Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1579 700780 91276 2026-08-12T14:57:34Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Jisọs Kraịst]] to [[Jesu Kristi]]: Misspelled title 91276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Ákwúkwó orünotu:Iyesus (Ethiopia).jpg|thumb|right|Otu ndị [[Ethiopia]] sẹrẹ ya]] '''Jisọs Kraịst''' bụ onye nkwusa na onye ndú okpukpe ndị Juu na narị afọ mbụ. ==Lee nke özö== * [[Bible‎]] * [[Islam]] == Ebe nsi nweta == <!--external links--> * [http://theconversation.com/weighing-up-the-evidence-for-the-historical-jesus-35319 ‘Historical Jesus’], ''The Conversation'' - Independent source of news and views, December 15, 2014, looked up at February 15, 2016. {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Éféfé Kraist]] mphu2ku9tuwh8ervqob3liiyunresga 0 8061 700825 186657 2026-08-12T19:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nwa ada '''Ndidi Dike''' {{Audio|Ig-Ndidi Dike.ogg|Audio}} bu onye oru nka na amasi nke ukwu. o bidoro na nwata nwe oke mmasi a banyere oru nka. o bidoro ulo akwukwo nka nke nwata kiri na oge. o gu chara akwukwo sekondiri na mgba ofesi England ebe o gumiri akwukwo maka oru nka. Nwa ada Ndidi Dike nwere oke ihunanya basara oke nwere onwe oru nka na enye. o nwe kwara oke udo na oru nka. Nwa ada Ndidi turu ugo na mahadum University of Nigeria nke di na Nsukka, ebe o nwere asambodo diploma in nka igu egwu. o nwe kwara asambodo na ihe nka na uzu. ka o mesiri oru ntorobia na ala nna ya naijiria o mepere ebe a na aru oru nka na ala nna ya owerri. ihe osise o kere mgba o na aru oru ntorobia mere ya onye mbu na ihe ngosi omimi a na akpo "Mixed Media Expose, 1986". Ndidi so na otu a na akpo "Guild of Fine Arts, Nigeria (GFAN) ma soroka na "Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA). == Exhibitions == Dike esowayego na ngosi ihe omimi nka kariri iri na aro 1986 ruo na aro 2002,ma sorokwa gosi ihe nke otu nka ruru iri ise na asaa na aro 1986 ruo na aro 2005. Ndidi soro kwa na ihe ngosi na afrika and mba ofesi dika Women to Women, Weaving Cultures, Shaping History 2002, University Art Gallery, INdiana State University, Totems and Signbpost, Lagos 2002 and Seven Stories about Modern Art In Africa. i ga ahu kwa oru Ndidi na obodo anyi naijiria yana obodo ofesi. Ndidi Dike's most recent solo show "Waka-into-Bondage: The Last ¾ Mile” for CCA (Lagos 2008) was curated by [[Bisi Silva]]. this exhibition was commemorating the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slave trading, that was ignored within the cultural calendar of Nigeria. Through her works in "Waka-into-Bondage", Ndidi Dike is determined to keep alive the memory of the epochal matter that led to the capture, enslavement, killing or death of some 21 million Africans.<ref>Reference from https://web.archive.org/web/20151125111620/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/ndidi-dike-nigerian-pride-visual-art/</ref> In an insightful conversation with curator Bisi Silva about this exhibition, Ndidi Dike said: “I visited Badagry in 2002 to see the slave route through which large numbers of our people were sent to the Americas to work daily, for long hours on plantations under subhuman conditions. During that visit, I knew I was standing face to face with history. Yet, much as I wanted to go back sooner, it only happened in 2007 at which point I knew I wanted to capture in a dramatic visual form this cataclysmic episode in human history. No-one can visit Badagry without being moved by this ignoble part of our history or by the consequences of man’s inhumanity.” Dike’s experimentation with form led to the sculptural offering “Dwellings, Doors and Windows” in which she appropriated harbour pallets; she then broke them down to reconfigure the materials in a manner that evoked the Middle Passage. Blood is a striking motif of the sculpture, and Dike explains: “The blood represents what was shed before, during and after the Trans-Atlantic trade, but also what continues to be shed today.” – <ref>For further reading article on Newswatch Times Nigeria https://web.archive.org/web/20151125111620/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/ndidi-dike-nigerian-pride-visual-art/</ref> Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery2.htm |title=AntiSlavery Society |publisher=Anti-slaverysociety.addr.com |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> [[human trafficking]] remains an international problem and an estimated 29.8&nbsp;million persons are living in illegal slavery today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/|title=INAUGURAL GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX REVEALS MORE THAN 29 MILLION PEOPLE LIVING IN SLAVERY|work=Global Slavery Index 2013|date=4 October 2013|accessdate=17 October 2013|archivedate=7 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407232555/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/}}</ref> In modern times, the trading of children has been reported in modern [[Nigeria]]. Ndidi Dike announced in an interview after her last exhibition that she would like to further explore this issue in her future works: "As I stated earlier, slave trading may have been abolished by the British parliament 200 years ago, but it is still in practice in certain countries. There are so many countries where the condition of the Black people leaves much to be desired. These new forms of slavery are not yet captured in the current works. I hope to reflect them soon in another set of works."<ref>For further reading interview on popular Nigerian arts blog http://eyinjuodu.blogspot.de/2008/02/what-fasholas-lagos-is-missing-in-waka.html </ref> ==Bibliography== * Olu Oguibe, Savannah Gallery of Modern African Art, Savannah Gallery of Modern African Art : ''8 African Women Artists'' – Savannah Gallery of Modern African Art, London, 1993. * Catherine King : ''Views of Difference: Different Views of Art'' – [[Yale University]] Press in association with the Open University, 1999. {{ISBN|0-300-07764-5}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170918161218/http://ndididike.com/] Official website * https://web.archive.org/web/20121201082020/http://www.pau.edu.ng/museum/ * http://ktpress.co.uk/nparadoxa-issue-details.asp?issueid=4 * http://artspeakafrica.blogspot.com/2008/02/ndidi-dike-opens-at-centre-for.html * http://jesscastellote.wordpress.com/2008/02/26/ndidi-dike-at-cca-lagos/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Dike, Ndidi}} [[Category:Wikipedia Igbo Women Edit-a-thon]] ft8uu1euq5at1751udo4h6w8xm1b9x2 0 8863 700813 187726 2026-08-12T18:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Nana Asma'u Calligraphy 03.png|thumb|Ihe odide nke Nana Asma'u]] {{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]|name=Nana Asma’u|image=|caption=|title=|birth_name=|birth_date=1793|birth_place=[[Sokoto Caliphate]]|death_date={{Death year and age|1864|1793}}|death_place=[[Sokoto Caliphate]]|death_cause=|resting_place=|other_names=Nana Asma’u bint Shehu Usman dan Fodiyo|nationality=|ethnicity=|era=|region=[[West Africa]]|occupation=[[Islamic scholar]]|denomination=[[Sunni]]|jurisprudence=[[Maliki]]|creed=|movement=|main_interests=[[Poetry]], [[Women's education]]|notable_ideas=|notable_works=|alma_mater=|Sufi_order=[[Qadiriyyah]]|disciple_of=|awards=|influences=[[Usman dan Fodio]]|influenced=[[Muhammed Bello]]|module=}} '''Nana Asma'u''' (aha ya niile: '''Nana Asma'u bint Shehu Usman dan Fodiyo,''' Arabic ; 1793-1864) bụ nwa eze , ode uri , onye nkụzi , na nwa nwanyị nke onye guzobere Sokoto Caliphate , Usman dan Fodio . Ọ bụ onye a na-asọpụrụ na mgbago ugwu [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . Ụfọdụ na-ahụ ya dịka onye eji ame ihe atụ agụm akwụkwọ ma nnwere onwe nke ndị inyom na o kwere omume n'okpuru [[Áláküba|Islam]] , na ndị ọzọ dị ka otu ndi bidoro Feminism n' Africa. == Biografii == A mụrụ Nana Asma'u ihe dị ka afọ 11 tupu Fulani Agha (1804-08), a kpọkwara ya Asma bint Abi Bakr , onye enyi nke Onye Amụma Muslim. Nwa nke Sufi -inspired na Fuluve -led Sokoto Caliphate bụ onye nchọpụta na nwanne nwanyi nke Muhammed Bello (Sultan nke Sokoto nke abụọ), ọ nọkarichara ndi niile chọpụtara Caliphate, na-eme ka o buru isi ihe nduzi nye ndị ọchichi n'ọdịnihu. Site na 1805, ndị otu Caliph bịara bụrụ ndị a ma ama, gụnyere ndị ikwu nwanyị Caliph. Mgbe Nana Asma'u ghọrọ onye a ma ama, ụmụnne ya nwanyị bụ Myram na Fatima, na ndị nwunye Caliph bụ Aisha na Hawwa kpara ezigbo ike n' ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steeti ọhụrụ ahụ. Dị ka nna ya, a kụziiri ya ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị na Qur'an , ma tinye ya n'ọrụ mmụta zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dị ka ihe atụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Qadiriyyah Sufi, dan Fodio na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya mesiri ike ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma, karịsịa nke Sunnah , ihe nlereanya nke onye amụma [[Muhammad]] . Iji mụta na-enweghị nkuzi, ha chere na ọ bụ ihe efu. Ya mere, Nana Asma'u kwadoro, karịsịa, mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Muslim. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ezinụlọ ya, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ. == Onye edemede na onye ndụmọdụ == Ọ maara akwụkwọ na klas nke mba Arab na nke oge ochie, na-asụkwa asụsụ anọ ( Arabic , asụsụ Fula , Hausa na Tamacheq Tuareg ), Ọha na Eze maara Nana Asma'u dịka ọkà mmụta kachasị elu na ala ndị Alakụba kachasị mma na West Africa, nke mere ka o nwee ohere iji kwekọọ ọnụ. <ref> David Westerlund dere, sị: "Ọ nọgidere bụrụ ihe na-akpali akpali ruo ugbu a." Mary Wren Bivins, ''Na-akọ Akụkọ, Ime Akụkọ: Ụmụ nwanyị, Okwu na Islam na Narị Afọ Iri Hausaland na Sokoto Caliphate'' . London: Heinemann, 2007. </ref> Ọ hụrụ ọtụtụ agha nke AghaF ulani ma dee banyere ahụmahụ ya na akụkọ gbasara ''Wakar Gewaye'' , "njem". Dika Sokoto Caliphate malitere dika omuma omenala na okpukperechi okpukpe, ihe odide nke ndi ndu nwere ebe puru iche nke ndi ozo ma ndi ochichi ma chia, puru ime ka ha di. Ọ ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ nye nwanne ya nwoke mgbe o werela Caliphate, edekwaara ndị gọọmenti na ndị na-amụrụ ndị isi mba ọzọ akwụkwọ ntụziaka. == Ode Abụ == N'etiti ya ihe karịrị ọrụ di ndụ ruru 60 e dere ihe karịrị afọ 40, Nana Asma'u hapụrụ otu nnukwu uri Arabic, asụsụ Fula na Hausa, niile edere na edemede Arabic. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana ha na-agụnye ume, mkpu, na ndụmọdụ. Ndụmọdụ nduzi ya dị iche iche ghọrọ ihe eji eme ihe maka ịkụziri ụkpụrụ ntọala nke Caliphate. Asma'u jikọrọ aka na Muhammed Bello , nke abụọ Caliph. Ọrụ ya na-agụnye ma gbasaa agbasapụ ike dan Fodio siri ike banyere ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ime echiche obodo nke Sunnah na iwu Islam . <ref name="Boyd">{{Cite book|last=Boyd|first=Jean|authorlink=|title=The Caliph's Sister: Nana Asma'u 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader|publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd|year=1989|location=London|pages=|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=0-7146-4067-0}}</ref> == Nkụzi ụmụ nwanyị == Ọrụ ndi ọzọ dị nke Asma'u e dere dere na-emetụta akwụkwọ nkuzi nke Islam: n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị okenye ya, ọ bụ maka ọrụ nkụzi okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị. Malite n'afọ 1830, o kere usoro nke ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị ( ''Jajis'' ) bụ ndị na-agagharị na Caliphate na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ. N'aka nke ya, onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ''jajis'' ji akwụkwọ edemede Nana Asma'u na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ Sufi na-agụkarị, na-abụkarị site n'ịgụ ihe nkiri na uri, iji zụọ ihe ọkụkụ nke ụmụ nwanyị mụtara, ndị a kpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'yan-taru'' , ma ọ bụ' ndị na-ezukọta, ụmụnna nwanyị. ' Iji ọ bụla ''jaji'' ọ onyere a malfa (a okpu na omenala emume nnọchianya nke ụlọ ọrụ nke na-ekpere arụsị Bori priestesses na Gobir ) kegide na a red eke n'isi. ''Jajis'' ghọrọ, ya mere, ihe nnọchianya nke ala ọhụrụ, usoro iwu ọhụrụ, na nke ịmụ asụsụ Islam ọbụna n'èzí obodo ndị inyom. <ref> Nke a sitere na Mack, Beverly B., na Jean Boyd, [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/214.html ''Jihad Ji Otu Nwanyi: Nana Asma'u, Onye Ọkà Mmụta na odeakwụkwọ''] [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/214.html] . Na-agụnye abụ uri abụọ nke Nana Asma'u. </ref> N'akụkụ, ọrụ nkuzi a malitere dị ka ụzọ isi jikọta ndị agha ndị agha meriri meriri n'agha n'ime òtù ndị ọchịchị Muslim. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbasaa, gụnyere ndị ogbenye na ime obodo, na-akụziri ndị nkụzi bụ ndị na-agafe na Caliphate. == Ihe odide nke oge == Ncheta Nana Asma'u mgbe niile a bụghị nanị na akwụkwọ edemede ya, kamakwa n' ọrụ ya n'ịkọwa ụkpụrụ nke obodo Sokoto. Taa na mgbago ugwu Naijiria, aha ya ka a na-akpọkarị otu ụmụ nwanyị ndị inyom Islam, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na nzukọ nzukọ. Ọ weghachitere arụmụka banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam na narị afọ nke 20, ebe ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba na ndị kwabatara na Europe na ihe arụmụka ya. <ref> Jean Boyd na Murray N'ikpeazụ, onye ọkà mmụta Algerian bụ [[Ismael Hamet]] dere maka ndị na-asụ France na 1898, na-akwa arịrị maka " ''Ligues Feminists d'Europe'' " amaghị banyere aka Aka Asma'u. Lee "Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka 'Agent Religious' na Sokoto", p. 283. </ref> Ntughari na nsụgharị nke ọrụ ya etinyewo uche na nsụgharị dị mma nke akụkọ na edere ya. Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ, gụnyere Jean Boyd si ''Nwanyị Caliph: Nana Asma'u 1793-1865: Onye Ozizi, Poet na Onye Ndú Alakụba'' (1989), kọwara dịka "akwụkwọ dị mkpa" nke "na-enye ezigbo ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ. iji tụfuo ihe ndị a na-emekarị banyere ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa ", <ref> Beverly B. Mack, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/jean-boyd-the-caliphs-sister-nana-asmau-17931865-teacher-poet-and-islamic-leader-london-and-new-jersey-frank-cass-co-ltd-1988-168-pp-bibliography-glossary-15-paper/33098355463B75AF7CAF554FB000922D "Akwụkwọ Nyocha"] , ''Nnyocha Nyocha nke Africa'' , Nke 33, Esemokwu 2, September 1990, pp 219-220. </ref> na ''Jihad Ji Otu Otu: Nana Asma'u, Onye Ọkà Mmụta na Dekọọ na'' Beverly B. Mack na Jean Boyd (2000). ''Ọrụ nchịkọta nke Nana Asma'u, Nwa nke Usman dan Fodiyo 1793-1864'' , nke Boyd na Mack bipụtara, bipụtara n'afọ 1997. == Lee kwa == {{portal|Poetry}} * Sokoto Caliphate * Usman dan Fodio * Ụmụ nwanyị na Islam == Ọgụgụ ndi ọzọ == * Chukwuma Azuonye, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338702?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "nwanyị ma ọ bụ Nanị nwanyị?] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40338702?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Nyochagharị na Ọrụ nke Nana Asmā'u, narị afọ nke itoolu na West African Women's Poet, Intellectual, and Social Activist "] , ''Meridians'' , Vol. 6, No. 2, Women, Creativity, and Dissidence (2006), pp. &nbsp; 54-77. * Jean Boyd, ''Nwanyị Nwanyị Caliph: Nana Asma'u 1793-1865: Onye Ozizi, Poet na Onye Ndú Alakụba'' . London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1989 {{ISBN|0-7146-4067-0}} * Jean Boyd. "Ịmụta site na Purda na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke Northern Nigeria: Ọrụ nke Asma'u Fodiyo". ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Cultural Studies'' , Vol. 14, Nke 1, Okpukpe Okpukpe nke Islam n'Africa (June 2001), p. &nbsp; 7-22. * Jean Boyd, "West Africa", na Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Women & Cultural Culture'' , New York: Brill Publishers, 2003, p. &nbsp; 327-29;   . * Jean Boyd na Beverly B. Mack (eds), [https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002853/http://msupress.msu.edu/bookTemplate.php?bookID=2760 ''The Collected Works of Nana Asma'u, Nwa nke Usman Dan Fodiyo 1793-1864''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002853/http://msupress.msu.edu/bookTemplate.php?bookID=2760] , East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1997. * Jean Boyd na Beverly B. Mack, Na- [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322124742/https://www.kubepublishing.com/shop/educating-muslim-women-the-west-african-legacy-of-nana-asmau-1793-1864/ ''akụziri Ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba: Ndị West African Legacy nke Nana Asma'u, 1793-1864''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322124742/https://www.kubepublishing.com/shop/educating-muslim-women-the-west-african-legacy-of-nana-asmau-1793-1864/] , Kube Publishing, Interface Publications, 2013.   [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] &nbsp; [[Special:BookSources/978-1847740441|978-1847740441]] . * Jean Boyd, Murray Ikpeazụ. "Ọrụ nke Women dị ka 'Agents Religious' na Sokoto", ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Canadian Journal of African Studies'' / ''Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines'' , Vol. 19, Nke 2 (1985), p. &nbsp; 283-300. * Beverly B. Mack na Jean Boyd, ''Jihad Ji Otu Nwanyi: Nana Asma'u, Onye Ọkà Mmụta na odeakwụkwọ'' , Bloomington, Indiana: Mahadum Indiana University, 2000.   [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] &nbsp; [[Special:BookSources/978-0253213983|978-0253213983]] . * Margaret Hauwa Kassam. "Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụda ụmụ nwanyị si Northern Nigeria", ''Asụsụ Afrika na Omenala'' , Vol. 9, Nke 2, omenala ndi mmadu na omenala (1996), p. &nbsp; 111-25. * Aisha R. Masterton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919203449/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_4_34/ai_85031238 ''Jihad ji otu nwanyị: Nana Asma'u, Scholar and Scribe'' - akwụkwọ nyocha] . ''African Arts'' , Winter 2001. * Katja Werthmann, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222060056/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/content/archive-eng/03-2005/foc_art3.html "Ihe atụ nke Nana Asma'u"] , ''D + C: Development & Cooperation'' , InWEnt gGmbH, No.03, 2005. * Muhammad Jameel Yusha'u, [http://www.gamji.com/article3000/NEWS3642.htm "Nana Asma'u Tradition: Otu ihe omuma na ihe omuma nke umunwanyi di iche iche n'ime Islam n'oge otutu afo nke iri na ise nke Danformod's Islam reform"] . Ngalaba Mass Communications, Bayero University , [[Kano]] . Akwụkwọ e bipụtara na Nzukọ na Sokoto jihad kwadoro nke Center for Hausa Cultural Studies, Kano, na Murtala Muhammad Library, 7-8 June 2004. == Nrụtụaka == <references group=""></references> == Njikọ ndị ọzọ == * ER, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604202054/https://www.historynaked.com/nana-asmau/ "Nana Asma'u"] , ''Akụkọ Naked'' , 28 March 2017. * KeriLynn Engel, [http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/nana-asmau-princess-poet-reformer-muslim-womens-education/ "Nana Asma'u: onye isi obodo, onye na-ede uri, onye na-eme mgbanwe mmụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Muslim"] , ''Ama Ndị Nwanyi na History'' , 4 December 2011. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6jfof2lo9jkc9bjw17hdnsgog4geilm 0 10073 700853 655091 2026-08-13T05:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Osonye Tess Onwueme''', {{Audio|Ig-Osonye Tess Onwueme.ogg|Audio}} amara dika '''T. Akaeke Onwueme''' (amụrụ na 8 Septemba 1995) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede egwuregwu, ọkà-mmụta na onye na-ede uri, onye ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-ede egwuregwu na isiokwu nke ikpe ọha, omenala, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na 2010, ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Global Letters, maka ọrụ ya pụrụ iche dịka Prọfesọ na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na asụsụ Bekee na Mahadum [[:en:University_of_Wisconsin–Eau_Claire|Wisconsin–Eau Claire]]. Site n'egwuregwu ya, o nwere ike iji ụlọ ihe nkiri dị ka ikpo okwu iji kwupụta echiche ndị nke egbochori dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Africa, na-enwu ọkụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ na Africa. Ọ na-akwado nkwado ya maka ndị ogbenye na ndị ntorobịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ahụmịhe na nchegbu nke ndị Afrika bi obodo oyibo na ọrụ edemede ya. A na-ahụta ya dịka otu n'ime otu ndị ode akwụkwọ Africa dị oke mkpa.<ref>N. Graham Nesmith. "Osonye Tess Onweume. ''What Mama Said: ihie omume akoro Ako 'Epic Drama''", in ''African American Review'', Spring-Summer 2005 accessed at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625164657/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2838/is_1-2_39/ai_n15675165 March 29, 2007.]</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ekwusi okwu ike banyere ime nwaanyị ihe megide n'ụlọ.<ref>{{cite web|title='They can be stopped': Bukola Oriola takes her story of surviving domestic violence from Minnesota to Nigeria|author=Ibrahim Hirsi|url=https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2015/09/they-can-be-stopped-bukola-oriola-takes-her-story-surviving-domestic-vi|website=Minn Post|date=4 September 2015|accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na mmuta == Amuru ya Osonye Akeake na [[:en:Ogwashi_Ukwu|Ogwashi Ukwu]], na [[:en:Delta_State,_Nigeria|Delta]] nke ugbua, bu ezi na-ulo nke barrister Chief Akaeke na Maria Eziashi. Osonye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mary Mount Secondary School; ọ bụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ lụrụ otu ọkà mmụta [[:en:Agronomy|agronomist]], I. C. Onwueme, wee mụọ ụmụ ise, n'oge ọ gara Mahadum nke [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University|Ife]], maka nzere na mmuta agụmakwụkwọ (1979) na nzere mastas na ịgụ akwụkwọ (1982). O nwetara PhD nke African Drama na Mahadum [[:en:University_of_Benin_(Nigeria)|Benin]]. N’afọ 1998, ọ lụrụ Obika Gray, onye Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Jamaica.<ref>Marvie Brooks, "Onwueme, Tess", ''Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing'', Routledge, 2001, p. 243.</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''A Hen Too Soon'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|title=A hen too soon by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL33396214W/A_hen_too_soon|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A hen too soon {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/19076953|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> * ''Broken Calabash'' (1984)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Broken Calabash: A Play by Osonye Tess Onwuerne|url=https://studylib.net/doc/9026949/the-broken-calabash|work=studylib.net|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Broken Calabash: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Broken_Calabash.html?id=zDmXzQEACAAJ|publisher=International Images Net, Llc|date=2018-12-30|isbn=978-1-970082-00-5|language=en|author=Tess Osonye Onwueme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/broken-calabash.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Broken Calabash}}</ref> * ''The Desert Encroaches'' (1985)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/17189001|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches - Tess Akaeke Onwueme: 9789782337115 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9789782337115/desert-encroaches-Tess-Akaeke-Onwueme-9782337110/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The desert encroaches by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2618180W/The_desert_encroaches|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Encroaches|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Desert_Encroaches.html?id=U9QIAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Heins Nigeria Publishers|date=1985|isbn=978-978-2337-11-5|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''The Reign of Wazobia'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Reign of Wazobia|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4832006-the-reign-of-wazobia|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/234212|work=searchworks.stanford.edu|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=The Reign of Wazobia (1988)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Reign of Wazobia: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Reign_of_Wazobia.html?id=8xhaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|date=1988|isbn=978-978-129-151-7|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The reign of Wazobia: a play|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2256631M/The_reign_of_Wazobia|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books|date=1988|location=Ibadan|isbn=978-978-129-151-7|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''Ban Empty Barn and other plays'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tess Onwueme: Dramatist in Quest of Change|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40148371|journal=World Literature Today|date=1992|issn=0196-3570|pages=464–467|volume=66|issue=3|doi=10.2307/40148371|author=J. O. J. Nwachukwu-Agbada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ban Empty Barn|url=https://www.booktopia.com.au/ban-empty-barn-tess-onwueme/ebook/9798201273484.html|language=en}}</ref> * ''Legacies'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Heritage Press|url=https://africanheritagepress.com/ourauthors3b85.html?AuthorID=10|work=africanheritagepress.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Osonye Tess Onwueme's Works|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/Nigeria/tess/works.html|work=www.postcolonialweb.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legacies by Osonye Tess Onwueme {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2618182W/Legacies?edition=key:/books/OL45304873M&mode=all|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Legacies: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Legacies.html?id=fIHPAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) Limited|date=1989|isbn=978-978-129-168-5|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme, Tess Akaeke Onwueme}}</ref> * ''Three Plays: an anthology of plays by Tess Onwueme'' (1993)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three Plays : The Broken Calabash, Parables for a Season, and the Reighn of Wazobia by Onwueme, Tess Akaeke: As New (1993) {{!}} GreatBookPrices|url=https://www.abebooks.com/Three-Plays-Broken-Calabash-Parables-Season/32258406753/bd|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/5392065-three-plays|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> * ''Tell It To Women: an epic drama'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b13027932?originalUrl=https%3A%2F%2Flegacycatalog.nypl.org%2Frecord%3Db13027932|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Tell It To Women: an epic drama (1995).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell it to women an epic drama for women {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/871802035|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell It to Women : An Epic Drama for Women [1&nbsp;ed.] 9780814336779, 9780814326497|url=https://dokumen.pub/tell-it-to-women-an-epic-drama-for-women-1nbsped-9780814336779-9780814326497.html|work=dokumen.pub|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tell it to Women: An Epic Drama for Women|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Tell_it_to_Women.html?id=AjHZKhJ2_tUC|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=1997|isbn=978-0-8143-2649-7|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''Riot In Heaven: drama for the voices of color'' (1996; 2006)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riot in Heaven|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/riot-in-heaven/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Riot in Heaven: musical drama for the voices of color|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1024666M/Riot_in_Heaven|publisher=Africana Legacy Press|date=1996|location=New York|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''The Missing Face, a play'' (1997; 2000)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The missing face: musical drama for the voices of color|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1024667M/The_missing_face|publisher=Africana Legacy Press|date=1997|location=New York|isbn=978-1-57579-053-4|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3521760-the-missing-face|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Missing Face - TheaterMania.com|url=https://www.theatermania.com/news/the-missing-face_1405/|date=2001-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Missing Face|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/the-missing-face/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/the-missing-face-a-play.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=The Missing Face, a play (1997; 2000)}}</ref> * ''Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen: a play'' (2000; 2006)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakara. Dance-Hall Queen - Onwueme, Author Osonye Tess: 9780979085819 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780979085819/Shakara-Dance-Hall-Queen-Onwueme-Author-0979085810/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/shakara-dance-hall-queen/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4830395|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen: a play (2000; 2006)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shakara Dance-hall Queen: A Play about Mothers & Daughters|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Shakara_Dance_hall_Queen.html?id=BxlaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=African Heritage Press|date=2000|isbn=978-978-35158-2-6|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''Then She Said It: a play'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Then She Said It|url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/then-she-said-it/|work=African books collective|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Books by Osonye Tess Onwueme (Author of The Reign of Wazobia)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/525635.Osonye_Tess_Onwueme|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Then She Said it: A Play|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Then_She_Said_it.html?id=p2YgAQAAIAAJ|publisher=African Heritage Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0-9628864-2-3|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''What Mama Said, an epic drama'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Mama Said: An Epic Drama (African American Life) - Onwueme, Osonye Tess: 9780814331415 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780814331415/What-Mama-Said-Epic-Drama-0814331416/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b15781720|work=www.nypl.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=What Mama Said, an epic drama (2004)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Mama Said : An Epic Drama [1&nbsp;ed.] 9780814336786, 9780814331415|url=https://dokumen.pub/what-mama-said-an-epic-drama-1nbsped-9780814336786-9780814331415.html|work=dokumen.pub|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What Mama Said: An Epic Drama|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Mama_Said.html?id=SzupEkw7AowC|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=2003-06-01|isbn=978-0-8143-3678-6|language=en|author=Osonye Tess Onwueme}}</ref> * ''No Vacancy'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title=NO VACANCY: A Play, by Tess Onwueme|url=https://africaworldpressbooks.com/no-vacancy-a-play-by-tess-onwueme/|work=Africa World Press & The Red Sea Press|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No Vacancy! (A Play) - Onwueme, Osonye Tess: 9781592212569 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781592212569/Vacancy-Play-Onwueme-Osonye-Tess-1592212565/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://writertess.com/creative-work/book/no-vacancy.asp|work=writertess.com|accessdate=2026-06-10|title=No Vacancy (2005)}}</ref> == Onyinye nsọpụrụ == O merie ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa, gụnyere nke a ma ama Fonlon-Nichols (2009),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Prof Tess Onwueme|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/celebrating-prof-tess-onwueme/|date=2019-01-26|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Phyllis Wheatley / Nwapa maka ndi oji na-ede akwukwo gbara ama (2008),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delta-Born Tess Onwueme Celebrated Abroad|url=https://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=34700|date=2014-11-29|website=The Pointer News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King]], Jr./Caeser Chavez Distinguished Writers Award (1989/90),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Onwueme, Osonye Tess 1955– {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/onwueme-osonye-tess-1955|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Distinguished Authors Award (1988),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Tess Osonye Onwueme Papers, 1975-2014|url=https://www.uwec.edu/kb/article/guide-to-tess-osonye-onwueme-papers-1975-2014/|website=University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2020-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042027/https://www.uwec.edu/kb/article/guide-to-tess-osonye-onwueme-papers-1975-2014/}}</ref> na onyinye nke [[:en:Association_of_Nigerian_Authors|Nzukọ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na Naijiria]] bụ Drama Prize, nke o meriri ọtụtụ oge na eije dịka ''The Desert Encroaches'' (1985),<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Books Collective: Tess Osonye Onwueme|url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme|website=www.africanbookscollective.com|access-date=2020-05-30|accessdate=2020-11-17|archivedate=2019-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201125536/http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme}}</ref> ''Tell It To Women'' (1995),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riot In Heaven: Drama for the Voices of Color|url=https://www.tessonwueme.com/riot-in-heaven-drama-for-the-voices-of-color.html|website=Dr. Tess Onwueme's Official Website|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> ''Shakara: Dance-Hall Queen'' (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|title=African novel, women, theatre and culture, dramatist, Tess Onwueme|url=http://www.writertess.com/|website=www.writertess.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>, ''Then She Said it'' (2003) dgz.<ref>[http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/tess/prizes.html Postcolonial Web]</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [[Simon Gikandi]], ''Encyclopedia of African Literature'', Routledge (2002), {{ISBN|0-415-23019-5}} - pp.&nbsp;414–15 * Ini Uko, ''Gender and Identity in the Works of Tess Onwueme'', Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2004 * Chris Dunton, "Nigeria and the Diaspora, Solidarities and Discords: The Drama of Tess Onwueme", in Toyin Falola (ed.), ''Nigeria in the Twentieth Century''. Durham, North Carolina. Carolina Academic Press, 2002. pp.&nbsp;791–798 * Therese Migraine-George, "African Women on the Global Stage", ''African Women and Representation: From Performance to Politics''. Trenton: Africa World Press, 2008. pp.&nbsp;157–178. * Kanika Batra, "Daughters who Know the Language of Power: Community, Sexuality, and Postcolonial Development In Tess Onwueme's ''Tell it to Women,''" ''Interventions: Journal of Postcolonial Studies'', Vol. 9, 1 (2007), 124–138, (ISSN 1369-801X print/1469-929X online) * J. O. J. Nwachukwu-Agbada, "Tess Onwueme: Dramatist In Quest of Change", ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Literature_Today" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="World Literature Today" class="cx-link" data-linkid="66">World Literature Today</a>'' (Summer 1992), 464–467. == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828061956/http://www.writertess.com/tess/index.asp Dr. Osonye Tess Onwueme's website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1955]] [[Òtù:Ndị si Delta steetị]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]] [[Òtù:Onye agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Benin]] b66ns2xowsdji80q2ykkodk0vyumiis 0 10100 700843 623427 2026-08-13T01:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Obiora Udechukwu''' onye amụrụ na 1946 bụ nwaafọ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na-ese ihe òsìsè ma bụrụkwa ode abụ Á mụrụ ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na 1946 nyere nne na nna si Agulu na [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambara Steeti]], Naịjirịaa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ otu afọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello tupu ọ gafee na Mahadum nke Nigeria, Nsukka site na ibu agha megide ndị Igbo nọ na mpaghara ugwu Naịjirịa. N'oge alụrụ agha obodo Naịjirịa, nke a makwaara dị ka agha Biafran (1967-1970), Udechukwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba Propaganda ma sonye na ọgbakọ ndị nka na ndị odee nke ode abụ bụ Gabriel Okara na onye omenkà Uche Okeke duziri . Mgbe agha biri, ọ laghachitere na Nsukka, mezue asambodo bachelo ya na ngalaba fine art, tinyere ederede banyere nka igbo Uli mural art, n’afo 1972. N’afọ 1973, a họpụtara ya dịka Onye Mmekọ na Ngalaba Fine Arts, ebe ọ natara nzere Master of Fine Arts ya ,na 1977. A matara ya dịka onye ndu n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nsukka, nke Uche Okeke dubuuru, onye jere ozi dịka onye isi nke ngalaba nka ruo 1985. Mgbe ọ nọ na Nsukka, Udechukwu ghọrọ onye guzobere Aka Circle of Exhibiting Artists, nke gụnyere El Anatsui, Tayo Adenaike, na ndị nka ndị ọzọ bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria. O jere ozi na kọmitii nhazi Okike'': African Journal of New Writing nke eguzobere'' na Nsukka site na onye [[Chinụa Achebe|ọde]] akwụkwọ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] . A họpụtara ya dịka Prọfesọ nke Painting na Nsukka na 1986. N’oge ọchịchị ya, ụmụ akwụkwọ ya gụnyere Tayo Adenaike, Olu Oguibe, Chika Okeke-Agulu, Marcia Kure, na Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie . N’afọ 1997, Udechukwu ghọrọ Dana Professor nke Fine Arts na Mahadum St. Lawrence, na Steeti New York. O bi na Canton, NY. Udechukwu na etinye ''Uli'' n'ọrụ ya kwa mgbe ,Na 1970 gụrụ gawa ọ webatara akara ''[[Nsibiri|nsibidi]]'', ya na usoro eji asa ink nke ndị nka China mara akwụkwọ. Ọtụtụ n’ime ihe osise ya na mbipụta ya na-egosi ndị mmadụ nkịtị; oru ya n'oge agha bụ nkpalite mmụọ gosipụtara oke nhuju anya ọ hụrụ. Site na etiti 1970, isi okwu ya sitere na nkpuru ihe omuma banye na nkọwa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Ihe ngosi nka == Udechukwu enwekarịala ihe ngosi karịrị iri abụo na ise nke naanị otu onye gosipụtara na Nigeria, England, Zimbabwe, Germany, na United States. == Nchịkọta ọha == Ọrụ nka ya dị na nchịkọta nke National Gallery of Modern Art, Lagos; National Council nke Arts na Culture, Lagos; Center for cultural studies, Mahadum nke Lagos; Iwalewa-Haus, Mahadum nke Bayreuth, Germany; Museum fur Volkderkunde, Frankfurt / Main, Germany; Bradford City Museums and Galleries,Bradford, England; Smithsonian National Museum nke African Art, Washington, DC; Newark meseum. == Abu == * ''What the Madam said'', (1990), onye mmeri nke Association of Nigerian Authors Poetry Prize, 1990. == Ịgbakwunye amamihe == * Chika Okeke-Agulu, ''Obiora Udechukwu: Line, Image, Text'' (Milan: Skira Editore, 2016) * Kristen Windmuller-Luna, “A Nigerian Song literatus: Chinese literati paint concept of the Song Dynasty in the modern art of Obiora Udechukwu,” ''Rutgers Art Review'' Vol. 29, 2014 * Simon Ottenberg, sources and themes of Obiora ''Udechukwu'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20041229133014/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_2_35/ai_94010404 in African ''Arts''], ''summer'' 2002. * Chika Okeke-Agulu, “Obiora Udechukwu,” ''Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art'' 9 (1998), 46-51. == Ébém si de == * Bio from National Museum of African Art, Washington DC, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171811/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/obiora.htm] * Profile of the poet ,[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119033806/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1003/doc1oct2003.html Sentinel poetry] * Marie-Helene Boisdur de Toffol and others, ''An Anthology of African Art: The Twentieth Century'', Distributed Art Publishers / Editions Revue Noire; English edition (2002),  ISBN 1-891024&nbsp; == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gydp7r7s03dhszvaua1hnp1b5c81m85 0 12572 700835 540824 2026-08-12T21:06:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nelisa Mchunu''' (amụrụ n'abalị a8 nke ọnwa Febrụwarị afọ1992), bụ onye ome South Afrika, onye ome ejiji nlere anya, MC, ọkà okwu mkpali na onye ode akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=Nelisa Mchunu Biography|url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/nelisa-mchunu-biography/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Southern African celebrities|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160857/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/nelisa-mchunu-biography/}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Soap opera igwe onyonyo dịka, ''Isithembiso'', ''Isibaya'' na ''Uzalo dị ka fikile'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Favour|first=Adeaga|date=2019-11-21|title=Interesting facts about Londeka Mchunu that will surprise you|url=https://briefly.co.za/43309-londeka-mchunu-age-place-birth-family-tv-shows-instagram.html|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Briefly|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=Nelisa Mchunu Bio|url=https://savannanews.com/nelisa-mchunu-biography-age-net-worth-boyfriend-cars-uzalo/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Savanna News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160737/https://savannanews.com/nelisa-mchunu-biography-age-net-worth-boyfriend-cars-uzalo/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Mchunu N'abalị abụọ nke ọnwa Febrụwarị afọ 1992 na Wartburg na KwaZulu-Natal, n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne iri. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. <ref name="Mchunu">{{Cite web|author=Labase|first=Sisonke|title=Getting to know Londeka Mchunu|url=https://www.news24.com/truelove/Exclusive/getting-to-know-londeka-mchunu-20181005|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Truelove|language=en-US}}</ref> O mechara tolite na Clermont, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, mgbe ya na nne ya kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ 6. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=Londeka Mchunu Biography|url=https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/30/londeka-mchunu-biography-age-career-education/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Celebrity|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160632/https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/30/londeka-mchunu-biography-age-career-education/}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye nkuzi. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Londeka Mchunu bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=Uzalo's Fikile And House Of Zwide's Zanele Are Sisters In Real Life - Nelisa Mchunu And Londeka Mchunu|url=https://iharare.com/nelisa-mchunu-and-londeka-mchunu-are-sisters-in-real-life/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=iHarare News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-11|title=Fabulous Sisters of the day: Nelisa Mchunu and Londeka Mchunu: Pictures|url=https://news365.co.za/fabulous-sisters-of-the-day-nelisa-mchunu-and-londeka-mchunu-pictures/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=News365.co.za|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na klas nke asatọ, Nelisa na ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke abụọ kwagara Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal ka ha na nne nne ya nọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Uzalo’s Nelisa Mchunu talks about her family and life in the spotlight|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/uzalos-nelisa-mchunu-talks-about-her-family-and-life-in-the-spotlight-20191011|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> OfN'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ mụtara nkà ihe omume. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nelisa Mchunu|url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/nelisa-mchunu/5659|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=afternoonexpress.co.za|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160953/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/nelisa-mchunu/5659}}</ref> Edebara aha ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand ka ọ gụọ BA na Media Studies, mana ọ mechaghị akwụkwọ ahụ n'ihi nsogbu ego. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere nri na onye inyeaka nye ụlọ ọrụ PR tupu ọ banye ihe nkiri. <ref name="Biography">{{Cite web|author=Excel|date=2021-06-08|title=Nelisa Mchunu Biography|url=https://ghanadmission.com/za/nelisa-mchunu/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=SA Online Portal|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2015, ọ sonyeere dị ka onye mgbakwunye na SABC 3 Soap opera telivishọn bụ ''Isidingo'' . Mgbe ahụ na 2016, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ "Fikile" na Soap opera akpọrọ ''Uzalo'' . <ref name="Biography"/> Ọrụ ya mere ya onye ama ama nke ukwuu, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ahụ ruo afọ isii ruo abali iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mchunu|first=Nelisa|date=2021-06-03|title=Nelisa Mchunu Biography|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Nelisa_Mchunu|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|first=Chrizelda|author=Kekana|title=‘Uzalo’ fans left heartbroken as uFikile ka Sbu bids farewell to the soapie|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-05-18-uzalo-fans-left-heartbroken-as-ufikile-ka-sbu-bids-farewell-to-the-soapie/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> A kwadoro igbu ọrụ ya dịka plt ahụ siri kwuo, mana Nelisa rịọrọ ka ọ ghara igbu ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mngadi|first=Mxolisi|date=2021-05-21|title=Former 'Uzalo' star Nelisa Mchunu reportedly begged to stay on popular soapie|url=https://briefly.co.za/100653-former-uzalo-star-nelisa-mchunu-reportedly-begged-stay-popular-soapie.html|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=Briefly|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emepụta ihe mesịrị kwụsị ọrụ ahụ, mgbe ọ na-enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na usoro akụkọ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Uzalo’s Fikile ‘begs’ to stay!|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/uzalos-fikile-begs-to-stay-20210520|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=DailySun}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Actress Nelisa Mchunu begs for her job after being fired from Uzalo|url=https://zambianews365.com/fired-from-uzalo-2/|accessdate=2021-10-25|work=ZambiaNews365.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160733/https://zambianews365.com/fired-from-uzalo-2/}}</ref> Mgbe ọpụpụ ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na SABC 1 soap opera ''Generations: The Legacy'' site n'arụ ọrụ nke onye ahịa iwe n'ewe #Ezweni. N'ọgwụgwụ 2021, ọ laghachiri na ihe omume ''Uzalo'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-20|title=Former Uzalo actress Nelisa Mchunu(Fikile) set for a comeback: Celebs Now|url=https://celebsnow.co.za/nelisa-mchunu-3/|accessdate=2021-10-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160648/https://celebsnow.co.za/nelisa-mchunu-3/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nkiri ! Ọrụ ! Ụdị ! Ref. |- | 2015 | ''[[Isidingo]]'' | | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2016 | ''Uzalo'' | Fikile | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2020 | ''Ọgbọ: The Legacy'' | onye ahịa nke #Ezweni | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |} == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ afọ 1992]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị South Afrika]] [[Òtù:Category:Ome ihe nkiri onyonyo South Afrika]] [[Òtù:Category:Ome ihe nkiri South Afrika]] a9ejd6v1j5phs4pfdsucagpnskfi3g4 0 13858 700851 515976 2026-08-13T04:55:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Osei Bonsu Amoah''' (amụrụ n'abali iri n' ise nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1961) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke asaa nke Republic nke anọ nke Ghana ma na-anọchite anya ndị Akwapim South Constituency na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke New Patriotic Party .<ref name="gog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|title=Deputy Ministers|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=24 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers}}</ref><ref name="graph">{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-releases-names-of-deputy-ministers-designate.html|title=Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and 4 more ministerial nominees|publisher=Graphic Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="yen">{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|title=List of Akufo-Addo's 50 deputy ministers and four news ministers|publisher=Yen Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143328/https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html}}</ref><ref name="citi">{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state|publisher=Cifi FM Online|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143347/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/}}</ref><ref name="ghaweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Akufo-Addo-picks-deputy-ministers-511811|title=Akufo-Addo picks deputy ministers|publisher=Ghana Web|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Amoah na onwa asato, abali iri n' ise nke afo 1961. O si Aburi, obodo dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ghana|mba Ghana]].<ref name="mps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5381|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Amoah, Osei Bonsu|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-02-09|archivedate=2024-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927053109/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5381}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Prempeh College ma nweta nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na iwu na Mahadum nke Ghana na 1985.<ref name="mps" /> Na ulo akwukwo Ghana a na- amu maka iwu ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke iwu na 1995.<ref name="mps" /> == Njem Oru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A hoputara ya n'ime ndị omeiwu nke isii nke mba nke anọ nke Ghana na abali asaa nke onwa Jenụwarị afo 2013 wee jee ozi ruo abali isii nke onwa Jenụwarị 2017. Mgbe afọ anọ nke ọrụ gasịrị, a họpụtara ya ọzọ n'ime ndị omeiwu nke asaa nke mba nke anọ nke Ghana na 7 Jenụwarị 2017 mgbe ọ nwetara 52.78% nke votu ziri ezi na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2016.<ref name="mps"/> == Onodu Ọrụ == Tupu a họpụta ya n'ụlọ omeiwu, Amoah rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha nke ụtụ isi, IRS n'etiti 1988 na 1996. A họpụtara ya dị ka Enyemaka Pụrụ Iche, Ụlọ ọrụ nke Onye isi ala, ma jee ozi site na 2001 ruo 2005.<ref name="mps"/> A họpụtara ya ozugbo dị ka osote Mịnịsta na Ministry of Education Youth and Sport, O wee jee ozi site na 2005 ruo 2008.<ref name="mps"/> == Ndụ nke onwe onye == Ọ na-akọwa dị ka Onye Kraịst, ọ lụrụ onye ọka iwu ibe ya nwere ụmụ atọ.<ref name="mps"/> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 77i3be62jp85wmu9ttcqcps2hmu6suf 0 13950 700778 631261 2026-08-12T13:54:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Beatrice Chinery''' a maara dị ka '''Miliky MiCool''' (c. 1996- June 10, 2020) bụ onye Ghana na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Ghanaian actress Miliki Micool of 'Kejetia' TV series fame dies|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/ghanaian-actress-miliki-micool-of-kejetia-tv-series-fame-dies/|accessdate=2020-06-12|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana, Current Affairs, Business News , Headlines, Ghana Sports, Entertainment, Politics, Articles, Opinions, Viral Content|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na mmalite afọ 2000 maka ọrụ ya na usoro telivishọn bụ ''Kejetia'', ma mesịa gosipụta na ihe omume ''Yolo'' . == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya n'afọ 1993. MiCool rụrụ ọrụ na usoro telivishọn ama ama ''Kejetia'' na mmalite afọ 2000. Ọ gara n'ihu na ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''Jamestown Fisherman'' na ''Yolo'' .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ghanaian Actress Beatrice Chinery A.k.a 'Miliky MiCool' Has Died|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202006/413023.php|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130705/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202006/413023.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Ghanaian actress Miliki Micool of 'Kejetia' TV series fame dies|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/ghanaian-actress-miliki-micool-of-kejetia-tv-series-fame-dies/|accessdate=2020-06-12|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana, Current Affairs, Business News , Headlines, Ghana Sports, Entertainment, Politics, Articles, Opinions, Viral Content|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-16|title="James Town Fisherman TV series has come to stay"|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/James-Town-Fisherman-TV-series-has-come-to-stay-326066|accessdate=2020-06-12|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == MiCool nwụrụ site na nsogbu nke ọbara mgbali elu na Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital na Accra na June 10, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Veteran actress ‘Miliky MiCool’ has died|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-actress-miliky-micool-has-died/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919024053/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-actress-miliky-micool-has-died/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular veteran actress 'Miliky MiCool' dead|url=https://ghanaguardian.com/popular-veteran-actress-miliky-micool-dead|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=The Ghana Guardian News|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122132031/https://ghanaguardian.com/popular-veteran-actress-miliky-micool-dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Fiifi|date=2020-06-10|title=Veteran Ghanaian Actress Beatrice Chinery ‘Miliky MiCool’ Is Dead|url=https://omgvoice.com/celebs/veteran-ghanaian-actress-beatrice-chinery-miliky-micool-is-dead/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=OMGVoice|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Osei|first=Chris|date=2020-06-10|title=Just In: Veteran Ghanaian Actress Beatrice Chinery ‘Miliky MiCool’ Is Dead|url=https://www.zionfelix.net/just-in-veteran-ghanaian-actress-beatrice-chinery-miliky-micool-is-dead/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=ZionFelix.net|language=en-US}}</ref> Nwanne nwoke MiCool bụ Robert kwuru na ọ rịara ọrịa ruo ọnwa ole na ole mana ihe bịara ka njọ ma akpọrọ ya gawa n'ụlọ ọgwụ mana ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ bịarutere. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Kejetia'' * ''Yolo'' * ''Jamestown Fisherman'' == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} omfmzpm0uw66xlf75rsi5vkunynipca 0 14337 700799 515697 2026-08-12T17:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nadia Mukami''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye [[Kenya]] na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu nke a maara amara maka egwu ya "Si Rahisi", na "Radio Love", nke gosipụtara Arrow Bwoy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=9 February 2021|title=Biography: Nadia Mukami|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Pulse Live Kenya|language=en-US|archivedate=23 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423013648/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l}}</ref> O wepụtara EP mbụ ya, African Popstar, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Kavii|first=Felix|title=Songbird Nadia Mukami set to release new EP dubbed 'African Popstar'|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/showbiz/2001387709/songbird-nadia-mukami-set-to-release-new-ep-dubbed-african-popstar|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Standard Entertainment and Lifestyle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|author=Ngigi|title=Nadia Mukami releases 'African Popstar' EP|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2020-10-05-nadia-mukami-releases-african-popstar-ep/|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=The Star|language=en-KE|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030134654/https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2020-10-05-nadia-mukami-releases-african-popstar-ep/}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye guzobere akara ndekọ Kenya "Sevens Creative Hub".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Milimo|first=Dennis|date=2022-01-20|title=Nadia Mukami set to introduce first artiste under own record label|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/music/nadia-mukami-set-to-introduce-first-artiste-under-her-record-label-seven-creative-hub/ge4dkr8|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Pulselive Kenya|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523180253/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/music/nadia-mukami-set-to-introduce-first-artiste-under-her-record-label-seven-creative-hub/ge4dkr8}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nadia Mukami n'ụlọ ọgwụ Pumwani na Nairobi, Kenya na mkpụrụ ụbọchị 9 n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/nadia-mukami-biography/|title=Nadia Mukami Biography|work=hashtagsquare.co.ke|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301005652/http://hashtagsquare.co.ke/nadia-mukami-biography/|archivedate=1 March 2021}}</ref> Ọ gara Kari Mwailu Praịmarị ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'afọ 2009. E mechara nabata ya na Mount Laverna School na Kasarani, Nairobi .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/368217-nadia-mukami-biography-family-tribe-education-life-story.html|title=Nadia Mukami biography: Everything you need to know of the popular musician|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> O mechara sonye na Mahadum Maseno wee nweta nzere na BBA Finance option.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Milimo|first=Dennis|date=2021-02-09|title=Biography: Nadia Mukami|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Pulselive Kenya|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110081007/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l}}</ref> == Ọrụ egwu == Nadia dere ma dekọọ egwu mbụ ya bụ Barua Ya Siri n'afọ 2015. Egwu ya nke abụọ bụ Kesi bụ oge mgbanwe ya, ọ nwetara ewum ewu ma bụrụ ihe egwu nke oge ahụ. O mere ka o nwee ohere iji mee ihe nkiri na ohere Kenya dị iche iche dịka Blaze The Nile Festival, The Luo Festival wdg.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Zadock|date=2020-04-29|title=Nadia Mukami Biography - Age, Education, Boyfriend, Family Net Worth|url=https://eafeed.com/nadia-mukami-bio-age-education-boyfriend-family-net-worth/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=The East African Feed|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nadia wepụtara egwu "Radio Love" nke gosipụtara Arrow Bwoy n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2019. Abụ ahụ bụ ọganihu ya. Ọ nwetara nnukwu nlebara anya site na mgbasa ozi Kenya ma kpọọ ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ redio na TV na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Osoro|first=William|title=Nadia Mukami answers the internet's most asked questions about her|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/local-news/2001365579/nadia-mukami-answers-the-internets-most-asked-questions-about-her?amp=1|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Nadia Mukami answers the internet's most asked questions about her}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Nadia kewara ụzọ ya na njikwa ya "Hailemind Entertainment".<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2019|title=Fast-rising artiste Nadia Mukami parts ways with her Management|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/coke-studio-africa-2019-big-break-through-artiste-nadia-mukami-parts-ways-with-her/h2c642q|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Pulse Live Kenya|language=en-US|archivedate=21 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621014803/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/coke-studio-africa-2019-big-break-through-artiste-nadia-mukami-parts-ways-with-her/h2c642q}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mwarua|first=Douglas|date=18 March 2019|title=Sensational Kenyan songstress Nadia Mukami parts ways with management|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/301006-sensational-kenyan-songstress-nadia-mukami-parts-ways-management.html|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Tuko.co.ke – Kenya news.|language=en|archivedate=8 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608130011/https://www.tuko.co.ke/301006-sensational-kenyan-songstress-nadia-mukami-parts-ways-management.html}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ 2019, egwu ya "Radio Love" meriri ihe nrite abụọ na Pulse Music Video Awards (PMVA).<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2019, o so na ndị na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya Kenya na Coke Studio Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Milimo|first=Dennis|date=2021-02-09|title=Biography: Nadia Mukami|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Pulselive Kenya|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110081007/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/biography-nadia-mukami-family-boyfriend-husband-music-and-awards/qh9lk2l}}</ref> Ná mmalite afọ 2020, Nadia wepụtara "Nitekenye" nke gosipụtara otu egwu Gengetone nke Kenya "Sailors".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadia Mukami – NRG.RADIO|url=https://nrg.radio/tag/nadia-mukami/|accessdate=3 April 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> E mechara wepụta EP mbụ nke Nadia na Ọktoba 2020. E wepụtara egwu "Jipe" nke gosipụtara onye na-agụ egwu [[Tanzania]] bụ Marioo na Machị 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kingsley|first=David|date=19 March 2020|title=Nadia Mukami enlists Tanzania's Marioo on 'Jipe' (Video)|url=http://www.ghafla.com/ke/nadia-mukami-enlists-tanzanias-marioo-on-jipe-video/|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Ghafla! Kenya|language=en-US|archivedate=27 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127064020/http://www.ghafla.com/ke/nadia-mukami-enlists-tanzanias-marioo-on-jipe-video/}}</ref> EP gosipụtara Khaligraph Jones, Maua Sama, Fena Gitu, DJ Joe Mfalme, Sanaipei Tande, Orezi nke Nigeria, Tamy Moyo nke [[Zimbabwe]] na Lioness Nam si [[Namibia]].<ref name=":1"/> A họpụtakwara ya maka onyinye HiPipo na 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|author=Musyimi|title=Nadia Mukami nominated for HiPipo awards|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2020-01-13-nadia-mukami-nominated-for-hipipo-awards/|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=The Star|language=en-KE|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930052300/https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2020-01-13-nadia-mukami-nominated-for-hipipo-awards/}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya nke mbụ ya na MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2021|title=Nadia Mukami to battle Diamond, Fally Ipupa & Wizkid at MTV Africa Music Awards|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/nadia-mukami-over-the-moon-as-she-gets-nominated-in-mtv-africa-music-awards/twqdyle|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=Pulse Live Kenya|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Nzyoka|first=Mumbua Nzula|date=14 January 2021|title=Nadia Mukami gets nomination from MAMAs 2021|url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/nadia-mukami-gets-nomination-from-mamas-2021/|accessdate=3 April 2021|work=KBC {{!}} Kenya's Watching|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ej00onjq37shnpnh2ikj8704b8bzjqa 0 14495 700802 671572 2026-08-12T17:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nadia Nakai Kandava''' (née '''Dlamini'''; amụrụ n'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1990), bụ onye South Africa na-eti egwu na onye ama ama n'ihe ngosi telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEE: Nadia Nakai celebrates 30th birthday|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/celebrity-news/see-nadia-nakai-celebrates-30th-birthday-48124047|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jovaza|date=18 May 2021|title=Nadia Nakai excited to celebrate her 31st birthday today -|url=https://jovaza.com/2021/05/18/nadia-nakai-excited-to-celebrate-her-31st-birthday-today/|accessdate=1 March 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024164716/https://jovaza.com/2021/05/18/nadia-nakai-excited-to-celebrate-her-31st-birthday-today/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2017/06/23/nadia-rising-rap-queen/|title=Nakai: Rising rap queen|work=The Zimbabwe Independent|accessdate=2022-06-09|archivedate=2020-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072748/http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2017/06/23/nadia-rising-rap-queen/}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nakai na South Africa. Nna ya bụ onye South Africa ma nne ya bụ onye Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/2287589/8-fun-facts-you-may-not-know-about-nadia-nakai/|title=8 fun facts you may not know about Nadia Nakai|date=19 May 2020|accessdate=20 March 2022|work=[[The Citizen (South African newspaper)|The Citizen]]|author=Sekhu|first=Michael}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, a gbanwere aha nna ma zawa nke nne ya.<ref name="name">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/nadia-nakai-joins-casspers-record-label/|title=Nadia Nakai joins Cassper's record label|work=[[The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)|The Chronicle]]|date=20 February 2016|accessdate=20 March 2022}}</ref> Nakai gara Fourways High School na Johannesburg ruo otu afọ wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na Kenya.<ref name="name"/> O mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta azụmahịa , nkwukọrịta, na ọmụmụ mgbasa ozi na Mahadum Monash, Johannesburg . == Ọrụ == === 2013–2017: Mmalite na ''Bragga'' === Nakai mere Mpụta telivishọn mbụ ya na e.tv hip hop show ''Shiz Niz'' ebe o meriri asọmpi Mixtape 101, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ meriri asọmpi ahụ. O mechara bụrụ onye a ma ama N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2013, mgbe ọ wepụtara egwu mbụ ya "Like Me".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/sid-records/nadia-nakai-like-me|title=Nadia Nakai "Like Me" by Sid Records|work=SoundCloud}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, e gosipụtara ya na remix nke Riky Rick song, ''Amantombazane'' n'etiti ihe omume dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pltfrm.co.za/track-of-the-day-riky-rick-amantombazane-remix/|title=Track of the Day: Riky Rick – Amantombazane (Remix)|work=Platform|accessdate=2022-06-09|archivedate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303191041/http://pltfrm.co.za/track-of-the-day-riky-rick-amantombazane-remix/}}</ref> N'ihe banyere ọnwa Juun afọ 2015, Nakai wepụtara egwu ya nke atọ "Saka Wena" nke gosipụtara onye egwu [[Ice Prince]], na-esote egwu ya nke abụọ, "Whatever" nke gosipụtara DotCom na Psyfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/saka-wena-feat-ice-prince-single/971718993|title=Saka Wena (feat. Ice Prince) – Single by Nadia Nakai|work=Apple Music}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016, Nakai wepụtara egwu ya "The Man" nke gosipụtara Cassper Nyovest site na EP ya, ''Bragga'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahiphopmag.co.za/2016/08/new-release-nadia-nakai-the-man-ft-cassper-nyovest/|title=New Release: Nadia Nakai – The Man [ft Cassper Nyovest]|work=SA Hip Hop Mag}}</ref> E wepụtara ''Bragga'' n, abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2016. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2017, Nakai wepụtara egwu ya a ma ama "Naaa Meaan" nke gosipụtara Cassper Nyovest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-life/tshisa-life/2017-11-02/-twitter-gives-nadia-nakais-new-track-a-thumbs-up/|title=Twitter gives Nadia Nakai's new track a thumbs up|work=TimesLive}}</ref> Egwu a nọ n'elu chaatị n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ redio na South Africa. N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2016, ọ kwadoro red carpet pụrụ iche maka MTV Africa n'afọ 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/pic-of-the-day/2018-11-07-nadia-nakai-served-mzansi-sauce-at-the-mtv-emas/|title=Nadia Nakai served Mzansi sauce at the MTV EMAs|work=SowetanLIVE}}</ref> === 2017–2020: ''Nadia Naked'', na Def Jam Africa === N'afọ 2019, Nakai kwadoro ihe ngosi MTV Base hip hop, Yo! MTV Raps South Africa ya na onye na-egosi telivishọn Siyabonga Ngwekazi .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bona.co.za/nadia-nakai-and-siyabonga-ngwekazi-to-host-yo-mtv-raps-africa/|title=Nadia Nakai and Siyabonga Ngwekazi to host Yo! MTV Raps Africa|work=BONA|accessdate=2022-06-09|archivedate=2019-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420202012/https://www.bona.co.za/nadia-nakai-and-siyabonga-ngwekazi-to-host-yo-mtv-raps-africa/}}</ref> Mee 2019, Nakai kwadoro na a ga-ewepụta abọm mbụ ya ''Nadia Naked'' N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa June afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nadia-nakai-new-album-nadia-naked-release-date/|title=Nadia Nakai new album: 'Nadia Naked' gets a release date|work=The South African}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, ewepụtara "Imma Boss" dị ka egwu nke atọ ya na mkpuchi ihe osise nke abọm ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nadia-nakai-imma-boss-single/|title=Nadia Nakai Drops Quotable After Another In Her New Single 'Imma Boss'|work=OkayAfrica}}</ref> N'abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020, o wepụtara ihe nkiri na Showmax banyere ịme abọm ''Nadia Naked'' .<ref name="Seemela">{{Cite web|author=Seemela|first=Masego|title=Nadia Nakai's doccie to premiere exclusively on Showmax next week|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-10-09-nadia-nakais-doccie-to-premiere-exclusively-on-showmax-next-week/|work=TimesLIVE|accessdate=26 November 2020|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Na Mee 2020, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Def Jam Africa .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Staff|title=Cassper Nyovest, Nadia Nakai and Tshego join Def Jam Africa|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/cassper-nyovest-nadia-nakai-and-tshego-join-def-jam-africa-48531145|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=10 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'emume nke isii nke AFRIMA, o nwetara ihe nrite Best Female Artist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burna Boy, Nasty C, Stonebwoy, Nadia Nakai & More Win 2019 AFRIMA Awards – OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/burna-boy-nasty-c-stonebwoy-nadia-nakai-more-win-2019-afrima-awards/113916|first=Damola|author=Durosomo|date=24 November 2019|work=OkayAfrica}}</ref> E nyere ya onye na-ese ihe nkiri kachasị mma na 2020 SA Style Awards.<ref name="Mabhena">{{Cite web|author=Mabhena|first=Naledi|title=SA Style Awards 2020: Best and Worst Dressed Plus the Winners|url=https://savannanews.com/sa-style-awards-2020-best-and-worst-dressed-plus-the-winners/|work=Savanna News|accessdate=26 November 2020|date=23 November 2020|archivedate=23 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123113443/https://savannanews.com/sa-style-awards-2020-best-and-worst-dressed-plus-the-winners/}}</ref> === 2021–ugbua: Ihe ngosi TV === N'afọ 2021, Nakai kwadoro oge mbụ nke ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Channel O's ''Gen-Z South Africa''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ubetoo.com/news/nadia-nakai-bags-second-tv-show-in-the-same-month/|title=Nadia Nakai Bags Second TV Show In The Same Month|first=John|author=Jabulani|work=Ubetoo|date=17 March 2021|accessdate=9 June 2022|archivedate=10 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010171030/https://www.ubetoo.com/news/nadia-nakai-bags-second-tv-show-in-the-same-month/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Candice Modiselle replaces Nadia Nakai as the new host for Gen Z season 2 {{!}} Fakaza News|url=https://fakazanews.com/2021/10/27/candice-modiselle-replaces-nadia-nakai-as-the-new-host-for-gen-z-season-2/|publisher=Fakaza News|author=Bukola|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2021, ọ hapụrụ Family Tree Records iji gbasoo akara nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title='I am working on my own record label': Nadia Nakai on parting ways with Family Tree|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2021-07-16-i-am-working-on-my-own-record-label-nadia-nakai-on-parting-ways-with-family-tree/|author=Seemela|first=Masego|work=[[TimesLIVE|SowetanLIVE]]|date=16 July 2021|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2021 South African Hip Hop Awards, Nakai natara nhọpụta maka Artist of the Decade .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of 2021 SA Hip Hop Awards nominees {{!}} Fakaza News|url=https://fakazanews.com/2021/11/02/full-list-of-2021-sa-hip-hop-awards-nominees/|author=Bukola|publisher=Fakaza News|accessdate=2 November 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Nakai pụtara na Netflix mbụ ihe ngosi ndị Afrika ama ama, n'etolite etolite bụ Young, Famous & African .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/young-famous-african-nadia-nakai-khanyi-mbau-netflix/|title='Young, Famous & African': Exclusive Q&A with Nadia Nakai|author=Naidoo|first=Alicia|work=[[The South African]]|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=20 March 2022}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Nakai nwetara mkpalị mmụọ iku egwu site n'aka nwanyị Kenya n'akụ egwu rap, Nazizi, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ nọ na Kenya. O kwuru na Nazizi metụrụ mmụọ ya na mmalite ọrụ rapping ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthvillage.co.zw/2015/07/interview-with-african-rap-queen-nadia-nakai/|title=Interview With African Rap Queen Nadia Nakai|work=Youth Village Zimbabwe}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ná mmalite afọ 2022 Nadia dere na Instagram ya na ya na onye egwu ndịda Afrịka bụ AKA. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ihe nrite !Afọ !Onye nnata na onye a họpụtara) !Category !Nsonaazụ !Ref. |- |Zimbabwe Achievers Awards |2016 |Ya onwe ya |Onye egwu nke afọ |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2016/12/nadia-nakai-scoops-first-award/|title=Nadia Nakai Scoops Her First Award|author=Nyamz|first=Kuda|work=SA Hip Hop Mag|date=12 December 2016|accessdate=20 March 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Metro FM Music Awards | rowspan="2" |2016 |Baddest (Remix) (ya na AKA, Fifi Cooper, [[Rouge (rapper)|Rouge]] & Gigi LaMayne) | rowspan="2" |Best Remix |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=mytvnews.co.za|url=http://www.mytvnews.co.za/metro-fm-awards-2016-winners-list/|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=www.mytvnews.co.za|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126131055/http://www.mytvnews.co.za/metro-fm-awards-2016-winners-list/}}</ref> |- |Do I Like I Do (Remix) (ya na DJ Sliqe, Riky Rick, Reason, L-Tido, Kwesta & Flabba) |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |South African Music Awards |2018 |Naa Meaan (feat. Cassper Nyovest) (nke Family Tree duziri) |Vidio egwu nke afọ |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=All the winners from SAMA Awards 2018|url=https://www.gq.co.za/culture/entertainment/all-the-winners-from-sama-awards-2018-16564938|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=www.gq.co.za|language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 | rowspan="2" |Nadia Naked |Abọm Hip Hop kacha mma |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dayile|first=Qhama|title=Here's the full list of the SAMA winners|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/heres-the-full-list-of-the-sama-winners-20210731-3|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=Drum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2021|title=Samas 27: Nominations are out and men are leading the nods|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/lifestyle/2493919/samas-27-nominations-are-out-and-its-male-dominated/|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |South African Hip Hop Awards | rowspan="3" |2019 |Abọm nke Afọ |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The SA Hip-Hop Awards 2019 Nominees Are Revealed|url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/16632/at-sa-hiphopawards-reveals-the-nominees-for-the-sahha2019|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=slikouronlife.co.za|language=en|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126131054/https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/16632/at-sa-hiphopawards-reveals-the-nominees-for-the-sahha2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FULL LIST: South African Hip-Hop Awards winners {{!}} eNCA|url=https://www.enca.com/life/full-list-south-african-hip-hop-awards-winners|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=www.enca.com|language=en|archivedate=7 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107131839/https://www.enca.com/life/full-list-south-african-hip-hop-awards-winners}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Ya onwe ya |Nwanyị kacha mma |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |MVP/Hustler nke Afọ |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2020|title=Here are the South African Hip Hop Awards 2020 Nominees|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-hip-hop-awards-2020-nominees/|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2020|title=Here Are the 2020 South African Hip Hop Awards Winners|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-hip-hop-awards-2020-winners/|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=OkayAfrica|language=en}}</ref> |- |40 Bars (nke gosipụtara Emtee & DJ Capital) nke Kaykayribane duziri | rowspan="2" |Vidio kacha mma |{{Nom}} |- |More Drugs (featuring Tshego) Directed Allesio Bettocchi & Jilten Ramlal |{{Won}} |- |2021 |Ya onwe ya |Onye na-ese ihe nke afọ iri |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2021|title=SA Hip Hop Awards 2021: All the nominees|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-hip-hop-awards-2021-all-nominees|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |All Africa Music Awards | rowspan="3" |2019 |Nadia Naked |Abọm nke Afọ na Southern Africa |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" | |- | rowspan="4" |Ya onwe ya |Best Female Artiste na Southern Africa |{{Won}} |- |Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Hip Hop |{{Won}} |- |SA Style Awards |2021 |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma |{{Won}} | |} === Abọm Studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Abọm Studio !Aha !Nkọwa egwuregwu gbakwunyere |- ! scope="row" |''Nadia Naked'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 28 June 2019 * Label: Family Tree Records * Format: Digital download |} === Egwu ndi agbakwunyere === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+wuregwu gbakwunyere !Aha !Nkọwa egwuregwu gbakwunyere |- ! scope="row" |''Bragga'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 15 Septemba 2016 * Label: Family Tree Records * Format: Digital download |} === Ndị dị otu === ==== Dị ka onye isi nka ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke egwu, na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Aha ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Abọm |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" |Asambodo |- ! scope="row" |"Dị ka m" |2013 | | |- ! scope="row" |"Whatever" <span style="font-size:85%;">nke gosipụtara DotCom na Psyfo</span><br /><br /><br /><br />) |2014 | | |- ! scope="row" |"Saka Wena" nke <span style="font-style:85%;">gosipụtara</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-style:85%;">[[Ice Prince]]</span>) |2015 | | |- ! scope="row" |"Money Back" | rowspan="4" |2016 | | |- ! scope="row" |"The Man" nke <span style="font-style:85%;">gosipụtara</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-style:85%;">Cassper Nyovest</span>) | rowspan="2" |''Bragga'' | |- ! scope="row" |“Egbula ya” | |- ! scope="row" |"Sqwaa", nke <span style="font-style:85%;">gosipụtara</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-style:85%;">Gemini Major</span> <span style="font-style:85%;">na Tshego</span>) | | |- ! scope="row" |"Naaa Meaan" nke <span style="font-style:85%;">gosipụtara Cassper Nyovest</span><br /><br /><br /><br />) |2017 |''Nadia Naked'' | |- ! scope="row" |"Money Calling"(na Frank Casino)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | rowspan="2" |2018 | | |- ! scope="row" |"Yass Bitch" | rowspan="3" |''Nadia Naked'' | |- ! scope="row" |"Imma Boss" | rowspan="2" |2019 | |- ! scope="row" |"Kreatures" nke <span style="font-style:85%;">gosipụtara</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-style:85%;">Kwesta</span> & Sio) | |- ! scope="row" |"40 Bars", nke <span style="font- style:85%;">gosipụtara</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font- style:85%;">Emtee</span> & DJ Capital) | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |Nadia Naked (Deluxe) | |} ==== Dị ka onye nka na-agụ egwu ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke egwu ndị e gosipụtara, na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em" |Aha ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Abọm |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" |Asambodo |- ! scope="row" |"Amantombazane Remix",Riky Rick featuring <span style="font-style:85%;">Okmalumkoolkat</span>, Maggz, <span style="font-style:85%;">Kwesta</span>, Ginger Breadman, Kid X, Nadia Nakai na DJ Dimplez)<br /><br /><br /><br /> |2014 | |RiSA: Gold |- ! scope="row" |"Do Like I Do Remix" <span style="font-style:85%;">DJ Sliqe</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> featuring Riky Rick, L-Tido, Kwesta, Reason, Flabba and Nadia Nakai) | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Injayam, Vol. 1'' | |- ! scope="row" |"Sugar Free", <span style="font-style:85%;">Tumi</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> featuring Nadia Nakai) | | |- ! scope="row" |"Ragga Ragga" "<span style="font-style:85%;">Gemini Major</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> featuring Cassper Nyovest, Nadia Nakai, Riky Rick and Major League) | rowspan="2" |2016 | | |- ! scope="row" |"Savage", <span style="font-style:85%;">DJ Milkshake</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> featuring Da L.E.S,Maggz and Nadia Nakai) | | |- ! scope="row" |"Crazy"(Spectacular and DJ Naves featuring Floda, Nadia Nakai and <span style="font-style:85%;">[[DJ Tira]]</span>)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | rowspan="2" |2017 | | |- ! scope="row" |Isaga Lam (<span style="font-style:85%;">Miss Pru DJ</span><br /><br /><br /><br /> nke gosipụtara LaSauce, <span style="font-style:85%;">Gigi LaMayne</span>, Nadia Nakai na Londie London) | | |- ! scope="row" |Uh Huh (<span style="font-style:85%;">Priddy Ugly featuring Nadia Nakai</span><br /><br /><br /><br />) |2017 | | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ihe edeturu ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * Nadia Nakai on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t1c97ac2oxoh9jb045iggesqfm3oh3o 0 15920 700906 516001 2026-08-13T08:39:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''RaFia Santana''' bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe, na-eti egwu, na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri nke bi na Brooklyn, NY.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cepeda|first=Gaby|title=Artist Profile: Rafia Santana|url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2016/aug/10/artist-profile-rafia-santana/|work=Rhizome}}</ref> Ọrụ ya sitere na ònyìnyé ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na foto onwé ónyé, vidiyo, na arụmọrụ na uwe edere edere na egwu elektrọnik na-enyocha gentrification, echiche puku afọ, ahụike uche, na ahụmịhe ndị isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ojii]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NFSW GIF of the Hump Day: Rafia Santana|url=http://dallasartdealers.org/nfsw-gif-of-the-hump-day-rafia-santana/|work=Dallas Art Dealers|date=31 May 2017|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eler|first=Alicia|title=In Search of the Authentic Selfie|url=https://hyperallergic.com/410585/in-search-of-the-authentic-selfie/|work=HyperAllergic|date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RaFia Santana|url=https://www.blackportraitures.info/?person=rafiasantana|work=Black Portraiture[s]|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dizzillusions|url=http://arts.timessquarenyc.org/times-square-arts/projects/midnight-moment/dizzillusions/index.aspx|work=Time Square Arts}}</ref> Ha na-eji ịntanetị dị ka ihe na-akọrọ ọrụ nka ha, na-enye ndị ojii na ndị na-acha nchara nchara ike, ma na-agbagha echiche nke ịdị n'otu na njikọ aka. O nwéré ihe ngosi na / ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi na Eyebeam, AdVerse Fest, SleepCenter, Times Square Arts, International Center of Photography, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Babycastles, Museum of the Moving Image na Museum of Contemporary African Disaporan Arts, Roots & Culture n'etiti ọtụtụ ebe ama ama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFTERCARE WITH EYEBEAM + ICP|url=http://topicalcream.info/blog/aftercare-with-eyebeam-icp/|work=Topical Cream|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2019-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207215245/http://topicalcream.info/blog/aftercare-with-eyebeam-icp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RaFia|url=https://www.redandblack.com/rafia/image_7169489e-3bdb-11e9-810d-5b2e717f3957.html|work=The Red and Black|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home School|url=https://sleepcenterny.org/2017/07/25/home-school/|work=SleepCenter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RaFia|url=http://arts.timessquarenyc.org/times-square-arts/artists/rafia/index.aspx|work=Times Square Arts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=9 Art Events to Attend in New York City This Week|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/9-art-events-attend-new-york-city-week-28-10648/|work=ARTNews|date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Garrett Stodghill|first=Alexis|title=Harlem artists team up for new Schomburg exhibit honoring the 40th anniversary of Ntozake Shange's poetic monologues|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/colored-girls-exhibit-features-harlem-artists-honors-ntozake-shange-work-article-1.1970689|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Exhibition i found god in myself, Marking the 40th Anniversary of Ntozake Shange's Seminal Poem, Opens at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture on Sept. 19|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/september-2-2014/new-exhibition-i-found-god-myself-marking-40th-anniversary|work=New York Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiplay|url=https://www.babycastles.com/master-calendar/multiplay|work=Babycastles|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INSTALLATION The GIF Elevator|url=http://www.movingimage.us/exhibitions/2017/06/01/detail/the-gif-elevator/|work=Museum of the Moving Image|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2021-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010123905/http://movingimage.us/exhibitions/2017/06/01/detail/the-gif-elevator/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Feliz|first=Catherine|title=Mutant Dust Bunnies|url=https://www.rootsandculturecac.org/show/dust-bunnies/|work=Roots & Culture}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Huffington Post, HyperAllergic, Rhizome, ArtFCity, Vogue, Teen Vogue na Salon.