch=7.6|Dec snow inch=12.0|single line=Y|location=Mono Lake, CA|precipitation colour=green|source 1=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5779}} == Limnology == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_Tufa.JPG|thumb|Ebe "South Tufa" nke Mono Lake.]] limnology nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-egosi na o nwere ihe dịka tọn 280 nke nnu a gbazere agbaze, na nnu na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla. Tupu 1941, nkezi salinity bụ ihe dịka gram 50 kwa liter (g / L) (ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru nke 31.5 g / L maka oké osimiri ụwa). Na Jenụwarị 1982, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa ya kachasị ala nke 1,942 mita (6,372 , nnu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 99 g / L. N'afọ 2002, a tụrụ ya na 78 g / L ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-akwụsi ike na nkezi nke 69 g / L ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ.<ref name="mlcfaq">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake FAQ|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615160759/http://monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2010-06-15}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ihe a na-atụghị anya ya nke ịkwụsị ntụgharị mmiri bụ mmalite nke oge "meromixis" na Mono Lake.<ref name="Jellison1998">{{Cite journal|author=Jellison|first=R.|year=1998|url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_43/issue_4/0706.pdf|title=The onset of meromixis in Mono Lake: unintended consequences of reducing water diversions|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|pages=704–11|accessdate=2008-11-13|issue=4|volume=3}}</ref> N'oge tupu nke a, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-abụkarị "monomictic", nke pụtara na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'afọ ọ bụla, mmiri miri emi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agwakọta nke ọma, si otú a na-eweta oxygen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na mmiri miri emi. N'ime ọdọ mmiri meromictic, mmiri ndị miri emi anaghị enwe ngwakọta a; okpokoro ndị miri emi nwere nnu karịa mmiri dị nso n'elu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ikuku oxygen. N'ihi ya, ịghọ meromictic na-agbanwe ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Melack|first=JM|year=2017|chapter=Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis|editor=Gulati|title=Ecology of Meromictic Lakes|series=Ecological Studies|pages=325–351|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_11|isbn=978-3-319-49141-7}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Mono enweela oge meromictic n'oge gara aga; ihe omume kachasị ọhụrụ nke meromixis, nke sitere na njedebe nke ntụgharị mmiri, malitere na 1994 wee gwụ na 2004. <ref name="Jellison2003">{{Cite web|author=Jellison|first=R.|date=June 2003|url=http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|title=Weakening and near-breakdown of meromixis in Mono Lake|accessdate=2008-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045630/http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-30}}</ref> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdọ mmiri === Otu ihe dị mkpa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị mmiri na-apụta. Mmiri nwere ike ịpụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala furu efu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ndị mechiri emechi bụrụ ndị nwere nnu. Nrụzigharị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mono Lake site na iji carbon na Oxygen isotopes ekpughere njikọ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1990-06_78_3-4/page/241|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụwa nwere oge mmụba nke glaciation a maara dị ka oge ice. A maara oge ice a dị ka Pleistocene, nke dịgidere ruo ~ 11 ka. Mmiri dị na Mono Lake nwere ike igosi etu ihu igwe si gbanwee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge Pleistocene, mgbe ihu igwe jụrụ oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ihi na e nwere obere [[mmiri ozuzo]] na [[mmiri ozuzo]]. Mgbe Pleistocene gasịrị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala n'ozuzu ya n'ihi mmụba nke evaporation na mbelata mmiri ozuzo metụtara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":15"/>&nbsp; Mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ agbanweela n'oge Holocene, kemgbe njedebe nke oge ice. Ebe kachasị elu nke Holocene dị na elu 6,499 feet (1,980.8 , ruru ihe dịka 1820 BCE.<ref name="holocene-levels">{{Cite journal|first=Scott|author=Stine|title=Late holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1990-06_78_3-4/page/333|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|year=1990|pages=333–381|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90221-R}}</ref> Ebe dị ala tupu ntụgharị nke oge a dị na elu 6,368 feet (1,940.9 , ruru na 143 OA.<ref name="holocene-levels" /> Ọnọdụ kachasị ala nke oge a n'ihi ntụgharị bụ na 6,372.0 feet (1,942.2 , ruru na 1980. <ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ndụ n'ime mmiri ===   Hypersalinity na alkalinity dị elu (pH=10, ma ọ bụ ya na 4 milligrams nke NaOH kwa liter nke mmiri) nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na ọ dịghị azụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="carleton">{{Cite web|title=Living in an Alkaline Environment|publisher=Microbial Life Education Resources|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|accessdate=2008-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121170852/http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|archivedate=2008-11-21}}</ref> Mgbalị nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu nke California iji chekwaa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara.<ref name="monolake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake|work=www.monolake.org|accessdate=2017-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418210400/http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2017-04-18}}</ref>&nbsp; Usoro nri niile nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke algae planktonic nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ dị na mpaghara photic nke ọdọ mmiri. Algae ndị a na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị na-eweta ihe oriri n'elu mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka ofe pea" na algae photosynthesizing.<ref name="Ecoscenario">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Ecoscenario|url=http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|accessdate=2007-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115927/http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri a ma ama maka Mono Lake saline shrimp, ''Artemia monica'', obere ụdị saline shraimp, nke na-adịghị ukwuu karịa obere, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ puku iri na isii na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Brine shrimp enweghị uru na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ mana ha bụ ihe oriri maka nnụnụ na mpaghara ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi saline shrimp na-eri obere algae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Brine Shrimp|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075733/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>&nbsp; Alkali flies, ''Ephydra hyans,'', na-ebi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'okpuru mmiri, na-ekpuchi n'ime obere ikuku ikuku, iji rie ma tụọ àkwá. Nnụnụ ndị a bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-eme akwụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Alkali Files|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075804/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> A chọtara ụdị nematode asatọ na-ebi n'ime ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: <ref name="Shih2019">{{Cite journal|author=Shih|first=Pei-Yin|date=2019-09-26|title=Newly Identified Nematodes from Mono Lake Exhibit Extreme Arsenic Resistance|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=19|pages=3339–3344.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.024|pmid=31564490|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/98870/2/1-s2.0-S0960982219310401-mmc1.pdf}}</ref> * <nowiki><i id="mwAa0">Auanema</i></nowiki> spec. , nke dị ịrịba ama maka oke arsenic resistance ya (na-adịgide na 500 ugboro karịa ụmụ mmadụ), nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na ịbụ viviparous.&nbsp; * [[Pellioditis|Pellioditis spec.]] * ''[[Mononchoides americanus]]'' * ''[[Diplogaster rivalis]]'' * ụdị nke ezinụlọ Mermithidae * ''[[Prismatolaimus dolichurus]]'' * Ụdị 2 nke usoro Monhysterida === Nnụnụ === [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_Area_(2013)_33.JPG|thumb|Nwaanyị Audubon's warbler on tufa in the "South Tufa" area.]] Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ebe ezumike na iri nri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma [[Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network]] amatala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na mba ụwa.<ref name="whsrn">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network|url=http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|accessdate=2011-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231259/http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnụnụ mmiri 2,000,000, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 35 dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ezu ike ma rie ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke afọ. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke Mono Lake gụnyere American avocets, killdeer, na sandpipers. Otu nde grebes ntị phalaropes nwere ntị na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono eme ihe n'oge ogologo njem ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Birds|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010612/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ná ngwụsị oge okpomọkụ ọ bụla, ọtụtụ iri puku Phalaropes nke Wilson na phalarops na-acha ọbara ọbara na-esi n'ebe ha na-anọ, ma na-eri nri ruo mgbe ha gara n'ihu na-aga [[South Amerika|South America]] ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="mlcbirds"/> Na mgbakwunye na nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, ụdị ole na ole na-anọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na-akpa akwụ́ na Mono Lake. Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke California gulls, ''Larus californicus'', nke abụọ naanị na Great Salt Lake na Utah. Kemgbe ha hapụrụ Negit Island na ngwụcha afọ 1970, California gulls akwagala n'àgwàetiti ndị dị nso ma guzobe ebe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na echedoghị ya, ebe obibi. Mahadum Cornell na Point Blue Conservation Science anọgidewo na-amụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme akwụ́ na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nke malitere afọ 35 gara aga. Snowy plovers na-abịakwa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mono n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla iji mee akwụ́ n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuford|first=David|year=2016|title=Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of the Snowy Plover at Mono Lake, California|journal=Western Birds|volume=47|pages=38–49}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Mono-lake-tufa-1981-003.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] a na-ahụ anya na Mono Lake; South Tufa (1981).]] === Ụmụ amaala America === Ndị obodo Ọdọ Mmiri Mono sitere n'òtù Northern Paiute, nke a na-akpọ Kutzadika'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAWTON|first=HARRY W.|date=1976|title=Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owens Valley|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27824857|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–50|issn=0361-7181}}</ref> Ha na-asụ Asụsụ Northern Paiute.<ref name="infodome">{{Cite web|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926145711/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archivedate=2010-09-26|title=California Indians and Their Reservations: K|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị Kutzadika'a na-eri nri alkali fly pupae, nke a na-akpọ ''kutsavi'' n'asụsụ ha. Okwu "Mono" sitere na "Monachi", okwu Yokuts maka agbụrụ ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Nevada.<ref name="Farquhar1926">{{Cite book|title=Place Names of the High Sierra|first=Francis|author=Farquhar|year=1926|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/place_names_of_the_high_sierra/m.html|publisher=Sierra Club|location=San Francisco|accessdate=2011-05-28}}</ref> N'oge mkpakọrịta mbụ, onye isi mbụ a maara Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Paiute bụ [[Captain John (Paiute)|Captain John]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-004.pdf|journal=Anthropological Records|volume=2|issue=3|title=The Northern Paiute Bands|first=OC|author=Stewart}}</ref> Agbụrụ Mono nwere òtù abụọ: Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ndị Eastern Mono sonyeere obodo nta ndị Western Mono kwa afọ na Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Merced iji chịkọta acorns, ụdị osisi dị iche iche, na ịzụ ahịa. Ndị Western Mono na Eastern Mono na-ebi n'ebe ndịda etiti ogwu Sierra Nevada, gụnyere Historical Yosemite Valley.<ref name="SDSU2009">{{Cite web|title=California Indians and Their Reservations|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=24 July 2009|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214650/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archivedate=2010-07-26}}</ref> Taa,ala ndị e debere maka ndị Mono dị na Big Pine, Bishop, nakwa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Madera County na Fresno County, California. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa === <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na Osimiri Owens gaa na Los Angeles Aqueduct na 1913. N'afọ 1941, Ngalaba Mmiri na Ike nke Los Angeles gbatịpụrụ usoro Aqueduct nke Los Angeles gaa n'ebe ugwu n'ime Mono Basin site na mmezu nke Mono Craters Tunnel <ref name="monobasinresearch">{{Cite web|title=Fortieth Annual Report of the Board of Water and Power Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414161147/http://monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref> n'etiti Grant Lake Reservoir na Rush Creek na Upper Owens River. Mmiri buru ibu nke na n'oge na-adịghị anya, mmiri si n'ime mmiri gafere, na elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dara ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1982, e belatara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo 37,688 acres (15,252 hectare), 69% nke ala ya na 1941. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1990, ọdọ mmiri ahụ adaala mita 45 ma tụfuo ọkara ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa mmiri nke 1941 tupu ntụgharị.<ref name="monolake2017">{{Cite web|title=About Mono Lake|work=Mono Lake Committee|url=http://monolake.org/about/|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143123/http://www.monolake.org/about/|archivedate=8 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ájá alkaline na ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'oge gara aga kpughere, nnu mmiri ji okpukpu abụọ, na Negit Island ghọrọ peninsula, na-ekpughe akwụ́ nke California gulls maka ndị na-eri ibe ha (dị ka coyotes), ma na-amanye ndị gull colony ịhapụ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Protecting California Gulls|url=https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075802/https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Gaines na nwa akwụkwọ ya David Winkler mụrụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ma bụrụ ihe enyemaka n'ịdọ ọha na eze aka ná ntị banyere mmetụta nke ọkwa mmiri dị ala na ndepụta gburugburu ebe obibi Winkler nke Mono Basin na 1976.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}</ref> National Science Foundation kwadoro nyocha mbụ zuru oke nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, nke Gaines na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ duziri. Na June 1977, Davis Institute of Ecology na Mahadum California bipụtara akụkọ, "An Ecological Study of Mono Lake, California", nke dọrọ California aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịdọrọ mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka iji obodo mee ihe.<ref name="mlchist" /> Gaines guzobere Kọmitii Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na 1978. Ya na Sally Judy, nwa akwụkwọ UC Davis, duziri kọmitii ahụ wee gaa njem ozi na California. Ha sonyeere Audubon Society n'ọgụ ụlọ ikpe a ma ama ugbu a, National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, iji chebe Mono Lake site na iwu ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze.<ref name="mlchist"/> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mgbanwe dị mma, elu ala ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ụsọ mmiri ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ájá alkaline n'oge oge oké ifufe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dust Sources at Mono Lake|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604084819/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archivedate=Jun 4, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Owens, nke a na-emebu ụgbọ mmiri nke Osimiri Owens. Ọdọ Mmị ahụ nwere usoro okike dị mma, bụzi ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ site na ntụgharị mmiri malitere na 1920s.Ọdọ Mmiri Mono chebere ihe a mgbe California State Water Resources Control Board (mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke ikpe) nyere iwu (SWRCB Decision 1631) iji chebe Mono Lake na iyi ya na Septemba 28, 1994. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sahagún|first=Louis|date=January 2, 2023|title=Conservationists fight to end Los Angeles water imports from Eastern Sierra's Mono Lake|url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2023-01-02/mono-lake-enviros-want-to-end-water-exports-to-los-angeles|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye isi oche SWRCB Board bụ Marc Del Piero bụ naanị onye na-ege ntị (lee D-1631). N'afọ 1941, elu ala ahụ dị na 6,417 feet (1,956 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level"/> Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2022, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị na 6,378.7 feet (1,944 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level" /> Ọdịdị ọdọ mmiri nke 6,392 feet (1,948 n'elu oke osimiri bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke e mere iji hụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-enwe ike iru ma nọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke a na-ekwenye n'ozuzu ka ọ bụrụ nke kacha nta maka idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reznik|first=Bruce|date=2023-06-27|title=Opinion: A wet winter began to replenish Mono Lake. L.A. should let it be a lake again|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-06-27/mono-lake-los-angeles-water-dwp|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-esiri ike karị n'oge ọtụtụ afọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na American West.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=State of the Lake|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010606/https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>   == N'omenala a ma ama == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_August_2013_014.jpg|thumb|"South Tufa, Mono Lake" (2013).]] === Ihe osise === N'afọ 1968, onye na-ese ihe Robert Smithson mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Non-Site (Cinders dị nso na Black Point) <ref name="mcasd">{{Cite web|work=Mono Lake Non-Site (Cinders near Black Point)|url=http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|title=Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, 1981.10.1-2|date=1968|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202657/http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> site na iji pumice anakọtara mgbe ọ na-eleta Mono na July 27, 1968, ya na nwunye ya Nancy Holt na Michael Heizer (ha abụọ bụ ndị na-ese foto). N'afọ 2004, Nancy Holt mere ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na iji ihe nkiri Super 8 na foto nke njem a. A na-eji ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke Smithson na Heizer, abụ abụọ nke Waylon Jennings, na Michel Legrand's Le Jeu, isi isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Jacques Demy Bay of Angels (1963), mee ihe maka ụdaolu ahụ.<ref name="eai">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|title=Nancy Holt and Robert Smithson, ''Mono Lake'', 19:54 min, color, sound, Electronic Arts Intermix|date=1968–2004|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829163208/https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> The Diver, foto nke Aubrey Powell nke Hipgnosis wepụtara maka album Pink Floyd Wish You Were Here (1975), gosipụtara ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nwoke na-abanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri, na-emepụta ọ dịghị ebili mmiri. E sere foto ahụ na Mono Lake, ụlọ elu tufa bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ala ahụ. E mepụtara mmetụta ahụ n'ezie mgbe onye na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-eme ka aka guzo n'okpuru mmiri ruo mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị.<ref name="mojo4music">{{Cite web|work=MOJO magazine|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|title=Floyd Extra! How Wish You Were Here Went Up In Flames|date=September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171248/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|archivedate=2011-10-13}}</ref> === N'akwụkwọ === Mark Twain's Roughing It, nke e bipụtara na 1872, na-enye nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na ọnọdụ okike ya na 1860s. <ref name="TwainCh38">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 38|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref><ref name="TwainCh39">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 39|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=39&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref> Twain chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị "n'ọzara na-enweghị ndụ, na-enweghị osisi, nke jọgburu onwe ya... ebe owu na-ama n'ụwa" <ref name="TwainCh3839">{{Cite web|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing it Chapters 38 & 39|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|publisher=Mono Basin Clearing House|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043903/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|archivedate=13 September 2017}}</ref> === Na fim === E sere ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara ugwu mgbawa na ihe nkiri Fair Wind to Java (1953) na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesheetnews.com/2015/03/19/mono-in-the-movies-fair-wind-to-java/|title=Mono in the movies: Fair Wind to java|first=Ken|author=Harrison|date=2015-03-19}}</ref> Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe nkiri High Plains Drifter (1973) nke Clint Eastwood gbara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mono Lake n'afọ ndị 1970. E wuru obodo dum ebe a maka ihe nkiri ahụ, ma mesịa wepụ ya mgbe agbachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7}}</ref> === N'egwú === Vidio egwu maka egwu glam metal Cinderella's 1988 power ballad "Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone) " ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ mere.<ref name="Sweeney2011">{{Cite web|author=Sweeney|first=Mike|date=2011-07-19|title=Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone)|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602215501/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archivedate=June 2, 2023|accessdate=2014-01-12|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Bodie, Obodo mmụọ dị nso * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri dị na California * Ebe Nchekwa Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Tufa Steeti * Ebe Egwuregwu Mba nke Mono Basin * GFAJ-1, ihe dị ndụ sitere na Mono Lake nke nọ n'etiti esemokwu sayensị banyere arsenic na DNA. * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Whoa Nellie Deli, nke dị na Lee Vining, California, na-ele Mono Lake anya * Monolake, ọrụ egwu eletrọniki nke dị na Berlin nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Akwụkwọ == * Jayko, A.S., na ndị ọzọ (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45331 Usoro na Ogologo Ogologo Ogige nke Nnyocha Geophysical, Mono Lake, California, 2009 ruo 2011.] Reston, Va.: Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, U.S. Geological Survey. * {{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=C.D.|year=1982|title=Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada: a preliminary assessment|journal=U.S. Geological Survey Circular|issue=877}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.monocounty.org/mono-lake/ Ihe ọmụma ndị nleta nke Mono Lake] * [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=514 Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Mono Lake Tufa State] * [http://www.monolake.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mono Lake Committee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170404195505/http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/casierraseast/a/mono_lake.htm Onye Nlekọta Ndị Nleta Mono Lake] * {{Cite web|title=World Lake Database entry for Mono Lake|url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B4%3Aload%3B|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121543/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0:%3B4:load%3B|archivedate=2011-07-22}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210442/http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/archive/f0001.html Foto Landsat nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614224852/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/bakersfield/geology.Par.56332.File.dat/ovm07_guidebook.pdf Geology na Mining History nke Owens Valley na Mono Basin] {{Sierra Nevada|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m8uix6m1p79b6ji0umopffwtfpe16vk 0 77328 697416 687458 2026-08-09T13:08:52Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347125549|Musa Usman]]" 697416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Musa Usman | image = Brig. Musa Usman.png | caption = | office2 = Governor, [[North-Eastern State]], [[Nigeria]] | termstart2 = 28 May 1967 | termend2 = July 1975 | predecessor2 = [[Hassan Katsina]]<br>(Northern Region) | successor2 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | profession = | website = | footnotes = | allegiance = {{NGR}} | branch = {{air force|Nigeria}} | rank = [[Brigadier General]] }} Brigadier (nke ndị agha ikuku) Musa Usman bụ gọvanọ mbụ nke North-Eastern Steeti na Naịjirịa, site n'ọnwa Mee afọ 1967 ruo Julaị afọ 1975, mgbe e kewapụrụ steeti ahụ n'akụkụ nke Mpaghara Ugwu n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke General Yakubu Gowon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|publisher=WorldStatesmen|title=Nigeria States|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref><ref name="Neptune Prime 2020">{{Cite web|title=Late Brigadier Musa Usman: First Governor of North Eastern Nigeria|work=Neptune Prime|date=2020-04-12|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-06-07}}</ref> Usman gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Royal Military.Sandhurst, England wee nweta ọrụ ya na 1962. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm|title=BARRACKS: THE HISTORY BEHIND THOSE NAMES|date=June 14, 2003|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Dawodu|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Major Usman sonyere na nnupụisi ọchịchị nke July 1966 mgbe a chụpụrụ Major General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]], nke General Yakubu Gowon nọchiri.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|title=OPERATION 'AURE': The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Africa Masterweb|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181411/http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|archivedate=2008-07-23}} </ref> A họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke North-East Steeti na Mee 1967, Usman malitere iwu ụlọ ọrụ simenti Ashaka, nke Major-General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] mechara meghee na 19 Julaị 1979.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Ashaka Cement Works|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130194650/http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|archivedate=2010-01-30}} </ref> N'afọ 1975, ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] sonyere na mkparịta ụka enyi na enyi iji dozie ókèala dị n'etiti mba ahụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụkpụrụ ahụ na gọọmentị ndị agha kwesịrị inyefe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị na 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soldiers and oil: the political transformation of Nigeria|author=S. K. Panter-Brick, Simone K. Panter-Brick|publisher=Routledge|year=1978|isbn=0-7146-3098-5}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e kenyere ya ebe obibi na mpaghara Jabi Street nke [[Kaduna]]. Usman mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Ụlọ akụ nke Ugwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|title=IMPACT OF POLITICAL AFFILIATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA|author=Uhomoibhi Toni Aburime|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222091415/http://www.globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|archivedate=2009-12-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ⁹ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 029ljboz5uatt700t8htq7o4cxpucsl 697451 697416 2026-08-09T18:31:40Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Musa Usman | image = Brig. Musa Usman.png | caption = | office2 = Governor, [[North-Eastern State]], [[Nigeria]] | termstart2 = 28 May 1967 | termend2 = July 1975 | predecessor2 = [[Hassan Katsina]]<br>(Northern Region) | successor2 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | profession = | website = | footnotes = | allegiance = {{NGR}} | branch = {{air force|Nigeria}} | rank = [[Brigadier General]] }} Brigadier (nke ndị agha ikuku) Musa Usman bụ gọvanọ mbụ nke North-Eastern Steeti na Naịjirịa, site n'ọnwa Mee afọ 1967 ruo Julaị afọ 1975, mgbe e kewapụrụ steeti ahụ n'akụkụ nke Mpaghara Ugwu n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke General Yakubu Gowon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|publisher=WorldStatesmen|title=Nigeria States|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref><ref name="Neptune Prime 2020">{{Cite web|title=Late Brigadier Musa Usman: First Governor of North Eastern Nigeria|work=Neptune Prime|date=2020-04-12|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-06-07}}</ref> Usman gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Royal Military.Sandhurst, England wee nweta ọrụ ya na 1962. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm|title=BARRACKS: THE HISTORY BEHIND THOSE NAMES|date=June 14, 2003|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Dawodu|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Major Usman sonyere na nnupụisi ọchịchị nke July 1966 mgbe a chụpụrụ Major General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]], nke General Yakubu Gowon nọchiri.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|title=OPERATION 'AURE': The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Africa Masterweb|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181411/http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|archivedate=2008-07-23}} </ref> A họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke North-East Steeti na Mee 1967, Usman malitere iwu ụlọ ọrụ simenti Ashaka, nke Major-General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] mechara meghee na 19 Julaị 1979.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Ashaka Cement Works|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130194650/http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|archivedate=2010-01-30}} </ref> N'afọ 1975, ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] sonyere na mkparịta ụka enyi na enyi iji dozie ókèala dị n'etiti mba ahụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụkpụrụ ahụ na gọọmentị ndị agha kwesịrị inyefe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị na 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soldiers and oil: the political transformation of Nigeria|author=S. K. Panter-Brick, Simone K. Panter-Brick|publisher=Routledge|year=1978|isbn=0-7146-3098-5}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e kenyere ya ebe obibi na mpaghara Jabi Street nke [[Kaduna]]. Usman mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Ụlọ akụ nke Ugwu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gleanernewsonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:jos-rayfield-the-generals-fortress-&catid=65:features&Itemid=127 |title=JOS RAYFIELD, THE GENERALS' FORTRESS |author=TONY IYARE |date=4 August 2009 |work=The Gleaner |accessdate=2010-05-15}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|title=IMPACT OF POLITICAL AFFILIATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA|author=Uhomoibhi Toni Aburime|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222091415/http://www.globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|archivedate=2009-12-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ⁹ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eqowzmj1o2q6qetmrqrpoepcue7rcmh 0 77349 697415 671660 2026-08-09T12:53:26Z Amaka of God 62412 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366367741|Chris Nkwonta]]" 697415 wikitext text/x-wiki Christian "Chris" NkwontaListenⓘ (amụrụ na Nọvemba 3, 1960) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na onye otu na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ukwa East/Ukwa West nke steeti Abia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chibuike|first=Daniel|date=2023-09-11|title=Tribunals uphold Nkwonta, Onwusibe's elections in Abia|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/09/11/tribunals-uphold-nkwonta-onwusibes-elections-in-abia/|accessdate=2023-11-08|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2023-07-17|title=Release Kanu for sake of peace in S'East, Abia Rep urges Tinubu|url=https://guardian.ng/news/release-kanu-for-sake-of-peace-in-seast-abia-rep-urges-tinubu/|accessdate=2023-11-08|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe, nakwa onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya na South East mmepe ọrụ (SEDC). == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nkwonta—onye a na-akpọkarị Chief Sir Chris Nkwonta (Oke Oji Abia)—n'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1960, n'obodo Akwete dị na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Ukwa East nke Steeti Abia, Naịjirịa; ọ bụ n'ezinụlọ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ Chief Chibor Nkwonta na Oriakụ Mercy Opunne Nkwonta ka a mụrụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Chief Chris Nkwonta’s Profile, Agenda Unveiled|url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/chief-chris-nkwontas-profile-agenda-unveiled/|date=2022-09-03|accessdate=2025-11-30|language=en-US|first=National|author=Ambassador}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://www.voter.ng/candidate?id=4155|work=www.voter.ng|accessdate=2025-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Nkwonta-Chris-1105|work=orderpaper.ng|accessdate=2025-11-30}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Community sekọndrị School, Akwete, ebe ọ na-anaghị agụ akwụkwọ mgbe niile iji rụọ ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ, iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ihi na o si n'ezinụlọ dị ala. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya ma gaa n'ihu na mba ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Chief Chris Nkwonta’s Profile, Agenda Unveiled|url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/chief-chris-nkwontas-profile-agenda-unveiled/|date=2022-09-03|accessdate=2025-11-30|language=en-US|first=National|author=Ambassador}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ọmụmụ gbasara oké osimiri na 1981 na Ebe a na-amụ maka azụmahịa, London(nke bụzi akụkụ nke Mahadum Greenwich), na-agụsị akwụkwọ nke ọma. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 1985 iji mezue ọrụ [[National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ sonyeere Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Nijira (NPA), malite ọrụ ọkachamara ya na ngalaba ụgbọ mmiri. O nwekwara nzere masta na Nchịkwa azụmahịa (MBA) na nka na idu ndú na nkwado site na Mahadum Cumbria, United Kingdom (2012 - 2014). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chris Nkwonta Campaign Council Unveils Ukwa Fed Constituency, PDP Candidate’s Profile|url=https://nationalambassadorngr.com/chris-nkwonta-campaign-council-unveils-ukwa-fed-constituency-pdp-candidates-profile/|date=2022-09-12|accessdate=2025-11-30|language=en-US|first=National|author=Ambassador}}</ref> == Ọrụ == O jirila ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ rụọ ọrụ n'ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ mmiri, njem ụgbọelu, mmanụ na gas, na ile ọbịa. Mgbe ọ gachara NYSC, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Naịjirịa,nakwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere * True Venture Nigeria Limited: 1986 - 1992 * Floor Mills nke Nigeria PLC: March - May 1992 * Exon Mobil Limited: 1992 - 1995. * Fymak Nigeria Limited: 1996 - 1997. * Shell Petroleum Development Company: 1997 - 2001. Site n'ihe ndị a niile, ọ mụtara ọrụ n'ụgbọ njem na nchịkwa, wee bụrụ onye otu ọkachamara na Ụlọ Ọrụ Njem nke Chartered na Chartered Ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ụgbọ njem, London, UK. Site n'ebe ahụ, o hiwere BlueSeas Maritime Services na 2003. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Chris Nkwonta banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa nke [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA) maka Abia South Senatorial District na ntuli aka 2015. Mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, ọ mara ihe si na ya pụta aka n'ihu Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ntuli aka. N'afọ 2022, ọ pụtara dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye otu Peoples Democratic Parti (PDP) maka oche Ukwa East / Unga West Federal Constituency na House of Representatives. O meriri na ntuli aka nke 2023 ma bụrụ onye otu 10th House of Representatives. N'oge mbụ ya n'Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya, Nkwonta jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2024, ọ hapụrụ Peoples Democratic parti (PDP) gaa na All Progressives Congress (APC), na-ekwu maka nsogbu dị n'ime PDP. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ na South East Development Commission (SEDC).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kareem|first=Azeez|date=2024-10-02|title=House of Reps member dumps PDP for APC|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/house-of-reps-member-dumps-pdp-for-apc/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2015-02-02|title=Resist rigging APGA candidate tells electorate|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/02/resist-rigging-apga-candidate-tells-electorate/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Amos|first=Kobor|date=2024-10-03|title=Abbas rewards Abia Rep with ‘juicy’ committee for dumping PDP for APC|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/abbas-rewards-abia-rep-with-juicy-committee-for-dumping-pdp-for-apc/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wahab|first=Akinbayo|date=2025-04-02|title=Work hard for APC to win in 2027 - Rep Nkwonta tells Abia South people|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/work-hard-for-apc-to-win-in-2027-rep-nkwonta-tells-abia-south-people/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu == Dị ka onye otu House of Representatives, Chris Nkwonta lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmepe mpaghara na atụmatụ iwu udo. N'ọnwa Julaị 2023, Nkwonta kpọrọ Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu ka ọ mee ka a tọhapụ Nnamdi Kanu, na-ekwu na njem ahụ ga-enye aka n'udo na nkwụsi ike na mpaghara South-East. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2023-07-17|title=Release Kanu for sake of peace in S’East, Abia Rep urges Tinubu|url=https://guardian.ng/news/release-kanu-for-sake-of-peace-in-seast-abia-rep-urges-tinubu/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Amos|first=Kobor|date=2024-10-03|title=Abbas rewards Abia Rep with ‘juicy’ committee for dumping PDP for APC|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/abbas-rewards-abia-rep-with-juicy-committee-for-dumping-pdp-for-apc/|accessdate=2026-07-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7hbw0363tkui8kecl13g2y4fpii9979 0 77443 697525 674264 2026-08-10T01:59:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697525 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu <ref name="teos10" />maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nn<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref>u a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hydrobiologia_1990-02-01_190_1/page/1|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="wetzel" />Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?|url=https://archive.org/details/oceanography_1993_6_3/page/67}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike). Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L. A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati" />Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_marine-biology_1972-05_14_2/page/111|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 57g1w5iv0lsyvnndjkto0umc2uvby5v 0 77445 697421 688274 2026-08-09T15:14:14Z Specialyvonne 56002 Gbakwunyere ihe odide 697421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} <references /> '''Ralava Beboarimisa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri isii, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na itoolu, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beboarimisa gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ego na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na [[France]], mesịa na-emecha agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi na idu ndú na INSEAD n'afọ puku na iri na otu na Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ itinye ego na Paris na Fimat International Banque (Société Générale group) ma mesịa na Newedge, ọkachamara na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ego na ngwọta ụgwọ maka ndị ahịa Ụgwọ Ọrụ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọ laghachiri [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM). N'okpuru idu ndú ya, onyinye nke ntọala ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka US $ 50 nde, na-akwado ihe karịrị ebe iri atọ echedoro na-ekpuchi nde hekta 3. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Consortium of African Funds for the Environment ma duru ndị nnọchi anya iri isii nke Madagascar gaa IUCN World Parks Congress na Sydney n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Jenụwarị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, Beboarimisa nọchitere anya [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi na-ekwu okwu na COP21 na Paris, na-akwado ego ihu igwe na nkwado siri ike maka mba ndị na-adịghị ike. O nyekwara ndị omeiwu "Iwu Beboarimisa" (Iwu No. 2015‐056), nke a nabatara na Disemba afọ 2015, nke mepụtara usoro ikpe pụrụ iche iji lụso ịzụ ahịa iwu nke rosewood na ebony ọgụ. Iwu ahụ mere ka ntaramahụhụ, ikike ikpe, na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa sie ike, na-enyere Madagascar aka inweta nloghachi nke ụgbọ mmiri rosewood e weghaara na mba ọzọ, gụnyere tọn narị na iri abụọ site na Mauritius n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. N'oge ọ bụ onye ozi, Madagascar gbasaa ebe ndị a na-echebe ruo ihe karịrị nde hekta asaa ma guzobe mpaghara ọhụrụ a na-echekwa mmiri n'okpuru "Nkwupụta nke Sydney" zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, visibiliti ya mere ka e kwuo na ọ nwere ike ịnọchi Jean Ravelonarivo dị ka praịm minista. N'oge ọ na-eje ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi, Beboarimisa chere nyocha ihu n'afọ 2016 maka ijide ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ osisi rosewood Malagasy na Singapore. O kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e nyere ikike mbupụ ma kwado ya na nyocha, ebe gọọmentị mba United States gosipụtara nkwado maka mbọ iwu mba ụwa nke Madagascar. n'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Singapore kagburu ikpe, na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị na njem kama ibubata n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a gbanwere ọchịchị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ihu igwe, na-eje ozi ruo Jenụwarị n'afọ 2019. N'ọrụ a, ọ malitere mgbanwe na nchịkwa njem na nchekwa, ọrụ ihu igwe nke oge a, ma mee ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke cyclone nke Madagascar sie ike, karịsịa site na ịbanye na mmemme Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS). Ọ na-ahụkwa maka nnukwu ọrụ akụrụngwa, gụnyere mmụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tamatave (Toamasina) na iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na Ivato International Airport na Antananarivo. == Omume obodo == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2018, Beboarimisa guzobere òtù obodo Bâtir la République, nke e guzobere iji kwalite itinye aka ụmụ amaala na arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Òtù NGO na-ahazi nzukọ ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, ọkachasị n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1958, nkwupụta nke mba mbụ nke Madagascar. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọkwa mba ụwa, Beboarimisa esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ African Union Observations missions N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ AU na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Democratic Republic of the Congo, nke onye mbụ onye isi ala Madagascar bụ Hery Rajaonarimampianina duziri. == Ihe odide == http://www.madonline.com/ralava-beboarimisa-le-nouveau-ministre-de-lenvironnement-a-du-pain-sur-la-planche/ https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21 https://www.tresorpublic.mg/adoption-de-la-loi-beboarimisa-contre-les-traffics-de-bois-precieux/ https://newsghana.com.gh/120-tons-of-rosewood-seized-in-mauritius-repatriated-to-madagascar/ https://laverite.mg/politique/item/949-primature-ralava-beboarimisa-pousse-dans-la-course.html https://mg.usembassy.gov/soutien-des-etats-unis-pour-les-poursuites-judiciaires-au-niveau-international/ https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/rosewood-case-court-of-appeal-clears-businessman-and-firm-of-importing-logs https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2017/08/26/remaniement-gouvernemental-3-nouveaux-ministres-3-autres-limoges/ http://www.panapress.com/Authorities-inaugurate-expansion-project-at-Toamasina-port--13-630544217-0-lang2-index.html https://madagascar-tribune.com/Ouverture-du-nouveau-terminal-d-Ivato-International-Airport.html https://lexpress.mg/18/10/2018/exposition-une-semaine-de-la-republique-citoyenne/ https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2019/10/15/association-batir-la-republique-carton-plein-pour-la-2eme-celebration-du-14-octobre/ https://lexpress.mg/2023/12/presidentielle-en-rd-congo-hery/ == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralavabeboarimisa/ Ralava Beboarimisa na LinkedIn] * https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21 k57xd0inmu5m3aj3t824ymw0yzpdak0 697459 697421 2026-08-09T19:46:48Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ihe odide */ 697459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} <references /> '''Ralava Beboarimisa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri isii, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na itoolu, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beboarimisa gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ego na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na [[France]], mesịa na-emecha agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi na idu ndú na INSEAD n'afọ puku na iri na otu na Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ itinye ego na Paris na Fimat International Banque (Société Générale group) ma mesịa na Newedge, ọkachamara na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ego na ngwọta ụgwọ maka ndị ahịa Ụgwọ Ọrụ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọ laghachiri [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM). N'okpuru idu ndú ya, onyinye nke ntọala ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka US $ 50 nde, na-akwado ihe karịrị ebe iri atọ echedoro na-ekpuchi nde hekta 3. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Consortium of African Funds for the Environment ma duru ndị nnọchi anya iri isii nke Madagascar gaa IUCN World Parks Congress na Sydney n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Jenụwarị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, Beboarimisa nọchitere anya [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi na-ekwu okwu na COP21 na Paris, na-akwado ego ihu igwe na nkwado siri ike maka mba ndị na-adịghị ike. O nyekwara ndị omeiwu "Iwu Beboarimisa" (Iwu No. 2015‐056), nke a nabatara na Disemba afọ 2015, nke mepụtara usoro ikpe pụrụ iche iji lụso ịzụ ahịa iwu nke rosewood na ebony ọgụ. Iwu ahụ mere ka ntaramahụhụ, ikike ikpe, na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa sie ike, na-enyere Madagascar aka inweta nloghachi nke ụgbọ mmiri rosewood e weghaara na mba ọzọ, gụnyere tọn narị na iri abụọ site na Mauritius n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. N'oge ọ bụ onye ozi, Madagascar gbasaa ebe ndị a na-echebe ruo ihe karịrị nde hekta asaa ma guzobe mpaghara ọhụrụ a na-echekwa mmiri n'okpuru "Nkwupụta nke Sydney" zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, visibiliti ya mere ka e kwuo na ọ nwere ike ịnọchi Jean Ravelonarivo dị ka praịm minista. N'oge ọ na-eje ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi, Beboarimisa chere nyocha ihu n'afọ 2016 maka ijide ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ osisi rosewood Malagasy na Singapore. O kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e nyere ikike mbupụ ma kwado ya na nyocha, ebe gọọmentị mba United States gosipụtara nkwado maka mbọ iwu mba ụwa nke Madagascar. n'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Singapore kagburu ikpe, na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị na njem kama ibubata n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a gbanwere ọchịchị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ihu igwe, na-eje ozi ruo Jenụwarị n'afọ 2019. N'ọrụ a, ọ malitere mgbanwe na nchịkwa njem na nchekwa, ọrụ ihu igwe nke oge a, ma mee ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke cyclone nke Madagascar sie ike, karịsịa site na ịbanye na mmemme Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS). Ọ na-ahụkwa maka nnukwu ọrụ akụrụngwa, gụnyere mmụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tamatave (Toamasina) na iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na Ivato International Airport na Antananarivo. == Omume obodo == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2018, Beboarimisa guzobere òtù obodo Bâtir la République, nke e guzobere iji kwalite itinye aka ụmụ amaala na arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Òtù NGO na-ahazi nzukọ ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, ọkachasị n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1958, nkwupụta nke mba mbụ nke Madagascar. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọkwa mba ụwa, Beboarimisa esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ African Union Observations missions N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ AU na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Democratic Republic of the Congo, nke onye mbụ onye isi ala Madagascar bụ Hery Rajaonarimampianina duziri. == Ihe odide == # http://www.madonline.com/ralava-beboarimisa-le-nouveau-ministre-de-lenvironnement-a-du-pain-sur-la-planche/ # https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21 # https://www.tresorpublic.mg/adoption-de-la-loi-beboarimisa-contre-les-traffics-de-bois-precieux/ # https://newsghana.com.gh/120-tons-of-rosewood-seized-in-mauritius-repatriated-to-madagascar/ # https://laverite.mg/politique/item/949-primature-ralava-beboarimisa-pousse-dans-la-course.html # https://mg.usembassy.gov/soutien-des-etats-unis-pour-les-poursuites-judiciaires-au-niveau-international/ # https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/rosewood-case-court-of-appeal-clears-businessman-and-firm-of-importing-logs # https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2017/08/26/remaniement-gouvernemental-3-nouveaux-ministres-3-autres-limoges/ # http://www.panapress.com/Authorities-inaugurate-expansion-project-at-Toamasina-port--13-630544217-0-lang2-index.html # https://madagascar-tribune.com/Ouverture-du-nouveau-terminal-d-Ivato-International-Airport.html # https://lexpress.mg/18/10/2018/exposition-une-semaine-de-la-republique-citoyenne/ # https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2019/10/15/association-batir-la-republique-carton-plein-pour-la-2eme-celebration-du-14-octobre/ # https://lexpress.mg/2023/12/presidentielle-en-rd-congo-hery/ == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralavabeboarimisa/ Ralava Beboarimisa na LinkedIn] * https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21 aw97knhejbcaec14pprlf4lzunef56c 697698 697459 2026-08-10T05:54:19Z King ChristLike 13051 Ndezi ndị ndị [[Special:Contributions/Specialyvonne|Specialyvonne]] ([[User talk:Specialyvonne|talk]]) mere emegharịrị gaa na mgbanwe ndị [[User:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] mere 688274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} <references /> '''Ralava Beboarimisa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri isii, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na itoolu, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beboarimisa gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ego na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na [[France]], mesịa na-emecha agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi na idu ndú na INSEAD n'afọ puku na iri na otu na Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ itinye ego na Paris na Fimat International Banque (Société Générale group) ma mesịa na Newedge, ọkachamara na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ego na ngwọta ụgwọ maka ndị ahịa Ụgwọ Ọrụ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọ laghachiri [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM). N'okpuru idu ndú ya, onyinye nke ntọala ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka US $ 50 nde, na-akwado ihe karịrị ebe iri atọ echedoro na-ekpuchi nde hekta 3. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Consortium of African Funds for the Environment ma duru ndị nnọchi anya iri isii nke Madagascar gaa IUCN World Parks Congress na Sydney n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Jenụwarị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, Beboarimisa nọchitere anya [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi na-ekwu okwu na COP21 na Paris, na-akwado ego ihu igwe na nkwado siri ike maka mba ndị na-adịghị ike. O nyekwara ndị omeiwu "Iwu Beboarimisa" (Iwu No. 2015‐056), nke a nabatara na Disemba afọ 2015, nke mepụtara usoro ikpe pụrụ iche iji lụso ịzụ ahịa iwu nke rosewood na ebony ọgụ. Iwu ahụ mere ka ntaramahụhụ, ikike ikpe, na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa sie ike, na-enyere Madagascar aka inweta nloghachi nke ụgbọ mmiri rosewood e weghaara na mba ọzọ, gụnyere tọn narị na iri abụọ site na Mauritius n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. N'oge ọ bụ onye ozi, Madagascar gbasaa ebe ndị a na-echebe ruo ihe karịrị nde hekta asaa ma guzobe mpaghara ọhụrụ a na-echekwa mmiri n'okpuru "Nkwupụta nke Sydney" zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, visibiliti ya mere ka e kwuo na ọ nwere ike ịnọchi Jean Ravelonarivo dị ka praịm minista. N'oge ọ na-eje ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi, Beboarimisa chere nyocha ihu n'afọ 2016 maka ijide ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ osisi rosewood Malagasy na Singapore. O kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e nyere ikike mbupụ ma kwado ya na nyocha, ebe gọọmentị mba United States gosipụtara nkwado maka mbọ iwu mba ụwa nke Madagascar. n'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Singapore kagburu ikpe, na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị na njem kama ibubata n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a gbanwere ọchịchị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ihu igwe, na-eje ozi ruo Jenụwarị n'afọ 2019. N'ọrụ a, ọ malitere mgbanwe na nchịkwa njem na nchekwa, ọrụ ihu igwe nke oge a, ma mee ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke cyclone nke Madagascar sie ike, karịsịa site na ịbanye na mmemme Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS). Ọ na-ahụkwa maka nnukwu ọrụ akụrụngwa, gụnyere mmụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tamatave (Toamasina) na iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na Ivato International Airport na Antananarivo. == Omume obodo == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2018, Beboarimisa guzobere òtù obodo Bâtir la République, nke e guzobere iji kwalite itinye aka ụmụ amaala na arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Òtù NGO na-ahazi nzukọ ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, ọkachasị n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1958, nkwupụta nke mba mbụ nke Madagascar. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọkwa mba ụwa, Beboarimisa esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ African Union Observations missions N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ AU na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Democratic Republic of the Congo, nke onye mbụ onye isi ala Madagascar bụ Hery Rajaonarimampianina duziri. == Ihe odide == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralavabeboarimisa/ Ralava Beboarimisa na LinkedIn] * [https://www.facebook.com/BatirLaRepublique/ Iwu Republic Facebook page] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m7gsjebcg9qa9it73syijg8k93z7dab 0 77483 697429 673462 2026-08-09T17:05:43Z Specialyvonne 56002 Created by translating the section "References" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353553296|Ahmed Abukhater]]" 697429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine. O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}</ref><ref>• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa == Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&nbsp; : ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}</ref> * Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&nbsp; * Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&nbsp; * Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&nbsp; == Ihe ndekọ onwe onye == Powerlifting Gym Records: : ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) '' * Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs * Bench Press: 727.5 lbs * Deadlift: 749.5 lbs * Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref> Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ) na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ịdị iche == Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer. * Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]] [[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]] == Nrụtụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  57k52w163wo54ynby49lrhqh3gurkn9 697439 697429 2026-08-09T17:55:05Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Edensibia */ 697439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine. O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}</ref><ref>• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa == Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&nbsp; : ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}</ref> * Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&nbsp; * Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&nbsp; * Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&nbsp; == Ihe ndekọ onwe onye == Powerlifting Gym Records: : ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) '' * Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs * Bench Press: 727.5 lbs * Deadlift: 749.5 lbs * Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref> Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ) na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ịdị iche == Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer. * Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). == Edensibia == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]] [[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]] == Nrụtụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  b7puim87hgq9m4q3a9jsg0m9dnmxut9 697462 697439 2026-08-09T20:07:20Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Edensibia */ 697462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine. O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}</ref><ref>• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa == Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&nbsp; : ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}</ref> * Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&nbsp; * Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&nbsp; * Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&nbsp; == Ihe ndekọ onwe onye == Powerlifting Gym Records: : ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) '' * Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs * Bench Press: 727.5 lbs * Deadlift: 749.5 lbs * Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref> Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ) na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ịdị iche == Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer. * Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). == References == 1."University at Albany Experts". University at Albany. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 2."Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete". Institute for Middle East Understanding. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 3.Hilary, Nieman (November 6, 2006). "Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships". wrmea.org. Retrieved June 5, 2024. 4. Robbins, Kevin. (2007). "Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA. 5. Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 6. IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 7. "European Region". Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 8. "Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory". Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 9. Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. "The Arab-American Affairs magazine". Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 10. Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/ 11. "Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)". 12. World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 13. Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4 14. Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU 15. University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: http://tugis.towson.edu/ Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine 16. Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports". Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 17. McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). "Everyday Excellence." GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html 18. University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine 19. [UTSOA] enews 3.27.2008 Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 20. Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]] [[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]] == Nrụtụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  7oay8qyuz9xwt82djp42bt4kyxd7t7i 0 77645 697895 674941 2026-08-10T10:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697895 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri ''Narus''''' na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site n'akụkụ ndịda nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley dị n'ebe ugwu Uganda. Ọ na-esonye n'Osimiri Kidepo, nke ka ibu, n'akụkụ Komoloich, ihe dị ka kilomita 13 (maịl 8.1) mgbe ọ gafesịrị banye na Eastern Equatoria State nke South Sudan.Aha "Narus" sitere n'okwu Karamajong nke pụtara apịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10628:kidepo-ugandas-hidden-treasure&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74|title=Kidepo; Uganda’s hidden treasure|work=The Observer|author=Simon Musasizi|date=24 October 2010|accessdate=2011-07-22}}</ref> Ndagwurugwu Narus nwere 40% elu nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ karịa Ndagwurịta okwu Kidepo (89 sentimita (35 in) na 64 sentimita (25 in)). <ref name="Field 76">{{Cite journal|author=Field|first=C. R.|title=The savanna ecology of Kidepo Valley National Park.