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Parker|first=Asha|title=Young Brooklyn artist redefines the selfie in her new show: "It is not about vanity."|url=https://www.salon.com/2015/09/14/young_brooklyn_artist_redefines_the_selfie_in_her_new_show_it_is_not_about_vanity/|work=Salon|date=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wright|first=Peter "Souleo"|title=On the 'A' w/Souleo: Rafia Santana's 'SELFiE' Is Better Than Yours|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/on-the-a-wsouleo-rafia-sa_b_7296912|work=Huffington Post|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eler|first=Alicia|title=In Search of the Authentic Selfie|url=https://hyperallergic.com/410585/in-search-of-the-authentic-selfie/|work=HyperAllergic|date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McNamara|first=Rea|title=GIF of the Day: Rafia Santana's FREE|url=http://artfcity.com/2015/12/17/gif-of-the-day-rafia-santanas-free/|work=Art F City|date=17 December 2015|accessdate=19 June 2022|archivedate=19 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619144319/http://artfcity.com/2015/12/17/gif-of-the-day-rafia-santanas-free/}}</ref> O sonyere na panel, arụmọrụ na mkparịta ụka dịka Cultured Magazine, "Late at Tate Britain", Creative Tech Week NYC, Afrotectopia na Google NYC, NYU, "Black Portraitures IV: The Color of Silence" na Mahadum Harvard na International Center for Photography.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AN EVENING WITH TSCHABALALA SELF AND RAFIA|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/rafia/|work=Cultured|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LATE AT TATE BRITAIN: CELEBRITY|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/late/late-tate-britain-celebrity|work=Tate Britain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rafia Santana|url=https://creativetechweek2016.sched.com/speaker/rafia.1uwju7tu|work=Creative Tech Week|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival at Google NYC August 16 - 18, 2019|url=https://www.afrotectopia.org/new-gallery/f59vnl6bcni2m8crzzwounytse4k2b|work=Afrotectopia|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Conference|url=https://www.blackportraitures.info/about/|work=Black Portraiture[s]|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2019-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207215246/https://www.blackportraitures.info/about/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DISMANTLING THE GAZE: READING THROUGH MULTIPLY, IDENTIFY, HER|url=https://www.icp.org/events/dismantling-the-gaze-reading-through-multiply-identify-her|work=International Center for Photography|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref> A na-ewepụta egwu ha site na Never Normal Records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH THE GO-GO INSPIRED "CRUSH" BY RAFIA|url=http://nevernormalrecords.com/2018/03/watch-go-go-inspired-crush-rafia/|work=Never Normal Records|accessdate=7 December 2019|archivedate=7 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207215246/http://nevernormalrecords.com/2018/03/watch-go-go-inspired-crush-rafia/}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Santana ma zụlite ya na Brooklyn, NY. N'ịbụ ónyé sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị na-emepụta ihe ebe nne ya, Marilyn Nance bụ ónyé na-ese foto na nnà ya bụ ónyé na'eme ihe nkiri, a gbara Santana ume ime ihe osise ka ha na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nedrick, Jr.|first=Howard|title=PHOTOGRAPHER PROFILE: RAFIA SANTANA|url=http://covealpa.com/2015/02/photographer-rafia-santana/|work=Cove Alpa|accessdate=7 December 2019|archivedate=7 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207215244/http://covealpa.com/2015/02/photographer-rafia-santana/}}</ref> Ha gụrụ foto na Purchase College.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cepeda|first=Gaby|title=Artist Profile: Rafia Santana|url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2016/aug/10/artist-profile-rafia-santana/|work=Rhizome}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === GIF ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === N'oge niile ha na-arụ ọrụ, a kpọrọ Santana ka ọ nye ònyìnyé na ihe osise na ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ ntanetị dịka Body Anxiety, "Bitrates" na Shiraz Art House.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Body Anxiety and a new wave of digifeminist art|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/23717/1/body-anxiety-and-a-new-wave-of-digifeminist-art|work=Dazed Digital|date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RaFiA Santana (info)|url=http://bodyanxiety.com/gallery/rafia-santana/|work=Body Anxiety|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2022-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619144329/http://bodyanxiety.com/gallery/rafia-santana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bitrates|url=http://bitrates.gifbites.com/|work=Gif Bites}}</ref> The New Inquiry, Vice, Blavity na ArtFCity enyochaala ọrụ gif ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dean|first=Aria|title=Closing the Loop|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/closing-the-loop/|work=The New Inquiry|date=March 2016|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=[Exclusive Preview] 40 Artists Create 'GIFs to Have Sex By'|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4xq4xg/exclusive-preview-40-artists-create-gifs-to-have-sex-by|work=Vice|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Black Feminist Future: How Two Artists Channeled Mary J.Blige's Bold Feminist Statement|url=https://blavity.com/video/a-black-feminist-future-how-two-artists-channeled-mary-jbliges-bold-feminist-statement|work=Blavity|publisher=blklivesmatter|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2020-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605175311/https://blavity.com/video/a-black-feminist-future-how-two-artists-channeled-mary-jbliges-bold-feminist-statement}}</ref> Banyéré ọrụ gif ya, Paddy Johnson na Rea McNamara nke ArtFCity ekwuola na "Santana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe dijitalụ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-enyocha asụsụ agbụrụ, mgbasa ozi na omenala pop. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Paddy|title=NFSW GIF of the Hump Day: Rafia Santana|url=http://artfcity.com/2017/05/31/nfsw-gif-of-the-hump-day-rafia-santana/|work=ArtFCity|date=31 May 2017|accessdate=19 June 2022|archivedate=19 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619144317/http://artfcity.com/2017/05/31/nfsw-gif-of-the-hump-day-rafia-santana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McNamara|first=Rea|title=GIF of the Day: Rafia Santana's FREE|url=http://artfcity.com/2015/12/17/gif-of-the-day-rafia-santanas-free/|work=Art F City|date=17 December 2015|accessdate=19 June 2022|archivedate=19 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619144319/http://artfcity.com/2015/12/17/gif-of-the-day-rafia-santanas-free/}}</ref> === Ụwa RaFia (2016) === N'ịbụ nke Rhizome Microgrant nyéré iwu na 2015, 'RaFia's World' bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa nke ọrụ na eserese ederede site na nwata Santana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the 2015 Net Art Microgrants|url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2015/sep/09/announcing-2015-rhizome-internet-art-microgrants/|work=Rhizome|accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RaFiA's WORLD|url=https://rafiasworld.com/|work=RaFiA's WORLD}}</ref> Na profaịlụ ya na Rhizome, Santana gwara Cepeda, "Ụwa Rafia n'ụdị mbụ ya dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nne m.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Santana|first=RaFia|title=This is Rafia's World|url=http://www.marilynnance.com/soulsista/rafia.html|work=Marilyn Nance|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2020-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122131239/http://www.marilynnance.com/soulsista/rafia.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ nhọrọ nke ihe ncheta edere n'ụzọ akụkọ nke m gosipụtara mgbè m dị afọ isii maka ebumnuche nke ibi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ m dị ka ihe osise (ihe osise mbụ m!Ọ dị iche iche Ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ n'agbanweghị afọ iri ka e mesịrị. RAFiAX WORLD ọhụrụ bụ nchịkọta nke ihe osise m mere màkà ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na ntụrụndụ nke gafere afọ asatọ, na-agbaso uto m dị ka nwata na ónyé na-ese ihe. === #PAYBLACKTIME (2016-Ugbu a) === "#PAYBLACKTIME" bụ atụmatụ nke Santana malitere iji nakọta ego màkà nnyefe nri site na Seamless na Grubhub nye ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta nri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#PAYBLACKTIME|url=https://raf-i-a.tumblr.com/post/153188418768/payblacktime-is-my-white-money-transference|work=RaFiA|publisher=Tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=#PAYBLACKTIME BY RAFIA SANTANA DEMANDS REIMBURSEMENT FOR BLACK AND BROWN FOLX|url=https://news.feltzine.us/2016/11/16/payblacktime-by-rafia-santana-demands-reimbursement-for-black-and-brown-folx-felt-chat/|work=felt zine|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Vogue, onye edemede Sandra Song chịkọtara ebumnuche ya nke ịgbanwe obi amamikpe nke ndị agbụrụ ibe ha n'ime ihe bara uru: "... #PAYBLACKTiME initiative, nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ịjụ "Ọ dị mma, gịnị ka m nwèrè ike ime iji nyere ndị a na-akparaghị ókè aka?" iji gosipụta ebumnuche ha n'ihe a na-ahụ anya ya bụ nri màkà ndị isi ojii na ndị na-agụ agụụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Song|first=Sandra|title=Meet RAFiA Santana, the Multimedia Artist Working GIFs and Grubhub for the Greater Good|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/rafia-santana-fresh-finds|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 July 2017|accessdate=7 December 2019}}</ref> N'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ ya, #PAYBLACKTiME wegara ihe karịrị $ 6,000 na onyinye n'ime nri zụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#PAYBLACKTIME|url=https://anthology.rhizome.org/payblacktime|work=Net Art Anthology|date=27 October 2016|publisher=Rhizome}}</ref> A na-echekwa ọrụ ahụ ugbu a na Rhizome's Net Art Anthology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#PAYBLACKTIME|url=https://anthology.rhizome.org/payblacktime|work=Net Art Anthology|date=27 October 2016|publisher=Rhizome}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9ajt499kwi8u26nfraiqbnuxcou9exz 0 16163 700836 124820 2026-08-12T21:17:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nezha Rahil''' bụ onye mba Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Rahil Nezha|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=7497|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nezha Rahil : "J'attends toujours le rôle de ma vie"|url=https://telquel.ma/2018/09/14/nezha-rahil-jattends-toujours-le-role-de-ma-vie_1610611?fbrefresh=7|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Telquel.ma|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nezha Rahil|url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/305625/nezha-rahil|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=en.unifrance.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Nezha Rahil|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/nezha-rahil/7497|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Africiné|language=fr|archivedate=2024-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225011339/http://www.africine.org/personne/nezha-rahil/7497}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nezha RAHIL|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/artist/nezha-rahil|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Festival de Cannes 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nezha Rahil Archives|url=https://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/acteur/nezha-rahil/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Quinzaine des Réalisateurs|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2021-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116113423/https://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/acteur/nezha-rahil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nezha Rahil : «Je refuse la médiocrité»|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/nezha-rahil-je-refuse-la-mediocrite-87525|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịpụta ugboro ugboro na ihe nkiri di ya Faouzi Bensaïdi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFJnRzJ8HuMC&dq=nezha+rahil&pg=PA185|title=African Filmmaking: North and South of the Sahara|date=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34853-1|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama === * 1995: ''Ịnyịnya ndị a na-akpọ'' fortune * 1998: ''Adieu forain'' * 2003: Otu puku ọnwa (Mille ọnwa)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gritten|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tecqAQAAIAAJ&q=nezha+rahil|title=Halliwell's the Movies that Matter: From Bogart to Bond and All the Latest Film Releases|date=2008|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-727106-1|language=en}}</ref> * 2006: WWW: Olee Ụwa Dị Ebube * 2007: ''Nke Mbụ''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rYqAQAAIAAJ&q=nezha+rahil|title=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2009|publisher=Hollywood Reporter Incorporated|language=en}}</ref> * 2011: Death for Sale (Ọnwụ a ga-ere) * 2015: ''Fatima'' * 2017: ''Volubilis'' === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi === * 2000: Njem * 2000: Mgbidi ahụ == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0706693}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] szs7fgxmnc8wfkqkv5xe8pbhyahafdx 0 16260 700860 92921 2026-08-13T06:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Paul Marcel Berenger''' (a mụrụ na 26 Machị 1991), bụ [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="pindula">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Paul_Berenger|title=Paul Berenger|publisher=pindula|accessdate=24 October 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == A mụrụ Berenger n'abalị 26 ọnwa Machị afọ 1991 na Harare, Zimbabwe. Otú ọ dị, a manyere ya ịkwaga Australia n'okpuru ọnọdụ ala ọjọọ.<ref name="pindula"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zimbabwe.spla.pro/en/file.person.paul-berenger.46136.html|title=Paul Berenger: Actor|publisher=zimbarts|accessdate=24 October 2020|archivedate=27 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027050513/http://zimbabwe.spla.pro/en/file.person.paul-berenger.46136.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, o nwere mmasị ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ hụrụ nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye n'elu nkwago n'egwuregwu ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Otú ọ dị, ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ na-akwaga Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.co.zw/wiki/paul-berenger/|title=Paul Berenger bio|publisher=co.zw|accessdate=24 October 2020}}</ref> Berenger mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na ihe nkiri 2008 Two Fists, One Heart . O mechara mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi dịka ''Brittany'', Die Krankenhaus, The Army Within na Impasse .<ref name="pindula"/> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |2008 |''Mkpịsị Aka Abụọ, Otu Obi'' |Gav |Ihe nkiri | |- |2010 |''Ken Rose Up'' |Harry |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2011 |''Brittany'' |Pọl |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2013 |''Jack na James'' |Jack |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2013 |''Ọ bụ Di Krankenhaus'' |Major James Evans |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2014 |''Ọ bụ ndụ Dole'' |Nọọsụ Mark / Redfoo |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Ọnwụnwa Ọchịchịrị'' |Louis Vestal |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Ụmụ nwanyị Na-egbu Egwu'' |Gregory Locke / Ben Sakisi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Ndị Agha Dị n'Ime'' |Scott |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2014 |''Enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma'' |Luk |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2015 |''Bagged: Akụkọ Vanden Cox'' |Vanden Cox |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2015 |''Ihe Nile Banyere E'' |George |Ihe nkiri | |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm2850933}} * [https://www.starnow.com/paulberenger Paul Berenger: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Extra, Ihe nlereanya] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sibs55xcvupnlee69hi7djjrh78llg9 0 17227 700875 131122 2026-08-13T07:22:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:West Pheoris.jpg|thumb|Phoeris West]] '''Pheoris West''' (Ubochí irí na asaá n'ọnwa Ọgọst, 1950 rụo ụbọchị irí abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 2021) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gordon|first=Ken|title=Columbus artist Pheoris West dies at 70; remembered as teacher and storyteller|url=https://eu.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2021/01/26/columbus-artist-pheoris-west-dies-70-recalled-fondly-teacher/4251714001/|date=26 January 2021|accessdate=26 January 2021|work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pheoris West|url=https://art.osu.edu/people/west.1|work=art.osu.edu|accessdate=19 July 2020|language=en|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031140951/https://art.osu.edu/people/west.1}}</ref> Ọ bụ Associate Professor Emeritus Ohio State University College of the Arts, ébé ọ sonyeere ngalaba na 1976.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thompson|first=Erica|title='The Rising Spirit' of Pheoris West|url=https://www.columbusalive.com/entertainment/20170412/the-rising-spirit-of-pheoris-west|accessdate=19 July 2020|work=Columbus Alive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pheoris West|url=https://art.osu.edu/people/west.1|work=art.osu.edu|accessdate=19 July 2020|language=en|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031140951/https://art.osu.edu/people/west.1}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ West na 1950 na Albany, New York.<ref name="Museum1980">{{Cite book|author=Brockton Art Museum|title=Aspects of the 70's: Spiral, Afro-American art in the seventies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJhPAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=s.n.}}</ref><ref name="Gaither1980">{{Cite book|author=Edmund B. Gaither|title=Aspects of the 70's: Spiral : Afro-American Art of the 70's : May 17–June 15, 1980, the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, Roxbury, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5klLAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=The Museum}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, wee nwéta nzèrè Master of Fine Arts na Mahadum Yale.<ref name="Company1978">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Ebony|journal=Ebony|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Sc0DAAAAMBAJ|date=August 1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Sc0DAAAAMBAJ/page/n147 150]–|issn=0012-9011}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ebe ndị West nwere nka bụ eserese na eserese, eserese kọmputa, na imewe. Mmetụta ndị dị mkpà na mmepe nka mbụ ya gụnyere ọrụ Romare Bearden, Henry Ossawa Tanner, na ndị Black arts collective AfriCOBRA nkè afọ 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Riggs|first=Thomas|title=St. James guide to Black artists, Pheoris West profile|date=1998|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-220-3|oclc=1105734744|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105734744|accessdate=19 July 2020|language=English}}</ref> E gosipụtara nka ya na ngosipụta nka dị ichè ichè kemgbe afọ 1970. A na-enwe ihe atụ nke ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, Museo Civico Diaoarts Contemporaneo Di Gibilina, Palermo, Italy, na Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati. O sonyere na ihe ngosi njem mba ahụ bụ iji chekwaa ihe nketa: American Art from Historically Black Colleges and Universities.<ref name="PowellReynolds1999">{{Cite book|author=Richard J. Powell|title=To conserve a legacy: American art from historically Black colleges and universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNjpAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Addison Gallery of American Art|isbn=978-0-262-16186-2}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nlekọta maka 1999 "HOMAGE TO JAZZ" na Martin Luther King Center na Columbus, Ohio. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na National Endowment of the Arts Expansion Arts Panel, International Juror National Exhibition of [[Zimbabwe]], na Ohio Arts Council. West weere onwé ya dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe Afrocentric. Ọ naghị eso ndị na-ese ihe nkè ógè a ma ọ bụ nke ógè a. Ọ na-ahọrọ ijikọta mkpà nke ọha mmadụ nwèrè omume ọma siri ike na omenala ọdịnala. Afrịka bụ isi iyi maka ọdịnala nka oge ochie na ọdịbendị Afrịka na America na-akpali ihe oyiyi ya. Ọ na-anọchi anya ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ site na iji akụkọ ọdịnala, akụkọ ifo na okpukpe. Isiokwu ya kachasị bụ nwanyị ojii. O weere ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka Nne Ụwa, maka ọmụmụ nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ọ na-anọchite anya ihe akaebe kachasị ochie nke mmadụ a chọtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]. N'ọrụ ya bụ The Garden, ọ na-ese Iv dị ka nwanyị ojii mara mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Riggs|first=Thomas|title=St. James guide to Black artists, Pheoris West profile|date=1998|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-220-3|oclc=1105734744|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105734744|accessdate=19 July 2020|language=English}}</ref> Ihe osise ahụ na-emepụta ike ime mmụọ site na ọkwa nke ihe oyiyi na nguzozi nke agba na ọdịdị. Ihe ngosi nke onwe ya Urban Warriors: A Retrospective nà Shot Tower Gallery na Fort Hayes, na-egosipụta ike nà ike nke ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/life_and_entertainment/2015/11/08/1-powerful-paintings-by-pheoris-west-in-retrospective.html|title=Powerful paintings by Pheoris West in retrospective|author=Dispatch|first=Melissa Starker, For The Columbus|work=The Columbus Dispatch|accessdate=2017-02-21|language=en}}</ref> West kụziri na Mahadum steeti Ohio ruo mgbè ọ dara ọrịa strok na Machị 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thompson|first=Erica|title='The Rising Spirit' of Pheoris West|url=https://www.columbusalive.com/entertainment/20170412/the-rising-spirit-of-pheoris-west|accessdate=19 July 2020|work=Columbus Alive|language=en}}</ref> Na Mee 2019, bụ ihe ngosi Start at Home: Influence, Commitment, Integrity na Urban Arts Space na Mahadum Ohio State. E nwere ihe osise 143 nke H. Ike Okafor-Newsum, Robert J. Stull (1935-1994) na Pheoris West, bụ ndị niile kụziri na ngalaba nka ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ ojii nke steeti Ohio.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Visual arts {{!}} Works by influential African Americans who taught at Ohio State University on display|url=https://www.dispatch.com/entertainmentlife/20190616/visual-arts--works-by-influential-african-americans-who-taught-at-ohio-state-university-on-display|accessdate=19 July 2020|work=The Columbus Dispatch|date=June 16, 2019|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghịzi ese ihe, West gara ihe ngosi ahụ ma kelee ndị na-akwado gallery.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Space|first=OSU Urban Arts|title=Start at Home: Pheoris West|url=https://vimeo.com/347938096|accessdate=19 July 2020|date=13 July 2019}}</ref> * * * == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210122134749/https://art.osu.edu/people/west.1 Ngalaba Ohio State] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041208095257/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1546/is_4_14/ai_55450289 Ọhụụ sitere n'aka ndị African American Artists] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210307023313/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=358 Pheoris West] na African American Visual Artists Database 1uqsh4r33q0h3nj4l41jyhhoxsbsmhd 0 19821 700782 122699 2026-08-12T15:57:54Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ */ 700782 wikitext text/x-wiki American International School of Lagos (AISL) bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ofesi America dị na Lagos, Nigeria na-eje ozi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo ọkwa 12. Ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ Victoria Island, nke dị na acres 6 (2.4 ha) nke ala mgbazinye gọọmentị gbazitere, mepere na 1981.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=American International School of Lagos, international school in Lagos|url=http://www.aislagos.org/|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-05-02|accessdate=2022-09-15|archivedate=2015-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502081851/http://www.aislagos.org/}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ a na 1964.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọnụ Ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Mejupụtara ya == AISL dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ 600+ bụ ndị ihe dịka 30% bụ ndị America. ụmụ akwụkwọ si India, United Kingdom, Nigeria, Canada, South Africa, Israel, Lebanon, na Netherlands niile mejupụtara akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anyị ebe nguzozi nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ sitere na mba 50, na-egosipụta àgwà mba ụwa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Drive: Sign-in|url=https://accounts.google.com/v3/signin/identifier?dsh=S51114108%3A1663228764861519&continue=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B-9yZXRMPpNbM0NfRF9kcHN1X1RBSnhFN3VueFhDLURLejhZ%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing%26usp%3Dembed_facebook&followup=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B-9yZXRMPpNbM0NfRF9kcHN1X1RBSnhFN3VueFhDLURLejhZ%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing%26usp%3Dembed_facebook&osid=1&passive=1209600&service=wise&flowName=WebLiteSignIn&flowEntry=ServiceLogin&ifkv=AQDHYWqN4bD7af1A6ImrEt2-ZQFF6mCI4WtGU-XH_TEeX4ORFSXPaa47_SVL0odqi6oxs_H4upa7eg|work=accounts.google.com|accessdate=2022-09-15}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == Michael Boulos, onye isi ọchụnta ego onye Naijiria-America na onye mmekọ Tiffany Trump<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiffany Trump Is Engaged to Her Longtime Boyfriend Michael Boulos|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/a25846074/tiffany-trump-michael-boulos-relationship/|work=Town & Country|date=2021-01-19|accessdate=2022-09-15|language=en-us}}</ref> == Ntụaka == gjk0zt28mqjj23p9qfxzten0mk3uzgt 0 24369 700846 143462 2026-08-13T03:12:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oké ọhịa''' nke Cross-Niger bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria]], nke dị n'etiti Osimiri Niger n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Osimiri]] Cross n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'otu oge, ngwakọta bara ọgaranya nke oké ọhịa na savanna na-ekpuchi ugwu ndị a dị ala, na-agbagharị ma taa nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị mmadụ kacha biri n'Africa ma taa ewepụla ọtụtụ n'ime oké ọhịa ahụ ma ebe ahụ bụzi ala ahịhịa.<ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web|title=Cross–Niger transition forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30106|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021|archivedate=December 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218193505/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30106}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web|title=Cross–Niger transition forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Cross-Niger_transition_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Ebe na nkọwa == Mpaghara ecoregion ahụ gafere steeti Naijiria nke [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]], [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra]], [[Ebonyi, Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]], na [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]], na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke kilomita square 20,700 (8,000 sq mi). Osimiri Niger na-ekewa oké ọhịa ndị na-agafe agafe na mpaghara ala dị ala nke Naijiria n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nke nwere ike ịdị ka gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ nke mpaghara Cross Niger. N'ebe ndịda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ bụ oké ọhịa mmiri Niger Delta. N'ebe ugwu, oké ọhịa ndị na-agafe agafe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ oké ọhịa Guinea-savanna mosaic nke ime ala kpọrọ nkụ. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ede mmiri, na-akpọnwụ n'ime ime obodo, na oge ọkọchị site na Disemba ruo Febụwarị. == Osisi == Osisi na anụmanụ ọdịnala nke mpaghara ahụ bụ "mgbanwe", na-agwakọta ihe sitere n'oké ọhịa Upper Guinean nke West Africa na oké ọhịa Lower Guinean-Congolian nke Central Africa, nke mejupụtara nnukwu blọk nke oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na kọntinent Afrịka. Osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere Afzelia, nke a na-akụ maka osisi, na nkwụ Borassus aethiopum. == Anụmanụ == Obere ebe ndị a na-echebe ọhịa na-anọgide n'ime ala ahịhịa ma ndị a bụ ebe obibi nke anụmanụ dịka Sclater's guenon na crested chameleon (''Trioceros cristatus''). [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Osimiri]] Niger abụwo ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka njem nke anụ ọhịa n'ime na n'èzí mpaghara ahụ. Nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara agwụla n'ógbè ahụ kemgbe afọ 1940 ma ugbu a, e nwere obere anụ ọhịa fọdụrụ nụ ahụ nke na ọbụna dị ụmụ oke na awọ na-ejide ma na-eri ugbu a. == Egwu == Mpaghara ahụ enweela ọtụtụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, a na-ehichapụkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa mbụ maka ọrụ ugbo, osisi, na mmepe obodo dị ka ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ nke Port Harcourt. Obodo ole na ole fọdụrụ n'ọhịa ala gụnyere Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]] tinyere ụfọdụ mpaghara ọhịa dị nsọ, nke na-apụ n'anya ka ndụ obodo na-emebi, na akụkụ nke oké ọhịa osimiri. E nwere ebe nchekwa ọhịa na [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra]] na ebe ndị ọzọ mana ndị ikpeazụ a bụ maka ebumnuche nke ịzụlite osisi kama ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   b5e2wrmte91vin36s2qrg53rah15h2s 0 24457 700776 110026 2026-08-12T13:49:26Z EUwandu-WMF 23832 700776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abigbo''' ({{Audio|ABIGBO DANCE.ogg|}}) bụ egwu eji mara ndi Umuaju Mpam Ekwerazu [[Ahiazu  Mbaise]], n[[Imo State|'Imo steeti.]] O bidoro n'aka ndi okenye mbụ ruo ugbu a. A na eji ya eme mmemme di iche iche na [[mbaise]] na Imo steeti. E burula egwu a ga mmemme na obodo ndi ozo di na [[Amerika]], Africa na ebe ndị Igbo bi. A na eji ya emekwe emume Easter na oge igba onya ego. O bu egwu nwoke ma ndị nwanyị na-agba. Akwa egwu a na-eji bu nke a na akpọ omere ekpe, ya bụ nke na adụ sote ya ni na enye ndị na-agba egwú ahụ ntụziaka. A na-eji nke a na-akpọ "ekelebe" na Ogele. Ogele ahu na-eme egwu ndi nke nọ n’okpuru na-adapụta. E nwekwere ọkwa, nke na-eme egwu owulaghi ana akụ, yila a maachị, ya na adaba n’ ihe. E nwere nke a na-akpọ ọsha ma ọbu ụyara. Nke ehi na-eme ahụ mmadụ na-ama jiji. E nwere nke a na-akpọ ataña. A na-arụpụta ngwa égwu ndị a n’ ala igbo. O nwere ndị ejiri osisi rụọ, nwere ndi eji igwe rụọ, nwere ndi ejiri akpụkpa anụ kwee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABIGBO_MBAISE_DANCE.webm|title=Audiovisual of Igbo Dances project|author=AID Project|date=2023-2-4|work=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABIGBO_MBAISE_DANCE.webm|accessdate=2023-3-11}}</ref> ==Ngwa Egwu Abigbo Mbaise== <gallery> Usòrò:Wooden gong.jpg|alt=Ekwe|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ekwe Usòrò:Ogbongelenge.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogbongelenge Usòrò:Base_pot.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|udu File:Igba 1.jpg|thumb|Igba File:Oyara.jpg|thumb|Oyara </gallery> == Vidio == [[File:ABIGBO MBAISE DANCE.webm|thumb|ABIGBO MBAISE DANCE|áká_èkpè]] [[Òtù:Egwu ndị Igbo]] ==Edensibia== 8a6ow1i78x3rwjosk72aycos0mtllka 3 25609 700822 699213 2026-08-12T19:03:48Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool */ nkeji ohúrù 700822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech/Server switch == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Temporary accounts for unregistered editors</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="body" /> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' [[File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 en.gif|alt=Mock up of history page showing old and new username styles. The IP address 172.0.0.1 changes to the temporary account ~2024-23126-086, with an icon for revealing the underlying IP address|thumb|400px|Next year, unregistered editors will start using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|temporary accounts]].]] In 2024, editors who have not [[Special:CreateAccount|registered an account]] will automatically begin using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|temporary accounts]]. These editors are sometimes called "IP editors" because the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/Glossary_of_key_terms#ip-address|IP address]] is displayed in the page history. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] gave a presentation at Wikimania about this change. You can [https://www.youtube.com/live/3ygRnVXTAPM?si=lAkJEcvgPl1sV6JO&t=22290 watch it on YouTube]. There is more information at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation]].<section end="body" /> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]])</span> 01:56, 30 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-10 for sister projects|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Reading%2FWeb%2FDesktop+Improvements%2FUpdates%2F2023-10+for+sister+projects&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] '''If you prefer keeping the current skin''' select "Vector legacy (2010)" on [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|the appearance tab of the global preferences]] and save the change. We encourage you to give the new skin a try, though. Since I last came to you with this question, many things have changed. The skin is now the default on most Wikipedias, and all logos are done! We have also made some tweaks in the skin itself. Below is the text I've sent to you once, but I'm sending it again, just slightly edited, for those who haven't seen it. If you know what this is about, jump straight to the section "Our plan": <div style="margin-left:.5em; border-left:3px dotted #a2a9b1; padding-left:.5em;"> It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] (but not global) preference. Logged-in users can at any time switch to any other skin. No changes are expected for these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|Slides to our Wikimania 2022 presentation. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC-ItaXDe2A You may also listen to the recording on YouTube (in English)].]] '''[Why is a change necessary]''' When the current default skin was created, it reflected the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using the Internet and Wikimedia projects in different ways. [[wmfblog:2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/|The old Vector does not meet their needs]]. '''[Objective]''' The objective for the Vector 2022 skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It introduces a series of changes that aim to improve problems new and existing readers and editors were having with the old skin. It draws inspiration from previous user requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|The PHP code in the other available skins has been reduced by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. [[File:Screenshot of the Vector-2022 skin's fullscreen toggle.png|thumb]] '''[Changes in a nutshell]''' The skin introduces changes that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The limited width and pin-able menus allow to adjust the interface to the screen size, and focus on editing or reading. Logged-in and logged-out users may use a toggle button to keep the full width, though. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jump to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the tested wikis. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Customize this skin]''' It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|the repository]] for a list of currently available customizations and changes, or add your own. </div> === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying on 31 October'''. If you'd like to ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please comment in any language. If this is the first comment to my message, make sure to ping me. We will gladly answer! Also, check out [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|our FAQ]]. Thank you! </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in three weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-10 for sister projects|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Reading%2FWeb%2FDesktop+Improvements%2FUpdates%2F2023-10+for+sister+projects&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] '''If you prefer keeping the current skin''' select "Vector legacy (2010)" on [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|the appearance tab of the global preferences]] and save the change. We encourage you to give the new skin a try, though. Since I last came to you with this question, many things have changed. The skin is now the default on most Wikipedias, and all logos are done! We have also made some tweaks in the skin itself. Below is the text I've sent to you once, but I'm sending it again, just slightly edited, for those who haven't seen it. If you know what this is about, jump straight to the section "Our plan": <div style="margin-left:.5em; border-left:3px dotted #a2a9b1; padding-left:.5em;"> It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] (but not global) preference. Logged-in users can at any time switch to any other skin. No changes are expected for these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|Slides to our Wikimania 2022 presentation. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC-ItaXDe2A You may also listen to the recording on YouTube (in English)].]] '''[Why is a change necessary]''' When the current default skin was created, it reflected the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using the Internet and Wikimedia projects in different ways. [[wmfblog:2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/|The old Vector does not meet their needs]]. '''[Objective]''' The objective for the Vector 2022 skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It introduces a series of changes that aim to improve problems new and existing readers and editors were having with the old skin. It draws inspiration from previous user requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|The PHP code in the other available skins has been reduced by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. [[File:Screenshot of the Vector-2022 skin's fullscreen toggle.png|thumb]] '''[Changes in a nutshell]''' The skin introduces changes that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The limited width and pin-able menus allow to adjust the interface to the screen size, and focus on editing or reading. Logged-in and logged-out users may use a toggle button to keep the full width, though. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jump to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the tested wikis. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Customize this skin]''' It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|the repository]] for a list of currently available customizations and changes, or add your own. </div> === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying on 14 November'''. If you'd like to ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please comment in any language. If this is the first comment to my message, make sure to ping me. We will gladly answer! Also, check out [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 01:07, 26 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == Приглашение к участию в исследовании == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Здравствуйте! Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''. Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором. Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]]. Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта. С уважением, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]] </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 16:44, 8 Novemba 2024 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 11 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:44, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:02, 21 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [[testwiki:Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation dashboard]] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:33, 13 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:47, 13 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization team|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 03:55, 14 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:15, 14 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by 15th May 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:59, 14 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Get started with the Lua interface to simplify preparation of modules for translation of modules in MetaWiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has developed a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message_Bundles/Lua_reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation in the MetaWiki platform. This means that module developers can now use the new Lua interface to load translatable strings, and the translators can translate them in the same translation interface that is used for templates and wiki pages. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. We invite you to [[commons:File:Translatable_modules_video_demo_July_2025.webm|'''watch our demo video''']] '''and read more about''' [[mw:Translatable_modules|'''translatable modules''']] to understand how it works. '''Please give us your feedback on''' [[mw:Talk:Translatable_modules|'''this talk page''']] on how well the Lua interface addresses the challenges in your workflow and how useful it is in module localization tasks. You can also look at [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]]. which was recently converted to utilize these messages, for example usage. Your feedback is important as it will help us evaluate and decide how to continue developing and improving this interface, extend it to other wikis, or change our approach. Thank you, and we anticipate your honest feedback. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 06:13, 28 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:39, 22 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:35, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Upcoming Dark Mode user interface rollout for anonymous Wikimedia sites users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikimedians, Apologies if this message is not in your language. {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will launch the Dark mode feature for anonymous users on all Wikimedia sites, including yours, on October 29, 2025. [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark mode]] is an option that allows users to view pages in light-coloured text, and icons on a dark background. Once it is available for anonymous users, they can enable it when using various devices. More information on ways to enable it can be found on [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Dark mode#Options for anyone|this page]]. Given many pages are still not compatible with dark mode this will be an opt-in feature and not automatically apply to pages. Dark mode requires modifications to content pages and templates, and since our initial launch [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/dark-modes-bright-future-how-dark-mode-will-transform-wikipedias-accessibility/|in July 2024], we have been working with communities and helping them prepare for dark mode. Before the rollout, it is essential that template authors and technical contributors test dark mode and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|this page]] to learn how to make pages Dark mode-ready and address any compatibility issues found in templates. We will fix most color compatibility issues only on the most-viewed pages on projects with over 5 million monthly page views. Technical contributors with an account should opt into dark mode currently using preferences or settings and test pages and seek help before the release to ensure everything complies before the enablement. If you have any questions or need help, please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|contact the Reader Experience team]] for support. Thank you! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 01:24, 30 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Apps newsletter – Third quarter of 2025</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content"/> In this edition, we’ll walk you through the major updates, experiments, and improvements that took place in the Wikipedia mobile apps during July, August, and September. === iOS === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing]] ==== * In July, we released the first iteration of Tabbed Browsing to all users. * Our 30-day A/B test showed mixed but promising results: while logged-out user retention gains were modest compared to Android, survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive (93% rated the feature “Neutral to Very Satisfactory”). * We continued improvements throughout August and September, including a design review for “More Dynamic Tabs,” a new tab controller, and bug fixes such as inconsistent tab sizing on iPad mini and tooltip issues. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review |Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review]] ==== * Work continued on Year in Review upgrades, with spikes exploring features such as sharing entire reviews, custom app icons, and showing which geographies users read about the most. * We also began preparing overall app data to share richer collective insights. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh/Updates|Navigation Refresh]] ==== *We improved code behind the History tab and recent searches to prepare for future navigational changes. ==== Other iOS Updates ==== *Released several app versions (7.8.1 through 7.8.3), with smoke tests completed. *Resolved numerous bugs including crashes (tooltips, gestures, search), iPad layout issues, and visual problems with captions, Quick Facts, and images in Dark Mode. *Added a new REST endpoint for remote configuration and upgraded fundraising configurations to support A/B testing. *Verified continued compatibility with multi-factor authentication (MFA). === Android === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment]] ==== *In August, we launched the Customizable Donation Reminder experiment in Italy. The reminder will allow users to decide if they want to be reminded to donate, and how often. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity Tab Experiment]] ==== * By September, we finalized core modules, onboarding, instrumentation, and validation tasks needed for the A/B test of the new Activity Tab against the Edit Tab. * This marks a major step toward testing whether an Activity space can improve multi-day engagement and retention. ==== Bug Fixes & Improvements ==== *Fixed crashes with image gallery long-press, saved article syncing for Chinese, edit previews, and special links. *Addressed rendering and Dark Mode issues affecting math tags, GIFs, and citation numbers. ==== Other Android Updates ==== *We released a new beta and conducted multiple regression tests to ensure stability. *We added a general-purpose remote configuration REST endpoint, aligned with iOS. *Continued technical debt cleanup, including removing allowMainThreadQueries and adding suspend to DAO functions. *Upgraded fundraising configuration to support A/B testing. ==== Cross-Platform ==== *Both apps upgraded fundraising A/B test support and created a shared remote configuration REST endpoint. *We began tracking Account Vanish events on iOS and Android for privacy features. ==== Looking Ahead ==== This quarter marked a big step forward on Tabbed Browsing, Activity Tab, and Year in Review — three projects aimed at making Wikipedia more personal, navigable, and engaging. We also advanced donation experiments and backend improvements to support future flexibility. Make sure you’re [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Apps updates|subscribed to this newsletter]] to stay in the loop — and thank you for being part of the journey! <section end="content"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:ARamadan-WMF|ARamadan-WMF]]</bdi> 02:07, 14 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:24, 10 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:04, 26 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:40, 23 Maachị 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:57, 27 Eprel 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:36, 15 Jụn 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:12, 11 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=30913090 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As a contributor who has actively been involved in testing the [https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ Starter Kit tool], the [[mw:Language Onboarding and Development|Language Onboarding and Development]] initiative would like to invite you to join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions and learn more about the tool. Your experience using the Starter Kit is incredibly valuable not only for helping us improve the tool, but also for helping other Wikimedia communities learn from your experiences. We would love to hear how you've been using the Starter Kit, what you've accomplished with it, what has worked well, where you've encountered challenges, and what suggestions you have for making it more useful. Your insights will help shape future improvements and provide practical examples that other communities can learn from as they begin using the Starter Kit themselves. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' *Sign up for one of the three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours. Please attend one of the virtual meetings with your questions and thoughts. *Come prepared to share your experience using the Starter Kit - what you've used it for, what you've accomplished, any challenges you've faced, and any ideas or suggestions you have. *A user manual is now available with detailed guidance on the Starter Kit and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Thank you so much for your collaboration in this work. We look forward to seeing you at one of the virtual meetings. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 19:03, 12 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=30913090 --> 60ni0g197cjupt6v5pl4la64kmf36j7 0 26661 700788 540743 2026-08-12T16:44:41Z ECOFAR 65235 dezie 700788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:2DU_Kenya16_(5367334314).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-anakọta tii na mpaghara Ugwu Kenya nke Kenya, maka ọrụ Degrees Up abụọ, iji lelee mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọrụ ugbo.]] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta ihe egwu na- agbanwe agbanwe nye mmepe mmekọrịta mmadu na akụ na ụba n'ụwa niile yana nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="ReliefWeb" /> Mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere ikike dị ala na nnukwu ihe na-emetụta ihe omume ahụ. '''Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Kenya''' na-emetụta ndụ ụmụ amaala [[Kenya]] na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="ReliefWeb"/> Mgbanwe ihu igwe emeela ka ihe omume ihu igwe dị egwu dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke na-adịte aka karịa ka ọ dị, mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma na nke a na-amaghị ama, idei mmiri na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a emeela ka ihe ịma aka ndị dị ugbu a na nchekwa mmiri, nchekwa nri na uto akụ na ụba sie ike. Ihe ubi na mmepụta ugbo nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasenti iri atọ na atọ nke ngụkọta Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dịkwa n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy|url=https://www.kilimo.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ASTGS-Full-Version.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2020|work=Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210101304/https://www.kilimo.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ASTGS-Full-Version.pdf}}</ref> Okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, ọdịiche mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ, na ifufe siri ike metụtara oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ agbakọtawo iji mepụta ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọmụmụ na ịkwaga nke ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref name="Salih">{{Cite journal|author=Salih|first=Abubakr A. M.|date=July 2020|title=Climate change and locust outbreak in East Africa|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=584–585|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0835-8|issn=1758-678X}}</ref> A na-ebu amụma na mmụba nke okpomọkụ ruru abụọ pom ise°C site na nde abụọ na iri ise ga-amụba ugboro ugboro nke ihe ndị siri ike dị ka idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="ReliefWeb"/> Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ na Ala kpọrọ nkụ (ASALs) na-eme ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ idei mmiri nke mgbanwe ihu igwe siri ike kpatara ọbụna karịa ihe ize ndụ. Obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri enweela [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]] na ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara ya dị ka intrusion saltwater.<ref name="ReliefWeb">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Profile: Kenya – Kenya|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/climate-change-profile-kenya|accessdate=2020-11-24|work=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmị Turkana na ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ amụbaala nke ukwuu n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2020 na-eme ka obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tobiko|first=Keriako|date=2021|title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf|accessdate=2022-03-16|work=Kenya Government and UNDP|archivedate=2022-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009025407/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Baraka|first=Carey|date=2022-03-17|title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ihe ndị a niile na-emetụta ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ka obodo ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa. [[Usòrò:Carbon_emissions_by_region_en.svg|thumb|Mmanụ carbon dioxide nke a na-emepụta kwa afọ, na nde tọn metric nke carbon, maka mpaghara dịgasị iche iche na-adịghị ekpuchi [[Àlà|ụwa]]. ]] == Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ == Mgbasa gas na-ekpo ọkụ na Kenya kwa afọ dị ala na ihe na-erughị otu tọn kwa onye, na-erubeghị otu narị nde tọn CO2eq kwa afọ, nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ sitere na mgbukpọ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2020-05-11|title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/kenya|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) - Kenya {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE?locations=KE|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=data.worldbank.org|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE?locations=KE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya: annual CO2 emissions|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1287576/annual-carbon-dioxide-co2-emissions-in-kenya/|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Njugi|first=David|title=Clean cooking can hugely cut Kenya's carbon emissions|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/opinion/article/2001428506/clean-cooking-can-hugely-cut-kenyas-carbon-emissions|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/kenya/|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=climateactiontracker.org|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, Kenya nyere UNFCCC ọkwa ntụle ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NATIONAL-REDD+-STRATEGY-2022.pdf|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018115619/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NATIONAL-REDD+-STRATEGY-2022.pdf}}</ref> A na-emepụta ọkara ọkụ eletrik nke [[Kenya]] site na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọgbọ na nkesa nke ọkụ eletrik abụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ike na-agbakwunye site na isi mmalite mmanụ ala. Oké ọkọchị na mmụba nke evaporation belatara ikike hydropower, nke ga-eme ka ojiji nke isi mmalite ike na-emetọ mmetọ. [nchọpụta dara ada]<ref name="Climatelinks"/> Ọrụ mmadụ na-eme ka ike nke mmetụta okpomọkụ nke na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ carbon dioxide site na ọkụ ọkụ fossil fuels: coal, mmanụ, na gas sitere n'okike. == Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi == === Okpomọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe === Mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị mma kwa afọ kemgbe afọ 2000 n'ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke afọ 1981 ruo 2010 dị ka data satellite si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Messmer|first=Martina|date=2021-05-18|title=Sensitivity of precipitation and temperature over the Mount Kenya area to physics parameterization options in a high-resolution model simulation performed with WRFV3.8.1|url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2691/2021/|journal=Geoscientific Model Development|language=English|volume=14|issue=5|pages=2691–2711|doi=10.5194/gmd-14-2691-2021|issn=1991-959X}}</ref> Nnyocha nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mpaghara Arid na Semi Arid (ASAL) nke Kenya na-egosi mmụba nke okpomọkụ na mbelata nke mmiri ozuzo n'etiti afọ 1977 na 2014.<ref name="Kenyamarkets">{{Cite web|author=Kenya Markets Trust|date=2019|title=Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda|url=https://www.kenyamarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contextualising-Pathways-to-Resilience-in-Kenyas-ASALs-under-the-Big-Four-Agenda.pdf|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2023-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022153/https://www.kenyamarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Contextualising-Pathways-to-Resilience-in-Kenyas-ASALs-under-the-Big-Four-Agenda.pdf}}</ref> A na-ebu amụma na mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-apụta ìhè karịsịa na ASALs ebe akụ na ụba na ndụ ime obodo na-adabere nke ukwuu na ọrụ ndị na-emetụta ihu igwe, dị ka ịkpa anụ na ịkọ ugbo mmiri ozuzo.   Okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, ọdịiche mmiri ozuzo na ifufe siri ike metụtara oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ agbakọtawo iji mepụta ọnọdụ dị mma maka ịzụlite ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, na mbido afọ 2020, akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Kenya na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka chere nnukwu ụsụ ihu.<ref name="Salih"/> Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ịnye kpọmkwem nje ụfọdụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe siri ike, a maara mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka onye nwere ike ịgbanwe nri na ntiwapụ nke ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ ụfọdụ. [[Usòrò:NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha NASA-Satellite-oké osimiri-nrịgo elu-nrị]] === Mmiri na-arị elu === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri kwa afọ bụ '''ihe dị ka mm atọ kwa afọ'''. Mgbanwe mpaghara dị n'ihi mgbanwe okike na ifufe mpaghara na oke osimiri, nke nwere ike ime n'ime ụbọchị ruo ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna iri afọ. Mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ụwa na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu n'ihi ịrị elu nke oke osimiri nke mmadụ. Mmiri na-arị elu nke oke osimiri (MSL) na oké ifufe na-agbakọta iji mee ka oke oke oke osimiri (ESL). Ịbawanye ESL bụ ihe ịma aka dị ukwuu maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ abụọ pom isii na mpaghara Indian Ocean iji mee mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Extreme sea level rise along the Indian Ocean coastline: Observations and 21st century projections|year=2022|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac97f5|author=Sreeraj|first=P.|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=17|issue=11}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasenti iri na asaa nke Mombasa ga-eyi egwu site ịrị elu nke mmiri nke sentimita iri atọ (iri na abụọ in).<ref name="Climatelinks"/> Mmiri na-arị elu ga-eduga na mbibi nke akụrụngwa gụnyere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'ime mpaghara osimiri ma ọ bụrụ na etinyeghị usoro mgbanwe. Ọ nwekwara ike iduga ọbụna mmụba nke mmiri na nsogbu nnu, dị ka mmiri na-adịghị ọcha na-emetọ. === Mmetụta na ihe onwunwe mmiri === [[Usòrò:Shaba_Kenya_river.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Shaba na Shaba National Reserve bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta na Kenya]] Mmiri na-agbanye mmiri n'okpuru ala, isi iyi nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'Afrika na-eyi egwu site na mbelata mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2008|title=Climate Change and water|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/climate-change-water-en.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo dị n'etiti ọnwa Machị na Mee / June belatara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka site na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1980 gaa n'ihu, mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata n'etiti afọ 1948 na 2009 na Mpi Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2014|title=Africa|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> Mmiri na-asọpụta kwa afọ site n'osimiri ndị na-agafe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, dị ka Naịl, ga-ebelata n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. A na-atụ anya na oke ọkọchị na ọzara na-arịwanye elu ga-akpata ụkọ mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Getachew|first=Birhan|date=2022-10-01|title=Potential climate change impact assessment on the hydrology of the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706522000560|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C|language=en|volume=127|pages=103162|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2022.103162|issn=1474-7065}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Opere|first=Alfred|title=Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change|year=2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa na-atụ aro na otu nde m3 nke mmiri kwesịrị ịdị na onye ọ bụla, naanị narị ise iri asatọ na isiim3 dị na afọ 2010, nke a nwere ike ịdaba na narị abụọ iri itoolu na atọ m3 site na afọ 2050. Mbelata nke ice nke Ugwu Kenya emeela ka ụkọ mmiri ka njọ. Osimiri ndị na-asọba n'afọ niile n'ihi mmiri na-agbaze ugbu a na-asọ n'oge, na-eme ka esemokwu banyere ihe onwunwe mmiri ka njọ.<ref name="Climatelinks"/> === Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi === Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imebi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ọrụ ugbo, dị ka site na imetụta nkesa ụdị, mmekọrịta n'etiti ụdị, na ịgbanwe ịdị irè nke usoro nchịkwa.<ref name="Muoki">{{Cite journal|author=Muoki|first=Chalo Richard|date=2020|title=Combating Climate Change in the Kenyan Tea Industry|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=en|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.00339|issn=1664-462X|pmid=32269583}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ dịkwa mkpa site na ngalaba njem nleta nke ijeri $ abụọ pom ise.: A na-atụ anya na ụdị anụ ọhịa atọ nke Kenya ga-emetụta n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ihe omume oge na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name="Climatelinks"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife|date=2018|title=National Wildlife Strategy 2030|url=https://kwcakenya.com/download/national-wildlife-strategy-2030/?wpdmdl=11462&refresh=5fc4b1279e92f1606725927|pages=32–33|isbn=978-9966-117-92-2}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Maize_crops,_Hope_and_Kindness_(6908818253).jpg|thumb|Ubi ọka na Kenya]] Oké ọhịa kpuchiri pasenti asaa pom anọ nke ala Kenya, ma na-enye ọrụ gụnyere imeziwanye mmiri, igbochi mbuze, na ịmịkọrọ gas na-ekpo ọkụ, na mgbakwunye na ịbụ ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka hekta nde ise nke ọhịa na-efu kwa afọ.<ref name="Sokodirectory">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Absa Kenya Joins The Race To Save Mangrove Trees From Extinction|url=https://sokodirectory.com/2020/11/absa-kenya-joins-the-race-to-save-mangrove-trees-from-extinction/|accessdate=2020-11-27|work=Soko Directory}}</ref> Site na afọ 1990 ruo 2015, oke ọhịa jiri pasenti iri abụọ na ise (824,115 hekta) belata, nke ruru hekta nde iri atọ na atọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keep Breathing Kenya, State of Forest in Kenya|url=https://www.wwfkenya.org/keep_kenya_breathing_/state_of_forest_in_kenya/|accessdate=2020-11-30|publisher=WWF Kenya}}</ref> Nke a na-ebelata ma ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa na-enye, gụnyere site na ibelata mmepụta [[Ńkú|osisi]] na ogo, na ụdị dị iche iche ha na-akwado. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike igbochi mgbake nke oké ọhịa ndị a. Ọ na-emetụta ikike ime ka ọhịa dịghachi ọhụrụ, na-egbochi uto osisi na ịdị ndụ, yana ịbawanye ihe otiti na pathogen. Enwekwara ihe ize ndụ na oke ọkụ ọhịa ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-ababawanye n'ogologo.: iri na issue Ebe obibi ndị ọzọ metụtara bụ coral reefs na mangroves, nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ya gụnyere nchebe pụọ na oké ifufe, na-enye ohere maka njem gburugburu ebe obibi, na ịkwado azụ.<ref name="NCCAP">{{Cite web|author=Government of Kenya|date=2018|title=National Climate Change Action Plan 2018–2022 Volume II: Adaptation Technical Analysis Report|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2022-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf}}</ref> Ha abụọ na-emetụta ozugbo site na ịrị elu okpomọkụ na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.: 3<ref name="Climatelinks"/>  == Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ebe ndị mmadụ nọ == === Mmetụta akụ na ụba === Akụkụ abụọ kachasị mkpa n'ime akụ na ụba Kenya bụ [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na njem nleta, nke abụọ na-emetụta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="ReliefWeb"/><ref name="Climatelinks"/> Oké ọkọchị nke na-adịgide site na afọ 2008 ruo 2011 kpatara mmebi nke ijeri $ 12.1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satellite, Mobile Technologies Underpin Insurance Payout To Herders In Kenya|url=https://www.iii.org/insuranceindustryblog/tag/drought/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=www.iii.org|archivedate=2023-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022144/https://www.iii.org/insuranceindustryblog/tag/drought/}}</ref> Enweghị nchekwa nri kpatara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo site na afọ 2014 ruo 2022 metụtara ihe dị ka nde mmadụ atọ pom anọ ebe na afọ 2018, ihe dị ka mmadụ nde narị ise enweghị ike ịnweta mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=INSIDER: Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation into Development: Three Lessons from Kenya|url=https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/08/insider-three-lessons-mainstreaming-climate-adaptation|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=World Resources Institute|language=en}}</ref> N'inwe nde mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ pom ise Kenya bụ akụ na ụba kachasị ukwuu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Central Africa, ma na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba, nkwukọrịta, ego na azụmahịa n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-31|title=Kenya country profile|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341|accessdate=2020-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya – Market Overview|url=https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=Kenya-Market-Overview|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=www.privacyshield.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa's Powerhouse|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/africas-powerhouse/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> Mmebi akụ na ụba nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihu igwe siri ike kpatara nwere ike ịghọ pasenti abụọ pom isii nke GDP site na afọ 2030.<ref name="Climatelinks">{{Cite web|title=CLIMATE RISK PROFILE: KENYA|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2018_USAID-ATLAS-Project_Climate-Risk-Profile-Kenya.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Climatelinks|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022151/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2018_USAID-ATLAS-Project_Climate-Risk-Profile-Kenya.pdf}}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ugbo na anụ ụlọ ==== Ọrụ ugbo ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba na ọdịmma ọha na eze nke ezinụlọ Kenya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eichsteller|first=Marta|date=2022-01-01|title=The role of agriculture in poverty escapes in Kenya – Developing a capabilities approach in the context of climate change|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=149|pages=105705|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105705|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke mba ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka ihe karịrị pasenti iri atọ na atọ nke GDP Kenya ma bụrụ isi ihe na-enye ihe oriri maka pasenti iri isii nke ndị bi na ya.<ref name="Kabubo-Mariara">{{Cite web|author=Kabubo-Mariara, Jane|date=August 2007|title=The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Kenyan Crop Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7276|work=[[Open Knowledge Repository]]|publisher=The World Bank Group|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Equipping farmers in Kenya to overcome climate change|url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/equipping-farmers-kenya-overcome-climate-change#maincontent|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=climate.copernicus.eu}}</ref><ref name="Climatelinks"/> Atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe ọkụkụ ugbo nke Kenya sitere na ndị [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] pere mpe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nasike|first=Claire|date=2020-07-31|title=CLAIRE NASIKE – Cutting the Hand That Feeds: The Plight of Smallholder Farmers in Kenya|url=https://www.theelephant.info/ideas/2020/07/31/cutting-the-hand-that-feeds-the-plight-of-smallholder-farmers-in-kenya/|accessdate=2020-11-26|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ nke Kenya, okpomọkụ nwere ike ịgafe iri atọ na ise °C (iri itoolu na ise), ebe okpomọkụ na-emebi ọka, ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa na [[Kenya]].<ref name="Climatelinks" /> Kenya bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta tii kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, ebe ngalaba tii na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ngụkọta ego mbupụ na pasenti anọ nke GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-21|title=Assessment of Kenya's Tea Industry 2017 – Research and Markets|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170721005518/en/Assessment-of-Kenyas-Tea-Industry-2017---Research-and-Markets|accessdate=2020-12-08|work=www.businesswire.com|language=en}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọrụ ime obodo nke bụ isi ihe na-ebelata mbata nke ime obodo, mana a na-atụ anya na mpaghara ndị a na-akụ tii ugbu a ga-enwe nrụgide na-arịwanye elu nke ihu igwe.<ref name="Muoki"/> A na-atụkwa anya na okpomọkụ dị elu ga-amụba ibu ọrịa na ọrịa n'ime anụ ụlọ, ọkachasị na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ (ASALs).<ref name="Climatelinks"/> Omume anụ ụlọ na ASALs n'etiti afọ 1977 na 2016 na-egosi ehi jiri pasenti iri abụọ na isii pom ise belata, ebe atụrụ na ewu ji pasenti iri asaa na isii rịa elu na kamel site na pasenti iri na atọ pom atọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ nke pasenti iri ise na abụọ nke ehi ASAL (ma ọ bụ otu pom asaa nde ehi) na ọnụahịa nke US $ 340680 nde maka akụ na ụba.<ref name="Kenyamarkets"/> Ọtụtụ mmalite, ndị na-enweghị uru na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Climate Change is Fueling Innovation in Kenya|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/kenya-climate-change-fuels-new-business-180968122/|accessdate=2020-11-24|work=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ngalaba mmepụta ihe ==== Ngalaba na-emepụta ihe na Kenya, nke na-emepụta ezigbo ihe maka iji ya eme ihe n'ụlọ na mbupụ ya, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na Sub-Saharan Afr. N'ịbụ onye na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasenti iri na atọ nke GDP na afọ 2010, ma na-ewe pasenti iri na atọ nke ọrụ ngalaba iwu kwadoro na afọ 2012, mmepụta ya ruru ihe karịrị puku ijeri KES1 na afọ 2014.<ref name="Energy">{{Cite web|date=April 2014|title=Climate Change and the Energy and Manufacturing Sector|url=https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Climate-Change-and-the-Energy-Sector.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Climate and Development Knowledge Network|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-23|title=The Crucial Role Played by the Manufacturing Sector in Kenya|url=https://sokodirectory.com/2015/11/the-crucial-role-played-by-the-manufacturing-sector-in-kenya/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Soko Directory}}</ref> N'iji ihe dị ka pasenti iri isii nke ọkụ eletrik a na-emepụta na mba ahụ, mmepụta na-emepụta ihe dị ka pasenti iri nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke Kenya.<ref name="Energy" /> National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) nke Kenya na-akọwa mmetụta ụfọdụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ngalaba mmepụta:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Environment and Forestry|url=http://www.environment.go.ke/|accessdate=2022-10-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2007-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528095454/http://www.environment.go.ke/}}</ref><ref name="Energy"/> * Mgbanwe ike ma ọ bụ mgbanyụ ọkụ n'ihi nkwụsịtụ nke inye ike na-esite na mmiri ozuzo dị ala kwa afọ na oke ọkọchị nke na-eme ka ọkwa mmiri dị na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-ebelata nke a na-akpata mmepụta ike dị ala. * Nnukwu ụkọ ihe onwunwe dị ka mmiri na ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụkọ [[mmiri]] na-arịwanye elu * Ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu nke mmebi nke osisi, ngwaahịa na akụrụngwa na nkwụsịtụ usoro nnyefe site na ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike dị ka oke okpomọkụ, ifufe wdg idei mmiri, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, oké ifufe na oké ifufe * Ọnụ ego dị elu nke mmepụta n'ihi ọkụ eletrik na-adịghị akwụsi ike, na ụgwọ ịnshọransị dị elu === Mmetụta ahụike === Mmetụta dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ka njọ, dị ka okpomọkụ, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na idei mmiri, na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.: iri na abụọ Ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa na mmiri ga-arị elu.: A na-atụ anya na nde mmadụ 1: iri asatọ na atọ ga-anọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke [[Iba|ịba]] naanị site n' afọ 2070,: 3: [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa]] nke na-akpata pasenti ise nke ọnwụ n'ime ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise mana nnukwu ego.: 4: A na-eme ka ahụ ọkụ ọ gbasaa site na afọ 2070.<ref name="NCCAP"/><ref name="WHO">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Climate And Health Country Profile 2015 Kenya|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1031236/retrieve|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WHO" /><ref name="Climatelinks"/><ref name="WHO" />  N'etiti ndị dị afọ iri isii na ise ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-atụ anya na ọnwụ metụtara nchekasị okpomọkụ ga-abawanye site na ọnwụ abụọ kwa narị otu nde kwa afọ na afọ 1990 ruo iri ano na ise kwa otu narị nde site na afọ 2080.: 4 : 4 N'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku dị ala, nke a nwere ike ịbụ naanị ọnwụ asaa kwa otu narị nde na afọ 2080.<ref name="Climatelinks"/><ref name="WHO"/> N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị elu nke ikuku, a na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka ọnwụ [[afọ ọsịsa]] ka njọ, na-akpata ihe dị ka pasenti itoolu nke ọnwụ dị otú ahụ maka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030, na iri na atọ nke ọnwụ dị iche ka ọ na afọ 2050. [[Agụụ|Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ]] nwere ike ịrị elu ruo pasenti iri abụọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050. N'afọ 2009, e dekọrọ na Kenya na mmụba nke nkwụsịtụ n'ime ụmụaka, ụmụaka na-erubeghị ibu na igbufu n'ime ụmụ na-erughị afọ ise bụ pasenti iri atọ na ise pom abụọ, pasenti iri na isii pom anọ na pasenti asaa , n'otu n'otu: 4<ref name="WHO" />  == Mbelata na ime mgbanwe == === Atụmatụ na iwu === National Environmental Management Authority na Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR), National Climate Change Activities Coordinating Committee, na Kenya Meteorological Department na Ministry of Transport bụ isi ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na-ewulite ike ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Adaptation in KENYA|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/kenya_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=Climatelinks|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030952/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/kenya_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, gọọmentị Kenya bipụtara National Climate Change Response Strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-24|title=Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy|url=https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/national-documents/kenya-national-climate-change-response-strategy|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=Green Growth Knowledge Platform|language=en}}</ref> Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke afọ 2016 guzobere Kansụl Mgbanwe Ihuigwe nke Mba, nke onye isi ala Kenya na-eduzi,: 4 nwere ikike ilekọta "mmepe, njikwa, mmejuputa na nhazi nke usoro iji bulie mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe carbon dị ala maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke Kenya", site na Gọọmentị Mba na nke Obodo, ngalaba onwe, ọha na eze, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Climatelinks"/><ref>Republic of Kenya (2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205111022/http://environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/The_Kenya_Climate_Change_Act_2016.pdf The Climate Change Act], No 11.</ref> E tinyere National Adaptation Plan (NAP) n'ọrụ na afọ 2015 iji melite ike ihu igwe.<ref name="NAP">{{Cite web|title=Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015–2030|url=http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC186980/|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=www.fao.org|archivedate=26 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426171124/http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC186980/}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhury">{{Cite web|author=Chaudhury|first=Moushumi|date=Nov 15, 2020|title=Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Kenya: Lessons from Makueni and Wajir Counties|url=https://www.wri.org/publication/mainstreaming-climate-change-adaptation-kenya|language=en}}</ref> NAP nwere Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR), nke na-enyocha nsogbu akụ na ụba nke ngalaba, na-achọpụta mkpa mgbanwe, ma na-atụ aro omume mgbanwe nwere ike ime na mpaghara dị iche iche.<ref name="NAP" /> NAP na-akwado mmepe nke atụmatụ mmepe nke mpaghara County Integrated Development Plans (CIPDs), nke gụnyere nguzobe nke County Climate Change Funds (CCCFs).<ref name="Chaudhury" /> National Climate Change Action Plan nke ugbu a (NCCAP 2018 Tian2022) na-agbaso National Climate Changement Action Plan 2013 Tian2017. Atụmatụ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe na usoro mgbochi nke mba ahụ nwere ike iwere, na ebumnuche nke "mmepe na-eguzogide ihu igwe carbon dị ala".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Grantham Research Institute at the LSE and the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia Law School|title=National Climate Change Act... – Kenya|url=https://climate-laws.org/geographies/kenya/policies/national-climate-change-action-plan-2018-2022-nccap|accessdate=2020-11-27|work=climate-laws.org}}</ref> National Environment Management Authority na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ a kwadoro na mba ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego ihu igwe mba ụwa dị ka The Adaptation Fund na Green Climate Fund.<ref name="Climatelinks"/> N'afọ 2022 Onye isi ala Ruto kwuru, sị: "Tyrbines ikuku na panel anyanwụ na-arụ ngwa ngwa ma nwee ike ịmepụta ma nyefee ike ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa mmanụ ọhụrụ, yana obere mmerụ ahụ na ihu igwe anyị na-adịghị ike. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan President Says 'Wind and Solar Energy Can Power the Development of Africa'|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/10/04/kenyan-president-says-wind-and-solar-energy-can-power-development-africa|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=Common Dreams|language=en}}</ref> == Ọha na omenala == N'ime obodo ukwu, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe obibi na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro na-ekpughe ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na okpomọkụ, idei mmiri, na ụkọ mmiri. Nsonaazụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe emetụtala obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa. Mpaghara Arid na Semi Arid na-anabata pasenti iri atọ na asatọ nke ndị bi na ya, ma na-emepụta pasenti iri na abụọ nke GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Devolution and ASALs|url=http://www.asals.go.ke/|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2023-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605155241/https://www.asals.go.ke/}}</ref><ref name="NCCAP"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na ASALs ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ka dị n'elu pasenti iri asatọ n'agbanyeghị mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda oghere mba.<ref name="Climatelinks"/> == Hụkwa == * Mgbanwe ihu igwe megharịa * Mgbanwe ihu igwe n'Afrika == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606222727/https://www.kcckp.go.ke/ Kenya Climate Change Knowledge Portal.] {{Africa topic|Climate change in|state=expanded}} onsgm7l0l8i08zob3j2ud38wv170112 0 27192 700814 674446 2026-08-12T18:25:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah bụ onye Ghana na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede blọgụ . O kwadoro ihe nrite na-emeri blọgụ Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women and gas dere maka Guardian na mepee Democracy.Sekyiamah bụ onye isi njikwa nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development na onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group feminist na Bahia, Brazil. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah na [[London]], England, nne na nna Ghana, ma too na Ghana.<ref name="Nesrine Malik" /> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi arụmọrụ na asambodo na mgbochi esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ndụ na ọkà okwu ihu ọha.<ref name="uganda" /> E nyekwara ya nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nkwukọrịta na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị site na Mahadum nke North London na nzere masta nke sayensụ na okike na mmepe site na London School of Economics and Political Science.<ref name="uganda" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị isi ọzụzụ maka ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan nke London.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah jikọtara aka guzobe blọọgụ, Adventures from the Bedrooms of African Women, iji nyere aka gbasaa mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nye ha ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.<ref name="git">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nana Darkoa: Adventures from the bedroom of an African woman|url=https://www.genderit.org/articles/interview-nana-darkoa-adventures-bedroom-african-woman|first=Flavia|author=Fascendini|work=Gender IT|language=en|date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="this" /> O meriri ihe nrite kacha mma na blọọgụ kacha mma na 2013 Ghana Blogging and Social Media Awards na blọọlụ kacha mma ọzọ na 2014.<ref name="git" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, magazin Arise nabatara Sekyiamah dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Ghana".<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html|work=Cultures Uganda|accessdate=2023-06-10|archivedate=2017-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035825/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035825/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.nana-darkoa-sekyiamah.35658.html "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''Cultures Uganda''.</cite></ref> Sekyiamah bụ onye na-akpọkọta Fab Fem, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ezukọ mgbe niile na Accra.<ref name="uganda" /> Sekyiamah edeela edemede maka ''The Guardian'', This Is Africa na Open Democracy.<ref name="this">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thisisafrica.me/author/nanadarkoasekyiamah/ "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''This Is Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian" /> O dere ''akwụkwọ'' Communications Handbook for Women's Rights Organisations ma nwee akụkọ mkpirikpi e bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="graphic" /> Sekyiamah edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka ma nwee otu isiokwu ("Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms - Blogging about diverse erotic experiences") nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ Feminist Africa.<ref name="this" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Standpoint: Adventures from Our Bedrooms – Blogging about diverse erotic experiences|journal=Feminist Africa|volume=16|pages=142–145|url=http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/12_standpoint.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sekyiamah na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke nkwukọrịta na Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Black Feminism Forum Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Standing on African Feminist Land|url=http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|publisher=AWID 2016 International Forum|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041230/http://www.forum.awid.org/forum16/posts/standing-african-feminist-land|archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref> O so dee akwụkwọ Creating Spaces and Amplifying Voices: The First Ten Years of the African Women's Development Fund na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ego ahụ.<ref name="graphic">{{Cite web|title=Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html|work=Graphic Online|date=23 June 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/nana-darkoa-to-read-at-goethe-institut.html "Nana Darkoa to read at Goethe-Institut"]. ''Graphic Online''. 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> O dekwara Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women, nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'ofe Afrịka na isiokwu gụnyere ''ụmụ nwanyị'', ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nka nke sitere na ọrụ ya na AWDF.<ref name="uganda"/><ref name="graphic" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Leading Africa: Conversations with Inspirational African Women|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16069333-women-leading-africa|work=Good Reads|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, Sekyiamah had an anthology entitled ''The Sex Lives of African Women'' published by Dialogue,<ref name="Nesrine Malik2">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> described in a review by Margaret Busby as "an extraordinarily dynamic work".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|last=Busby|author-link=Margaret Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>Sekyiamah bụ ọkà okwu na 2015 Writivism Festival na Kampala, Uganda,na mmemme Aké Arts and Book Festival nke 2016 na Abeokuta, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Writivism Festival 2015: Exploring all things literature|first=Nduta|author=Waweru|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/06/26/the-writivism-festival-2015-exploring-all-things-literature_c1158603|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Star|date=26 June 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelogue: From Kaduna to Abeokuta, the City Under the Rock • Olisa Blogazine|first=Addurrahim|author=Salihu|url=https://olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095046/http://www.olisa.tv/2016/11/from-kaduna-to-abeokuta-the-city-under-the-rock|archivedate=30 November 2016|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ".<ref name="Nesrine Malik">{{Cite news|author=Malik|first=Nesrine|date=24 July 2021|title=Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah|accessdate=26 July 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalik2021">Malik, Nesrine (24 July 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/24/polygamy-in-senegal-lesbian-hookups-in-cairo-inside-the-sex-lives-of-african-women-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah "Polygamy in Senegal, lesbian hookups in Cairo: inside the sex lives of African women"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/04/the-sex-lives-of-african-women-by-nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-review-extraordinarily-dynamic|title=The Sex Lives of African Women by Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah review – extraordinarily dynamic|first=Margaret|author=Busby|authorlink=Margaret Busby|work=The Guardian|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/books/women-africa-sex-book.html|title=A Book Has Women in Africa Talking About Sex|first=Abdi Latif|author=Dahir|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, a kpọrọ Sekyiamah aha na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ''100'' nke BBC dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|date=6 December 2022|accessdate=9 December 2022|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * [http://adventuresfrom.com Ihe omume sitere] na ụlọ ihi ụra nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa blog * Fiona Leonard, "[https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/nana-darkoa-sekyiamah-opening-doors-to-african-womens-bedrooms/ Nana Darkoa Sekyiamah]: Ịmeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị Africa", Global Voices, 31 Machị 2011. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dzkauw29u4dtwu3iwfb1fgt2ymtyb3b 0 27536 700812 198166 2026-08-12T18:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nana Asante Frimpong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana nke jere otu term from 2001 to 2007 . Ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu nke atọ nke Nanamba nke anọ nke Ghana na onye bụbu onye otu ndị isi maka mpaghara [[Ghana]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2004-02-02|title=Kwabre MP declares intention to seek re-election|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kwabre-MP-declares-intention-to-seek-re-election-51066|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2 September 2020|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Frimpong, Kofi|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2699|accessdate=2 September 2020|work=www.ghanamps.com|archivedate=23 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123183317/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2699}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na 1997 mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmeri na 1996 Ghanaian General Elections.. O nwetara vootu 333,035 n'ime vootu 45,342 ziri ezi na-anọchite anya 58.80% megide Oppong Kyekyeku Kwaku Kaaky onye otu NDC nke nwetara vootu 10,808, Kwaku Dua-Twum onye otu PNC nke nwetara voolu 1,499 na Abdullah Uthman onye otu P NC nke nwetara vooti 0.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Kwabre Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/238/index.php|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2022-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116160147/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/238/index.php}}</ref> A họpụtara Frimpong ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke atọ nke Republic of Ghana ka a họpụtara dị ka onye omeiwu nke Kwabre Constituency na mpaghara Ashanti n'oge 2000 Ghanaia. Ntuli aka n'ozuzu. Ọ meriri na tiketi New Patriotic Party na 41,098 votes na-anọchite anya 80.90% nke ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi emere n'afọ ahụ.[1] O kwuputara ebumnuche ya ịsọ mpi na 2004 GhaNtuli aka izugbe nke Ghana mana Kofi Frimpong meriri ya na ntuli aka ndị otu pati 2004.[1][2] Ọ rụrụ naanị otu oge dị ka onye omeiwu. == Ọrụ == Frimpong bụbu onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Kwabre na mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana Ọ bụkwa Magnata Business .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2009-10-16|title=Ghana: Improve Socio-Economic Infrastructure in the Northern Sector|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200910210067.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref name=":1">Ghana Parliamentary Register(1993-1996)</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5xxmum0zpzoau12vksa014fit02naqd 0 28415 700840 116837 2026-08-12T22:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission, nke bụbu Ngalaba Petroleum Resources (DPR), bụ ngalaba dị n'okpuru '''Ngalaba''' '''Naịjirịa''' Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resource (FMPR). Ọ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji hụ na iwu na iwu ndị dị mkpa na-agbaso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petrolplaza.com/organisations/2397|title=DPR - Department of Petroleum Resources of Nigeria|work=www.petrolplaza.com|accessdate=2020-02-29|archivedate=2020-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127103227/https://www.petrolplaza.com/organisations/2397}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọtakwa nchekwa na iwu ndị ọzọ metụtara mbupụ na mbubata ngwaahịa na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnetng.org/?q=node/3162|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101151047/http://cdnetng.org/?q=node/3162|archivedate=November 1, 2012|title=The Department of Petroleum Resources|work=Net|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya, ngalaba ahụ na-elekọta ngalaba ndị dị n'elu na ndị dị n"okpuru na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9gVBgAAQBAJ&dq=Department+of+Petroleum+Resources+in+Nigeria&pg=PA141|title=The Report 2013|author=Oxford Business Books|accessdate=31 January 2016|isbn=9781907065927|date=2013-12-04}}</ref> [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa]] na-ewebata National Production Monitoring Systems (NIPMS) iji nyochaa ụgwọ a ga-akwụ ma chọọ ọkwa site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ niile na-ahụ maka mmanụ ala na Naịjirị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMvOBAAAQBAJ&dq=Department+of+Petroleum+Resources+in+Nigeria&pg=PA893|title=An Almanac of Contemporary and Comparative Judicial Restatement|author=Oshisanya Lai Oshiokunbo|accessdate=31 January 2016|isbn=9789785120059|date=2018-01-01}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == DPR malitere dị ka ngalaba Hydrocarbon n'okpuru Ministry of Lagos Affairs, na nlekọta kpọmkwem site n'aka Gọvanọ-General.  Na 1970, e wapụtara aha ahụ bụ́ DPR n’ihi mgbasawanye nke ihe omume ndị a na-eme n’ozi.  Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke 1971 FGN kere Nigerian National Oil Corporation (NNOC), iji jikwaa ọrụ arụ ọrụ azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala.  Ngalaba ahụ ghọrọ MPR na 1975.. N'afọ 1977, e guzobere [[Nigerian National Petrleum Corporation|ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa]] National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) site na iwu 33 nke 1977 site na njikọta nke MPR na NNOC. O mekwara ka e mepụta Petroleum Inspectorate, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ 1985, e wepụrụ MPR na NNOC ebe NNPC ka dị. N'otu afọ ahụ, e weghachiri PI na MPR. Iwu ụlọ ọrụ Petroleum (PIA) nke Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari bịanyere aka na ya na 2021 hiwere Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) na-anọchi Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == tl1iq34sup0c3gohlouieguzm84r53v 0 28457 700848 693241 2026-08-13T03:14:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oké ọkọchị na-adịte aka na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] emeela ka ọ bụrụ ọzara na ụkọ ala maka ịzụ ehi na ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sunday|first=Orji|date=2021-01-11|title=Nigeria cattle crisis: how drought and urbanisation led to deadly land grabs|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/11/nigeria-cattle-crisis-how-drought-and-urbanisation-led-to-deadly-land-grabs|accessdate=2023-07-10}}</ref> Iji nweta ala maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] ma ọ bụ ịta nri, a na-agba ndị ọrụ ugbo na [[Ọgba aghara nke ndị azu ehi na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria|ndị na-azụ atụrụ]] ume ịga ebe ọhụrụ, nke na-eduga na ime ihe ike ugboro ugboro <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=what causes Drought in Nigeria - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=what+causes+Drought+in+Nigeria|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=www.google.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-14|title=Briefing: Nigerian farmers can't fight desertification alone|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2017/11/14/briefing-nigerian-farmers-can-t-fight-desertification-alone|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị ọrụ ugpo etinyela aka na ọgụ na-arịwanye elu n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-19|title=Herders against Farmers: Nigeria's Expanding Deadly Conflict|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=www.crisisgroup.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-26|title=Stopping Nigeria's Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/262-stopping-nigerias-spiralling-farmer-herder-violence|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=www.crisisgroup.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Salkida|first=Ahmad|date=2020-06-13|title=Fulani: Villain And Victim Of Militia Attacks?|url=https://humanglemedia.com/fulani-villian-and-victim-of-militia-attacks/|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=HumAngle|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322093620/https://humanglemedia.com/fulani-villian-and-victim-of-militia-attacks/}}</ref> Ihe karịrị mmadụ puku abụọ tụfuru ndụ ha n'afọ 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 2000 Nigerians Killed In Farmers-Herdsmen Clashes Across Nigeria- Group {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2018/04/09/over-2000-nigerians-killed-farmers-herdsmen-clashes-across-nigeria-group|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boyce|first=Christopher J.|date=2018-08-29|title=The Great Recession and subjective well-being: How did the life satisfaction of people living in the United Kingdom change following the financial crisis?|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=8|pages=e0201215|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0201215|pmid=30157180|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo nta ndị dị na Plateau Steeti nke Naịjirịa achọghị ịpụ n'ihi na ha na-ewere mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=They Do Not Own This Place: Government Discrimination Against "Non-Indigenes" in Nigeria: Historical Background and Context|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/nigeria0406/7.htm|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=www.hrw.org}}</ref> Mgbe a na-ere obodo ọkụ, a na-emepụta brik ọhụrụ iji rụzie ụlọ ndị mebiri emebi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenpeace - Drought in Nigeria|url=https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Drought-in-Nigeria-27MDHU6SU7Y.html|accessdate=2023-07-10|work=media.greenpeace.org}}</ref> Nnyocha nke foto ndị na-agba gburugburu site na National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) na-egosi na ihe dị ka Puku narị iteghete km2 nke ala ahịhịa savanna n'ógbè [[Afrịka]] emeela ka ọ ghara ịdị irè n'etiti mmalite afọ 1960 na 1986 n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-aga n'ihu O'Connor nke afọ 1995.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eze|first=Jude Nwafor|date=2018-10-22|title=Drought occurrences and its implications on the households in Yobe state, Nigeria|journal=Geoenvironmental Disasters|volume=5|issue=1|pages=18|doi=10.1186/s40677-018-0111-7|issn=2197-8670}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-14|title=What Happens After an Entire Town Burns to the Ground?|url=https://gizmodo.com/what-happens-after-an-entire-town-burns-to-the-ground-1830441990|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=Gizmodo|language=en}}</ref> Oké ọkọchị bụ ihe na-eme na Naijiria ma na-emetụta mba ahụ dum. Mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ na ndị kpọrọ nká na-emetụta karịa ndị na-akwọcha n'ebe ndịda, mana ogo nke adịghị ike dịgasị iche. N'[[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa]], e nwere ọtụtụ ndekọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke kpatara ụnwụ nri n'afọ 1914, 1924, 1935, 1943, 1951-1954, 1972-1973, Mortimore 1989 na 1991-1995 (Tarhule na Woo 1997). <ref name=":0"/> Nnyocha e mere na steeti asaa nke Naijiria site na SBMIntel, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-elekwasị anya n'Afrika, gosiri na ihe dịka pacenti iri asaa na iteghete nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Naijiria nwere mmetụta site na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri n'afọ 2020. N'etiti ha, pacenti iri abụo na isii mara ụma atọ nwere nnukwu nsogbu na owuwe ihe ubi ha n'ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike. Ihe dị ka pacenti iri ise nà abụọ màrà ụma iri isii nwere mmetụta, ebe pacenti iri abụo na otu màrà ụma otu kọrọ na ọ nweghị mmetụta sitere na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri. Nnyocha ahụ, nke akpọrọ "Ndị Naijiria chọrọ iri nri," gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ịma aka ndị ọrụ ugbo Naijiria na ndị na-ebu nri na-eche ihu, nke nwere ike igbochi nchekwa nri mba. E bipụtara ya n'ọnwa a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nearly 80% of Nigerian farmers affected by floods, drought in 2020 – Report|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/agriculture/agric-news/436380-nearly-80-of-nigerian-farmers-affected-by-floods-drought-in-2020-report.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Oké ọkọchị emeela ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọchịchọ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|first=A. G.|date=2019-03-01|title=Problems of drought and its management in Yobe State, Nigeria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094718300653|journal=Weather and Climate Extremes|language=en|volume=23|pages=100192|doi=10.1016/j.wace.2019.100192|issn=2212-0947}}</ref> Oké ọkọchị emeela ka e weghara ala na-egbu egbu. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, e nweela ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ehi na-achọ ebe ịta nri na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Orji|first=Sunday|date=Mon 11 Jan 2021|title=Nigeria cattle crisis: how drought and urbanisation led to deadly land grabs|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/11/nigeria-cattle-crisis-how-drought-and-urbanisation-led-to-deadly-land-grabs}}</ref> Mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara ugwu Naijiria apụtawo ìhè n'ime afọ ndị gara aga, na-emetụta ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ. A na-akọwa ụkọ [[mmiri ozuzo]] site na enweghị mmiri ozuzo ruo ogologo oge ma ọ bụ nkesa na-ezughị ezu, na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ezuzo ogologo oge na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Ọnọdụ a na-eduga na nrụgide mmiri na ọdịda nke ihe ọkụkụ zuru ebe niile mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-emezughị ihe ndị ihe ọkụkụ chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stanke|first=Carla|date=2013-06-05|title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=5|pages=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|issn=2157-3999|pmid=23787891}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara akpọwo idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 na Naịjirịa dị ka nke kachasị njọ kemgbe afọ 2012. Idei mmiri ndị a ebibiwo ihe ọkụkụ n'ihe karịrị hekta puku narị ise nke ala ugbo, na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo na mba ahụ dum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Seven major ways climate change affects Nigerians - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/seven-major-ways-climate-change-affects-nigerians/|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=dailytrust.com|date=30 October 2022}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta mmepụta ike mmiri nke Naijiria, n'ihi na ọ na-eduga na mmiri ozuzo na-enweghị atụ na usoro ụkọ mmiri, na-emetụ n'ogo mmiri na ihe mgbochi mmiri dị ka Kainji Dam. N'oge ọkọchị, mmepụta ike mmiri na-ebelata, na-emetụta nkesa ike mba ma na-emebi ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adabere na ike eletrik kwụsiri ike. N'aka nke ọzọ, oke mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu idei mmiri na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name=":1"/> === Steeti ndị ụkọ mmiri ozuzo metụtara na Naịjirịa === Steeti ndị na-esonụ gụnyere [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina]], [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]] na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]] n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]] na [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]] Steeti n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ na-emetụta ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-13|title=Nigeria: Alert – Drought to affect northern states – NEMA – Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-alert-drought-affect-northern-states-nema|accessdate=2023-09-20|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-13|title=Nigeria: Alert – Drought to affect northern states – NEMA – Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-alert-drought-affect-northern-states-nema|accessdate=2023-09-30|work=reliefweb.int|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Oge ụgụrụ nke na-eme n'etiti ngwụcha Nọvemba na etiti Machị na-eweta ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmattan {{!}} Origin, Effects, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/harmattan|accessdate=2023-09-30|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-emepụta nnukwu uzuzu nke nwere ike ịkpata uzuzu ma ọ bụ ájá. Ifufe nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ma kpatara nnukwu mmebi ihe ọkụkụ. == Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị == Iwu Njikwa ọzara na Mbelata oké ọkọchị nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke afọ 2011 na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi nke ọzara na mba Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Environmental (Desertification Control and Drought Mitigation) Regulations, 2011 (S.I. No. 13 of 2011). {{!}} UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform|url=https://leap.unep.org/countries/ng/national-legislation/national-environmental-desertification-control-and-drought|accessdate=2023-09-30|work=leap.unep.org}}</ref> Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ndị Naijiria mara ihe kpatara ya na ihe ize ndụ nke Decertification. Ha na-eme nke a site n'ịgba ume ka a na-eme ka a na'oge a na-emepụta oké ọhịa, na-emepe emepe, na-emepụta ọhịa na-echekwa ebe ndị dị n'okpuru ọzara. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=Law Nigeria|date=2020-08-21|title=NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL (DESERTIFICATION CONTROL AND DROUGHT MITIGATION) REGULATIONS, 2011|url=https://standards.lawnigeria.com/2020/08/21/national-environmental-desertification-control-and-drought-mitigation-regulations-2011/|accessdate=2023-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Ȯra Plateau]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g87iafoylsqu5wql9hw7kkbqip7n5dw 0 29107 700847 118240 2026-08-13T03:14:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700847 wikitext text/x-wiki     [[File:Pinus hartwegii Tajumulco 2.jpg|thumb|]]Central American montane forests Central American montane forest, with Pinus hartwegii, on the slopes of Tajumulco volcano, Guatemala. Ecoregion territory (in purple) Ecology Realm Neotropical Biome tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Borders Central American pine–oak forests Central American Atlantic moist forests Geography Area 13,200 km2 (5,100 sq mi) Countries List Mexico (Chiapas) Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Conservation Conservation status Vulnerable Protected 31.34% '''Oké ọhịa ugwu nke Central America''' bụ mpaghara nke [[Oké ọhịa ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na ndị na-adịghị n'ebe okpomọkụ|oké ọhịa]] na-ekpo ọkụ na nke na-ekwo ekpo ọkụ, dị ka [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|World Wildlife Fund]] si kọwaa, nke dị n'ugwu nke Central America. == Ọdịdị ala == Oké ọhịa ugwu nke Central America nwere oke ọhịa dị n'ebe dị elu site na mita 1,800-4,000 (5,900-13,100 ), n'elu ugwu na ndagwurugwu nke ugwu kachasị elu na Central America, gụnyere Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Ọ na-agbasa site na steeti Chiapas na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico, site na Guatemala, El Salvador, na Honduras, ruo n'ebe ugwu Nicaragua. Oké ọhịa ugwu ahụ gbara ya gburugburu n'ebe dị ala site na oké ọhịa pine-oak nke Central America, ma e wezụga maka mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Guatemala, n'ebe ndị dị n"ebe ugwu Honduras, na n'etiti Nicaragua, nke oké ọhịa mmiri Atlantic nke Central America gbara gburugburu. Mpaghara ecoregion na-ekpuchi mpaghara 13,²00 uare kilomita (5,100 sq mi) 2. Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe dị mma nke nwere oke [[mmiri ozuzo]]. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe bụ mmiri na ugwu. Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-adị site na 2000 ruo 4000 milimita, na ọtụtụ ebe na-enwe nnukwu igwe ojii. N'ebe kachasị elu, oyi na-ezo n'abalị mgbe niile n'etiti Disemba na Machị. == Flora == Obodo osisi gụnyere oké ọhịa mmiri dị ala, oké ọhịa dị ala, ọhịa dị elu, na ala ahịhịa. Obodo ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nke Guatemala na-eme n'elu 3,050 m (10,000 ft) na ugwu mgbawa dị elu n'ókè dị n'etiti Guatemala na steeti Chiapas nke Mexico, gụnyere Volcán Tacaná na Volcán Tajumulco. Na Tacaná, ala ahịhịa dị n'okpuru ugwu na-apụta n'elu belt nke ''Juniperus standleyi'' shrubs nke na-akọwa osisi ahụ n'ihe dị ka mita 4000. ''[[Lupinus montanus]]'' na tussocks nke ahịhịa ''[[Calamagrostis vulcanica]]'' na-eto ruo 1 mita n'ịdị elu jupụtara na ala ahịhịrị. Ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere ''[[Alchemilla pinnata]]'', ''[[Arenaria bryoides]]'', Draba volcanica, ''[[Festuca tolucensis]]'', ''[[Gentiana pumilio]]'', ''[[Gnaphalium salicifolium]]'', ''[[Haplopappus stolonifer]]'', ''[[Lobelia nana]]'', ''[[Luzula racemosa]]'', ''[[Pernettya prostrata]]'', ''[[Potentilla heterosepala]]'', ''[[Viola nannei]]'', ''Weldenia candida'', na ''[[Werneria nubigena]]''. Mosses na-emepụta ala, na moss ''[[Racomitrium crispulum]]'' na-achịkwa nkume. Ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na-esite n'elu ugwu gụnyere ''Bromus carinatus'', ''[[Briza rotunda]]'', ''Festuca amplissima'', ''[[Muhlenbergia gigantea]]'', M. macroura, M. robusta, ''[[Piptochaetium virescens]]'', ''Stipa ichu'', na ''[[Trisetum irazuense]]''.<ref name="brown">Brown, David E., and Markings, Elizabeth (2014). </ref> == Anụmanụ == [[Guan nwere mpi]] (''Oreophasis derbianus'') bụ nnụnụ a na-ahụkarị. Anụ a na-ahụkarị n'ala ahịhịa ndị dị n'okpuru ugwu (''Reithrodontomys tenuirostris'').<ref name="brown">Brown, David E., and Markings, Elizabeth (2014). </ref>   == Ebe ndị a na-echebe == 31.34% nke ecoregion dị n'ebe echedoro. Ebe ndị a na-echebe gụnyere [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ La Tigra]] (242.4 km2), Ogige Ntọala Cerro Saslaya (150 km2), Ogologo Ọdọ Mmiri Yojoa (442.3 km2), Ogwe Ntụrụndaka Montecristo (19.7 km2), Ogbe Ntụrụndị Macizos de Peñas Blancas (113.1 km2), Cordillera Dipilto na Ogige Ntụ Jalapa (412 km2), Cerro Kilambe (101.3 km2), Cerros Tisey-Estanzuela Nature Reserve (93.4 km2), Montecristo Trifinio (82.9 km2), Ogve (266.3 km2), ogige Ntụrụd. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Central American montane forests}} *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230817021033/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/60112 Oké ọhịa ugwu nke Central America (DOPA)] * [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Central_American_montane_forests Oké ọhịa ugwu nke Central America (Encyclopedia of Earth)] *   tfppa8xw61o5fcpylr0winifvogmcvf 0 29345 700861 687665 2026-08-13T06:36:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Paul Franklin Watson''' (amụrụ na Disemba 2, 1950) bụ onye Canada-America naahụ maka nchekwa na [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|gburugburu ebe obibi]], onye guzobere [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Conservation Society]], otu naemegide ịchụ nta nazighị ezi naelekwasị anya na nchekwa mmiri. Atụmatụ ndị Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri ji mee ihe dọtara ndị mmegide, ebe gọọmentị Japan na [[Greenpeace]] boro ndị otu ahụ ebubo iyi ọha egwu.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|title=Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts|accessdate=July 15, 2009|date=April 17, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="HARDLINE">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10619393|title=Hardline warrior in war to save the whale|date=January 11, 2010|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/04/14/williams-watson.html|title=Williams assails anti-sealing activist Watson as 'terrorist'|publisher=CBC|date=April 14, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Watson bụ nwa amaala [[Kánada|Canada]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Nwa amaala Toronto sonyeere ngagharị iwe Sierra Club megide nnwale nuklia na 1969. Nihi na Watson rụrụ ụka maka atụmatụ nke ime ihe kpọmkwem nke naemegide nkọwa Greenpeace nke enweghị ime ihe ike, a chụpụrụ ya na bọọdụ ahụ na 1977. Otú ọ dị, Greenpeace ekwuola na Watson bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta, mana ọ bụghị otu nime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2008|title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|archivedate=26 August 2014|accessdate=22 November 2012|publisher=Greenpeace}}</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, o guzobere Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Society. Otu ahụ bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi nke a naakpọ Whale Wars. Ọ naakwalite veganism, mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na biocentric, karịa anthropocentric, echiche ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animalsaustralia.org/media/opinion.php?op=42|title=A Very Inconvenient Truth // Animals Australia|publisher=Animalsaustralia.org|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/wonw.htm|title=About the Authors|publisher=Ecospherics.net|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=November 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108140818/http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/wonw.htm}}</ref> Ọrụ Watson emeela ka ndị ọchịchị na mba ndị gụnyere United States, Canada, [[Norway]], Costa Rica na Japan mee ihe nụzọ iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2012/12/17/12-35266.pdf|title=Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding|first=Molly|author=Dwyer|publisher=United States Court of Appeals|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=January 5, 2013|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104010815/https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2012/12/17/12-35266.pdf}}</ref> E jidere ya na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na arịrịọ nke Costa Rica na Mee 2012. E nyere ọkwa Interpol na Septemba 14, 2012, na arịrịọ nke [[Japan]] na Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120914|title=N20120914 / 2012 / News & media releases / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=September 14, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920030056/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120914|archivedate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọrọ noké osimiri ruo ọnwa 15 mgbe ọ gbapụrụ na Germany, ebe a tọhapụrụ ya na mgbapụta, ọ laghachiri na Los Angeles na mbubreyo October 2013, naaga site na omenala na "ejideghị ya". Ọ pụtara nihu ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe US na Nọvemba 6, 2013, naekwu na ya ma ọ bụ Sea Shepherd Conservation Society emebighị iwu 2012 nke chọrọ ka ha hapụ naanị ụgbọ mmiri whaling. Ọ bụ ezie na United States bụ onye naedebanye aha na Interpol, Watson ejidebeghị maka ibuga Japan ma ọ bụ Costa Rica. Ọ naebi na Vermont, naede akwụkwọ. Ọ nọ na Paris ka ọnwa Julaị 1, 2014, mana ọ lọghachila United States kemgbe. Na Machị 2019, Costa Rica wepụrụ ebubo niile megide Watson ma wepụ ọkwa uhie nke Interpol.<ref name="maritime-executive.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/costa-rica-drops-charges-against-sea-shepherd-s-paul-watson|title=Costa Rica Drops Charges Against Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson}}</ref> == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka Sea Shepherd Conservation Society si kwuo, Paul Watson mụrụ na Toronto nye Anthony Joseph Watson na Annamarie Larsen, ma tolite na St. Andrews, New Brunswick, ya na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ na ụmụnne atọ. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bụ onye otu n'ime ọgbakọ obiọma, bụ nke o kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ka ọ "naasọpụrụ na ịgbachitere anụmanụ". Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye ndu njem na Expo 67, ngosi ngosi ụwa nke mere na Montreal na 1967, Watson kwagara Vancouver. Dị ka Sea Shepherd Conservation Society si kwuo, na 1968 na mmalite 1970s, ọ sonyeere ndị Canada Coast Guard, ebe ọ naeje ozi nụgbọ mmiri ihu igwe, nchọta na nnapụta, na ihe nrịbama. Ọ debanyere aha dị ka onye naanya ụgbọ mmiri na 1969 na ndị Consulate Norwegian na Vancouver wee bupu nụgbọ mmiri 30,000 ton Bris dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Edebara aha Bris ahụ na Oslo, Norway, ma gosipụta ya maka azụmaahịa India na Pacific. Nafọ 1972, o si na San Francisco si na San Francisco pụta na ụgbọ mmiri Sweden bụ Jarl R. Trapp naebu ton 35,000 wee gosipụta maka ahia mmiri India na Pacific. Watson nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Lilliolani (amụrụ nafọ 1980), ya na nwunye mbụ ya, Starlet Lum, onye bụ onye isi nke Greenpeace Quebec, Earthforce!, Project Wolf, na Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Captain Watson's Biography|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/captain-watsons-biography.html|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|accessdate=May 28, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504104656/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/captain-watsons-biography.html|archivedate=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/science/earth/kumi-naidoo-greenpeace-director-forges-a-broader-path-to-activism.html|title=Greenpeace leader visits boardroom, without forsaking social activism|first=John|author=Broder|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 6, 2011|accessdate=January 22, 2013|quote='It's all about extreme political correctness,' said Paul Watson, a founding director of Greenpeace who is now the head of Sea Shepherd}}</ref> Nwunye ya nke abụọ, Lisa Distefano, onye bụbu onye naeme ihe nkiri Playboy, bụ onye isi ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd n'oge mkpọsa Makah naemegide igbu whale na Friday Harbor. Nwunye ya nke atọ, Allison Lance, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ na onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Sea Shepherd. Watson nwere ụmụ ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-031206-3.html|title=Prosecutor Agrees to Release Allison and Alex but Fines Sea Shepherd for Freeing Dolphins! - Sea Shepherd|date=2003-12-03|accessdate=2011-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915133619/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-031206-3.html|archivedate=September 15, 2010|quote="Prosecutor Agrees to Release Allison and Alex jailed 22 days ... but Fines Sea Shepherd 800,000 Yen ($8,000 US) for freeing dolphins!" December 3, 2003.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://komonews.com/archive/animal-rights-activist-arrested-in-seattle-grand-jury-probe|title=Animal rights activist arrested in Seattle grand jury probe|publisher=Komo Staff and News Services|date=2004-01-15|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Shukovsky|first=Paul|title=No perjury charges vs. animal activist|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=2004-09-09}}</ref> Watson lụrụ nwunye ya nke anọ Yana Rusinovich na Febụwarị 14, 2015, na Paris.<ref name="Yana">{{Cite news|author=Lopez|first=Jaime|url=http://news.co.cr/sea-shepherds-paul-watson-gets-married-valentines-day/37019/|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson Gets Married on Valentine's Day|work=The Costa Rica Star|date=February 14, 2015|accessdate=March 4, 2015}}</ref> Watson na Rusinovich nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2016/10/05/whale-wars-captain-paul-watson-welcomes-son/|title=Whale Wars' Captain Paul Watson Welcomes Son Tiger|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archivedate=January 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175542/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2016/10/05/whale-wars-captain-paul-watson-welcomes-son/}}</ref> Watson gbara ọsọ maka ndị omeiwu na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke Canada ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-15/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-profile/4011498|title=Paul Watson: the man behind Sea Shepherd|date=2012-05-15|work=ABC News|language=en-AU|accessdate=2020-04-22}}</ref> == Mgbalị == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Nọnwa Ọktoba nafọ 1969, Watson sonyeere Sierra Club naeme ngagharị iwe megide nnwale nuklia na Amchitka Island. Otu nke e guzobere n'ihi ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ Don't Make a Wave Committee, nke ghọrọ otu a maara taa dị ka [[Greenpeace]].<ref name="GreenpeaceHistory">{{Cite news|author=Weyler|first=Rex|authorlink=Rex Weyler|title=Waves of Compassion|work=[[Utne Reader]]|date=October 9, 2007|publisher=Ogden Publications|url=http://www.utne.com/archives/WavesofCompassion.aspx|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 1970, Watson naarụkwa ọrụ na Vancouver Liberation Front na Vancouver Yippies.<ref name="Larry Gambone page 97">{{Cite book|author=Gambone|first=Larry|title=No Regrets|publisher=Black Cat Press|year=2015}}</ref> Watson ji ụgbọ mmiri dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace Too! nafọ 1971 wee bụrụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ''Greenpeace'' Astral nafọ 1972.<ref name="Tribute">{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson bio|work=Tribute.ca|publisher=Tribute Entertainment Media Group|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/Paul+Watson/17619/13579|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name="SS Bio">{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson Biography|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html|accessdate=July 27, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727083020/http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html|archivedate=July 27, 2008}}</ref> Paul Watson gara n'ihu dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, onye isi ụgbọ mmiri, na onye isi ụgbọ elu n'ọtụtụ njem Greenpeace n'etiti afọ ndị 1970. Dị ka The New Yorker, ''The New York Times'', na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ si kwuo, Watson bụ onye guzobere Greenpeace, mana nzukọ ahụ naagọnahụ nke a naekwu na ọ "bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta ma ọ bụghị, dịka ọ naekwu mgbe ụfọdụ, ''onye'' guzobere".<ref name="GreenpeaceSeaShepherdHistory">{{Cite web|title=Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson "Disappear"|publisher=seashepherd.org|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|accessdate=June 23, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=March 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=On the Frontlines: With Captain Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|year=2009|journal=[[Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/world/asia/23whale.html|title=Battle Against Whaling, Groups Split on Strategy|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote="The shift infuriates Paul Watson, the Sea Shepherd founder and the captain of the ''Steve Irwin''. One of the original founders of Greenpeace in the early 1970s, he parted ways with the group in 1978 because he wanted it to be more aggressive."|date=2008-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|title=Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|publisher=Greenpeace.org|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archivedate=May 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501013513/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/}}</ref> Greenpeace naazọrọ na Watson sonyeere Greenpeace na njem Amchitka ya, nke ha naazọ na ọ bụ njem nke abụọ ha, mana Paul Watson na-azụta na nke a bụ nzukọ mbụ nke [[Greenpeace]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sea Shepherd International: Paul Watson and Greenpeace|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservational Society|accessdate=February 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=March 4, 2011}}</ref> === Sea Shepherd Conservation Society === A zụrụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Sea Shepherd, Sea Shepherd na Disemba 1978 site n'enyemaka nke Fund for Animals na Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.<ref name="Tribute"/> Noge naadịghị anya, Sea Shepherd guzobere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime òtù ndị na-ese okwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a maara maka usoro mmegide na-akpali akpali. Atụmatụ ndị a gụnyere ịtụba ihe nelu ụgbọ mmiri ndị naegbu whale, iji "prop foulers" na mgbalị imebi ụgbọ mmiri, ịbanye ụgbọ mmiri ndị a naegbu egbu whale, na ịkụtu ụgbọ mmiri abụọ nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri [[Iceland]].<ref name="Iceland">{{Cite news|title=Whaling Ships Refloated in Iceland|work=The New York Times|date=November 20, 1986|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D81E3BF933A15752C1A960948260|accessdate=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2013, Watson hapụrụ ọkwa onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ''Steve Irwin''.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrew Darby|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/8154923/Sea-Shepherd-founder-steps-down|title=Sea Shepherd founder steps down|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ na ọrụ ya iji kwụsị igbu whale bụ ihe a naelekwasị anya na usoro ihe nkiri TV, Whale Wars, nke a naegosi na Animal Planet. Nafọ 2010, Watson nonwe ya natara ihe karịrị $ 120,000 site na Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Daniel|author=Proussalidis|url=http://www.tillsonburgnews.com/2012/08/02/germans-search-for-eco-fugitive-paul-watson|title=Germans search for Watson|publisher=Tillsonburg News|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nihi nsogbu iwu naarịwanye elu, Watson kwụsịrị dị ka onye isi nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na 2013, iji mezuo iwu naegbochi ya ịnọ nso na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan. Mgbe ngwọta nke okwu iwu metụtara ụlọ ọrụ Japan maka nyocha Cetacean, Watson laghachiri dị ka onye isi oche nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na onye isi nke ụgbọ mmiri Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite news|author=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/01/08/canada-paul-watson-sea-shepherd-conservation-society-president.html|title=Paul Watson quits Sea Shepherd over U.S. court order – World – CBC News|work=Cbc.ca|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi === Watson bụ onye nnọchi anya ndị na-ahụ maka anụ ọhịa site na 1976 ruo 1980 na onye nnọchianya maka Fund for Animals site na 1978 ruo 1981.<ref name="Tribute"/> Watson bụkwa onye guzobere Friends of the Wolf na Earthforce Environmental Society.<ref name="Tribute" /> N'ime afọ 1980, Watson kwupụtara nkwado ya maka Earth First! ma zụlite ọbụbụenyi ya na David Foreman na Edward Abbey. O kwupụtara na Sea Shepherd bụ "ụgbọ mmiri" nke Earth First! Dị ka The New Yorker si kwuo, Watson weghachiri omume nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke ịpị osisi. Watson rụrụ ọrụ na Green Party nke British Columbia na Vancouver na 1980s na 90s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Cresdetail&Election=9577|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130101093746/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Cresdetail&Election=9577|archivedate=January 1, 2013|title=33rd Parliament Election Results|publisher=Parliament of Canada|accessdate=February 13, 2009}}</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ịbụ onye isi obodo n'afọ 1996, bụrụ onye nke anọ.<ref name="1996 election">{{Cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/election96/96results/mayor.htm|title=1996 Local General Election Results- Mayor|year=1996|publisher=City of Vancouver|accessdate=February 13, 2009|archivedate=October 11, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110724/http://www.vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/election96/96results/mayor.htm}}</ref> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2003, a họpụtara Watson ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Sierra Club maka afọ atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson is elected to the Sierra Club Board of Directors in April, 2003|publisher=SUPS.org|url=http://www.susps.org/candidates/watson.html|accessdate=February 25, 2010}}</ref> Nafọ 2006, ọ chọghị ka a họpụta ya ọzọ. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ otu ọnwa tupu oge ya agwụ, iji mee mkpesa megide nkwado nke nzukọ ahụ maka asọmpi edemede "Ihe mere m ji achụ nta".<ref name="ss1">{{Cite web|title=Sierra Club Director Paul Watson Resigns to Protest Hunting Prize|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|date=April 17, 2006|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_060417_1.html|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416155448/http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_060417_1.html|archivedate=April 16, 2008}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2008, ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Paul Watson aha dịka otu n'ime "ndị 50 nwere ike ịzọpụta mbara ala" maka ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Guardian|title=50 people who could save the planet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/05/activists.ethicalliving|accessdate=January 13, 2008|date=January 4, 2008|first=John|author=Vidal}}</ref> === Ihe odide banyere ime ihe ike === Watson bipụtara Earthforce!, ntuziaka maka atụmatụ maka ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 1993.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> Nime ya, ọ kwadoro usoro nke "mkpịsị nkịta" nke Dave Foreman na Edward Abbey kọwara na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Foreman|title=Ecodefense: A field guide to monkeywrenching|location=Tucson, AZ|publisher=Ned Ludd Book|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Abbey|first=Ed|title=The monkeywrench gang|location=Salt Lake City|publisher=Dream Garden Press|year=1985}}</ref> Dị ka Foreman si kwuo na ''Eco-Defense - The Field Guide to Monkey-Wrenching -'' ndị a bụ usoro nke imebi ihe, ọrụ nzuzo, na ime ihe kpọmkwem.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> Watson naekwu na o tinyere ahụmịhe nke onwe ya n'ide akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> N'ike Ụwa! Onye nduzi nke Earth Warrior to Strategy, Watson gosipụtara nlelị maka eziokwu nke mgbasa ozi:<blockquote>Ọdịdị nke mgbasa ozi taa bụ nke na eziokwu adịghị mkpa. Ihe bụ eziokwu na ihe ziri ezi nye ọha na eze bụ ihe mgbasa ozi kọwapụtara dị ka eziokwu na nke ziri ezi. Ronald Reagan ghọtara na eziokwu ndị ahụ adịghị mkpa. Ndị mgbasa ozi kọrọ ihe o kwuru dị ka eziokwu. Nnyocha naesote bụ "akụkọ ochie". Nkwupụta isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mọnde karịrị mkpughe nke ezighị ezi ekpughere na obere igbe dị n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ na Tuesday ma ọ bụ Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref></blockquote>Watson kwuru nụzọ doro anya banyere ihe ọ ghọtara na ọ bụ enweghị eziokwu na mgbasa ozi: "Ọ bụrụ na ị maghị azịza, eziokwu, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, mgbe ahụ, soro ihe nlereanya nke onye isi ala America ma mee dị ka Ronald Reagan mere - mee ya ozugbo ma nyefee ozi ahụ nenweghị obi ike na n'enweghị mgbagha. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Militants sink two of Iceland's Whaling Vessels|work=New York Times|date=1986-11-10}}</ref> Nakwụkwọ sochirinụ, Ocean Warrior, Watson gbasaa n'echiche a, naekwu, sị: "Ịdị ndụ na omenala mgbasa ozi pụtara ịzụlite nkà iji ghọta ma chịkwaa mgbasa ozi iji nweta ebumnuche atụmatụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|title=Ocean Warrior|location=Toronto, Canada|publisher=Key Porter Books|year=1994|pages=23–24}}</ref> Nafọ 2007, Watson kọwara echiche ya banyere nchịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa na ọdịnihu maka ụmụ mmadụ nihi ọrụ ha na mkpochapụ Holocene, nke ọ naezo aka na ya dị ka "ihe omume igbu onwe onye nke Holocenic hominid":<blockquote>Taa, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ naarịwanye elu agafeela ikike ibu zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ugbu a na-emepụta nnukwu ihe siri ike, mmiri, na ihe mkpofu gas [.Ọ dịghị obodo mmadụ kwesịrị ibu karịa mmadụ 20,000 ma kewapụ ya na obodo ndị ọzọ site na mpaghara ọzara [.] Anyị kwesịrị iji nlezianya belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruo ihe naerughị otu ijeri [.] Ịgwọ ọrịa kansa chọrọ ọgwụgwọ siri ike na nke naawakpo, ya mere, ịgwọ biosphere nke nje mmadụ ga-achọkwa ụzọ siri ike naawawakpo [.Ònye kwesịrị inwe ụmụ? Ndị naahụ maka ọrụ ma naetinye onwe ha kpamkpam nọrụ nke bụ nezie obere pasent nke ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="seashepherdOrgWatson">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/commentary/the-beginning-of-the-end-for-life-as-we-know-it-on-planet-earth.html|title=The Beginning of the End for Life as We Know it on Planet Earth?|author=Watson|first=Paul|publisher=Sea Shepherd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101012958/https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/commentary/the-beginning-of-the-end-for-life-as-we-know-it-on-planet-earth.html|archivedate=2020-01-01}}</ref></blockquote> == Arụmụka == === Nkewapụ ya na Greenpeace === Paul Watson gara nihu dị ka onye ọrụ, onye isi, na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (na 1972) nọtụtụ njem Greenpeace netiti afọ ndị 1970. Ọ naewere onwe ya dị ka onye guzobere Greenpeace na [[Greenpeace|Greenpeace International]], ihe [[Greenpeace]] naese okwu nagbanyeghị na a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ihe ngosi ahụ, How to Change the World nke naegosi na Watson bụ nezie [[Otu esi agbanwe ụwa (ihe nkiri)|''otu'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/how-change-world-sundance-review-766087|title='How to Change the World': Sundance Review|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> nime ndị guzobere Green Peace.<ref name="watson:founders">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society: Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson 'Disappear'|publisher=Seashepherd.org|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2011-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|publisher=Greenpeace|date=2008-12-17|accessdate=2012-11-22|archivedate=2014-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/}}</ref> Watson boro Greenpeace ebubo na ha naede akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref name="watson:founders" /> Nafọ 1977, a chụpụrụ Watson na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Greenpeace site na votu nke 11 na 1 (Watson nonwe ya tụbara otu vootu megide ya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2008/12/25/sticking-it-to-the-man-21st-century-styl|title=Interview with Paul Watson|work=[[Village Voice]]|publisher=Thepeoplesvoice.org|date=December 25, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/paul-watson|title=History of Paul Watson|date=November 3, 2008|publisher=Greenpeace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103090124/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/paul-watson|archivedate=November 3, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ chere na àgwà ya siri ike, "ihu na etiti" ma naekwukarị mmegide na nkọwa Greenpeace nke "enweghị ime ihe ike" bụ nkewa.<ref name="SBindependent">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2009/jan/29/sbiff-09-saving-seas|title=SBIFF '09: Saving the Seas Documentary Follows Paul Watson on Marine Crusades|author=Large|first=Joey|date=January 29, 2009|work=The Santa Barbara Independent|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> Watson mechara hapụ otu ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, otu ahụ akpọwo omume ya n'oge ahụ dị ka nke "onye nnupụisi" n'ime ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|title=Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|date=December 21, 2008|publisher=Greenpeace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020449/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|archivedate=December 21, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Warriors of the Rainbow: A Chronicle of the Greenpeace Movement|author=Hunter|first=Robert|isbn=978-0-03-043741-0|publisher=Henry Holt & Company, Inc.|year=1979}}</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, o guzobere otu nke ya, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.<ref name="NEVER">{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100209zg.html|title=Watson to whalers: We will never surrender|date=February 9, 2010|work=The Japan Times|accessdate=February 20, 2010}}</ref> Noge a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ na CBC Radio nafọ 1978, Watson kwuru okwu megide Greenpeace (yana òtù ndị ọzọ) na ọrụ ha na ebumnuche ha maka mkpọsa mgbochi akara.<ref name="CBC Radio">{{Cite news|title=CBC interview of Paul Watson|author=Frum|first=Barbara|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Watson boro òtù ndị a ebubo na ha naeme mkpọsa megide ịchụ nta seal nke Canada nihi na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mfe iji nweta ego ma bụrụ onye naeme uru maka òtù ndị ahụ.<ref name="CBC Radio" /> Greenpeace akpọwo Watson onye naeme ihe ike ma ọ gaghịzi ekwu maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17"/> === Ebubo na ikpe === A mara Watson ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ụbọchị iri ma kwụọ ya $ 8,000 maka omume ya noge ngagharị iwe maka ịchụ nta seal na Canada na 1980, mgbe a mara ya ikpe maka ịwakpo onye ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Watson jere ozi ya na Her Majesty's Penitentiary, St. John's, Newfoundland na Labrador. A chọpụtakwara na ikpe mara ya nokpuru Iwu Nchedo Seal maka ite ụmụ nkịta seal naacha uhie uhie iji mee ka akpụkpọ ha ghara ịdị ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunt disrupter gets 10 days in Quebec jail|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1GUxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1227,81403&dq=paul+watson+convicted&hl=en|accessdate=September 17, 2010|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=March 11, 1980|page=14}}</ref> E jidere Watson na 1993 na Canada maka ebubo sitere na mmegide megide ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ Cuban na Spanish n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Newfoundland.<ref name="guardian.uk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/jun/03/fish.food|title=Champion of seas faces attempted murder case|author=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=June 3, 2002|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> Nafọ 1997, ụlọ ikpe dị na Lofoten, Norway, mara Watson ikpe n'enweghị onye ọ bụla ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ụbọchị 120 maka ebubo nke ịnwa imebi obere ụgbọ mmiri Norwegian naegbu azụ na igbu whale ''Nybrænna'' na Disemba 26, 1992.<ref name="db">{{Cite news|title=Hvalsabotør går fri|work=[[Dagbladet]]|date=December 14, 1997|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/1997/12/14/46028.html|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highnorth.no/Library/Other_Texts/en-en-n.htm|title=Reine – a Norwegian Fishing and Whaling Community|publisher=Highnorth.no|date=May 14, 1993|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Dutch jụrụ inyefe ya naka ndị ọchịchị Norway ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ ụbọchị 80 nlọ mkpọrọ na [[Netherlands]] naechere mkpebi maka ịnyefe ya tupu a tọhapụ ya.<ref name="db" /> Enweghị mgbalị ọ bụla gara nke ọma nịkụ Watson ikpe maka ọrụ ya na Sea Shepherd kemgbe ikpe ahụ na Newfoundland. Watson naagbachitere omume ya dị ka nke dabara nime iwu mba ụwa, ọkachasị ikike Sea Shepherd nwere itinye iwu ụgbọ mmiri megide ndị naegbu whale na ndị naachụ seal nụzọ iwu naakwadoghị.<ref name="independent.uk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-saviours-of-the-whale-758746.html|title=The saviours of the whale|author=Taylor|first=Jerome|date=November 20, 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Paul_watson_protest_crop.jpg|thumb|Paul Watson na-eduga ngagharị iwe megide igbu whale Makah, Port Angeles, Washington, 1998.]] Ndị naeme ngagharị iwe na Sea Shepherd [[Rod Coronado]] na David Howitt gara [[Iceland]] na 1986 wee kụtuo ụgbọ mmiri abụọ naegbu whale na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Reykjavík ma mebie ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta anụ whale. Watson weere ọrụ maka ọrụ ahụ, naagbaso ụkpụrụ Sea Shepherd e bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLu5C4sYa_kC&q=Case+studies+in+environmental+ethics+hvalur&pg=PA28|title=Case Studies in Environmental Ethics – Patrick George Derr, Edward M. McNamara – Google Books|isbn=9780742531376|accessdate=May 22, 2014|author=Derr|first=Patrick George|year=2003}}</ref> Ọ gara Iceland naekwu, "Abụ m ọrụ maka ọrụ niile a naeme naha Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Ana m enye iwu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grapevine.is/Home/ReadArticle/WATSON-THE-VICTOR-Does-terrorism-pay-off-in-Iceland|title=The Reykjavik Grapevine – Life, Travel and Entertainment in Iceland / WATSON THE VICTOR Does terrorism pay off in Iceland?|language=is|publisher=Grapevine.is|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522123838/http://www.grapevine.is/Home/ReadArticle/WATSON-THE-VICTOR-Does-terrorism-pay-off-in-Iceland|archivedate=May 22, 2014}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ya nbughị ya ebubo ma Iceland naewere ya dị ka onye na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOw9avKdtGsC&q=%22paul+watson%22+iceland+%22persona+non+grata%22&pg=PA33|title=Operation Bite Back: Rod Coronado's War to Save American Wilderness – Dean Kuipers – Google Books|isbn=9781608191420|accessdate=May 22, 2014|author=Kuipers|first=Dean|date=July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dan Murphy|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/1029/south-park-puts-spotlight-on-paul-watson-and-his-whale-wars|title=South Park puts spotlight on Paul Watson and his "Whale Wars"|publisher=CSMonitor.com|date=October 29, 2009|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke Japan nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ijide Watson "...nihi ebubo nke inye iwu ka e mebie ọrụ megide ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale nke Japan", Interpol edepụtara ya dịka achọrọ ya na arịrịọ nke Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/apr/30/japan-whaling-sea-shepherd|title=Japan obtains arrest warrant for anti-whaling group leader|work=The Guardian|date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=May 17, 2010|first=Justin|author=McCurry}}</ref> Nkwupụta uhie ahụ nwere ebubo ndị Japan nyere dị ka, "Nkebi n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe, mgbochi siri ike nke azụmahịa, mmerụ ahụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2010-28800|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol.int|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091534/http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2010-28800}}</ref> Nọnwa Machị afọ 2012, Interpol wepụtara "nkwupụta edere na mba 190 niile so na ya naeme ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị ebipụta Red Notice" maka njide Watson, mana ọ gbanwere ọnọdụ ahụ na Septemba afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120514|title=N20120514 / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090424/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120914|title=N20120914 / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=September 14, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091553/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120914}}</ref> Nime nkwupụta abụọ ahụ, Interpol kwuru na "Red Notice abụghị akwụkwọ ikike ijide mba ụwa" na ọ bụ "arịrịọ maka mba ọ bụla iji mata ma ọ bụ chọta onye ọ bụla iji jide ma nyefee ya dịka iwu mba ahụ si dị". [[Usòrò:Free_Paul_Watson_sign.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama na-akpọ maka iwepụ ebubo megide Watson]] Nọnwa Mee afọ 2012, ndị ọchịchị Germany jidere Watson nọdụ ụgbọ elu Frankfurt nihi arịrịọ sitere naka gọọmentị Costa Rica. Ebubo ahụ sitere na esemokwu dị noké osimiri nafọ 2002 nke Sea Shepherd kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ naeme ka ụgbụ ụgbụ naakwadoghị na mmiri Guatemala. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ boro Sea Shepherd ebubo ịnwa igbu ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/14/paul-watson-arrested_n_1513694.html|title=Paul Watson Arrested: Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany|work=The Huffington Post|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/antiwhaling-activist-paul-watson-arrested-for-ramming-boat-10-years-ago-7746817.html|date=May 15, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012|first=Adams|author=Guy|work=The Independent|title=Anti-whaling activist Paul Watson arrested for ramming boat 10 years ago}}</ref> E boro Watson ebubo imebi iwu ụgbọ mmiri site na ịdọ aka ná ntị Interpol na-ekwu ebubo ahụ dị ka peligro de naufragio ("''ihe ize ndụ nke ụgbọ mmiri''").<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/germany-detains-activist-captain-connected-with-whale-wars|title=Germany Detains Activist "Whale Wars" Captain|work=The New York Times|date=May 16, 2012|accessdate=May 29, 2012|author=Slivka, Kelly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2013-60414|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol.int|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091408/http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2013-60414}}</ref> Esemokwu ahụ mere n'oge a na-ese ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri Sharkwater ma ndị ọkàiwu wepụrụ ebubo ahụ mgbe egosiri vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mere. Na Mee 21, a tọhapụrụ Watson na mgbapụta nke € 250,000 mana achọrọ ka ọ kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii na Frankfurt kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sea Shepherd founder Paul Watson released on bail after arrest in Germany|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/21/sea-shepherd-founder-paul-watson-released-on-bail-after-arrest-in-germany|work=National Post|date=May 21, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2012/june/29/costarica120062904.htm|title=Paul Watson Urges Costa Rica to Drop Charges|date=June 29, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun, Costa Rica rịọrọ ka e nyefee Watson na Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Foreign Ministry to send Paul Watson extradition request to German authorities Tuesday|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Foreign-Ministry-to-send-Paul-Watson-extradition-request-to-German-authorities-Tuesday_Monday-June-11-2012|work=Tico times|date=June 11, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> Na Julaị 19, 2012, Japan tinyere akwụkwọ maka iwu mgbapụta ma Watson hapụrụ Germany, nke mere ka ụlọ ikpe Germany nye iwu ka e jide ya ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/25/canadian-born-anti-whaling-crusader-skips-bail-in-germany-for-unknown-destination|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for 'unknown destination' &#124; National Post|publisher=News.nationalpost.com|date=July 25, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18996972|title=Sea Shepherd founder Paul Watson 'flees Germany'|work=BBC News|accessdate=August 15, 2012|date=July 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigpondnews.com/articles/World/2012/07/26/Sea_Shepherd_founder_skips_bail_775988.html|title=Sea Shepherd founder skips bail &#124; World|publisher=BigPond News|date=July 26, 2012|accessdate=August 13, 2012}}</ref> A ghọtara na iwu nke njedebe na ebubo Costa Rican ya ga-agwụ na June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Interpol-alert-says-Paul-Watson-has-escaped-from-Germany_Monday-July-23-2012|title=Interpol alert says Paul Watson has escaped from Germany / News Briefs / Current Edition / Costa Rica Newspaper, The Tico Times|publisher=Ticotimes.net|date=July 23, 2012|accessdate=August 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813032632/http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Interpol-alert-says-Paul-Watson-has-escaped-from-Germany_Monday-July-23-2012|archivedate=August 13, 2012}}</ref> N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, Interpol megharịrị Red Notice maka Watson na ebubo nke "ịkpata ihe ize ndụ nke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdachi ụgbọelu" nke Costa Rica setịpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120807Bis|title=N20120807Bis / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=August 7, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091549/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120807Bis}}</ref> A kọrọ na Watson ga-esi na nzuzo pụta iji sonyere Sea Shepherd na mkpọsa 2012-13 megide igbu whale na Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121123f1.html|title=Sea Shepherd seeks to intercept whalers closer to Japan|work=The Japan Times|date=November 23, 2012|accessdate=November 23, 2012|author=Godoy, Jody}}</ref> Watson laghachiri na ndị ọrụ nke ''Steve Irwin'' na South Pacific na ngwụcha Nọvemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org.au/commentary-and-editorials/2013/01/07/statement-from-captain-paul-watson-592|title=Sea Shepherd Australia :: Statement from Captain Paul Watson|publisher=Seashepherd.org.au|date=January 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archivedate=August 28, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828165507/http://www.seashepherd.org.au/commentary-and-editorials/2013/01/07/statement-from-captain-paul-watson-592}}</ref> Na Machị 2019, Costa Rica wepụrụ ebubo niile megide Watson ma wepụ ọkwa uhie nke Interpol.<ref name="maritime-executive.com"/> Na Julaị 21, 2024, ndị ọchịchị Danish nwụchiri ya na Greenland n'ihi ọkwa na-acha uhie uhie nke Japan nyere ya megide ya na 2012. Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri mara ọkwa njide ya. Òtù ahụ na-akatọ mkpebi a, na-arụ ụka na "mgbe e biputere ya na ntanetị ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọkwa ahụ apụwo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site na weebụsaịtị Interpol, na-eduga Paul Watson na ndị ọka iwu ya ikwere na ọ nwere onwe ya ugbu a na mmegharị ya".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/greenland-anti-whaling-campaigner-paul-watson-japan-e8b736ac41ced122482ba446fdcba713|title=Anti-whaling campaigner arrested in Greenland and police say he may be extradited to Japan|work=AP News|date=July 21, 2024|accessdate=July 21, 2024|author=Agence Press}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ mbata nke Sierra Club === N'afọ 1999, Watson gbara ọsọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka ntuli aka na Sierra Club Board of Directors nke mba ahụ, na nkwado nke otu Sierrans na-emegide ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ maka US Population Stabilization (SUSPS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/takeover-timeline|title=A 'Takeover' Timeline|accessdate=January 19, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ na 2003, Watson kwadoro ndepụta na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị na-akwado nchịkwa mbata na ọpụpụ siri ike dị ka akụkụ nke iwu nkwụsi ike nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Onye ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa na ntuli aka ahụ, Morris Dees nke Southern Poverty Law Center, katọrọ mgbalị a dị ka "nnukwu mmegide" nke "ndị na-emegide ndị mbịarambịa".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davila|first=Florangela|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m|title=Immigration dispute spawns factions, anger in Sierra Club]|publisher=Seattle Times|date=2004-02-18|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2012-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001212355/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri site n'ikwu na naanị mgbanwe ọ na-achọ n'ọnọdụ mbata nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iweghachi ọnọdụ ọ nwere tupu "iwu nnọpụiche" ya na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Pedro|author=Monteiro|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-040406-1.html|title=Questions and Answers About the Sierra Club Elections: An Interview with Sierra Club Director Paul Watson|date=2004-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218001737/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-040406-1.html|archivedate=2009-02-18}}</ref> Watson hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Sierra Club n'afọ 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/history/officers/directors.pdf|title=Roster of Sierra Club Directors|publisher=Sierra Club|accessdate=October 23, 2009|archivedate=January 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107145205/http://www.sierraclub.org/history/officers/directors.pdf}}</ref> === Ọrụ mgbochi akara === N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, Watson kwuru na, ọ bụ ezie na ọnwụ nke ndị Canada atọ na-achụ nta seal (nke anọ ka na-efu) n'ihe mberede mmiri metụtara ụgbọ mmiri Canadian Coast Guard na ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ n'oge 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt bụ ọdachi, o chere na igbu ọtụtụ narị puku seal bụ ọdachi ka ukwuu. Minista na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ na Canada Loyola Hearn boro Watson ebubo na ọ na-eme ka ncheta nke ndị na-egbu egbu ghara ịdị mfe. Watson zaghachiri na Hearn na-anwa ịdọpụ uche n'enweghị ike nke gọọmentị ya ka ụgbọ mmiri ndị ikom ahụ nọ na ya tụgharịrị mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ndị nche mmiri nke Canada na-adọkpụ ya, ebe ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nọgidere na-akwado ma na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ebe na narị afọ nke 21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_080404_1.html|title=Sea Shepherd – I'm Not Ready To Make Nice|accessdate=July 27, 2008|work=Sea Shepherd Society website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907063308/http://seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_080404_1.html|archivedate=September 7, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Watson gosipụtara mmegide megide nzukọ nnupụisi ịchụ nta, na-atụ aro n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Barbara Frum nke CBC na ịchekwa akara bụ ihe dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe ịnakọta ego nakwa na akara ekwesịghị ọnọdụ pụrụ iche karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams kwuru, sị, "Echere m na ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-amaghị bụ na nwoke a bụ onye na-eyi ọha egwu".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/04/14/williams-watson.html|title=Williams assails anti-sealing activist Watson as 'terrorist'|publisher=CBC|date=April 14, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref name="CTV.ca 2008-04-14">{{Cite news|title=Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies|date=April 14, 2008|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sealing-activists-bailed-out-with-bag-of-toonies-1.289041|work=CTV.ca|accessdate=September 7, 2009}}</ref> === Nsogbu visa Australia === Nọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, Watson, onye naebu paspọtụ US, mere mkpesa na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi banyere ịjụ arịrịọ ya maka visa [[Ostraliya|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-undeterred-by-US-court-order/tabid/417/articleID/280961/Default.aspx|title=Sea Shepherd undeterred by US court order|publisher=[[3 News]]|date=2012-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729164906/http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-undeterred-by-US-court-order/tabid/417/articleID/280961/Default.aspx|archivedate=2014-07-29}}</ref> Ọ naekwu na gọọmentị Australia naanwa imebi mkpọsa Sea Shepherd nke 2010 naabịanụ site nịjụ ya ịbanye na mba ahụ. Watson na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ enweghị ike isonyere ''Steve Irwin'' na njem nkwalite ya na Australia ruo mgbe ha nwere ike inye akwụkwọ sitere na gọọmentị nke United States, Canada na Norway, naewepụ ha nomume ime ihe ike a naekwu na mbụ, ọkachasị nkwupụta nke Sea Shepherd nke ịkpachara anya naemikpu ụgbọ mmiri na Norway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 5, 2009|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/10/whale-wars.html|title=Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation &#124; Outposts &#124; Los Angeles Times|publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 8, 2009|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/10/sea-shepherds-frustrated-capt-paul-watson-lashes-out-against-australia.html|title=Sea Shepherd's frustrated Capt. Paul Watson lashes out at Australia &#124; Outposts &#124; Los Angeles Times|publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26186894-12335,00.html|title=Rudd 'betrayed Aussies on whaling' &#124; The Australian|publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|date=October 9, 2009|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015083316/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26186894-12335,00.html|archivedate=October 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/whale-activist-hits-visa-hurdle-20091004-ghwm.html|title=Whale activist hits visa hurdle|work=The Age|date=October 5, 2009|accessdate=October 31, 2009|first=Andrew|author=Darby}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2013, ndị Krautungalung nke Ginai Nation nyere Paul Watson paspọtụ Aboriginal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/WNAT8D6AAB032100EF9813C9E996D12C7010|title=Captain Paul Watson Granted Original Nation Passport (Sea Shepherd Conservation Society) - Worldnews.com|publisher=Article.wn.com|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522144116/http://article.wn.com/view/WNAT8D6AAB032100EF9813C9E996D12C7010}}</ref> === Ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ịgba égbè === [[Usòrò:Paul_Watson_2005.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Paul Watson na ndị ọrụ ''[[RV Farley Mowat|Farley Mowat]]'' na 2005]] Na Machị 17, 2008, Watson kwuru na ndị [[Ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|ọrụ]] Japan ma ọ bụ ndị naeche nche nụsọ [[Southern Ocean|oké osimiri]] gbara ya égbè noge Operation Migaloo na-emegide igbu whale na Southern Ocean. A na-edekọ ihe omume ahụ noge oge ikpeazụ nke oge 1 nke ihe ngosi Whale Wars TV, a na-ekpuchi ihe omume isii mbụ dị ka ihe naeme ka ihe ngosi dị ka isi ihe mere noge mkpọsa ahụ. Ndị Japan zaghachiri site na ịtụ bọmbụ grenade, otu onye ọrụ ahụ merụrụ ahụ site na bọmbụ naagbawa n'azụ ya na onye ọzọ merụrụ ahụ naagbalị ịgbanahụ mgbawa ahụ.<ref name="smh20080307">{{Cite news|title=Japan denies Sea Shepherd claims|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=March 7, 2008|url=http://news.smh.com.au/japan-denies-sea-shepherd-claims/20080307-1xv6.html|accessdate=February 25, 2010}}</ref> A naegosi Watson ka ọ na-abanye n'ime jaket ya na ihe agha ahụ ya ma naekwu "A kụrụ m". Laa azụ n'ime àkwà mmiri nke ''Steve Irwin'', a hụrụ iberibe ígwè n'ime uwe elu ahụ.<ref name="BBC 2008-03-07">{{Cite news|title=Protester says whalers shot him|work=BBC News|date=March 7, 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7282760.stm|accessdate=June 5, 2009}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka nyocha Cetacean naagbagha nkwupụta Sea Shepherd. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri kwuru na ha jiri grenade asaa mee ihe iji mee ka onye a naachọ daa mbà ruo nwa oge site nime ka ha kpuru ìsì ma kpọọ nkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ.<ref name="smh20080307"/> Gọọmentị Japan kwukwara na ndị naegbu whale na-agbapụ "ụgbọ ụzụ", nke a kọwara dị ka "ihe mgbochi mgbawa naegbuke egbuke".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan denies shooting at Sea Shepherd ship|author=McLeod|first=Shane|work=ABC News|date=March 8, 2008|publisher=ABC: News: World|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-07/japan-denies-shooting-at-sea-shepherd-ship/1065896?section=world|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref> Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla nime akụkọ abụọ ahụ naemegiderịta onwe ha ka a kwadoro. Ngalaba naahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi nke Australia katọrọ "omume ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla naakpata mmerụ ahụ". E wepụtara mgbasa ozi abụọ n'otu ụbọchị site nọfịs ahụ. Otu kwuru na ndị Japan gwara ndị nnọchi anya Australia nọ na Tokyo na ndị naegbu whale "gburu égbè ịdọ aka ná ntị" ebe mbipụta emelitere jiri okwu ahụ bụ "'ịdọ aka ná aka ná ntị' - nke a makwaara dị ka 'flashbangs' - agbaala ya égbè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2008/fa-s048_08.html|title=Incident in the Southern Ocean – The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreignminister.gov.au|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2008/fa-s049_08.html|title=Incident in the Southern Ocean – Update – The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreignminister.gov.au|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> === Ebubo nke iyi ọha egwu === Gọọmentị Japan akpọwo Watson onye naeyi ọha egwu gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro mmegide ya megide ndị naegbu whale, ọ kwughachikwara ọnọdụ ya mgbe esemokwu gasịrị noge oge igbu whale nke 2009-10.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17"/> Na mgbakọ naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ nafọ 2002, e hotara Paul Watson ka ọ naekwu, "Ọ dịghị ihe dị njọ na ịbụ onye naeyi ọha egwu, ọ bụrụhaala na ị meriri. Mgbe ahụ ị naede akụkọ ihe mere eme".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Douglass F. Rohrman|year=2004|title=Environmental Terrorism|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=2|issue=6|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0332:ET]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Nafọ 2010, onye naakọwa Fox News bụ Glenn Beck kwurịtakwara nkọwa ahụ, na-akatọ echiche Watson.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surprised Massachusetts Race Is Close?|author=Glenn Beck|publisher=Fox News|date=January 18, 2010|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583319,00.html|accessdate=January 24, 2010}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri ihe Beck kwuru na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sea Shepherd site nikwu na o kwuru na nke ahụ mana ewepụrụ ya nihe gbara ya gburugburu, na-ehota Gerald Seymour's "Otu nwoke na-eyi ọha egwu bụ onye agha nnwere onwe ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100121-1.html|title=Glenn Beck – The Father of Freaky Fox Facts, Fables, Farces and Fantasies|first=Paul|author=Watson|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|date=January 21, 2010|accessdate=January 24, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328062422/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100121-1.html|archivedate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> === Nkwupụta naesote ala ọma jijiji na tsunami na 2011 Tohoku === A katọrọ Watson maka uri ya bipụtara ozugbo naesote ala ọma jijiji na tsunami nke Tōhoku nke afọ 2011 nke tụrụ aro na ọdachi ahụ bụ iwe Neptune. Watson zaghachiri ndị nkatọ site na nkọwa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sea Shepherd naekwupụta "nchegbu miri emi na ọmịiko maka ndị Japan naata ahụhụ site na otu nime ọdachi okike kachasị njọ nakụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepeanya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/posts/10150154562665932|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314212428/https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/posts/10150154562665932|archivedate=March 14, 2011|title=Tsunami|publisher=Facebook|date=March 12, 2011|accessdate=August 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/commentary-and-editorials/2011/03/14/tears-for-the-land-of-the-rising-sun-13|title=Tears for the Land of the Rising Sun|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=September 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051242/http://www.seashepherd.org/commentary-and-editorials/2011/03/14/tears-for-the-land-of-the-rising-sun-13|archivedate=December 15, 2012}}</ref> === Nkatọ nke New Zealand === N'afọ 2013, ụgbọ mmiri atọ nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] kwụsịrị na New Zealand, ndị ọchịchị New Zealand chọkwara ha iji hụ ma Watson nọ nụgbọ ahụ. Ọ bụghị, ebe ọ gafere nụgbọ mmiri ọzọ dị na mmiri mba ụwa, ka ọ maara na a chọrọ ka New Zealand gwa Interpol ma ọ bụrụ na ọ banye na mba ahụ. Watson katọrọ ọchụchọ ahụ, na-ebo New Zealand ebubo na ọ naakwado Japan nokwu nke igbu whale na Southern Ocean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/New-Zealand-siding-with-Japan---anti-whaling-activist/tabid/1160/articleID/282179/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ|title=NZ siding with Japan – anti-whaling activist|date=January 7, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref> === Nkewa site na Sea Shepherd === Na Septemba 3, 2022, Watson kwupụtara na ọ naahapụ Sea Shepherd ma guzobe otu nzukọ ọhụrụ, Captain Paul Watson Foundation na onye ọrụ ibe ya na enyi ya, Omar Todd. Watson kwuru "ihe mere m ji kpọọ ya nke ahụ bụ nihi na ọ naesiri onye ọ bụla ike ịbanye ma weghara otu nzukọ nke gụnyere aha m".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/environment/2022/10/15/the-last-pirate-paul-watson-splits-with-sea-shepherd|title=The last pirate: Paul Watson splits with Sea Shepherd|date=October 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzsprout.com/2048673?client_source=large_player&iframe=true&referrer=https://www.buzzsprout.com/2048673.js?container_id=buzzsprout-large-player&player=large#|title=Podcast Episode}}</ref> Na Disemba 2022 ntọala ahụ kwupụtara ụgbọ mmiri mbụ ha, 'John Paul Dejoria II'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.all-creatures.org/strategies/strategies-john-paul-dejoria.html|title=We Have a New Ship: The John Paul DeJoria|author=Watson|first=Paul|publisher=Captain Paul Watson Foundation|work=all-creatures.org|date=December 2022|accessdate=2023-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/eco-warrior-paul-watson-scourge-of-whalers-returns-to-the-seas/6848934.html|title=Eco-warrior Paul Watson, Scourge of Whalers, Returns to the Seas}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmeghachi omume == Watson ekwuola na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka 'onye naeme ngagharị iwe', kama ọ bụ onye na'etinye aka', ebe ọ naele ime ngagharị iwe anya dị ka onye na-edo onwe ya nokpuru.<ref name="DOWNED">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article6982236.ece|title=Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers|date=January 10, 2010|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=January 10, 2010|first=Peter|author=Millar}}</ref> Ọ naemekarị ka ọ naanọchite anya (ma ọ bụ naanọchi anya) mmanye iwu nke naachọghị ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ike itinye iwu ndị dị ugbu a n'ọrụ. A na-akpọ ụdị idu ndú ya dị mpako, yana ịkwanye onwe ya "ihu na etiti", nke a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka otu nime ihe kpatara ịchụpụ ya na Greenpeace. E jiri ikuku dị nụgbọ mmiri ya tụnyere "ọgba aghara nke Chineke naachị". Onye bụbu onye otu Sea Shepherd na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri MY Ady Gil [[Pete Bethune]] kọwara Watson dị ka "onye dara ogbenye" onye gaenye iwu ka a kpachara anya kpuo ụgbọ mmiri ya dị ka Ady Gil dị ka ụzọ isi "nweta ọmịiko nebe ọha na eze nọ ma mepụta TV ka mma". Watson gọnahụrụ nke a, naekwu, "Ọ dịghị onye nyere ya iwu ka ọ tụfuo ya. Pete Bethune bụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri Ady Gil; mkpebi niile gbasara ''Ady Gil'' bụ nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8101062/Activist-says-Sea-Shepherd-sank-its-own-ship|title=Activist says Sea Shepherd sank its own ship|work=9News|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520154538/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8101062/Activist-says-Sea-Shepherd-sank-its-own-ship|archivedate=May 20, 2012}}</ref> === Onyinye === Paul Watson natara onyinye Jules Verne na Ọktoba 10, 2012. Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ naesote Captain Jacques Cousteau ka a naasọpụrụ ya na Jules Verne Award raara nye ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị njem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2012/10/16/captain-paul-watson-receives-jules-verne-award-1455|title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society :: Captain Paul Watson Receives Jules Verne Award|publisher=Seashepherd.org|date=October 16, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110320/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2012/10/16/captain-paul-watson-receives-jules-verne-award-1455|archivedate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Na June 28, 2010, Paul natara Asociación de Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau: Defense of Marine Life Award, iji kwado uru ya nwetara site na ọrụ ọ rụrụ na nchekwa nke ndụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=La Nueva España|url=http://www.lne.es/aviles/2012/05/17/amigos-museo-anclas-pide-liberacion-premiados/1243002.html|title="Amigos del Museo de Anclas" pide la liberación de uno de sus premiados – La Nueva España – Diario Independiente de Asturias|publisher=Lne.es|date=May 17, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nafọ 2002, a kpọbatara Paul na US Animal Rights Hall of Fame maka onyinye ya pụtara ìhè maka nnwere onwe anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|title=U.S. Animal Rights Hall of Fame|publisher=Animal Rights Conference|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206180318/http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|archivedate=February 6, 2016}}.</ref> Paul natara George H. W. Bush Daily Points of Light Award na 1999 na 2000, a kpọrọ ya otu nime Time Magazine's Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pointsoflight.org/programs/recognition/dpol/awards/1404|title=Paul Watson|publisher=Points of Light|date=June 22, 1999|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Na Mee 23, 2019, Paul Watson natara otuto site naka Gọvanọ Connecticut Ned Lamont na-ekwu na "State of Connecticut nyere ma nsọpụrụ na nkwanye ùgwù nye Captain Paul Watson".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seashepherd.org/2019/05/24/victory-for-sharks-in-connecticut./|title=Victory for Sharks in Connecticut|date=May 24, 2019|accessdate=August 19, 2023|archivedate=August 5, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805081050/https://seashepherd.org/2019/05/24/victory-for-sharks-in-connecticut./}}</ref> Nafọ 2007, Watson natara Amazon Peace Prize nke osote onye isi ala nke [[Ecuador]] Lenin Moreno nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/news/archive/captain-watson-receives-the-amazon-peace-prize.html/|title=Captain Watson Receives the Amazon Peace Prize|date=July 12, 2007|accessdate=August 19, 2023|archivedate=April 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415002825/https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/news/archive/captain-watson-receives-the-amazon-peace-prize.html/}}</ref> === Nkọwa mgbasa ozi === Ron Colby mepụtara ihe ndekọ akụkọ ndụ banyere mmalite ndụ Paul Watson nke akpọrọ Pirate for the Sea na 2008.<ref>{{IMDb title|1308738|Pirate for the Sea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artistsconfederacy.com/pirateforthesea/|title=Pirate for the Sea|work=www.artistsconfederacy.com|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archivedate=October 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029164047/http://www.artistsconfederacy.com/pirateforthesea/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=28869&FID=123|title=Seattle International Film Festival listing|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030033447/http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=28869&FID=123|archivedate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> Ihe ngosi 2008 At the Edge of the World kọrọ banyere mbọ Watson na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 45 naagba iji gbochie ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale na mmiri ndị gbara Antarctica gburugburu. Nafọ 2010, enyi ogologo oge na onye naeme ihe nkiri Peter Brown wepụtara ihe ngosi Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist, anya mkparị na afọ 30 gara aga.<ref>{{IMDb title|1720073|Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist}}</ref> Ihe ngosi Eco-Pirate: Akụkọ Paul Watson site na 2011 gosipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe nkiri na ndị otu Greenpeace Rex Weyler na Patrick Moore.<ref>{{IMDb title|1794779|Eco-Pirate: The Story of Paul Watson}}</ref> Watson, Whale Wars, na ụlọ ọrụ naegbu whale na Japan ka e mere ka ha bụrụ ihe mkparị na South Park "Whale Whores". Nihe ngosi Larry King ya, a kpọrọ Watson nonwe ya "Onye akwụna mgbasa ozi naenweghị ike nke chere na ọ naagha ụgha nye onye ọ bụla dị mma ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ naọrụ ya" na "Onye ụgha naagba afa, onye naarịa ọrịa ọgwụ ọjọọ naenweghị ntụkwasị obi".<ref name="CMSwhale">{{Cite news|url=http://features.csmonitor.com/globalnews/2009/10/29/south-park-puts-spotlight-on-paul-watson-and-his-whale-wars|title=South Park puts spotlight on Paul Watson and his "Whale Wars"|author=Murphy|first=Dan|date=October 29, 2009|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=November 3, 2009|quote=On Wednesday night, the satirists from the cartoon show South Park took aim at the group (and Japanese whalers and, typically, everyone else) in an episode that they named, in their inevitably "classy" fashion, "Whale Whores."}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri na ihe omume South Park site nikwu; "Nghọta m bụ na Praịm Minista Japan enweghị obi ụtọ na ndị naegbu whale na ndị naegbu dolphin naewe iwe nụzọ e si gosipụta ha, "Watson kwuru. "Nke ahụ bụ egwu nye ntị m. Ọ bụrụ na ndị naegbu whale naenweghị ọchị na ndị na'ụlọ akụ nke ndị na igbu dolphin enweghị mmasị na ihe ngosi ahụ, mgbe ahụ, nke ahụ bụ ihe niile m chọrọ iji kụọ ya aka.<ref name="SOUTHPARK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2009/11/04/fears-jeers-cheers-and-loathing-for-sea-shepherd-in-south-park-288|title=Fears, jeers, cheers and loathing for Sea Shepherd in South Park. An editorial by Captain Paul Watson|date=November 3, 2009|work=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website|first=Paul|author=Watson|accessdate=November 4, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209163909/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2009/11/04/fears-jeers-cheers-and-loathing-for-sea-shepherd-in-south-park-288|archivedate=February 9, 2013}}</ref> E gosipụtara Watson (ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|ndị]] dị ndụ whale, Nan Hauser), noge ihe omume ''60 Minutes'' nke gosipụtara na 2013, dị ka onye naenye aka nịlaghachi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ whale [[Megaptera novaeangliae|Humpback]] na South Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scott Pelley|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/return-of-the-humpbacks/|title=Return of the humpbacks|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=May 8, 2016}}</ref> Ihe nkiri 2019 bụ Watson, nke Lesley Chilcott duziri, gosipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Watson''. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtakwara na Animal Planet na Disemba 22, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/watson-1205450|title='Watson': Film Review|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lavanyasunkara/2019/12/22/sea-shepherds-paul-watson-on-conservation-and-how-travelers-can-give-back/#3b47abad79d4|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson on Conservation and How Travelers Can Give Back|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> == Ndepụta nke ọrụ == * Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals (1981) ( ) * ''Ike Ụwa! Akwụkwọ Nduzi nke Onye Agha Ụwa Maka Atụmatụ'' (1993) ( ) * Ocean Warrior: Agha m iji kwụsị igbu ọchụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'oké osimiri (1994) ( ) * ''Agha'' akara: Afọ iri abụọ na ise n'ihu na akara ụbọ akwara (2002) ( ) * Onye nyere aka na ''ndị naeyi ọha egwu ma ọ bụ ndị naalụ ọgụ'' nnwere onwe?: Reflections on the Liberations of Animals (2004) ( ) * ''Ike Ụwa! Akwụkwọ nduzi nke onye agha ụwa maka atụmatụ nke abụọ'' (2012) * ''Agha nke Zọpụtara Whales'' (2019) * ''Abụ'' sitere na Southern Ocean (2020) * The Haunted Mariner (2020) * Imeso Mgbanwe ihu igwe na nrụgide (2020) * ''Orcapedia'' (2020) * Akụkọ ifo: Theology, Ecology and the General Insanity of Humanity (2020) * ''Ọnwụ'' nke Whale (2021) * ''Ọ dị Uche! Zọpụta Oké Osimiri Anyị Ka Anyị Zọpụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe'' (2021) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-echekwa ihe * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eri nri == Ihe odide == {{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|title=Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts|access-date=July 15, 2009|date=April 17, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420214019/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|archive-date=April 20, 2009}} {{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10619393|title=Hardline warrior in war to save the whale|date=January 11, 2010|agency=[[The Observer]]|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=November 2, 2011}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qcc1l1vllp8au21fei5ji0wpkp1q2zo 0 29762 700768 540731 2026-08-12T12:15:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700768 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Disaster_Risk_Reduction_(10692926193).jpg|thumb|Obodo nta agbanweela atụmatụ ụlọ iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ na mmiri na-arị elu na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-eji ebu ndị mmadụ na nri iji kwado ihe oriri. Ụdị mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi a bụ ihe dị mkpa mgbanwe ihu igwe]] Mbelata ihe ize ndụ (DRR) mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ njikwa ihe ize ndụ nke ngwaọrụ (DRM) bụ usoro a haziri hazi iji ngwaọrụ, egbochi ma ọta ihe ize ozi nke ngwaọrụ. nsogbu ya bụ ibelata ndị na ibe ya maka ngwaọrụ yana mgbochi ebe obibi na ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na-akpata ha. Nkọwa a na-ekwukarị maka mbelata ihe ize ndụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ UN dị ka United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na-eji: "DRR na-ezube ibu ma ọlị ihe izen. mgba dị ugbu a na ijikwa ihe ize ndụ ndụ, nke niile na-enye aka n'ịkwalite ike ma ya mere na ike na-adịgide adịgide". Medicaịka ike mmekọahụ etiti awụ 1970 yana ike nke ihe ize ndụ egwuregwu. Mbelata ihe ize ndụ bụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egosi. Ọ ga-abụ nke mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ si arụ ọrụ ha, ọ bụghị mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ otu ihe. [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Mbelata ize ndụ dị oke egwu: ekiri ya sara mbara ma dị okpuru okpuru-eka njikwa. Enwere ike ijikwa ihe ize ndụ n'ụdị ngalaba na ọrụ ọrụ. Na mba ụwa, ihe dị mkpa bụ Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. mgbaàmà ya bụ inyere aka iguzobe mba na nke mpaghara maka DRR; ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, mba 125 nwera mba. egwu Mba Nile maka Mbelata Ihe Iche Ọdachi, n'ụbọchị iri na atọ nke nwanyị Ọktoba, edemedela aka mee ka a hụ DRR n'anya ma kwalite omenala. Ụfọdụ n'ime isi okwu na ihe ịma aka mkpa obodo na mpaghara dị na njikwa ihe ize ndụ, iche nke ihe ize ndụ nke ngwaọrụ na otu nke a si amịpụtara, na nkeji.   == Nkọwa == Ọfịs United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) na-mbelata mbelata ihe ize ndụ (DRR) dị ka omume "ezube ịbelata ihe izen nke dị ugbu a na ijikwa ihe ize ndụ , nke niile na-enye aka n' ike na ya mere na ike na-adịgide".  == Mmepe nke echiche ahụ == [[Usòrò:Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png|thumb|Ọganihu nke mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi maka mba ụfọdụ]] === Site na njikwa ọdachi === [[Usòrò:Disaster_Risk_Reduction,_Lebanon_(10692796606).jpg|thumb|Mmanụ ala bụkwa ihe ize ndụ nke na-akpata ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụ ogbunigwe na Lebanọn gawara iwepụ ogbunokwu.]] Echiche na omume mmemme omume awụ 1970 sere ile ese anya na ike ihe mere eji eme. O le ndị iro anya n'ibu nwere ike ihe ize ndụ tupu tupu emee. Nke a emeela ka a kwusikwuo ike na ilọta na mmekọrịta na mgbakwunye na nzaghachi na usoro mgbake nke ngwaọrụ. nha, ndị na-eme ememme na òtù ọha na eze anabatala ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. DRR bụ echiche na-emetụta ihe niile nke na o siri ike nchọpụta ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ọ bụ ebe na echiche sara mbara doro anya. A na-afọ ya n'ozuzu ya ka ọmụmụ sara mbara na agụ ndị iwu, a na-enwe omume iji gbata ike na ihe ize ndụ n'obodo niile. A na-ahụpụta na ngosi iwu ya na onyinye iji ohere ihe ize ndụ egwuregwu: 16 A na-ihe okwu 'nchịkwa ihe ize ndụ' (DRM) eme ihe n'otu ihe ahụ ma na-eche otu ihe ahụ. Nke ahụ bụ usoro a haziri hazi iji ụgbọ mmiri, echere ma ọta ihe ize ndụ nke ụdị ọdịnaya, ihe ize ndụ ihe na ọrụ mmadụ. A na-etinye DRM n'ahụ nke ọma na ọrụ nke DRR: mme ihe nke DRR. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, mbelata ihe ize ndụ dị iche bụ iwu nke njikwa ihe ize ndụ. === Ịnagide === Na mbelata ihe ize ndụ ndụ, echiche nke ntachi obi na-agụ otu isiokwu nke ozi na nzaghachi. Resilience na-ezo aka n'ikike nke obodo ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ iji usoro na ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ihu mmetụta na ihe eserese anya. Resilience nwere njikọ chiri anya na echiche nke sị ike, ọ bụ ebe na resilience na--acho ihe dị elu, , Mma nke iwulite usoro mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe vulnerability bụ ngwá ọrụ maka ihe ihe nke usoro ndị ahụ. Okwu resilience sitere na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka nkọwa nke nzaghachi usoro maka mgbanwe, nke sitere na Latin resilire, "ịgba [azụ]".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alexander|first=D.E.|date=2013|title=Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=13|issue=11|pages=2707–2716|doi=10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013}}</ref> C.S. Holling ji ya mee ihe na mbụ n'echiche dị ugbu a na 1973, dị ka ihe atụ nke ikike mmekọrịta dị n'ime usoro okike iji nọgide, ya bụ, maka ihe ndị dị n'etiti usoro ahụ ka ha ghara ịpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holling|first=C.S.|date=1973|title=Resilience and stability of ecological systems|url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/26/1/RP-73-003.pdf|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=4|pages=1–23|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245}}</ref> Resilience n'echiche nke gburugburu ebe obibi abụghị nguzozi: ọ dị iche na nkwụsi ike, ikike nke usoro iguzogide mgbanwe. Ya mere, usoro nke na-eguzogide, nwere ike ịgbanwe n'efughị usoro na ọrụ ya. N'ihe banyere [[Ȯgbà|usoro mmadụ]], ọrụ ahụ bụ ndụ na ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ndụ. N'ime mpaghara nke mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi, otu nkọwa a nabatara n'ọtụtụ ebe nke ike na-abịa site na UNISDR: "Ikike nke usoro, obodo ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ na-ahụ ihe ize ndụ iji guzogide, na-amị, na-anabata ma na-agbake site na mmetụta nke ihe ize ndụ n'oge na ụzọ dị irè, gụnyere site na nchekwa na iweghachi ihe owuwu na ọrụ ya dị mkpa".<ref>United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2009). ''2009 UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction.'' United Nations.</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ mkpa ọ dị na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ọdachi site na etiti nke okwu ahụ na 2005-2015 Hyogo Framework for Action, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters". Ya mere, a na-aghọta ugbu a na-ewu ume dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ibelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi.<ref>UNISDR. (2012) ''Towards a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.'' United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.</ref> === Mgbanwe ihu igwe === Mgbanwe ihu igwe, site na ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ, ịgbanwe usoro mmiri ozuzo, na ịrị elu elu nke oke osimiri, na-emetụta ọdịdị nke ihe ize ndụ mmiri nke nwere ike ibute ọdachi. Ihe atụ nke ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, [[idei mmiri]], na oké ifufe. Nnyocha banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe afọ ndị 1990: 167 {{excerpt|Climate change adaptation#Disaster risks, response and preparedness}} === Ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide === Mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-anwa ịchọta nguzozi n'etiti mmepe akụ na ụba, [[nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi]], na ọdịmma ọha na eze. Akụkọ Brundtland na 1987 kọwara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide dị ka "mmepe nke na-egbo mkpa nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a n'emeghị ka ikike nke [[Future generations|ọgbọ ndị]] na-abịa n'ọdịnihu gboo mkpa nke ha".<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|author=United Nations General Assembly|date=20 March 1987|title=''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future''; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1|url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm|accessdate=1 March 2010|publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> Mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi na njikwa nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke atụmatụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro dị n'okpuru na-ezo aka na ikike nke njikwa ihe ize ndụ ọdachi iji gbanwee usoro mmepe dị ugbu a dị ka mgbanwe, nke "na-agụnye mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa na njirimara nke usoro, gụnyere usoro uru; usoro nchịkwa, iwu, ma ọ bụ bureaucratic; ụlọ ọrụ ego; na usoro teknụzụ ma ọ bụ biophysical".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toward a Sustainable and Resilient Future.|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX-Chap8_FINAL.pdf|accessdate=Nov 27, 2020|archivedate=December 19, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219015536/https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX-Chap8_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> Mgbanwe na-eme ka ọha mmadụ na-amụta. Mmụta a gụnyere iwu mmekọrịta, nke na-enyere aka ịbawanye ikike mpaghara ma nye aka na mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Nke a n'aka nke ya na-enye ohere ka ọha mmadụ na-aga n'ihu site na adịghị ike, mgbanwe na mmepe gaa na ntachi obi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gall|first=M., S.L. Cutter and K. Nguyen|date=2014|title=Transformative Development and Disaster Risk Management|url=http://www.irdrinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AIRDR-Project-Report-No.-4.pdf|accessdate=Nov 27, 2020|archivedate=December 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206004742/http://www.irdrinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AIRDR-Project-Report-No.-4.pdf}}</ref> DRR bụ ebe ọrụ dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ n'ime UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Karịsịa ọ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ e si emezu ebumnuche maka SDG11. Nke a bụ Target 11.b: "Nchịkwa mmejuputa maka itinye aka, arụmọrụ nke ihe onwunwe na mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi". == Iwu mba ụwa == [[Usòrò:Chennai_damage_5.jpg|thumb|Mmebi nke Chennai mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke 2004 Indian Ocean]] A na-arịwanye elu arịrịọ maka nghọta doro anya banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara DRR na ihe ngosi nke ọganihu na-aga n'ihu - ihe ịma aka nke ndị mba ụwa weere na Nzukọ Mba Nile nke UN na Nchịkọta Ọdachi (WCDR) na Kobe, [[Japan]], na 2005, naanị ụbọchị mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke 2004 gasịrị. WCDR malitere usoro nke ịkwanye ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na gọọmentị mba karịa okwu na-edoghị anya nke ọtụtụ nkwupụta iwu na ịtọpụta ebumnuche doro anya na nkwa maka DRR. === Hyogo Framework maka Omume === Nzọụkwụ mbụ na usoro a bụ nkwado iwu na WCDR nke Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) (HFA). Nke a bụ usoro mbụ a nabatara n'ụwa niile maka DRR. O setịpụrụ usoro ebumnuche a haziri ahazi (nsonaazụ - ebumnuche atụmatụ - ihe ndị ka mkpa), yana ihe ise maka ime ihe na-anwa 'ijide' ebe ndị isi nke DRR. Global Platform nke UN maka mbelata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi nyere ohere maka UN na mba ndị so na ya iji nyochaa ọganihu megide Hyogo Framework. O nwere nnọkọ mbụ ya 5-7 June 2007 na Geneva, [[Switzerland]], ebe UNISDR dị. E mere Global Platforms ndị sochirinụ na June 2009, May 2011 na May 2013, niile na Geneva. === Usoro Sendai maka Mbelata Ihe Iche Ọdachi === {{Excerpt|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction|paragraphs=1,2|file=0}} === Ihe omume mba ụwa ndị ọzọ === Omume UN ngosi aka imeziwanye ma kwalite echiche ahụ na mba ụwa, nke a ịhụnanya na mbụ site na nhọpụta UN nke afọ 1990 dị ka "Afọ Iri Mba Nile maka Mbelata Ọdachi Okike". N'afọ 1999, mba ndị otu UN akwụkwọ International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction, nke ọma site na omenala na nzaghachi na mbenata, site n'ịchọta "omenala ozi". N'ime usoro ọzọ iji kwalite ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mbelata ihe ize ndụ ndị, ​​Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Ụtọ ụbọchị, ụwa nke a mara ugbu a dị ka mgbaàmà Mba Nile maka Mbelata Ihe ize ndụ na October 13 ọ nkọwa. egwu a bụ ụbọchị mba ụwa nke na-agba nwa amaala ọ il na mgbanaka ume isonye n'iwu obodo na mba ndị ọzọ na-anagide iche. Njikọ ahụ bụ nke nke UN nke International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. N'afọ 2009, fasaxa Ezumezu nke UN nha aha ahụ ka ọ ghara Mba Nile maka Mbelata Ọdachi. Ihe ize ndụ ọdachi bụ ihe na-egosi mmepe na-adịghị mma, yabụ ibelata ihe ize ndụ ọghọm chọrọ ijikọta omume DRR n'ime 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Ndị na-eme mkpebi kwesịrị ijikwa ihe ize ndụ, ọ bụghị naanị ọdachi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disaster risk reduction & disaster risk management {{!}} PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/disaster-risk/concepts/drr-drm/|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref> == Ọganihu na DRR == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ọnụ ọgụgụ mba nwere atụmatụ mba maka DRR bụ 125. Nke a bụ nnukwu mmelite kemgbe a nabatara Sendai Framework (site na 55 na 2015).<ref>UNDRR (2023). [https://sendaiframework-mtr.undrr.org/publication/report-midterm-review-implementation-sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030]. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.</ref>  == Ọnụ ego na ego == ego akụ na nkwado nke ngwaọrụ na-arị elu, mana a na-etinye ọtụtụ ego maka iji ọgụ a na nzaghachi maka ngwaọrụ, kama ijikwa ihe ize ndụ ha n'ekiri. naanị 4% nke ihie $ 10 na ndị isi nhọrọ kwa apụ na-etinye aka na ntinye (isi iyi), ma dollar ọ mgba a na-emefu na mbelata ihe ize ndụ na-echekwa n'etiti $ 5 na $ 10 na mfu akụ na isiokwu site na ngwaọrụ. ikpe nke Niger mmetụta dị mma na uru maka fu ego na-agafe ọnọdụ 3 dị iche iche (site na ọkwa zuru oke nke ngwaọrụ, ruo na mbenata nwere ike ịla n'iyi na-agụtụ), na-eme akwụkwọ na $ 1 ọ mgbasa a na-emefu na-ewu na $ 3.25 ruo $ 5.31 nke uru. E nweela mmụba na mmefu akụ na ụba site na ọdachi metụtara ihu igwe na ihu igwe, nke nyere aka na ijeri $ 165 nke mmefu akụna ụba n'ụwa niile na 2018 dịka atụmatụ sitere na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị Swiss Re.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2018: "secondary" perils on the frontline|url=https://www.swissre.com/dam/jcr:c37eb0e4-c0b9-4a9f-9954-3d0bb4339bfd/sigma2_2019_en.pdf|work=SwissRe Institute SIGMA}}</ref> == Nsogbu na ihe ịma aka == === Obodo na òtù ha === esemokwu / echiche obodo na-eme echiche na-eduhie eduhie obodo. Nke mbụ, ọ na-ahụ ụdị ndị ọzọ nkọwa nke ọha na eze (ndị ọrụ afụ na ndị obodo, òtù ọha na eze na-akpa) dị ka ndị na-eche isi na ime ihe ike. A na-ele omume site na obodo ma ọ bụ otu ndị isi (ikike, na ịzọpụta) anya dị ka ihe na- ike uru ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpaghasị, n'ihi na ndị njikwa njikwa ha. Echiche nke abụọ bụ na-ahụ na-ahụ 'ndị isi ahụ' na-akpata isi bụ ndị nsogbu ma ọ bụ omume na-arụ ọrụ (ụjọ, ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, ọrụ onwe onye). Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka a gwa ha ihe ha ga-eme na a ga-achịkwa omume ha - n' tọrọ ndị siri ike, site na ịkwọ ndị agha. E nwere ike ndị mmadụ na ibe ya iji gbaghaa 'ụrọ ifo' dị otú ahụ. Echiche ọzọ, nke ọtụtụ mkpa [dị mkpa] mere, na-emesi ike mkpa obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara dị na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ngwaọrụ. Eziokwu maka njikwa ihe ize ndụ nke obodo na ọ na-azaghachi na nsogbu na mkpa mpaghara, na-adabere na ihe na nka mpaghara, dị ọnụ ala, na-eme ka nchekwa nke nkwado dị mma site na ezigbo 'onye nwe' nke ọrụ, na-ewusi ike ikike iwu na nhazi obodo, ma na-enye ndị mmadụ ike site n'inyere ha aka akara ihe aka ndị a na ndị ọzọ. Ndị obodo na òtù bụ ndị isi na-eme ihe na ibelata ihe ize ndụ na nzaghachi n'ịlụ ọ elala. N'ihi ya, a hụla na onyeisi isi obodo ọha na eze dị na obodo nwere ike inye aka nke ukwuu beta ihe ize ndụ na mpaghara obodo. === Ọchịchị === N'ọtụtụ mba, njikwa ihe ize ndụ na-agbasa na gọọmentị ime obodo. N'ime obodo ukwu, ngwá ọrụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ atụmatụ mmepe mpaghara (obodo, atụmatụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ atụmatụ n'ozuzu ya), na-esote atụmatụ mberede na mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke gọọmentị ime obodo chọrọ ka ha nabata site na iwu ma na-emelite kwa afọ 4-5. Obodo ukwu na-ahọrọ atụmatụ kwụ otu ebe, a na-akpọ, dabere na ihe gbara ya gburugburu, na-adịgide adịgide, na-ebelata, ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ahịhịa ndụ. N'ime ime obodo, itinye ụkpụrụ mbelata ihe ize ndụ n'ime atụmatụ mmepe obodo (obodo ma ọ bụ distrikti) na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tiepolo|first=Maurizio|title=Relevance and Quality of Climate Planning for Large and Medium-Sized Cities of the Tropics|series=Green Energy and Technology|date=2017|publisher=Springer|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-319-59096-7|pages=199–226|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59096-7_10}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọkachasị South of the Sahara, usoro a na-emegide enweghị ego ma ọ bụ usoro maka ịnyefe ihe onwunwe site na etiti gaa na mmefu ego mpaghara. Ọtụtụ mgbe atụmatụ anaghị ejikọta ihe ọmụma mpaghara, sayensị na teknụzụ. N'ikpeazụ, ha na-enye ndị bi n'otu n'otu mmejuputa iwu n'enweghị itinye ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu na usoro mkpebi. Ezigbo nnọchiteanya nke obodo na ntinye aka nwoke na nwanyị na usoro mkpebi ka bụ ebumnuche nke atụmatụ mmepe mpaghara kama ịbụ ụzọ isi wuo ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tiepolo|first=Maurizio and Braccio, Sarah|title=Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Local Development Plans for Rural Tropical Africa: A Systematic Assessment|journal=Sustainability|date=2020|volume=12|issue=2196|doi=10.3390/su12062196}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Amazing-natural-disasters.jpg|thumb|Ụdị ọdachi dị iche iche]] === Mmekọahụ === Ihe ize ndụ ọdachi abụghị nke na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nnyocha egosiwo na ọdachi na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Mgbe tsunami nke afọ 2004 gasịrị n'Oké Osimiri [[Ndia|India]], 77% na 72% nke ndị nwụrụ na mpaghara North Aceh na Aceh Besar, Indonesia, bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Na India 62% nke ndị nwụrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>Neumayer, E and Plümper, T. (2007) 'The gendered nature of natural disastersL the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in making disaster risk reduction gender-sensitive: policy and practical guidelines life expectancy 1981–2002', Annals of the Association of American Geographers97(3): 551–566.</ref> Nke a bụ n'ihi ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ọha na eze na-ekpebi ụkpụrụ na omume ndị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke, na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke. Karịsịa, ụmụ nwanyị na-eburu ibu ọrụ maka ọrụ ndị dị n'ụlọ ma nwee ike ịghara ịhapụ akụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ; ha anaghị amụta nkà ndụ nke nwere ike inyere aka na ọdachi, dị ka ịmụta igwu mmiri ma ọ bụ ịrịgo. Ụzọ na-emetụta nwoke na nwanyị ga-achọpụta otú ọdachi si emetụta ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche ma kpụzie iwu nke na-edozi nsogbu, nchegbu na mkpa ndị mmadụ.<ref>Dr Virginie Le Masson and Lara Langston, Overseas Development Institute, March 2014, How Should the new international disaster risk framework address gender equality? http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CDKN_Gender_DRR_PolicyBrief_Final_WEB.pdf</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya == === Bangladesh === Dabere na Climate Risk Index, Bangladesh bụ otu n'ime mba ndị nwere ọdachi n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eckstein|first=David, V. Künzel, L. Schäfer and M. Winges|date=2019|title=GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2020 Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2018 and 1999 to 2018|url=https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/20-2-01e%20Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202020_10.pdf|accessdate=Nov 27, 2020|archivedate=February 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130014/https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/20-2-01e%20Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202020_10.pdf}}</ref> Bangladesh nwere nnukwu nsogbu maka ụdị ọdachi dị iche iche n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, ihe ndị siri ike, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mmadụ, oke ịda ogbenye na enweghị ikpe ziri ezi, ikike ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma, ego ezughi oke, na akụrụngwa na-adịghị ike. Bangladesh malitere nkwadebe ọdachi ya mgbe oké ifufe nke 1991 gasịrị ma ugbu a nwee atụmatụ zuru oke nke mba maka nchịkwa ọdachi nke na-enye usoro na mba na mpaghara mba.<ref>Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065800/https://modmr.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/modmr.portal.gov.bd/policies/0a654dce_9456_46ad_b5c4_15ddfd8c4c0d/NPDM(2016-2020)%20-Final.pdf National Plan for Disaster Management (2016-2020)] Building Resilience for Sustainable Human Development</ref> === Njikọ Europe ===   Na mgbakwunye na inye ego maka enyemaka mmadụ, European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG-ECHO) na-ahụ maka EU Civil Protection Mechanism iji hazie nzaghachi maka ọdachi na Europe na karịa ma na-enye aka na ọ dịkarịa ala 75% nke njem na / ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ nke itinye aka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU Civil Protection Mechanism|url=https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/mechanism_en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310211751/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/mechanism_en|archivedate=2015-03-10|accessdate=2021-07-28|publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke e guzobere na 2001, usoro ahụ na-akwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa obodo na Europe. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mba iri atọ na anọ bụ ndị otu Mechanism; mba iri abụọ na asaa niile so na EU na mgbakwunye na [[Iceland]], [[Norway]], [[Serbia]], North Macedonia, Montenegro, [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. E guzobere usoro ahụ iji mee ka enyemaka jikọọ aka site na steeti ndị sonyere na ya nye ndị ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike na ndị mmadụ kpatara na Europe na ebe ndị ọzọ. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e7sawng5giuztv9mjvgtxvgqaphmrfg 0 32308 700823 142702 2026-08-12T19:04:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) bụ ọrụ enyemaka nke World Bank nke e mere iji dozie nsogbu mbuze nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjiria na [[mmebi ala]] na Northern Nigeria na ọtụtụ akụkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project {{!}} eConservation|url=https://econservation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/project/1000081|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=econservation.jrc.ec.europa.eu|archivedate=2022-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731092149/https://econservation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/project/1000081}}</ref>A mụrụ ọrụ a site na arịrịọ maka enyemaka nke [[Goodluck Jonathan|Onye isi ala Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] nyere World Bank na 2010. Ọ rịọrọ maka enyemaka n'ịkwado oke mbuze na Southern Nigeria, mmebi ala na Northern Nigeria na enweghị nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://newmap.gov.ng/about-us/|title=About Us – NEWMAP|work=newmap.gov.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-08|archivedate=2020-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408084805/http://newmap.gov.ng/about-us/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environment.gov.ng/index.php/newmap|title=Federal Ministry of Environment - NEWMAP|work=environment.gov.ng|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-03-08|archivedate=2021-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114842/https://environment.gov.ng/index.php/newmap}}</ref>[[Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment|Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.]] na-enyocha ọrụ ahụ. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọrụ ahụ gụnyere mbuze na itinye ego na njikwa mmiri, mbuze na ụlọ ọrụ Nchịkwa mmiri na ọrụ ozi na nzaghachi [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plateau NEWMAP {{!}} Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project|url=http://newmapplateau.org/aboutus.html|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=newmapplateau.org|archivedate=2022-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902114006/http://newmapplateau.org/aboutus.html}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ndị otu ahụ kwadoro ọrụ ahụ na Mee 8, 2012, wee malite ọrụ na Septemba 16, 2013, site na nhọpụta Amos Abu, Ruth Jane Kennedy-Walker, Grant Milne dị ka ndị isi otu, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmejuputa na ngụkọta ọrụ nke US $ 650 nde na ego World Bank nyere nke US $ 500 nde. ọ bụ ọrụ afọ asatọ, a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-agwụ na June 30, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projects.worldbank.org/P124905/nigeria-erosion-watershed-management-project?lang=en|title=Projects : Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project {{!}} The World Bank|work=projects.worldbank.org|accessdate=2018-03-08}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ malitere ịrụ ọrụ zuru oke na 2013 na steeti asaa na-ahụ maka ya bụ; [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]], [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]], Cross River, [[Ebonyi, Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]], [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]], [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]] na [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] State nke tara ahụhụ site na ndagwurugwu na akụrụngwa na ndụ. N'afọ 2015, ọrụ ahụ gbasaa iji gboo mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti iri na abụọ ọzọ ya bụ; [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]], [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo]], [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], Plateau, [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]], [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Nasarawa|Nasarrawa]], [[Katsina]] na [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]] steeti.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọrụ ahụ rụzuru kemgbe e bidoro ya na 2010 gụnyere;<ref>{{Cite web|title=NEWMAP – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/newmap/|accessdate=2022-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Erosion and Watershed Management Project : resettlement plan (Vol. 8) : Resettlement action plan for Eziala-Obizi gully erosion site Ezinihitte Mbaise, Imo state|url=https://documentos.bancomundial.org/es/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/442311468323061308/Resettlement-action-plan-for-Eziala-Obizi-gully-erosion-site-Ezinihitte-Mbaise-Imo-state|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> * Inye onyinye nye ndị mmadụ na-emetụta erosion na mmebi ala na steeti ndị dị n'okpuru ikike ya iji malite ọrụ ndị ọzọ ma kwado ha ịkwaga n'ebe ọhụrụ. * Ọrụ ahụ emeela ka etinye ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdụ mmiri, ngwá ọrụ ịdọ aka ná ntị maka idei mmiri n'oge gafee ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri. * Okike nke ego ihu igwe pụrụ iche nke a na-elekwasị anya n'ịchịkwa mbuze, idei mmiri na ihe ize ndụ ala yana nsogbu mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike iduga na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. * Okike nke ndagwurugwu na steeti dị iche iche n'ógbè ahụ nwere nnukwu erosion na nsogbu idei mmiri na Naịjirịa. * Mmepe nke Nigeria Innovative Green bonds nke na-achọ ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ ndị metụtara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ihu igwe na Naijiria. * Inye nkwado maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ihu igwe na Naịjirịa. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210608120241/http://newmap.gov.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] cfpybapopdlxbj6cgbxu4352ignuqkw 0 32340 700844 632419 2026-08-13T03:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700844 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Oké ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta''' bụ mpaghara ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. O nwere oké ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha na Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger. Oké ọhịa a bụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na-esote oké ọhịa Congo. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0122|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021|archivedate=June 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205644/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}</ref>Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu obodo ndị dị na mpụga mpaghara ahụ, mpaghara ahụ anọwo na-anọpụ iche n'ihi ihe isi ike nke iwu okporo ụzọ gafee marshes, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-agbanwe site na mmepe nke mmanụ na ụlọ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi. Nnyocha sayensị amalitela n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-achọpụtakwa ụdị ọhụrụ n'ime afọ ndị 1990. <ref name="eoe" />Nnyocha mmanụ na mmetọ abụwo ihe iyi egwu nye ọhịa na mpaghara Niger Delta.  <ref>Amarachi Paschaline Onyena, Kabari Sam (2020).  A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria * Global Ecology and Conservation Volume 22, June 2020, e00961</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe na nkọwa == Ógbè ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta na-ekpuchi ókèala triangular n'ọnụ Osimiri Niger. A na-eweghachi nsọtụ ndịda ihe dị ka kilomita 10 site na Gulf of Guinea, nke mpaghara mangroves nke Central Africa na-egbochi ebe mmetụta nke mmiri nnu pụtara ìhè. &nbsp;E guzobere ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Benin, ọnụ ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Aboh, na ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aga n'akụkụ [[Imo River|Osimiri Imo]]. Obodo [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]] dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ecoregion. Mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea. Ọ bụ delta kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na delta nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n"ụwa nakwa marshland kachasị ukwuu na West na Central Africa. <ref>Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., & Omoniyi, I. T. (2009). Management challenges of mangrove forests in Africa: A critical appraisal of the coastal mangrove ecosystem of Nigeria. Nature and Faune, 24, 50–55.</ref>Mpaghara ahụ sitere na Aboh (5°33′49′′ N na 6°31′38′′ E) Ndokwa East, Delta State na North ruo Palm Point (4°16′22′′ N na6°05′27′′ E) Bayelsa State na ndịda. Mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ dị n'etiti Benin ma ọ bụ ọnụ mmiri Osimiri Etiopia (5°44′11′′ N na 5°3′49′′ E) Delta State na ọdịda anyanwụ na ọnụ mmiri Osimira Imo (4°27′16′′ N na 7°35′27′′ E) [[Ikot-Abasi|Ikot Abasi]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom State]] n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ.<ref>NDDC. (2005). Niger Delta regional development master plan. Port Harcourt: Author. Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES). (1997). Environmental and socio-economic characteristics. Port Harcourt: NDDC.</ref> A na-ewu Delta Niger site na mmiri si n'osimiri Niger. Ala ahụ dị larịị na alaka ndị na-agagharị agagharị nke osimiri ahụ. Niger Delta nwere netwọk dị iche iche nke osimiri na iyi ndị na-ekesa Osimiri Niger. <ref>Ayansina Ayanlade & Nicolas Drake. Forest loss in different ecological zones of the Niger Delta Nigeria: evidence from remote sensing. GeoJournal (2016) 81:717 – 735 DOi 10:1007/s 10708 – 015 – 9658 - y</ref>Ala nke delta ahụ dịgasị iche site na osimiri na iyi ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ájá na ụrọ na-egosi ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ochie, ụrọ dị arọ nke mmiri na-agba n'azụ ụsọ mmiri, na ụrọ silty na ụrọ n'ala dị elu. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0122 "Niger Delta swamp forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Enwere ike ịkọwa Delta Niger n'ime mpaghara anọ dị iche iche: ya bụ, ọhịa mangrove, ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha, ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ sitere na mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>Udo, R. K. (1978). A comprehensive geography of West Africa (pp. 226–247). Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books</ref>Mangroves bụ oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eto n'ebe nkwonkwo n'ime ala kpọrọ nkụ na oké osimiri mepere emepe na mpaghara okpomọkụ ma bụrụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ihe ndị dị ndụ na enweghị ihe ndị dị adị. <ref>Adams, W. M. (1993). Indigenous use of wetlands and sustainable development in West Africa. Geogr J. 159(2):209 - 218</ref>Oké ọhịa mangrove nke Naijiria dị na mpaghara Niger delta ma bụrụkwa oké ọhịa mangrova a na-emegbu emegbu n'ụwa. <ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. The worlds Mangroves 1980 – 2005. FAO  Forestry paper 153  FAO, Rome</ref>Mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa nwere ala nke ihe dị ka 70000 km2 na-anọchite anya 7.5% nke ala Naịjirị. Ọ mejupụtara mmanụ itoolu - na-emepụta steeti viz; Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo na Rivers. &nbsp;Steeti ndị a nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 40 ma nwee mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo 185 (LGAs) na ndị bi na ya na-asụ ihe dị ka asụsụ 250 dị iche iche. <ref>Maduka O, Tobin-West C. Is living in a gas-flaring host community associated with being hypertensive? Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2:e000413. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2017-000413</ref>Mpaghara Niger Delta so n'ime mpaghara kachasị elu nke hydrocarbon n'ụwa. Nnyocha na mmebi nke hydrocarbons malitere na mpaghara ahụ na 1957 site na nchọpụta mmanụ na Oloibiri na River State ma kemgbe ahụ na-aga n'ihu ruo taa (2023).<ref>Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)</ref><ref>O. Uchegbulam and E.A. Ayolabi. Satellite Image Analysis using Remote Sensing Data in Parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(4): 612-617 © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013 (ISSN: 2141-7016)</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka nhazi ihu igwe Köppen (Am) si dị. A na-eji oge ọkọchị dị iche iche mara ihu igwe a na okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide n'afọ niile, na nkezi okpomọkụ nke ọnwa ọ bụla n'elu 18 °C (64 °F). &nbsp;&nbsp;Ihe na-erughị 60 mm, mana ihe karịrị (100- (nkezi / 25) mm, nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada n'oge ọnwa kachasị akọrọ. &nbsp;Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a dị n'etiti savannah na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. <ref name="kop">{{Cite web|author=Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006|title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|accessdate=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=September 14, 2019}}</ref>Oge mmiri ozuzo na-amalite na Machị-Eprel ruo Ọktoba. Mmiri ozuzo sitere na 2,500 mm / afọ n'ebe ugwu ruo 4,000 mm / afọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ndịda. &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref name="wwf" />. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>Mmiri ozuzo bụ 90-100% maka ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ.<ref name="eoe" />. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmebi na-etinye oké ọhịa mmiri dị n'ime mmiri Niger n'ihe ize ndụ, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe mejupụtara ha, nkesa ha, na ọnọdụ ha. N'ime nnyocha nke nyochara ụdị dị iche iche nke okooko osisi na ihe mejupụtara mpaghara ọhịa iri na isii nke otu hekta, a chọpụtara ụdị 116 sitere na ụdị 82 na ezinụlọ 36. Ebe ndị a na-enye nsogbu gosipụtara mbelata nke ụdị ọgaranya mana ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị ukwuu. Nnyocha ahụ na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị maka nkwụsi ike nke ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche ma mesie ike mkpa nchekwa lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara mebiri emebi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=DeFries|first=Ruth S.|date=March 2010|title=Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo756|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=178–181|doi=10.1038/ngeo756|issn=1752-0908}}</ref> == Flora na anụmanụ == Ihe dị ka 67% nke ecoregion kpuchiri n'oké ọhịa mechiri emechi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. 13% ọzọ bụ oké ọhịa mepere emepe, 8% ala mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, 5% obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ elu, 3% n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na nke oge. <ref name="dopa" />. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</ref>Osisi abura (''Hallea ledermannii''), nke a na-ahụkarị n'oge gara aga, a na-egbutu ya na delta. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa ahụ gụnyere nkwụ mmanụ (''[[Elaeis guineensis]]''), osisi Azobe (''Lophira alata''), nutmeg Africa (''Pycnanthus angolensis''), ''Ricinodendron heudelotii'', ''Hallea ledermannii'', osisi Flatcrown (''Albizia adianthifolia''), mango ọhịa (''Irvingia gabonensis''), (''Klainedoxa gabonensis''"), (Treculia africana), na ụdị nke (''Ficus'').<ref name="eoe" />{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=June 20, 2021}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Oasis maka osisi na anụmanụ kemgbe oge Upper Cretaceous bụ Niger Delta, nnukwu ọhịa Africa. N'ịgbaso nchọpụta mmanụ 1950s, ọrụ mmadụ etinyela Niger Delta egwu. Niger Delta red colobus na Niger Delta pygmy hippopotamus bụ ụdị anụmanụ abụọ na-enye nwa ara na-ebi na delta. Mpaghara atọ nke Delta bụ mpaghara etiti azụ, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Delta, na oké ọhịa idei mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche dị iche iche na delta, achọtala ụdị ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. A maghị osisi ndị sitere na Delta, n'agbanyeghị ụdị okooko osisi a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Enyí Africa, chimpanzees, crested genets, na pygmy hippos na Niger Delta so n'ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mmepe nke okporo ụzọ na ọwa mmiri, nchọta mmanụ, na igbutu Abura, ụdị osisi bara uru, niile nyere aka na [[mbibi ebe obibi]] nke delta. Mpaghara ahụ na-eche nsogbu ndị dị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ihu, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, esemokwu, na nchọpụta akụ na ụba na-enweghị isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igu|first=Nwabueze I.|date=2017-01-02|title=Freshwater swamp forest use in the Niger Delta: perception and insights|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13416979.2017.1280887|journal=Journal of Forest Research|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=44–52|doi=10.1080/13416979.2017.1280887|issn=1341-6979}}</ref> '''1.5 Ogige Oké ọhịa Ikibiri''' Ogige ọhịa Ikibiri Creek dị na Bayelsa State na mpaghara Niger Delta. A na-enweta ya na ihe onwunwe ọhịa nke gụnyere ngwaahịa osisi, osisi ọgwụ, osisi ịchọ mma, na anụ ọhịa. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Niger Delta nọ na ụzọ mkpụmkpụ n'ihi ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mmepe na nchịkwa.<ref>Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of London)</ref> '''Mmetụta nke Biodiversity nke Ebe Nchedo''' A na-atụ anya na mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa na ahịhịa dị iche iche. Ọnụnọ nke ụdị 28 nke anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala metụtara ezinụlọ ''Bufo'' (ụdị Bufo na ''Nectophryne''), Pipidae (''Silurana'' na ''Hymenochirus''), nidae (''Hylarana'', ''Ptychadena'', ''Aubria'', ''Conraua'', ''Hoplobatrachus'', na ''Phrynobatrachus''), Arthroleptidae (Arthroleptis), Rhacophoridae (''Chiromantis''), Microhylidae (''Phrynomantis''), na Hyperly, Niger, mpaghara isii. <ref>Akani G.C., Politano E., and Luiselli L., 2004, Amphibians recorded in forest swamp areas of the River Niger Delta (southeastern Nigeria), and the effects of habitat alteration from oil industry development on species richness and diversity, Applied Herpetology, 2(1): 1-22 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/1570754041231604</nowiki></ref>Ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị a na'ihe ize ndụ nke gụnyere Sclater's guenon (''Cercopithecus sclateri''), Nigerian white-throated guenon, red-capped mangabey (''Cercocebus torquatus'') na Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) dị n'ihe izeign. <ref name="Ikemeh R.A. 2015">Ikemeh R.A., 2015, Assessing the Population Status of the Critically Endangered Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), Primate Conservation, (29):87-96)</ref>Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara karịsịa Heslop's pygmy hippopotamus (''Hexaprotodon liberiensisheslopi'') na-apụ n'anya ugbu a na mpaghara Niger Delta n'ihi nlekọta na-adịghị mma nke ebe echedoro, enweghị usoro nchekwa na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="Ikemeh R.A. 2015" /> '''Ihe ịma aka nke Ebe Echebe''' N'ozuzu, ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agụnye ụdị dị ichelekana nke ihe ndị bi ndụ (viz: osisi, anụmanụ, ụmụ ahụhụ) a na-ahụ n'ụwa n'agbanyeghị gburugburu ebe obibi (arịa, mmiri na ala). <ref name="ReferenceB">Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214</ref>[[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mgbukpọ ọhịa emetụtala ihe onwunwe dị iche iche. A chọpụtala na mmetọ, hypertrophication acidification, ọla dị arọ, mmetọ okpomọkụ, mmetụ nuklia, mmetorị mmanụ na gas na mmetụ mmadụ bụ isi mmetọ na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche na Niger Delta. <ref>Oribhabor B.J., 2016, Impact of Human Activities on Biodiversity in Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystems, Science International, 4: 12-20 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17311/sciintl.2016.12.20</nowiki> )</ref>Dị ka omenala si dị, ọhịa Niger Delta Swamp na-enye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, mba na mba ụwa ọrụ bara uru. N'ihi nchebara echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba n'ihi ịchọ ihe oriri na ndụ, enwere nnukwu nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke Niger Delta. <ref>Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214)</ref>Ihe kachasị akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbukpọ ọhịa na ala mmiri Niger Delta gụnyere nchọpụta mmanụ na gas na mmebi, igbu osisi gabigara ókè, na ọkụ ọhịa. <ref>Ayanlade A., and Proske U., 2015, Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Marine and Freshwater Research <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF15066</nowiki></ref><ref>Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001</nowiki>)</ref>Ngwaahịa ọhịa dị mkpa bụ osisi, osisi, osisi ọgwụ, anụ ọhịa, nri bụ isi ihe na-eweta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ọhịa. <ref>Erefitei A., 2016, Bayelsa State Forest Management <nowiki>http://www.bodmasnewsblog.com/2016/05/bayelsa-state-forest-management.html</nowiki></ref>na ojiji gabigara oke na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke usoro okike nke mpaghara Niger Delta. <ref name="ReferenceB" />Enwere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ maka ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi Niger Delta, n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dị ichelekana nke mpaghara ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ adịlarị. <ref>Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of London</ref>Tụkwasị na nke a, ojiji dịgasị iche iche nke ala, ya bụ ọrụ iwu ụlọ, ime obodo, mmepụta ihe na mmebi nke ebe nchekwa ọhịa nke na-agụnye iji anụ ọhịa eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị, igbu osisi na ọkụ ọhịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbelata nke ebe echedoro. <ref name="ReferenceB" />N'ihi ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, a chọpụtala na a na-egbu anụ ọhịa n'efu ma gosipụta ya maka ire ere n'ime gburugburu ụfọdụ n'ime ebe nchekwa. <ref>Ohimain E.I., Izah S.C., and Otobotekere D., 2014, Selective impacts of the 2012 water floods on the vegetation and wildlife of Wilberforce Island, Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring Analysis, 2: 73-85 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140202.13</nowiki></ref><ref name="ReferenceB" />Otu ihe dị mkpa na-ahazi mbelata n'ebe ndị a na-echebe bụ ọkụ ọhịa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e nweela mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ ọhịa. <ref>Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001</nowiki></ref>N'ihi mmebi na-enweghị atụ nke na-akpata mfu nke ihe ndị dị mkpa dị n'oké ọhịa, e guzobere ebe nchekwa iji chekwaa ebe obibi ahụ. <ref name="Abere S.A. 2011">Abere S.A., and Ezenwaka J., 2011, Evaluation of forest resources conservation laws in Nigeria, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(5): 49-54</ref>Iji mezuo nke a, iwu gọọmentị etiti, steeti na nke ime obodo na-echebe ụdị dị iche iche nke e mere iji hụ na nchekwa na nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a ka na-ere ụdị ụfọdụ n'ihu ọha n'ahịa Naijiria. E nwere iwu na iwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe okike na Naịjirịa. Iwu na iwu ndị a gụnyere iwu nchedo akụ na ụba mba 1989 (nke guzobere kansụl nchedo iji mepụta ma tinye n'ọrụ iwu iji dozie ọhịa, ịkụ azụ, anụ ọhịa, ala na nchekwa mmiri), Iwu Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Isi 131, Iwu nke Federation, 1990) nke e guzobere iji bulie nchedo nke akụ na ụba sitere na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, Iwu Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (Nkebi 86 nke 1992) (Nkebebebebe iwu nke ụdị dị iche iche iche dị iche iche dị na ndụ ọhịa ọ bụla na-emebi na-eme atụmatụ) <ref name="Abere S.A. 2011" />Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị iwu na iwu ndị a, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa gụnyere n'ebe ndị a na-echebe ka na-abawanye na-eme ka iwu na iwu ghara ịdị irè na nchekwa nke ihe onyinyo ọhịa. <ref>Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214</ref>A chọpụtala na ụdị anụ ọhịa ndị nọ n'okpuru nchebe nke iwu gọọmentị etiti Act 11, Schedule I (ya bụ ''Atherurus africanus'', ''Tragelaphus spekei'', ''Hyemoschus aquaticus'', ''Neotragus batesi'', ''Aonyx capensis'', ''Manis tricuspis'', ''Uromanis tetradactyla'') na Schedule II (viz; ''Genetta'' sp., ''Nandinia binotata'', ''Viverra civetta'', na ụdị ''Cercopithecus'' dị iche iche) na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha n'ahịa<ref>Akani, G.C., Amadi N., Eniang E.A., Luiselli L., and Petrozzi F., 2015, Are mammal communities occurring at a regional scale reliably represented in "hub" bushmeat markets? A case study with Bayelsa State (Niger Delta, Nigeria), Folia Zool, 64(1): 79-86 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v64.i1.a9.2015</nowiki></ref> ==== Nnyocha mmanụ na gas na mmepụta ==== Akụkụ ọ bụla nke nchọpụta mmanụ na mmebi nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ala ọma jijiji nke mmanụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-agụnye iwepụ akara ala ọma jijijii, iji dynamite na igwu ala nke na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. ''Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Environment & Earth Sciences'', ''12''(3), 19-28.</ref>A chọrọ itinye paịpụ mmanụ na gas maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. A rụnyere ihe dị ka kilomita 7,000 nke paịpụ na mpaghara Niger Delta. &nbsp;Iwu na ntinye nke paịpụ ndị a na-agụnye iwepụ nnukwu ebe obibi iji mee ka paịpụ maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. <ref>Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)</ref>Pipelines ndị a na-agafe n'oké ọhịa na mangroves na-agbapụta mgbe ụfọdụ na nsị a na-ebughị n'obi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jc2d3xfvub53ybw9wsmcpiay2arp0hu 0 32352 700845 142674 2026-08-13T03:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cross-Sanaga-Bioko''' bụ mpaghara okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ-etiti Africa. Nke a bụ oké ọhịa mara mma, jupụtara na osisi na nnụnụ.<ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web|title=Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30107|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021|archivedate=November 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128001253/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30107}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web|title=Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Cross-Sanaga-Bioko_coastal_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Ebe na nkọwa == Mpaghara ahụ gụnyere ala dị ala na oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], na ala dị ala nke agwaetiti Bioko, na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke kilomita 52,200 (20,200 sq mi). Mpaghara ahụ sitere na Osimiri Cross na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria ruo Osimiri Sanaga nke dị na Ndịda ọwụwarị Cameroon, na ihe ruru kilomita 300 (190 mi) n'ime ala site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]]. Na Naịjirịa, mpaghara ahụ na-ekpuchi Cross River State. Ugwu nke Ugwu Cameroon na nke agwaetiti Bioko, n'elu mita 900, bụ mpaghara dị iche iche, Ugwu Cameroun na ọhịa ugwu Bioko, dị ka ọhịa Cameroonian Highlands dị n'ime ala. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, gafee Osimiri Cross, e nwere Cross-Niger transition forests ecoregion. N'ime ime ala kpọrọ nkụ, oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-agafe na Guinea forest-savanna mosaic n'ebe ugwu na Northern Congolian forest-savana mosaic n"ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndịda nke Osimiri Sanaga n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri bụ mpaghara oké ọhịa Atlantic Equatorial. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ede mmiri na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo n'afọ niile na ọtụtụ osimiri na-agafe mpaghara ahụ yana Cross na Sanaga. == Flora == Ebe ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị 3,000 ụdị osisi, ọkara nke ndị a hụrụ na West Africa, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 2,000 a hụrụ na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Korup nke Cameroon naanị. == Anụmanụ == Anụ ọhịa dị n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere enyí ọhịa na ọzụzụ primates dị ka Cross River gorillas na chimpanzee (karịsịa na Cross River National Park na Naịjirịa), ebe a na-ahụ colobus na-acha ọbara ọbara nke Preuss (''Procolobus pennanti preussi'') naanị na mpaghara ecoregion a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ fọrọ nke nta ka ha bụrụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere guenon na-acha uhie uhie (''Cercopithecus erythrotis''), guenon (Cercus pogonias), drills (''Mandrillus leucophaeus'') nke dị n'ebe ugwu, nke nwere ntutu na palusususus (Eus). E nwekwara ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala dị iche iche na anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere frog goliath. Oké ọhịa ahụ bara ọgaranya na urukurubụba gụnyere ''Charaxes superbus'' na ''Charaxes acraeoides''. N'afọ 2006, e mere atụmatụ na kwa afọ, a na-achụ ihe karịrị nde anụ na-enye nwa ara, ihe dị ka anụ 64,650 na-akpụ akpụ na ọ dịkarịa ala nnụnụ 7,700 n'oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cross-Sanaga-Bioko maka ahịa anụ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fa, J.E.|year=2006|title=Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=129|issue=4|pages=497–510|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223445717|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031}}</ref> == Nchekwa == Nnyocha nke afọ 2017 chọpụtara na 13,197 km mi), ma ọ bụ 26%, nke ecoregion dị n'ebe echedoro. <ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. </ref>Otu n'ime nnukwu ogige ọhịa dị na gburugburu Ogige Ntụrụndụ Korup. [[Usòrò:Falling_Waters_in_KORUP_National_park.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na-ada n'ogige ntụrụndụ KORUP]] == Ịga n'ógbè ahụ == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Korup dị na Cameroon bụ otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị mfe ịbanye n'ime ọhịa, ebe na Naịjirịa Cross River State nwere ike ịnweta site na isi obodo [[Calabar]], ebe enwere ebe nsọ nke enwe na Calabar mmadụ nwere ike iru Cross River National Park. == Njikọ mpụga == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] 9othjemzx46ahnvbepwrf9zv6avh64j 0 33394 700857 697597 2026-08-13T05:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dr. Oyeleye Oyediran''' bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na Naijiria. Onye bụbu Onye ọkà mmụta Fulbright, na nwa amaala Ogbomosho na Oyo Steeti, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian political scientists famous people|url=https://famous-scientist.com/nigerian-political-scientists-famous-people/|date=2020-03-31|work=Famous Scientists|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806033748/https://famous-scientist.com/nigerian-political-scientists-famous-people/}}</ref> o dezigharịrị akwụkwọ dịka, Gọọmentị Naịjirịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-1979 na Nnyocha nke Okwu Naịjiria, 1973-1977 na 1978-1979. <ref name="ly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Transition_Without_End_Nigerian_Politics_and_Civil_Society_Under_Babangida|title=ABOUT THE AUTHOR}}</ref> <ref name="us">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231104024125/https://www.usip.org/grants-fellowships/jennings-randolph-senior-fellowship-program/former-jennings-randolph-senior-fello#O Former Senior Fellows - United States Institute for Peace] ''[[United States Institute of Peace]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/archives/facultyo.cfm|title=ECU University Archives - Faculty O|work=www.ecu.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-20|archivedate=2017-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191321/http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/archives/facultyo.cfm}}</ref> nọgidere na-abụ ngalaba na Center for International Studies, na Mahadum East Carolina, [1] na Senior Fellow na United States Institute of Peace, (1999-2000). [2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gara Baptist Boys High School na [[Abeokuta]], isi obodo Ogun State na South West Nigeria, wee nweta PH ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oyeleye Oyediran - InfoHub|url=https://infohub.xyz.ng/oyeleye-oyediran|work=infohub.xyz.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> sitere na Mahadum Pittsburgh. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2464864|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|volume=29|date=June 1991|pages=213–235|author=Oyeleye Oyediran|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|doi=10.1017/S0022278X0000272X|accessdate=December 9, 2013}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] <ref name="ly"/> ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi na Mahadim Ibadan . N'oge a, ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Journal of Business and Social Studies'' ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri. <ref name="us"/> bụ onye otu 1975 Nigerian Constitution Drafting Committee, ma site na Ọktoba 1999-July 2000, ọ bụ onye isi na United States Institute for Peace, na Washington D.C. Ọ bụkwa onye mbụ nwere oche Distinguished River Endowed na Mahadum East Carolina. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere: * Mahadum nke North Carolina * Mahadum California dị na Los AngelesMahadum California na Los Angeles * Mahadum Duke * Institut de Sciences Politique na Switzerland. * Ụlọ Ọrụ Hoover na Agha, Mgbanwe na Udo == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Ụlọ omebe iwu Naijiria, olee ụzọ?'. Mahadum nke Ibadan Consultancy Unit, 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|title=Nigerian legislative houses, which way?|date=1980|publisher=University of Ibadan Consultancy Unit|oclc=988194892}}</ref>'' * Oyediran, O. (1979). ''Gọọmentị Naijiria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-79''. Macmillan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whitaker|first=Jennifer Seymour|date=1980|title=Nigerian Government and Politics under Military Rule, 1966-1979|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_summer-1980_58_5/page/1205|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=58|issue=5|pages=1205|doi=10.2307/20040643|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> * Essays on Local Government and Administration in Nigeria, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria, Project Publications, 1988.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|title=Essays on local government and administration in Nigeria|date=1988|publisher=Project Publications|oclc=18530652}}</ref> * Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida, nke Larry Diamond, Anthony Kirk-Greene na Oyeleye Oyediran dezigharịrị, Lynne Rienner Publishers (1997) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Transition without end : Nigerian politics and civil society under Babangida|date=1997|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|others=Diamond, Larry Jay., Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (Anthony Hamilton Millard), Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=1-55587-591-2|location=Boulder, Colo.|oclc=36705789}}</ref>  * ''Naịjirịa: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe na ọchịchị, 1986-1996 '', nke Oyeleye Oyediran na Adigun A.B. Agbaje dezigharịrị. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigeria : politics of transition and governance, 1986-1996|date=1999|publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye., Agbaje, Adigun A. B., 1957-, Codesria.|isbn=2-86978-071-0|location=Dakar, Senegal|oclc=47209003}}</ref>, Senegal, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (c1999) [1]  * Gọọmentị Naịjirịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha, 1966-1979. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-333-26898-9|0-333-26898-9]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian government and politics under military rule, 1966-79|date=1979|publisher=Macmillan|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=0-333-26897-0|location=London|oclc=5919509}}</ref>&nbsp; * ''Nnyocha nke Naịjirịa, 1973-1977 na 1978-1979''. Nigerian Institute of International Affairs na mmekorita ya na Macmillan Nigeria Publishers, 1981.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2276-49-9|978-2276-49-9]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Survey of Nigerian affairs, 1976-1977|date=1981|publisher=Published by the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs in co-operation with Macmillan Nigeria Publishers|others=Oyediran, Oyeleye.|isbn=978-2276-41-3|location=Lagos|oclc=9309985}}</ref>&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1999). ''Naịjirịa: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe na ọchịchị, 1986-1996''. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oyediran|first=Oyeleye|date=1991|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1991-06_29_2/page/213|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=213–235|doi=10.1017/s0022278x0000272x|issn=0022-278X}}</ref> Africa Collective. [1] == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110011806/http://www.usip.org/specialists/bios/archives/oyediran_oyeleye.html Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo nke United States] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s5qhg8lee6xp21j0jfl9uimfjaoewhe 0 33395 700849 134444 2026-08-13T03:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700849 wikitext text/x-wiki    == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Olubunmi Owoso na October 23, 1949, na Osun State, Nigeria. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan na 1972 na B.Sc. (Hons) na Ọrụ Ugbo. Ọ nwetara M.Sc. na Food Technology (1981) site na Mahadum Reading, UK na M.Sc. na Development Studies (1995) site na London South Bank University. <ref>{{Cite web|title=OLUBUNMI FELX OWOSO - BIOGRAPHY|date=15 July 2020|url=https://olubunmiowoso.org/biography/|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref>'afọ 2013, ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na Management Science site na Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YABATECH mourns former rector|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/yabatech-mourns-former-rector/|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Owoso, former YABATECH rector dies at 70|date=3 July 2020|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/owoso-former-yabatech-rector-dies-at-70/|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary|date=29 June 2020|url=https://cafor.org/obituary/|accessdate=31 August 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163325/https://cafor.org/obituary/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Olubunmi Owoso jere ozi dị ka Onye isi nke Ngalaba Teknụzụ Nri na Kaduna Polytechnic site na Ọktoba, 1981 ruo Septemba, 1985. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nleta na Ngalaba Biotechnology, South Bank Polytechnic UK, (ugbu a, London South Bank University) site na Jenụwarị 1992 ruo June 1993. Site na 2001-2009 ọ bụ Rector nke Yaba College of Technology ([[YABATECH]]). Ọ bụkwa Onye isi nke Ngalaba Teknụzụ Nri na Onye isi ala nke Polytechnic Staff Association of Nigeria (POSSAN). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsanni|first=Abdullahi|title=INTERVIEW: "TVET solution to Africa's youth unemployment, underdevelopment" – Olubunmi Owoso|url=https://www.africannewspage.net/2019/08/interview-tvet-solution-to-africas-youth-unemployment-underdevelopment-olubunmi-owoso/|accessdate=31 August 2020|date=12 August 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Owoso, former YABATECH rector dies at 70|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/owoso-former-yabatech-rector-dies-at-70/|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Commonwealth Association of Technical Universities and Polytechnics (CAPA) nke dị na Nairobi, Kenya na 2012. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/yabatech-capa-pay-tribute-as-owoso-ex-rector-is-laid-to-rest/9pjrrtz|work=Pulse NG|title=YABATECH, CAPA pay tribute as Owoso, ex-rector is laid to rest|date=19 July 2020|accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref> nyere ya otuto site na nguzobe nke Centre for Entrepreneurship Development, Internal Quality Assurance Unit; Centre for Applied Research and Technology Innovation, ụlọ akwụkwọ satellite ọhụrụ nke Yaba College of Technology ([[YABATECH]]) na Epe, Lagos State. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} c2g6qna1nlsq7crlfsghp5ivk99d3h3 0 33789 700790 644872 2026-08-12T16:45:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700790 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Nasirudeen Maiturare''' (amụrụ na 16 June 1963) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria, prọfesọ nke nchịkwa azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Muhammad Nasirudeen Maiturare Archives – The Eagle Online|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/prof-muhammad-nasirudeen-maiturare/|work=The Eagle Online|accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref> bụ onye isi oche nke anọ nke Mahadum Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Lapai na Naijiria. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Muhammad Nasirudeen Maiturare na [[Paiko, Nigeria|Paiko]], obere obodo dị na [[Paikoro]] Local Government Area, nke Niger State, na Naijiria. Ọ tolitere n'ebe ahụ wee gaa Bida Government College maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ebe o nwere asambodo akwụkwọ sekọrị ya. N'afọ 1980. N'afọ 1982, o mechara mee (IJMB) na School of Basic Studies wee gaa Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Maka BSc Actuarial Science <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://jaiztakafulinsurance.com/index.php?route=about/management/user&information=22|work=jaiztakafulinsurance.com|accessdate=26 April 2018|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044822/http://jaiztakafulinsurance.com/index.php?route=about/management/user&information=22}}</ref> na 1985 na M.B.A. na 1989, na 2001 ọ nwetara PhD ya na Business Administration n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'ịchọ ihe ọmụma, ọ gara Mahadum Federal nke Teknụzụ, Minna ka a zụọ ya dị ka onye nyocha kọmputa. == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Ministry of Finance, Akure, Onto n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1986. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Federal Polytechnic, Bida, site na 1986 ruo 1987. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria, na 1987. Ọ kụziri ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na undergraduate, Masters, na PhD. <ref>{{Cite web|title=THE VICE CHANCELLOR – IBB University Official Website|url=https://ibbu.edu.ng/the-vice-chancellor/|work=ibbu.edu.ng|accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref>'afọ 2010 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Business Administration, ABU, Zaria, n'oge ezumike Sabbatical ya, n'etiti Jenụwarị na Disemba 2013 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na National Pension Commission. == Ndụ onwe onye == Maiturare lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Full Biography Of Prof. N.M Maiturare, Vice Chancellor IBB University|url=http://ibbulcampusgist.blogspot.com.ng/2016/10/professor-muhammad-nasirudeen-maiturare.html|accessdate=11 April 2018}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ojsgu0xb8gzgws5bq2hh8xwg474jz5c 0 35981 700773 452035 2026-08-12T12:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700773 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ndị Nwoke Na-enwe Obi Ụtọ: Ezigbo Ndị Yoruba |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Ihe ngosi nke ihe nkiri</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |[[Toka Mcbaror]]<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="187">[https://nlist.ng/title/merry-men-real-yoruba-demons-1310/credits/ "merry men: the real yoruba demons"].</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri site na | class="infobox-data" |Anthony Kehinde Joseph |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Akụkọ site na | class="infobox-data" |[[AY Makun]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |Darlington Abuda Patrick Ovoke Odjegba<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |[[Ramsey Nouah]] [[AY Makun]] [[Jim Iyke]] [[Damilola Adegbite]] [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] [[Iretiola Doyle]] [[Falz]] [[Jide Kosoko]] [[Rosaline Meurer]] [[Nancy Isime]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Akụkọ sitere na ya | class="infobox-data" |Ramsey Nouah |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |Rapha Bola |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |Patrick Ovoke Odjegba Isaace Benjamin Gem Owas<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Egwú site na | class="infobox-data" |Kolade Morakinyo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Corporate World Entertainment Gush Media FilmOne<br /><br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke e kesara site na | class="infobox-data" |FilmOne nkesa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * 28 Septemba 2018 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2018-09-28</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |106 nkeji |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Naịjirịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Bekee Yoruba [[Pidgin Naịjirịa|Pidgin]]<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ | class="infobox-data" |Nde <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/jahx/#p=18 "Nigeria Box Office Year Book, 2019"]. </cite></ref>.6 [1] |} '''''Merry Men: Ezigbo ndị mmụọ ọjọọ Yoruba''''' bụ [[:en:Action_comedy_film|ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri]] Naijiria nke 2018 nke Anthony Kehinde Joseph dere, nke Darlington Abuda mebere wee duzie ya bụ [[Toka McBaror|Toka Mcbaror]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: More than Just a Movie Premiere|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/29/merry-men-more-than-just-a-movie-premiere/?amp|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150908/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/29/merry-men-more-than-just-a-movie-premiere/?amp}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-showing-in-these-cinemas/amp/|title="Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons" Is Showing In These Cinemas|author=Agbo|first=Njideka|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814032539/https://guardian.ng/life/film/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-showing-in-these-cinemas/amp/}}</ref> Ọ na-eme [[:en:Ensemble_cast|ihe nkedo ensemble]], nke gụnyere: [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Atọ Makun|AY Makun]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Damilola Adegbite]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], [[Iretiola Doyle]], [[Falz]], [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Rosaline Meurer]] na [[Nancy Isime]] . == Atụmatụ == A na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ na [[Abuja]]. Ndị ikom anọ bara ọgaranya (Ndị ikom nwere obi ụtọ) na-adọta ụmụ nwanyị dị ike, na-enweta nkwekọrịta site n'aka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ezu ohi n'aka Ndị ọgaranya, na-enye ndị ogbenye ma soro ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma n'obodo ahụ nwee mmekọahụ. Ha na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka ha ihu mgbe ha na-emegide onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na onye nrụrụ aka nke na-eme atụmatụ ịkwatu obodo iji wuo ụlọ ahịa. Ndị ikom anọ ahụ ^[1]-eme atụmatụ ịzọpụta ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons is a brilliant mix of powerful casting and relatable humour|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-a-brilliant-mix-of-powerful-casting-and-relatable/ws87l3n|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2018-10-02|accessdate=2024-02-11|language=en|author=Ayomide O. Tayo|archivedate=2023-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210173527/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-is-a-brilliant-mix-of-powerful-casting-and-relatable/ws87l3n}}</ref> == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] dị ka Ayo Alesinloye * [[Atọ Makun|Ayo Makun]] dị ka Amaju Abioritsegbemi * [[Jim Iyke]] dị ka Naz Okigbo * [[Falz|Folarin "Falz" Falana]] dị ka Remi Martins * [[Damilola Adegbite]] dị ka Dera Chukwu * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] dị ka Chief Alesinloye * [[Rosaline Meurer]] dị ka Kemi Alesinloye * [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]] dị ka Dame Maduka * [[Nancy Isime]] dị ka Sophie * [[Lilian Esoro]] dị ka Oriakụ Anyanwu * [[Jide Kosoko]] dị ka Chief Omole * [[Osas Ighodaro]] dị ka Chidinma (onye na-ede blọgụ) * Francis Duru dị ka Inspector Jack * [[Ali Nuhu]] dị ka Onye isi Ọrụ Ndị Ahịa * [[Faithia Williams|Faithia Balogun]] dị ka Mama Abdul * Samuel Ajibola dị ka Abdul * Segun Arinze dị ka ndị ọrụ IT nke ụlọ akụ == Ihe Ndị sochiri ya == N'afọ 2019, Ayo Makun kwupụtara na a ga-enwe ihe nkiri ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/regina-daniels-set-to-star-in-the-sequel-of-merry-men/kkgny95|title=sequel of the Nollywood movie, 'Merry Men' is set to welcome some new faces like Regina Daniels and Williams Uchemba.}}</ref> E mechara wepụta Merry Men 2 na 20 Disemba 2019. == Nnakwere == Dị ka Nollyrated si kwuo, atụmatụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka nkata nke na-agbapụta n'ebe niile ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị edemede ahụ adịghị mkpa maka akụkọ ahụ n'ozuzu. Nke a abụghị ihe ọ bụla megide nkà nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-ese onyinyo ahụ agbakwunyere ihe ọ bụla na akụkọ ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons (2018) Movie Review – Great Cast; Not So Great Delivery|url=https://nollyrated.com/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-2018-movie-review/|work=Nollyrated|publisher=Omonikee Adeoti|accessdate=2024-02-11|archivedate=2023-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927213317/https://nollyrated.com/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-2018-movie-review/}}</ref> Dị ka Nollywood Reinvented si kwuo, ihe kachasị mma gbasara ihe nkiri a bụ àgwà foto. Ihe osise ndị ahụ dị mma, ihe ndị ahụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa, a na-ere ihe nkiri ahụ; mana ihe omume ahụ bụ ihe ọchị, ahịrị ndị ahụ na-ada, mmetụta niile adịghịkwa. Ihe fọrọ nke nta <ref>{{Cite web|title=MERRY MEN: THE REAL YORUBA DEMONS|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/09/merry-men.html|work=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref> ọ bụrụ 2hr debacle jupụtara na cameos na-enweghị isi na itinye egwu oriri iji bulie ọnọdụ, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta nta ka ọ dị n'otu ebe a iji mee ka ihe nkiri ahụ gaa n'ihu. Dị ka bbfc si kwuo, ime ihe ike dị nro gụnyere nwoke na-ejide olu ndị ikom ndị ọzọ, na ebe a na-agba nwoke égbè, na obere anya nke ụfọdụ nkọwa ọbara ọbara <ref>{{Cite web|title=Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/merry-men-the-real-yoruba-demons-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodg2mdc3|work=bbfc}}</ref> == Hụkwa == [[:en:List_of_Nigerian_films_of_2018|Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2018]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|9837502|Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OspStJSEtG4 Ụgbọala na-adọkpụnaYouTube] 9yglnky1urlsoee59ov1ro6qyicva1i 0 36080 700855 195272 2026-08-13T05:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Our Jesus Story,''''' bụ ihe nkiri okpukpere chi [[Naijiria]] nke afọ 2020 nke [[Tchidi Chikere]] duziri wee bụrụ Ojiofor Ezeanyaeche maka mmepụta OJ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-04|title=Frederick Leonard is an afro-haired Jesus in 'Our Jesus Story' trailer|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/frederick-leonard-is-an-afro-haired-jesus-in-our-jesus-story-trailer/wjj6m4n|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928203633/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/frederick-leonard-is-an-afro-haired-jesus-in-our-jesus-story-trailer/wjj6m4n}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gosiputara [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] dịka Jesus the Christ, ebe [[Zack Orji]], [[Sam Dede]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] na [[Adjetey Anang]] rụrụ ọrụ nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story Movie - Flixanda|url=https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125321/https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story|url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Ozone Cinemas|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125322/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/}}</ref> Nke a bụ nkọwa ọhụrụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Afrịka nke mbụ maka akụkọ Jizọs Kraịst nwere ndị oji na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Africa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=‘Our Jesus Story’ Now in Cinemas|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/12/our-jesus-story-now-in-cinemas/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title=Our Jesus story, new movie from OJ Productions|url=https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125317/https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ mere nke mbụ na 27 Machị 2020 na Imax Cinema na Lekki, Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title='Our Jesus Story' - A Summary of the Story of Jesus From Nollywood|url=https://nollymania.com/our-jesus-story-a-summary-of-the-story-of-jesus-from-nollywood/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=NollyMania|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-04|title='Our Jesus Story' hits cinemas on Mar 27 - starring Frederick Leonard|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/our-jesus-story-hits-cinemas-on-march-27-staring-frederick-leonard/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnyocha di mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story Trailer! Frederick Leonard is Jesus in NollyWood Insider|url=https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070030/https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/}}</ref> == Ndị mere ihe nkiri a == * [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] dị ka Jizọs Kraịst * [[Zack Orji]] * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Eucharia Anunobi]] * [[Adjetey Anang]] * [[Ofia Mbaka]] * [[Tchidi Chikere]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Ihe nkiri 2020]] mo4qiz2bqvitgymd6fkjmbpk20pnugi 0 38997 700862 691994 2026-08-13T06:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Paula_Fray.jpg|thumb| Paula Fray, CEO nke '''fray''' intermedia na '''fray''' kọleji.]] {{Databox}}'''Paula Maria Fray''' mụrụ {{Birth date and age|1966|4|6}} bụ onye nta akụkọ South Africa, onye ọchụnta ego na onye nkuzi mmepe mgbasa ozi. Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Saturday Star nke South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-08-04|title=Book of SA Women: Media|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-04-sa-women-media/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wright|first=Joanna|date=2013-08-27|title=The Media celebrates women in media|url=https://themediaonline.co.za/2013/08/the-media-celebrates-women-in-media/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=The Media Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ndabere == A mụrụ Fray na Mthatha na mpaghara Eastern Cape nke South Africa wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Holy Trinity Primary School na Elsies River. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Athlone, na-agụ akwụkwọ na 1983 ịga Mahadum Rhodes . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ akụ na ụba na Mahadum Rhodes na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1986 na nzere bachelọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name=":0"/> Site na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA), Fray nwetara asambodo na ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ iwu na 1996 ma emesịa, ọ malitere nzere masta na nchịkwa azụmahịa na 2008. <ref name=":0" /> Na mbu na 2000, akpọrọ ya onye Nieman Fellow na Mahadum Harvard maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2000 – 2001. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign Journalists Join Neiman Fellows {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/5/24/foreign-journalists-join-neiman-fellows-ptwelve/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na June 1999, Fray ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nwanyị mbụ nke South Africa [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314051925/https://www.independentmedia.co.za/our-brands/newspapers/saturday-star/ Saturday Star] akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọkwa ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee sonye na Blackrock Communications dị ka onye isi ọrụ. Na 2005, Fray tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo Fray na Associates (Paula Fray & Associates), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=The New Humanitarian welcomes Paula Fray as new board president|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/new-humanitarian-welcomes-paula-fray-new-board-president|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=Paula Fray|url=https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/team/paula-fray/|accessdate=2023-04-28|work=New Voices Fellowship|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428204940/https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/team/paula-fray/}}</ref> taa a maara dị ka [https://www.frayintermedia.com/ '''fray''' intermedia] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=frayintermedia|date=2020-03-26|title=Join our #LockdownJournal challenge|url=https://www.frayintermedia.com/post/join-our-lockdownjournal-challenge|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=frayintermedia|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627075841/https://www.frayintermedia.com/post/join-our-lockdownjournal-challenge}}</ref> Fray hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji meziwanye ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, n'ịghọta na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche na nka ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu yana site n'ịkwado usoro na mgbanwe kachasị ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewepụta onwe ya iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịnala ọdịnala. . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-10|title=Fray Intermedia: Paula Fray|url=https://www.experthub.info/success/success-stories/snapshots/fray-intermedia-paula-fray/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=ExpertHub|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728211806/https://www.experthub.info/success/success-stories/snapshots/fray-intermedia-paula-fray/}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2008, a họpụtara Fray ka ọ bụrụ Inter Press Service Regional Director maka Africa ebe ọ jere ozi ruo Mee 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferial Haffajee appointed as chairperson of the Inter Press Service Africa board|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/9259/ferial-haffajee-appointed-as-chairperson-of-the-inter-press-service-africa-board|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Media Update|date=10 March 2008|language=en}}</ref> Ọ weghaara dị ka CEO nke '''fray''' intermedia ma rụọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye nlekọta maka òtù dị iche iche na atumatu. Site na 2012 ruo 2016 Fray bụ onye nlekọta nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20250529222529/https://brandsouthafrica.com/ BrandSA] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mafika|date=2008-05-16|title=Brand South Africa Trustees|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/about-brand-south-africa/brand-south-africa-trustees|accessdate=2020-07-30|work=Brand South Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425210254/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/about-brand-south-africa/brand-south-africa-trustees}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye nta akụkọ Ombud: South African Press Council malite na Jenụwarị 2016 ruo Jenụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Press Ombudsman|url=http://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/prince-mokotedi-vs-daily-maverick-3011|accessdate=2020-07-30|work=presscouncil.org.za|archivedate=2024-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314051925/http://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/prince-mokotedi-vs-daily-maverick-3011}}</ref> Na 2018, mgbe nnukwu uto na ọchịchọ maka ọzụzụ na ndụmọdụ nke '''fray''' intermedia na-enye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụrụ ụlọ ọrụ nwanne ya nwanyị, [https://www.fraycollege.com/ kọleji '''fray'''] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Media and Communications Training {{!}} Fraycollege {{!}} Africa|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en}}</ref> nke na-enye ọtụtụ nkuzi e-Learning <ref>{{Cite web|title=eLearning {{!}} Fraycollege {{!}} Africa|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/elearning|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815071815/https://www.fraycollege.com/elearning}}</ref> yana in- klaasị onye Fray n'onwe ya kuziri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Communications training {{!}} journalism training|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/training|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918063147/https://www.fraycollege.com/training}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche nke The New Humanitarian . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=The New Humanitarian welcomes Paula Fray as new board president|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/new-humanitarian-welcomes-paula-fray-new-board-president|accessdate=2020-07-31|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> Fray na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchi anya ọha na [https://www.presscouncil.org.za/ Press Council of South Africa] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tshabalala|first=Tshepo|date=2018-02-08|title=Press Council appoints Latiefa Mobara as new executive director|url=https://journalism.co.za/press-council-appoints-latiefa-mobara-as-new-executive-director/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=Journalism.co.za|language=en-GB}}</ref> na dịka onye isi oche maka [https://africacheck.org/ nyocha Africa] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Press Ombudsman|url=https://www.presscouncil.org.za/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=www.presscouncil.org.za}}</ref> Na 2019 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314051924/https://accountabilitylab.org/about-us/country-office-south-africa/ Accountability Lab South Africa] ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu bọọdụ. === Ajuju banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntị mgbasa ozi === Na 1998 South African Human Rights Commission natara arịrịọ sitere na Black Lawyers Association (BLA) na Association of Black Accountants of South Africa (ABASA) iji nyochaa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ na Johannesburg, Mail na Guardian na Sunday Times . Ọtụtụ ndị editọ, gụnyere Fray, ka anabatara na mkpegharị ikpe ahụ. Mgbe mkparịta ụka gasịrị, ndị editọ kwetara ịgba akaebe. <ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=August 2000|title=SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION|work=FAULTLINES: INQUIRY INTO RACISM IN THE MEDIA|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf "SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FAULTLINES: INQUIRY INTO RACISM IN THE MEDIA''. August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fray kwuru, "na echere m ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, akụkụ nke ọzọ nke mmekọahụ bụ mmegbu nke ime ihe na ọ ga-abụ nnọọ ihe nzuzu ka m chee na mgbe m banyere na Saturday Star dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nwanyị ojii nke m na-ejighị m ụzọ ụfọdụ. na-eche echiche, otu ụzọ arụ ọrụ nke emepụtara site na ọtụtụ afọ nke ikwere na m bụ nwanyị na ihe a niile jikọtara ya na ịbụ nwa na nwanyị". <ref name=":02" /> N'August 2000, kọmịshọn ahụ weputara akụkọ ' [https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf Fultlines: Ajụjụ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mgbasa ozi] ' na nchọpụta ha. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na "Enwere ike ịkọwa mgbasa ozi South Africa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" mana ọ gara n'ihu na-arịba ama "anyị ahụbeghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke mgbasa ozi bụ isi na-etinye aka n'ịkwado ịkpọasị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ịkpali ime ihe ike agbụrụ" <ref name=":02"/> === Ihe nrite na ihe nrite === Mahadum Rhodes na-asọpụrụ Alumni Award 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni awards – JMS50|url=https://jms50.ru.ac.za/alumni-awards/|accessdate=2023-09-07|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2023-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041259/https://jms50.ru.ac.za/alumni-awards/}}</ref> SANEF Stephen Wrottesley Award 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Wrottesley » SANEF {{!}} Protecting Media Freedom|url=https://sanef.org.za/stephen-wrottesley/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=SANEF {{!}} Protecting Media Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref> PDMSA 2015 Bipute & Digital Media SA Fellows <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Peter Magubane honoured at 2015 Standard Bank Sikuvile Journalism Awards|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/79398/dr-peter-magubane-honoured-at-2015-standard-bank-sikuvile-journalism-awards|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=Media Update|date=30 June 2015|language=en}}</ref> Klas ụmụ nwanyị na-emeri azụmaahịa EY nke 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-24|title=EY launches Entrepreneurial Winning Women Class of 2015|url=https://www.experthub.info/news/experthub-today/ey-launches-entrepreneurial-winning-women-class-of-2015/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=ExpertHub|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728210210/https://www.experthub.info/news/experthub-today/ey-launches-entrepreneurial-winning-women-class-of-2015/}}</ref> Ahọpụtara dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Elle “The Elle 30” (January 2000) <ref name=":0"/> Cosmopolitan's "21 maka narị afọ nke 21: SA's Awesome Young Women" (December 1999) Onyinye Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ahịa 1991 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Paula Maria Fray - South African Journalists' Wiki|url=http://zajournos.wikifoundry.com/page/Paula+Maria+Fray|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=zajournos.wikifoundry.com|archivedate=2020-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210152433/http://zajournos.wikifoundry.com/page/Paula+Maria+Fray}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''zajournos.wikifoundry.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Award Checkers/Shoprite Investigative Journalism (N'ozuzu) 1991 Ihe nrite Checkers Merit 1988 <ref name=":0"/> Trophy Olleman (Argus Cadet na-ekwe nkwa) 1987 <ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fray lụrụ Desmond Latham ma bụrụ nne mụrụ ụmụ atọ. <ref name=":0"/> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rxgewg7qqbwwkamwc70pycms274pnpf 0 41551 700820 198626 2026-08-12T18:55:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Jockin Arputham hibere '''National Slum Dwellers Federation''' (NSDF) n'India mgbe ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'aha obodo mmadụ 70,000 ịrịọ maka iwu ịchụpụ 1976. Ọ bụ ọgbakọ mba nke na-achịkọta ọtụtụ obodo na ndị isi ha bi na mkpọda obodo na gburugburu India. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparcindia.org/aboutnsdf.php|title=NSDF- National Slum Dwellers Federation|work=Sparcindia.org|accessdate=2020-03-10|archivedate=2020-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424234053/https://www.sparcindia.org/aboutnsdf.php}}</ref> NSDF tinyere Mahila Milan bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha ochie na [[Urban Poor Fund International Network]] . N'ihi mbọ nke NSDF, arụrụla ụlọ 90 na ụlọ mposi 300 na Mumbai, na-enye ihe karịrị ezinụlọ 35,000 ụlọ na ịdị ọcha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://upfi.info/partners/implementing/national-slum-dwellers-federation-mahila-milan/|title=UPFI partner &#124; National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) and Mahila Milan|work=Upfi.info|accessdate=11 April 2021|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206134048/http://upfi.info/partners/implementing/national-slum-dwellers-federation-mahila-milan/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, arụrụla ụlọ mposi 100 na Pune. <ref name=":0" /> Na 1980s, NSDF hiwere njikọ aka na Mahila Milan na [https://web.archive.org/web/20240712085316/https://sparcindia.org/aboutnsdf.php SPARC], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparcindia.org/documentation1.php|title=Documentation|work=www.sparcindia.org|accessdate=2020-03-10|archivedate=2020-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509080316/https://www.sparcindia.org/documentation1.php}}</ref> na njikọ a ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka iguzobe Slum Dwellers International na 1996. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043721/http://www.habitatjam.com/webuploads/members/oArpurtham_Jockin_Bio_English.pdf SDI Jockin Arputham], Habitjam.com</ref> Na 1999, National Slum Dwellers Federation meriri UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award . == ndabere == A malitere National Slum Dwellers Federation mgbe e bibiri Janata Colony na Mumbai. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe kachasị na Mumbai ma nwee ọtụtụ ndị South India. Na 1967, Bhabha Atomic Research Center nyere ọkwa ịchụpụ ndị niile bi n'ala ahụ. Jockin Arputham, onye dị afọ 18 mgbe ahụ, bụkwa onye bi. Iji gbochie nchụpụ ahụ, ndị bi na ya aghaghị igosi na ha bụ ndị bi na-adịgide adịgide nakwa na ha nwere ikike ibi n'ebe ahụ. Emebere mpaghara a na 1947 na mgbazinye ụlọ dị n'etiti 50 Indian Paise ruo 2 Indian Rupees. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Satterthwaite|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRCpAgAAQBAJ&q=janta+colony+mumbai+eviction&pg=PT176|title=Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South|date=2013-08-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-24929-7|language=en}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara na nke a bụ nbibi na-adịgide adịgide yana nhazi iwu ya mere ndị bi na ya anọghị ebe ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ka ọ na-erule 1970, Jockin nọ na-eme njem gburugburu Mumbai na India iji zute ndị isi mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị ọzọ na ndị bi na ya iji nyere aka ịlụ ọgụ maka ịchụpụ. Ndị niile na-eme ihe ike metụtara gbara mbọ hụ na enweghị ike ịnye ọkwa nchụpụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe e mesịrị nye iwu nchụpụ ahụ, ndị na-eme ihe ike gara n'ụlọikpe mpaghara ma merie. Atomic Energy Commission wegara ya Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wee merie. N'ikpeazụ, a kpọgara ikpe ahụ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri meriri. Agbanyeghị, Prime Minista Indira Gandhi nwere mmasị n'onwe ya na ala ahụ na otu onye ọka ikpe Supremelọikpe Kasị Elu, mgbe ọ na-agwa Jockin okwu, kwuru ka oge na-aga ịkwụsị nchụpụ ahụ n'ihi Prime Minister. Mgbe ogologo oge gachara, e nwere nzukọ ya na Indira Gandhi na nkwubi okwu bụ na a gaghị enwe mbibi nke mkpọmkpọ ụlọ na-enweghị ndụmọdụ nke ndị bi n'ime ụlọ na ndị isi ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'ihi Mberede Mba nke Indira Gandhi kwupụtara, enyere iwu ịchụpụ ọhụrụ yana enyekwara ikike ijide ndị isi mkpọkpọ ụlọ. Nnukwu nbibi mere, a kpọgakwara mmadụ 70,000 ahụ n'ogige Cheetah. <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1975, e hiwere NSDF na ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe n'India gbasoro ihe atụ a ma guzobe kọmitii nke ha. <ref name=":1"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 50h0w9z0pahve7lzabtgrijjg1v4dg1 0 42052 700775 197771 2026-08-12T13:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=|URL=}} Michael Gurstein (October 2, 1944 - Ọktoba 8, 2017) bụ onye [[Kánada|Canada]] kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya na mmalite na-pụtapụta obodo dị ka mpaghara na omume na-enye na inye ikike obodo site na iji ozi na iwu ọrụ.  .  Ọ bụ nwa afọ Edmonton, Alberta, mana tolitere na Melfort, Saskatchewan wee mee akara ugo mbụ ya na Mahadum Saskatchewan na Philosophy na Politics Gurstein nwetara PhD na Social Science na Mahadum Cambridge. == Ndụ ọrụ mmalite == <ref name="CBMusic.com">{{Cite web|title=Contact|work=CBMusic.com|url=http://www.cbmusic.com/|accessdate=December 26, 2017|archivedate=January 29, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004530/http://cbmusic.com/}}</ref>Gurstein dịka onye isi ọrụ obodo maka Province nke British Columbia na 1972–1974 yana maka Province nke Saskatchewan (Department of Northern Saskatchewan) na 1974–1975.  O guzobeziri wee na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka njikwa, Socioscope, na-eme achọpụta na-ahụ dị iche iche iche iche ozi.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ịdọ aka ná ntị na United Nations na New York (1992-1995), e nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye isi oche na njikwa ike na Mahadum University nke Cape Breton .  Mgbe ọ nọ na Cape Breton Island, o hiwere Centre for Community and Enterprise Networking (C/CEN) dị ka ụlọ egwuregwu nke obodo (nke a bịara mara ugbu a dị ka ụlọ ngwaahịa ndụ ) na-egosi ngwa ngwa nke ozi na-azụ ahịa.  iwu iji kwadoo.  nsogbu nsogbu na eze n'ebe ahụ bụ otu n'ime mpaghara ndị Canada akara ego.  C/CEN, nke e hibere na 1996, bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na njikwa ogbako n' ịntanetị, n'etiti mpaghara ndị ọzọ, wee were ntụgharị IRC na iche mee egwuregwu mbụ n'iji nye ntụgharị ederede n'asụsụ French n  'otu oge na nka a na-edegharị na Bekee.  Ebe etiti ahụ mekwara nke NetCorps nke mbụ (na [[Angola]]) wee nye Nkwado n'ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ Cape Breton dị na mpaghara. == Ozi gbasara obodo == Akwụkwọ Gurstein Community Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and Communications Teknụzụ (Idea Group, 2000) na echiche echiche maka ihe obodo na-amalite site na omume ya na Cape Breton.  Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ mbụ dị mkpa na mpaghara ihe obodo, wee webata okwu ahụ bụ "ihe ọnọdụ obodo" n'ime ojiji ka ukwuu dị ka ntụaka ihe na ihe aka ná ntĩ praxis na-akwado nkwado mba na eze nke akụ ozi  .  N'ime mpaghara nke obodo informatics, a isi onyo bụ Gurstein iwebata echiche nke "dị irẹ ojiji" dị ka oke analytical ngwaọrụ maka teknuloji mme ihe iwu superseding obibia na ndị ọzọ anabata frameworks dị ka nke "ụdị nkewa ". Akwukwo edeziri ahazi ''Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics'', <ref name="Press">{{Cite web|author=Press|first=AU|title=Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics|work=Athabasca University Press|doi=|url=http://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120193|accessdate=December 26, 2017|archivedate=July 22, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722063158/http://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120193}}</ref> ka e bipụtara na 2012, dabere na ọrụ nke Community Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking (CRACIN), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.iprp.ischool.utoronto.ca/cracin/index.htm|title=Community Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking (CRACIN)|work=utoronto.ca|accessdate=26 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326111435/http://archive.iprp.ischool.utoronto.ca/cracin/index.htm#|archivedate=2012-03-26}}</ref> bụ isi ọrụ nyocha ihe ọmụma obodo nke bụ nke na-eme nchọpụta. Gurstein bụ onye nyocha ngalaba-isi. == Emechara ihe omume - agụmakwụkwọ na ọha ọha == Gurstein bụ onye nchịkọta na Chief of the Journal of Community Informatics, [1] bụ onye isi oche ntọala nke Community Informatics Research Network [2] ma na-emezi Community Informatics [3] na Community Informatics Researchers, [4] [5]  onye prọfesọ ọzọ.  na Akwụkwọ nke Ọbá akwụkwọ na nchekwa Ihe Ozi [6] na Vancouver Canada, ma ọ bụrụ na Prọfesọ nchacha na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] Institute of Technology na Newark, New Jersey, na Prọfesọ iyọ na Mahadum Quebec (Outaouais).  Ọ bụkwa onye so na High Level Panel of Advisers nke UN's Global Alliance for ICT and Development.  [7] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Board of Global Telecentre Alliance, Telecommunities Canada, Pacific Community Networking Association na Vancouver Community Net N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-akọwa okwu, ọkà okwu na onye edemede / blọgụ na-akọwapụta echiche obodo (grassroots ICT user) na mpaghara data gọọmentị mepere emepe na nchịkwa ịntanetị. Ruo 2016, Gurstein dere blọgụ ihe ọmụma obodo. == Ọnwụ == Gurstein gburu na Ọktoba 8, 2017, mgbe afọ abụọ lụsịrị ọrịa kansa prostate ogụ. <ref name="obit">{{Cite news|title=Michael GURSTEIN Obituary - Toronto, ON|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=michael-gurstein&pid=190005241|work=Obit.|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 14, 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi == * {{Cite book|doi=10.15215/aupress/9781926836041.01|title=Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics|date=2012|isbn=9781926836058|editor=Clement}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-88-7699-097-7|author=Gurstein|first=Michael|title=What is Community Informatics (And Why Does It Matter)?|date=2007|publisher=Polimetrica}} * {{Cite book|isbn=1878289691|title=Community Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and Communications Technologies|author=Gurstein|first=Michael|date=2000|publisher=Idea Group Pub.}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1107|title=Effective use: A community informatics strategy beyond the Digital Divide|date=2003|author=Gurstein|first=Michael|journal=First Monday|volume=8|issue=12}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.5210/fm.v4i2.649|title=Flexible networking, information and communications technology and local economic development|date=1999|author=Gurstein|first=Michael|journal=First Monday|volume=4|issue=2}} * Gurstein M., and Civille, R.: ''Towards a Citizen’s Technology: Final Report to the Ford Foundation on a Sector Analysis of the Community Informatics Systems Sector'', 2004. * Gurstein M., Menou M., and Stafeev S., (Eds.): ''Community Networking and Community Informatics: Prospects, Approaches and Instruments. Part 1: Global Experience St. Petersburg'', CCNS, 2003 (English and Russian) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == kọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20110409180033/http://ci-journal.net/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194257/http://www.communityinformatics.net/ * http://gurstein.wordpress.com * http://vancouvercommunity.net/lists/info/ciresearchers * Introduction to Community Informatics video-Michael Gurstein [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 9bpkets2g4gwxemhox8vqr0hngtftvq 0 44374 700858 537746 2026-08-13T05:58:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|name=Pancho Guedes|honorific_suffix=|image=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=Portuguese|pronunciation=|birth_name=Amâncio d'Alpoim Miranda Guedes|birth_date={{birth date|1925|05|13|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Lisbon]], Portugal|baptised=|death_date={{death date and age|2015|11|07|1925|05|13|df=y}}|death_place=[[Graaff-Reinet]], South Africa|death_cause=|monuments=|education=|alma_mater=|occupation=[[Architect]]|years_active=|era=|employer=|organization=|known_for=|notable_works=<!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works" -->|style=|television=|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|spouse=Dorothy Guedes|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|callsign=|awards=|website=}} [[Usòrò:Edifício_do_Banco_das_Poupanças_das_Viúvas_e_Orfãos_da_Polícia_Maputo.JPG|thumb|A na-akpọ ya 'Edifício do Banco das Poupanças das Viúvas e Orfãos da Polícia Maputo', ụlọ a bụ ụlọ obibi nke ụlọ akụ Savings maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na ụmụ mgbei nke ndị uwe ojii na Maputo, Mozambique, site na 1967 <ref>{{Cite web|title=GUEDES, Amancio d'Alpoim Miranda (Pancho)|url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=2352|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref>]] Amâncio d'Alpoim Miranda "'''Pancho'''" Guedes (Lisbon, Pọtugal, na ubochi iri na atọ na ọnwa Mee na afọ otu puku narị itoolu iri abụọ na ise&#x2D; Graaff-Reinet, South Afrika, ụbọchị asaa na ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise) bụ onye Pọtugal na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye na-ese ihe, onye na onye nkuzi. A na-akọwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ewu ụlọ post-modernist na [[Afrịka]] na onye na-ewu ewu nke Eclectic ohe ugbua.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=Pancho Guedes, Sculpting a New Africa|url=https://www.archdaily.com/964247/pancho-guedes-1925-2015-sculpting-a-new-africa|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite == A mụrụ Guedes na Lisbon, Pọtugal, na afọ otu puku narị itoolu iri abụo na ise. Ọ bụ nwa nke onye isi obodo Pọtugal Luis nke Alpoim. Guedes nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya na Pọtugiz Mozambik site na afọ asaa ọ ga-anọkwa ebe ahụ maka ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorigislason.net/pancho-guedes-architecture-on-a-grand-scale/|title=PANCHO GUEDES, ARCHITECTURE ON A GRAND SCALE|publisher=Dorisglason.net|accessdate=26 June 2011|archivedate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041015/http://dorigislason.net/pancho-guedes-architecture-on-a-grand-scale/}}</ref> N'ịchọ ịghọ onye na-ese ihe, ọ debara aha ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand na Johannesburg na afo otu puku narị itoolu iri anọ na ise. N'oge na-adịghị anya, o kpebiri ịmụ ihe owuwu nke bụ nye ya njedebe na njikọta nke ọrụ nka niile masịrị ya.<ref name="auto1"/> == Ọrụ owuwu == Guedes malitere ọrụ ya wee mepụta ọtụtụ ọrụ na ndị otu puku narị itoolu na ịrị ise nakwa ndị ir isii ka ọrụ iwu ụlọ na-esikwu ike na Mozambik.<ref name="auto1"/> N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, o mepụtara atụmatụ maka ọtụtụ narị ụlọ, <ref name="wsj">[Magical Mozambique] by Tom Downey Wall Street Journal Magazine October 2013 page 83 (includes an exterior photo)</ref> ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'obodo Lourenço Marques (Maputo) kamakwa na Angola, na South Afrika, na Pọtugal. Ihe okike ya jikọtara ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe atụ na ihe ndị a chọrọ na ọdịnala obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amancio Guedes - architect, sculptor, painter|url=http://www.guedes.info/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=www.guedes.info|archivedate=2021-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618015516/http://guedes.info/}}</ref> Guedes so na "Ndị òtù iri", otu ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke gbakọtara na Julai otu puku narị itoolu iri ise na atọ na nzukọ nke itoolu nke CIAM ma nabata ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ime obodo site na usoro echiche dị irè nke metụtara mmepe nke echiche ụlọ Europe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abuo. <ref name="auto1"/> O doro anya na otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama nke Guedes bụ Ụlọ Ọdụm na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị site na otu puku narị itoolu iri ise na isii nke e wuru na Mozambik.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Pancho Guedes, un grand maître portugais|url=https://blog.singulart.com/fr/2021/01/20/pancho-guedes-un-grand-maitre-portugais/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Magazine Singulart|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Guedes na-akpọ ụdị ụlọ a STILOGUEDES nke na-asụgharị n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka 'GuedesStyle'. Mgbidi dị elu nke dị n'ihu ọdịda anyanwụ ka dị mma, "ọdụm na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị" dịkwa n'akụkụ ugwu. Ọdụm ahụ bụ obere ihe a na-etinye n'ime ụlọ ahụ nke nwere ihu ọchị, ya mere aha ụlọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=O Leão que Ri - Smiling Lion details|url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=8303|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=www.artefacts.co.za|archivedate=2021-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185050/https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=8303}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Ewezuga nnukwu ọrụ ụlọ ya, ọ bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ise ihe. E meela ihe ngosi nke nka ya na Berardo Collection Museum na Lisbon, n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ. Guedes zụrụ ọrụ Paul Klee na 1948, na-enwe mmasị n'ụdị surrealist ya na isiokwu ụmụaka. O mere ihe ọkpụkpụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Paul Klee's Angels na njedebe nke ọrụ ya. Otu n'ime ihe osise ikpeazụ ya, nke o mere na 2015, akpọrọ 'A Tribute to Paul Klee'.<ref name="auto"/> == Nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe ihe omume nke Carnation Revolution na Lisbon gasịrị, ọ hapụrụ [[Mozambique]] nweere onwe ya na 1974. E guzobere Mozambique n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1975 dị ka People's Republic of Mozambique . Ọpụpụ ya ngwa ngwa na Mozambik na 1974 yana ndị ọzọ Pọtugiz na nkwupụta iri abuo na anọ/iri abuo (na-enye ha awa iri abụọ na anọ ka ha pụọ ma na-enye ha ohere iburu kilogram iri abụo nke ihe onwunwe) hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ego.<ref name="wsj">[Magical Mozambique] by Tom Downey Wall Street Journal Magazine October 2013 page 83 (includes an exterior photo)</ref> N'ihi aha ya, ọ natara akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù ka ọ were oche nke Owuwu na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na Johannesburg.<ref name="m">{{Cite book|author=Guedes|first=Amancio|title=Manifestos, papers, lectures, publications|publisher=Ordem dos Arquitectos|location=Lisboa, Portugal|year=2007|isbn=9789728897246}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Pancho Guedes nwụrụ na ubochi asaa na onwa Nọvemba na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu. <ref>Architect Africa: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004058/https://architectafrica.com/intranet/node/36114 Obituary], 7 November 2015</ref> == Ọrụ == * Nzukọ dị na Maputo (1962) <ref name="wsj">[Magical Mozambique] by Tom Downey Wall Street Journal Magazine October 2013 page 83 (includes an exterior photo)</ref> <gallery> Usòrò:Edificio_Dragao_Maputo_2.jpg|alt=Edifício Dragão (1953), Maputo|Ihe owuwu Dragão (1953), Maputo Usòrò:Edificio_Abreu_Santos_e_Rocha.jpg|Prédio Abreu, Santos e Rocha (1953/56), Maputo Usòrò:Prédio_Spence_e_Lemos_Maputo_(21910786308).jpg|alt=Prédio Spence e Lemos (1964), expanded 2008–2010|Spence na Lemos (1964), gbasaa 2008-2010 </gallery> == Ebe mụ si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160111202620/http://panchoguedes.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] {{Authority control}}Nchịkọta ikike [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g97ceiua0009ufi9b1tq98dy64u68bs 0 45787 700821 540805 2026-08-12T19:01:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nayland Blake|image=Nayland Blake.jpg|caption=|birth_date=1960|birth_place=[[New York, New York]]|education=|occupation=Artist and Educator|credits=''Feeder 2 '', ''Starting Over''|agent=|website={{URL|naylandblake.net}}}} Nayland Blake bụ onye omenkà America nke lekwasịrị anya ya na ozi nwoke na-achọ, nwa nwoke na-achọ, naanabataghị agba mbụ n'ebe ha nọ.  A kọwawo ọrụ mgbasa ozi ha agwa ụzọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka ihe na-akpasu iwe, na-akpasu iwe, nke a na-ahụ anya, nke a na-emekpa ahụ́, na-akpasu iwe, obi mgbawa, obi.  nri, na nrọ. <ref>Valdez, Sarah: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209071743/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_8_92/ai_n6196969 "Nayland Blake at Matthew Marks"]; ''[[Art in America]]'', 2004 September</ref> <ref>Rush, Michael: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040830140951/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_9_88/ai_65069559 "Nayland Blake at Mattche Marks"]; ''Art in America'', 2000 September</ref> == Ndụ == Nayland Blake gara akwụkwọ Bard na Annandale-On-Hudson, maka mmemme BFA ya site na 1978 ruo 1982 wee kwaga California.  Ha gara California Institute of Arts, Valencia, maka mmemme MFA ya, site na 1982 ruo 1984 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/artists/nayland-blake/biography/|title=Matthew Marks Gallery|accessdate=2024-05-27|archivedate=2019-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920144422/https://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/artists/nayland-blake/biography/}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ọkpụkpọ ala 2017, Blake ejila iji "ha / ha" nnochiaha, isi nke ha egwuregwu bụ dị n'ịdị n'otu na ndị okwu nwoke na ngo na-ad iche na ọnụọgụ abụọ, yana njikọnye onwe ha ngwakọ.  agụụ na agụụ.  ike <ref>[https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/magazines/subcultural-treasures/ Subcultural Treasures], ''[[Art in America]]'', Brian Droitcour, May 1, 2018.</ref> <ref>[https://hyperallergic.com/417184/nayland-blake-draw-every-day-matthew-marks-gallery/ "Overcoming Daily Life with Nayland Blake’s Daily Drawings"], ''Hyperallergic'', Louis Bury, December 14, 2017</ref> == Ọrụ == Nayland Blake nkọwa ọrụ ha na 1985. Otu n'ime ibe ha a ma bụ ụlọ osisi nke ejiri oghere gingerbread mee nke dabara na etiti igwe, ikiri Feeder 2 (1998).  Mgbe emere nke enyo na Tang Teaching Museum na Art Gallery, ndị ọbịa wepụrụ obere akwụkwọ dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ebe isi nke gingerbread na gallery ahụ.  [1] ụtụtụ ọzọ a ma bụ Starting Over (2000), vidiyo nke onye na-ese egwu na-agba egwu na -agba egwu na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha na uwe mwụda e mere iji otu ihe dị ka onye òtù ọlụlụ ya.  n'oge ahụ.  Uwe ahụ dị arọ nke ukwuu nke na Blake akara ike ịga ebe ha na-ewere ntụzịaka choreographic si n'ụdị ''Gorge'' (1998) bụ vidiyo nke onye na-ese ihe nọ ọdụ na-enweghị uwe ka onye ojii na-enweghị uwe elu si n'azụ na-enye nri buru ibu otu awa. N'afọ 2009, e wepụtara ụdị ''Gorge'' dị ndụ nke ndị otu na-ege ntị nyere Blake nri. <ref name="altman" /> Ọrụ ha na-agụnye isiokwu nke masochism .  [1] Gorge na-eso eriri abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ isi nke ọrụ Blake: ihe nketa nri ha — nna onye na-ese ihe bụ oji - na agụụ mmekọahụ ha. <ref>Johnson, Paddy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232101/http://www.artfagcity.com/2008/06/24/the-guys-we-would-fuck-an-interview-with-nayland-blake/ "The Guys We Would Fuck: An Interview with Nayland Blake"]; ''Art Fag City'', June 24, 2008.</ref> Blake enweela ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka na Tang Museum wee tinye ya na 1991 Whitney Biennial yana ajị nwoke ama ama nke ụlọ ngosi nka: ọnọdụ anya nwoke na ihe ngosi nke oge ochie nke America na 1994. [1] Maura Riley chepụtara.  azụ azụ nke afọ 30 nke nka nka Blake, "ihe," nke ewepụtara na-achọ 2008-afọ 2009 na Ebe Otu na New York City. Na Ọktoba 2017 Nayland Blake ngwaọrụ na ụkpụrụ Crossing Object (n'ime Gnomen) [1] nke New Museum na Manhattan (2017–18) bụ.  Nayland Blake yi uwe dị ka Gnomen, anụ anụ bea-bison Blake kere dị ka "fursona" ha.  [2] New Museum ekiri na Gnomen "nwere ike ife ife na okike" ebe uwe aji na- 55 ike ngwakọ Blake. Na 2018 Nayland curated Tag: Atụmatụ na Queer Play na The Ways Forward [1] na Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia . Ọrụ ha dị nchịkọta nke San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Walker Art Center, na Des Moines Art Center, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  [1] Ihe ngosi Matthew Marks nọchiri anya ha, ma bi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York City . N'afọ 2022, Blake sonye na 2022 Whitney Biennial ndụ "Kwụsị dị ka E Debere Ya" nke Adrienne Edwards na David Breslin akwụkwọ <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2022-01-25|title=Whitney Biennial Picks 63 Artists to Take Stock of Now|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/arts/design/whitney-biennial.html|accessdate=2022-01-25}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara == * ''FREE!'' ''Ịhụnanya!'' ''Ngwaọrụ!'' ''Igbe!'' , Yerba Buena Center for Arts, San Francisco <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170516202133/https://visityerbabuena.org/events/nayland-blake-freelovetoolbox/#.WRtfV7_P2XI "Nayland Blake: FREE!LOVE!TOOL!BOX!"], Yerba Buena.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140703194636/https://ybca.org/nayland-blake Nayland Blake: FREE!LOVE!TOOL!BOX!]</ref> * ''Nayland Blake: Omume,'' Ebe Otu, New York, nke Maura Reilly chepụtara * ''Nayland Blake, Ụfọdụ Ụdị ịhụnanya: Vidiyo arụmọrụ 1989-2002'', Center for Art and Visual Culture, University of Maryland, Baltimore. Gaa na Tang Teaching Museum na Art Gallery, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY. <ref>[https://tang.skidmore.edu/exhibitions/169-opener-3-br-nayland-blake-some-kind-of-love-performance-video-1989-2002 "Opener 3: Nayland Blake: Some Kind of Love — Performance Video, 1989-2002"], Past Exhibitions | 2003, Tang.</ref> * ''Àgwà Hare'', Museumlọ ihe ngosi nka nke oge a, Houston <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170414162507/http://camh.org/exhibitions/nayland-blake-hare-attitudes#.VifICLQ7n8s "Nayland Blake: Hare Attitudes"] (January 12–February 25, 1996), CAMH.</ref> * ''The Schreber Suite'', MATRIX Gallery, Mahadum California, Berkeley Art Museum <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibition/125|title=BAM/PFA - Art Exhibitions - Nayland Blake / MATRIX 125|accessdate=2015-10-21|archivedate=2013-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907191201/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibition/125}}</ref> * ''Ihe odide'', XS Gallery, Western Nevada Community College, Carson City, NV. == Họrọ mbipụta == * ''Nayland Blake, Omume'' <nowiki>.</nowiki> New York : Ebe Otu [2009], nke Maura Reilly dere edemede ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldcat|oclc=316067146}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake'', ''gbara n'elu'' <nowiki>.</nowiki> London : MOCA, [2008?] <ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldcat|oclc=572840737}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake,'' Ọzọkwa na-ebilite anyanwụ. Calgary Alta, Canada : Enweghị pịa, 2008 <ref>{{Cite book|title=worldcat|oclc=244007876}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake,'' Nayland Blake: ụdị ịhụnanya: vidiyo arụmọrụ 1989-2002 / Ian Berry ; ya na edemede David Deitcher. Saratoga Springs, NY : Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum na Art Gallery na Skidmore College, 2003. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldcat|oclc=55968713}}</ref> * Na ìhè dị iche : omenala a na-ahụ anya, njirimara mmekọahụ, omume queer / nke Nayland Blake deziri, Lawrence Rinder, Amy Schholder. San Francisco : Akwụkwọ ọkụ City, 1995. <ref>{{Cite book|title=worldcat|oclc=785273908}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake,'' Nayland Blake: Àgwà Hare. Houston : Contemporary Arts Museum, 1996. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldcat|oclc=36724514}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake,'' Ọbá akwụkwọ Bebel. Buffalo, NY : Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, 1991. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldcat|oclc=27142636}}</ref> * ''Nayland Blake,'' Brains: Akwụkwọ akụkọ mmekọahụ nke egghead. San Francisco : B. Ọrụ, 1990. <ref>{{Cite book|title=worldcat|oclc=84648267}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ọha == * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125804/https://whitney.org/Events/NormalLove Nayland Blake, "Negative Bunny"] in ''America is Hard to See'', permanent collection inaugural exhibition of New Whitney.</ref> * Orange County Museum of Art, Santa Ana. * Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. <ref>[http://www.moca.org/artist/nayland-blake Nayland Blake], MoCA, Los Angeles.</ref> * Museum of Modern Art, New York. <ref>[http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/27966?locale=en Nayland Blake], MoMA.</ref> * Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco. <ref>The museum holds, besides other works by Blake, the painting [https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/95.6 ''Made with pride by a Queen'']. Blake combined here a drawing by the German artist [[Fedor Flinzer]] with a phrase he wrote and laid out in type. [[c:File:Painting_Nature.jpg|Flinzer’s illustration]] was originally published on page 186 in the second volume of the ''Deutsche Jugend'' from 1873.</ref> * di Rosa Center for Contemporary Art, Napa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collection|url=http://www.dirosaart.org/about/the-collection/|work=dirosaart.org|date=16 June 2010|accessdate=2016-11-03}}</ref> == Edemede == * Blọọgụ onye na-ese ihe <ref>http://www.naylandblake.net Artist's blog</ref> * Blake, N., Rinder, L., na Scholder, A. (1995) ''N'ìhè dị iche'' . San Francisco, CA: Akwụkwọ ọkụ obodo. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Blake|title=In a different light : visual culture, sexual identity, queer practice|date=1995|publisher=City Lights Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=087286300X|edition=00.|url=https://archive.org/details/indifferentlight00nayl}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200924201111/https://www.matthewmarks.com/new-york/artists/nayland-blake/ Nayland Blake na Matthew Marks] * [http://naylandblake.net/ Weebụsaịtị onye nka] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] nj25n97qkz4gfc2lb4lc04kflb9plzx 0 46273 700907 594830 2026-08-13T08:49:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700907 wikitext text/x-wiki Rachelle Anayansi Mozman Solano ( ndidi 1972) bụ onye omenkà ihe nkiri America na-arụ ọrụ na foto na vidiyo yana onye na-ahụ maka ndị malite na New York City .  [1] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na New York na Panama .  [2] Foto Mozman Solano na ihe onyonyo na-akpụ akpụ n'otu oge na-egosi ndị dị n'etiti nje, nchọpụta ifo na akwụkwọ yana ụzọ ndị na-esite na-akpụzi na ọnọdụ nke mmadụ na gburugburu  ebe obibi <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?page_id=12|title=Biography|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Rachelle Anayansi Mozman Solano bụ ọgbọ mbụ nke America amụrụ ma tolite na New York City. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/49637-rachelle-mozman-solano|title=Rachelle Mozman Solano|date=2019-02-07|work=Wall Street International|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti New York City na Panama, obodo ezinụlọ nne ya. <ref name=":2" /> Nne na nna ya zutere na Hunter College na CUNY obere oge ka ha abụọ kwagara US ma tinye aka na Trotskyist ije ruo ọtụtụ afọ. <ref name=":2" /> Nna ya bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke mechara bụrụ onye mmemme Kọmputa na nne ya na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Education nke New York City. <ref name=":2" /> Nne na nna nna ya bụ ndị na-emepụta sample, ma kwaga New York City ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ uwe. <ref name=":2" /> Mozman Solano akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School maka Music & Art na Performing Arts na New York City.  [1] O matsayin MFA na Photography si Tyler School of Art na Temple University, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Coco Fusco, na BFA si Purchase College na SUNY, ebe ọ na-amụ na sinima na mgbasa ozi na-akọ ihe mere  eme Tom Gunning na ndị na-ese ihe Gregory Crewdson, Jo Ann Walters., Mary Lucier na Antonio Frasconi . <ref name=":2" /> eIhe ọrụ ya na-etinye aka na psychoanalysis Clinical.  Mozman Solano nwere afọ 14 nke ihe psychoanalytic sitere na National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, New York.  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ n'etiti 2010 na 2017 <ref name=":2"/> Ọ na-egbu a na School of the Museum of Fine Arts na Tufts University dị ka prọfesọ nke Practice in Photography mọnk. 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smfa.tufts.edu/smfa-faculty|title=SMFA At Tufts - Faculty|work=smfa.tufts.edu|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuftsdaily.com/news/2018/10/03/smfa-expands-full-time-staff-five-new-hires/|title=SMFA expands full-time staff with five new hires|date=2018-10-03|work=The Tufts Daily|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> == Art == Omume nka nke Mozman Solano na-egosi ka ihe mere eme, psyche na ike si gbakọọ wee bụrụ ihe nke ihe nke ike na nke somatic.  Ụbọchị Mozman Solano na-eleba anya n'ọgba egwu n'ihi oke oke, ndị mba ọzọ na ido onwe ha n'okpuru, ụgbọ na-ama ụmụaka.  Foto ya na vidiyo na-ịkpọ ya, na nchoputa nke ndị dị ka echiche sitere na ike <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/49637-rachelle-mozman-solano|title=Rachelle Mozman Solano|date=2019-02-07|work=Wall Street International|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-27}}</ref> Ụbọchị 2018 Metamorphosis nke ike sitere na ihe ngosi 2014 MoMA nke ọrụ Paul Gauguin .  Mozman Solano egwuregwura Gauguin na ihe ngosi nke ụdị ejiji ya, yana ọrụ ụlọ nka n'ịkpụzi echiche omenala ya.  [1] Ọrụ a na-etinyekwa aka na nkatọ saịtị n'ịmepụta ihe oyiyi nke muses Gauguin na ọnọdụ ha . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/artguide/smack-mellon-9875/metamorphosis-of-failure-165068|title=Rachelle Mozman Solano Metamorphosis of Failure|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.it/fotografia/gallery/metamorphosis-of-failure-by-rachelle-mozman-solano|title=Metamorphosis of Failure|work=Vogue Italia|date=12 February 2019|language=it|accessdate=2019-03-27}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> Na 2020 Mozman Solano weputara monograph ya Colonial Echo na Kris Graves Projects, [1] na-achịkọta ọrụ abụọ ya, Casa de Mujeres na La Negra .  Ọrụ ahụ na-adabere na ndụ ndụ ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya.  Na Casa de Mujeres, ọ na-ekwu okwu ụgha colonialism na Panama na ụgbọ ya.  Na La Negra, ọ ọhụụra njem ya si na nrida America, ma hụ gaa New York City.  [2] Aha maka aha La Negra, sitere na aha otutu nyere nne ya site na ebe ya <ref>{{Cite web|title=Colonial Echo|url=https://www.artresourcestransfer.org/library-program/colonial-echo|work=A.rt R.esources T.ransfer|accessdate=27 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> Mozman Solano enweela ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ The Camera Club of New York, Light Work, LMCC workspace, na Smack Mellon, yana Guggenheim Fellowship na Fulbright Fellowship.  [1] A tụlewo ọrụ Mozman Solano na New York Times, Artnexus, Voice Village, The Wall Street Journal.  [1] Ebipụtala ọrụ ya na Magazin Aperture, akwụkwọ mgbaàmà, akwụkwọ ndị: The Light Work Annual, Presumed Innocence, Vogue Italia, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == === Ihe ngosi nke onwe === * 2019 ''[http://hafny.org/blog/2019/1/rachelle-mozman-solano-disarms-gaugins-predatory-gaze-with-absurdist-wit Metamorphosis nke ọdịda] ,'' Smack Mellon, New York, NY <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/arts/design/what-to-see-in-new-york-art-galleries-this-week.html|title=What to See in New York Art Galleries This Week|date=2019-02-12|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-03-18|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2019/E8C5|title=Bonnie Collura and Rachelle Mozman Solano Exhibitions|work=www.nyartbeat.com|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> * 2018 ''El espejo opaco de Gauguin'', Arteconsult, Panamá, Panamá <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arteallimite.com/2018/06/15/espejo-opaco-gauguin-rachelle-mozman-galeria-arteconsult-ciudad-panama-20-06/|title=El espejo opaco de Gauguin {{!}} Rachelle Mozman {{!}} Galería Arteconsult, Ciudad de Panamá {{!}} 20/06 –|language=es|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2010 ''Dakọtara'', Arteconsult, Panama City, Panama <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?p=122|title=Equivalent|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2010 ''Costa del Este'', En Foco Traveling Exhibition program, Aguilar Library/ NYPL, New York, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/en-foco-touring-gallery-costa-del-este|title=En Foco Touring Gallery - Costa Del Este|work=The New York Public Library|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2009 ''American Exurbia'' / ''Costa del Este'', Ememme Biarritz, Biarritz, France <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/kjrio00/docs/catalogo_zoom_digital|title=ZOOM|work=Issuu|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-25|archivedate=2019-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325063750/https://issuu.com/kjrio00/docs/catalogo_zoom_digital}}</ref> * 2009 ''Exurbia,'' Sol del Rio Arte Contemporánea, Guatemala City, Guatemala <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?p=138|title=Exurbia|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2006 ''American Exurbia'', Metaphor Contemporary Art, Brooklyn, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metaphorcontemporaryart.com/proRooRM_Arc.html|title=Metaphor Contemporary Art - Rachelle Mozman, American Exurbia|work=www.metaphorcontemporaryart.com|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metaphorcontemporaryart.com/AP_RacMoz.html|title=Rachelle Mozman at Metaphor Contemporary Art|work=www.metaphorcontemporaryart.com|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hafny.org/exhibitions/soloshow/rachelle-mozman|title=Rachelle Mozman|work=Humble Arts Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * ''Foto ọhụrụ'' 2003, PH gallery, New York, NY <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?page_id=21|title=CV|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-18}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi otu === * 2019 ''[https://www.evensi.us/how-to-read-a-banana-a-screening/296160518 Otu esi agụ banana: Nnyocha na Rachelle Mozman Solano & Nicole Won Hee Maloof] ,'' (nyocha), SOHO20 gallery, Brooklyn, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soho20gallery.com/howtoreadabanana-2019/|title={{!}} soho20gallery|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/soho20-gallery/how-to-read-a-banana-a-screening/305494110160718/|title=How to Read a Banana: A Screening|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2019 ''Ee: Rachelle Mozman Solano/Ezra Wube'', (nyocha) Ụlọ ihe nkiri microscope, Brooklyn, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://microscopegallery.com/yes-rachelle-mozman-solano-ezra-wube/|title=microscopegallery.com/yes-rachelle-mozman-solano-ezra-wube/|date=2019-01-21|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2018 ''Nwamba dị umeala n'obi: Photoville Edition'', Photoville, Brooklyn, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hafny.org/blog/2018/7/open-call-humble-cats-photoville-and-on-death|title=Two Photography Open Calls: Humble Cats at Photoville and Group Show #58: On Death|work=Humble Arts Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2017 ''Panamá Expandida'', Museo de Arte Contemporáneo ''',''' Panamá, Panamá <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?p=911|title=Panamá Expandida|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2016 ''X Bienal Centroaméricana'', Museo Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo, San Jose, Costa Rica <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redcultura.com/front/agenda.php?eventid=704&fecha=31-08-2016|title=X Bienal Centroamericana: "Todas las vidas"|work=Agenda RedCultura.com|language=es|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2015 ''Do/Gwa'', Institute of Contemporary Art University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icaphila.org/books/do-tell/|title=Do/Tell - ICA Philadelphia|date=2015-09-21|work=Institute of Contemporary Art - Philadelphia, PA|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * ''Eserese 2014 Ugbu a: Nhazi onwe,'' National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://npg.si.edu/exhibit/staging/|title=Staging the Self {{!}} National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution|work=npg.si.edu|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/exhibitions/portraiture-now-staging-the-self-5110|title=Portraiture Now: Staging the Self|work=Smithsonian Institution|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2013 ''Na Mpaghara'', Station Independent Projects, New York, NY <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artcards.cc/newyork/show/47149-In-The-Zone-Station-Independent-Projects|title=Carrie Elston Tunick, Jenny Carpenter, Julie Schenkelberg, Karen Marston, Marcella Hackbardt, Mary Ann Strandell, Rachelle Mozman, Sandy Litchfield "In The Zone" curated by David Gibson at Station Independent Projects {{!}} Artcards New York|work=artcards.cc|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stationindependent.com/show_2013May_GROUP_InTheZone.php|title=Station Independent Projects|work=www.stationindependent.com|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2012 ''Ị bụ enyo m'', Ememme foto Athens, foto foto Ariadne, Athens, Greece <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.photofestival.gr/portfolio/you-are-my-mirror|title=You are my mirror|work=Athens Photo Festival|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25|archivedate=2019-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325065808/https://www.photofestival.gr/portfolio/you-are-my-mirror}}</ref> * 2011 ''The (S) Files Bienal'', El Museo del Barrio, New York, NY <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/17/arts/design/el-museos-bienal-the-s-files-2011-review.html|title=El Museo's Bienal: The (S) Files 2011 - Review|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2011-06-16|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2010 ''Parabola: Una línea imaginaría entre mujeres fotógrafas,'' Centro Cultural España, San Salvador, El Salvador <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rachellemozman.com/?p=119|title=Parábola|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * ''Mkparịta ụka 2009: Isi nke Latin American Art na MOLAA Permanent Collection'', MOLAA, Long Beach, CA <ref name=":1"/> * 2008 ''Numero Cero'', 2nd Trienal Poligrafica de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, San Juan, Puerto Rico <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centrefortheaestheticrevolution.blogspot.com/2008/06/2da-trienal-poligrafica-de-san-juan.html|title=CENTRE FOR THE AESTHETIC REVOLUTION: 2da TRIENAL POLI/GRAFICA DE SAN JUAN|author=Barra|first=Pablo Leon De La|date=2008-06-27|work=CENTRE FOR THE AESTHETIC REVOLUTION|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2007 ''Sutil Violencia,'' Instituto Cultural Itaõ, São Paulo, Brazil <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guiame.com.br/vida-estilo/turismo/sutil-violencia-latino-americana-e-exposta-em-mostra-internacional-de-fotos-na-recoleta.html|title=Sutil Violência latino-americana é exposta em mostra internacional de fotos na Recoleta|author=Guiame|date=2008-07-31|work=Guiame|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2006 ''IV Bienal'' Centroaméricana, San Salvador, El Salvador <ref name=":1" /> * 2005 ''Séptima Bienal de Arte Panamá'', Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Panamá, Panamá <ref name=":1" /> == Ihe nrite == * Mmekọrịta Guggenheim 2024 * Mmekọrịta Artist 2019 NYSCA/NYFA * 2018 Neubauer Faculty Fellow <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.tufts.edu/faculty/endowed-fellows|title=Endowed Faculty Fellows {{!}} School of Arts and Sciences|work=as.tufts.edu|accessdate=2019-03-25|archivedate=2019-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325125127/https://as.tufts.edu/faculty/endowed-fellows}}</ref> * 2017 Latin American Roaming Art <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiacititrust.com/es/2018/02/22/lara-2017-2/|title=LARA 2017 – Asiaciti Trust|date=22 February 2018|language=es-ES|accessdate=2019-03-25|archivedate=2019-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325125117/https://www.asiacititrust.com/es/2018/02/22/lara-2017-2/}}</ref> * Ihe nkiri NYC 2016 na onyinye mgbasa ozi, Jerome Foundation <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeromefdn.org/past-grantees|title=Past Grantees|work=The Jerome Foundation|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2013 The Puffin Foundation <ref name=":1"/> * 2012 Critical Mass Photolucida, Top 50 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.photolucida.org/cm_winners.php?pl=j2ob5uh5s40hu3g30q9vh3rql7&aID=3953&CMYear=2012&event_id=14|title=Critical Mass 2012 Winners|work=www.photolucida.org|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> * 2012 ikpeazụ, asọmpi mba ụwa nke 86 na foto, Ebe obibi ebi, Philadelphia, PA <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://printcenter.org/2012comp/FINALISTS/RachelleMozman/index.html|title=Rachelle Mozman|work=printcenter.org|accessdate=2019-03-25|archivedate=2019-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704050252/http://printcenter.org/2012comp/FINALISTS/RachelleMozman/index.html}}</ref> * Omenala oghere 2011, onye mmeri nke abụọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lensculture.com/articles/rachelle-mozman-casa-de-mujeres|title=Casa de Mujeres - Photographs and text by Rachelle Mozman|author=LensCulture|first=Rachelle Mozman {{!}}|work=LensCulture|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 58g33cr7gisrnpb0br1jnqpvj5elodb 0 46652 700908 577266 2026-08-13T09:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700908 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ramón Unzueta''' (Julaị 14, 1962 – Ọktoba 5, 2012) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Cuban-Spanish kacha arụsi ọrụ ike na United States, Spain, na France. Na United States ọ bụ onye ama ama na mpụta nke obere ahịa nka Havana na Miami n'oge mmalite narị afọ 21st.N'oge ndụ ya Unzueta nwetara nkwado omenala nke oge a site na nkwanye ùgwù ọha, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, na nnukwu profaịlụ mba ụwa mmekorita na kọmishọna. Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọrụ ya na ọrụ ya bụ isiokwu a na-enyocha site na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi mgbe ọ gasịrị. A na-egosipụta ọrụ Unzueta na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Frost Art Museum na American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ramón Unzueta Chávez na Havana, Cuba na July 14, 1962, nwa Ramón Unsueta (Sr.) na Enaida Chávez.<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993">{{Cite news|author=Hernandez|first=Celestino|title=Ramon Unzueta, propuesta de La Chatita|work=La Gaceta de Canarias|date=3 April 1993|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Art and Legacy">{{Cite web|author=Permuy|first=Antonio|title=The Art and Legacy of Ramon Unzueta|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/the-art-and-legacy-of-ramon-unzueta/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital|date=May 2023}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Enaida, tolitere n'ógbè Centro Habana dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Havana.<ref name="Unzueta Biographic Profile">{{Cite web|author=Uria|first=Roberto|title=From Island to Island: A Biographic Profile of Ramón Unzueta Chávez|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/from-island-to-island/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> Nna ha bụ onye Basque-Spaniard, nke nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịzụlite ọdịbendị ha n'ime Cuba ma nọgide na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ ọdịbendị na Spain.<ref name="ZoePost 2023">{{Cite web|author=Chávez Vásquez|first=Gloria|title=RAMÓN UNZUETA. La sublime obsesión de un artista exiliado|url=https://zoepost.com/ramon-unzueta-la-sublime-obsesion-de-un-artista-exiliado/|work=www.zoepost.com|publisher=2022. ZoePost|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=Spanish|format=Digital|date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Unzueta gosipụtara ọchịchọ okike site n'oge ọ bụ nwata wee malite ịse mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ na-adọta mmụọ nsọ site na fim nke Golden Age nke Hollywood, isiokwu nke nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu mmetụta maka oge ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1972 mgbe Unzueta dị afọ iri, e nyere ya ihe osise eserese na eserese nke nna ya debere, bụ nke kpaliri ya ịga n'ihu n'ihu mmepe okike ya. Unzueta ga-amụ nka na Escuela Nacional de Artes Applicadas (National School of Applied Arts) nke Cuba na Havana.<ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta: From Island to Island|url=https://thecuban.org/ramon-unzueta-from-island-to-island/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora, Inc.|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital|date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/> N'ebe ahụ, onye isi Cuban na-ese ihe na prọfesọ Carmelo González (1920-1990) bụ onye na-akwado nka Unzueta.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982, Unzueta rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise maka akwụkwọ dị iche iche gụnyere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, magazin, akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition" /> [2]<ref name="La Revolución cubana">{{Cite journal|author=Ojeda Borges|first=Leonardo|title=Selección de lecturas|journal=La Revolución cubana, 1953–1980|date=1983|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8cpAQAAMAAJ&q=ramon+unzueta|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'oge a site na mbido afọ 1990, ọ nwalere ihe osise, gụnyere mmanụ, ink, watercolor, pensụl, na collage. [2]<ref name="Unzueta Biographic Profile"/> Pencil karịsịa ga-abụ ihe a ma ama na mbụ nke a ga-adọta ya ma mesịa bụrụ ntọala nke ngosi mbụ ya nke nka ya. == Nchụpụ na ọrụ nka == N'afọ 1992, Unzueta ruru afọ ebe a na-achọghị ka ọ nọrọ na Cuba ma ọ bụrụ na a banye n'ọrụ agha ma kwe ka ọ hapụ agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/> N'ịchọ ịgbanarị ọnọdụ ndị dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Castro, ọ gara biri n'ala ọzọ n'obodo nna ya Spain ebe ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke mba Cuban mba ọzọ. Unzueta mechara biri n'afọ ahụ na Tenerife nke Canary Islands, ebe ọ ga-ebi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[1] Mgbe ọ nọ n'ala ọzọ, Unzueta malitere ịgbanwe site na ịmepụta nka maka iji onwe ya gaa n'ọrụ ngosi dị ukwuu dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'akụkụ ọrụ ya na-aga nke ọma dị ka onye na-eme ihe atụ. Unzueta mere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ Ramón Unzueta Chavez: Dibujos 1987-1993, na Galeria La Chatita nke Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain. <ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/><ref name="1993 Exhibition Catalog">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta Chavez: Dibujos 1987–1993 Exhibition Catalog|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Centro-Cultural-San-Antonio-Dibujos-1987-1993.jpeg|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=Club San Miguel, 1993|accessdate=7 August 2023}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ihe osise ya mara mma site na afọ ikpeazụ ya na Cuba yana afọ mbụ ya na Spain.[1]<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993" /> Na ntụgharị nke narị afọ iri, Unzueta ga-esonye ma gosipụta n'ihe omume ọdịnala na-abawanye ụba nke mba ụwa na nke dị elu. N'afọ 2000, o gosipụtara nka ya na Madrid International Book Fair dị ka ngosipụta nke mgbọrọgwụ ya siri ike dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-ebipụta n'ọtụtụ ebe malite na ọrụ ya na Cuba. N'afọ sochirinụ, Unzueta gosipụtara na United States na nke mbụ ya. E mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na US, nke akpọrọ Crazy As A Coffee Pot, na Miami's Gainza Gallery ma gosipụta usoro Cafetera ya, nke ghọrọ usoro a ma ama na nke a na-ahụ anya nke ya nke chọtara mmetụta pụrụ iche na nnukwu obodo Cuban na South Florida.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004">{{Cite news|author=Connor|first=Olga|title=En Viernes Cultural de la Calle Ocho abre sus puertas la Galería Unzueta|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=29 October 2004|page=2D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọ bịarute na Miami dị ka onye na-ese ihe na mba ụwa, e nyere Unzueta asambodo onye nleta pụrụ iche yana mkpịsị ugodi nke County of Miami-Dade County site na Miami-Dades County Board of County Commissioners.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Na 2002, Unzueta gosipụtara na Miami, Paris, na Spain, gụnyere na Miami Book Fair International. N'afọ sochirinụ Unzueta guzobe ọnụnọ ya na Coconut Grove na ihe ngosi solo na 2003 Coconut Grove Art Festival na ihe ngosi solo ọzọ na The Mutiny Hotel, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kacha ama ama nke mpaghara. Ihe ngosi ndị a na South Florida welitere profaịlụ ya wee tọọ ntọala iji kwado oghere 2004 nke Unzueta Gallery na Miami's Little Havana Arts District. Nwanne ya nwanyị Enaida ga-elekọta gallery ahụ ma bụrụkwa isi ihe nnọchi anya ya na United States maka afọ iri na atọ na-esote. Mgbasa ozi Miami kpuchiri nnukwu oghere nke 2004 nke Unzueta Gallery dị ka oge dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke Mpaghara Art Havana n'ihi profaịlụ Unzueta guzobere na nnabata mba ụwa. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ga-abụ onye na-enye aka na mmemme Viernes Culturales (Cultural Fridays) kwa ọnwa yana ebe ndị na-ese ihe ga-enye aka na mmalite mmepe nke Little Havana Arts District. Na mgbakwunye na Unzueta, ihe ngosi ahụ gosikwara ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe bụ Manolo Rodriguez, Josevelio Rodriguez, Esteban Alvarez-Buylla na Carlos Manuel Galindo, ndị na-anakọta ama ama dịka ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye odeakụkọ Noticiero Univision nke mba Roberto Uria yana onye na-akwado nka Marta Permuy. N'ime afọ ndị sochiri mmeghe nke Unzueta Gallery, Unzueta natara ọtụtụ ọrụ a ma ama. N'afọ 2006, Unzueta natara ọrụ ọha na eze abụọ: nke mbụ iji mepụta ihe osise maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa Limon Partido na nke abụọ iji mepụta akwụkwọ ngosi ihe omume gọọmentị maka Miami-Dade County's Hispanic Heritage Month.<ref name="Artburst 2023">{{Cite news|author=Vega|first=Jesús|title=LAS DOS ISLAS DE RAMÓN UNZUETA EN EL MUSEO AMERICANO DE LA DIÁSPORA CUBANA|url=https://www.artburstmiami.com/articulos-en-espanol/las-dos-islas-de-ramon-unzueta-en-el-museo-americano-de-la-diaspora-cubana|accessdate=8 August 2023|work=Artburst Miami|language=Spanish|format=Digital}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ga-egosikwa na Las Palmas International Film Festival Invitational nke Gran Canaria, Spain. <ref name="Unzueta monograph">{{Cite book|author=Uria|first=Roberto|title=Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962–2012)|date=2016|publisher=Unzueta Gallery|location=Miami, Florida|isbn=9780692804308|language=English}}</ref> Na 2007, e nyere Unzueta ọrụ imepụta akwụkwọ mmado maka ịre ahịa ọrụ ebere na ihe ngosi Voices For Children na Miami. Akwụkwọ mmado ahụ gosipụtara eserese ya Niño Florecido (2007), na ọrụ ya gosipụtara n'akụkụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ama ama Cuban nka gụnyere René Portocarrero, Amelia Peláez, na José Mijares. N'afọ 2008, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Ramón Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau, nke emere na Maison de l'Amerique Latine na Paris ma bụrụ nke onye na-ese ihe Cuban Gina Pellón kwadoro.<ref name="Cuba Democracia y Vida article">{{Cite web|author=Hernández|first=Félix José|title=Ramón Unzueta iluminó la noche de La Ciudad Luz|url=http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/print.asp?artID=7471|work=www.cubademocraciayvida.org|publisher=2005–2023 Cuba Democracia y Vida|accessdate=4 August 2023|language=Spanish|date=17 September 2008|archivedate=20 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820225017/http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/print.asp?artID=7471}}</ref><ref name="Nuevo Herald 2009">{{Cite news|author=Iglesias|first=Elena|title=Ramón Unzueta pinta la vida de todos las dias|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=26 February 2009|page=9D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ jidere usoro okike ya n'ime otu ọrụ a raara nye onye na-ede uri Spanish Federico García Lorca.[1] Ntọhapụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mere ka Unzueta gosipụta ya na Malaga n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2008. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008">{{Cite news|author=Iglesias|first=Elena|title=Ramón Unzueta y el alma española|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=3 April 2008|page=9D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ, Unzueta nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya abụọ na Paris na gallery Ars Atelier na 2009 na 2010. N'afọ 2010, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi nke abụọ, RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars atelier, nke Vega mekwara.<ref name="En Ars atelier">{{Cite web|title=RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars atelier|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PsonwLEAfVU&feature=youtu.be|work=www.youtube.com|publisher=Lunaticas Productions|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=French|format=Digital|date=2010}}</ref> === Arụmụka === N'akụkụ mmepe ndị a, e nwere oge n'ọrụ Unzueta nke ọrụ ya ghọrọ ihe na-akpata esemokwu. N'August 2005, Unzueta Gallery ghọrọ ebe etiti mgbasa ozi n'ihi oke ọrụ ya.[1] Ndị ohi ahụ jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe na-esochi mmetụta nke Hurricane Katrina na nso nso a wee zuru mmanụ iri na abụọ na akwa akwa nke Unzueta sitere n'ọtụtụ usoro ya a ma ama. Ihe ọzọ kpatara esemokwu n'oge ndụ ya sitere n'ọrụ ya na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Nke a bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ Unzueta nke na-agụnye ma isiokwu heterotic na homoerotic. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ihe nkiri ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma nabata ya nke ọma na Europe, ọkachasị Paris, ndị nkatọ na ndị nlekọta Miami nke mmalite narị afọ nke 21 anabataghị ha ma ọ bụ nye ha ọhụụ na United States ma na-anọgide na-egosipụta ha na mpụga Europe.<ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> === Ọrụ ihe atụ === Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nka ya, Unzueta gosipụtakwara akwụkwọ, isiokwu magazin, na ihe ngosi ihe omume na Cuba, Spain, na Miami.<ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/><ref name="Picassomio bio">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta Biography|url=https://www.picassomio.com/ramon-unzueta.html|work=www.picassomio.com|publisher=2005 PicassoMio, LLC.|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> Ụdị ihe omimi nke Unzueta mere ka e nye ya ọrụ ịmepụta ihe osise maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụaka gụnyere: Perfume of Violets, Rabbits are Blue, When Crabs Sting, An Important Day, With my Grandma, and The Messenger Star . <ref name="Unzueta - Essential">{{Cite web|author=Valdés|first=Gustavo|title=Unzueta – Essential|url=https://www.magcloud.com/browse/issue/701807|work=www.magcloud.com|publisher=Ars Atelier City|accessdate=7 August 2023|date=2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Unzueta sere akwụkwọ mbụ nke akụkọ mkpirikpi nke onye edemede Cuban a ma ama, Zoé Valdés, Los Aretes de la Luna, nke Editorial Everest bipụtara.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> N'afọ 2003, o sere ihe na-esote ya, Luna en el cafetal, nke Gallimard bipụtara na France, Spain, Italy, na China. [1] <ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004"/><ref name="Librarie Gallimard">{{Cite web|title=LUNA DANS LA PLANTATION DE CAFE|url=https://www.librairie-gallimard.com/livre/9782070555895-luna-dans-la-plantation-de-cafe-zoe-valdes/|work=www.librairie-gallimard.com|publisher=Librarie Gallimard Paris/Gallimard-jeunnesse|accessdate=20 August 2023|language=French|archivedate=20 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220042313/https://www.librairie-gallimard.com/livre/9782070555895-luna-dans-la-plantation-de-cafe-zoe-valdes/}}</ref> Njikọ chiri anya ya na ọrụ edemede ga-emekwa ka ọ gosipụta nka ya dị mma n'ebe ndị a ma ama dị ka Madrid International Book Fair (2000), Miami International Book Fair (2002), na Books & Books of Coral Gables (2003). <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Ramón Unzueta nwụrụ Ọktoba 5, 2012, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise n'ihi nkụchi obi n'ụlọ ya dị n'àgwàetiti Tenerife dị na Canary Islands, Spain. N'oge ndụ ya, a na-asọpụrụ ya na asambodo onye nleta pụrụ iche site n'aka onye isi obodo Miami Dade Alexander Penelas, yana inye ya mkpịsị ugodi nke County site n'ike Senator Gwen Margolis, onye isi oche nke Board of County Commissioners na onye bụbu onye isi oche Florida Senate. <ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri abụọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ricardo Vega n'oge ndụ ya: Ramón Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau (2008) na RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars Atelier (2010).<ref name="Un peintre, un tableau">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_UELiF2IP4|work=www.youtube.com|publisher=Lunaticas Productions|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=French|format=Digital|date=2008}}</ref><ref name="En Ars atelier"/> Egosiputala ọrụ Unzueta n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri Cuban dị ka René Portocarrero, Amelia Peláez, na José Mijares ma tinye ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọmarịcha nka.Ndị na-akwado ya na ndị nnakọta ya gụnyere onye edemede Cuban nke Paris Zoé Valdés, onye na-ahụ maka nka Marta Permuy, yana mkpokọta Flores Carbonell Fine Art. Ọ bụ onye isi n'ihe omume nka oge ikpeazụ nke Permuy na Permuy House, akara Coral Gables ahapụtara maka mkpa omenala ya. Ọrụ nka ya ejirila ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche gụnyere ''El Nuevo Herald'', Diario Las Americas, ''Miami New Times'', na Artburst kpuchie ya.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004"/><ref name="Diario Las Americas 2023">{{Cite news|author=Delgado|first=Grethel|title=Muestra del pintor Ramón Unzueta se inaugura en Miami|url=https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/muestra-del-pintor-ramon-unzueta-se-inaugura-miami-n5336287|accessdate=8 August 2023|work=Diario Las Americas|date=20 May 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Miami New Times 2003">{{Cite web|author=Einspruch|first=Franklin|title=Remain in Light Wheel|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/remain-in-light-wheel-6346305|work=www.miaminewtimes.com|publisher=Miami New Times|accessdate=9 August 2023|date=13 November 2003}}</ref><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> N'afọ 2014, afọ abụọ ka ọ nwụsịrị, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Unzueta - Essential . <ref name="Unzueta - Essential"/> N'afọ 2016, e bipụtara ''Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962-2012) '', akwụkwọ edemede 328 nke onye na-ese ihe. <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> E mere ngosi na ngosi nke nka Unzueta na Disemba 16 na Unzueta Gallery. ''El Nuevo Herald'' kpuchiri ihe ngosi akwụkwọ ahụ ma tinye akwụkwọ ahụ na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Mahadum Miami's Cuban Heritage Collection archives n'ihi mkpa Unzueta dị n'ime ndị Cuban diaspora.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2016">{{Cite web|title=Presentacion del libro Unzueta|url=https://amp.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/florida/sur-de-la-florida/article120834573.html|work=www.elnuevoherald.com|publisher=El Nuevo Herald|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=Spanish|format=Digital|date=2016}}</ref><ref name="Cuban Heritage Collection">{{Cite web|title=BOOK: Ramón Unzueta|url=https://miami.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UOML_INST:uml_new&tab=LibraryCatalog&offset=0&docid=alma991031301888202976&query=any,contains,Unzueta&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&lang=en&search_scope=UMLIBRARIES|work=www.library.miami.edu|publisher=University of Miami Libraries: Cuban Heritage Collection|accessdate=9 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Valdés raara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Weeping Woman nye ncheta Unzueta.<ref name="The Weeping Woman">{{Cite book|author=Valdes|first=Zoe|title=The Weeping Woman|date=2016|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=9781628725810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnPjCwAAQBAJ|accessdate=11 August 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, e tinyere ọrụ ya na Artists For Rights, ihe ngosi nke nka Cuban iji kwado ikike mmadụ na Cuba. <ref name="Artists For Rights">{{Cite web|author=Pentón|first=Mario|title=Warning to the Repressors: "We Are Watching You"|url=http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/article.asp?artID=34912|work=www.cubademocraciayvida.org|publisher=2005–2023 Cuba Democracia y Vida|accessdate=9 August 2023|format=Digital|date=31 March 2017|archivedate=20 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820225018/http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/article.asp?artID=34912}}</ref> Na 2021 ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri pụrụ iche Ramón Unzueta sere: La Vida y el Arte nke Zoé Valdes mepụtara.[1] N'afọ sochirinụ Valdes tụrụ ụtụ nye Unzueta na webụsaịtị ya iji mee ncheta afọ 10 nke ọnwụ ya. N'afọ 2023, ọrụ Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi onwe onye na-agafe ọrụ na American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora. Ihe ngosi ahụ, nke akpọrọ Ramón Unzueta: From Island to Island, meghere na Mee 20 iji mee emume Cuban Independence Day. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition"/> Ndị nkatọ na mgbasa ozi nabatara ihe ngosi ahụ nke ọma, gụnyere Diario Las Americas, Martí Noticias, na ''Artburst Miami''.<ref name="Diario Las Americas 2023"/><ref name="Marti Noticias">{{Cite web|author=Guardia|first=Luis|title=Inauguran en Miami exposición de Ramón Unzueta|url=https://www.martinoticias.com/amp/info-mart%C3%AD-inauguran-en-miami-exposici%C3%B3n-de-ram%C3%B3n-unzueta/359800.html|work=www.martinoticias.com|publisher=Marti Noticias|accessdate=15 January 2024|language=Spanish|format=Digital}}</ref><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> Ihe ngosi ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe ngosi nka dị elu nke ndị na-ese ihe Cuban a ma ama, gụnyere Baruj Salinas na Rafael Soriano. <ref name="Baruj Salinas Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Baruj Salinas: 1972-2022|url=https://thecuban.org/baruj-salinas/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=© 2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rafael Soriano Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Rafael Soriano: Cabezas|url=https://thecuban.org/rafael-soriano/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=© 2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ihe ngosi ahụ, American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora nwetara ọrụ Unzueta site na Unzueta Estate iji gbakwunye na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.<ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition">{{Cite journal|author=Kouretsos|first=Catherine|title=Permuy Architecture honors local legacies during Miami Art Week|journal=Coral Gables News|date=15 January 2024|volume=2024|issue=15 - 28 January}}</ref> Na Disemba 2023, e nyere ọrụ sitere na usoro Unzueta's Marineros (Sailors) na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Frost Art Museum iji cheta Marta Permuy site n'aka nwa nwa ya, onye nlekọta Antonio Permuy.[7]<ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, Vasari Project gbakwunyere Unzueta na ebe nchekwa faịlụ ndị na-ese ya iji chịkọta ndekọ maka agụmakwụkwọ n'ọdịnihu na ọrụ Unzueta.[1] Ndị Miami-Dade Public Library Sistemụ na-ahụ maka Vasari Project iji depụta ndekọ dị egwu gbasara mpaghara Miami-Dade County site na mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị ruo ugbu a. == Ụdị na nyocha == A na-ewere ọrụ Ramon Unzueta dị ka Magic realism, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-etinyekwa ihe ndị dị na Surrealism.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="Parallel Gallery">{{Cite web|title=Magic Realism|url=https://www.theparallelartspace.com/parallelgallery/magicrealism|work=www.theparallelartspace.com|publisher=Parallel Gallery|format=Digital}}</ref><ref name="Bohemian Women 2015">{{Cite web|title=Bohemian Women|url=https://caribbean-painters.com/2015/12/02/bohemian-women/|work=www.caribbean-painters.com|publisher=Caribbean-Painters.com|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital|date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Site n'ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmiri, mkpịsị aka, pensụl, pastel, ink, mmanụ, na collage na akwụkwọ yana ákwà. <ref name="Cuba Democracia y Vida article"/><ref name="Artburst 2023"/><ref name="Picassomio bio"/> Ụdị ya na-egosipụta na mmetụta uche ma ọ na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-adịghị mma. Isiokwu na isiokwu Unzueta na-emekarị gụnyere foto ụmụ nwanyị nwere obi ike (dịka na usoro Mujeres de Campo Florido na Andaluzas y Meninas), ebe nkiri obodo na obodo mepere emepe (dị ka usoro Urbanitas ya), ime ụlọ, na ndị na-emepụta kọfị Cuban (dị ka ọ dị na usoro Coladores de cafe ya). Na mgbakwunye, Unzueta wepụtara usoro ụmụ ọhụrụ Dibujos na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge - ụdị eserese ụmụaka nke ọ na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji gosi akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ihe nkiri egwuregwu ịgba egwu nke ụlọ ntu na harlequins Usoro ọzọ dị ịrịba ama nke ọrụ Unzueta bụ usoro ihe osise ime mmụọ na akụkọ ifo ya nke gụnyere Orpheus, Elves, Yoruba Orishas, yana Ndị senti Katọlik, [[Mmụọ ozi|Ndị mmụọ ozi]], na ihe nkiri Bible.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Unzueta na-enwekarị mkpali maka nka ya site na Golden Age nke Hollywood, dị ka Bette Davis, usoro nka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Surrealism, Expressionism, na Baroque, yana ihe nketa ọdịbendị ya na Cuba na Spain.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/><ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/> Nwanne ya nwanyị na onye nnọchi anya ya bụ Enaida bụkwa isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ ya, a na-etinyekwa onyinyo ya ugboro ugboro n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị na foto ya.<ref name="The Woman Portrayed 100 Times">{{Cite web|author=Valdés|first=Zoé|title=The Woman Portrayed 100 Times (Ena Y Rami)|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/the-woman-portrayed-100-times-ena-y-rami/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> A na-eji mmetụta ya na nka ya yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya nka ya na United States tụnyere mmekọrịta okike dị n'etiti ụmụnne Theo na [[Vincent van Gogh]].[1]<ref name="ZoePost 2023" /> == Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ == * 1993 - Ihe ngosi nke mbụ: ''Ramón Unzueta Chavez ''. ''Ihe osise 1987-1993'', Galeria La Chatita, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain.<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/> * 2000 - Ihe ngosi na Madrid International Book Fair, Madrid, Spain. <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> * 2001 - Ihe ngosi nke mbụ na United States: Crazy As A Coffee Pot, Agustín Gaínza Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Children's Books, Miami Book Fair International, Miami, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - In Touch With Children, Miami Children's Hospital Foundation, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Galerie Du Musée, Le Marais, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Entre Islas, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Fifth Hemisferic Sister Cities Forum, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - ''Ihe osise'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Coconut Grove Art Festival, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - Todo Sobre Mujeres, ihe ngosi onwe onye, The Mutiny Hotel Coconut Grove, Miami, FL.<ref name="Miami New Times 2003"/> * 2003 - Ihe osise 1987-1993, Casino S''Ihe osise 1987-1993'' Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - ''Ihe osise ụmụaka'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Books & Books, Coral Gables, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2004 - Mail Book 555, Voices For Children Foundation, Miami Beach, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2004 - Nnukwu ihe ngosi mmeghe: ''Lobas De Mar'', Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. Unzueta Gallery, Little Havana Arts District . [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2005 - Les Nus des Eaux, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Les Mots á la Bouche, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2005 - Los Hombres de Unzueta, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2006 - Las Palmas International Film Festival Invitational, Gran Canaria, Spain. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Voices For Children Foundation Auction, Miami, FL . [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Payasos y Bufones, naanị ihe ngosi, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ngosi naanị ya, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Spanish Soul, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/> * 2008 - Ihe ngosi otu, usoro Sillas, Temple Beth-El, St. Petersburg, FL. <ref name="Unzueta - Essential"/> * 2008 - Urbanitas, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2009"/> * 2009 - Pientres Cubains, Ars Atlier, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2010 - À l'ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs, solo exhibition, Ars Atelier, Paris, France.<ref name="À l’ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs">{{Cite web|title=À l'ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs catalogue|url=https://zoevaldes.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/rami-paris-catalogue-proof-2.pdf|publisher=Ars Atelier|accessdate=11 August 2023|language=French|date=30 September 2010}}</ref> * 2010 - ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Campo Florido'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. <ref name="Mujeres de Campo Florido">{{Cite web|title=RAMON UNZUETA "MUJERES DE CAMPO FLORIDO"|url=http://artcards.cc/newyork/show/16493-RAMON-UNZUETA-MUJERES-DE-CAMPO-FLORIDO-curated-by-ENAIDA-UNZUETA-Unzueta-Gallery|work=www.artcards.cc|publisher=2005–2014 Artcards.cc.|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital|date=2010}}</ref> * 2016-Nkwupụta nke ''Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962-2012) '' na ihe ngosi, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL <ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2016"/> * 2023 - Ramón Unzueta: Site n'Agwaetiti gaa n'Agwàetiti, ihe ngosi ọrụ, American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora, Miami, FL. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fkg2uj5zh7qe19igj6ij47fcrrma5sy 700909 700908 2026-08-13T09:14:17Z KiranBOT 25138 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 700909 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ramón Unzueta''' (Julaị 14, 1962 – Ọktoba 5, 2012) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Cuban-Spanish kacha arụsi ọrụ ike na United States, Spain, na France. Na United States ọ bụ onye ama ama na mpụta nke obere ahịa nka Havana na Miami n'oge mmalite narị afọ 21st.N'oge ndụ ya Unzueta nwetara nkwado omenala nke oge a site na nkwanye ùgwù ọha, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, na nnukwu profaịlụ mba ụwa mmekorita na kọmishọna. Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọrụ ya na ọrụ ya bụ isiokwu a na-enyocha site na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi mgbe ọ gasịrị. A na-egosipụta ọrụ Unzueta na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Frost Art Museum na American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ramón Unzueta Chávez na Havana, Cuba na July 14, 1962, nwa Ramón Unsueta (Sr.) na Enaida Chávez.<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993">{{Cite news|author=Hernandez|first=Celestino|title=Ramon Unzueta, propuesta de La Chatita|work=La Gaceta de Canarias|date=3 April 1993|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Art and Legacy">{{Cite web|author=Permuy|first=Antonio|title=The Art and Legacy of Ramon Unzueta|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/the-art-and-legacy-of-ramon-unzueta/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital|date=May 2023}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Enaida, tolitere n'ógbè Centro Habana dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Havana.<ref name="Unzueta Biographic Profile">{{Cite web|author=Uria|first=Roberto|title=From Island to Island: A Biographic Profile of Ramón Unzueta Chávez|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/from-island-to-island/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> Nna ha bụ onye Basque-Spaniard, nke nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịzụlite ọdịbendị ha n'ime Cuba ma nọgide na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ ọdịbendị na Spain.<ref name="ZoePost 2023">{{Cite web|author=Chávez Vásquez|first=Gloria|title=RAMÓN UNZUETA. La sublime obsesión de un artista exiliado|url=https://zoepost.com/ramon-unzueta-la-sublime-obsesion-de-un-artista-exiliado/|work=www.zoepost.com|publisher=2022. ZoePost|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=Spanish|format=Digital|date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Unzueta gosipụtara ọchịchọ okike site n'oge ọ bụ nwata wee malite ịse mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ na-adọta mmụọ nsọ site na fim nke Golden Age nke Hollywood, isiokwu nke nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu mmetụta maka oge ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1972 mgbe Unzueta dị afọ iri, e nyere ya ihe osise eserese na eserese nke nna ya debere, bụ nke kpaliri ya ịga n'ihu n'ihu mmepe okike ya. Unzueta ga-amụ nka na Escuela Nacional de Artes Applicadas (National School of Applied Arts) nke Cuba na Havana.<ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta: From Island to Island|url=https://thecuban.org/ramon-unzueta-from-island-to-island/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora, Inc.|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital|date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/> N'ebe ahụ, onye isi Cuban na-ese ihe na prọfesọ Carmelo González (1920-1990) bụ onye na-akwado nka Unzueta.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982, Unzueta rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise maka akwụkwọ dị iche iche gụnyere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, magazin, akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition" /> [2]<ref name="La Revolución cubana">{{Cite journal|author=Ojeda Borges|first=Leonardo|title=Selección de lecturas|journal=La Revolución cubana, 1953–1980|date=1983|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8cpAQAAMAAJ&q=ramon+unzueta|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'oge a site na mbido afọ 1990, ọ nwalere ihe osise, gụnyere mmanụ, ink, watercolor, pensụl, na collage. [2]<ref name="Unzueta Biographic Profile"/> Pencil karịsịa ga-abụ ihe a ma ama na mbụ nke a ga-adọta ya ma mesịa bụrụ ntọala nke ngosi mbụ ya nke nka ya. == Nchụpụ na ọrụ nka == N'afọ 1992, Unzueta ruru afọ ebe a na-achọghị ka ọ nọrọ na Cuba ma ọ bụrụ na a banye n'ọrụ agha ma kwe ka ọ hapụ agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/> N'ịchọ ịgbanarị ọnọdụ ndị dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Castro, ọ gara biri n'ala ọzọ n'obodo nna ya Spain ebe ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke mba Cuban mba ọzọ. Unzueta mechara biri n'afọ ahụ na Tenerife nke Canary Islands, ebe ọ ga-ebi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[1] Mgbe ọ nọ n'ala ọzọ, Unzueta malitere ịgbanwe site na ịmepụta nka maka iji onwe ya gaa n'ọrụ ngosi dị ukwuu dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'akụkụ ọrụ ya na-aga nke ọma dị ka onye na-eme ihe atụ. Unzueta mere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ Ramón Unzueta Chavez: Dibujos 1987-1993, na Galeria La Chatita nke Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain. <ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/><ref name="1993 Exhibition Catalog">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta Chavez: Dibujos 1987–1993 Exhibition Catalog|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Centro-Cultural-San-Antonio-Dibujos-1987-1993.jpeg|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=Club San Miguel, 1993|accessdate=7 August 2023}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ihe osise ya mara mma site na afọ ikpeazụ ya na Cuba yana afọ mbụ ya na Spain.[1]<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993" /> Na ntụgharị nke narị afọ iri, Unzueta ga-esonye ma gosipụta n'ihe omume ọdịnala na-abawanye ụba nke mba ụwa na nke dị elu. N'afọ 2000, o gosipụtara nka ya na Madrid International Book Fair dị ka ngosipụta nke mgbọrọgwụ ya siri ike dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-ebipụta n'ọtụtụ ebe malite na ọrụ ya na Cuba. N'afọ sochirinụ, Unzueta gosipụtara na United States na nke mbụ ya. E mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na US, nke akpọrọ Crazy As A Coffee Pot, na Miami's Gainza Gallery ma gosipụta usoro Cafetera ya, nke ghọrọ usoro a ma ama na nke a na-ahụ anya nke ya nke chọtara mmetụta pụrụ iche na nnukwu obodo Cuban na South Florida.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004">{{Cite news|author=Connor|first=Olga|title=En Viernes Cultural de la Calle Ocho abre sus puertas la Galería Unzueta|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=29 October 2004|page=2D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọ bịarute na Miami dị ka onye na-ese ihe na mba ụwa, e nyere Unzueta asambodo onye nleta pụrụ iche yana mkpịsị ugodi nke County of Miami-Dade County site na Miami-Dades County Board of County Commissioners.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Na 2002, Unzueta gosipụtara na Miami, Paris, na Spain, gụnyere na Miami Book Fair International. N'afọ sochirinụ Unzueta guzobe ọnụnọ ya na Coconut Grove na ihe ngosi solo na 2003 Coconut Grove Art Festival na ihe ngosi solo ọzọ na The Mutiny Hotel, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kacha ama ama nke mpaghara. Ihe ngosi ndị a na South Florida welitere profaịlụ ya wee tọọ ntọala iji kwado oghere 2004 nke Unzueta Gallery na Miami's Little Havana Arts District. Nwanne ya nwanyị Enaida ga-elekọta gallery ahụ ma bụrụkwa isi ihe nnọchi anya ya na United States maka afọ iri na atọ na-esote. Mgbasa ozi Miami kpuchiri nnukwu oghere nke 2004 nke Unzueta Gallery dị ka oge dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke Mpaghara Art Havana n'ihi profaịlụ Unzueta guzobere na nnabata mba ụwa. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ga-abụ onye na-enye aka na mmemme Viernes Culturales (Cultural Fridays) kwa ọnwa yana ebe ndị na-ese ihe ga-enye aka na mmalite mmepe nke Little Havana Arts District. Na mgbakwunye na Unzueta, ihe ngosi ahụ gosikwara ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe bụ Manolo Rodriguez, Josevelio Rodriguez, Esteban Alvarez-Buylla na Carlos Manuel Galindo, ndị na-anakọta ama ama dịka ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye odeakụkọ Noticiero Univision nke mba Roberto Uria yana onye na-akwado nka Marta Permuy. N'ime afọ ndị sochiri mmeghe nke Unzueta Gallery, Unzueta natara ọtụtụ ọrụ a ma ama. N'afọ 2006, Unzueta natara ọrụ ọha na eze abụọ: nke mbụ iji mepụta ihe osise maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa Limon Partido na nke abụọ iji mepụta akwụkwọ ngosi ihe omume gọọmentị maka Miami-Dade County's Hispanic Heritage Month.<ref name="Artburst 2023">{{Cite news|author=Vega|first=Jesús|title=LAS DOS ISLAS DE RAMÓN UNZUETA EN EL MUSEO AMERICANO DE LA DIÁSPORA CUBANA|url=https://www.artburstmiami.com/articulos-en-espanol/las-dos-islas-de-ramon-unzueta-en-el-museo-americano-de-la-diaspora-cubana|accessdate=8 August 2023|work=Artburst Miami|language=Spanish|format=Digital}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ga-egosikwa na Las Palmas International Film Festival Invitational nke Gran Canaria, Spain. <ref name="Unzueta monograph">{{Cite book|author=Uria|first=Roberto|title=Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962–2012)|date=2016|publisher=Unzueta Gallery|location=Miami, Florida|isbn=9780692804308|language=English}}</ref> Na 2007, e nyere Unzueta ọrụ imepụta akwụkwọ mmado maka ịre ahịa ọrụ ebere na ihe ngosi Voices For Children na Miami. Akwụkwọ mmado ahụ gosipụtara eserese ya Niño Florecido (2007), na ọrụ ya gosipụtara n'akụkụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ama ama Cuban nka gụnyere René Portocarrero, Amelia Peláez, na José Mijares. N'afọ 2008, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Ramón Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau, nke emere na Maison de l'Amerique Latine na Paris ma bụrụ nke onye na-ese ihe Cuban Gina Pellón kwadoro.<ref name="Cuba Democracia y Vida article">{{Cite web|author=Hernández|first=Félix José|title=Ramón Unzueta iluminó la noche de La Ciudad Luz|url=http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/print.asp?artID=7471|work=www.cubademocraciayvida.org|publisher=2005–2023 Cuba Democracia y Vida|accessdate=4 August 2023|language=Spanish|date=17 September 2008|archivedate=20 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820225017/http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/print.asp?artID=7471}}</ref><ref name="Nuevo Herald 2009">{{Cite news|author=Iglesias|first=Elena|title=Ramón Unzueta pinta la vida de todos las dias|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=26 February 2009|page=9D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ jidere usoro okike ya n'ime otu ọrụ a raara nye onye na-ede uri Spanish Federico García Lorca.[1] Ntọhapụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mere ka Unzueta gosipụta ya na Malaga n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2008. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008">{{Cite news|author=Iglesias|first=Elena|title=Ramón Unzueta y el alma española|work=El Nuevo Herald|date=3 April 2008|page=9D|language=Spanish}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ, Unzueta nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya abụọ na Paris na gallery Ars Atelier na 2009 na 2010. N'afọ 2010, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi nke abụọ, RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars atelier, nke Vega mekwara.<ref name="En Ars atelier">{{Cite web|title=RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars atelier|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PsonwLEAfVU&feature=youtu.be|work=www.youtube.com|publisher=Lunaticas Productions|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=French|format=Digital|date=2010}}</ref> === Arụmụka === N'akụkụ mmepe ndị a, e nwere oge n'ọrụ Unzueta nke ọrụ ya ghọrọ ihe na-akpata esemokwu. N'August 2005, Unzueta Gallery ghọrọ ebe etiti mgbasa ozi n'ihi oke ọrụ ya.[1] Ndị ohi ahụ jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe na-esochi mmetụta nke Hurricane Katrina na nso nso a wee zuru mmanụ iri na abụọ na akwa akwa nke Unzueta sitere n'ọtụtụ usoro ya a ma ama. Ihe ọzọ kpatara esemokwu n'oge ndụ ya sitere n'ọrụ ya na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Nke a bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ Unzueta nke na-agụnye ma isiokwu heterotic na homoerotic. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ihe nkiri ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma nabata ya nke ọma na Europe, ọkachasị Paris, ndị nkatọ na ndị nlekọta Miami nke mmalite narị afọ nke 21 anabataghị ha ma ọ bụ nye ha ọhụụ na United States ma na-anọgide na-egosipụta ha na mpụga Europe.<ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> === Ọrụ ihe atụ === Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nka ya, Unzueta gosipụtakwara akwụkwọ, isiokwu magazin, na ihe ngosi ihe omume na Cuba, Spain, na Miami.<ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/><ref name="Picassomio bio">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta Biography|url=https://www.picassomio.com/ramon-unzueta.html|work=www.picassomio.com|publisher=2005 PicassoMio, LLC.|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> Ụdị ihe omimi nke Unzueta mere ka e nye ya ọrụ ịmepụta ihe osise maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụaka gụnyere: Perfume of Violets, Rabbits are Blue, When Crabs Sting, An Important Day, With my Grandma, and The Messenger Star . <ref name="Unzueta - Essential">{{Cite web|author=Valdés|first=Gustavo|title=Unzueta – Essential|url=https://www.magcloud.com/browse/issue/701807|work=www.magcloud.com|publisher=Ars Atelier City|accessdate=7 August 2023|date=2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Unzueta sere akwụkwọ mbụ nke akụkọ mkpirikpi nke onye edemede Cuban a ma ama, Zoé Valdés, Los Aretes de la Luna, nke Editorial Everest bipụtara.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> N'afọ 2003, o sere ihe na-esote ya, Luna en el cafetal, nke Gallimard bipụtara na France, Spain, Italy, na China. [1] <ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004"/><ref name="Librarie Gallimard">{{Cite web|title=LUNA DANS LA PLANTATION DE CAFE|url=https://www.librairie-gallimard.com/livre/9782070555895-luna-dans-la-plantation-de-cafe-zoe-valdes/|work=www.librairie-gallimard.com|publisher=Librarie Gallimard Paris/Gallimard-jeunnesse|accessdate=20 August 2023|language=French|archivedate=20 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220042313/https://www.librairie-gallimard.com/livre/9782070555895-luna-dans-la-plantation-de-cafe-zoe-valdes/}}</ref> Njikọ chiri anya ya na ọrụ edemede ga-emekwa ka ọ gosipụta nka ya dị mma n'ebe ndị a ma ama dị ka Madrid International Book Fair (2000), Miami International Book Fair (2002), na Books & Books of Coral Gables (2003). <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Ramón Unzueta nwụrụ Ọktoba 5, 2012, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise n'ihi nkụchi obi n'ụlọ ya dị n'àgwàetiti Tenerife dị na Canary Islands, Spain. N'oge ndụ ya, a na-asọpụrụ ya na asambodo onye nleta pụrụ iche site n'aka onye isi obodo Miami Dade Alexander Penelas, yana inye ya mkpịsị ugodi nke County site n'ike Senator Gwen Margolis, onye isi oche nke Board of County Commissioners na onye bụbu onye isi oche Florida Senate. <ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri abụọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ricardo Vega n'oge ndụ ya: Ramón Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau (2008) na RAMON UNZUETA: en Ars Atelier (2010).<ref name="Un peintre, un tableau">{{Cite web|title=Ramon Unzueta: Un peintre, un tableau|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_UELiF2IP4|work=www.youtube.com|publisher=Lunaticas Productions|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=French|format=Digital|date=2008}}</ref><ref name="En Ars atelier"/> Egosiputala ọrụ Unzueta n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri Cuban dị ka René Portocarrero, Amelia Peláez, na José Mijares ma tinye ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọmarịcha nka.Ndị na-akwado ya na ndị nnakọta ya gụnyere onye edemede Cuban nke Paris Zoé Valdés, onye na-ahụ maka nka Marta Permuy, yana mkpokọta Flores Carbonell Fine Art. Ọ bụ onye isi n'ihe omume nka oge ikpeazụ nke Permuy na Permuy House, akara Coral Gables ahapụtara maka mkpa omenala ya. Ọrụ nka ya ejirila ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche gụnyere ''El Nuevo Herald'', Diario Las Americas, ''Miami New Times'', na Artburst kpuchie ya.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2004"/><ref name="Diario Las Americas 2023">{{Cite news|author=Delgado|first=Grethel|title=Muestra del pintor Ramón Unzueta se inaugura en Miami|url=https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/muestra-del-pintor-ramon-unzueta-se-inaugura-miami-n5336287|accessdate=8 August 2023|work=Diario Las Americas|date=20 May 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Miami New Times 2003">{{Cite web|author=Einspruch|first=Franklin|title=Remain in Light Wheel|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/remain-in-light-wheel-6346305|work=www.miaminewtimes.com|publisher=Miami New Times|accessdate=9 August 2023|date=13 November 2003}}</ref><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> N'afọ 2014, afọ abụọ ka ọ nwụsịrị, Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Unzueta - Essential . <ref name="Unzueta - Essential"/> N'afọ 2016, e bipụtara ''Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962-2012) '', akwụkwọ edemede 328 nke onye na-ese ihe. <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> E mere ngosi na ngosi nke nka Unzueta na Disemba 16 na Unzueta Gallery. ''El Nuevo Herald'' kpuchiri ihe ngosi akwụkwọ ahụ ma tinye akwụkwọ ahụ na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Mahadum Miami's Cuban Heritage Collection archives n'ihi mkpa Unzueta dị n'ime ndị Cuban diaspora.<ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2016">{{Cite web|title=Presentacion del libro Unzueta|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/florida/sur-de-la-florida/article120834573.html|work=www.elnuevoherald.com|publisher=El Nuevo Herald|accessdate=9 August 2023|language=Spanish|format=Digital|date=2016}}</ref><ref name="Cuban Heritage Collection">{{Cite web|title=BOOK: Ramón Unzueta|url=https://miami.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UOML_INST:uml_new&tab=LibraryCatalog&offset=0&docid=alma991031301888202976&query=any,contains,Unzueta&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&lang=en&search_scope=UMLIBRARIES|work=www.library.miami.edu|publisher=University of Miami Libraries: Cuban Heritage Collection|accessdate=9 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Valdés raara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Weeping Woman nye ncheta Unzueta.<ref name="The Weeping Woman">{{Cite book|author=Valdes|first=Zoe|title=The Weeping Woman|date=2016|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=9781628725810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnPjCwAAQBAJ|accessdate=11 August 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, e tinyere ọrụ ya na Artists For Rights, ihe ngosi nke nka Cuban iji kwado ikike mmadụ na Cuba. <ref name="Artists For Rights">{{Cite web|author=Pentón|first=Mario|title=Warning to the Repressors: "We Are Watching You"|url=http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/article.asp?artID=34912|work=www.cubademocraciayvida.org|publisher=2005–2023 Cuba Democracia y Vida|accessdate=9 August 2023|format=Digital|date=31 March 2017|archivedate=20 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820225018/http://www.cubademocraciayvida.org/web/article.asp?artID=34912}}</ref> Na 2021 ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri pụrụ iche Ramón Unzueta sere: La Vida y el Arte nke Zoé Valdes mepụtara.[1] N'afọ sochirinụ Valdes tụrụ ụtụ nye Unzueta na webụsaịtị ya iji mee ncheta afọ 10 nke ọnwụ ya. N'afọ 2023, ọrụ Unzueta bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi onwe onye na-agafe ọrụ na American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora. Ihe ngosi ahụ, nke akpọrọ Ramón Unzueta: From Island to Island, meghere na Mee 20 iji mee emume Cuban Independence Day. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition"/> Ndị nkatọ na mgbasa ozi nabatara ihe ngosi ahụ nke ọma, gụnyere Diario Las Americas, Martí Noticias, na ''Artburst Miami''.<ref name="Diario Las Americas 2023"/><ref name="Marti Noticias">{{Cite web|author=Guardia|first=Luis|title=Inauguran en Miami exposición de Ramón Unzueta|url=https://www.martinoticias.com/a/info-mart%C3%AD-inauguran-en-miami-exposici%C3%B3n-de-ram%C3%B3n-unzueta/359800.html|work=www.martinoticias.com|publisher=Marti Noticias|accessdate=15 January 2024|language=Spanish|format=Digital}}</ref><ref name="Artburst 2023"/> Ihe ngosi ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe ngosi nka dị elu nke ndị na-ese ihe Cuban a ma ama, gụnyere Baruj Salinas na Rafael Soriano. <ref name="Baruj Salinas Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Baruj Salinas: 1972-2022|url=https://thecuban.org/baruj-salinas/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=© 2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rafael Soriano Exhibition">{{Cite web|title=Rafael Soriano: Cabezas|url=https://thecuban.org/rafael-soriano/|work=www.thecuban.org|publisher=© 2021 American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ihe ngosi ahụ, American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora nwetara ọrụ Unzueta site na Unzueta Estate iji gbakwunye na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.<ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition">{{Cite journal|author=Kouretsos|first=Catherine|title=Permuy Architecture honors local legacies during Miami Art Week|journal=Coral Gables News|date=15 January 2024|volume=2024|issue=15 - 28 January}}</ref> Na Disemba 2023, e nyere ọrụ sitere na usoro Unzueta's Marineros (Sailors) na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Frost Art Museum iji cheta Marta Permuy site n'aka nwa nwa ya, onye nlekọta Antonio Permuy.[7]<ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, Vasari Project gbakwunyere Unzueta na ebe nchekwa faịlụ ndị na-ese ya iji chịkọta ndekọ maka agụmakwụkwọ n'ọdịnihu na ọrụ Unzueta.[1] Ndị Miami-Dade Public Library Sistemụ na-ahụ maka Vasari Project iji depụta ndekọ dị egwu gbasara mpaghara Miami-Dade County site na mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị ruo ugbu a. == Ụdị na nyocha == A na-ewere ọrụ Ramon Unzueta dị ka Magic realism, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-etinyekwa ihe ndị dị na Surrealism.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="Parallel Gallery">{{Cite web|title=Magic Realism|url=https://www.theparallelartspace.com/parallelgallery/magicrealism|work=www.theparallelartspace.com|publisher=Parallel Gallery|format=Digital}}</ref><ref name="Bohemian Women 2015">{{Cite web|title=Bohemian Women|url=https://caribbean-painters.com/2015/12/02/bohemian-women/|work=www.caribbean-painters.com|publisher=Caribbean-Painters.com|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital|date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Site n'ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmiri, mkpịsị aka, pensụl, pastel, ink, mmanụ, na collage na akwụkwọ yana ákwà. <ref name="Cuba Democracia y Vida article"/><ref name="Artburst 2023"/><ref name="Picassomio bio"/> Ụdị ya na-egosipụta na mmetụta uche ma ọ na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-adịghị mma. Isiokwu na isiokwu Unzueta na-emekarị gụnyere foto ụmụ nwanyị nwere obi ike (dịka na usoro Mujeres de Campo Florido na Andaluzas y Meninas), ebe nkiri obodo na obodo mepere emepe (dị ka usoro Urbanitas ya), ime ụlọ, na ndị na-emepụta kọfị Cuban (dị ka ọ dị na usoro Coladores de cafe ya). Na mgbakwunye, Unzueta wepụtara usoro ụmụ ọhụrụ Dibujos na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge - ụdị eserese ụmụaka nke ọ na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji gosi akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ihe nkiri egwuregwu ịgba egwu nke ụlọ ntu na harlequins Usoro ọzọ dị ịrịba ama nke ọrụ Unzueta bụ usoro ihe osise ime mmụọ na akụkọ ifo ya nke gụnyere Orpheus, Elves, Yoruba Orishas, yana Ndị senti Katọlik, [[Mmụọ ozi|Ndị mmụọ ozi]], na ihe nkiri Bible.<ref name="Art and Legacy"/><ref name="ZoePost 2023"/> Unzueta na-enwekarị mkpali maka nka ya site na Golden Age nke Hollywood, dị ka Bette Davis, usoro nka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Surrealism, Expressionism, na Baroque, yana ihe nketa ọdịbendị ya na Cuba na Spain.<ref name="ZoePost 2023"/><ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/> Nwanne ya nwanyị na onye nnọchi anya ya bụ Enaida bụkwa isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ ya, a na-etinyekwa onyinyo ya ugboro ugboro n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị na foto ya.<ref name="The Woman Portrayed 100 Times">{{Cite web|author=Valdés|first=Zoé|title=The Woman Portrayed 100 Times (Ena Y Rami)|url=http://ramonunzueta.us/the-woman-portrayed-100-times-ena-y-rami/|work=www.ramonunzueta.us|publisher=The Ramón Unzueta Estate|accessdate=3 August 2023|format=Digital}}</ref> A na-eji mmetụta ya na nka ya yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya nka ya na United States tụnyere mmekọrịta okike dị n'etiti ụmụnne Theo na [[Vincent van Gogh]].[1]<ref name="ZoePost 2023" /> == Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ == * 1993 - Ihe ngosi nke mbụ: ''Ramón Unzueta Chavez ''. ''Ihe osise 1987-1993'', Galeria La Chatita, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Spain.<ref name="La Gaceta de Canarias 1993"/> * 2000 - Ihe ngosi na Madrid International Book Fair, Madrid, Spain. <ref name="Unzueta monograph"/> * 2001 - Ihe ngosi nke mbụ na United States: Crazy As A Coffee Pot, Agustín Gaínza Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Children's Books, Miami Book Fair International, Miami, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - In Touch With Children, Miami Children's Hospital Foundation, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Galerie Du Musée, Le Marais, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2002 - Entre Islas, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Fifth Hemisferic Sister Cities Forum, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - ''Ihe osise'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Coconut Grove Art Festival, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - Todo Sobre Mujeres, ihe ngosi onwe onye, The Mutiny Hotel Coconut Grove, Miami, FL.<ref name="Miami New Times 2003"/> * 2003 - Ihe osise 1987-1993, Casino S''Ihe osise 1987-1993'' Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2003 - ''Ihe osise ụmụaka'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Books & Books, Coral Gables, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2004 - Mail Book 555, Voices For Children Foundation, Miami Beach, FL.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2004 - Nnukwu ihe ngosi mmeghe: ''Lobas De Mar'', Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. Unzueta Gallery, Little Havana Arts District . [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2005 - Les Nus des Eaux, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Les Mots á la Bouche, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2005 - Los Hombres de Unzueta, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2006 - Las Palmas International Film Festival Invitational, Gran Canaria, Spain. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Voices For Children Foundation Auction, Miami, FL . [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Payasos y Bufones, naanị ihe ngosi, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ngosi naanị ya, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. [2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2007 - Spanish Soul, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2008"/> * 2008 - Ihe ngosi otu, usoro Sillas, Temple Beth-El, St. Petersburg, FL. <ref name="Unzueta - Essential"/> * 2008 - Urbanitas, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery. <ref name="Nuevo Herald 2009"/> * 2009 - Pientres Cubains, Ars Atlier, Paris, France.[2]<ref name="Unzueta monograph" /> * 2010 - À l'ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs, solo exhibition, Ars Atelier, Paris, France.<ref name="À l’ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs">{{Cite web|title=À l'ombre de jeunes filles en fleurs catalogue|url=https://zoevaldes.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/rami-paris-catalogue-proof-2.pdf|publisher=Ars Atelier|accessdate=11 August 2023|language=French|date=30 September 2010}}</ref> * 2010 - ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Campo Florido'', ihe ngosi onwe onye, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL. <ref name="Mujeres de Campo Florido">{{Cite web|title=RAMON UNZUETA "MUJERES DE CAMPO FLORIDO"|url=http://artcards.cc/newyork/show/16493-RAMON-UNZUETA-MUJERES-DE-CAMPO-FLORIDO-curated-by-ENAIDA-UNZUETA-Unzueta-Gallery|work=www.artcards.cc|publisher=2005–2014 Artcards.cc.|accessdate=11 August 2023|format=Digital|date=2010}}</ref> * 2016-Nkwupụta nke ''Unzueta: Ramón Unzueta (1962-2012) '' na ihe ngosi, Unzueta Gallery, Miami, FL <ref name="El Nuevo Herald 2016"/> * 2023 - Ramón Unzueta: Site n'Agwaetiti gaa n'Agwàetiti, ihe ngosi ọrụ, American Museum of the Cuban Diaspora, Miami, FL. <ref name="2023 Cuban Museum Exhibition"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] csqjlbb5i2w21jsk7ww75meifs1tqa3 0 46872 700838 697175 2026-08-12T21:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Nick Cave''' (amuru Febụwarị 4, 1959) bụ onye America ọkpụkpụ, onye na-agba egwu, onye na-ese ihe na prọfesọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com|title=Cave, Nick|author=Beckwith|first=Naomi|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=11 January 2017|work=Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka usoro ''Soundsuit'' ya: ihe oyiyi akwa akwa na-egbuke egbuke na-egbuke egbuke, na-egbuke egbuke, na ihe ndị ọzọ, nke a na-ejikarị ihe ndị a chọtara eme. Ọ zụrụkwa Alvin Ailey dịka onye na-agba egwu ma na-etinyekarị ịgba egwu na ịrụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ya. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/05/arts/design/05fink.html|title=I Dream the Clothing Electric|author=Finkel|first=Jori|date=April 5, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya mechara lekwasịrị anya na tiori agba ma tinye mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nrụnye buru ibu. Ọ bi na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] ma na-eduzi mmemme ejiji gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saic.edu/profiles/faculty/nickcave/|title=Faculty: Nick Cave|publisher=[[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]|accessdate=2024-06-04|archivedate=2018-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074245/http://www.saic.edu/profiles/faculty/nickcave/}}</ref> Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ''Soundsuits'' yana ọrụ arụchara dị ka onye na-ese ihe, onye na-agba egwú na onye na-ese ihe . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nick Cave Is the Most Joyful, and Critical, Artist in America|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/15/t-magazine/nick-cave-artist.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=15 October 2019|date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke izizi ya mepere na Mee 2022 na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, ma na-elele ugbu a na Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum na [[New York City|New York]], rue Eprel 2023. <ref name="mca listing">{{Cite web|title=Nick Cave: Forothermore|url=https://mcachicago.org/exhibitions/2022/nick-cave-forothermore|work=MCAC|publisher=[[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago]]|accessdate=17 May 2022|archivedate=16 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516140755/https://mcachicago.org/exhibitions/2022/nick-cave-forothermore}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''MCAC''. [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta Dọkịta nke Fine Arts site na Rhode Island School of Design na June 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheryl D. Miller, Graphic Designer and Educator, to Deliver Keynote Address at Rhode Island School of Design 2022 Commencement {{!}} RISD|url=https://www.risd.edu/news/for-press/press-releases/cheryl-d-miller-graphic-designer-and-educator-deliver-keynote-address|accessdate=2022-06-04|work=www.risd.edu|date=5 April 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Nick Cave na Fulton, Missouri, n'akụkụ ụmụnne asaa site n'aka otu nne nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ bụ onye kwadoro mmasị Cave na ejiji. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Nick Cave: Sojourn|author=Macmillan|first=Kyle|publisher=Denver Art Museum|year=2013|isbn=978-0914738862}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/nick-cave-38|title=Nick Cave {{!}} The HistoryMakers|work=www.thehistorymakers.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> Nne na nna ya ochie nwere ugbo na Chariton, Missouri, ebe Cave na-enye aka mgbe ụfọdụ ilekọta ihe ubi na ọkụkọ. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime mmasị ya na ihe ndị a chọtara na mkpokọta bụ ọnọdụ nwata ya. <ref name="nyt"/> N'ịbụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hickman High School na 1977, ọ debanyere aha na Kansas City Art Institute, ebe ọ ga-amụ nkà fiber ma mesịa nweta Bachelor of Fine Arts na 1982. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Meet Me at the Center of the Earth|author=1. Cave, 2. Cameron, 3. McClusky|first=1. Nick, 2. Dan, 3. Pamela|publisher=Yerba Buena Center for Arts.|year=2009|isbn=9780615245935|pages=18}}</ref> Na 1979, Cave zutere Alvin Ailey wee nọrọ oge okpomọkụ ahụ na ọtụtụ okpomọkụ mgbe e mesịrị na [[New York City|New York]], ebe ọ na-amụ ihe na Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre . <ref name="nyt" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kansas City Art Institute na 1982, o haziri ihe ngosi maka ụlọ ahịa ngalaba, Macy's, ma rụọ ọrụ ọkachamara dị ka onye mmepụta ejiji mgbe ọ na-ejigide mmasị ya na nkà na ịgba egwu. <ref name=":7" /> Na 1988, Cave nwetara akara ugo mmụta MFA ya na Cranbrook Academy of Art na Bloomfield Hills, Michigan . <ref name=":7"/> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nkuzi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum North Texas . <ref name=":0"/> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cranbrook, ọ gara n'ihu kuzie na mmemme nka fiber na Art Institute of Chicago na 1989. Kemgbe ahụ, Cave agbaala ụlọ ọrụ uwe na Chicago ebe ọ na-echepụta, rụpụta ma na-ere ahịa nke ya nke uwe ụmụ nwoke & ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":6"/> == Echiche na usoro okike == Ọgba dị ala na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na-eto eto mere ka ọ rụkwaa aka-m-down nke ụmụnne ndị tọrọ ya. Ọ mụtara ịkwa akwa, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ''Soundsuit'' mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=African-American Art : A visual and cultural history|author=Farrington|first=Lisa|date=February 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199995394|edition=1}}</ref> Ruo mgbe ahụ, ọrụ ya enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ nka. Ọ kọwara na ya mere mgbanwe mberede nke ga-akọwagharị ọrụ ọ na-arụ. <ref name=":3"/> Mmetụta nke ọdịnala nka nke Africa, ngwa agha, uwe emume, ejiji ejiji, na akwa a haziri ahazi, yana ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke nwanyị, nọ n'ọrụ ya iji gosipụta ọtụtụ echiche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya dị na gburugburu, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe mmasị na akụkụ ahụ e mere mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na bas-relief, na-ezo aka na ha dị ka eserese. <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Nick Cave : greetings from Detroit|author=Cave, Nick|others=Mott, Laura,, Cranbrook Art Museum.|isbn=9780989186452|location=Bloomfield Hills, MI|oclc=926494207|date=2015-06-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lamm|first=Kimberly|date=June 2017|title="The Will To Adorn": Nick Cave's Soundsuits and the Queer Reframing of Black Masculinity|journal=Critical Arts: A South-North Journal of Cultural & Media Studies|volume=31|pages=35–52}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka atụmatụ iji kparịta oke ndụ nke adịghị ike na nsonaazụ ya site n'ịgbanwe ahụmahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Site na nka arụmọrụ ya, ọ na-achọ ịmepụta ọnọdụ ebe obodo dị iche iche na-agbakọta ọnụ iji kesaa ahụmahụ ahụ, na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche ya dị ka nkà karịa ejiji. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> Ọgba na-akọwa onwe ya ọ bụghị dị ka onye na-ese ihe kama dị ka onye ozi dị ka ọrụ ya na-emekarị ihe ngosi na ibu ọrụ. <ref name=":4" /> Otu ọrụ ya nke na-agbaso ụkpụrụ a bụ ''Augment'' . Iberibe a nwere mgbakọ ise e ji ihe ịchọ mma ahịhịa karịrị 1,000 a na-ekupụta ọkụ bụ́ nke adụkọtara ọnụ. E gosipụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ a na Cyclorama na Boston Center for Arts na Boston's South End site na Ọgọst 8, 2019, ruo Septemba 13, 2019. Na Septemba 14, e bugara mpempe ahụ n'okporo ámá n'ụdị ngagharị iji gbasaa ọṅụ site na mpaghara South End na Upham's Corner na Boston. Ihe karịrị 75 ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na mpaghara 75 na ndị otu ọha mmadụ 500 sonyere na ngagharị a iji mechie oghere dị n'etiti mpaghara abụọ ahụ. N'ebe ikpeazụ ya dị na 555 Columbia Avenue dị na akuku Upham, ibe ahụ wụsara na windo nke ụlọ a haziri nke ọma nke ndị otu Upham's Corner kpuchiri n'ime mkpokọta. Ọgba na-emepụta ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ya na ogbako nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-enyere aka, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ebubata ya, onye isi ya bụ Jen Grygiel. Ọgba na-arụkarị ọrụ nrụpụta site na ụlọ ahịa dị na Skokie, Illinois, nke akpọrọ "Iron na Waya" nke David Greene nwere. <ref name=":3"/> == Ọrụ == === ''Ụda ụda'' ===   ''Ụda ụda'' bụ uwe akpụrụ akpụ na-ekpuchi ahụ onye nwe ya n'ihe gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na ntutu mmadụ agbajiri agbaji, sisal, bọtịnụ plastik, beads, waya, sequins na feathers. ''Ụda ụda'' na-ekpuchi ahụ, na-ekpuchi ma na-emepụta akpụkpọ anụ nke abụọ nke na-ezochi agbụrụ, okike, na klaasị, na-amanye onye na-ekiri anya na-enweghị ikpe. N'iji ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ọgba nwere ike ịmepụta ikuku nke amara mgbe ọ na-ahazi ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkọwa nkọwa nke ma omenala ọha na eze na ihe onwunwe. Dị ka agbụrụ, njirimara, na okike na-anabatakarị ka ha guzobe axis nke ọrụ ya, <ref name=":2" /> ''ụda olu'' ọgba nwere ike telifon ọtụtụ echiche n'otu oge. Ya mere, ihe ha pụtara nwere ike ịgbanwe dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, mmegharị ahụ, ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ, na/ma ọ bụ ntinye nke choreography otu. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://creativetime.org/projects/heard-ny/|title=HEARD•NY - Creative Time|work=Creative Time|accessdate=2017-03-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Iberibe ndị emechara na-adị ka ejiji na ihe mkpuchi emume Africa. Suut ndị ahụ na-ezokwa aka n'uwe nke carnival, ekike Dogon, Rococo, na omenala bọọlụ . <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ngosi == Ọgba esonyela n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na ihe ngosi na veranda na ebe ngosi nka na United States na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi solo ya gụnyere ''Ọrụ Ọhụrụ'' (1997), Grand Arts, [[Kansas City, Missouri]] ; ''Nick Cave: A nkeji iri na ise Til iri'' (2006-2007), Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh ; ''Nick Cave: Zute m na Center of the Earth'' (2009-2012), sitere na Yerba Buena Center for Arts, San Francisco ; ''Ruo'' (2016-2021), sitere na Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams ; na ''Nick Cave: A Ga-agwa Eziokwu'' (2020-2021), sitere na Jack Shainman Gallery, [[New York City|New York]] . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mbụ ya, ''Nick Cave: Ọzọkwa'', meghere na 2022 na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, ma mesịa gaa Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum na [[New York City|New York]] . <ref name="Nick Cave CV 2022">{{Cite web|title=Nick Cave CV|url=https://jackshainman.com/uploads/12000120/1651852875967/JSG_NC_CV_2022.pdf|work=Jack Shainman Gallery|accessdate=17 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000958/https://jackshainman.com/uploads/12000120/1651852875967/JSG_NC_CV_2022.pdf|archivedate=17 May 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://jackshainman.com/uploads/12000120/1651852875967/JSG_NC_CV_2022.pdf "Nick Cave CV"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Jack Shainman Gallery''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517000958/https://jackshainman.com/uploads/12000120/1651852875967/JSG_NC_CV_2022.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="mca listing"/> <ref name="CGN press release">{{Cite web|title=Nick Cave's MCA Retrospective Will Be Part of Citywide Celebration|url=https://www.chicagogallerynews.com/news/2022/2/nick-cave-s-mca-retrospective-will-be-part-of-citywide-celebration|work=Chicago Gallery News|accessdate=17 May 2022}}</ref> O sonyekwara na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere 51st Venice Biennale (2005) na NGV Triennial (2017-2018). <ref name="Nick Cave CV 2022"/> == nnabata == Ezutela ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na nnabata dị mma. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-06|title=Nick Cave fights racism with beauty|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2022/9/6/23339072/nick-cave-museum-contemporary-art-racism-columbus-statues-steinberg|accessdate=2024-04-03|work=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-18|title=Nick Cave's Chicago Studio Is Just As Fascinating and Colorful As His Artworks|url=https://galeriemagazine.com/nick-cave-chicago-studio/|accessdate=2024-04-03|work=Galerie|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brehmer|first=Debra|date=2022-09-29|title=The Joyous Kitsch and Lingering Simmer of Nick Cave's Art|url=http://hyperallergic.com/764753/the-joyous-kitsch-and-lingering-simmer-of-nick-caves-art/|accessdate=2024-04-03|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye otu aha Nick Cave, onye na-egwu egwu rock rock [[Ostraliya|Australia]] nke ìgwè Nick Cave na The Bad Seeds, kwuru okwu ọma banyere ọrụ mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ "masịrị ọrụ nke onye America na-ese ihe [...] ruo ọtụtụ afọ", na ịdọrọ uche gaa na uru ya dị ka "mgbalị ibufe nhụjuanya n'ime ụdị ịmara na ichebe ọṅụ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cave|first=Nick|date=2024-02-01|title=Nick Cave - The Red Hand Files - Issue #271 - Holy shit, Nick, I just read Mark's question and your response. (Issue #270) It was devastating. It appears that answering to people's grief is somewhat cathartic for you. The pouring of emotions, and open dialogue of such agonizing life experiences is not something that comes easy to most. Is it cathartic? [ ]|url=https://www.theredhandfiles.com/somewhat-cathartic-for-you/|accessdate=2024-04-03|work=The Red Hand Files|language=en-AU}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Di Cave bụ onye mmebe ibe Bob Faust. <ref>10 Designers of the Moment, ''Newcity'', March 2020.</ref> <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/01/arts/design/nick-cave-chicago.html "Nick Cave Uses His Capital to Help Aspiring Artists"], ''The New York Times'', 2018/11/01</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==  mgbe ọ na-ahazi ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkọwa nkọwa nke ma omenala ọha na eze na ihe onwunwe. Dị ka agbụrụ, njirimara, na okike na-anabatakarị ka ha guzobe axis nke ọrụ ya, ụda olu ọgba nwere ike telifon ọtụtụ echiche n'otu oge. mgbe ọ na-ahazi ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkọwa nkọwa nke ma omenala ọha na eze na iheYa mere, ihe ha pụtara nwere mmekorita {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/u/0/asset-viewer/soundsuit/HwGmQj45rDcBHQ?exhibitId=HQLiHC1bTnB0Kg "Soundsuit,"] Baltimore Museum of Art Google Art Project * {{Cite web|url=https://www.trnk-nyc.com/stories/nick-cave/|title=At Home and in the Studio with Nick Cave: Home Tour|work=TRNK}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.sfbg.com/pixel_vision/2009/04/09/qa-nick-cave|title=A Q&A with Nick Cave|first=Johnny Ray|author=Huston|date=2009-04-09|work=Pixel Vision|publisher=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]}} * [http://www.art21.org/artists/nick-cave Art21: Nick Cave] * [https://allarts.wliw.org/2018/06/nick-cave-is-throwing-a-dance-party-and-everyone-is-invited/ ALL ARTS: Nick Cave Is Throwing a Dance Party, and Everyone Is Invited] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAw4bemr0NQ: Nick Cave: Forothermore (Guggenheim Museum Produced Documentary)] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 805u66nhzzhby02kzjgt2o3m28o9c1z 0 47674 700871 628592 2026-08-13T07:16:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Peter A. Ramsey''' (amuru Disemba 23, 1962) bu onye ihe nlere nke America, onye na-ese ihe nlere, na onye na-ese ihe nkiri. A maara ya nke ọma maka iduzi DreamWorks Animation 's ''Rise of the Guardians'' (2012), na-aghọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye America]] mbụ America na-eduzi nnukwu ihe nkiri American animated, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.becauseofthemwecan.com/blogs/botwc-firsts/https-www-becauseofthemwecan-com-blogs-botwc-firsts-peter-ramsey-is-the-first-black-person-to-direct-a-major-animated-film|title=Peter Ramsey is the First Black Person to Direct a Major Animated Film|date=7 January 2019}}</ref> na onye na-eduzi Sony Pictures Animation 's ''Spider-Man: Into the Spider -Amaokwu'' (2018). Maka ''Ududo-Man: N'ime Ududo-Verse'', ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ African American ka a họpụtara maka ma merie Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . == Ndụ mbido == Ramsey tolitere na Crenshaw District nke South Los Angeles, wee gụchaa na 1980 na Palisades High School . Ọ gụrụ eserese na Mahadum California, Los Angeles afọ abụọ tupu ọ debanye aha na klas ihe nkiri na kọleji Los Angeles City . <ref>{{Cite web|author=McDonald|first=Pamela Mays|title=Another "First" in Artistic Achievement: Director Peter Ramsey|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peter-ramsey-artist_b_1964661|work=Black Voices|date=24 October 2012|publisher=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=April 22, 2022}}</ref> A zụlitere ya ndị Katọlik . <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-12-10|title=A Chat with Director Peter Ramsey|url=https://katychristianmagazine.com/2012/12/09/a-chat-with-director-peter-ramsey/|accessdate=2023-06-03|work=Katy Christian Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ mbụ ya na Hollywood na-ese ihe osise, ma n'oge na-adịghị, ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese akụkọ akụkọ na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri 26 gụnyere ''Predator 2'', ''Backdraft'', ''Ụbọchị nnwere onwe'', ''Fight Club'' na ''AI Artificial Intelligence'' . Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba nke abụọ maka ''ikpe ikpe uri'', ''mmụta dị elu'', ''nwa nwanyị tank'' na ''Godzilla'' . Aron Warner, onye na-emepụta ''Tank Girl'', tụrụ aro ka ọ sonyere DreamWorks Animation . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cavna|first=Michael|title='RISE OF THE GUARDIANS': 'The Obama of animation'? Director Peter Ramsey deflects the comparison — but not the responsibility|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/rise-of-the-guardians-the-obama-of-animation-director-peter-ramsey-deflects-the-comparison--but-not-the-responsibility/2012/11/30/b2dac3c0-3aa7-11e2-a263-f0ebffed2f15_blog.html|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=30 November 2012|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> Mgbe mmalite na-enweghị mmasị, Ramsey sonyeere DreamWorks dị ka onye na-ese akụkọ maka ''Shrek nke atọ'' na ''Shrek Ụlọ Nzukọ'' . Na 2012, ọ na-eduzi ''Rise of the Guardians'', dabere na William Joyce 's ''The Guardians of Childhood'' akwụkwọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ African-American na-eduzi atụmatụ mmemme mmefu ego buru ibu. <ref name="GNPSelfTaught">{{Cite news|author=Tulich|first=Katherine|title='Rise of the Guardians' director a self-taught success|url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/glendale-news-press/entertainment/tn-gnp-xpm-2012-07-21-tn-gnp-0722-dreamworks-story.html|accessdate=April 22, 2022|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Na 2018, ọ na-eduzi ''Spider-Man: N'ime Ududo-Verse'', nke meriri 2019 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . <ref name="Variety: Oscar Nominations 2019">{{Cite web|title=Oscar Nominations 2019: The Complete List|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/oscar-nominations-2019-list-1203112405/|work=Variety|date=22 January 2019|accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya ka ọ dee ma na-eduzi ''ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara'', oge vampire thriller nke Paramount Pictures kesara, yana ihe nkiri Robert Johnson ''Love bụ Vain.'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-13|title=Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Co-Director to Helm Vampire Thriller Blood Count|url=https://movieweb.com/peter-ramsey-paramount-supernatural-thriller-blood-count/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=MovieWeb|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=D’Allessandro|first=Anthony|title=Paramount Buys 'Love In Vain' Pitch About Blues Pioneer Robert Johnson, 'Spider-Verse's Peter Ramsey Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-peter-ramsey-robert-johnson-blue-biopic-paramount-lionel-richie-love-in-vain-1202778313/|date=November 5, 2019|work=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=August 25, 2022}}</ref> Na Eprel 16, 2021, edobere ya ka ọ duzie mmegharị ihe nkiri nke Matthew Quick novel ''Boy21'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Breznican|first=Anthony|title=Oscar-Winner Peter Ramsey's Life Story Could Be Its Own Movie|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/04/peter-ramsey-spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-oscars|date=April 16, 2021|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|accessdate=August 25, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Onye nduzi === * ''Nnukwu anụ vs. Aliens: Pumpkins Mutant from Outer Space'' (2009) * ''Rise of the Guardians'' (2012) * ''Ududo-Man: N'ime ududo-Verse'' (2018) (onye ntụzi aka ya na Bob Persichetti na Rodney Rothman ) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Grobar|first=Matt|title=Sony's Untitled 'Spider-Man' Animated Film To Feature Miles Morales As Lead Character|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/sony-reveals-miles-morales-as-animated-spider-man-pic-main-character-1201889037/|publisher=Deadline|accessdate=January 22, 2017|date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> * ''Anyị ndị mmadụ'' (2021) (Ngalaba: ''Amaala na-arụsi ọrụ ike'' ) * ''Ollie furu efu'' (2022) * ''The Mandalorian'' (2023) (Mmemme: " Isi nke 21: The Pirate ") * ''Ahsoka'' (2023) (Mmemme: " Nkebi nke anọ: Jedi dara ") * ''Ọnụọgụ ọbara'' (TBA) <ref name=":0" /> === Ndị ọzọ === * ''Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmụọ ozi'' (1990) (onye na-ese ihe na-aga n'ihu) * ''Nnukwu anụ vs. Aliens'' (2009) (isi akụkọ) * ''Puss in Boots'' (2011) (onye ndụmọdụ okike) * ''Spider-Man: Ọbịbịa'' (2017) (isi akụkọ) * ''Ịhụnanya ntutu'' (2019) (onye na-emepụta ihe) <ref>{{Cite news|author=McMillan|first=Graeme|title=Lion Forge Animation Launches With 'Hair Love' Short|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lion-forge-animation-launches-hair-love-short-1230318|accessdate=August 11, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 9, 2019|language=en}}</ref> * ''Ududo-Man: gafee Ududo-Verse'' (2023) (onye na-emepụta ihe) <ref>{{Cite news|author=B. Vary|first=Adam|title='Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Sequel Snares New Directing Trio (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-2-directors-1234951631/|accessdate=April 25, 2021|work=Variety|date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> * ''[[Kizazi Moto: Ọkụ Ọgbọ]]'' (2023) (onye nrụpụta ọrụ) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Vourlias|first=Christopher|date=2021-06-17|title=Disney Taps Top African Toon Talents for Animated Anthology 'Kizazi Moto' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/disney-plus-kizazi-moto-annecy-1234998580/|accessdate=2023-07-05|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ududo-Man: N'ofè Spider-Verse'' (TBA) (onye na-emepụta ihe) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-29|title=Sony Pictures Animation's Bold Past, Present and Future|url=https://www.thewrap.com/sony-pictures-animation-history-movies-spider-verse/|accessdate=2022-12-30|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Year !Award !Title !Category !Result !{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |2023 |Children's and Family Emmy Awards |''Lost Ollie'' |Outstanding Directing for a Single Camera Program | {{Won}} |- |2022 |Children's and Family Emmy Awards |''We the People'' |Outstanding Short Form Program | {{Won}} |- |2019 ! scope="row" |[[Academy Awards]] | rowspan="4" |''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' |Best Animated Feature | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2019|title=2019 &#124; Oscars.org &#124; Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|work=oscars.org|date=15 April 2019|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |- |2019 ! scope="row" |Annie Awards |Directing in a Feature Production | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://annieawards.org/legacy/46th-annie-awards|title=46th Annual Annie Awards|work=annieawards.org|publisher=[[ASIFA-Hollywood]]|accessdate=September 12, 2021|archivedate=May 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523035317/https://annieawards.org/legacy/46th-annie-awards}}</ref> |- |2019 ! scope="row" |British Academy Film Awards |Best Animated Film | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/film/awards/ee-british-academy-film-awards-nominees-winners-2019|title=EE British Academy Film Awards Winners in 2019|work=bafta.org|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|date=January 9, 2019|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |- |2019 ! scope="row" |Critics' Choice Movie Awards |Best Animated Feature | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-nominees-full-list-1203106702/|title='Roma,' 'The Americans' and 'The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel' Win Top Critics' Choice Honors|author=Tapley|first=Kristopher|date=January 13, 2019|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |- |2013 ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Golden Globe Awards |''Rise of the Guardians'' | rowspan="2" |Best Animated Feature Film | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/2012/12/nominations-2013/|title=2013 Golden Globe Nominations|work=goldenglobes.com|publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]|date=December 13, 2012|accessdate=September 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214105703/http://www.goldenglobes.org/2012/12/nominations-2013/|archivedate=December 14, 2012}}</ref> |- |2019 | rowspan="2" |''Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/all-winners-76th-golden-globes|title=All the Winners of the 76th Golden Globes|work=goldenglobes.com|publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]|date=January 7, 2019|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |- |2019 ! scope="row" |Hugo Awards |Best Dramatic Presentation | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2019-hugo-awards/|title=2019 Hugo Awards|work=thehugoawards.org|publisher=[[World Science Fiction Society]]|date=August 18, 2019|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |- |2012 ! scope="row" |Visual Effects Society Awards |''Rise of the Guardians'' |Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/11th-annual-ves-awards-nominations-press-release.pdf|title=Visual Effects Society Announces Nominees for 11th Annual VES Awards|work=visualeffectssociety.com|publisher=[[Visual Effects Society]]|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == N'ime Ududo-Verse, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ African American ka a họpụtara maka ma merie Academy Award for Best Animated Feature .{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * {{IMDb name|0709056}} * Peter A. Ramsey at AllMovie [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9aazk20ohz1ohf7nx7kwjwr114amhtw 0 48282 700864 199785 2026-08-13T06:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700864 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}'''Percival Everett''' (amuru Disemba 22, 1956) <ref name="Bader2014">{{Cite book|first=Philip|author=Bader|title=African-American Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdP7RNzB5PQC&pg=PA84|date=May 14, 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0783-7|pages=84}}</ref> bu onye odee America <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18cowles.html|title=Fiction Chronicle|author=Cowles|first=Gregory|date=September 18, 2005|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=22|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> na [[Prọfesọ a ma ama]] nke Bekee na Mahadum Southern California . Ọ kọwapụtala onwe ya dị ka “ihe na-akparị mmadụ” <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Razzall|first=Katie|date=April 9, 2024|title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352|work=BBC News}}</ref> wee jiri ọtụtụ ụdị egwu egwu dịka akụkọ ifo ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe omimi, ndị na-akpali akpali, satire na akụkọ sayensị. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Berry|first=Lorraine|date=November 8, 2022|title=Meet Percival Everett: 5 novels that showcase the L.A. writer’s enigmatic style|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2022-11-08/percival-everett-dr-no-book-club|work=LA Times}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-abụkarị satirical, nke na-achọ ịchọpụta agbụrụ na njirimara njirimara na United States. A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Erasure</i></nowiki> (2001), ''Abụghị m Sidney Poitier'' (2009), na <nowiki><i id="mwGw">Osisi</i></nowiki> (2021), nke edepụtara aha maka 2022 Booker Prize . Emegharịrị ''Erasure'' dị ka ihe nkiri ''American Fiction'' (2023), nke Cord Jefferson dere ma duzie ya, na-egosi [[Jeffrey Wright]], Sterling K. Brown, na Leslie Uggams . == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == Percival L. Everett, onye aha nna ya, mụrụ na Fort Gordon, [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]], ebe nna ya, Percival Leonard Everett, bụ onye agha na US Army . Nne ya bụ Dorothy (née Stinson) Everett. Mgbe Everett nke nta ka bụ nwa ọhụrụ, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Columbia, South Carolina, bụ ebe o biri na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkpara n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụaka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Berry|first=Lorraine|date=2022-11-08|title=Meet Percival Everett: 5 novels that showcase the L.A. writer's enigmatic style|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2022-11-08/percival-everett-dr-no-book-club|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Nna ya ghọrọ dọkịta eze na nne na nna ya nọgidere na-ebi na South Carolina. Everett nke nta mechara kwaga America West. <ref name=":1" /> Everett nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Miami . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sept. 16|first=Judith Lewis Mernit|date=2013-09-16|title=What do you know?|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/45.16/what-do-you-know|accessdate=2023-12-27|work=www.hcn.org|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọ mụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche gụnyere biochemistry na mgbakọ na mwepụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-07|title=A Different Language: A Conversation with Percival Everett|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-different-language-a-conversation-with-percival-everett|first=George|author=Makari|accessdate=2023-12-27|work=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref> Na 1982, ọ nwetara MA na akụkọ ifo na Mahadum Brown . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Percival Everett|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/profile/percival-everett/|accessdate=2023-12-27|work=USC Dornsife|language=en-US}}</ref> Everett bi ugbu a na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], ya na nwunye ya, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, Danzy Senna, na ụmụ ha abụọ. <ref>[[Arun Rath|Rath, Arun]] (September 20, 2015), [https://www.npr.org/2015/09/20/441504103/for-prolific-author-percival-everett-the-wilderness-is-a-place-of-clarity "For Prolific Author Percival Everett, The Wilderness Is A Place Of Clarity"], ''[[All Things Considered]]'', [[NPR]].</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lucas|first=Julian|date=2021-09-20|title=Percival Everett’s Deadly Serious Comedy|language=en-US|work=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/27/percival-everetts-deadly-serious-comedy|accessdate=2023-11-20}}</ref> Nne nne Everett bụ ohu n'otu oge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352|title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice|date=2024-04-09|work=BBC|author=Razzall|first=Katie}}</ref> == Ọrụ edemede == Mgbe ọ na-emecha MA ya, Everett dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Suder'' (1983). Àgwà onye ndu ya bụ Craig Suder, onye Seattle Mariners nke atọ na nnukwu ndakpọ egwuregwu, ma n'èzí ma n'ọhịa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Everett, ''Walk Me to the Distance'' (1985), gosipụtara onye agha agha David Larson ka o si Vietnam lọta. Larson na-etinye aka n'ịchọ nwa nwoke nwere nkwarụ na mmepe nke onye na-azụ atụrụ na Slut's Whole, Wyoming. E mechara gbanwee akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, yana atụmatụ gbanwere, dị ka ihe nkiri ABC -TV nke isiokwu ya bụ ''Soro Obi Gị'' . <ref>[http://cynthiawhitcomb.com/writing/scripts-produced/ Cynthia Whitcomb website.]</ref> Everett jụrụ mmegharị a, na-ekwu| "Ọ dịghị mgbe m hụrụ ya. Agụụrụ m edemede ahụ, ma ahụghị m ya. Mgbanwe ndị ha mere dị oke egwu, ọ nweghị ụzọ isi nabata nke ahụ ma ọlị." <ref>{{Cite journal|title=‘I’d love a scathing review’: novelist Percival Everett on American Fiction and rewriting Huckleberry Finn|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/06/id-love-a-scathing-review-novelist-percival-everett-on-american-fiction-and-rewriting-huckleberry-finn|author=Shariatmadari|first=David|date=2024-04-06}}</ref> ''Ịcha Lisa'' (1986; e wepụtara 2000) na-amalite na John Livesey zutere otu nwoke rụrụ ọrụ [[IWA AHỤ|Caesarean]] . Nke a na-akpali onye protagonist nyochaa mmekọrịta ya. <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Cutting-Voices-South-Percival-Everett/dp/0807126403/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348865316&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=percival+everett+cutting+lis Cutting Lisa (Voices of the South).]</ref> Na 1987, Everett bipụtara ''The Weather and Women Treat Me Fair: Akụkọ'', nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi etinyere na-emekarị na ọdịda anyanwụ United States ugbu a. Na 1990, Everett bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ na-emegharị akụkọ ifo ndị Gris : ''Zulus'', nke na-ejikọta grotesque na apocalypse; na ''Maka akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị'', ụdị ''Medea'' ọhụrụ sitere n'aka onye na-ede egwuregwu Gris Euripides . Ngbanwe ụdịdị, Everett soziri dee akwụkwọ ụmụaka, ''The One That Got Away'' (1992). Akwụkwọ a e sere atụ maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto na-eso ụmụ ehi atọ ka ha na-anwa imebi "ndị", ọnụọgụgụ ọjọọ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110922085139/http://emergingwriters.typepad.com/emerging_writers_network/2009/07/source-of-lit-percival-everett-the-one-that-got-away.html Percival Everett, ''The One That Got Away''], Emerging Writers Network, July 2009.</ref> N'ịlaghachi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Everett bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya-ogologo ọdịda anyanwụ, ''Obodo Chineke'', na 1994. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Curt Marder na onye na-egwu ojii ya bụ Bubba na-achọ "obodo Chineke" maka nwunye Marder, onye ndị ohi tọọrọ. Marder ejighị n'aka ma ọ chọrọ ịchọta ya. Akwụkwọ a bụ parody nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbụrụ na okike. Ọ na-agụnye mgbakwasa obe George Armstrong Custer . N'afọ 1996, Everett bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ: ''Watershed'' nwere ọnọdụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a, nke onye na-ahụ maka mmiri mmiri bụ Robert Hawkes zutere "obere mmadụ" nwa amaala America, onye na-enyere ya aka ịghọta mmekọrịta nke ndị mmadụ. N'afọ ahụ, Everett bipụtakwara nchịkọta akụkọ nke abụọ ya, ''Nnukwu Foto'' . Na ''Frenzy'' (1997), Everett laghachiri na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris. A na-amanye Vlepo, onye enyemaka Dionysos ka ọ na-eme "mmekpa ahụ" nke ihe omume jọgburu onwe ya, gụnyere ịghọ ụgbụgbọ na ákwà mgbochi ime ụlọ n'oge dị iche iche n'oge akụkọ ahụ, nke ọ na-akọ. Ihe omume ndị a na-eme ka o nwee ike ịkọwara Dionysos ahụmahụ ndị a, chi demi-chi. ''Glyph'' (1999) bụ akụkọ dị n'ime akụkọ Ralph, nwa ọhụrụ na-ahọrọ ịghara ikwu okwu mana nwere njikwa akwara pụrụ iche yana IQ na-eru nso 500. Ọ na-edegara nne ya akwụkwọ banyere isiokwu dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ dabere n'akwụkwọ ọ na-enye. Ndị otu na-agbalị iji nkà ya pụrụ iche tọọrọ Ralph ọtụtụ ugboro. Odyssey ya (dị ka Ralph dị afọ anọ “dere”) na-akụziri ya ihe gbasara ịhụnanya karịa ọgụgụ isi. ''Grand Canyon, Inc.'' (2001) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Everett. N'ime ya, Rhino Tanner na-anwa ịzụ ahịa nne nke Grand Canyon . Na 2001 Everett bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ satirical ''Erasure'', bụ nke o gosipụtara ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta nduru-oghere ndị odee [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, mpempe akwụkwọ metafictional, gbagharịrị na mkpebi onye isi ihe mere ide akwụkwọ akụkọ jọgburu onwe ya, dabere n'etiti ndị ogbenye obodo mepere emepe na enweghị mgbagha, nke akpọrọ ''My Pafology'' . Onye edemede ahụ degharịrị aha ya dị ka ''Fuck'', na-achọ ịkwanye njedebe nke nnabata na mmetụta nke ihe ọ kpọrọ akụkọ ifo ghetto, dị ka [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]] 's ''Native Son'' na Sapphire 's novel ''Push'' . ''A History of African-American People (atụ aro) site Strom Thurmond, dị ka a gwara Percival Everett na James Kincaid'' (2004), bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke na-edekọ ihe odide Percival Everett na James Kincaid ka ha na-arụ ọrụ na US Senator Strom Thurmond (R). -SC) (mgbe ụfọdụ) na onye na-enyere ya aka ara ara, Barton Wilkes. Nke ikpeazụ na-enye iwu ndị na-ede akwụkwọ gburugburu ọbụna ka ọ na-akpagbu ha. <ref>Kincaid, James, and Percival Everett (2003). [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tra/summary/v012/12.4.kincaid.html "A History of the African American People by Strom Thurmond (Part 2)"], ''[[Transition (literary journal)|Transition]]'' 12(4), 68–99. Project Muse.</ref> Nakwa na 2004, Everett wepụtara ''American Desert'' na ''Damned Ọ bụrụ na m eme: Akụkọ'', nchịkọta ọzọ nke obere akụkọ. Na ''Desert America'', Ted Street na-ezube ịminye onwe ya n'oké osimiri mana e gburu ya na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ n'ụzọ ahụ. Ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, okporo ámá na-anọdụ ala na mberede n'igbe ya n'oge olili ozu, n'agbanyeghị na e kewara isi ya na obi adịghị ya mma. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, Street na-enweta odyssey nke nchọpụta onwe onye banyere ihe ịdị ndụ pụtara n'ezie, ịgagharị okpukpe, mkpughe, okwukwe, ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, ịhụnanya, ezinụlọ, mgbasa ozi na-akpali akpali, na ọnwụ. <ref>Terry D'Auray, [http://trashotron.com/agony/reviews/2004/everett-american_desert.htm ''American Desert'' review], July 28, 2004.</ref> ''E merụrụ ahụ: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' (2005) na-akọ akụkọ John Hunt, onye na-azụ ịnyịnya chere mpụ ịkpọasị megide onye mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na nwa amaala America. Hunt na-ezere ịbanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mpụ ndị a, na-eme ihe naanị mgbe a manyere ya ime ya. <ref>Alan Cheuse (October 11, 2005), [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4954662 "Percival Everett's 'Wounded': Winter in Wyoming"], ''All Things Considered'', NPR.</ref> Nchịkọta uri nke Everett 2006, ''re: f (mmegharị ahụ)'', gosipụtara otu n'ime ihe osise ya na mkpuchi ihu. Akwụkwọ uri 2010 ya, ''Swimming Swimmers Swimming'', bụ Red Hen Press bipụtara. ''Dr. Mba,'' nke Graywolf Press bipụtara na 2022, meriri akwụkwọ nrite PEN/Jean Stein 2023 wee kpọọ ya onye ikpeazụ maka nturu ugo akwụkwọ nkatọ mba 2023 maka akụkọ ifo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Varno|first=David|date=2023-02-01|title=National Book Critics Circle Announces Finalists for Publishing Year 2022|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2023/01/31/national-book-critics-circle-announces-finalists-for-publishing-year-2022/|accessdate=2023-02-03|work=National Book Critics Circle|language=en-US}}</ref> Everett nwetara ihe nrite Windham Campbell 2023 maka akụkọ ifo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://windhamcampbell.org/|title=2023 Prize Recipients|work=Windham Campbell Prizes 2023|publisher=Windham Campbell Prizes|accessdate=April 21, 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ewepụtara ihe nkiri ''American Fiction'', nke nwere ihe nkiri nke onye isi ya Cord Jefferson megharịrị site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Everett ''Erasure.'' ''Akụkọ ifo ndị Amerịka'' meriri n'ihe ngosi ihuenyo kacha mma na 96th Academy Awards. ''James'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=James: A Novel|author=Everett|first=Percival|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/738749/james-by-percival-everett/|publisher=Doubleday|work=penguinrandomhouse.com|date=March 19, 2024}}</ref> nke Doubleday bipụtara na 2024, bụ nlegharị anya nke Mark Twain 's ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' site n'echiche nke agwa ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ Jim . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Razzal|first=Katie|title=Percival Everett: Why I rewrote Huckleberry Finn to give slave Jim a voice|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68762352|accessdate=9 April 2024|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=9 April 2024}}</ref> Everett na-eme ka àgwà ahụ pụta ìhè, bụ onye na-aga James, na-emeghachi ya dị ka onye maara ihe na onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye na-enwe mkparịta ụka na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma nghọta na nrọ ya ma na-akụziri ndị ọzọ na-agba ohu ka ha gụọ. Jemes na ndị isi ojii ndị ọzọ nọ n'akwụkwọ ahụ ji akọ zoo agụ na amamihe ha n'aka ndị ọcha, bụ ndị ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ndị ojii gụrụ akwụkwọ ga-eyi egwu ma na-atakwa ha ahụhụ. Ọ bụ ezie na emegide mmachibido akwụkwọ, Everett kwuru na ya nwere olile anya na a ga-amachibido ụdị ya echegharịrị echegharị "naanị n'ihi na ọ na-amasị m ịkpasu ndị na-echeghị echiche ma na-agụ". <ref name=":2"/> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == ọtụtụ ụdị egwu egwu dịka akụkọ ifo ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe omimi, ndị na-akpali akpali, satire na akụkọ sayensị. Akwụkwọ ya na-abụkarị{{Reflist}} == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Agbanyela akụkọ Everett na ''Pushcart Prize Anthology'' and ''Best American Short Story .'' Everett nwetara nzere doctorate site na kọleji Santa Fe na 2008. Na 2015, ọ natara Guggenheim Fellowship na akụkọ ifo, yana Phi Kappa Phi Presidential Medallion sitere na Mahadum Southern California . {| class="wikitable" |+Awards for Everett and his writing !Year !Title !Award !Result !{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}} |- |1990 |''Zulus'' |New American Writing Award | | |- |1997 |''Big Picture'' |PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award |'''Winner''' |<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3">{{Cite web|title=PEN Oakland Awards & Winners|url=http://www.pen-oakland.org/awards-winners/|accessdate=March 1, 2020|publisher=[[PEN Oakland]]}}</ref> |- |2001 |''Erasure'' |Academy Award in Literature from The American Academy of Arts and Letters | | |- |2002 |''Erasure'' |Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=The Hurston/Wright Legacy Award|url=https://aalbc.com/books/hw-award-winning-books.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331061640/https://aalbc.com/books/hw-award-winning-books.php|archivedate=March 31, 2023|accessdate=2024-04-29|work=[[African American Literature Book Club]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |2006 |''Wounded'' |PEN Center USA Award for Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-19|title=Past Winners|url=https://pen.org/literary-awards/past-winners/|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=PEN America|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214502/https://pen.org/literary-awards/past-winners/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2010 | - |Dos Passos Prize |'''Winner''' | |- | rowspan="2" |''I Am Not Sidney Poitier'' |Believer Book Award |'''Winner''' | |- |Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref name=":22" /><ref name="SA2010">{{Cite web|date=2010-12-01|title=Awards: Hurston/Wright Legacy Winners|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1341|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002203757/http://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=1341|archivedate=October 2, 2017|accessdate=2024-04-29|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=Reid|first=Calvin|date=2010-11-16|title=Kelley, Everett, Dove, Madhubuti Win Hurston/Wright Legacy Awards|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/45202-kelley-everett-dove-madhubuti-win-hurston-wright-legacy-awards.html|accessdate=2024-04-29|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |''Wounded'' (''Ferito'') |Premio Gregor von Rezzori |'''Winner''' |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2010 Winners|url=http://www.premiovonrezzori.org/2010-winners|accessdate=October 3, 2016|work=Festival degli Scrittori - Premio Gregor von Rezzori}}</ref> |- |2016 | |Creative Capital Award |'''Winner''' | |- |2018 |''So Much Blue'' |PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award |'''Winner''' |<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3" /> |- |2019 | - |Reginald Lockett Lifetime Achievement Award |'''Winner''' |<ref name="PENOaklandWinners3" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 | rowspan="2" |''Telephone'' |Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref name=":22" /> |- |Pulitzer Prize for Fiction |Finalist | |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |''Dr. No'' |National Book Critics Circle Award |Shortlist |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Booker Prize 2022 {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2022|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=thebookerprizes.com|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''The Trees'' |Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-27|title=Winner of the Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction announced|url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2022/11/winner-of-the-bollinger-everyman-wodehouse-prize-for-comic-fiction-announced|accessdate=2022-11-27|work=The Drinks Business|language=en}}</ref> |- |Booker Prize |Shortlist | |- |Hurston/Wright Legacy Award |'''Winner''' |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-10-28|title=Shara McCallum wins the 2022 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Poetry|url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/blog/news-authors/shara-mccallum-wins-2022-hurstonwright-legacy-award-poetry|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331004423/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/blog/news-authors/shara-mccallum-wins-2022-hurstonwright-legacy-award-poetry|archivedate=March 31, 2023|accessdate=2024-04-29|work=[[Peepal Tree Press]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2023 | rowspan="2" | - |Los Angeles Review of Books/UCR Lifetime Achievement Award |'''Winner''' | |- |Windham-Campbell Literature Prize for Fiction |'''Winner''' |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-06|title=Windham-Campbell Prizes 2023 recipients announced|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2023/04/06/229381/windham-campbell-prizes-2023-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2023-04-08|publisher=Books+Publishing}}</ref> |- |''Dr. No'' |PEN/Jean Stein Book Award |'''Winner''' |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schaub|first=Michael|date=March 3, 2023|title=PEN Award Winners Announced|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/pen-award-winners-announced/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306021844/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/pen-award-winners-announced/|archivedate=2023-03-06|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |''The Trees'' |PEN/Jean Stein Book Award |Finalist |<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Eliza|date=March 1, 2022|title=Here are the winners of the 2022 PEN America Literary Awards.|url=https://lithub.com/here-are-the-winners-of-the-2022-pen-america-literary-awards/|accessdate=March 4, 2022|work=[[Literary Hub]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Stewart|first=Sophia|date=January 26, 2022|title=PEN America Announces Finalists for 2022 Literary Awards|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/88384-pen-america-announces-finalists-for-2022-literary-awards.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205143333/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/88384-pen-america-announces-finalists-for-2022-literary-awards.html|archivedate=2022-12-05|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Lucas, Julian|date=September 27, 2021|title=Dead reckoning|journal=[[The New Yorker]]|volume=97|issue=30|pages=79–84|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/27/percival-everetts-deadly-serious-comedy <!--|access-date=2023-05-23-->}}<ref>Online version is titled "Percival Everett's deadly serious comedy".</ref> * Maus, Derek C., ''[https://uscpress.com/Jesting-in-Earnest Jesting in Earnest: Percival Everett and Menippean Satire]'' (University of South Carolina Press; 2019) * Miceli, Barbara, "Della triste impermanenza di ogni cosa: recensione di ''Telefono'' di Percival Everett", in ''L'Indice dei libri del mese'' (December 2022) * Stewart, Anthony, ''Approximate Gestures: Infinite Spaces in the Fiction of Percival Everett'' (Louisiana State University Press; 2020) == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630083749/http://www.blueflowerarts.com/percival.html Blue Flower Arts] bụ otu n'ime ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị Everett * [http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003237 Ebe obibi USC Everett] . ( Retrieved Disemba 2, 2017. ) * [http://www.identitytheory.com/interviews/birnbaum105.html Ajụjụ ọnụ IdentityTheory.com na Everett (2003)] * Shashank Bengali, [https://web.archive.org/web/20091118174521/http://www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/winter05/everett.html "Onye ajọ omume nke Percival Everett"], ''USC Trojan Family Magazine'', Winter 2005. * [http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/vls/182/everett.shtml "Ihe na Okwu" nke Everett] </link>< [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore="true"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Dead link tagged March 2024">njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</span></sup> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241213173717/http://blog.topolivres.com/blogtopolivres/2014/ Mkparịta ụka vidiyo topolivres na Everett (2008)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160110143551/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2666/percival-everett Percival Everett nke Rone Shavers] Archived </link> ''Bọmbụ'' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=s5RDfcoMZEs Percival Everett na akụkọ ifo nke agbụrụ.] Ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo, Austin Community College Arts & Humanities, 2 Maachị 2011. ( Retrieved Disemba 2, 2017. ) {{Navboxes|title=Awards for Percival Everett|list={{Believer Book Award}} {{USC Scripter Awards – Film}}}} <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3wyhx25rut98vs83cahc543voh2tg3o 0 48745 700918 176056 2026-08-13T11:19:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700918 wikitext text/x-wiki   Robert Engman (Eprel 29, 1927 - Julaị 4, 2018) [1] bụ onye ọkpụ America nwere ọrụ na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Hirshhorn Museum, [2] MOMA, Whitney Museum of American Art, ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie  , [3] na mkpokọta. == Ndụ mbido == Engman njikwa na 1927 ka nne na nna si Sweden kwaga .  O sonyeere ndị agha mmiri mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, jee ozi na Agha nke igbu na Pacific.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Rhode Island School of Design na BFA, na Mahadum Yale nwere MFA na ọzụzụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ (1955), ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe José de Rivera [1] na Josef Albers .  [2] Albers dere okwukwe ya, sị: “Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole nweere onwe ha nwere obi ike ruo n’ókè nke ike uche n’akpaelu—nke dị n’agbata olu na ahịrị—dị ka echiche na nkwa.  ọkpụ akpụ sara mbara” <ref name="LVAC">{{Cite web|title=Robert Engman|url=https://listart.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Engman_Robert.pdf|work=List Visual Arts Center|publisher=MIT|accessdate=2017-03-19|archivedate=2017-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053834/https://listart.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Engman_Robert.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Afọ Yale: 1953-1964 === Engman ọkpụkpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ na Mahadum Yale, na, na 1960, a nchọpụta ya onye isi nke mmemme ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Yale na Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Fine Arts.  Ya na Josef Albers, James Rosati, Ann Lehman, na Paul Rudolph rụkọrọ ọrụ, wee rụpụta nnukwu ọrụ ya, Kọlụm, (1963) maka ụlọ Rudolph maka mmemme Yale Art & Architecture.  [1] N'ịbụ onye Arthur na Madeleine Lejwa na-enwe ike Galerie Chalette [2] nọchitere anya ya na New York, ọrụ ya dọtara uche nke Joseph Hirshhorn, bụ onye ihe iji nyere na-anakọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Engman.. === Philadelphia na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ: 1964-1978 === N'afọ 1964, Engman kwagara Pennsylvania, ebe ọ nta onye ntụziaka nke Mahadum Pennsylvania's akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọ bụ onye nkatọ na-eleta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nka nke East Coast n'oge ọrụ nkuzi ya.  N'afọ ndị 1960 na 70, ọrụ ya gara nke ọma, yana ihe ngosi ihe ngosi New York na-aga nke ọma na kọmitii buru ibu ma buru ibu, na-ejedebe na Triune, (1975) ihe owuwu dị n'ụkwụ 20  dị elu nke eriri eriri na-akpata ọnụ. === Haverford: Studio nkeonwe: Mgbe 1978 gasịrị === Melele anụ ahụ iji mechaa Triune wetara mkpa na draịva nka Engman ka ọ "na-achịkwa ihe ndị ahụ."  [1] Na 1978, ọ na-ahụ ụzọ ya na nka.  E taka ihe ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe, Engman gbaghaara ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ ihe maka ihe ọkpụkpụ, na- eji aka ya ụmụaka ya.  