|url=https://archive.org/details/african-journal-of-ecology_1976-03_14_1/page/1|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=1 March 1976|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1976.tb00148.x}}</ref> Tinyere ọdịdị ala dị iche, nke a na-emepụta marshes na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ Osimiri Narus n'etiti ala ahịhịa na ala ahịha mara mma, nke na-adọta egwuregwu dị larịị ma bụrụ ebe Agụ iyi Naịl. <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZwi5RlRnAkC&pg=PA165|title=Watching Wildlife East Africa|author=Matthew Firestone|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn=1-74104-208-9}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị njem nleta nke ogige ahụ dị na Ndagwurugwu Narus, dịka ọtụtụ n'ime egwuregwu ahụ sitere na Ndagwurugwu Kidepo buru ibu n'ebe ugwu na-akwaga ebe ahụ n'oge ọkọchị. == Hụkwa == * [https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/narus-valley-kidepo.html Narus valley kidepo] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Kidepo Valley * Ndepụta osimiri nke Uganda * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Sudan == Edensibịa == <references> <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref> </references> 07torrkczerxola6sdeg1wj8dh0j154 0 77997 697599 688467 2026-08-10T03:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 5 books for (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 697599 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụma'''Testo in grassetto'''tụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1968-01_44_1/page/26|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-politics_1972-07_24_4/page/473|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_january-february-1970_17_1/page/1|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-modern-african-studies_1972-07_10_2/page/223|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969" /> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972" /> Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, <ref name="Akinyemi-1972" /> ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]].<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_1969-07_47_4/page/668|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcKenna1969">McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). </cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nut6xxtkp3u5i3f5teg7725musffmdk 0 78141 697445 697330 2026-08-09T18:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697445 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Aggrey Memorial |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.911929,5.378257],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Arochukwu</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1931 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] |} {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Aggrey Memorial |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.911929,5.378257],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Arochukwu</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1931 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] |} Aggrey Memorial Secondary School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na [[Arochukwu]],obodo Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About – Aggrey Memorial Secondary School|url=https://amescoschool.com/about/|accessdate=2021-06-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626141206/https://amescoschool.com/about/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ya n'afo 1931, Aggrey Memorial Secondary School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-agụkọ akwụkwọ ọnụ. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi obodo Naijiria, [[wiktionary:statesman|onye ọchịchị]], onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Alvan Ikoku|Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aggrey Memorial Secondary School Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/aggrey-memorial-secondary-school/|accessdate=2021-06-26|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị guzobere ndị ga-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ aha onwe ha, Dr Ikoku kpọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aha James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey (Ọktoba 18, 1875 - Julaị 30, 1927) onye bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye nkuzi si Obodo [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-29|title={{sic|nolink=y|Alunmi}} to rebuild Aggrey Memorial College|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/alunmi-rebuild-aggrey-memorial-college/|accessdate=2021-06-26|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221222053222/https://amescoschool.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] osmc3v5pc6kicdwb36nwwpt5dm637dm 0 78150 697423 2026-08-09T15:47:30Z Chukwuziterem 12950 Jiri 'nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | ngalaba_ranks = Ụdị | ngalaba = Maka nkọwa zuru oke, lee isi akụkọ: Taxonomy nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles''''' IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z bụ genus nke anwụnta nke onye German entomologist kọwara na mb...' kere ihü 697423 wikitext text/x-wiki nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | ngalaba_ranks = Ụdị | ngalaba = Maka nkọwa zuru oke, lee isi akụkọ: Taxonomy nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles''''' IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z bụ genus nke anwụnta nke onye German entomologist kọwara na mbụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen J. W. Meigen n'afọ 1818, a makwaara ha dịka '''anwụrụ ntu''' na ''anwụrụ ntu'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Ọnwụ ntu |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=[[Ọrụ Azụ na Anụmanụ nke United States]] |access-date=16 Disemba 2023 |quote=Aha nkịtị: Ọnwụ ntu, anwụnta apịtị}}</ref> Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otú ahụ bụ Ọnwụ nje vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute anụ na-akpụ akpụ |anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute anụmanụ na-abụghị anụmanụ na-akpụ akpụ |anụ na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta "'Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-akpọ "Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Usoro "'Anopheles'" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ ihe dị ka Ma 100 myr na mya, nakwa, dị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larva e, na pupa bụ Anụ mmiri. Anwụnta "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya na-eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-azụ ya na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto na-ada ada, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. A na-ekesa "Anopheles" ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'ofe ebe okpomọkụ, mpaghara ndị dị n'okpuru ala, na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate nke ndị toro eto, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite== === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị "Anopheles" adịghị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> Ha bụ ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> na Dominican Republic amber site na Last Eocene Ma 40.4 ruo Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) sitere na Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> na ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> na Germany,German amber sitere na Late Oligocene Ma,28.4 ruo Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Scrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny === Ndị nna ochie nke Iji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Mmepụta mtDNA zuru oke nke ''Anopheles darlingi'' na ụzọ isi mee ka oge ọdịiche anopheles dị |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụdị anwụnta Culicinae na "Anopheles" dị iche n'etiti Ma|120 na Ma 150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=Nkọwapụta gland salivary nke neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darli'' na-ekpughe mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka hematophagy |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụdị "Anopheles" nke ụwa ochie na nke ọhụrụ mechara kewaa n'etiti Ma,80 na Ma,95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' si na nje ndị na-efe efe ịba nke Afrịka na Eshia pụta ~Ma 100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ịba nke ukwuu: Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke anwụnta Anopheles iri na isii |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N </ref> A na-enyocha cladogram ahụ site na nyocha nke anwụnta genomics site n'aka Heafsey na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> === Taxonomy === Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ nke German Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ibu dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |geli=Systematischefäder Bechenntenibuwezgenibuwe Insekten | asụsụ> = de | trans-title = Nkọwa usoro nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku abụọ nke Europe amaara | ebe = Aachen | onye nkwusa = Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann | mpịakọta = 1 | ibe = 10–12 | url = https://www.bidiversitylibrary.org/item/item/45833 </repage/5. Greek oge ochie okwu lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'abaghị uru', sitere na lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'ọ bụghị', 'un-' na lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος]] transliteration|grc|óphelos 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 Ọgọst 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Aha nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị oke ukwuu Ọ gara n'ihu na 1901 mgbe ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Bekee Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, ma ọ bụ anwụnta |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up</ref E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum Natural History site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntuziaka nke Odeakwụkwọ nke Steeti maka Ndị Ọchịchị nke afọ 1898, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/ ''Anopheles'' (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: ''Bironella'' (nke a na-ejikarị Australasia na ''Chagasia'' (nke a na-ejikarị Neotropics. Usoro nhazi ahụ ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: Site na Subgenera ruo Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K </ref><ref name="Foley 1998">cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution na Systematics nke ''Anopheles'':Nghọta sitere na Phylogeny Molecular nke Anwụnta Australasia |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics na Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F </ref> Nkewa n'ime ụdị dị iche iche dabere na njirimara morphological - ntụpọ nku, anatomy isi, anatomy larval na pupal, nhazi chromosome, na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na usoro DNA.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |pmid=17262930 |afọ=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Igodo e sere ese nye anwụnta nke Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 </ref><ref name="Walton 2007">cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na njirimara molekul nke ụdị anwụnta na otu Anopheles maculatus site na iji mpaghara ITS2 nke rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 </ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{detuo akwụkwọ akụkọ |pmid=16119539 |afọ=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Nyocha ọdịdị na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Funestus na Minimus otu nke Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Na usoro nke Harbach na Kitching bipụtara na 2016, egosiri na ụdị atọ nke ''Bironella'' ''Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' na ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi yiri nke ''Anopheles kyondafensis|A. kyondafensis''' karịa ụdị "Bironella" ndị ọzọ. Phylogeny ahụ na-arụ ụka na, dabere na myirịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' dị iche na nna ochie nke ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=Jenụwarị 2016 |title=Nlegharị anya nke usoro ihe dị ndụ nke Anophelinae: nkwubi okwu gbasara mmalite na nhazi nke ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoolica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ na usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji)|akwa, larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5–14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector epidemiology)|vector. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị ebi ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Oge Ndụ nke ''Anopheles'' Anwụnta |publisher=[[Ebe Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa]] |access-date=Eprel 23, 2026 |date=Mee 14, 2024 }} }}</ref> === Àkwá === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka convert|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1× convert|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1. A na-etinye àkwá n'otu ebe na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu 2–3 n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax ahụ ahụhụ thorax na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. N'adịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle arthropods spiracle dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, nke anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> ==Pupa== Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na [[Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)|thorax]] n'ime [[cephalothorax]], afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, pupa ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka pupa, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|[[Pupa]] File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis]]'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === Ndị Okenye === [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of [[Culicinae]] (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ ọkachamara maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna bayọlọji antennae. Antenna ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Ụmụ anwụnta ndị nwanyị na-ebu ''Plasmodium'' nje, bụ́ ihe na-akpata ịba, na-adọtakarị ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta ndị na-enweghị nje.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Anwụnta ndị metụtara ịba na-egosi mmasị ka mma na isi mmadụ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ahụ nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis eji enye nri, yana maxilla maxillary palps abụọ. Nku aka ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta nnukwu mmadụ nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ thorax bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ nwayọ.<ref name="cdc"/> Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ ọkachamara maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna bayọlọji antennae. Antenna ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Ụmụ anwụnta ndị nwanyị na-ebu ''Plasmodium'' nje, bụ́ ihe na-akpata ịba, na-adọtakarị ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta ndị na-enweghị nje.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Anwụnta ndị metụtara ịba na-egosi mmasị ka mma na isi mmadụ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ahụ nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis eji enye nri, yana maxilla maxillary palps abụọ. Nku aka ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta nnukwu mmadụ nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ thorax bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ nwayọ.<ref name="cdc"/> ''Anopheles'' nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dị ka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mgbochi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ndị okenye site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-agbakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu sìgwès, na-abụkarị n'oge ọchịchịrị, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji lụọ di na nwunye. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo na okenye n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị iri ruo iri na anọ n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ndụ ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweta shuga. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, n'ime otu ndụ ha dị ka nri naanị mmiri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Mmetụta Nsí nke Iri Ọbara n'Ọnwụ Ndị Nwoke |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri nri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka a na-agbari ọbara ma na-emepụta àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo izu abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> == Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == === Nkesa === Ụdị ''Anopheles'' bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. N'oge gara aga, ọrịa ịba na-efe efe mere n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge a na-ewu Ọwa Mmiri Rịdeau na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Ịda ogbenye, Nsogbu, na Ọrịa: Ọrụ na Iwu nke Ọwa Mmiri Rịdeau, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref> Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị na mpaghara ndị ọrịa ịba na-efe efe, yabụ ebe ndị e wepụrụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="CDC Ebe Ịda 2020">{{cite web |date=Eprel 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Ịba - Banyere Ịba - Ebe Ịba na-eme |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=Disemba 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] === Ebe Obibi === ''Anopheles'' chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri ha na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 Disemba 2023}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike ịkwalite ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe oge niile n'Africa oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Akpọnwụọla mana ọ dị ndụ: otu anwụnta si adị ndụ ọnwa 8 |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ọzọkwa, edeela akụkọ gbasara 'Anopheles'' ka ha na-eme njem n'ime akpa, dịka n'ụgbọelu.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Nchọpụta nke Ụdị Anwụnta Pụrụ Iche (Diptera: Culicidae) na Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile na Europe |journal=Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Mba Nile nke Nnyocha Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ahụike Ọha |volume=17 |issue=10 |ụbọchị=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Pasititi nke ''Anopheles'' gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị ''Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania''.<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology na epizootology nke microsporidia na anwụnta ịba (Diptera: Culicidae) site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Siberia |journal=Parazitologia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref> A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, a na-ebufe nje ahụ site n'ọnụ ma ọ naghị akọwapụta ụdị ya kpọmkwem. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa ahụ. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe vetikal (transovariarial) na-emekwa.<ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny nke ''Amblyospora'' Microsporida: Amblyosporidae na ụdị ndị yiri ya dabere na obere data DNA nke ribosomal subunit: ihe atụ nwere ike ịbụ nke cospeciation parasites host |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=Nọvemba 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ha.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Nje ndị nje na-efe efe na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ |website=Discovery News |date=1 Ọktoba 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 Nọvemba 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-eri anụ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụ ụmụ nwanyị ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Ojiji nke ''Anopheles''-omume njide anụ nke obere ụmụaka nke ''Evarcha culicivora'', ududo na-awụli elu na-eri anwụnta |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref> Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ ''Anopheles'' n'elu anụ ndị ọzọ niile n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka ọ na-ebu.<ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Ududo ndị na-akwụsị anwụnta na ihe ọ pụtara bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụ ndị na-eri anụ." Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ndị na-eto eto ewerela omume "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" dị ka ihe ngosi bụ isi iji mata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'okwu a, ududo na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya.<ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=Onye na-eri anụ si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nke họpụtara Vectors Malaria dị ka anụ oriri a na-ahọrọ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Vectors malaria == === Ebe nri ọbara kacha mma === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya. n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ oke ụdị "Anopheles" na-ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ zoophily. "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. 1955. "'Anwụnta nke North America (North of Mexico''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: Mahadum California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology nke Ọnụọgụgụ Ndị Toworo Eto Kewapụrụ Onwe Ha: Ọgaranya, Ọnọdụ Trophic, Nha nhata, Ndụ, Ogologo Okirikiri Gonotrophic, na Nhọrọ Ndị Ọbịa |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihe ndị bụ isi na-ebute ọrịa ịba na Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' na ''A. funestus'', bụ ndị na-enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmadụ ma bụrụkwa ndị na-ebutekarị ọrịa ịba mmadụ. === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri ya, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta oge mpụga incubation sitere na ụbọchị 10 ruo 21, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle kpọmkwem ndụ anwụnta n'okike, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A." gambiae'', ihe na-akpata nje dị ize ndụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'', sitere na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Nlanarị na ohere nke ọrịa nke anthropophagic anophelines site na mpaghara nke Plasmodium falciparum jupụtara na mmadụ |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Na-eche na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide adịgide ruo ndụ okenye, ihe na-erughị 10% nke ụmụ nwanyị ''A. gambiae'' ga-adị ndụ karịa oge mmalite nke ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị 20% nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa ndị dabere na ọgwụs dịka ọmụmaatụ ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ nwere ike imetụta ịba Nnyefe ọgwụ nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ụdị nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ abalị na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị. Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ endophagic, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí exophagic. Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ endophilic, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí exophilic. A pụrụ ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie ịbata anwụnta dịka ọmụmaatụ ihuenyo windo. A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe kacha mma maka igbochi ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ nwee mmasị na mpụga/mpụga na mpụga bụ imebi ebe a na-azụlite anụmanụ, dịka site n'ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Fotosynthetic cyanobacteria na-ejupụta n'ọtụtụ ebe na n'ime afọ ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bacteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-akachasị. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị n'afọ nke ukwuu, na-eme ka nje bacteria dị mma.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae na Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa na iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ enyela ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ ebe anwụnta na-ata. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge Mgbasa Ozi Mwepụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Njikwa Ịba: Ihe Ndị Mezuworo, Nsogbu, na Atụmatụ |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=23 Jenụwarị 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref> Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta sie ike, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta iguzogide.<ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 Julaị 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=[[Ebe Maka Njikwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa]] |access-date=16 Disemba 2023}}</ref> === Ikpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 mgbagharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=Jenụwarị 2016 |title=A Usoro mbanye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRISPR-Cas9 na-elekwasị anya na ịmụpụta ụmụ nwanyị na ihe na-eme ka anwụnta ịba pụta Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> site na ihichapụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''Doublesex|dsx''', na-akpata amụghị nwa nke ụmụ nwanyị. Egosila na usoro mbanye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị otú ahụ na-egbochi ''A'' dum nke e tinyere n'ime akpa. ndị mmadụ gambiae'' <ref>dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=Nọvemba 2018 |title=A Mgbakwunye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRISPR–Cas9 nke na-elekwasị anya na mmekọahụ abụọ na-akpata oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anwụnta gambiae Anopheles |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ 7–11, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ihe a.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=Eprel 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 na ụmụ ahụhụ: Ngwa, omume kacha mma na nchegbu nchekwa bio |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ya mere, enwere mgbalị iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mkpọchi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Anopheles gambiae FREP1 na-egbochi ọrịa nje ịba |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero ''Metarhizium pinghaense'' nke e mepụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke funnel-web spider nke Australia; ikpughe na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ''Anopheles'' daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 Mee 2019 |title=GM ero gburu 99% nke anwụnta ịba ngwa ngwa, dịka nnyocha na-egosi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=[[BBC News Online]] |access-date=31 Disemba 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Ntụaka == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ mpụga== [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version]] ===Category=== [[Category: Anopheles]] [[Category: Anwụnta]] mqn0icc6c0ntb0vegaufdo9w78mojwb 697474 697423 2026-08-10T00:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697474 wikitext text/x-wiki nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | ngalaba_ranks = Ụdị | ngalaba = Maka nkọwa zuru oke, lee isi akụkọ: Taxonomy nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles''''' IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z bụ genus nke anwụnta nke onye German entomologist kọwara na mbụ Johann Wilhelm Meigen J. W. Meigen n'afọ 1818, a makwaara ha dịka '''anwụrụ ntu''' na ''anwụrụ ntu'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Ọnwụ ntu |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=[[Ọrụ Azụ na Anụmanụ nke United States]] |access-date=16 Disemba 2023 |quote=Aha nkịtị: Ọnwụ ntu, anwụnta apịtị}}</ref> Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otú ahụ bụ Ọnwụ nje vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute anụ na-akpụ akpụ |anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute anụmanụ na-abụghị anụmanụ na-akpụ akpụ |anụ na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta "'Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-akpọ "Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Usoro "'Anopheles'" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ ihe dị ka Ma 100 myr na mya, nakwa, dị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larva e, na pupa bụ Anụ mmiri. Anwụnta "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya na-eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-azụ ya na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto na-ada ada, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. A na-ekesa "Anopheles" ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'ofe ebe okpomọkụ, mpaghara ndị dị n'okpuru ala, na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate nke ndị toro eto, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite== === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị "Anopheles" adịghị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> Ha bụ ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> na Dominican Republic amber site na Last Eocene Ma 40.4 ruo Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) sitere na Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> na ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> na Germany,German amber sitere na Late Oligocene Ma,28.4 ruo Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Scrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny === Ndị nna ochie nke Iji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Mmepụta mtDNA zuru oke nke ''Anopheles darlingi'' na ụzọ isi mee ka oge ọdịiche anopheles dị |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụdị anwụnta Culicinae na "Anopheles" dị iche n'etiti Ma|120 na Ma 150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=Nkọwapụta gland salivary nke neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darli'' na-ekpughe mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka hematophagy |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụdị "Anopheles" nke ụwa ochie na nke ọhụrụ mechara kewaa n'etiti Ma,80 na Ma,95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' si na nje ndị na-efe efe ịba nke Afrịka na Eshia pụta ~Ma 100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa ịba nke ukwuu: Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke anwụnta Anopheles iri na isii |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N </ref> A na-enyocha cladogram ahụ site na nyocha nke anwụnta genomics site n'aka Heafsey na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> === Taxonomy === Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ nke German Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ibu dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |geli=Systematischefäder Bechenntenibuwezgenibuwe Insekten | asụsụ> = de | trans-title = Nkọwa usoro nke ụmụ ahụhụ nwere nku abụọ nke Europe amaara | ebe = Aachen | onye nkwusa = Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann | mpịakọta = 1 | ibe = 10–12 | url = https://www.bidiversitylibrary.org/item/item/45833 </repage/5. Greek oge ochie okwu lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'abaghị uru', sitere na lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'ọ bụghị', 'un-' na lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος]] transliteration|grc|óphelos 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 Ọgọst 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Aha nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị oke ukwuu Ọ gara n'ihu na 1901 mgbe ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Bekee Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, ma ọ bụ anwụnta |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up</ref E nyere ya ihe atụ anwụnta e zigara na British Museum Natural History site na gburugburu ụwa, na ntuziaka nke Odeakwụkwọ nke Steeti maka Ndị Ọchịchị nke afọ 1898, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/ ''Anopheles'' (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: ''Bironella'' (nke a na-ejikarị Australasia na ''Chagasia'' (nke a na-ejikarị Neotropics. Usoro nhazi ahụ ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: Site na Subgenera ruo Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K </ref><ref name="Foley 1998">cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution na Systematics nke ''Anopheles'':Nghọta sitere na Phylogeny Molecular nke Anwụnta Australasia |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics na Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F </ref> Nkewa n'ime ụdị dị iche iche dabere na njirimara morphological - ntụpọ nku, anatomy isi, anatomy larval na pupal, nhazi chromosome, na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na usoro DNA.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |pmid=17262930 |afọ=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Igodo e sere ese nye anwụnta nke Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 </ref><ref name="Walton 2007">cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Ọdịiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na njirimara molekul nke ụdị anwụnta na otu Anopheles maculatus site na iji mpaghara ITS2 nke rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 </ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{detuo akwụkwọ akụkọ |pmid=16119539 |afọ=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Nyocha ọdịdị na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Funestus na Minimus otu nke Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Na usoro nke Harbach na Kitching bipụtara na 2016, egosiri na ụdị atọ nke ''Bironella'' ''Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' na ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi yiri nke ''Anopheles kyondafensis|A. kyondafensis''' karịa ụdị "Bironella" ndị ọzọ. Phylogeny ahụ na-arụ ụka na, dabere na myirịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' dị iche na nna ochie nke ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=Jenụwarị 2016 |title=Nlegharị anya nke usoro ihe dị ndụ nke Anophelinae: nkwubi okwu gbasara mmalite na nhazi nke ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoolica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ na usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji)|akwa, larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5–14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'' na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector epidemiology)|vector. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị ebi ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Oge Ndụ nke ''Anopheles'' Anwụnta |publisher=[[Ebe Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa]] |access-date=Eprel 23, 2026 |date=Mee 14, 2024 }} }}</ref> === Àkwá === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka convert|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1× convert|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1. A na-etinye àkwá n'otu ebe na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu 2–3 n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax ahụ ahụhụ thorax na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. N'adịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle arthropods spiracle dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, nke anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> ==Pupa== Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na [[Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)|thorax]] n'ime [[cephalothorax]], afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, pupa ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka pupa, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|[[Pupa]] File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''[[Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis]]'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === Ndị Okenye === [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of [[Culicinae]] (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ ọkachamara maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna bayọlọji antennae. Antenna ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Ụmụ anwụnta ndị nwanyị na-ebu ''Plasmodium'' nje, bụ́ ihe na-akpata ịba, na-adọtakarị ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta ndị na-enweghị nje.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Anwụnta ndị metụtara ịba na-egosi mmasị ka mma na isi mmadụ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ahụ nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis eji enye nri, yana maxilla maxillary palps abụọ. Nku aka ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta nnukwu mmadụ nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ thorax bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ nwayọ.<ref name="cdc"/> Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ ọkachamara maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna bayọlọji antennae. Antenna ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Ụmụ anwụnta ndị nwanyị na-ebu ''Plasmodium'' nje, bụ́ ihe na-akpata ịba, na-adọtakarị ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta ndị na-enweghị nje.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013"/> Isi ahụ nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis eji enye nri, yana maxilla maxillary palps abụọ. Nku aka ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta nnukwu mmadụ nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ thorax bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ nwayọ.<ref name="cdc"/> ''Anopheles'' nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dị ka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mgbochi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ndị okenye site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-agbakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu sìgwès, na-abụkarị n'oge ọchịchịrị, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji lụọ di na nwunye. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike itolite site na àkwá ruo na okenye n'ime ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị iri ruo iri na anọ n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ndụ ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweta shuga. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, n'ime otu ndụ ha dị ka nri naanị mmiri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Mmetụta Nsí nke Iri Ọbara n'Ọnwụ Ndị Nwoke |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri nri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka a na-agbari ọbara ma na-emepụta àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo izu abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> == Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == === Nkesa === Ụdị ''Anopheles'' bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. N'oge gara aga, ọrịa ịba na-efe efe mere n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge a na-ewu Ọwa Mmiri Rịdeau na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Ịda ogbenye, Nsogbu, na Ọrịa: Ọrụ na Iwu nke Ọwa Mmiri Rịdeau, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref> Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị na mpaghara ndị ọrịa ịba na-efe efe, yabụ ebe ndị e wepụrụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="CDC Ebe Ịda 2020">{{cite web |date=Eprel 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Ịba - Banyere Ịba - Ebe Ịba na-eme |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=Disemba 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] === Ebe Obibi === ''Anopheles'' chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri ha na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 Disemba 2023}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike ịkwalite ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe oge niile n'Africa oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Akpọnwụọla mana ọ dị ndụ: otu anwụnta si adị ndụ ọnwa 8 |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ọzọkwa, edeela akụkọ gbasara 'Anopheles'' ka ha na-eme njem n'ime akpa, dịka n'ụgbọelu.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Nchọpụta nke Ụdị Anwụnta Pụrụ Iche (Diptera: Culicidae) na Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile na Europe |journal=Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Mba Nile nke Nnyocha Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ahụike Ọha |volume=17 |issue=10 |ụbọchị=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Pasititi nke ''Anopheles'' gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị ''Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania''.<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology na epizootology nke microsporidia na anwụnta ịba (Diptera: Culicidae) site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Siberia |journal=Parazitologia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref> A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, a na-ebufe nje ahụ site n'ọnụ ma ọ naghị akọwapụta ụdị ya kpọmkwem. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa ahụ. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe vetikal (transovariarial) na-emekwa.<ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny nke ''Amblyospora'' Microsporida: Amblyosporidae na ụdị ndị yiri ya dabere na obere data DNA nke ribosomal subunit: ihe atụ nwere ike ịbụ nke cospeciation parasites host |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=Nọvemba 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha dị ka ndị na-achịkwa ha.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Nje ndị nje na-efe efe na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ |website=Discovery News |date=1 Ọktoba 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 Nọvemba 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-eri anụ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụ ụmụ nwanyị ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Ojiji nke ''Anopheles''-omume njide anụ nke obere ụmụaka nke ''Evarcha culicivora'', ududo na-awụli elu na-eri anwụnta |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref> Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ ''Anopheles'' n'elu anụ ndị ọzọ niile n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka ọ na-ebu.<ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Ududo ndị na-akwụsị anwụnta na ihe ọ pụtara bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụ ndị na-eri anụ." Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ndị na-eto eto ewerela omume "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" dị ka ihe ngosi bụ isi iji mata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'okwu a, ududo na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya.<ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=Onye na-eri anụ si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nke họpụtara Vectors Malaria dị ka anụ oriri a na-ahọrọ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Vectors malaria == === Ebe nri ọbara kacha mma === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya. n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ oke ụdị "Anopheles" na-ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ zoophily. "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. 1955. "'Anwụnta nke North America (North of Mexico''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: Mahadum California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology nke Ọnụọgụgụ Ndị Toworo Eto Kewapụrụ Onwe Ha: Ọgaranya, Ọnọdụ Trophic, Nha nhata, Ndụ, Ogologo Okirikiri Gonotrophic, na Nhọrọ Ndị Ọbịa |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ihe ndị bụ isi na-ebute ọrịa ịba na Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' na ''A. funestus'', bụ ndị na-enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmadụ ma bụrụkwa ndị na-ebutekarị ọrịa ịba mmadụ. === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri ya, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta oge mpụga incubation sitere na ụbọchị 10 ruo 21, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle kpọmkwem ndụ anwụnta n'okike, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A." gambiae'', ihe na-akpata nje dị ize ndụ nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'', sitere na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Nlanarị na ohere nke ọrịa nke anthropophagic anophelines site na mpaghara nke Plasmodium falciparum jupụtara na mmadụ |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Na-eche na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide adịgide ruo ndụ okenye, ihe na-erughị 10% nke ụmụ nwanyị ''A. gambiae'' ga-adị ndụ karịa oge mmalite nke ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị 20% nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa ndị dabere na ọgwụs dịka ọmụmaatụ ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ nwere ike imetụta ịba Nnyefe ọgwụ nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ụdị nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ ụtụtụ ma ọ bụ abalị na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị. Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ endophagic, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí exophagic. Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ endophilic, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí exophilic. A pụrụ ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie ịbata anwụnta dịka ọmụmaatụ ihuenyo windo. A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe kacha mma maka igbochi ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ nwee mmasị na mpụga/mpụga na mpụga bụ imebi ebe a na-azụlite anụmanụ, dịka site n'ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Fotosynthetic cyanobacteria na-ejupụta n'ọtụtụ ebe na n'ime afọ ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bacteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-akachasị. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị n'afọ nke ukwuu, na-eme ka nje bacteria dị mma.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anwụnta ịba Anopheles gambiae na Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa na iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ enyela ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ ebe anwụnta na-ata. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge Mgbasa Ozi Mwepụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Njikwa Ịba: Ihe Ndị Mezuworo, Nsogbu, na Atụmatụ |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=23 Jenụwarị 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref> Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta sie ike, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta iguzogide.<ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 Julaị 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=[[Ebe Maka Njikwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa]] |access-date=16 Disemba 2023}}</ref> === Ikpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 mgbagharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=Jenụwarị 2016 |title=A Usoro mbanye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRISPR-Cas9 na-elekwasị anya na ịmụpụta ụmụ nwanyị na ihe na-eme ka anwụnta ịba pụta Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> site na ihichapụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''Doublesex|dsx''', na-akpata amụghị nwa nke ụmụ nwanyị. Egosila na usoro mbanye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị otú ahụ na-egbochi ''A'' dum nke e tinyere n'ime akpa. ndị mmadụ gambiae'' <ref>dee akwụkwọ akụkọ |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=Nọvemba 2018 |title=A Mgbakwunye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CRISPR–Cas9 nke na-elekwasị anya na mmekọahụ abụọ na-akpata oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anwụnta gambiae Anopheles |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ 7–11, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ihe a.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=Eprel 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 na ụmụ ahụhụ: Ngwa, omume kacha mma na nchegbu nchekwa bio |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ya mere, enwere mgbalị iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mkpọchi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Anopheles gambiae FREP1 na-egbochi ọrịa nje ịba |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero ''Metarhizium pinghaense'' nke e mepụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke funnel-web spider nke Australia; ikpughe na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ''Anopheles'' daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 Mee 2019 |title=GM ero gburu 99% nke anwụnta ịba ngwa ngwa, dịka nnyocha na-egosi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=[[BBC News Online]] |access-date=31 Disemba 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Ntụaka == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ mpụga== [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version]] ===Category=== [[Category: Anopheles]] [[Category: Anwụnta]] 8l5cna1wgykdm0xj061z8bkgoinmi3w 0 78151 697438 2026-08-09T17:46:19Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Chinemeremprince moved page [[Mercedes Pascual]] to [[Édēchághị́:Mercedes Pascual]]: Move to draftspace ([[WP:DRAFTIFY]]) 697438 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Édēchághị́:Mercedes Pascual]] 3f6iitfs98onsj9gbw477gaw1r1dbhn 697718 697438 2026-08-10T06:28:03Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345478464|Mercedes Pascual]]" 697718 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE). <ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}</ref> <ref name="MATE">{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. <ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}</ref> <ref name="Allesina">{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}</ref> gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.<ref name="Bradbury">{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gale">{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}</ref><ref name="Rodo">{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}</ref><ref name="Chaves">{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}</ref> Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}</ref> Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na influenza. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Thometz">{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Malaria">{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].<ref name="Rucker">{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal. Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. <ref name="Regents">{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995. <ref name="Pascual-Dunlap" /> Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ. Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. <ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}</ref> site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="EEBHistory">{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html "Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor"]. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from [https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 2, 2019.</cite></ref> Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999">James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php "Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation"]. ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.<ref name="Svitil">{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019">Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences "Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences"]. ''UChicago News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . <ref name="Academy">{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}} * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}} == Edensibia ==  {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6qfvpwhc9p4fczhr1x1nb6bjf8k6y35 697721 697718 2026-08-10T06:30:58Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697721 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE). <ref name="Chicago" /> <ref name="MATE">{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. <ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}</ref> <ref name="Allesina">{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}</ref> gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="AAAS" /> Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.<ref name="Bradbury">{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gale">{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}</ref><ref name="Rodo">{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}</ref><ref name="Chaves">{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}</ref> Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="McArthur" /> Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na influenza. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Thometz">{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Malaria">{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].<ref name="Rucker">{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal. Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. <ref name="Regents">{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995. <ref name="Pascual-Dunlap" /> Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ. Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. <ref name="Chaos" /> == Ọrụ == Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland <ref name="McDonnell" /> site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="EEBHistory">{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html "Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor"]. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from [https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 2, 2019.</cite></ref> Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999">James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php "Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation"]. ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.<ref name="Svitil">{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019">Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences "Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences"]. ''UChicago News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . <ref name="Academy">{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}} * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}} == Edensibia ==  {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] i5rppy0u7lpthgboxfo5uf2b3onfhjp 697728 697721 2026-08-10T06:46:39Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697728 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE). <ref name="Chicago" /> <ref name="MATE">{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. <ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}</ref> <ref name="Allesina">{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}</ref> gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="AAAS" /> Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.<ref name="Bradbury">{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gale">{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}</ref><ref name="Rodo">{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}</ref><ref name="Chaves">{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}</ref> Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="McArthur" /> Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na influenza. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Thometz">{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Malaria">{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].<ref name="Rucker">{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal. Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. <ref name="Regents">{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995.<ref name="Pascual-Dunlap">{{cite thesis |last1=Pascual-Dunlap |first1=Maria Mercedes |title=Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology |date=January 1995 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511031504/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=May 11, 2019|doi=10.1575/1912/5631|hdl=1912/5631|type=Thesis |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ. Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. <ref name="Chaos" /> == Ọrụ == Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland <ref name="McDonnell" /> site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="EEBHistory">{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html "Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor"]. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from [https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 2, 2019.</cite></ref> Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999">James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php "Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation"]. ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.<ref name="Svitil">{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019">Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences "Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences"]. ''UChicago News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . <ref name="Academy">{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}} * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}} == Edensibia ==  {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] eykj94j6yvmx32rdybyoubdzx48qger 697731 697728 2026-08-10T06:51:30Z Chinemeremprince 13026 697731 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE).<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Charles |title=Better than tea leaves |journal=HHMI Bulletin |date=2009 |issue=May |pages=32–37, 56 |url=https://www.hhmi.org/sites/default/files/Bulletin/2009/May/may2009.pdf |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Chicago" /> <ref name="MATE">{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. <ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}</ref> <ref name="Allesina">{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}</ref> gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="AAAS" /> Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.<ref name="Bradbury">{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gale">{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}</ref><ref name="Rodo">{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}</ref><ref name="Chaves">{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}</ref> Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="McArthur" /> Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na influenza. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Thometz">{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Malaria">{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].<ref name="Rucker">{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal. Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. <ref name="Regents">{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995.<ref name="Pascual-Dunlap">{{cite thesis |last1=Pascual-Dunlap |first1=Maria Mercedes |title=Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology |date=January 1995 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511031504/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=May 11, 2019|doi=10.1575/1912/5631|hdl=1912/5631|type=Thesis |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ. Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. <ref name="Chaos" /> == Ọrụ == Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland <ref name="McDonnell" /> site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="EEBHistory">{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html "Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor"]. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from [https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 2, 2019.</cite></ref> Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999">James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php "Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation"]. ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.<ref name="Svitil">{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019">Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences "Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences"]. ''UChicago News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . <ref name="Academy">{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}} * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}} == Edensibia ==  {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] fgov7gi2x87lhcbz14wdy9hh8084ttt 0 78152 697452 2026-08-09T18:50:31Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363708632|Rumuekini]]" 697452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rumuekini''' bụ obodo dị na Alàeze Akpor ṅke dị na okpuru gọmentị ọchichi Obio / Akpor na imè Rivers State, Naijịria. Rumuekini dị ka obodo na obodo di ichi che nà ekekọrita okè obodo dika Rumuosi, Aluu, Choba, Ozuoba ha nille nwere ókèala. Obodo Rumuekini bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị edepụtara ebe a na-arụ ọrụ mgbanaka na Rivers State.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Naku|first=Dennis|date=2024-11-27|title=Protesting Rivers community barricades East-West Road|url=https://punchng.com/protesting-rivers-community-barricade-east-west-road/|accessdate=2025-03-31|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-08-14|title=Planners, others want govt to halt Port-Harcourt Ring Road project|url=https://guardian.ng/property/planners-others-want-govt-to-halt-port-harcourt-ring-road-project/|accessdate=2025-03-31|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Rumuekini bụ obodo dị nso na Mahadum Port Harcourt, nke bụ ebe obibi maka ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nation|first=The|date=2018-06-07|title=Anxiety in Rivers community as rains set in|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anxiety-in-rivers-community-as-rains-set-in/|accessdate=2025-11-21|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Idei Mmiri / Nsogbu == N'afọ 2017, akụkọ kwuru na idei mmiri metụtara obodo Rumuekini nke mere ka ihe karịrị mmadụ 200 bi na imè obodo Rumodu, na Rumuekoni ghara inwe ebe obibi ma kwụsị ọtụtụ ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ. Maazị John Nnamdi Ohor onye bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Mmepe Ala Rumodu kwukwara na site na nyocha, idei mmiri ahụ bụ n'ihi enweghị ezigbi omimi mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị na ebe ọrụ owuwu na Obiri / Ikweere na uzọ ama nke ugbọ elu, nakwa uzọ Ada-George .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2017-09-24|title=Rumuekini: Residents cry out as flood sacks families|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/rumuekini-residents-cry-out-as-flood-sacks-families/|accessdate=2025-03-31|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ndị Rumuekin na ndị obodo Ogbogoro nwere esemokwu nke dugara na mbibi na mfunari nke ihe onwunwe na obodo Rumuekini. Ihe kpatara nka bụ n'ihi ọnwụ nke otu nwafọ ala Ogboguro, onye a hụrụ ozu ya n'etiti ókèala Aluu na Rumuekini.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Azubuike|first=Victor|date=2017-09-18|title=Rivers: Police averts communal clash in Obio-Akpor|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/09/18/rivers-police-averts-communal-clash-obio-akpor/|accessdate=2025-03-31|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> 2a6ens6l8rdr1s7qbi8a9ma7qfx520h 0 78153 697688 2026-08-10T05:43:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355230911|Human genetic resistance to malaria]]" 697688 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Ikike nguzogide [[Iba|ịba]] nke mmadụ sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa''' na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ndị e ketara eketa na [[Dna|DNA]] nke mmadụ nke na-eme ka iguzogide ịba dịkwuo ike, ihe nlụpụta ya abụrụzie ndị nwere mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkesa ndị ahụ adịkwuo ndụ. O yikarịrị ka ịdị adị nke [[:en:Genotype|genotype]] ndị a bụ n'ihi nrụgide evolushọn nke nje ndị ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-akpata ịba. Ebe ọ bụ na ịba na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a bụ mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ ihe ndị dị mkpa ndị na eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie na-arụ ọrụ ya nke ọma (ya mere, ndụ parasite), dị ka Hemoglobin ma ọ bụ protein mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ enzymes nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara Uhie. Mgbanwe ndị a na-echebekarị mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie pụọ na mwakpo nke nje ''Plasmodium'' dịiche iche ma ọ bụ mmụba nke nje n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mgbanwe ndị a e ketara eketa na-eme na hemoglobin ma ọ bụ protein ndị ọzọ, nke bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na ihe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke biochemistry nke mmadụ, na-akpatakarị ụdị ọrịa e ketara eketa. Ya mere, a na-arụtụkarị ha aka site n'ịkpọ ha aha [[:en:Blood_disorders|ọrịa ọbara]] ndị metụtara ha, gụnyere ọrịa [[:en:Sickle-cell_disease|sickle-cell]], thalassemia, ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, na ndị ọzọ. Nsogbu ọbara ndị a na-akpata mmụba nke ọrịa na ọnwụ n'akụkụ ụwa ebe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ịba. == Mmepụta nke Ikike Nguzogide ịba site na mkpụrụ ndụ Ihe Nketa == [[:en:Parasites|Nje]] ndị a na-ahụ naani site n'iji ngwa microscope, dị ka nje vaịrọs, protozoans nke na-akpata ịba, na ndị ọzọ, enweghị ike ịmụba n'onwe ha ma na-adabere na onye ha bi n'ime ya iji gaa n'ihu n'usoro ndụ ha. Ha na-amụba site na ịwakpo mkpụrụ ndụ onye ha bi n'ime ya ma weghara ikike mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ iji mụbaa onwe ha. N'ikpeazụ, mmụba ha nke a na-akpachaaraghị anya na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ gbawaa, na-egbu mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ ma na-atọhapụ nje ndị ahụ na-akpata ọrịa na-efe efe n'ime ọbara ebe ha nwere ike ibunyee mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ ọrịa. Ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-anwụsị, ihe na-egbu egbu si na nje mwakpo ndị ahụ a na-akpụkọta, mgbaàmà ọrịa na-ebido apụta. N'ihi na usoro a na-agụnye kpọmkwem protein ụfọdụ nke nje ndị ahụ na-efe ọrịa na-emepụta yana mkpụrụ ndụ ebe ha nọ na ya, ọbụlagodi obere mgbanwe na protein dị oke egwu nwere ike ime ka ọrịa sie ike ma ọ bụ ghara ikwe ọgwụgwọ. Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na usoro mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-edepụta protein ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ahụ dị na gamete, ya bụ, spaam ma ọ bụ àkwá nke na-ejikọta iji mepụta ihe e bu n'afọ nke na-etolite ghọọ mmadụ, a ga-eketa mgbanwe nchebe ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọrịa ndị na-egbu egbu na-egbu ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị mgbanwe nchebe, ka oge na-aga, ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ógbè ebe ọrịa ndị na-egbu egbu dị ebe niile na-eketazi mgbanwe nchebe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe nje ''P. falciparum'' na-enyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọ nọ na ya ọrịa, ọ na-agbanwe njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-eme ka ọ "na-arapara arapara karịa" mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ mkpụkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nje dị na ha nwere ike ịgafe ogo nke nrugharị capillary, na-arapara na endothelium, ma na-egbochi nrugharị ọbara n'ahụ. Mgbe mgbochi ndị a na-apụta na akwara ọbara gbara ụbụrụ gburugburu, ha na-akpata [[:en:Cerebral_hypoxia|hypoxia ụbụrụ]], na-akpatara mgbaàmà metụtara ụbụrụ a maara dị ka ịba ụbụrụ. Ọnọdụ a na-enwekarị njirimara mgbagwoju anya, mgbagwoju ụzọ, na [[:en:Coma|coma]] na-egbu egbu. Ọ na-akpata pasent iri asatọ nke ọnwụ site n'ịba. Ya mere, mgbanwe ndị na-echebe megide ọrịa ịba na igbu egbu na-eweta uru dị ukwuu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ịba etinyela [[:en:Evolutionary_pressure|nrụgide kachasị ike]] a maara na Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo n'ime afọ puku iri gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–92|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> ''Plasmodium falciparum'' nwere ike o nwenwughị ike inweta ụkwụ isi ike n'ala n'etiti [[Afrịka|Ndị Afrịka]] ruo mgbe obodo ndị buru ibu na-anọkarị otu ebe apụta na njikọ ya na mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo n'ụlọ n'Afrịka (Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo). Ọtụtụ ụdị e ketara eketa na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ ụwa ebe ịba na-adịkarị n'ihi nhọrọ nke nje a kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The relationship between blood groups and disease|journal=Blood|volume=115|issue=23|pages=4635–43|date=June 2010|pmid=20308598|doi=10.1182/blood-2010-01-261859}}</ref> Nhọrọ a dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ihe atụ mbụ edere maka ọrịa dị ka ihe so akpata nhọrọ okike n'ime [[Madụ̀|ụmụ mmadụ]]. Ọ bụkwa ihe atụ mbụ nke [[:en:Innate_immune_system|ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa]] nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-achịkwa, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbe e butere ọrịa, nke ihe na-eso ya bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnọdụ wetara nke na-enwe mmetụta mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị gasịrị. Na ịba, dịka ọ dị na ọrịa ndị ọzọ, ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa na-eduga, ma na-akpali ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnọdụ wetara.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbanwe nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emebi ihe yana mmetụta bara uru, otu mgbanwe ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe ha abụọ. Ikike ife efe nke ịba na-adabere na protein ụfọdụ dị na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana ebe ndị ọzọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Mgbanwe ndị na-echebe echebe na-agbanwe protein ndị a n'ụzọ na-eme ka ha nje ndị na-akpata ịba ghara iru ha nso. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwekwa ọrụ na ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta a na-ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha na ngwa microscope nke mkpụrụ ndụ Obara uhie. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike imebi ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke nwee mmetụta na-emebi ahụike ma ọ bụ ogologo ndụ nke onye ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na mmetụta nchedo megide ịba karịrị mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-emebi ihe, a ga-ejigide ma gbasaa mgbanwe nchedo site n'otu ọgbọ ruo n'ọzọ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbanwe ndị a nke na-echebe megide ibute ọrịa ịba ma na-emebi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ka a na-ewere dịka nsogbu ọbara ebe ọ bụ na ha na-enwekarị mmetụta doro anya na nke na-eme ihe ọjọọ. Ọrụ nchebe ha bụ naanị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ka a chọpụtara ma kweta ha. Ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ọbara ndị a bụ ụkọ ọbara sickle-cell, thalassaemia, ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ovalocytosis, elliptocytosis na ọnwụ nke Gerbich antigen na Duffy antigen. Aha ndị a na-ezo aka na protein dị iche iche, enzymes, na ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ikike Nguzogide Ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa == Mmetụta dị ike nke mguzogide ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa nke a na-achịkwa site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egosipụta na ohere nke ịdị ndụ nke ụmụaka ndị bi n'ebe ịba juru. Ọ dị mkpa ịmụ banyere ahụike ebumpụta ụwa n'etiti ndị nwere ike ibute ọrịa (ndị na-erubeghị afọ anọ) n'ihi na, n'ime ụmụaka totulara yana n'ime ndị okenye, mmetụta nke ikike nguzogide ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnọdụ wetara na-ekpuchi. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ ebe ịṅụ [[:en:Antimalarial_drug|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] aghara aghara adịghị eme. Ụfọdụ ntinye ndị mbụ e mere gbasara ikike nguzogide ọrịa ọnatarachi n'ime anụ ndị nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ, ka a chịkọtara na Tebụl 1. {| class="wikitable" |+Tebụl 1. Ịkwụsị Plasmodia !Afọ nchọpụta !Ihe na-akpata ọrịa !Usoro e si eguzogide ya !Ndị dere ya |- |1954 |''P. falciparum'' |Sickle-cell heterozygote |Allison<ref name="AAC">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4857.290|title=Protection Afforded by Sickle-cell Trait Against Subtertian Malarial Infection|journal=Br Med J|volume=1|issue=4857|pages=290–294|year=1954|pmid=13115700|url=http://web.njit.edu/~russell/Downloads2/Allison%201954.pdf}}</ref> |- |1975 |''P. knowlesi'' |Enweghị ngosipụta nke Duffy antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie |Miller, na ndị ọzọ |- |1976 |''P. vivax'' |Enweghị ngosipụta nke Duffy antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie |Miller na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM197608052950602|title=The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=295|issue=6|pages=302–4|year=1976|pmid=778616}}</ref> |} Ọ dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ndị bu ụzọ e mere bụ gbasarra ịba. Ọmụmụ ihe e mere maka Toll receptor n'ijiji mkpụrụ osisi ''Drosophila''<ref name="Lemaitre">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5|title=The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults|journal=Cell|volume=86|issue=6|pages=973–983|year=1996|pmid=8808632|url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/151754/files/1-s2.0-S0092867400801725-main.pdf}}</ref> ka a gbatịrị n'ụzọ dị ngwa ngwa ruo Toll-like receptors na anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara<ref name="Poltorak">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.282.5396.2085|title=Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene|journal=Science|volume=282|issue=5396|pages=2085–2088|year=1998|pmid=9851930}}</ref> ruokwa na pattern recognition receptors ndị ọzọ, ndị na-arụ ọru dị mkpa n'ikie nguzogide ọrịa ọnatarachi. Otu ọ dị, ihe ntinye ndị mbụ e mere gbasara ịba ka dị dịka ọmụmaatụ akpaaka nke ikike nguzogide ọrịa ọnatarachi, nke nagiderela nnwale nile e nyere ya n'oge ndị a. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Usoro nchebe === A ghọtabeghị n'ozuzu ụzọ ndị e si eme ka ọbara ọcha na-echekwa ahụ (erythrocytes) ndị nwere hemoglobin dị iche, ma ọ bụ na-enweghị G6PD nwee nchebe n'ụdị ụfọdụ megide ọrịa P. falciparum ''P. falciparum'', ọ bụ ezie na e nwere aro dị iche iche banyere ya. N'oge usoro ndị mbụ nke mgbasa ịba n'ọbara nje malaria na-eji ikuku oxygen nke ukwuu ma na-eri nnukwu hemoglobin<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073424|title=Mitochondrial evolution and functions in malaria parasites|journal=Annu Rev Microbiol|volume=63|pages=249–267|year=2009|pmid=19575561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711067105|title=Four distinct pathways of hemoglobin uptake in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=105|issue=7|pages=2463–2468|year=2008|pmid=18263733}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume na HbS nọ na obere akpa ahụ enweghị oxygen, na-aghọ polymer ma bụrụ nke a na-agbarighị nke ọma. N’ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị nwere hemoglobin dị iche, ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị G6PD, or which are G6PD deficient, a na-emepụta oxygen radicals, nje malaria na-ebutekwa [[:en:Oxidative_stress|nrụgide oxidative]] ọzọ.<ref name="Kuross">{{Cite journal|title=Excess heme in sickle erythrocyte inside-out membranes: possible role in thiol oxidation|journal=Blood|volume=71|issue=4|pages=876–882|year=1988|pmid=3355895|url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/71/4/876.pdf|doi=10.1182/blood.V71.4.876.876}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike iweta mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, gunyere mbugharị ọnọdụ nke phosphatidylserine gaa n'elu ha, nke nhụta na oriri macrophage na-eso.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1159/000233238|title=Suicide for survival--death of infected erythrocytes as a host mechanism to survive malaria|journal=Cell Physiol Biochem|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=133–140|year=2009|pmid=19710527}}</ref> Ndị odee ndị ahụ na-atụ aro na usoro yiwere ka ọ ga-eme n'oge na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhuie ndị na-adịchaghị mma karịa na ndị dị mma, si otu ahụ egbochi mmụba na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị na-adịghị mma. Na mgbakwunye, njikọdo nke mkpụrụ ndụ sicke cell ndị nwere nje na ha yana mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial ka e belatara nke ọma n'ihi ngosi gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ''P. falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfMP-1).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711401105|title=Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=105|issue=3|pages=991–996|year=2008|pmid=18192399}}</ref> Protin a bụ eriri njikọ bụ isi na-ejikọ nje ahụ na cytoadherence ligand ma bụrụkwa ihe na-enye ike o ji bụrụ nje n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. N'oge ndị ikpeazụ nke mmụba nje mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-arakọdo na endothelium ndị e jikọrọ ha na akwara, igbochi njikọ a nwere ike ịbịatụ mmụba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Hemoglobin sickle cell na-akpali ngosipụta nke heme oxygenase-1 na mkpụrụ ndụ [[:en:Haematopoiesis|hematopoietic]]. Carbon monoxide, nke sitere na heme catabolism site na heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), na-egbochi mkpụkọta nke heme na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-agagharị mgbe nksa ọrịa sitere na''Plasmodium'' gasịrị, na-abịatu pathogenesis nke ịba ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sickle hemoglobin confers tolerance to Plasmodium infection|journal=Cell|volume=145|issue=3|pages=398–409|year=2011|pmid=21529713|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.049}}</ref> A kọwawo usoro ndị ọzọ, dị ka nkwenye dị ukwuu maka ọrịa nke HO-1 na-eweta yana mbelata nkd uto nje n'ihi ibugharị ọnọdụ nke micro-RNA baa n'ime nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biochemical and immunological mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=12|year=2013|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-12-317.pdf|pmid=24025776|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-317|issue=1}}</ref> == Ụdị Dị iche Iche Nke Ikike Nguzogide ebumpụta ụwa == Usoro mbụ nke nchebe megide ịba na-abụkarị site na hemoglobins na-adịghị mma na ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ụdị atọ dị mkpa nke ihe nketa na-eguzogide - ọrịa sickle cell, thalassemia, na [[:en:Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency|ụkọ G6PD]] - dị n'ụwa Mediterenian n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Rom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsogbu Ndi A na-Ahụta Na Haemoglobin === ==== Nkesa nke hemoglobin na-adịghị mma ==== [[Faịlụ:Red_Blood_Cell_abnormalities.png|thumb|Nkesa n'Ụwa Ochie nke ọrịa hemoglobin e ketara eketa]] Ọrịa ịba anaghị eme na mpaghara ugwu ndị nwere oyi na akọrọ n’ime mpaghara ndị dị n’akụkụ ekwetọ nke ụwa. E nyochala ọtụtụ puku ndị mmadụ, ma a chọtabeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke hemoglobin na-adịghị mma n’ime ọha mmadụ ọbụla ndị na-enweghị ịba. Ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hemoglobin na-adịghị mma na-adịgasị iche n’ime ọha mmadụ dị iche iche, ma ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ polymorphic n’ezie, n’ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha karịrị nke a tụrụ anya site na mmegharị ugboro ugboro. Enweghịkwa mgbagha ọzọ na nhọrọ site na malaria mere nnukwu ọrụ n’ịkesa polymorphism ndị a niile. Ha niile dị n’ime mpaghara ndị nwere malaria * Ọrịa sickle cell – mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka HbS nke e jikọtara ya na sickle-cell taa agbasaala nke ukwuu n’ime mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, na ụfọdụ akụkụ nke India, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bu ya dị n’etiti pasent ise ruo pasent iri anọ ma ọ bụ karịa n’ime ọha mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere sickle-cell heterozygotes bụ pasent iri abụọ ruo pasent iri anọ n’ime mpaghara [[Kenya]], Uganda, na [[Tanzania]] ndị nwere malaria. Nnyocha ndị e mere n’oge ọzọ site n’aka ọtụtụ ndị nnyocha mere ka ihe doo anya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa HbS dị naanị n’ime nnukwu mpaghara n’ime [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] <ref name="Allison">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic control of resistance to human malaria|journal=Current Opinion in Immunology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=499–505|year=2009|pmid=19442502|doi=10.1016/j.coi.2009.04.001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis|journal=Nat Commun|volume=1|year=2010|pmid=21045822|doi=10.1038/ncomms1104|issue=8}}</ref>, ma e wepụrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na ebe ugwu ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka; nke a kwekọrọ nke ọma na mpaghara ebe ndị mgbasa ịba dị. Ọdịdị nke sickle cell heterozygote gbasaruru pasent iri abụọ dịkwa n'ebe ụfọdụ dị nta na [[Ndia|India]] na [[Greece|Gris]] nke ịba juputaburu nke ukwuu na ha. Ndị Thalassemia nwere nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ n’ime nnukwu mpaghara nke na-agbatị site na Mediterranean basin na ụfọdụ akụkụ Africa, gafee Middle East niile, Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, ruo n’ime agwaetiti Pacific. * α-thalassemia, nke na-eru ọnụ ọgụgụ pasent iri atọ n’ime ụfọdụ akụkụ West Africa;<ref name="May">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1001/jama.297.20.2220|title=Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=297|issue=20|pages=2220–2226|year=2007|pmid=17519411}}</ref> * β-thalassemia, nke na-eru ọnụ ọgụgụ pasent iri n'ime ụfọdụ akụkụ Italy;  * HbE, nke na-eru ọnụ ọgụgụ pasent iri ise na ise na Thailand na mba ndị ọzọ dị na ọdịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Asia;<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00273124|title=Hemoglobin E: distribution and population dynamics|journal=Humangenetik|volume=3|issue=3|pages=189–234|year=1967|pmid=6074385}}</ref> A na-ahụ HbE n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Indian subcontinent na n’ime Southeast Asia niile, ebe n’ime ụfọdụ mpaghara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bu ya nwere ike ịgafe pasent iri isii nke ọha mmadụ * HbC, nke na-eru ọnụ ọgụgụ dị pasent iri abụọ nso na mpaghara ugwu Ghana na Burkina-Faso. HbC dị naanị n’ime ụfọdụ akụkụ West na North Africa. * Concurrent polymorphisms – Ndị nwere heterozygotes abụọ maka HbS na β-thalassemia, yana maka HbS na HbC, na-arịa ụdị ọrịa sickle-cell dị iche iche, nke dị nro karịa SS ma nwee ike ibelata ike ndụ tupu ọgwụgwọ nke oge a adị. Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, alleles ndị a dị iche iche na-adịkarị iche n’ime ọha mmadụ. E nwere njikọ na-adịghị mma n’etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ HbS na β-thalassemia n’ime akụkụ dị iche iche nke Greece yana n’etiti HbS na HbC n’ime West Africa.<ref name="AA">{{Cite journal|title=Aspects of polymorphism in man|journal=Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol|volume=20|pages=239–251|year=1955|pmid=13433567|doi=10.1101/SQB.1955.020.01.023}}</ref> N’ebe na-enweghị mmekọrịta ọjọọ nke mmegharị jiini, dịka na ọnọdụ hemoglobin na-adịghị mma na ụkọ G6PD, a na-atụ anya njikọ dị mma nke alleles ndị a dị iche iche n’ime ọha mmadụ, ma a hụrụ ya n’eziokwu.<ref name="AA" /> ==== Sickle cell ==== Ọrịa Sickle-cell bụ Nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke a ga-ejikọta ya na mgbanwe nke otu protein. Pauling webatara echiche ya dị mkpa nke sickle cell anemia dị ka ọrịa a na-esi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ekesa.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.110.2865.543|title=Sickle cell anemia, a molecular disease|journal=Science|volume=110|pages=543–548|year=1949|pmid=15395398|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/MM/B/B/R/L/_/mmbbrl.pdf|issue=2865}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:SICKLEMARLIA.svg|thumb|Akwara a (4) na-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti sporozoites nke ịba (6) yana sickle cell (3) na mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị (1). Ebe ịba ka na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị (2), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sickle na mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị bụ 50/50 n'ihi ụkọ ọbara nke sickle cell bụ àgwà heterozygous, yabụ ịba enweghị ike imetụta mkpụrụ ndụ zuru ezu nwere schizonts (5) iji mebie ahụ.]] E mechara kọwaa ihe ndabere nke sickle cell anemia na 1959 mgbe Ingram meziri usoro nke triptide fingerprinting. N'etiti afọ ndị 1950, otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị ọhụrụ na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya e si ekewa peptide na amino acid bụ site na enzyme trypsin, nke kewara agbụ polypeptide site na imebi njikọ kemịkal nke ìgwè carboxyl nke amino acid abụọ, lysine na arginine mepụtara. Obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti hemoglobin A na S ga-akpata obere mgbanwe na otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime peptide ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abnormal human haemoglobins. III. The chemical difference between normal and sickle cell haemoglobins|journal=Biochim Biophys Acta|volume=36|issue=2|pages=543–548|year=1959|pmid=13852872|doi=10.1016/0006-3002(59)90183-0}}</ref> Iji gbalịa ịchọpụta obere ọdịiche ndị a, Ingram jikọtara electrophoresis nke akwụkwọ yana usoro chromotography akwụkwọ. Site na njikọta a, o mepụtara usoro dị n'ụdị abụọ nke nyeere ya aka binye dịka "mkpịsị aka"iberibe hemoglobin S na A ndị ahụ o nwetara site na mgbari trypsin. Mkpịsị aka ahụ kpughere ihe dị ka ntụpọ peptide iri atọ, e nwere otu ntụpọ peptide a na-ahụ anya nke ọma na mgbari nke haemoglobin S nke na-apụtaghị ìhè na mkpịsị aka haemoglobin A. Njehie HbS bụ mgbanwe nke otu nucleotide (A ruo T) nke β-globin gene nke ji obere polar amino acid valine na-anọchi amino acid glutamic acid n'ọnọdụ nke isii nke β chain ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sickle-Cell Anemia Hemoglobin: The Molecular Biology of the First "Molecular Disease"—The Crucial Importance of Serendipity|journal=Genetics|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–7|year=2004|doi=10.1534/genetics.167.1.1|pmid=15166132}}</ref> HbS nwere chaajị dị ala na pH nke ahụike karịa hemoglobin okenye. Nsonaazụ nke iji hydrophobic dochie anya amino acid nwere chaajị, amino acid na-anọpụ iche dị anya. Nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya e mere na West Africa na-atụ aro na mmetụta kachasị ukwuu nke Hb S yiri ka ọ bụ iji chebe pụọ na ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa siri ike - ya bụ, oke ụkọ ọbara ma ọ bụ ịba ụbụrụ - mgbe ọ na-enwekwa mmetụta dị ala na ọrịa n'onwe ya. Ụmụaka ndị bụ heterozygous maka sickle cell nwere naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ịnwụ site na falciparum dị ka ndị homozygous nwere mkpụrụ ndụ hemoglobin nkịtị. Njikọ nke sickle erythrocytes nwere nje n'ime ha hana endothelial cells na blood monocytes na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ngosipụta gbanwere nke <nowiki><i id="mwAQ0">Plasmodium falciparum</i></nowiki> erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1), isi cytoadherence ligand na virulence factor nke nje ahụ n'elu erythrocyte.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA|volume=105|issue=3|pages=991–996|year=2008|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711401105|pmid=18192399}}</ref> Nchebe na-esikwa na adịghị otu ebe nke sickle hemoglobin, nke na-achịkọta protein membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ uhie (nke a na-akpọ band 3) ma na-akpata mwepụ ngwa ngwa ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ phagocytic. Ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ na-amata ụyọkọ ndị a na senescent erythrocytes. Nchebe site na HbAS na-agụnye ịkwalite ọ bụghị naanị nke ikike nguzogide ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa kamakwa nke ikike nguzogide ọrịa e nwetara enweta na nje ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An immune basis for malaria protection by the sickle cell trait|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=2|issue=5|date=May 2005|pmid=15916466|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020128}}</ref> Hemoglobin sickle na-emebi emebi mgbe oge na-erubeghị na-eme ka ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke na-achịkwa njikọ erythrocyte n'ịba na n'ọrịa sickle cell gbagokwuo<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sickle hemoglobin instability: a mechanism for malarial protection|journal=Redox Report|volume=8|issue=5|pages=238–40|year=2003|pmid=14962356|doi=10.1179/135100003225002826}}</ref> Ilekwasị anya na ihe na-akpali akpali nke na-eduga na mmelite endothelial ga-abụ usoro ọgwụgwọ na-ekwe nkwa iji gbochie njikọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ uhie sickle yana vaso-occlusion.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sickle red cell adhesion: many issues and some answers|journal=Transfusion Clinique et Biologique|volume=15|issue=1–2|pages=51–5|year=2008|pmid=18495516|doi=10.1016/j.tracli.2008.03.012}}</ref> Nke a emeela ka e kwuo na ọ bụ ezie na homozygotes maka mkpụrụ ndụ sickle na-arịa ọrịa, heterozygotes nwere ike echebe ha megide ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sickle-cell Anaemia in Africa|journal=Br Med J|volume=2|issue=4789|year=1952|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4789.880}}</ref> Ịba na-anọgide na-abụ ihe na-ahọrọ maka àgwà sickle cell.<ref name="pmid25941403">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria continues to select for sickle cell trait in Central Africa.|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|year=2015|volume=112|issue=22|pages=7051–4|pmid=25941403|doi=10.1073/pnas.1505665112}}</ref> ==== Thalassemia ==== Ọ dịla anya a maara na ụdị ụkọ ọbara, nke a na-akpọ thalassemia, na-eme ebe ọ dị ukwuu n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị bi na Mediterenian, gụnyere ndị Gris na ndịda Ịtali. Aha a sitere na okwu Grik maka oké osimiri (''thalassa''), nke pụtara Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, yana ọbara (''haima''). Vernon Ingram kwesịrị otuto maka ịkọwa ntọala mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụdị dị iche iche nke thalassemia dị ka enweghị nkwekọ na njikọ nke eriri polypeptide abụọ nke hemoglobin.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/1841903a0|title=Genetic basis of the thalassaemia diseases|journal=Nature|volume=184|pages=1903–1909|year=1959|pmid=13852871|issue=4703}}</ref> N'ụdị Mediterranean a na-ahụkarị, mgbanwe ndị na-eme na-ebelata mmepụta nke β-chain (β-thalassemia). Na α-thalassemia, nke na-adịkarị n'Africa na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ, mmepụta nke α-chain nke hemoglobin na-ebelata, ma enwere mmepụta karịrị akarị nke β-chain. Ndị dị homozygous maka β-thalassemia nwere oke ụkọ ọbara ma o yighị ka ha ga-adị ndụ ma mụọ ọmụmụ, yabụ nhọrọ megide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ siri ike. Ndị dị homozygous maka α-thalassemia na-enwekwa ọrịa ụkọ ọbara ma enwere ụfọdụ nhọrọ megide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[:en:Himalayan_foothills|Ugwu ndị dị ala nke Himalayan]] na Inner [[:en:Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal|Terai Ime Ime ma ọ bụ Doon Valleys]] nke Nepal na [[Ndia|India]] bụ ndị na-arịa ịba nke ukwuu n'ihi ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ yana ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị ndị na-adịgide n'oge ọkọchị n'ihi mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-ekwodata site na ugwu ndị dị elu. Ndị ọchịchị Nepal kpachapụrụ anya na-elekọta ọhịa ịba dị ka ihe nchebe. Ụmụ mmadụ na-anwa ibi na mpaghara a nwere ọnwụ dị elu karịa n'ebe dị elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru na [[:en:Gangetic_Plain|Gangetic Plain]] ka dị akọrọ. Otú ọ dị, Ndị Tharu biri na mpaghara a ogologo oge iji mepụta nguzogide site na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Nnyocha ahụike e mere n'etiti ndị Tharu na ndị na-abụghị ndị Tharu nke Terai nyere ihe akaebe na mmụba nke ọrịa ịba fọdụrụnụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu asaa n'etiti ndị Tharus. E guzobere ihe ndabere maka ikike nguzogide a ka ọ bụrụ homozygosity nke α-Thalassemia gene n'ime ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protection Against Malaria Morbidity: Near Fixation of the α-Thalassemia gene in a Nepalese Population|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|year=1991|issue=2|pages=390–397|pmid=1990845|volume=48}}</ref> [[:en:Endogamy|Endogamy]] n'akụkụ agbụrụ yiri ka ha e gbochiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a ka ha ghara ịgbasawanye n'etiti ndị agbata obi.<ref name="terrenato+al">{{Cite journal|title=Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal|journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol|volume=82|issue=1|pages=1–11|year=1988|pmid=3041928|doi=10.1080/00034983.1988.11812202}}</ref> ==== HbC na HbE erythroids ==== E nwere ihe akaebe na ndị nwere α-thalassemia, HbC na HbE nwere ụfọdụ nchebe megide nje ahụ.<ref name="May">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1001/jama.297.20.2220|title=Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=297|issue=20|pages=2220–2226|year=2007|pmid=17519411}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMayEvansTimmannEhmen2007">May J, Evans JA, Timmann C, Ehmen C, Busch W, Thye T, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD (2007). [[doi:10.1001/jama.297.20.2220|"Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria"]]. ''JAMA''. '''297''' (20): <span class="nowrap">2220–</span>2226. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1001/jama.297.20.2220|10.1001/jama.297.20.2220]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17519411 17519411].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/314561|title=Influence of hemoglobin E trait on the severity of Falciparum malaria|journal=J Infect Dis|volume=179|issue=1|pages=283–286|year=1999|pmid=9841856}}</ref> Hemoglobin C (HbC) bụ hemoglobin na-adịghị mma nke nwere ndochi lysine fọdụrụ maka glutamic acid fọdụrụ na β-globin, n'otu ọnọdụ β-6 dị ka na nke mgbanwe HbS. Mkpụrụedemede "C" ahụ a gbakwunyere na HbC sitere na aha obodo ebe a chọpụtara ya - Christchurch, New Zealand. Ndị nwere ọrịa a, ọkachasị ụmụaka, nwere ike ịnwe mgbu afọ na mgbu nkwonkwo, ọkpụkpụ zara aza, na obere jaundice, mana ha enweghị nnukwu nsogbu, dịka ọ na-eme na ọrịa sickle cell. Haemoglobin C bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ndị ịba dị ukwuu nke West Africa, ọkachasị na Burkina Faso. N'ime nnukwu nnyocha e mere na Burkina Faso na ndị Mossi dị puku anọ, narị atọ na iri anọ na asatọ (4,348), na HbC ahụ ka e jikọtara ya na mbelata ruru ogo pasent iri abụọ na itoolu nke ihe ize ndụ nke ịba na HbAC heterozygotes na nke pasent iri itoolu na atọ na HbCC homozygotes. HbC na-anọchite anya mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 'nke na-adịghị ngwa ma ọ bụ n'efu' maka ịba site na polymorphism na-agafe agafe, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbanwe polycentric 'dị ngwa ma dị oke ọnụ' site na polymerphism nke HbS.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/35104556|title=Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria|journal=Nature|volume=414|issue=6861|pages=305–308|year=2001|pmid=11713529}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Haemoglobin S and haemoglobin C: 'quick but costly' versus 'slow but gratis' genetic adaptations to Plasmodium falciparum malaria|journal=Hum Mol Genet|volume=17|pages=789–799|year=2008|pmid=18048408|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddm350|issue=6}}</ref> HbC na-agbanwe ọnụọgụ na nkesa nke antigen dị iche iche ''P. falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-arịa ọrịa yana ngosipụta gbanwere nke protein n'elu ịba na-ebelata nkwonkwo parasite (si otu a na-ezere mkpochapụ site na ọkpụkpụ) ma nwee ike belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa siri ike. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddh002|title=Hemoglobin C is associated with reduced Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and low risk of mild attack|journal=Hum Mol Genet|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–6|year=2004|pmid=14613965|url=http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/1.full.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Abnormal display of PfEMP-1 on erythrocytes carrying haemoglobin C may protect against malaria|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7045|pages=1117–1121|year=2005|pmid=15973412|doi=10.1038/nature03631}}</ref> Hemoglobin E bụ n'ihi otu isi mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka eriri beta na mgbanwe glutamate-na-lysine na ọnọdụ nke iri abụọ na isii. Ọ bụ otu n'ime hemoglobinopathies kachasị adị nke metụụtara nde mmadụ iri atọ. Hemoglobin E bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia. HbE erythrocytes nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na membrane ya, nke a na-amabeghị, nke na-eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị RBC na-eguzogide mwakpo nke ''P falciparum''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P. falciparum malaria|journal=Blood|volume=100|pmid=12149194|issue=4|date=August 2002|pages=1172–6|doi=10.1182/blood.V100.4.1172.h81602001172_1172_1176}}</ref> === Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke erythrocyte === Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma e wezụga nke hemoglobin nke na-enye nguzogide megide ọrịa ''Plasmodia'' gụnyere mgbanwe nke protein antigenic nke elu mkpụrụ ndụ, protein nke [[:en:Cell_membrane|membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ,]] ma ọ bụ enzymes na-eso na glycolysis. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ==== [[Faịlụ:Jaundice.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Anemia hemolytic n'ihi ụkọ G6PD na-esote oriri agwa Fava]] [[:en:Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase|Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (G6PD) bụ enzyme dị mkpa na mkpụrụ ndụ uhie, na-agbari [[:en:Glucose|glucose]] site na ụzọ pentose phosphate, nke bụ ụzọ anabolic ọzọ dịịrị catabolic oxidation (glycolysis), ka na-edebe gburugburu ebe obibi na-ebelata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-g6pd-deficiency/|title=Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency|work=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library|date=3 September 2020|accessdate=23 July 2021}}</ref> G6PD dị na mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ niile mana ọ dị mkpa karịsịa na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie tozuru etozu anaghị enwe nucleus yana cytoplasmic RNA, ha enweghị ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ enzyme ọhụrụ iji dochie ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme agadi. Protein niile, gụnyere enzymes, ga-adịgide ruo oge ndụ niile nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ahụ, nke na-abụkarị ụbọchị otu narị na iri abụọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1956, Alving na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gosipụtara na n'ime ụfọdụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị Africa America]], ọgwụ mgbochi ịba bụ [[:en:Primaquine|primaquine]] na-akpata ọbara ọgbụgba, nakwa na ndị ahụ nwere ụkọ G6PD na erythrocytes nke ha butere ebute.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.124.3220.484-a|title=Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes|journal=Science|volume=124|issue=3220|pages=484–485|year=1956|pmid=13360274}}</ref> Enweghị G6PD nwere njikọ na mmekọahụ, ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na Mediterenian, Africa na ndị ọzọ. Na mba Mediterenian, ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta hemolytic diathesis (Favism) mgbe ha risịrị Fava beans. Ndị na-enweghị G6PD na-enwekwa mmetụta maka ọtụtụ ọgwụ na mgbakwunye na primaquine.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Enweghị G6PD bụ ụkọ enzyme nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ (ma e wepụ ụkọ ALDH2), nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-emetụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2008|title=Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|journal=Lancet|volume=371|issue=9606|pages=64–74|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60073-2|pmid=18177777}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na locus a, abụọ n'ime ha na-enweta ọnụọgụ nke ruru pasent iri abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na ndị Afrịka na ndị Mediterenian; a na-akpọ mgbanwe A- na Mgbanwe Med.<ref name="Tishkoff">{{Cite book|chapter=G6PD deficiency and malarial resistance in humans: insights from evolutionary genetic analysis|title=Evolutionary Aspects of Infectious Disease|editor=Dronamraju K|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004}}</ref> Ụdị G6PD nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị akwụsi ike karịa enzyme na-apụta n'okike, nke mere na ọrụ ha na-ebelata ngwa ngwa ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-aka nká. A mụọla ajụjụ a n'etiti ndị mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ebe a na-ejighị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mee ihe na Tanzania, East Africa <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5236.1346|title=Malaria in African Children with Deficient Erythrocyte Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase|journal=Br Med J|volume=1|issue=5236|pages=1346–1349|year=1961|pmid=13682585}}</ref> na [[:en:The_Gambia|Republic of the Gambia]], West Africa, na-eso ụmụaka n'oge ha nwekarịchara ike ibute ọrịa ịba. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/376246a0|title=Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria|journal=Nature|volume=376|issue=6537|pages=246–249|year=1995|pmid=7617034}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nje dị ala na ndị na-enweghị G6PD karịa ndị nwere enzymes red cell. A na-amụkwa njikọ ahụ n'ime ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, nke ga-ekwe omume n'ihi na ụkọ enzyme ahụ nwere njikọ na mmekọahụ na heterozygotes nwanyị bụ mosaics n'ihi [[:en:Lyonization|lyonization]], ebe emeghị ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mberede nke X-chromosome na mkpụrụ ndụ ụfọdụ na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị G6PD nke ha na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị dị mma nwere ya na-anọkọ. A na-ahụkarị nje ịba na mkpụrụ ndụ uhie nkịtị ị mma karịa na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị enzyme-adịghị na ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetics of red cells and susceptibility to malaria|journal=Blood|volume=54|issue=5|pages=961–976|year=1979|doi=10.1182/blood.V54.5.961.961|pmid=387115|url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/54/5/961.pdf}}</ref> Tishkoff na Verelli bipụtara nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nhọrọ ịba nke G6PD deficiency genes.<ref name="Tishkoff">{{Cite book|chapter=G6PD deficiency and malarial resistance in humans: insights from evolutionary genetic analysis|title=Evolutionary Aspects of Infectious Disease|editor=Dronamraju K|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTishkoffVerelli2004">Tishkoff SA, Verelli BJ (2004). "G6PD deficiency and malarial resistance in humans: insights from evolutionary genetic analysis". In Dronamraju K (ed.). ''Evolutionary Aspects of Infectious Disease''. Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> Ụkọ enzyme bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ mba ndị, ma ọ bụ ndị bụbu, ndị nwere ịba nnukwu, mana ọ bụghị n'ebe ọzọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Enweghị PK ==== Enweghị Pyruvate kinase (PK), nke a na-akpọkwa erythrocyte pyruvate kinasa, bụ nsogbu metabolic nke enzyme pyruvate Kinase. N'ọnọdụ a, enweghị pyruvate kinase na-ebelata usoro glycolysis. Mmetụta a na-ebibi ihe karịsịa na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-enweghị mitochondria n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ a ga-eji anaerobic glycolysis dị ka naanị isi iyi ike ha n'ihi nde usoro TCA adịghị. Otu ihe atụ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nke na-enweghị ụkọ pyruvate kinase na-eme ngwa ngwa na-enweghị ATP ma nwee ike ịgafe hemolysis. Ya mere, ụkọ pyruvate kinase nwere ike ịkpata ụkọ ọbara.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Enwere njikọ dị ịrịba ama n'etiti oke [[:en:PK_deficiency|ụkọ PK]] yana ogo nchebe megide ịba ruru.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pyruvate kinase deficiency and malaria|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=358|issue=17|pages=1805–1810|year=2008|pmid=18420493|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa072464}}</ref> ==== Ọrịa Elliptocytosis ==== Elliptocytosis, nsogbu ọbara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ibu nke erythrocytes nke onye ọrịa nwere ọdịdị ellipse. E nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị iche iche n'etiti ndị o metụtara. E nwere ụdị atọ dị mkpa nke elliptocytosis a na-eketa eketa: elliptocytosis nketa nkịtị, spherocytic elliptocyosis na[[:en:Southeast_Asian_ovalocytosis|ovalocytosis nke ọdịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia]].   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Ọrịa ovalocytosis nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia ==== [[Faịlụ:RBC_Membrane_Proteins_SDS-PAGE_gel.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|protin membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke e metọrọ na electrophoresis gel strip<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining|journal=Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem|volume=365|pages=241–242|year=1984}}</ref>]] [[:en:Ovalocytosis|Ovalocytosis]] bụ ụdị nke elliptocytosis, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ e ketara eketa nke erythrocytes na-enwe ọdịdị oval kama ịdị kpụrụkpụrụ. N'ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, ovalocytosis bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, mana ovalocithosis nke South-East Asia (SAO) na-eme n'ihe ruru pasent iri na ise nke ụmụ amaala [[Malaysia]] na Papua New Guinea. A kọọla maka ọtụtụ nsogbu nke erythrocytes SAO, gụnyere mmụba nke nkwụsi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na mbelata ngosipụta nke ụfọdụ antigen nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.88.24.11022|title=Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=88|issue=24|pages=11022–11026|year=1991|pmid=1722314}}</ref> SAO sitere na mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-edepụta protein erythrocyte [[:en:Band_3|band 3]]. Enwere nhichapụ codons 400-408 na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-eduga na ihichapụ amino-acids dị itoolu na ókèala dị n'etiti cytoplasmic na transmembrane ngalaba nke protein band 3.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM199011293232205|title=Molecular defect of the band 3 protein in southeast Asian ovalocytosis|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=323|issue=22|pages=1530–1538|year=1990|pmid=2146504}}</ref> Akara 3 na-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe na-ejikọta ọkpụkpụ membrane, netwọk protin submembrane nke nwere [[:en:Ankyrin|ankyrin]], spectrin, actin, na band 4.1. Ovalocyte band 3 na-ejikọta nke ọma karịa band 3 nkịtị na ankyrin, nke na-ejikọ ọkpụkpụ membrane na band 3 anion transporter. Nkwarụ ndị a na-emepụta membrane mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke na-adịghị anabatakebe [[:en:Shear_stress|nrụgide shear]] na nke nwere ike ịnwe nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:RBC_membrane_major_proteins.png|thumb|Protein ndị bụ isi nke Mkpụrụ Ndụ Ọbara Uhie]] A na-ejikọta SAO yana nchebe megide ịba ụbụrụ n'ime ụmụaka n'ihi na ọ na-ebelata nchedo nke erythrocytes nke ''P. falciparum'' na-emetụta na microvasculature nke ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prevention of cerebral malaria in children in Papua New Guinea by southeast Asian ovalocytosis band 3|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=60|issue=6|pages=1056–1060|year=1999|pmid=10403343|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.1056}}</ref> Njikọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''P. falciparum'' juru na ya yana CD36 na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na àgwà SAO na-echebe ụbụrụ. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke sequestration site na CD36 n'ime ndị SAO nwere ike ikpebi nkesa dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-arịa ọrịa. Ndị a na-enye nkọwa nwere ike ịbụ maka uru nhọrọ nke SAO nyere megide ịba ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.03.016|title=Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells to CD36 under flow is enhanced by the cerebral malaria-protective trait South-East Asian ovalocytosis|journal=Mol Biochem Parasitol|volume=142|issue=2|pages=252–257|year=2005|pmid=15978955}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * ikike Nguzogide nke ọnọdụ na-eweta * [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Dronamraju KR, Arese P (2006) ''Malaria: Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects'', Springer; Berlin,   /   * Faye FBK (2009) ''Malaria Resistance or Susceptibility in Red Cells Disorders'', Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781606929438|<bdi>9781606929438</bdi>]] == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.g6pd.org/en/G6PDDeficiency.aspx Favism] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215043423/http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/hemoglobinopathy/hemoglobinopathy.html Ọrịa Hemoglobin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111127201806/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/malaria_sickle.html Ịba na Mkpụrụ ndụ Ọbara uhie] {{malaria}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8d1g3bou7kkgpfosgx0bswjrs9w1a0f