Ọ la azụ n'ụwa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, wee agha ọrụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpachi anya nke na-achọghị ogbako ndị eze iji wuchaa.. == Theory of Sculpture == Akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-adịghị mma nke ọrụ Engman sitere na nyocha nke onye na-ese ihe na-eme ihe iji jide ụdị ọkpụkpụ.  Obere elu bụ mbụ na ngwaọrụ bụ ọnụ n'etiti loops ma ọ bụ ahịrị na oghere atọ.  Engman ikike dị nta nke nhazi elu iji ihe oyiyi geometric nke nwere ike, n'oge a na-ahụ ha, a ga-a-ra ya na ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ mgbe emechara ya na ire ma ọ bụ osisi.  N'okwu Engman n'onwe ya, "ha ike ike ichepụta ha site na usoro ọwara ọzọ nke inye ihe n'echiche."  [1] Ndị ọzọ nrụra na traktị na ngwaọrụ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, onye nwụrụ anwụ R. Buckminster Fuller. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philart.net/artist.php?id=64 |title=Robert Engman page, Philadelphia Public Art @ philart.net |accessdate=2024-06-17 |archivedate=2015-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424040847/http://www.philart.net/artist.php?id=64 }}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Ọmụmụ na Uto,'' (1958) na mkpokọta MOMA na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>[https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80861?artist_id=1737&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist Engman, Robert, ''A Study in Growth,''] MOMA, New York, NY. Object number 27.1960. Retrieved 2020-3-20</ref> * A na-anọchi anya ọrụ Engman na Hirshhorn bụ nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ, ''Untitled,'' (1968-1969), na ''After Iyengar'' (1978), na ihe karịrị iri atọ n'ime obere ọrụ ya. <ref name="hirshhorn.si.edu">[https://hirshhorn.si.edu/collection/search/result/?edan_q=Robert%2BEngman ''Robert Engman Sculptures,''] Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2020-3-20</ref> * Na-arụ ọrụ na Whitney : ''Construction,'' (1960), <ref>[https://whitney.org/collection/works/671 ''Construction 1960,'' Robert Engman, (1960)], Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Accession: 66.22.</ref> ''Ọnwa, Nọmba 2,'' (1964). <ref>[https://whitney.org/collection/works/670 ''Moon, Number 2,'' Robert Engman, (1964)], Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Accession: 65.7.</ref> * Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya kachasị ukwuu, ''Triune'' (1975), na-aga n'ihu na-eguzo na akuku ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Philadelphia . <ref name="Philart" /> * ''Kings'' (1975) dị na 78th na Lindbergh Streets, dịkwa na Philadelphia. <ref name="Philart" /> * Ụmụ akwụkwọ jikọrọ aka na Engman iji mepụta ihe oyiyi ''Peace Symbol'' (1967) nke etinyere n'ihu Van Pelt Library na Penn na 1983. <ref name="Philart">{{Cite web|url=http://culturenow.org/entry%26permalink%3D08415%26seo%3DPeace-Symbol_Robert-Engman-and-University-of-Pennsylvania|title=CultureNOW - Peace Symbol: Robert Engman and University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=2024-06-17|archivedate=2012-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425054230/http://culturenow.org/entry%26permalink%3D08415%26seo%3DPeace-Symbol_Robert-Engman-and-University-of-Pennsylvania}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" style="border:1px solid #c8ccd1; background:#f8f9fa;" perrow="6" widths="125px" heights="150px"> Usòrò:MIT_Barker_Library.jpg|''Untitled'' (1968), suspended inside the Great Dome at MIT<ref name="culturenow.org">{{Cite web|title=CultureNOW - Untitled: Robert Engman and MIT Public Art Collection|url=http://culturenow.org/entry%26permalink%3D09239%26seo%3DUntitled_Robert-Engman-and-MIT-Public-Art-Collection|work=culturenow.org|accessdate=2017-03-19|archivedate=2017-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052945/http://culturenow.org/entry%26permalink%3D09239%26seo%3DUntitled_Robert-Engman-and-MIT-Public-Art-Collection}}</ref> Usòrò:Tiune_Engman.JPG|''Triune'' (1975), near Philadelphia City Hall Usòrò:Peace_symbol_Penn.JPG|''Peace Symbol'' (1967) was created in collaboration with Penn students Usòrò:Peace_symbol_Penn_Detail.JPG|''Peace Symbol, detail'' (1967) </gallery> == Ihe ngosi (anaghị ezu oke) == === Otu === : ''Ọkpụkpụ USA na nso nso a'' (Mee - Ọgọst 1959) MOMA, New York, NY : ''Ọkpụkpụ E Haziri'' (1960), Galerie Chalette, New York, NY : ''Ọkpụkpụ ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere na mkpokọta Joseph H. Hirshhorn'' (Oct 1962 - Jan 1963), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY : ''Ihe ngosi kwa afọ 1966: Ọkpụrụkpụ na Mbipụta nke Oge A'' (Dec 1966 - Feb 1967), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY === Solo === : ''Ihe osise na nso nso a'' (Feb - Maachị 1960), Stable Gallery, New York, NY : ''Ịgbanwe oke: Ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Robert Engman'' (Oct 2016 - Feb 2017), James A. Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, PA == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Schiffer, Nancy. ''Robert Engman: Ọkpụrụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ.'' Schiffer: Philadelphia, Pennsvylvania (2013)  * Robert Engman et al. ''Robert Engman Sculpture: Isiokwu na ọdịiche.'' Schiffer: Philadelphia, Pennsvylvania (2017)  == Njikọ mpụga == * Dennet, Scot, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JNioQ8T-3A ''Bob Engman na Studio''] Denett Entertainment (2015) eweghachiri 2020-04-14. * Cook, Bonnie L., [https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/robert-m-engman-91-creator-of-sculptures-great-and-small-20180710.html ''Obituaries: Robert M. Engman, 91, Onye kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ukwu na obere.''] [https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/robert-m-engman-91-creator-of-sculptures-great-and-small-20180710.html Onye nyocha Philadelphia (July 18, 2018) eweghachiri 2020-03-19] . 4fj5pupppbipurh4ogudtrn2zuqqfej 0 50530 700769 393296 2026-08-12T12:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mkpúrù èdè íke''''''McCulloch Motors Corporation''' bụ onye America na-emepụta chainsaws na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ ike dị n'èzí. E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Milwaukee, Wisconsin, na 1943 site na Robert Paxton McCulloch dị ka onye na-emepụta obere mmanụ ụgbọ ala abụọ strok ma webata chainsaw mbụ ya na 1948, Model 5-49. McCulloch na ika ya bụ Husqvarna . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == McCulloch kpaliri ọrụ ya na California na 1946. N'afọ ndị 1950, McCulloch rụpụtara engines drone lekwasịrị anya, nke e rere ya na RadioPlane na 1970s. Ndị a McCulloch 4318 obere cylinder anọ na-emegide injinia nwere ọrịa strok abụọ bụkwa ndị ama ama maka ojiji na obere autogyros dị iche iche, dị ka Bensen B-8 M na Wallis WA-116 . Na 1959, ha rụpụtara injin kart mbụ ha, McCulloch MC-10, <ref>[http://macbobaust.com/kart_engines.html The McCulloch Kart Engines]</ref> ihe eji eme chainsaw abụọ nwere strok. <ref>[http://www.vintagekarts.com/mcstory.htm 1959 - McCulloch's Entry into Kart Racing]</ref> Bill Van Tichelt nke VanTech Engineering chepụtara ma mepụta otu n'ime ụzọ nri mbụ pụrụ iche na nke kacha aga nke ọma maka injin McCulloch kart, yana mufflers, ngwa ntụgharị, njikọ trotul, mkpokọ ikuku na mkpọda ala. <ref>[[William Jacob "Bill" Van Tichelt (Van Tech Motorcycles)]]</ref> === Lake Havasu City === Na 1964, McCulloch tọrọ ntọala Lake Havasu City, [[Arizona]], na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ maka ndị ọrụ ya. Onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Robert McCulloch tinyere aka n'ịzụta àkwà mmiri London na ọrịre na 1960s. A chịkọtara ya na Lake Havasu City wee mepee na 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abate|first=Tom|date=2005-06-12|title=The financial wizard behind Pacific Lumber controversy|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/The-financial-wizard-behind-Pacific-Lumber-2628758.php|accessdate=2021-04-17|work=SFGATE|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Laskow|first=Sarah|date=2016-10-17|title=London Is Still Paying Rent to the Queen on a Property Leased in 1211|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/london-is-still-paying-rent-to-the-queen-on-a-property-leased-in-1211|accessdate=2021-04-17|work=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref> === Ahịrị ngwaahịa === Na 1967, McCulloch kwụsịrị ahịrị ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri nke ọ malitere mgbe 1956 zụtara Scott-Atwater Manufacturing Company nke Minneapolis, Minnesota - onye na-emepụta ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri Scott-Atwater. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scott-atwater.com/History.htm|title=- Manufacture of Outboard Boat Motors|accessdate=23 July 2010|archivedate=15 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115002836/http://www.scott-atwater.com/History.htm}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, a gbasaa nso ha ka ha gbakwunye ndị na-emepụta ọkụ, ndị na-emepụta ihe mgbochi, eriri trimmers, na ndị na-afụ akwụkwọ, mana malitere nlezianya anya na ahịhịa na akụrụngwa ubi. === Mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ === Ka ọ na-erule 1978, Charles Hurwitz nwere pasent 13 na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Delugach|first=Al|date=1988-05-30|title=Charles Hurwitz--Publicity-Shy Empire Builder : Kaiser Aluminum's Bidder Is a Private Person but Controversy Follows Him|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-30-fi-2426-story.html|accessdate=2021-04-17|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Black na Decker zụtara McCulloch na 4 October 1974, wee resị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nzuzo na Nọvemba 1984. <ref>Manny Nodar, retired Vice President, Black and Decker, 2011</ref> Na Jenụwarị 1999, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbara akwụkwọ maka isi nke 11 enweghị ego wee ree nkewa Europe ya na Husqvarna AB . N'October 1999, ụlọ ọrụ Taiwanese Jenn Feng Industrial Co. Jenn Feng nwetara ọrụ ya na North America. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041027205509/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0VCW/is_19_25/ai_57294899 McCulloch sold to Taiwanese manufacturer] - Home Channel News, 25 October 1999</ref> Na Maachị 2003, MTD Ngwaahịa bịanyere aka na Jenn Feng nkwekọrịta nkesa na ikike nke MTD ga-emepụta naanị ngwaahịa McCulloch na North America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://support.mtdproducts.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/584/~/mcculloch-corporation-bankruptcy-%26-business-asset-sale-information|title=MTD Products Inc enters licensing agreements to McCulloch|accessdate=17 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512034902/http://support.mtdproducts.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/584/~/mcculloch-corporation-bankruptcy-%26-business-asset-sale-information|archivedate=12 May 2017}}</ref> Na Machị 2008, Husqvarna nwetara ngalaba ngwaahịa dị n'èzí nke Jenn Feng, na-enweta akara McCulloch na ahịa North America. <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL1756667020080317 Sweden's Husqvarna buys Taiwan outdoor assets] - Reuters, 17 March 2008</ref> McCulloch bụ akara n'ime Husqvarna Group . == Ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara ya == * Ụlọ ọrụ McCulloch Aircraft Corp * Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ McCulloch Oil Corporation * Paxton Automotive * Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta Scott-Atwater == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.mcculloch.biz/ McCulloch] {{Husqvarna}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] juvk92n1swtfkhs2g70rq1bh9ibqkqd 0 50695 700869 199831 2026-08-13T06:58:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:PerliteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|Perlite gbasaa.]] Perlite bụ iko mgbawa ugwu amorphous nke nwere oke mmiri dị elu, nke a na-etolite site na hydration nke obsidian. Ọ na-apụta n'ụzọ nkịtị ma nwee ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ịgbasa nke ukwuu mgbe ọkụ zuru oke. Ọ bụ ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kwesịrị ekwesị "dị ka seramiiki flux iji belata okpomọkụ nke sintering", yana ngwaahịa azụmahịa bara uru maka njupụta ya dị ala mgbe nhazi ya.<ref name="reka19">{{Cite journal|author=Reka|first=Arianit A.|title=Chemical, mineralogical and structural features of native and expanded perlite from Macedonia|journal=Geologia Croatica|date=24 October 2019|volume=72|issue=3|pages=215–221–215–221|doi=10.4154/gc.2019.18|url=http://www.geologia-croatica.hr/index.php/GC/article/view/gc.2019.18|accessdate=4 January 2020|language=en|issn=1333-4875}}</ref> == Ihe onwunwe == [[Usòrò:Perlite-nps-02316.jpg|thumb|Nkume perlite nwere fireweed n'ihu]] Perlite na-adị nro mgbe ọ ruru okpomọkụ nke 850-900 . Mmiri tọrọ n'ime ihe ahụ na-agbaze ma na-agbapụ, nke a na-eme ka ihe ahụ gbasaa ruo okpukpu 7-16 nke mbụ ya. Ihe gbasaa bụ ihe na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke, n'ihi ngosipụta nke efere ndị a tọrọ atọ. Unxpanded ("raw") perlite nwere nnukwu njupụta gburugburu 1100 kg/m³ (1.1 g/cm³), ebe a na-ahụkarị perlite gbasaa nwere nnukwu njirimara nke ihe dị ka ³-150 kg/m³.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Perlite toxicology and epidemiology – a review|journal=Inhalation Toxicology|date=2014-04-01|issn=0895-8378|pmid=24601903|pages=259–270|volume=26|issue=5|doi=10.3109/08958378.2014.881940|first=L. Daniel|author=Maxim}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Nnyocha a na-ahụkarị == * 70-75% 2" href="./Silicon_dioxide" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide: SiO2 * 1₂-15% aluminum oxide: Al2O₃ * 3-4% sodium oxide: Na2O * 3-5% 2" href="./Potassium_oxide" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide: K2O * 0.5-₂% 3" href="./Iron_oxide" id="mwNw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide: Fe2O3 * 0.2-0.7% magnesium oxide: MgO * 0.5-1.5% calcium oxide: CaO * 3-5% ọnwụ na ọkụ (mmiri kemịkal / ngwakọta) <ref>Md Arifuzzaman and H. S. Kim, "Prediction and evaluation of density and volume fractions for the novel perlite composite affected by internal structure formation", Construction and Building Materials, Vol 141, 2017, 201–215.</ref> {{Clear}} == Ebe e si nweta ya na mmepụta ya == [[Usòrò:Perlite-mine.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ ala Perlite na Owens Valley, California.]] Perlite bụ ihe na-enweghị ike imezigharị. A na-eme atụmatụ na ebe nchekwa ụwa nke perlite dị nde tọn 700.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Celik|first=Atila Gurhan|date=2013-02-27|title=Expanded perlite aggregate characterization for use as a lightweight construction raw material|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278069817|accessdate=2024-05-29|work=Research Gate}}</ref> Ihe onwunwe ndị e gosipụtara na Armenia ruru nde m³, ebe ngụkọta nke ihe onwunwe a tụrụ anya ya ruru ijeri m³.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minenergy.am/en/page/472|title=General Information - Mining Resources - www.minenergy.am|work=www.minenergy.am|accessdate=2019-06-10}}</ref> N'ịtụle njupụta a kapịrị ọnụ nke 1.1 ton / m³ kwenyesiri ike na Armenia ruru nde tọn 165. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kọrọ na ha nwere ihe ndị ahụ bụ: [[Greece|Gris]] - nde tọn 120, [[Turkéy|Turkey]], USA na Hungary - ihe dị ka nde tọn 49-57. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs-2019-perli.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224124414/https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs-2019-perli.pdf|archivedate=2019-12-24|title=USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries - PERLITE|author=M. Bennett|first=Shawnna|work=U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/perlite-statistics-and-information|title=Perlite Statistics and Information|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2019-06-10}}</ref> Perlite mmepụta ụwa, nke China, Turkey, Greece, USA, Armenia na Hungary duziri, ruru nde tọn 4.6 na 2018. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> == Ojiji == N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala na ọnụahịa dị ala (ihe dị ka US $ 150 kwa tọn nke perlite a na-agbasaghị agbasa), e mepụtara ọtụtụ ngwa azụmahịa maka perlite. === Ihe owuwu na mmepụta === N'ọhịa na-ewu ma na-emepụta ihe, a na-eji ya eme ihe na plaster dị mfe, simenti na simenti, ihe mkpuchi na tebụl elu ụlọ. <ref name="usgs">Wallace P. Bolen [https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000138/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/perlite/myb1-2009-perli.pdf Perlite] USGS 2009 Minerals Yearbook</ref> A pụkwara iji ya mee ihe iji wuo ihe ndị mejupụtara nke a na-ahazi ma ọ bụ iji mepụta ụfụfụ. <ref>Md Arifuzzaman and H. S. Kim, Novel flexural behaviour of sandwich structures made of perlite foam/sodium silicate core and paper skin, Construction and Building Materials, Construction and Building Materials, Vol 148 2017, pp 321–333.</ref><ref>Dipendra Shastri and H. S. Kim, “A new consolidation process for expanded perlite particles”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol 60, June, 2014, pp.1–7.</ref> Perlite filters bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nzacha biya tupu etinye ya na karama.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-ejikwa obere perlite mee ihe na foundries, cryogenic insulation, na ceramics (dị ka ihe mgbakwunye ụrọ). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moradi|first=L.|title=Immobilization of Lewis acidic ionic liquid on perlite nanoparticle surfaces as a highly efficient solid acid catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of xanthene derivatives|journal=RSC Advances|date=2019|volume=9|issue=35|pages=19940–19948|doi=10.1039/c9ra03312b|pmid=35514727}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta bọmbụ na-ejikwa ya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240726232156/https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4940497.html Emulsion explosive composition containing expanded perlite] United States Patent 4940497</ref> === Nchịkọta mmiri === A na-eji Perlite ugbu a na teknụzụ nzacha ọdọ mmiri azụmahịa, dị ka nnọchi nzacha ụwa diatomaceous. Perlite bụ ezigbo enyemaka nzacha ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe ọzọ na ụwa diatomaceous. Owuwu nke ojiji perlite dị ka ihe nzacha na-eto nke ukwuu n'ụwa niile. Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị n'ahịa iji nye nzacha dabere na perlite. Ọtụtụ ihe nzacha perlite na mgbasa ozi perlite ezutela nkwado NSF-50 (Aquify PMF Series na AquaPerl), nke na-ahazi ogo mmiri na nchekwa teknụzụ na arụmọrụ. Enwere ike iwepụ Perlite n'enweghị nsogbu site na sistemu nsị dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọdọ mmiri na-ahọrọ ikewapụ perlite site na iji tankị edozi ma ọ bụ sistemụ nyocha ka a tụfuo ya iche.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} === Biotechnology === N'ihi nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ na nke igwe, enweghị nsị, na iguzogide dị elu megide mwakpo microbial na solvents organic, a na-eji perlite eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ngwa biotechnological. A chọpụtara na Perlite bụ ezigbo nkwado maka immobilization nke biocatalysts dị ka enzymes maka Bioremediation na sensing applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Torabi|first=Seyed-Fakhreddin|date=2007-08-31|title=Covalent attachment of cholesterol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase on perlite through silanization: Activity, stability and co-immobilization|journal=Journal of Biotechnology|volume=131|issue=2|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.04.015|pmid=17658643}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo === Na horticulture, a pụrụ iji perlite mee ihe dị ka mmezi ala ma ọ bụ naanị ya dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri ma ọ bụ maka ịmalite ịkpụcha. Mgbe ejiri ya dị ka mmezigharị, ọ nwere nnukwu permeability na obere mmiri ma na-enyere aka igbochi mkpakọ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISU Extension News Release|url=http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/2004/feb04/feb0429.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323003156/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/2004/feb04/feb0429.html|archivedate=2004-03-23|work=iastate.edu}}</ref> === Ihe ntecha === A na-eji perlite eme ihe ntecha dị ka ihe na-amị amị na ihe na-eme ka ihe dị nro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perlite|url=https://www.lorealparisusa.com/ingredient-library/perlite.aspx|accessdate=2020-10-04|publisher=[[L'Oréal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Winter|first=Ruth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hLmyma2-MsC&q=perlite&pg=PA402|title=A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 7th Edition: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals|date=2009-10-20|publisher=Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale|isbn=978-0-307-45986-2|pages=402|language=en}}</ref>   === Ndị na-anọchi ya === Enwere ike dochie Perlite maka ojiji ya niile. Ndị na-anọchi anya gụnyere: * [[Diatomaceous ụwa|Diatomite]], nke a na-eji eme ihe maka nzacha * Ọkpụkpụ ụrọ gbasaa, ihe ọzọ na-adịghị arọ maka ihe owuwu * Akpụkpọ anụ * Pumice * Ihe otiti * Vermiculite - ọtụtụ ndị na-agbasawanye perlite na-ewepụkwa vermiculite ma bụrụ ndị otu azụmahịa abụọ ahụ == Nchebe n'ebe ọrụ == Dị ka perlite nwere silicon dioxide, a na-atụ aro ugogbe anya na ihe mkpuchi silica mgbe ị na-ejikwa nnukwu ihe. === United States === Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na ahụike n'ọrụ (OSHA) setịpụrụ oke iwu (ókè ikpughe) maka ikpughe perlite n'ebe ọrụ dị ka 15 mg / m³ zuru ezu ikpughe na 5 mg / m ³ iku ume n'ime ụbọchị ọrụ awa 8. &nbsp;&nbsp;National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) setịpụrụ oke ikpughe (REL) nke 10 mg / m³³ zuru ezu na 5 mg / m2 iku ume n'ime ụbọchị ọrụ awa 8.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Perlite|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0491.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=2015-11-27}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Hụkwa == * Biochar * Igwe ụfụfụ * Mmanụ ala ụlọ ọrụ * Mmanụ ala (firestop) * Vermiculite == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1v5rwtb47yer3krrv623mi20fhlg9ff 0 53436 700841 515863 2026-08-12T22:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700841 wikitext text/x-wiki   Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics ('''ALSO''') bụ mmemme nke American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) mepụtara. Usoro a na-enyere ndị dọkịta aka, [[Nọọsụ na-amụ nwa|ndị nọọsụ na-amụ nwa]] (CNM), ndị nọọchị edebanyere aha, na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka nlekọta ahụike na-etinye aka na ọnọdụ mberede nwere ike ime na nlekọta nne. Usoro a dị mkpa ma chọọ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụfọdụ maka ndị dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ ezinụlọ yana ngwá ọrụ mmụta n'ọtụtụ mmemme obibi ezinụlọ.<ref name="ALSO">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/cme/aafpcourses/clinicalcourses/also/aboutalso.html |title=About ALSO – Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics – American Academy of Family Physicians |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archivedate=2012-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928195349/http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/cme/aafpcourses/clinicalcourses/also/aboutalso.html }}</ref> Ọ bụ Damos na Beasley mepụtara ALSO, site na Ngalaba Ọgwụ Ezinụlọ na Mahadum Wisconsin.<ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n3_v47/ai_13502156 |title=Advanced life support in obstetrics course {{!}} American Family Physician {{!}} Find Articles at BNET |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archivedate=2007-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108162505/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n3_v47/ai_13502156 }}</ref> AKWỤKWỌ KWESỊRỊ ibelata ọrịa na ọnwụ maka ma nne na nwa ọhụrụ. Ọ na-emekwa nke a site na iji mannequin ndị yiri ndụ na-ejikọta ma didactic na aka bara uru na ebe a na-arụ ọrụ.[1] Isiokwu na-agụnye inyefe n'ime nwa aka, Doppler nlekota nwa ebu n'afọ, dystocias nke nwa ebu n'afọ, nkwụghachi nwa ọhụrụ, ọrụ nlekọta oge akaghi aka, njikwa ọbara ọgbụgba mgbe ime nwa, yana ike na nnyefe na-enye aka. Ndị sonyere ga-agafe ule ederede yana ezigbo aka na njikwa ọmụmụ nke ọmụmụ (mega-delivery) na-etinye ọtụtụ ihe ndị a mụtara n'oge usoro ahụ. Ọ na-enyekwa aka na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ dị ka nkwado ndụ trauma dị elu (ATLS) na nkwado ndụ obi dị elu (ACLS) iji nyere aka mee ka ndị dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ na ime obodo ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị nchebe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na usoro ọmụmụ..<ref name="AFP"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị dibịa ezinụlọ Canada na-agbaso usoro ALSO, kọleji nke ndị dọkịta ezinụlọ nke Canada ewepụtala mmemme yiri ya nke akpọrọ Advanced Labor and Risk Management (ALARM), nke na-arụ otu ebumnuche dị ka AAFP's ALSO. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 179kj2yssungsfspbsg4dnwh6vsgcqu 10 55972 700779 577276 2026-08-12T14:00:13Z CommonsDelinker 87 Replacing Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1919–1921).svg with [[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1909–1926).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · This flag of Afghanistan w 700779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Afghanistan | flag alias = Flag of the Taliban.svg | flag alias-1880 = Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg | flag alias-1901 = Flag of Afghanistan (1901–1919).svg | flag alias-1919 = Flag of Afghanistan (1909–1926).svg | flag alias-1926 = Flag of Afghanistan (1926–1928).svg | flag alias-1928a = Flag of Afghanistan (1928).svg | flag alias-1928 = Flag of Afghanistan (1928–1929).svg | flag alias-1929a = Flag of Afghanistan (1929).svg | flag alias-1929 = Flag of Afghanistan (1929–1931).svg | flag alias-1930 = Flag of Afghanistan (1931–1973).svg | flag alias-1973 = Flag of Afghanistan (1973–1974).svg | flag alias-1974 = Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg | flag alias-1978a = Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg | flag alias-1978 = Flag of Afghanistan (1978–1980).svg | flag alias-1980 = Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg | flag alias-1987 = Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg | flag alias-1992a = Flag of Afghanistan (1992).svg | flag alias-1992 = Flag of Afghanistan (1992–2001).svg | flag alias-1996 = Flag of Taliban (original).svg | flag alias-1997 = Flag of the Taliban.svg | flag alias-2001 = Flag of Afghanistan (2001–2002).svg | flag alias-2002 = Flag of Afghanistan (2002–2004).svg | flag alias-2004 = Flag of Afghanistan (2004–2013).svg | flag alias-2013 = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg | flag alias-Taliban = Flag of the Taliban.svg | link alias-military = Afghan Armed Forces | link alias-army = Afghan Army{{!}}Islamic National Army | flag alias-army = Military Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Taliban (Shahada v2).svg | link alias-air force = Afghan Air Force | flag alias-Islamic Emirate = Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (with Pashto subtext).svg | flag alias-football = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg | flag alias-cricket = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1880 | var2 = 1901 | var3 = 1919 | var4 = 1926 | var5 = 1928a | var6 = 1928 | var7 = 1929a | var8 = 1929 | var9 = 1930 | var10 = 1973 | var11 = 1974 | var12 = 1978 | var13 = 1978a | var14 = 1980 | var15 = 1987 | var16 = 1992a | var17 = 1992 | var18 = 1996 | var19 = 1997 | var20 = 2001 | var21 = 2002 | var22 = 2004 | var23 = 2013 | var24 = Taliban | var25 = Islamic Emirate | var26 = football | var27 = cricket | redir1 = AFG | related1 = Emirate of Afghanistan | related2 = Kingdom of Afghanistan | related3 = Emirate of Afghanistan (1929) | related4 = Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) | related5 = Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | related6 = Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992) | related7 = Islamic State of Afghanistan | related8 = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) | related9 = Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan | related10 = Islamic Republic of Afghanistan | related11 = Taliban | cat = Afghanistan </noinclude> }} b2xtgmeixmpqwk22njt161leez891h3 0 56697 700777 201615 2026-08-12T13:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700777 wikitext text/x-wiki Milan Dunović bụ onye ụkwụ ụkwụ Bosnia Serb.  Ọ bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina site na 2015 [1] ruo 2023. A gidan Dunović na 22 Julaị 1974 na Sarajevo .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Sarajevo .  [2] N'oge Agha Bosnia, o nchekwa na nchekwa nke Sarajevo na Bosnia na Herzegovina.  Mgbe agha ahụ nri, ọ bụ ọrụ na BH Pošta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ko su budući predsjednik i potpredsjednici Federacije BiH|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/ko-su-buduci-predsjednik-i-potpredsjednici-federacije-bih/150209009|work=www.klix.ba|language=hr}}</ref> <ref name="parlbio">{{Cite web|title=Poslanici|url=https://parlament.ba/representative/detail/588|work=parlament.ba|accessdate=2025-03-07|archivedate=2025-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310115514/https://parlament.ba/representative/detail/588}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọ ekiri onye otu ụzọndọrọ Democratic Front.  N'nanọ Febụwarị afọ 2015, a mgbaàmà ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina dị ka onye anya Serbia.  Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina site na Febụwarị 2015 ruo Febụwarụ 2023. Ọ bụ onye otu House of Representatives ugbu a. N'afọ 2017, ọ bịanyere aka na akara maka akara Ndị Croatia, Ndị Serbia, Ndị Bosnia na Ndị Montenegro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dunović potpisuje Deklaraciju o zajedničkom jeziku|url=https://nap.ba/post/753146/dunovic-potpisuje-deklaraciju-o-zajednickom-jeziku|accessdate=2024-04-01|date=2017-03-27|work=Patria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku|url=https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/lista-potpisnika/|accessdate=2024-09-19|work=Jezici i nacionalizmi}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3u29g178i9jodjyystp4ejjwzaiqx2m 0 57547 700771 697142 2026-08-12T12:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} Mercy Adu Gyamfi (amuru 1 Mee 1971) bu onye omeiwu Ghana, onye otu New Patriotic Party, otutu ndi nzuko omeiwu, na onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke asaa nke Republic of Ghana.[1] Ọ lụrụ na ụmụ isii<ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|title=MPS|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506|work=Ghana Mps|accessdate=2025-03-15|archivedate=2019-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226011552/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Mercy Adu-Gyamfi si Akwatia, na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke [[Ghana]], a mụrụ ya na 1 Mee 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=35|work=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=2025-03-15|archivedate=2023-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525132657/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=35}}</ref> == Mmụta == Oriakụ Mercy Adu-Gyamfi gara Presby Middle School na Akwatia ma n'afọ 1988, ọ nwetara asambodo Middle School Leaving. (MSLC).<ref name="ghanamps.com"/> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye na-edozi ntutu site na ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu ndị omeiwu Ghana na Disemba 2016, mgbe ọ meriri oche nke Akwatia na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa, nke Amasey Pharmacy, na Kade, na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-mercy-adu-gyamfi/|title=HON. MERCY ADU-GYAMFI|author=UKGCC|date=2018-07-10|work=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-09}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ụfọdụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, ọ na-eje ozi na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Ọrụ na Ọdịmma Ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2017/march-13th/lord-boats-files-mp-ama-sey-epitomises-the-can-do-spirit.php|title=Archived copy|accessdate=5 May 2018|archivedate=6 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173842/https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2017/march-13th/lord-boats-files-mp-ama-sey-epitomises-the-can-do-spirit.php}}</ref> O nwetara vootu 21,433 n'ime vootu 37,716 ziri ezi, nke kwekọrọ na 57,21% karịa ndị na-emegide ya Baba Jamal Mohammed Ahmed na Joice Sakei . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php?id=5506&group=5262|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adu-Gyamfi, Mercy|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-01-25|archivedate=2020-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116130324/http://ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/details.php?id=5506&group=5262}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mercy Adu Gyamfi lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adu-Gyamfi, Mercy|work=ghanamps.com|accessdate=2019-03-09|archivedate=2019-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044025/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst na onye otu Church Of Pentecost . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adu-Gyamfi, Mercy|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2019-03-02|archivedate=2019-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226011552/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5506}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ohfhug71logip3uzfse1pw28e396fxh 0 57639 700919 202887 2026-08-13T11:37:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Robinhuwbowen2002.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|214x214px|Robin Huw Bowen n'elu ikpo okwu na Festival Interceltique de Lorient na 2002]]   Robin Huw Bowen ( About n'afọ 1957) [1] bụ onye na-akpọ ụbọakwa atọ nke Welsh, nke a mara na Welsh dị ka Telyn Deires (English: Three-row Harp), [2] E nyere ya Glyndŵr Award n'afọ 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kelvinjenkins.co.uk/past-commissions/the-glyndwr-award/|title=The Glyndwr Award|work=Kelvin Jenkins|accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref> A map ya n'ime obodo Welsh dị na Liverpool, England, n'ime sitere na Anglesey, Bowen , , ike ike nke uwe Celtic mgbe ọ nọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, nke onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwụkwọ Breton, Alan Stivell.  N'afọ 1979 ọ akara akara akara akara na akara Welsh na akwụkwọ edemede na Mahadum Wales, Aberystwyth . Ndị otu egwu egwu Welsh Ar Log, ike Dafydd na Gwyndaf Roberts mere ka ọ mara nke mbụ na Welsh Triple Harp.  Ha na-eketa ụbọakwa ahụ site n'aka Nansi Richards, otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akpọ ụbọ akhara omenala Welsh site na ụgbọ gara aga. Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-eme ihe mgbe niile dị ka onye na-eme naanị ya, Bowen sonyeere otu omenala Welsh Mabsant na 1986 ma sere sonye na Cusan Tân.  ọrịa afọ 1998 ọ bụ onye otu Welsh 'super-group' Crasdant.  N'afọ 2004, ya na ndị ọzọ anọ a na Triple Harpists Rhes Ganol, nke mbụ Welsh Triple Harpa 'Choir' dị mmekọrịta nke Llanover Hall n'oge ọ ejekwa mma na eje nke afã nke abụọ. Robin Huw Bowen bụ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ na National Library of Wales na Aberystwyth.  Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ pịa data nchịkọta akụkọ nke egwu Welsh na nhazi maka ụbọ akwara, nke e gosiri ụfọdụ n'ime ha mọ.  arọ ya ejirila ihe ndị dị ndụ mee ihe, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara Eldra Jarman (1917-2000), nwa nwa John Roberts (Telynor Cymru).) .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eldra Jarman|url=http://www.uwp.co.uk/author/eldra-jarman-1991/|work=University of Wales Press|accessdate=22 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, a akụkọ Bowen iwu n'otu alaka HSBC dị na Aberystwyth, ebe a na-asụ Asụsụ Welsh, maka ime ihe na ụlọ akụ ahụ nyere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ụzọ n'ihe ọmụmụ ama ya..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/harpist-banned-bank-after-complaining-10228801|title=Harpist 'banned' from bank after complaining a sign discriminated against Welsh speakers|date=9 October 2015|author=Alicia Melville-Smith|work=WalesOnline|accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref> == Abọm == * ''Trwy'r Weiar'' (Through the Wire) (1987)''mụ na Mabsant'' * ''Telyn Berseiniol Fy Ngwlad'' (Sweet Harp of My Land) (1991) * ''Cusan Tân'' (Kiss of Fire) (1992) na Cusan Tán''Mụ na Cusan Tân'' * ''Hela'r Draenog'' (Ịchụ Hedgehog) (1994) * Carolina Telyn Cymru (Harp Music Of Wales) (1995) * ''Esgair'' (The Ridge) (1996)''Mụ na Cusan Tân'' * ''Hen Aelwyd'' (Old Hearth) (1999) * Crasdant (1999)''Mụ na Crasdant'' * Nos Sadwrn Bach (Ọ bụghị Saturday) (2001)''Mụ na Crasdant'' * ''Yn na Gwaed'' (In the Blood) (2004)''Mụ na Rhes Ganol'' https://www.discogs.com/Rhes-Ganol-Yn-Y-Gwaed/release/1865198 * ''Dwndwr'' (The Great Noise) (2005)''Mụ na Crasdant'' * Y Ffordd i Aberystwyth (Ụzọ e si Aberystwyth) (2007) * Egwú Harp nke Wales (2011) * ''Iaith Enaid'' (2015) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.teires.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224072915/http://www.crasdant.com/ Ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1df46p1vrqnlo79e5ngru2pea65ph8k 0 58016 700903 452282 2026-08-13T08:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Hon.|name=Queenster Maame Pokuah Sawyerr|honorific-suffix=|image=QUEENSTAR MAAME POKUAH SAWYERR.jpg|alt=|caption=|constituency_MP=[[Agona East (Ghana parliament constituency)|Agona East Constituency]]|parliament=|majority=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by adding a number-->|term_start=2013|term_end=present|predecessor=|successor=|order2=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|office2=Deputy Central Regional Minister|term_start2=2013|term_end2=2017|president2=[[John Dramani Mahama]]|predecessor2=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|successor2=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|order3=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|office3=|term_start3=|term_end3=|president3=|predecessor3=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|successor3=<!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->|birth_date={{birth date and age|1964|7|1|df=y}}|birth_place=Agona Kwanyako, [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]], [[Ghana]]|death_date=|death_place=|restingplace=|restingplacecoordinates=|birthname=|nationality=Ghanaian|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]]|otherparty=<!--For additional political affiliations-->|spouse=|partner=<!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=[[Accra Polytechnic]], [[Atlantic International University]]|occupation=[[Politician]]|profession=[[Businesswoman]]|cabinet=|committees=Youth, Sports and Culture Committee; Public Accounts Committee; Education Committee|portfolio=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|footnotes=|blank1=|data1=|blank2=|data2=|blank3=|data3=|blank4=|data4=|blank5=|data5=}} Queenstar Maame Pokua Sawyerr (amụrụ 1 Julaị 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye bụbu osote onye isi mpaghara mpaghara Ghana.[1][2][3] Ọ bụbu onye omeiwu nke Agona East Constituency kemgbe afọ 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Parliament of Ghana|archivedate=2024-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sawyerr na 1 Julaị, 1964 wee si Agona Kwanyako na Central Region nke Ghana.[1] Ọ nwetara diplọma mba ya dị elu na Accra Polytechnic wee nweta nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa azụmahịa yana Master's in Public Administration na Mahadum Atlantic International.[2][3] Mahadum Atlantic International bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mmụta dị anya na-akwadoghị nke e ji mara dị ka igwe ihe nrịgo, [4] na achụpụrụ ogo ya dị ka "adịgboroja".". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-28|title=Probe IGP's ‘Fake’ doctorate degree - Academics|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571|accessdate=2023-11-28|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=quist|date=2016-08-03|title=Gifty Anti, IGP, Hassan Ayariga and others indicted in fake doctorate degree scandal|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/fake-doctorates-gifty-anti-igp-hassan-ayariga-and-others-indicted-in-fake-doctorate/ytpybd5|accessdate=2023-11-28|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Sawyerr bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego.<ref name="mps">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Sawyerr, Queenstar Pokuah|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5405|accessdate=2019-04-27|work=Ghana MPs|archivedate=2022-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Queenstar Real Estates Company Limited tupu ọ banye n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Sawyerr, Queenstar Pokuah|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5405|accessdate=2021-03-25|work=Ghana MPs|archivedate=2022-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204085744/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5405}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Sawyerr bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress. Ọ bụ onye omeiwu nke Agona East Constituency na Central Region nke Ghana ugbu a.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2024-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32}}</ref> === Nhọrọ 2020 === Na ntuli aka nke Ghana n'ozuzu nke afọ 2020, Sawyerr meriri oche ndị omeiwu nke Agona East na vootu 23,247 na-eme 50.6% nke ngụkọta vootu e nyere ebe onye NPP na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu Kwesi Yankah nwere vootu 22,292 na-eme 48.5% nke ngụcha vootu e nye na onye LPG na-azọrọ ọkwa onye omebe iwu Samuel Aryeequaye nwere vootu 204 na-eme 0.4% nke ngụka vootu e wepụtara, onye CPP Kubi Sharfiu nwere vootu 139 na-eme pasent 0.3% nke ngụga vootu zuru ezu nke vootu Ad Ad Adjetey na-eme ka vootu zuru oke. <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Agona East Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/agona_east/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2023-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619172132/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/agona_east/}}</ref> Onye omebe iwu Independent Anthony Ad Ad<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Agona East|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=68|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=GhanaWeb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NDC’s Pokuah Sawyerr retains Agona East seat|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ndc-s-pokuah-sawyerr-retains-agona-east-seat.html|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> === Nhọrọ nke 2024 === Ọ nọgidere n'oche ahụ dị ka onye omeiwu maka Agona East Constituency na tiketi nke NDC na ngụkọta nke 23,247 whale onye na-asọmpi ya nwere 22,292 vootu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=NDC’s Pokuah Sawyerr retains Agona East seat|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ndc-s-pokuah-sawyerr-retains-agona-east-seat.html|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> === Kọmitii === Sawyerr bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ndị Ntorobịa, Egwuregwu na Ọdịbendị; onye otu Kọمitii Akụkọ Ọha; yana onye otu Kọmiitii Mmụta.<ref name=":1"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Sawyerr lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ anọ.<ref name="mps"/> Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst ma na-efe ofufe dị ka onye Anglịkan.<ref name=":1"/> == Ọrụ ebere == Ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri, Sawyerr mepụtara usoro ịgbazinye ego nke Maame Pokua (MPLS) iji kesaa ego ma kwado ndị ahịa nwanyị na mpaghara ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Agona East: Queenstar Pokua Sawyerr Explains Reason Behind Sharing Money|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202011/432139.php|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Peacefmonline - Ghana news|archivedate=2022-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120144418/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202011/432139.php}}</ref> Atụmatụ a bụ ego mgbazinye n'efu iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị gbasaa azụmaahịa ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-18|title=Agona East MP Assists Traders With Interest Free Loan|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/agona-east-mp-assists-traders-with-interest-free-loan/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, o nyere ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 1400 na mpaghara ya ndị dere BECE usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Africa|first=Daily Guide|title=Queenster Pokuah Sawyerr {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/queenster-pokuah-sawyerr/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Ghana news|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ hazikwara nyocha ahụike maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na ndị agadi na Gomoa Adzentum na GomoA East Constituency na Central Region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queenstar Pokuah Sawyerr supports Gomoa Adzentem|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=BusinessGhana}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, o nyere [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] nri na Agona East Constituency n'oge ọnwa Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP gives to Muslims in Agona East|url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/ReaderDistrict/949|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Ghanadistricts}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, o gosipụtakwara ihe owuwu na tebụl maka ihe dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ise dị na Agona East Constituency. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Agona East MP supports five basic schools|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tigo|first=Joshua|date=2018-04-17|title=PHOTOS: Agona East MP donates desks to schools in her constituency|url=https://www.adomonline.com/photos-agona-east-mp-donates-desks-to-schools-in-her-constituency/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọzọkwa Hon. Saywerr gosipụtara akpa simenti 20 na ngwugwu atọ nke akwa ụlọ maka mmezu nke ụlọ klas atọ na Agona Kwanyako SDA Primary School.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-17|title=Agona East MP Donates Massively To Schools|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/agona-east-mp-donates-massively-to-schools/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, Nana Kojo Amuakwa V (Onye isi Agona Duakwa) machibidoro Sawyerr ime mkpọsa n'ala Agona. A na-ekwu na ọ kwụrụ onyeisi ego ụfọdụ maka ọrụ nke onyeisi ahụ gọnahụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Kojo|date=2020-10-04|title=Agona Duakwa: Chief bans NDC MP from campaigning for disrespecting them|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/agona-duakwa-chief-bans-ndc-mp-from-campaigning-over-alleged-disrespect/jgzdchm|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0f6yktfsdr52rwmj4e256uuixlcqvbh 0 59612 700910 210050 2026-08-13T09:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]|termend=|image=|order=|office=|termstart=|president=|predecessor=|successor=}} Raymond Tawiah Abraham ( banyere na 10 Jenụwarị 1955) bụ onye agha Ghana bụ onye otu nke ise na nke anọ nke Republic of Ghana, na-anya mpaghara Yilo Krobo na Eastern Region. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WA Nobles fail punctuality test|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|accessdate=5 August 2020|work=BusinessGhana}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A PC Abraham na 10 January 1955 na Yilo Krobo na mpaghara mmalite nke Ghana .  [1] Ọ si Somanya na mpaghara Ọwụwa nhazi.[2]  Ọ gara Mahadum nke Ghana wee nweta diplọma na nsogbu.[1]  Ọka MBA ya (Post Graduate School of Management, Paris, France) na 2006, ikike BSc (Administration) UG ya n'afọ 2007 wee nwee EMGL (GIMPA) ya n'afọ 2008. <ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tawiah, Raymond A.|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=232|accessdate=5 August 2020|work=ghanamps.com|archivedate=19 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119115605/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=232}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abraham arọ dị ka onye isi ụzọ nke El Shaddai Medical Laboratory Limited.  Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego site na ọrụ na onye bụbu onye omeiwu maka Yilo Krobo Constituency na Eastern Region nke Ghana. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A nsogbu ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress n'oge aka nke December 2004 Ghanaian General dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu nke anọ nke Republic nke anọ Onye Ghana maka Yilo Krobo Constituency na Eastern Region of Ghana .  [1] O matsayin vootu 20,685 n'ime vootu 36387 ziri ezi nke na-ịnya anya 56.80% .[2] O ngwaọrụ ọzọ na iwu aka Ghana nke afọ 2008 wee nweta vootu 18,345 n'ime vootu 34,896 ziri nke na- , onye anya 52.  vootu 13,658 na- ይምረጡ anya 39.11%, Francis Opai Tetteh nke Convention anọ People's Party nke Convention onye-eme ka eze vootu nke 2,598 na-ahụre 7.44% na Terkpetey nke Eastern People's National Convention na ihe nke 325 nke Ghana Constituency na- Ghana Ghana na-eme ka ọ.  Ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament – Yilo Krobo Constituency Election 2008 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/eastern/110/index.php|accessdate=5 August 2020|work=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archivedate=19 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519175019/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/eastern/110/index.php}}</ref><ref name="ghanamps.com"/><ref name="ghanamps.com" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abraham bụ Onye Kraịst ma bụrụkwa onye otu ụka Metọdist nke Ghana . <ref name="ghanamps.com"/> Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ anọ.<ref name="ghanamps.com" /> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] skjgj32v0gzcn8pynjrg66e42zw7ebd 0 60439 700850 537737 2026-08-13T04:31:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700850 wikitext text/x-wiki   First Lady bụ aha nke onye ọrụ ọkwa kachasị elu n'ọkwa nke Onye isi ala United States. Nwunye Mbụ na-enye Onye isi ala ikike nchịkwa, mana ha nwekwara ike inwe nnukwu nlekọta. Ọrụ ha bụ inye onye isi ala ntinye, ndụmọdụ na ndụmọdụ gbasara ihe gbasara onye isi ala. Ndị isi ndụmọdụ White House bụ ndị isi nke White House Office. A na-eji aha ahụ eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1993. == Ọrụ == Ka oge na-aga, onye ndụmọdụ dị elu nwere ọrụ maka ìgwè ndị a: '''Ngalaba White House (nke onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na-eduzi n'oge gara aga) ''' * White House Office of Strategic Initiatives * Ọfịs nke American Innovation * White House Office of Political Affairs * Ọrụ Oval Office * Ọfịs White House na Clean Energy Innovation na Implementation * White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs * White House Office of Public Engagement * Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmekọrịta White House * White House Office of Press Operations * Atụmatụ Nnapụta America / Enyemaka COVID-19 * White House Office of the Staff Secretary * White House Office of Infrastructure Implementation Coordination == Ọchịchị ndị gara aga == N'ọchịchị ndị gara aga tupu 1993, ọkwá "Chief Advisor" bụ aha ọrụ maka ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ọnọdụ dị na ngalaba ndị isi na ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ha nke alaka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere Onye Ndụmọdụ Senior maka Sayensị; Ngalaba ime obodo nwere onye ndụmọdụ maka ihe gbasara Alaska. Ọmụmaatụ nke nwe na ibu ọrụ na/ma ọ bụ ike nke nnukwu nna gụnyere Edward M. House (na Woodrow Wilson) na Louis Howe (na Franklin D. Roosevelt). == Ndepụta ndị ndụmọdụ onye isi ala == === Ndị ndụmọdụ dị elu nye Barack Obama === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Chicago_Mayor_Rahm_Emanuel_2012_(cropped).jpg|158x158px|Rahm Emanuel]] |Rahm Emanuel<br />(born 1959) |Ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /><br /> |Jenụwarị 20, 1993 - Nọvemba 7, 1998<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/supp_info/about_the_mayor.html|title=City of Chicago :: About the Mayor|accessdate=December 13, 2016|archivedate=June 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012709/https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/supp_info/about_the_mayor.html}}</ref> | rowspan="5" |Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg|100x100px|George Stephanopoulos]] |George Stephanopoulos<br />(born 1961) |Atụmatụ Atụmatụ<br /> |June 7, 1993 - December 10, 1996<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/george-stephanopoulos-good-morning-america-anchor-biography/story?id=133369|title=George's Biography|author=ABC News|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=September 18, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010171242/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/george-stephanopoulos-good-morning-america-anchor-biography/story?id=133369|archivedate=October 10, 2019}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Sidney_blumenthal_2006.jpg|124x124px|Sidney Blumenthal]] |Sidney Blumenthal<br />(born 1948) |Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /><br /> |Ọgọst 19, 1997 - Jenụwarị 20, 2001<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/6/16/8786567/sidney-blumenthal|title=Why Donald Trump brought up Sidney Blumenthal at the second debate|author=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=June 16, 2015|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | |Doug Sosnik<br />(born 1959) |Ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /><br /> |Nọvemba 7, 1998 - Jenụwarị 20, 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leadingauthorities.com/speakers/doug-sosnik|title=Doug Sosnik|first=Leading|author=Authorities}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | |Joel Johnson<br />(born 1961) |Iwu Nkwurịta Okwu<br /> |Mee 20, 1999 - Jenụwarị 20, 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gpg.com/team/joel-johnson/|title=Joel Johnson - Glover Park Group|accessdate=2025-05-05|archivedate=2021-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531054455/https://gpg.com/team/joel-johnson/}}</ref> |- |} === Ndị ndụmọdụ dị elu nye George W. Bush === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Karl_Rove.jpg|150x150px|Karl Rove]] |Karl Rove<br />(born 1950) |Ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atụmatụ Nkwurịta okwu<br /><br /> |Jenụwarị 20, 2001 - Ọgọst 31, 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rove.com/bio|title=Bio|first=Karl|author=Rove}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |[[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Barry_Steven_Jackson.jpg|125x125px|Barry Steven Jackson]] |Barry Steven Jackson<br />(born 1960) |Ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atụmatụ Nkwurịta okwu<br /><br /> |Septemba 1, 2007 - Jenụwarị 20, 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanaustraliancouncil.org/barry-s-jackson/|title=Barry S. Jackson - American Australian Council|accessdate=2025-05-05|archivedate=2025-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505165053/https://americanaustraliancouncil.org/barry-s-jackson/}}</ref> |- |} === Ndị ndụmọdụ dị elu nye Donald Trump === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Valerie_Jarrett_official_portrait_small.jpg|126x126px|Valerie Jarrett]] |Valerie Jarrett<br />(born 1956) |Mmekọrịta Ọha na Eze<br /> |Jenụwarị 20, 2009 - Jenụwarụwarị-20, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/senior-leadership/valerie-jarrett|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett|date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> | rowspan="7" |Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Pete_Rouse_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg|128x128px|Pete Rouse]] |Pete Rouse<br />(born 1946) |Atụmatụ |Jenụwarị 20, 2009 - Ọktoba 1, 2010<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/us/politics/01obama.html|title=Emanuel's Departure Set; Replacement Is Longtime Aide|author=Shear|first=Michael D.|date=October 1, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|authorlink=Michael D. Shear}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:David_Axelrod.jpg|123x123px|David Axelrod]] |David Axelrod<br />(born 1955) |Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /> |Jenụwarị 20, 2009 - Jenụwarụwarị 10, 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/10/385099025/david-axelrod-recounts-his-years-as-obamas-adviser-and-believer|title=David Axelrod Recounts His Years As Obama's Adviser And 'Believer'|author=Axelrod|first=David|date=February 10, 2015|publisher=[[NPR]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828164608/https://www.npr.org/2015/02/10/385099025/david-axelrod-recounts-his-years-as-obamas-adviser-and-believer|archivedate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:David_Plouffe_official_portrait.jpg|100x100px|David Plouffe]] |David Plouffe<br />(born 1967) |Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /> |Jenụwarị 10, 2011 - Jenụwarụwarị 25, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/david-plouffe|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=David Plouffe|date=August 17, 2011}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Daniel_Pfeiffer.jpg|100x100px|Daniel Pfeiffer]] |Daniel Pfeiffer<br />(born 1975) |Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị<br /> |Jenụwarị 25, 2013 - Machị 6, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/12/10/former-white-house-adviser-dan-pfeiffer-joins-gofundme/|title=Former White House Adviser Dan Pfeiffer Joins GoFundMe|author=Tau|first=Byron|date=December 10, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal blogs]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Brian_Deese_official_portrait.jpg|129x129px|Brian Deese]] |Brian Deese<br />(born 1978) |Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ike <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/01/21/obama-taps-senior-omb-aide-deese-to-succeed-podesta-in-environmental-post/|title=Obama taps senior OMB aide Deese to succeed Podesta in environmental post|author=Eilperin|first=Juliet|date=January 21, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=August 20, 2017}}</ref> |Febụwarị 13, 2015 - Jenụwarị 20, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/brian-deese|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Brian Deese|date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Shailagh_Murray.jpg|100x100px|Shailagh Murray]] |Shailagh Murray<br />(born 1965) |Nkwurịta okwu |Eprel 3, 2015 - Jenụwarị 20, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/senior-leadership/shailagh-murray|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Senior Advisor Shailagh Murray|date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> |- |} === Ndị ndụmọdụ Joe Biden === ==== Onye isi ala mbụ ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Jared_Kushner_June_2019.jpg|142x142px|Jared Kushner]] |Jared Kushner<br />(born 1981) |Atụmatụ <ref name="spicer29">{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/27/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-3272017-29|title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, #29|date=March 27, 2017|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|quote=The effort will be led by Assistant to the President and Senior Adviser Jared Kushner.}}</ref> |Jenụwarị 20, 2017 - Jenụwarụwarị-20, 2021 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/09/tumps-son-in-law-jared-kushner-expected-to-join-white-house-as-a-senior-adviser/|title=Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, to join White House as senior adviser; no formal role for Ivanka Trump|author=Wagner|first=John|date=January 9, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |[[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]]<ref name="KushnerVice">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mb8jeb/jared-kushner-wasnt-a-republican-until-2018|title=Jared Kushner wasn't a Republican until 2018|author=Ockerman|first=Emma|date=April 12, 2019|publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Stephen_Miller_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|123x123px|Stephen Miller]] |Stephen Miller<br />(born 1985) |Iwu |Jenụwarị 20, 2017 - Jenụwarụwarị-20, 2021 <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/12/stephen-miller-senior-adviser-policy-232592|title=Trump taps campaign aide Stephen Miller as senior adviser|author=Nussbaum|first=Matthew|date=December 13, 2016|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Kevin_Hassett_official_photo.jpg|142x142px|Kevin Hassett]] |Kevin Hassett<br />(born 1962) |Nsogbu Akụnụba |Eprel 15, 2020 - Julaị 1, 2020 <ref name="White House Office, April 15, 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-addition-white-house-staff/|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Addition to White House Staff|language=en}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:EricHerschmann_(cropped).jpg|124x124px|Eric Herschmann]] |Eric Herschmann<br />(born 1962) |Nnyocha mmegide Okwu iwu <ref name="nytimes-hunter-biden-laptop">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/business/media/hunter-biden-wall-street-journal-trump.html?referringSource=articleShare|title=Trump Had One Last Story to Sell. The Wall Street Journal Wouldn't Buy It|work=The New York Times|date=25 October 2020|author=Smith|first=Ben}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2021/02/02/trump-oval-office-meeting-sidney-powell|title=Off the Rails: Inside the craziest meeting of the Trump presidency|date=2 February 2021}}</ref><br /> |Ọgọst 3, 2020 - Jenụwarị 20, 2021 <ref name="politico-heads-to-white-house">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/04/impeachment-lawyer-white-house-391506|title=Former Trump impeachment lawyer heads to White House|work=[[Politico]]|date=August 4, 2020}}</ref> |} ==== Onye isi ala nke abụọ ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Elon_Musk_Royal_Society_crop.jpg|frameless|137x137px]] |Elon Musk<br />(born 1971) |Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọchịchị |Jenụwarị 20, 2025 - Mee 30, 2025 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cheney|first=Kyle|date=17 February 2025|title=Who's in charge of DOGE? Not Elon Musk, White House says|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/17/doge-administrator-elon-musk-00204639|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>[a] |Onye nweere onwe ya |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Massad_Boulos_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|frameless|137x137px]] |Massad Boulos (born 1971) |Ihe gbasara ndị Arab, Middle East na Africa |Jenụwarị 20, 2025 - Onye nọ n'ọkwa <ref>{{Cite news|author=Swanson|first=Ian|date=2024-12-01|title=Tiffany Trump's father-in-law Massad Boulos to become senior presidential adviser on Arab affairs|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5016398-president-elect-trump-appoints-massad-boulos/|accessdate=2025-02-18|work=The Hill|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Boris_Epshteyn_headshot_(cropped).jpg|frameless|147x147px]] |Boris Epshtyen (born 1982) |Nkwurịta okwu |Jenụwarị 20, 2025 - Onye nọ n'ọkwa <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-06|title=President Trump Announces Presidential Delegation to Turin, Italy to attend the Opening Ceremony of the 2025 Special Olympics World Winter Games|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/03/president-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-to-turin-italy-to-attend-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2025-special-olympics-world-winter-games/|accessdate=2025-04-07|work=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]] |} === Ndị ndụmọdụ Joe Biden === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ Ukwu !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Cedric_Richmond_official_photo.jpg|151x151px]] |Cedric Richmond<br />(born 1973) | rowspan="2" |Mmekọrịta Ọha[b] |Jenụwarị 20, 2021 - Mee 18, 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/cedric-richmond-biden.html|title=Representative Cedric Richmond Set to be a Senior Biden Adviser|work=The New York Times|date=November 18, 2020|author=Glueck|first=Katie}}</ref> | rowspan="14" |Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Keisha_Lance_Bottoms_in_2019.jpg|frameless|138x138px]] |Keisha Lance Bottoms<br />(born 1970) |Julaị 1, 2022 - Machị 31, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/|title=President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement|work=The White House|date=June 15, 2022}}</ref><br /> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Julie_Chavez_Rodriguez_(cropped).jpg|frameless|113x113px]] |[[Julie Chávez Rodriguez|Julie Rodriguez]]<br />(born 1978) |Mmekọrịta Gọọmenti[c] |June 15, 2022 - May 16, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/15/president-biden-announces-former-atlanta-mayor-keisha-lance-bottoms-as-senior-advisor-for-public-engagement/|title=President Biden Announces Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms as Senior Advisor for Public Engagement|work=The White House|date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Neera_Tanden_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Neera Tanden<br />(born 1970) |Iwu nlekọta ahụike[d] Ọrụ dijitalụ nke United States |Mee 17, 2021 - Mee 26, 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-appoints-neera-tanden-former-pick-budget-director-senior-adviser-2021-05-14/|title=Biden appoints Neera Tanden, former pick for budget director, as senior adviser|work=Reuters|date=May 14, 2021|author=Mason|first=Jeff}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Former_NOLA_Mayor_Mitch_Landrieu_Sept._2018_(cropped).jpg|frameless|130x130px]] |Mitch Landrieu<br />(born 1960) |Nhazi mmejuputa ihe owuwu |Nọvemba 15, 2021 - Jenụwarị 8, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/14/president-biden-announces-former-new-orleans-mayor-mitch-landrieu-as-senior-advisor-and-infrastructure-coordinator/|title=President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator|work=The White House|date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Mike_Donilon_2022.jpg|128x128px]] |Mike Donilon<br />(born 1958) |Onye isi atụmatụ |Jenụwarị 20, 2021 - Jenụwarụwarị 23, 2024 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/us/politics/mike-donilon-biden.html|title=Mike Donilon, Who Helped Draft Biden's Message, is Named a Senior Adviser|work=The New York Times|date=November 18, 2020|author=Shear|first=Michael D.}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Anita_Dunn.jpg|126x126px]] |[[Anita Dunn]]<br />(born 1958) |Nkwurịta okwu |1st: Jenụwarị 20 - Ọgọst 12, 2021 2nd: Mee 5, 2022 - Julaị 31, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2021/01/15/scoop-anita-dunn-to-join-white-house-as-senior-adviser|title=Anita Dunn to join Biden White House as senior adviser|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/05/president-biden-announces-karine-jean-pierre-as-white-house-press-secretary/|title=President Biden Announces Karine Jean-Pierre as White House Press Secretary|date=May 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Scherer|first=Michael|date=2024-07-30|title=Biden adviser Anita Dunn leaving White House to help pro-Harris super PAC|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/30/anita-dunn-biden-harris-2024/|accessdate=|work=The Washington Post|publisher=|pages=|language=}}</ref><br /> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Gene_Sperling_(National_Economic_Council)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px]] |Gene Sperling<br />(born 1958) |Enyemaka COVID-19 (Ụkpụrụ Nnapụta America) |Machị 15, 2021 - Ọgọstụ 2024 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/us/politics/gene-sperling-stimulus-plan.html|title=Biden picks Gene Sperling, a Democratic policy aide, to oversee spending from the $1.9 trillion relief plan|work=The New York Times|date=March 15, 2021|accessdate=September 13, 2024|author=Tankersley|first=Jim}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:John_Podesta_official_WH_portrait_(cropped).jpg|frameless|133x133px]] |John Podesta (amụrụ na 1949) <br />(born 1949) |Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation na International Climate Policy Advisor (na-arụ ọrụ na Jenụwarị 31, 2024) <br /><br /><br /> |Septemba 2, 2022 - Jenụwarị 20, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2022|title=President Biden announces senior clean energy and climate team|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/|archivedate=September 2, 2022|accessdate=September 5, 2022|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Benjamin021_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100x100px]] |Stephen K. Benjamin<br />(born 1969) |Mmekọrịta Ọha[e] |Eprel 1, 2023 - Jenụwarị 20, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|date=February 27, 2023|title=President Biden Announces ormer Mayor Stephen Benjamin as Senior Advisor and Director of the Offic of Public Engagement|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/27/president-biden-announces-former-mayor-stephen-benjamin-as-senior-advisor-and-director-of-the-office-of-public-engagement/|accessdate=June 19, 2023|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}</ref><br /> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Official_portrait_of_United_States_Secretary_of_Labor_Tom_Perez.jpg|frameless|125x125px]] |Tom Perez<br />(born 1961) |Mmekọrịta Gọọmenti[f] |June 12, 2023 - January 20, 2025<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2023|title=Statement from President Joe Biden on Tom Perez|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/12/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-tom-perez/|accessdate=June 19, 2023|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}</ref> |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Annie_Tomasini_2021_(cropped).jpg|frameless|131x131px]] |Annie Tomasini<br /> |Onye isi ndị ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Superville|first=Darlene|date=February 8, 2024|title=Biden chooses longtime aide who runs his Oval Office to be a deputy White House chief of staff|url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-tomasini-deputy-chief-white-house-staff-d980247a90494d676d339f4c3c8d630f|accessdate=February 8, 2024|work=Associated Press}}</ref> |June 2023 - Jenụwarị 20, 2025 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | |Ben LaBolt<br />(born 1981) |Nkwurịta okwu |Ọgọst 8, 2024<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mike Allen|date=August 8, 2024|title=Ben LaBolt, Biden communications director, promoted to senior adviser|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/08/08/ben-labolt-biden-communications-director-promoted-senior-adviser|work=Axios}}</ref> - Jenụwarị 20, 2025 |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_(cropped).jpg|frameless|133x133px]] |[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]<br />(born 1974) |Odeakwụkwọ akụkọ |Ọktoba 7, 2024 - Jenụwarị 20, 2025 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Onye ndụmọdụ !Akara !Oge ọrụ !Nnukwu oriri !Onye isi ala |- ! style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Stephanie_Cutter_2011.jpg|126x126px|Stephanie Cutter]] |[[Stephanie Cutter]][n 1]<br />(born 1968) |Ozi na nkwukọrịta |Jenụwarị 2011 - Septemba 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/stephanie-cutter|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Stephanie Cutter - Former Assistant to the President and Deputy Senior Advisor|date=January 11, 2011}}</ref> |Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya |[[Barack Obama]] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Faịlụ:Ivanka_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg|133x133px|Ivanka Trump]] |Ivanka Trump[n 2] (amụrụ n'afọ 1981) <br />(born 1981) |Nsogbu Ụmụ nwanyị Ọrụ Ọrụ Mmepe Ọchụnta ego<br /><br /> |Machị 29, 2017 - Jenụwarị 20, 2021 <ref name="White House Office, June 30, 2017">{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/docs/disclosures/07012017-report-final.pdf|title=Executive Office Of The President Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Personnel White House Office As Of: Friday, June 30, 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120195132/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/docs/disclosures/07012017-report-final.pdf|archivedate=January 20, 2021|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|accessdate=June 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/politics/ivanka-trump-white-house-job/index.html|title=Ivanka Trump is making her White House job official|author=Merica|first=Dan|date=March 30, 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/2b3bab9741604a448e1c2b8bd49e6931|title=Ivanka Trump's dual roles as senior adviser, first daughter|author=Lucey|first=Catherine|date=February 26, 2018|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> |[[Republican Party (United States)|Onye Republican]]<ref name="KushnerVice"/> |[[Donald Trump]] |} == WeHụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|group=n}} == Ihe odide ala ala ala peeji == {{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia == htb1d9vxhhitomyp74x9s0fgnntbqgs 3 60446 700796 699217 2026-08-12T17:02:55Z Ifeanyi Stephen 56092 /* */ 700796 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello King ChristLike My name is Ifeanyi Stephen Okeh, an editor on Igbo Wikipedia I'm applying for a role at UNICEF and three references for my Igbo language contributions are a prerequisite I will be glad if you could be my reference for my contributions on Igbo Wikipedia. It would not take much of your time; it would only be through email. Daalụ nke ukwuu, Ifeanyi Stephen Okeh Stephenifeanyi58@gmail.com == Fixed :-) == Okay we have it working [[Dextran_40]] [[Ojiarụ:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Doc James|ṅkátá]]) 13:47, 6 Mee 2025 (UTC) :Many thanks! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:59, 6 Mee 2025 (UTC) == Otú:21st-century Nigerian actresses == Greetings, [[User:King ChristLike]]! Thank you for your timely work on [[:Otú:21st-century Nigerian actresses]]. See [[Ṅkàtá otú:21st-century Nigerian actresses]] where I've added specifics on how to further improve this category. ''Cheers, [[Ojiarụ:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Deborahjay|ṅkátá]]) 09:21, 22 Mee 2025 (UTC)'' == Possible duplicate category == Hello again, [[User:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]]! Your current work on categories leads me to request your attention to a potential problem described at [[Ṅkàtá otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria egwuregwu]]. I'll be watching for your response. [[Ojiarụ:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Deborahjay|ṅkátá]]) 09:29, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) :@[[Ojiarụ:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] fixed. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:38, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) == Kindly, I need your help in deleting these Spam Articles please == 1) [[Samata Pattinson]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him and fake sources are not trusted. 2) [[Karar alhilli]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him and disorganized page. 3) [[Zaid Laith Hussein]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him and disorganized page. 4) [[Tarek Ail]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him and fake sources are not trusted. 5) [[Abdullah Thabet]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him and disorganized page. 6) [[Expire iraq]] Reason : About an unknown Telegram channel and the article is not arranged according to Wikipedia terms and Self Promotional links are included - telegram 7) [[Sixth Preparatory Education (Channel) ]] Reason :About an unknown Telegram channel and the article is not arranged according to Wikipedia terms and Self Promotional links are included - telegram 8) [[Southeast Asia]] Reason :About an unknown Telegram channel and the article is not arranged according to Wikipedia terms and Self Promotional links are included - telegram 9) [[Mohamed El-Sayed Saleh]] Reason :He is an unknown person and I could not find any real works for him. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 01:54, 13 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) :Done. Daàlu! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 02:54, 13 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical translator! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2025 Cure Translators Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2025 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&user_group=all&year=2025&month=All joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider formally joining the organization for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs. |} Look forwards to collaborating further in the year ahead. Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:53, 14 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:King ChristLike]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2025&oldid=30070105 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Reason for deletion == Hi King ChristLike, I noticed that you deleted the articles I recently created because they were deemed "not notable." But, these Actors and Singers are very well-known in the Middle East, have a significant body of work, and are featured on many prominent websites. And I carefully reviewed every word I wrote to ensure its accuracy in igbo language. I hope you can explain to me why they were deleted And if it can be recovered because I worked hard on it and in writing it. Thank you king ChristLike. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 19:05, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) :Not one of the deleted articles is notable. Popularity is not notability, and it’s also not about sentence accuracy. Notability is determined by significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject. Kindly familiarize yourself with the guideline [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people) here]. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:31, 24 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Protection == You might want to protect the [[Donald Trump]] to Semi-protected. Thanks! [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 18:52, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC) :Why? AFAIK, there’s no edit warring or high traffic on that page. I also can’t see any excessive vandalism or spam. We should rather prioritize translating the article fully. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 19:17, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, misread the "year" timestamps. [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 21:05, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC) == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:17, 11 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> lsfu0sotbr8hgxz1bexmo2cbeq518eh 0 65684 700867 698412 2026-08-13T06:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700867 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Perfluorohexane ( C6F14), ma ọ bụ tetradecafluorohexane, bụ fluorocarbon. Ọ bụ ihe mgbapụta nke hexane nke atom niile nke hydrogen na-eji atom fluorine dochie ya.''' A na-eji ya n'otu nhazi nke elektrọnik mmiri jụrụ oyi/insulator Fluorinert maka ngwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi ebe isi ya dị ala nke 56 °C yana ebe na-ajụ oyi nke -90 °C. Ọ dịghị isi na enweghị agba. N'adịghị ka hydrocarbons ndị a na-ahụkarị, ihe owuwu ahụ nwere ọkpụkpụ azụ carbon nke helical.[1] Na onyonyo ahụike, a na-eji ya dị ka ihe dị iche. &nbsp;&nbsp; == Mgbanwe nke oxygen == N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na kemịkalụ kwụsiri ike, perfluorohexane adọtawo uche na ọgwụ. Dị ka fluorocarbons ndị ọzọ, perfluorohexane na-agbari gas, gụnyere Oxygen site na ikuku, ruo n'ókè dị elu karịa ihe ndị na-agwọ mmiri. A na-ekwu na mmetụta a sitere na ike intermolecular na-adịghị ike n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ perfluorohexane, nke na-enye ohere "oghere" maka mkpụrụ ndụ gas ka ha kewaa n'ime mmiri. Enwere ike itinye ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime mmiri nke oxygenated perfluorohexane na-enweghị mmiri, ebe ọ bụ na ikuku oxygen zuru ezu dị na solvent iji kwe ka iku ume gaa n'ihu. Mmetụta a emeela ka a nwalee iji perfluorohexane mee ihe n'ịgwọ ndị ọkụ gbara, ebe ọ bụ na a pụrụ iji ikuku perfluoro hexane jupụta n'akpa ume ha ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike perfluoro Hexane mmiri, na-enye ohere iku ume ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'enweghị nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị na ọzịza nke akpa ume nke na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe a gbara n'ime akpa ume ọkụ dịka site na iku ume ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Abreu|first=MG|date=Feb 2006|title=Comparative effects of vaporized perfluorohexane and partial liquid ventilation in oleic acid-induced lung injury|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anesthesiology_2006-02_104_2/page/278|journal=Anesthesiology|volume=104|issue=2|pages=278–89|doi=10.1097/00000542-200602000-00013|pmid=16436847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleyl|first=JU|date=Jun 2002|title=Changes in pulmonary function and oxygenation during application of perfluorocarbon vapor in healthy and oleic acid-injured animals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-medicine_2002-06_30_6/page/1340|journal=Critical Care Medicine|volume=30|issue=6|pages=1340–7|doi=10.1097/00003246-200206000-00034|pmid=12072692}}</ref> Nnyocha na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịsịa na isiokwu nke ikuku ikuku mmiri (PLV) na 1990s na mmalite 2000s, Otú ọ dị, perfluorohexane na perfluorocarbons ndị ọzọ egosighi ọganihu dị ịrịba ama nke nsonaazụ ndị ọrịa na nnwale ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kacmarek|first=Robert M.|date=2006-04-15|title=Partial Liquid Ventilation in Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2006-04-15_173_8/page/882|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|language=en|volume=173|issue=8|pages=882–889|doi=10.1164/rccm.200508-1196OC|pmid=16254269|issn=1073-449X}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọzọ == Perfluorohexane nwere oke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (GWP) nke 9,300. Nke a na-eduga na mkpa ịchọta GWP ọzọ dị ala. A na-ahụta Novec 649 dị ka ezigbo ndochi n'ọtụtụ ngwa n'ihi ihe ndị yiri ya na-ekpo ọkụ na anụ ahụ yana inwe ike ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/pub/LHCb/C6K/Novec_Memo_1.2.pdf|title=3M Novec 649 as a replacement of C6F14 in liquid cooling systems|work=|publisher=CERN|accessdate=April 8, 2021|archivedate=April 10, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410142203/https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/pub/LHCb/C6K/Novec_Memo_1.2.pdf}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * 1-fluorohexane * Ọ bụ 649/1230 * Fluorinert * Mmiri na-adọkpụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 46imkhiv2um1ghcpun3m563aaki7gvp 0 67283 700876 517005 2026-08-13T07:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phillip Alexander Clancey''' (26 Septemba 1917 - 18 Julaị 2001) bụ onye isi na ọmụmụ maka nnụnụ nke South Africa. == Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Phillip Clancey, zụlite ya, ọ ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Glasgow, Scotland. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Glasgow School of Art ebe a zụlitere nkà ya na nkà. == Ọrụ ya dịka onye Ọlụagha == Clancey jere ozi na 51st (Highland) Division na ndị agha Allied na Sicily na [[Italy|Ịtali]] n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbanahụ ọnwụ ma bụrụ onye ntị chiri n'otu ntị site na mgbawa ogbunigwe. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ 2001, ihe nrite agha Clancey, tinyere "Gill Memorial Medal" ya ka City Coins, Cape Town, rere n'ọnụego dị ala n'afọ 2006, n'aha Clancey Estate. Ihe nrite ndị a niile, gụnyere Gill Memorial Medal bụ nke David R. Bennett - Onye isi oche nke Durban Natural Science Museum Trust zụrụ n'obere ego, ihe nrite ndị ahụ bụzi sozi na nchịkọta Bennett Military Medals Òtù Clancey nke ihe nrite agha isii bụ (Nọmba Ọrụ) 913613 Gunner P.A. Clancey, Royal Artillery: 1939-45 Star; Italy Star; 1939-45 Defence Medal; 1939-45 War Medal; Efficiency Medal, Territorial (GviR, t.B) yana Coronation Medal, 1953, (EiiR). == Njem == N'afọ 1948-1949, ọ sonyeere Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen na njem ọmụmụ maka ụmụ nnụnụ gaa na Yemen, Aden, [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], [[Kenya]] na South Africa. == Ọ́kwá Ọ́bankà ndị Ọ Nọgasịrị == Clancey kwagara South Africa n'ọnwa Ọgọst 1950 iji were ọkwa Onye Nlekọta nke ọ́bankà Natal dị na Pietermaritzburg. Ọ bụ Onye nduzi nke Durban Museum and Art Gallery site na 1 Jenụwarị 1952 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 25 Septemba 1982. Clancey jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Southern African Museums Association, onye isi oche of the Southern African Ornithological Society na onye isi oche nke Natal Bird Club. == Akwụkwọ == Clancey dere ọtụtụ ihe banyere ịkpọ aha nke ụmụ Nnụnụ Afrịka, na-akpọ ihe dị ka narị abụọ nke nnụnụ si Ndịda Afrịka aha. * ''Nnụnụ nke Natal na Zululand'' (1964); * The Gamebirds of Southern Africa (1967); * ''Ndepụta nke Nnụnụ nke mpaghara South Africa'' (1965-1972); * ''Ndepụta nke Nnụnụ nke Southern Mozambique'' (1970-1972); * Onye so dee Mpịakọta nke Abụọ nke Atlas of Speciation of African Birds (1978); * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke S.A.O.S. Checklist of Southern African Birds (1980); * ''Nnụnụ Ndị Dị Iche N'Ebe Ndịda Afrịka'' (1985); * Kingfishers of Sub-Saharan Africa, Onye na-ebipụta: Jonathan Ball Publishers (31 Disemba 1992)    * Nnụnụ nke Southern Mozambique. Ndị bipụtara ya: African Bird Book Publishing; 2 Rev Edition mbipụta (January 1996)    * O nyere aka na The Atlas of Southern African Birds (1997). Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ o bipụtara dị ihe dị ka narị isii n'ọnụ ọgụ. == Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù == * Doctor of Science (DSc), Mahadum Natal; * Gill Memorial Medal nke Southern African Ornithological Society (nke bụzi BirdLife South Africa ugbua). Gill Memorial Medal, nke South African Orinthological Society (nke bụzi Birdlife South Africa ugbua) nyere mbụ n'afọ 1960 ka a na-enye maka 'Ije ozi na ngalaba Ornithology na mpaghara ndịda Zambezi' ma bụrụ nke enyerela ya naanị ugboro iri abụọ na abụọ n'etiti afọ 1960 na 2016. Clancey bụ onye nke ise natara ihe nrite ahụ, n'afọ 1972; * Ịbụ onye òtù nke Museums Association, London (maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọ́bankà; * Onye òtù oge ndụ nsọpụrụ nke Southern African Ornithological Society (maka onyinye ornithological ya); * Ndị ọzọ akpọwo ọtụtụ ụdị Nnụnụ aha Clancey iji sọpụrụ ya. * A na-akpọ ụlọ ngosi PA Clancey na Durban Museum and Art Gallery aha ya. == Nchịkọta == * Clancey nyere ihe dị ka nchịkọta akpụkpọ nnụnụ dị ebe puku ise na narị ise (karịsịa Western Palaearctic) na National Museum of Scotland dị na Edinburgh; * O nyekwara ihe karịrị akpụkpọ nnụnụ puku iri atọ na abụọ- nchịkọta a na-ewere dị ka nke kachasị mma n'Africa - nye Durban Museum and Art Gallery. == Ndụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == Phillip Clancey gara n'ihu dị ka onye òtù ime nchọpụta nke Durban Museum and Art Gallery ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2001, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na atọ. == Edensibịa == * Obituary, R.J Dowsett, D Allan, R McGowan (2002), Phillip Alexander Clancey (1917-2001), ''Ibis'' 144 (2), 369-370. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080110015558/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200301/ai_n9214035 Na ncheta: Phillip Alexander Clancey, 1917-2001], David Allan, The Auk 120 (1):198-199, 2003 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qjg48lgilzdbsdgn33p4temwmqfc3v9 2 71795 700892 538886 2026-08-13T08:05:36Z Ifeanyi Stephen 56092 700892 wikitext text/x-wiki Aha m bụ Ifeanyi Stephen Okeh. Enwere m nzere n'Igbo, African na Communications Studies na Mahadum Nnamdị Azikiwe, Ọka. Ana m enwe mmasị n'ịkwalite asụsụ na omenala ndị be anyị, ka ọha na eze, na mba ụwa tinye asụsụ na omenala anyị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ. fhqsnkjltyk78dbvgnwzoz3d7zia83u 0 73445 700772 671446 2026-08-12T12:37:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700772 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mere Waihuka Lodge''' (née Harrison; amụrụ 1944) bụ onye na-ese ihe na New Zealand Māori na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọkpụkpụ, onye nkuzi na onye na-akwado te reo Māori na mbọ ntughari asụsụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lodge Mere Harrison na Ruatoria na 1944, nwa nke iri n'ime ụmụ 13 nke Raniera Harrison na Erana Nika Horimete, na ndị mmekọ Ngāti Porou.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mere Harrison Lodge|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/6309/mere-lodge|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na Ngata Memorial College, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Northland College, na ndokwa nke nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya, [[Katerina Mataira]], iji nweta nzere ndị ọzọ ka o wee nwee ike ịmụ na Elam School of Fine Arts. N'afọ ndị 1960, ya na nwa nwanne nne ya Elizabeth Ellis, bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Maori mbụ gara Elam, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Diploma na Fine Arts na 1964. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2024-06-07|title=Legendary advocate for Māori art Elizabeth Ellis|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/culture-101/audio/2018941683/legendary-advocate-for-maori-art-elizabeth-ellis|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Elam, ọ ga-alaghachi na Ruatoria maka ezumike, ebe ọ zutere onye ga-abụ di ya, Victor Lodge.<ref name=":5" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kụziri na New Zealand na Fiji.<ref name=":0" /> Na Elam, ọkachasị site na nduzi nke Jim Allen, Lodge zụlitere mmasị maka ihe ọkpụkpụ.<ref name=":0" /> O nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na ọla nchara, gụnyere abụọ na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki (''Hine Puhitapu'' na ''Korikori''), na abụọ na nchịkọta nke Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetū (''Te Toka na Tōrea'' na Mata Whenua). <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Hine Puhitapu|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/38741/hine-puhitapu|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Korikori|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/38779/korikori|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Toka a Tōrea|url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/collection/2024-156/mere-lodge/te-toka-a-torea|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=christchurchartgallery.org.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mata Whenua|url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/collection/2024-157/mere-lodge/mata-whenua|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=christchurchartgallery.org.nz}}</ref> The Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Art Educators kọwara nka Lodge:<blockquote>"Ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị ihe osise na ụdị ihe osise geometric nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke whenua (ala nna nna ya) nke tīpuna (ala nna ya) na papakāinga (ala nna). "Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya enweghị ihe ndị Maori ma ọ bụ njikọ anya, ha na-ejide atribuwa (mmụọ) nke ụlọ ya. "<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Aotearoa Artists H-M – ANZAAE|url=https://anzaae.nz/artists-h-m/|accessdate=2025-01-01|language=en-NZ}}</ref></blockquote>N'afọ 1975, e gosipụtara Lodge na ihe nkiri Ashes . N'afọ ndị 1990, o nyeere Roger Blackley aka n'ihe ngosi nke ọrụ C. F. Goldie na Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki site n'ịchọpụta ụmụ nke ihe osise ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 1997|title=Goldie research runs into sexism barrier.|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/44257479?search%5Bi%5D%5Bsubject_text%5D=Art,+Maori+--+20th+century&search%5Bpath%5D=items|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=North Shore Times Advertiser}}</ref> Site na 1994 ruo 2021, ọ bụ onye otu The Haerewa Māori Advisory Board na Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki . <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2021, mgbe ọpụpụ nke onye nlekọta Māori, Nigel Borell, Lodge na ndị ọzọ anọ so na The Haerewa Māori Advisory Board gbara arụkwaghịm n'''Ọkụ'' ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Hayden|first=Leonie|date=2021-03-27|title='Unsafe space for Māori': Auckland Art Gallery in turmoil as staff question leadership|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/27-03-2021/auckland-art-gallery-in-turmoil-as-staff-allege-unsafe-space-for-maori?amp=|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=The Spinoff|language=en}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ha kwuru n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nduzi ụlọ ngosi ahụ na: "Anyị akpọrọla oge anyị na-eduzi ma na-akwado onye nlekọta Maori na ụlọ ngosi sara mbara, na-ahụ na ọ bụ ebe dị nchebe maka ọdịbendị maka mmadụ niile. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga na Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki setịpụrụ ọhụụ dị iche maka Māori" <ref name=":2" /> Tinyere nka ya, Lodge akwadowo maka te reo Māori na mgbalị ime ka asụsụ dịghachi ndụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1980, ya na Tuakana Mate (Tuki) Nepe, Rawinia Penfold,na Elizabeth Rat rụkọrọ ọrụ na Auckland College of Education iji mepụta usoro mmụta na te reo Māori, ma kụzie na ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mbụ nke Māori. == Ihe ngosi == E gosipụtara ọrụ nka Lodge gburugburu New Zealand, gụnyere: * Ihe ngosi nka na nka Maori, Forum North, Whangārei (1983) <ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 1983|title=Maori art at Forum North|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TUTANG19831201.2.17|work=Tu Tangata|pages=16}}</ref> * Toi Tū Toi Ora: Contemporary Māori Art, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki (2021), na ihe osise Mata Whenua na ''Te Toka-a-Tōrea''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Free contemporary Maori art exhibition at Auckland Art Gallery|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/toi-tu-toi-ora-contemporary-maori-art#artists-ringa-toi|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1296712119|title=Toi tū, toi ora: contemporary Māori art|date=2022|publisher=Penguin Random House New Zealand|isbn=978-0-14-377673-4|editor=Borell|location=Auckland, New Zealand|oclc=on1296712119}}</ref> * Uche na Māori, Tim Melville Gallery (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-20|title=Mind that Māori|url=https://artnews.co.nz/exhibition-listing/mind-that-maori/|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Art News Aotearoa|language=en-GB|archivedate=2025-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125161706/https://artnews.co.nz/exhibition-listing/mind-that-maori/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Group Show: Mind that Māori|url=https://www.timmelville.com/exhibition/mind-that-maori/|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=Tim Melville|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-26|title=Toi love: NZ's new Māori and Pasifika art movement - and the gallery leading the charge|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-listener/culture/toi-love-nzs-new-maori-and-pasifika-art-movement-and-the-gallery-leading-the-charges/LKWWJMOAFFFSXCJNAEDRTKXFKI/|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a: Flight of Time, Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Auckland Art Gallery opens a major new show: "Modern Women: Flight of Time"|url=https://artdaily.com/news/173482/Auckland-Art-Gallery-opens-a-major-new-show---Modern-Women--Flight-of-Time-?utm_source=mutualart&utm_medium=referral|accessdate=2025-01-01|work=artdaily.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sg89pjxnmxda0tjwuet7ktm8a4vhh2p 0 73986 700824 598618 2026-08-12T19:33:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700824 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndepụta nke mmemme nchekwa ntị ndị ntorobịa ugbu a na UK. * Ndị nchekwa!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sertoma.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=278&|title=Sertoma - SAFEEars!|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130415235118/http://www.sertoma.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=278&|archivedate=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hearingcharities.org/programs/awareness-and-education-programs/lb-gsafelbgears.html|title=SAFEEars!...to hear the future|accessdate=2011-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220123732/http://www.hearingcharities.org/programs/awareness-and-education-programs/lb-gsafelbgears.html|archivedate=2010-12-20}}</ref>! * Ekwela ka egwu ahụ funahụ gị * Ọ bụ mbara ala na-eme mkpọtụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120805061648/http://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/|archivedate=August 5, 2012|title=Noisy Planet|work=www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov}}</ref> * Ndị ntorobịa nwere ahụike!<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/noise/index.htm|title=Loud Noise Can Cause Hearing Loss &#124; NCEH|date=21 July 2021}}</ref> * Decibels dị ize ndụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerousdecibels.org/|title=Dangerous Decibels}}</ref> * Ntị Ndị Amamihe!<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/wise/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010617153354/http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/wise/|archivedate=June 17, 2001|title=Wise Ears Campaign Evaluation|date=22 July 2016}}</ref> * NỤỌ ihe nke ọma <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hearsmart.org/|title=HEARsmart|work=HEARsmart|accessdate=2026-03-21|archivedate=2026-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315230429/https://hearsmart.org/}}</ref> * Nchekwaba ndị ọrụ ntorobịa * [[Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe]] * Nchekwa maka ịnụ ihe * Ekweisi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Youth hearing conservation programs}} nbv5ten9xgsujdg53fu9vy23efp33k9 0 75167 700920 631688 2026-08-13T11:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700920 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Rochelle Walters''' (a mụrụ ya n' abalị mkpụrụ Ụbọchị nke iri abụọ na otu n' ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2000) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karate.ch/wp-content/uploads/K1-PL-KAIRO-RESULTATE-2014.pdf|title=Karate1 Premier League - Cairo 2024 Results Book|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=karate.ch|archivedate=5 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505044609/https://www.karate.ch/wp-content/uploads/K1-PL-KAIRO-RESULTATE-2014.pdf}}</ref> bụ onye karateka Bekee. Na-asọmpi na ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị +68 kg, ọ bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite na European na World Karate Championships.  == Ọrụ == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Walters sonyere na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị +68 kg na World Karate Championships nke e mere na Dubai, United Arab Emirates ebe e wepụrụ ya na egwuregwu mbụ ya.<ref name="world_karate_championships_results_book_2021">{{Cite web|title=2021 World Karate Championships Results Book|url=https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/world-championshipsresultados-25th-world-championships-dubai-001.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193114/https://www.wkf.net/imagenes/campeonatos/world-championshipsresultados-25th-world-championships-dubai-001.pdf|archivedate=21 November 2021|accessdate=21 November 2021|work=World Karate Federation}}</ref> Walters sonye na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị ihe omume+68&amp;nbsp; kg na asọmpi Karate nke European nke afọ 2023 nke emere na Guadalajara, Spain, ebe a chụpụrụ ya na agba nke 16. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.sportdata.org/73fd05b2-bd76-48c5-a4ed-7308c64e3caf/|title=2023 World Karate Championships Results Book|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=Sportdata.org}}</ref> Ọ sonye na asọmpi +68 kg nke ụmụ nwanyị&amp;nbsp;ihe omume na asọmpi Karate Ụwa nke 2023 nke emere na Budapest, Hungary, ebe a chụpụrụ ya n'agba nke mbụ. <ref name="loses_dramatic_final_world_championships_2023">{{Cite news|author=Berkeley|first=Geoff|date=28 October 2023|title=Hárspataki loses dramatic final as Ukrainian shuns Russian on podium at Karate World Championships|work=InsideTheGames.biz|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142183/harspataki-loses-dramatic-world-final|accessdate=28 October 2023}}</ref> <ref name="world_karate_championships_results_book_2023">{{Cite web|title=2023 World Karate Championships Results Book|url=https://cdn.sportdata.org/543dcb8c-0cba-4652-a6cf-cbde494cd953/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029174223/https://cdn.sportdata.org/543dcb8c-0cba-4652-a6cf-cbde494cd953/|archivedate=29 October 2023|accessdate=30 October 2023|work=Sportdata.org}}</ref> Walters ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha n' afọ [[2024 European Karate Championships|2024 European Karate Championship]] – Women's +68 kg">Ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị +68 kg  na 2024 European Karate Championship nke emere na Zadar, Croatia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 May 2024|title=Croatia's Andjelo Kvesic and Ivan Martinac lead way to gold on morning session of medals of #KarateZadar2024|url=https://www.wkf.net/news-center/article/!/2555/croatia-s-andjelo-kvesic-and-ivan-martinac-lead-way-to-gold-on-morning-session-of-medals-of-karatezadar2024|accessdate=3 June 2025|work=World Karate Federation}}</ref><ref name="european_karate_championships_results_book_2024">{{Cite web|title=2024 European Karate Championships Results Book|url=https://cdn.sportdata.org/e7e59c9f-1b6a-47b5-9885-d8e8e6520a4d/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512153857/https://cdn.sportdata.org/e7e59c9f-1b6a-47b5-9885-d8e8e6520a4d/|archivedate=12 May 2024|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=Sportdata}}</ref> Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ zutere María Torres na egwuregwu ọla nchara na [[2025 European Karate Championships|2025 European Karate Championship]] – Women's +68 kg">ihe omume ya na 2025 European Karate Championships nke emere na Yerevan, Armenia, ebe ọ meriri.<ref name="european_karate_championships_results_book_2025">{{Cite web|title=2025 European Karate Championships Results Book|url=https://cdn.sportdata.org/97bf357d-f2d7-4dfa-a38c-aef8a4665c11/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513054910/https://cdn.sportdata.org/97bf357d-f2d7-4dfa-a38c-aef8a4665c11/|archivedate=13 May 2025|accessdate=25 May 2025|work=Sportdata}}</ref> Ọ zutere Torres ọzọ na nnukwu ngwụcha nke Karate1 Premier League na June ma merie ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surinenglish.com/sport/malaga-karateka-crowns-perfect-season-with-grand-20250606113825-nt.html|title=Malaga karateka crowns perfect season with Grand Winner title|publisher=Diario Sur|date=6 June 2025}}</ref> Na 2025 World Karate Championship nke e mere na Cairo, Egypt, Walters zutere Ingrid Krijmers wee nweta ọla nchara na ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị +68 kg. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportaran.com/en/post/izvestny-vse-finalisty-chm-2025-po-karate/|title=All Finalists of the 2025 Karate World Championships Announced|publisher=Sportaran|date=30 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportaran.com/en/post/wkf-chempionat-mira-2025-po-karate-v-kaire-vse-pobediteli-i-prizery/|title=WKF Karate World Championships 2025 in Cairo – All Winners and Medalists|publisher=Sportaran|date=30 November 2025}}</ref>  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2iir7pvrsh7uy5whyjx0bwgzp5pvpyq 0 75294 700774 654086 2026-08-12T13:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Michael Adedokun''' (amụrụ na 27 Mee 2001) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti USL Championship club Lexington SC. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Adedokun na Eruwa, Naijiria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/michael-adedokun-joins-sunusi-at-mls-club-cf-montreal/|title=Michael Adedokun joins Sunusi at MLS club CF Montreal|first=Olusola|author=Alao|date=December 27, 2024|work=Score Nigeria}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, onye nkuzi si n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ bọọlụ kachasị elu na Naịjirịa hụrụ ya ma kpọọ ya ka ọ sonye na mmemme ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelantern.com/2024/04/gray-matter-michael-adedokun-from-the-fruit-stand-to-the-soccer-pitch/|title=Gray Matter: Michael Adedokun, from the fruit stand to the soccer pitch|first=Ellen|author=Geyer|date=April 23, 2024|work=[[The Lantern]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Adedokun malitere ịga Mahadum Dayton na United States, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="flyer">{{Cite web|url=https://daytonflyers.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/michael-adedokun/12433|title=Michael Adedokun Dayton Flyers profile|work=[[Dayton Flyers]]}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya nwa akwụkwọ ha na-eme egwuregwu nke izu ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daytonflyers.com/news/2021/11/3/general-adedokun-huber-honored-as-collegeadvantage-student-athletes-of-the-week.aspx|title=Adedokun & Huber Honored As CollegeAdvantage Student-Athletes Of The Week|date=November 3, 2021|work=[[Dayton Flyers]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daytonflyers.com/news/2022/11/9/general-adedokun-almodovar-honored-as-collegeadvantage-student-athletes-of-the-week.aspx|title=Adedokun, Almodovar Honored As CollegeAdvantage Student-Athletes Of The Week|date=November 9, 2022|work=[[Dayton Flyers]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ aha ya na Atlantic 10 Conference Commissioner's Honor Roll na 2022 a kpọrọ aha na Atlantic 10 Congress All-Tournament Team.<ref name="flyer" /> Na 2023, ọ gafere na Mahadum Ohio State ka ọ kpọọ maka otu egwuregwu basketball kọleji. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ya na Ọgọst 24, 2023, megide Cal State Northridge Matadors.[2] O mere mpụta izizi ya maka steeti Ohio na Septemba 19, 2023, na mmeri meriri Kentucky Wildcats.[3] Na njedebe nke oge ahụ, a kpọrọ ya aha ya na otu All-Big Ten Second Team. N'October 2024, a kpọrọ ya onye ọkpụkpọ egwu egwu nke Iri nke Izu. Na ngwụcha nke oge 2024, akpọrọ ya onye egwuregwu bọọlụ iri buru ibu nke afọ wee kpọọ ya All-Big Ten First Team, All-North Region First Team, and First Team All-American. Ọ meriri MAC Hermann Trophy dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ kacha ama ama na kọleji na 2024. == Ọrụ klọb == N'afọ 2021, Adedokun so Dayton Dutch Lions gbaa bọọlụ na USL League Two . <ref name="21usl2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/stats/team_instance/6079376?subseason=731558&tab=team_instance_player_stats&tool=4419204|title=Dayton Dutch Lions 2021 Stats|work=[[USL League Two]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Adedokun gbara bọọlụ na Fort Wayne FC na USL League Two . <ref name="22usl2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/54457029|title=Michael Adedokun 2022 USL2 Stats|work=[[USL League Two]]|accessdate=2026-05-07|archivedate=2026-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517170647/https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/54457029}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Flint City Bucks . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flintcitybucks.com/news_article/show/1275811|title=Flint City Bucks, Flint City AFC stay undefeated|date=June 6, 2023|work=[[Flint City Bucks]]}}</ref> Na 2025 MLS SuperDraft, CF Montreal họọrọ Adedokun na agba nke mbụ (13th n'ozuzu). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rds.ca/soccer/mls/mls-manu-duah-le-1er-choix-du-super-repechage-michael-adedokun-a-montreal-1.19436411|title=MLS : Manu Duah le 1er choix du super repêchage, Michael Adedokun à Montréal|date=December 20, 2024|work=[[Réseau des sports|RDS]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.cfmontreal.com/news/cf-montreal-selects-michael-adedokun-arik-duncan-caden-grabfelder-and-arthur-duquenne-in-the-2025-mls-superdraft|title=CF Montréal selects Michael Adedokun, Arik Duncan, Caden Grabfelder and Arthur Duquenne in the 2025 MLS SuperDraft|date=December 20, 2024|work=[[CF Montréal]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2025, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na klọb ahụ na nhọrọ maka 2026 ruo 2028.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.cfmontreal.com/news/cf-montreal-signs-michael-adedokun|title=CF Montréal signs Michael Adedokun|date=January 4, 2025|work=[[CF Montréal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canadiansoccerdaily.com/2025/01/04/cf-montreal-sign-first-round-draft-pick-mac-hermann-trophy-winner-michael-adedokun-to-first-team-deal/|title=CF Montréal sign first-round draft pick, MAC Hermann Trophy winner Michael Adedokun to first-team deal|date=January 4, 2025|work=Canadian Soccer Daily}}</ref> Na Machị 2025, a gbazinyere ya Lexington SC na USL Championship. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexsporting.com/news/lexington-sporting-club-acquires-michael-adedokun-on-loan-from-cf-montreal/|title=Lexington Sporting Club Acquires Michael Adedokun on Loan from CF Montréal|date=March 20, 2025|work=[[Lexington SC]]|first=David|author=Lilian}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025, Lexington mere ka nkwekọrịta ahụ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide wee sonye na klọb ahụ n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfmontreal.com/nouvelles/le-milieu-de-terrain-michael-adedokun-transfere-au-lexington-sc|title=Le milieu de terrain Michael Adedokun transféré au Lexington SC|first=C. F.|author=Montréal|work=CF Montréal}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Egwuregwu ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Dayton Dutch Lions |2021<ref name="21usl2"/> |Njikọ nke Abụọ nke USL |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |Fort Wayne FC |2022<ref name="22usl2"/> |Njikọ nke Abụọ nke USL |9 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |3 |- |Ụlọ Ahịa Flint City |2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/league-schedule|title=League Schedule|work=[[USL League Two]]}}</ref> |Njikọ nke Abụọ nke USL |11 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !27 !6 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !31 !7 |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Michael Adedokun at kicker (in German) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fwibllvszxy4stiocrhcvv354qge16f 0 76576 700885 688051 2026-08-13T07:49:32Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FANG WEI TA.jpg|thumb|FANG WEI TA]] ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.[1] Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org|archivedate=2017-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917231312/http://www.swsasia.org/president.html}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] kdmr7oct2vbl3ykmvytwt53g66h7iex 700886 700885 2026-08-13T07:51:49Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FANG WEI TA.jpg|thumb|FANG WEI TA]] ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.[1] Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org|archivedate=2017-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917231312/http://www.swsasia.org/president.html}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Mbipụta == * 《The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta, Arba'at Hassan, Ben A. LePage|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1|title=The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-19-4233-4|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|series=Sustainable Development Goals Series |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1 |s2cid=252640423 |oclc=1346984545}}</ref> * 《Tourism in Emerging Economies: The Way We Green, Sustainable, and Healthy》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta.|title=Tourism in emerging economies: the way we green, sustainable, and healthy|date=2020|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-15-2463-9|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|oclc=1135206163}}</ref> * 《Envisioning Environmental Literacy: Action and Outreach》<ref>{{Cite book|last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Envisoning environmental literacy: Action and outreach.|date=2020|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-15-7005-6|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1158211158}}</ref> * 《Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan》<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FANG, WEI-TA |title=Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan|journal = PeerJ|year = 2021|volume = 9|article-number = e11635|doi = 10.7717/peerj.11635|pmid = 34178481|pmc = 8216169 | doi-access=free }}</ref> *《Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education》<ref>{{Cite book| last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education.|date=2024|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-99-9096-2|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1420627320}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 34w5rlqjyatirpne2r6v0ep45lnx4h3 700887 700886 2026-08-13T07:53:00Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FANG WEI TA.jpg|thumb|FANG WEI TA]] ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.ref>{{Cite web|title=Wei Ta Fang|url=https://www.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/en/facultyeng/faculty/Wei-Ta-FANG-96020001|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, NTNU|language=en}}</ref> Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org|archivedate=2017-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917231312/http://www.swsasia.org/president.html}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Mbipụta == * 《The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta, Arba'at Hassan, Ben A. LePage|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1|title=The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-19-4233-4|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|series=Sustainable Development Goals Series |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1 |s2cid=252640423 |oclc=1346984545}}</ref> * 《Tourism in Emerging Economies: The Way We Green, Sustainable, and Healthy》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta.|title=Tourism in emerging economies: the way we green, sustainable, and healthy|date=2020|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-15-2463-9|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|oclc=1135206163}}</ref> * 《Envisioning Environmental Literacy: Action and Outreach》<ref>{{Cite book|last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Envisoning environmental literacy: Action and outreach.|date=2020|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-15-7005-6|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1158211158}}</ref> * 《Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan》<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FANG, WEI-TA |title=Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan|journal = PeerJ|year = 2021|volume = 9|article-number = e11635|doi = 10.7717/peerj.11635|pmid = 34178481|pmc = 8216169 | doi-access=free }}</ref> *《Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education》<ref>{{Cite book| last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education.|date=2024|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-99-9096-2|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1420627320}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 3sbzsh0tg6df2o8455adtxzsmes64jo 700888 700887 2026-08-13T07:53:51Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FANG WEI TA.jpg|thumb|FANG WEI TA]] ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wei Ta Fang|url=https://www.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/en/facultyeng/faculty/Wei-Ta-FANG-96020001|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, NTNU|language=en}}</ref> Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org|archivedate=2017-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917231312/http://www.swsasia.org/president.html}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Mbipụta == * 《The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta, Arba'at Hassan, Ben A. LePage|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1|title=The Living Environmental Education: Sound Science toward a Cleaner, Safer, and Healthier Future |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-19-4233-4|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|series=Sustainable Development Goals Series |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-4234-1 |s2cid=252640423 |oclc=1346984545}}</ref> * 《Tourism in Emerging Economies: The Way We Green, Sustainable, and Healthy》<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang, Wei-Ta.|title=Tourism in emerging economies: the way we green, sustainable, and healthy|date=2020|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-15-2463-9|location=Singapore|pages=|chapter=|oclc=1135206163}}</ref> * 《Envisioning Environmental Literacy: Action and Outreach》<ref>{{Cite book|last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Envisoning environmental literacy: Action and outreach.|date=2020|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-15-7005-6|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1158211158}}</ref> * 《Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan》<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FANG, WEI-TA |title=Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan|journal = PeerJ|year = 2021|volume = 9|article-number = e11635|doi = 10.7717/peerj.11635|pmid = 34178481|pmc = 8216169 | doi-access=free }}</ref> *《Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education》<ref>{{Cite book| last=FANG, WEI-TA.|title=Ecotourism: Environment, Health, and Education.|date=2024|publisher=SPRINGER|isbn=978-981-99-9096-2|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1420627320}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] kyz1c8wtd67bz7irkec8w0r5m6unl7l 0 76577 700882 698097 2026-08-13T07:42:07Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Charis Galanakis.jpg|thumb|Charis Galanakis]]   ==Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ== A mụrụ Galanakis n'abalị atọ nke ọnwa Eprel, afọ 1981, na Chania, Gris, n'ezinụlọ ndị ọkachamara na kemistrị.[1] O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na kemistrị na afọ 2002, nwetakwa asambodo ya maka Oenology na afọ 2004, ha abụọ na Mahadum Patras. Ọ gụchakwara akara ugo mmụta masta ya na Teknụzụ Nri na afọ 2004 na Mahadum Patras-Mahadum Ioannina-Ulster. Na afọ 2010, ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta doctorate ya na Mahadum Technical nke Crete. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=CHARIS M. GALANAKIS|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-0818|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[ORCID]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Galanakis malitere dịka ọkachamara na Kemistri na Oenologist na 2004 n'azụmahịa ezinụlọ nwere—ụlọ nyocha dị na Chania, Gris. Na 2009, Galanakis, ya na Eva Tornberg, hiwere Phenoliv AB nke mepụtara usoro ikike nke iwepụ polyphenol antioxidants site na mmiri mkpofu eji na mmanụ oliv ma na-asacha otu mmiri mkpofu ahụ n'otu usoro mwepụta ahụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=2010-07-01|title=Clarification of high-added value products from olive mill wastewater|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877410000907|journal=Journal of Food Engineering|language=en|volume=99|issue=2|pages=190–197|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.018|issn=0260-8774}}</ref>Agbanyeghị, e mechara hapụ patent ahụ maka ihe a na-amaghị ama..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive waste recovery|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100240769A1/en?oq=US20100240769A1|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Google Patents]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ nyocha mbụ ya—nke gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ maka iji ihe ndị e ji eri nri mee site na mmiri mkpofu osisi oliv dị ka ihe nwere ike dochie abụba na ngwaahịa anụ—dọtara mmasị ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniells|first=Stephen|date=September 17, 2009|title=Olive fibre may replace fat in meat products|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2009/09/18/Olive-fibre-may-replace-fat-in-meat-products|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dịka ọkammụta ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo, gburugburu ebe obibi na nri, ọrụ Galanakis lekwasịrị anya na ihe ọhụrụ na nkwado na ụlọ ọrụ nri, ọkachasị n'ọrụ "mweghachi ihe mkpofu nri".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gray|first=Nathan|date=May 3, 2012|title=Food waste has big potential for value-added ingredients|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2012/05/04/Food-waste-has-big-potential-for-value-added-ingredients|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nchọcha a na-achọ ime ka ihe ndị dị mkpa site na ngwaahịa ndị e mefuru n'oge dị iche iche nke mmepụta nri dịkwuo mma, jiri ha mee ihe ọzọ n'usoro nri, ma mee ka ha nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu n'imezu Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs)—dịka SDGs 2, 3, 6, 12, 13 na 15.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=August 1, 2012|title=Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224412000532|journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=68–87|doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2012.03.003|issn=0924-2244}}</ref><ref name="Springer">{{Cite web|date=September 6, 2021|title=Climate change and food production: Adapt to the new era|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/the-source/blog/blogposts-communicating-research/climate-change-and-food-production/19604128|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Springer Nature]]}}</ref> Echiche a nke "nchịkọta ihe mkpofu nri" pụtara ìhè nke ukwuu n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 nke metụtara nke ukwuu—n'etiti ndị ọzọ—ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ, nchekwa nri, nchekwa nri, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta nri na-adịghị adịgide adịgide kpatara gburugburu ụwa..<ref name="Springer" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Serpil|first=Aday|title=Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain|journal=[[Oxford University]]|year=2020|volume=2020|issue=4|pages=167–180|doi=10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa024|pmid=40504224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bisoffi|first=Stefano|date=2021|title=COVID-19 and Sustainable Food Systems: What Should We Learn Before the Next Emergency|journal=[[Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems]]|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2021.650987|issn=2571-581X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=December 16, 2021|title=Food science articles in a post-COVID-19 era|journal=Discover Food|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s44187-021-00003-3|pmid=40477577|issn=2731-4286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Simone|date=June 22, 2020|title=Food-related Covid-19 outbreaks raise flags about supply security|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3089955/coronavirus-food-related-outbreaks-raise-flags-about-supply-security|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|language=en}}</ref> Dịka onye nkuzi, ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum King Saud; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilkinson|first=Joanna|date=November 3, 2020|title=Here's what Highly Cited Researchers look for in PhD students|url=https://clarivate.com/blog/heres-what-highly-cited-researchers-look-for-in-phd-students/|accessdate=April 22, 2022|work=[[Clarivate]]|language=en}}</ref> Ugbu a, ọ bụzi prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Taif dị na Saudi Arabia na prọfesọ nleta a ma ama na Mahadum Johannesburg dị na South Africa ma na-ejekwa ozi dịka onye nduzi nyocha na ihe ọhụrụ na Galanakis Laboratories dị na Gris <ref name="Springer"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=About us {{!}} Εργαστήρια Γαλανάκης|url=https://chemlab.gr/en/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Galanakis Laboratories|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Austria|Site n'ịbụ onye nkuzi na ọkà mmụta sayensị dị iche iche, o dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ya.;[1] ] ọ bụkwa onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Food Waste Recovery Group (SIG5) nke ISEKI Food Association na Vienna, Austria]] na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Discover Food <ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Food|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|language=en|archivedate=July 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730114702/https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors}}</ref> na Discover Environment .<ref name="Amazon">{{Cite web|title=About Charis M. Galanakis|url=https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B016GQ8080?_encoding=UTF8&node=283155&offset=0&pageSize=12&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=author-sidecar-rank&page=1&langFilter=default#formatSelectorHeader|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Amazon (company)#Website|Amazon]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=June 18, 2019|title=Saving Food: Production, Supply Chain, Food Waste and Food Consumption|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4BIvgEACAAJ|accessdate=April 20, 2022|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815357-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.foodwasterecovery.group/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Waste Recovery|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Environment|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44274/updates/23744704|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Springer|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado == N'afọ 2019, 2021-2023, Clarivate's Web of Science nabatara Galanakis dị ka "Onye nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha nke ukwuu n'ọhịa sayensị ọrụ ugbo".<ref name="Publons">{{Cite web|title=Charis M. Galanakis' Web of Science profile|url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/Y-2453-2019|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Publons]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Παγκόσμια διάκριση Χανιώτη πανεπιστημιακού - Χανιώτικα Νέα|url=https://www.haniotika-nea.gr/pagkosmia-diakrisi-chanioti-panepistimiakoy/|accessdate=April 21, 2022|work="Χανιώτικα Νέα|language=el|archivedate=August 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814222030/http://www.haniotika-nea.gr/pagkosmia-diakrisi-chanioti-panepistimiakoy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Highly Cited Researchers|url=https://clarivate.com/highly-cited-researchers/|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Clarivate|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2019 ruo 2023, a na-akpọkwa ya aha mgbe niile ma tinye ya na ndepụta nke "Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Top 2% nke ụwa" site na Mahadum Stanford. [https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/6] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John|date=July 6, 2019|title=Supplementary data tables for "A standardized citation metrics author database annotated for scientific field" (PLoS Biology 2019)|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/1|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 8, 2020|title=Data for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/2|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=2|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 19, 2021|title=August 2021 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/3|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=3|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=ECEBM|date=October 26, 2021|title=STANFORD UNIVERSITY NAMES WORLD'S TOP 2% SCIENTISTS, 2021|url=https://ecebm.com/2021/10/26/stanford-university-names-worlds-top-2-scientists-2021/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=ECEBM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|date=2022-10-10|title=September 2022 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/4?fbclid=IwAR0u4xhKMuKGIsi_prZLxOIOaMPzV-LNCmoIlDYua90eybIVIyE6Sl70vyc|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.4}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] c6yxg7596nq70ide7gcnvrpyj1fi5sn 700883 700882 2026-08-13T07:44:19Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Charis Galanakis.jpg|thumb|Charis Galanakis]]   ==Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ== A mụrụ Galanakis n'abalị atọ nke ọnwa Eprel, afọ 1981, na Chania, Gris, n'ezinụlọ ndị ọkachamara na kemistrị.[1] O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na kemistrị na afọ 2002, nwetakwa asambodo ya maka Oenology na afọ 2004, ha abụọ na Mahadum Patras. Ọ gụchakwara akara ugo mmụta masta ya na Teknụzụ Nri na afọ 2004 na Mahadum Patras-Mahadum Ioannina-Ulster. Na afọ 2010, ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta doctorate ya na Mahadum Technical nke Crete. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=CHARIS M. GALANAKIS|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-0818|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[ORCID]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Galanakis malitere dịka ọkachamara na Kemistri na Oenologist na 2004 n'azụmahịa ezinụlọ nwere—ụlọ nyocha dị na Chania, Gris. Na 2009, Galanakis, ya na Eva Tornberg, hiwere Phenoliv AB nke mepụtara usoro ikike nke iwepụ polyphenol antioxidants site na mmiri mkpofu eji na mmanụ oliv ma na-asacha otu mmiri mkpofu ahụ n'otu usoro mwepụta ahụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=2010-07-01|title=Clarification of high-added value products from olive mill wastewater|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877410000907|journal=Journal of Food Engineering|language=en|volume=99|issue=2|pages=190–197|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.018|issn=0260-8774}}</ref>Agbanyeghị, e mechara hapụ patent ahụ maka ihe a na-amaghị ama..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive waste recovery|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100240769A1/en?oq=US20100240769A1|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Google Patents]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ nyocha mbụ ya—nke gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ maka iji ihe ndị e ji eri nri mee site na mmiri mkpofu osisi oliv dị ka ihe nwere ike dochie abụba na ngwaahịa anụ—dọtara mmasị ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniells|first=Stephen|date=September 17, 2009|title=Olive fibre may replace fat in meat products|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2009/09/18/Olive-fibre-may-replace-fat-in-meat-products|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dịka ọkammụta ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo, gburugburu ebe obibi na nri, ọrụ Galanakis lekwasịrị anya na ihe ọhụrụ na nkwado na ụlọ ọrụ nri, ọkachasị n'ọrụ "mweghachi ihe mkpofu nri".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gray|first=Nathan|date=May 3, 2012|title=Food waste has big potential for value-added ingredients|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2012/05/04/Food-waste-has-big-potential-for-value-added-ingredients|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nchọcha a na-achọ ime ka ihe ndị dị mkpa site na ngwaahịa ndị e mefuru n'oge dị iche iche nke mmepụta nri dịkwuo mma, jiri ha mee ihe ọzọ n'usoro nri, ma mee ka ha nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu n'imezu Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs)—dịka SDGs 2, 3, 6, 12, 13 na 15.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=August 1, 2012|title=Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224412000532|journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=68–87|doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2012.03.003|issn=0924-2244}}</ref><ref name="Springer">{{Cite web|date=September 6, 2021|title=Climate change and food production: Adapt to the new era|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/the-source/blog/blogposts-communicating-research/climate-change-and-food-production/19604128|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Springer Nature]]}}</ref> Echiche a nke "nchịkọta ihe mkpofu nri" pụtara ìhè nke ukwuu n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 nke metụtara nke ukwuu—n'etiti ndị ọzọ—ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ, nchekwa nri, nchekwa nri, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta nri na-adịghị adịgide adịgide kpatara gburugburu ụwa..<ref name="Springer" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Serpil|first=Aday|title=Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain|journal=[[Oxford University]]|year=2020|volume=2020|issue=4|pages=167–180|doi=10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa024|pmid=40504224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bisoffi|first=Stefano|date=2021|title=COVID-19 and Sustainable Food Systems: What Should We Learn Before the Next Emergency|journal=[[Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems]]|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2021.650987|issn=2571-581X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=December 16, 2021|title=Food science articles in a post-COVID-19 era|journal=Discover Food|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s44187-021-00003-3|pmid=40477577|issn=2731-4286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Simone|date=June 22, 2020|title=Food-related Covid-19 outbreaks raise flags about supply security|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3089955/coronavirus-food-related-outbreaks-raise-flags-about-supply-security|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|language=en}}</ref> Dịka onye nkuzi, ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum King Saud; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilkinson|first=Joanna|date=November 3, 2020|title=Here's what Highly Cited Researchers look for in PhD students|url=https://clarivate.com/blog/heres-what-highly-cited-researchers-look-for-in-phd-students/|accessdate=April 22, 2022|work=[[Clarivate]]|language=en}}</ref> Ugbu a, ọ bụzi prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Taif dị na Saudi Arabia na prọfesọ nleta a ma ama na Mahadum Johannesburg dị na South Africa ma na-ejekwa ozi dịka onye nduzi nyocha na ihe ọhụrụ na Galanakis Laboratories dị na Gris <ref name="Springer"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=About us {{!}} Εργαστήρια Γαλανάκης|url=https://chemlab.gr/en/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Galanakis Laboratories|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Austria|Site n'ịbụ onye nkuzi na ọkà mmụta sayensị dị iche iche, o dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ya.;[1] ] ọ bụkwa onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Food Waste Recovery Group (SIG5) nke ISEKI Food Association na Vienna, Austria]] na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Discover Food <ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Food|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|language=en|archivedate=July 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730114702/https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors}}</ref> na Discover Environment .<ref name="Amazon">{{Cite web|title=About Charis M. Galanakis|url=https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B016GQ8080?_encoding=UTF8&node=283155&offset=0&pageSize=12&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=author-sidecar-rank&page=1&langFilter=default#formatSelectorHeader|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Amazon (company)#Website|Amazon]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=June 18, 2019|title=Saving Food: Production, Supply Chain, Food Waste and Food Consumption|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4BIvgEACAAJ|accessdate=April 20, 2022|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815357-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.foodwasterecovery.group/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Waste Recovery|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Environment|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44274/updates/23744704|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Springer|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado == N'afọ 2019, 2021-2023, Clarivate's Web of Science nabatara Galanakis dị ka "Onye nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha nke ukwuu n'ọhịa sayensị ọrụ ugbo".<ref name="Publons">{{Cite web|title=Charis M. Galanakis' Web of Science profile|url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/Y-2453-2019|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Publons]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Παγκόσμια διάκριση Χανιώτη πανεπιστημιακού - Χανιώτικα Νέα|url=https://www.haniotika-nea.gr/pagkosmia-diakrisi-chanioti-panepistimiakoy/|accessdate=April 21, 2022|work="Χανιώτικα Νέα|language=el|archivedate=August 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814222030/http://www.haniotika-nea.gr/pagkosmia-diakrisi-chanioti-panepistimiakoy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Highly Cited Researchers|url=https://clarivate.com/highly-cited-researchers/|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Clarivate|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2019 ruo 2023, a na-akpọkwa ya aha mgbe niile ma tinye ya na ndepụta nke "Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Top 2% nke ụwa" site na Mahadum Stanford. [https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/6] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John|date=July 6, 2019|title=Supplementary data tables for "A standardized citation metrics author database annotated for scientific field" (PLoS Biology 2019)|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/1|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 8, 2020|title=Data for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/2|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=2|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 19, 2021|title=August 2021 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/3|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=3|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=ECEBM|date=October 26, 2021|title=STANFORD UNIVERSITY NAMES WORLD'S TOP 2% SCIENTISTS, 2021|url=https://ecebm.com/2021/10/26/stanford-university-names-worlds-top-2-scientists-2021/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=ECEBM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|date=2022-10-10|title=September 2022 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/4?fbclid=IwAR0u4xhKMuKGIsi_prZLxOIOaMPzV-LNCmoIlDYua90eybIVIyE6Sl70vyc|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.4}}</ref> ==Mbipụta ahọpụtara== * {{Cite journal |last=Galanakis |first=Charis M. |date=August 1, 2012 |title=Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224412000532 |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=68–87 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2012.03.003 |issn=0924-2244 |via=[[Elsevier]]|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Galanakis |first=Charis M. |date=April 2020 |title=The Food Systems in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Crisis |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=523 |doi=10.3390/foods9040523 |pmid=32331259 |pmc=7230343 |issn=2304-8158|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Galanakis |first1=Charis M. |last2=Rizou |first2=Myrto |last3=Aldawoud |first3=Turki M. S. |last4=Ucak |first4=Ilknur |last5=Rowan |first5=Neil J. |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Innovations and technology disruptions in the food sector within the COVID-19 pandemic and post-lockdown era |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |language=en |volume=110 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.002 |pmid=36567851 |pmc=9759022 |s2cid=233572196 |issn=0924-2244}} * {{Cite journal |last=Galanakis |first=Charis M. |date=October 1, 2013 |title=Emerging technologies for the production of nutraceuticals from agricultural by-products: A viewpoint of opportunities and challenges |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960308513000059 |journal=Food and Bioproducts Processing |language=en |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=575–579 |doi=10.1016/j.fbp.2013.01.004 |issn=0960-3085 |via=[[Elsevier]]|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Roselló-Soto |first1=Elena |last2=Galanakis |first2=Charis M. |last3=Brnčić |first3=Mladen |last4=Orlien |first4=Vibeke |last5=Trujillo |first5=Francisco J. |last6=Mawson |first6=Raymond |last7=Knoerzer |first7=Kai |last8=Tiwari |first8=Brijesh K. |last9=Barba |first9=Francisco J. |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Clean recovery of antioxidant compounds from plant foods, by-products and algae assisted by ultrasounds processing. Modeling approaches to optimize processing conditions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224415000035 |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=134–149 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2015.01.002 |issn=0924-2244 |via=[[Elsevier]]|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Galanakis |first=Charis M. |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Separation of functional macromolecules and micromolecules: From ultrafiltration to the border of nanofiltration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092422441400260X |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=44–63 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2014.11.005 |issn=0924-2244 |via=[[Elsevier]]|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Zannou |first1=Oscar |last2=Pashazadeh |first2=Hojjat |last3=Ibrahim |first3=Salam A. |last4=Koca |first4=Ilkay |last5=Galanakis |first5=Charis M. |date=May 1, 2022 |title=Green and highly extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from kinkeliba (Combretum micranthum G. Don) by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) using maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction and homogenate-assisted extraction |journal=Arabian Journal of Chemistry |language=en |volume=15 |issue=5 |article-number=103752 |doi=10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103752 |s2cid=246602268 |issn=1878-5352 |doi-access=free }} == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ffdvslzhtyhlh5d745b7249e6lvh1zf 0 76649 700881 656669 2026-08-13T07:38:25Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700881 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsg.org/about-cpsg/ulysses-s-seal-award |title=Archived copy |access-date=2024-08-15 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130240/http://www.cbsg.org/about-cpsg/ulysses-s-seal-award |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-06-13 |archivedate=2024-08-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130240/http://www.cbsg.org/about-cpsg/ulysses-s-seal-award }}</ref> '''Bengt Holst''' (amụrụ na 14 Mee 1952) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na Denmark, onye, ​​ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na njedebe nke afọ 2020, bụ onye nduzi sayensị na Copenhagen Zoo.<ref name=":0">[http://www.u-landsnyt.dk/navnenyt/m-rkedage/bengt-holst-blir-60 "Bengt Holst bliver 60"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141712/http://www.u-landsnyt.dk/navnenyt/m-rkedage/bengt-holst-blir-60 |date=14. July 2014 }} (14-05-2012). ''U-landsnyt.dk. ''Læst 12-06-2014.</ref> . Holst nwetara MSc na Biology na Mahadum Copenhagen na 1983. . Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Holst were ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ na onye na-enyere aka na nyocha na Copenhagen Zoo. N'afọ 1988, Holst ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba anụmanụ na n'afọ 1994 osote onye nduzi na onye nduzi sayensị.<ref name=":0" /> Holst esonyewo na mmemme redio sayensị nke Denmark Radio Leksikon og Viden Om . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Om Aftenshowets eksperter|publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|url=https://www.dr.dk/DRPresse/Artikler/20100115081530.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Omume Anụmanụ.<ref>[http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/mennesker/formand-med-interesse-regnorme "Formand med interesse for regnorme"] (31-10-2012). ''[[Kristeligt Dagblad]]''. Last accessed July 12th, 2014.</ref> == Arụmụka == Holst nwetara ihe a ma ama na Febụwarị 2014 mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Copenhagen Zoo na mgbasa ozi Danish na nke mba ụwa, na-akọwa mkpebi iji nyochaa ozu giraffe aha ya bụ Marius n'ihu ọha. Holst mere ka o doo anya na ịnyefe Marius n'ogige ntụrụndụ ọzọ nwere ike iduga na njupụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na inbreeding. Iji bulie ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ụmụ n'ọdịnihu na mmemme ịzụlite zoo, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe bara uru karị iwebata giraffe ọzọ nwere ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkesa dị iche iche.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/world/europe/anger-erupts-over-danish-zoos-decision-to-put-down-a-giraffe.html "Anger Erupts After Danish Zoo Kills a ‘Surplus’ Giraffe"] ''[[New York Times]]'' Last accessed August 7th 2021.</ref> == Ntinye aha nke Danish Nature Fund == Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye nduzi sayensị nke Zoo Copenhagen na 31 Disemba 2020, Minista Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Denmark họpụtara Holst dị ka onyeisi oche ọhụrụ nke Danish Nature Fund.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210115170929/https://www.mim.dk/nyheder/2021/jan/miljoeministeren-udpeger-ny-formand-for-den-danske-naturfond/ “Miljøministeren udpeger ny formand for Den Danske Naturfond”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115170929/https://www.mim.dk/nyheder/2021/jan/miljoeministeren-udpeger-ny-formand-for-den-danske-naturfond/ |date=2021-01-15 }} Press release January 15th 2021 from the Ministry of the Environment. Accessed August 7th, 2021.</ref> == Ọrụ ederede == * Editor in chief, "Verdens Dyreliv – et illustreret opslagsværk om dyreriget" (2007). ''Forlaget Globe''. {{ISBN|978-87-7900-621-8}}. * Translation and adaptation into Danish, "Politikkens bog om pattedyr" (2003). "Politikkens forlag" == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 8p4v6p5ndohbsi9u30pqciw07s0c6n6 0 76650 700880 687460 2026-08-13T07:35:34Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Merited Science and Technology Functionary | name = Mykhailo Holubets | native_name = {{nobold|Михайло Голубець}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Голубець Михайло Андрійович.jpg | caption = Holubets in 2006 | office = [[People's Deputy of Ukraine]] | term_start = 15 May 1990 | term_end = 10 May 1994 | predecessor = ''Position established'' | successor = [[Volodymyr Mulyava]] | constituency = [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Kalush, Ukraine|Kalush]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|10|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Velykyi Liubin|Lubień Wielki]], Poland (now Velykyi Liubin, Ukraine) | death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|08|14|1930|10|30|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Lviv]], Ukraine | party = {{ill|Congress of National-Democratic Forces|uk|Конгрес національно-демократичних сил}} | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[People's Movement of Ukraine]] (1989–1990) * [[Democratic Bloc (Ukraine)|Democratic Bloc]] }} | alma_mater = [[Lviv National Agrarian University]] | occupation = Politician, environmental scientist | awards = State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology, Order of Merit 3rd Class }} Mykhailo Andriiovych Holubets (onye Ukraine: Михайло Андрійович Голубець; 30 Ọktoba 1930 – 14 Ọgọst 2016) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine nke jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ndị mmadụ nke Ukraine site na Kalush n'etiti 1990 na 1994. Ọ bụ onye otu National Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Народні депутати України 1-го скликання (1990–1994)|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/spisok1.htm|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=static.rada.gov.ua}}</ref> Holubets bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite steeti nke Ukraine na Sayensị na Teknụzụ, o jerekwa ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke Forestry Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa dịka onye nduzi nsọpụrụ nke NASU Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817134447/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2013-08-17|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=nbuv.gov.ua}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/198.htm|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=static.rada.gov.ua}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/|title=Почесні доктори Університету|work=Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка|accessdate=2016-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207205853/http://www.lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/|archivedate=2016-12-07}}</ref> Nna nke Orest Holubets. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ sayensị == A mụrụ Mykhailo Holubets na 30 Ọktoba 1930, n'obodo Velykyi Liubin, nke bụ akụkụ nke mba Poland nke abụọ (nke dị ugbu a na Lviv Oblast, Ukraine). Na 1953, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na Lviv Agricultural Institute, ọkachamara na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọhịa, yana asambodo injinia ọhịa. Ọ malitere ọrụ sayensị ya na 1953 dịka nwa akwụkwọ postgraduate, ma mechaa, site na 1954 ruo 1957, dịka onye nkuzi na Lviv Agricultural Institute na Mahadum Oke Ọhịa Mba Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/mykhailo-holubets/|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка|language=uk|archivedate=2023-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014203045/https://lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/mykhailo-holubets/}}</ref> Na 1960, Holubets gbachitere edemede ya iji nweta akara ugo mmụta nke Sayensị Ọrụ Ugbo. Ruo 1962, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha dị obere na onye isi na Research Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry nke Western Regions nke Ukraine SSR. Site na 1962, Mykhailo Holubets rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine SSR. O jere ozi na mbụ dị ka onye nyocha dị elu na Research Institute of Natural Sciences, ma mesịa bụrụ onye nyocha dị elu na Ngalaba Experimental Ecology and Biocenology na M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany nke Ukraine SSR Academy of Sciences. O jikwa ọkwa dị ka onyeisi ngalaba na onye nduzi nke State Museum of Natural History. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210054131/http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2014-12-10|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=archive.mdct.ru}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, ọ gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya akpọrọ "Spruce Forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians" iji nweta nzere Doctor of Biological Sciences na ọkachamara na botany. Ọ gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya na M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Site na 1974, Mykhailo Holubets jere ozi dị ka osote onye nduzi maka Ọrụ Sayensị na M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany nke Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences ma duzie alaka Lviv nke ụlọ ọrụ a. N'otu oge ahụ, site na 1974 ruo 1995, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Plant Morphology na Systematics na Ivan Franko Lviv State University . <ref name=":1"/> Na 1978, Holubets ghọrọ prọfesọ ma họpụta ya dịka onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. Site na 1991 ruo 2007, ọ bụ onyeisi NASU Institute of Ecology nke Carpathians, sitekwa na 2008, ọ nọ n'ọkwa nsọpụrụ nke onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụ. N'afọ 1990, Holubets ghọrọ onye nkuzi nke National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-13|title=Академік Голубець передав заповіднику &quot;Розточчя&quot; сертифікат ЮНЕСКО|url=https://vgolos.ua/news/akademik-golubets-peredav-zapovidnyku-quot-roztochchya-quot-sertyfikat-yunesko_75804.html|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Інформаційне агентство Вголос/Vgolos|language=uk}}</ref> Ọ zụrụ ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba nke gburugburu ebe obibi, botany, na ọhịa. Holubets bụ onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, gụnyere ''Studia Biologica'', ''Ecology na Noosphereology'', Scientific Works of the Forestry Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, na Ukrainian Botanical Journal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210054131/http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2014-12-10|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine}}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|title=Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець|url=http://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.nas.gov.ua|language=uk-UA}}</ref> Nnyocha bụ isi nke Holubets gụnyere nhazi na nhazi nke usoro okike na usoro okike nke ala, yana atụmanya maka ijikwa usoro sociospheric. Ọ lekọtara ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1965. N'okpuru nduzi ya, a gbachitere 5 doctoral na 17 candidate dissertations. O lekwasịrị anya n'okwu dị iche iche na eidology. Mykhailo Holubets dere ihe dịka akwụkwọ sayensị 500, gụnyere akwụkwọ iri na itoolu, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ iri atọ. Ọrụ sayensị ahọpụtara site na Mykhailo Andriiovych Holubets gụnyere: * "Spruce forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians" (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1978) - 264 peeji. * "The Film of Life" (Lviv: Polli, 1997) - peeji 185. * "From Biosphere to Sociosphere" (Lviv: Polli, 1997) - peeji 252. * "Current Issues in Ecology" (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1982) - peeji 158 (n'asụsụ Russian). * "Ecosystemology" (Lviv: Polli, 2000) - peeji 316. * "Ecological Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems" (Lviv: Polli, 2003) - peeji 180.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.lnu.edu.ua/ecology/ecology/golybec/|title=Праці академіка Голубця М.А.|author=М.А.|first=Праці академіка Голубця|work=bioweb.lnu.edu.ua|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-17|archivedate=18 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085132/http://bioweb.lnu.edu.ua/ecology/ecology/golybec/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Holubets sonyeere People's Movement of Ukraine, otu mmegide na-emegide ndị Kọmunist, n'afọ 1989. O mechara hapụ nzukọ ahụ na 1990. <ref name=":2" /> Site na 1990 ruo 1994, ọ bụ Osote Ndị Mmadụ nke Yukren site na obodo Kalush dị na Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke obere kọmitii na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ma sonyere na mmepe na ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta Belovezha.. <ref name=":3" /> O mechara sonye na Congress of National-Democratic Forces .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/198.htm|accessdate=19 February 2025|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]]|language=uk}}</ref> N'etiti 1995 na 1996 Holubets bụ onye otu Lviv Oblast Council. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Lviv City Council site na 1996 ruo 2002, ọ bụkwa osote onyeisi oche nke Lviv Oblast Organisation nke Congress of Ukrainian Intelligentsia . <ref name=":1"/> O bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara People's Movement of Ukraine (1998), Belovezha Agreements (2001), ihe si na nhazi asụsụ Ukraine pụta (2006), "Osisi Ndụ" (2008) na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xic.com.ua/z-zhyttja/11-intervju/39-myhajlo-golubec-lkryza-dovkillja-naslidok-duhovnoji-degradaciji-i-devalvaciji-moralnyh-cinnostejr|title=Михайло Голубець: "Криза довкілля&nbsp;— наслідок духовної деградації і девальвації моральних цінностей" {{!}} Суспільно-релігійний часопис "Християнин і світ"|author=|work=www.xic.com.ua|accessdate=2016-08-16|archivedate=2016-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911231156/http://xic.com.ua/z-zhyttja/11-intervju/39-myhajlo-golubec-lkryza-dovkillja-naslidok-duhovnoji-degradaciji-i-devalvaciji-moralnyh-cinnostejr}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Ukraine na-ahụ maka ọrụ MAB-6a n'ime Man and the Biosphere Programme ma bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba na Basic and Applied Problems of Ecology nke Kansụl Sayensị na Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmepe Na-adịgide adịgide nke National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine na Ecology, General Biology, na Nchekwa Okike nke Kansụtụrụndụl Sayensi nke Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Holubets nwụrụ na 14 Ọgọst 2016, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, e lie ya n'ili ezinụlọ ya na 59th Field of Yaniv Cemetery na Lviv. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець|url=http://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.nas.gov.ua|language=uk-UA}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481 "Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець"]. ''www.nas.gov.ua'' (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-11|title=Михайло Голубець: "Приїхали на полювання – і зруйнували Совєтський Союз"|url=https://glavcom.ua/digest/mihaylo-golubec-prijihali-na-polyuvannya-i-zruynuvali-sovjetskiy-soyuz-387431.html|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Glavcom|language=uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://glavcom.ua/digest/mihaylo-golubec-prijihali-na-polyuvannya-i-zruynuvali-sovjetskiy-soyuz-387431.html "Михайло Голубець: "Приїхали на полювання – і зруйнували Совєтський Союз""]. ''Glavcom'' (in Ukrainian). 11 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> == Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị == Ọ bụ onye nlekọta ọrụ MAB-6a nke Ukraine n'ime [[Mmadụ na Mmemme Biosphere]] ma bụrụkwa onye isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka nsogbu dị mkpa na nke e tinyere n'ọrụ nke Kansụl Sayensị na Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide nke National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine na Ecology, General Biology, na Nchekwa Okike nke Kansụl Sayensị nke [[Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine]]. Holubets nwụrụ na 14 Ọgọst 2016, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, e liri ya n'ezinụlọ ya. == Edensibia == m0b5ca1zzuteez09atfr16n1umxic4y 0 76652 700877 674473 2026-08-13T07:30:09Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Peter W. Heller.jpg|thumb|Peter W. Heller]] A mụrụ Peter W. Heller na Frankfurt am Main, nwa Wolfgang Heller, onye ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ, na Ingeborg Heller. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara akụnụba na nkà ihe ọmụma na mahadum St. Gallen, mahadum Lausanne (Switzerland) na mahadum Freiburg (Germany) ebe o nwetara PhD ya (Dr. rer.pol.) na 1988 site na edemede ya na "Nsogbu nke Mmebi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Echiche Akụnụba". Na 1988, ọ lụrụ Micaela Heller. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Julia (*1989) na Jakob (*1991), na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ, Romeo. (*2023). == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'afọ 1984, a họpụtara Heller ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Obodo Freiburg ma jee ozi na kọmitii kansụl maka mmefu ego obodo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na omenala. Ọ hapụrụ kansụl ahụ n'afọ 1990 mgbe a họpụtachara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo. Na 1990, kansụl nke Obodo Freiburg im Breisgau họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị obodo ahụ, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na ndịda Germany (ruo 1996). Ọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo, njikwa ihe mkpofu, ọrụ ogige obodo na oke ọhịa, njikwa ike mpaghara na amụma ihu igwe.. 1993 kọmitii ndị isi nke ICLEI – Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche (ruo 1997). ICLEI bụ nnukwu netwọk na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke raara onwe ya nye maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado mpaghara.. N'afọ 1997, Heller hiwere ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego maka forseo GmbH, nke nwere ọkwa nha nhata n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike ike. O sonyeere ya hibere ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ike anyanwụ na ike ikuku na Chile, Brazil na France, ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ bọọdụ nlekọta na ndụmọdụ. Heller bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Canopus Foundation, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nkeonwe nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe enyemaka na Germany. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-enye onyinye na enyemaka mmepe azụmaahịa nye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa nke ịnweta ike ime obodo maka obodo ndị na-enweta obere ego na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Na 2001, o hiwere "Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE)". Ruo 2016, Canopus Foundation haziri atụmatụ Solar for All zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke ya na Ashoka (òtù) hiwere na 2008.<ref>Schneider, A.: "Der Frühphasenstifter". In: wir - Das Magazin für Unternehmerfamilien, 2 (2012), S. 46-48</ref><ref>Mersch, T. & Merx, S.: "Die Business-Wohltäter". In: enorm - Wirtschaft für den Menschen, 3 (2010), S. 20-27</ref> . Kemgbe afọ 2014, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-akwalite òtù dị iche iche n'ọhịa nke echiche akụ na ụba ọhụrụ gbasara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na sayensị akụ na ụba, ma na-agba ume ka a tụlee ihe ndị dị mkpa maka akụnụba na ọha mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide. Na 2024, a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Thales Academy dị na Freiburg i.Br. * Mmepe Mmadụ Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Obodo Dị Mfe: Ihe Nlereanya nke Freiburg, Germany, 2002, nke S. Sassen deziri, na Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Emepụtara n'okpuru Auspices nke UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, * Mgbanwe ihu igwe - Achọrọ: Ndị Mbụ Movers, Alliance Magazine Vol. 14, Nr. 1, March 2009, peeji nke 39 ff.&nbsp; * (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) Innovative Funding Mechanisms for Social Change, Baden-Baden 2009 * "Nchụpe ihe ịga nke ọma na itinye ha n'ọrụ maka eletrik: microgrids nwere 100% renewable energies na Global South na Germany" (ya na Kirchhoff / Kebir / Neumann / Strunz) na: Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 128 (2016), 190-200 * "The Philosophy of Theory U: A Critical Examination", na: Philosophy nke Management (2018), DOI 10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0, 1-20; <nowiki>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s426-018</nowiki> -0087-0?wt_mc=Internal.Ihe omume.1.SEM.Akụkọ Onye dere ya n'ịntanetịMbụ * "Ọchụnta ego na ihe gbasara Western vs. East Asian Economic Models", na: Seoul Journal nke Economics 2020, Vol. 33, Nke 4, peeji nke 539-559 [DOI: 10.22904/sje.2020.33.4.003]&nbsp; * "Ihe mmụta nke Microcredit". Na: K. Wendt (ed.): Theories of Change, Springer Nature Switzerland 2021, peeji nke 153-168 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52275-9&nbsp; * "Epilogue - omenala ọchụnta ego na East Asia na West: a practitioner's perspective", na: C. Herrmann-Pillath, Qian Zhao (ed.): East Asian Ethical Life and Socio-Economic Transformation in the Twenty-First Century - The Ethical Sources of the Entrepreneurial Renewal of Companies and Communities, Routledge, Oxon 2024, pp. 249-262, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-032-48498-3</nowiki> * "Stiftungen hacken, Interview mit Sebastian Möller", In: L. Hochmann, S. Möller (Hrsg.): Cultiv hacken - Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt, oekom Verlag, München 2024, S. 239-252, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-98726-085-8</nowiki> * "Social Entrepreneurship und das unternehmerische Selbst", In: P. Kenel / J. Eschweiler / H. Hackenberg / M. Wihlenda (Hrsg.): Social Entrepreneurships in Deutschland - Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, utb/transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2024, S. 155-168, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8252-6333-1</nowiki> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4uzo5qactwg5ggr9ht5j6myzeh49qtu 700878 700877 2026-08-13T07:30:50Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Peter W. Heller.jpg|thumb|Peter W. Heller]] A mụrụ Peter W. Heller na Frankfurt am Main, nwa Wolfgang Heller, onye ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ, na Ingeborg Heller. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara akụnụba na nkà ihe ọmụma na mahadum St. Gallen, mahadum Lausanne (Switzerland) na mahadum Freiburg (Germany) ebe o nwetara PhD ya (Dr. rer.pol.) na 1988 site na edemede ya na "Nsogbu nke Mmebi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Echiche Akụnụba". Na 1988, ọ lụrụ Micaela Heller. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Julia (*1989) na Jakob (*1991), na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ, Romeo. (*2023). == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'afọ 1984, a họpụtara Heller ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Obodo Freiburg ma jee ozi na kọmitii kansụl maka mmefu ego obodo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na omenala. Ọ hapụrụ kansụl ahụ n'afọ 1990 mgbe a họpụtachara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo.<ref>[https://www.zeit.de/1995/34/Alles_Oeko_oder_was_ DIE ZEIT, 34 (1995)]</ref> Na 1990, kansụl nke Obodo Freiburg im Breisgau họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị obodo ahụ, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na ndịda Germany (ruo 1996). Ọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo, njikwa ihe mkpofu, ọrụ ogige obodo na oke ọhịa, njikwa ike mpaghara na amụma ihu igwe.. 1993 kọmitii ndị isi nke ICLEI – Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche (ruo 1997). ICLEI bụ nnukwu netwọk na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke raara onwe ya nye maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado mpaghara.. N'afọ 1997, Heller hiwere ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego maka forseo GmbH, nke nwere ọkwa nha nhata n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike ike. O sonyeere ya hibere ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ike anyanwụ na ike ikuku na Chile, Brazil na France, ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ bọọdụ nlekọta na ndụmọdụ. Heller bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Canopus Foundation, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nkeonwe nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe enyemaka na Germany. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-enye onyinye na enyemaka mmepe azụmaahịa nye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa nke ịnweta ike ime obodo maka obodo ndị na-enweta obere ego na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Na 2001, o hiwere "Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE)". Ruo 2016, Canopus Foundation haziri atụmatụ Solar for All zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke ya na Ashoka (òtù) hiwere na 2008.<ref>Schneider, A.: "Der Frühphasenstifter". In: wir - Das Magazin für Unternehmerfamilien, 2 (2012), S. 46-48</ref><ref>Mersch, T. & Merx, S.: "Die Business-Wohltäter". In: enorm - Wirtschaft für den Menschen, 3 (2010), S. 20-27</ref> . Kemgbe afọ 2014, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-akwalite òtù dị iche iche n'ọhịa nke echiche akụ na ụba ọhụrụ gbasara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na sayensị akụ na ụba, ma na-agba ume ka a tụlee ihe ndị dị mkpa maka akụnụba na ọha mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide. Na 2024, a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Thales Academy dị na Freiburg i.Br. * Mmepe Mmadụ Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Obodo Dị Mfe: Ihe Nlereanya nke Freiburg, Germany, 2002, nke S. Sassen deziri, na Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Emepụtara n'okpuru Auspices nke UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, * Mgbanwe ihu igwe - Achọrọ: Ndị Mbụ Movers, Alliance Magazine Vol. 14, Nr. 1, March 2009, peeji nke 39 ff.&nbsp; * (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) Innovative Funding Mechanisms for Social Change, Baden-Baden 2009 * "Nchụpe ihe ịga nke ọma na itinye ha n'ọrụ maka eletrik: microgrids nwere 100% renewable energies na Global South na Germany" (ya na Kirchhoff / Kebir / Neumann / Strunz) na: Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 128 (2016), 190-200 * "The Philosophy of Theory U: A Critical Examination", na: Philosophy nke Management (2018), DOI 10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0, 1-20; <nowiki>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s426-018</nowiki> -0087-0?wt_mc=Internal.Ihe omume.1.SEM.Akụkọ Onye dere ya n'ịntanetịMbụ * "Ọchụnta ego na ihe gbasara Western vs. East Asian Economic Models", na: Seoul Journal nke Economics 2020, Vol. 33, Nke 4, peeji nke 539-559 [DOI: 10.22904/sje.2020.33.4.003]&nbsp; * "Ihe mmụta nke Microcredit". Na: K. Wendt (ed.): Theories of Change, Springer Nature Switzerland 2021, peeji nke 153-168 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52275-9&nbsp; * "Epilogue - omenala ọchụnta ego na East Asia na West: a practitioner's perspective", na: C. Herrmann-Pillath, Qian Zhao (ed.): East Asian Ethical Life and Socio-Economic Transformation in the Twenty-First Century - The Ethical Sources of the Entrepreneurial Renewal of Companies and Communities, Routledge, Oxon 2024, pp. 249-262, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-032-48498-3</nowiki> * "Stiftungen hacken, Interview mit Sebastian Möller", In: L. Hochmann, S. Möller (Hrsg.): Cultiv hacken - Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt, oekom Verlag, München 2024, S. 239-252, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-98726-085-8</nowiki> * "Social Entrepreneurship und das unternehmerische Selbst", In: P. Kenel / J. Eschweiler / H. Hackenberg / M. Wihlenda (Hrsg.): Social Entrepreneurships in Deutschland - Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, utb/transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2024, S. 155-168, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8252-6333-1</nowiki> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k2ww942p8pqm97if4sa75wxy87wt3hp 700879 700878 2026-08-13T07:31:57Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Peter W. Heller.jpg|thumb|Peter W. Heller]] A mụrụ Peter W. Heller na Frankfurt am Main, nwa Wolfgang Heller, onye ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ, na Ingeborg Heller. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara akụnụba na nkà ihe ọmụma na mahadum St. Gallen, mahadum Lausanne (Switzerland) na mahadum Freiburg (Germany) ebe o nwetara PhD ya (Dr. rer.pol.) na 1988 site na edemede ya na "Nsogbu nke Mmebi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Echiche Akụnụba". Na 1988, ọ lụrụ Micaela Heller. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Julia (*1989) na Jakob (*1991), na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ, Romeo. (*2023). == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'afọ 1984, a họpụtara Heller ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Obodo Freiburg ma jee ozi na kọmitii kansụl maka mmefu ego obodo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na omenala. Ọ hapụrụ kansụl ahụ n'afọ 1990 mgbe a họpụtachara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo.<ref>[https://www.zeit.de/1995/34/Alles_Oeko_oder_was_ DIE ZEIT, 34 (1995)]</ref> Na 1990, kansụl nke Obodo Freiburg im Breisgau họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi obodo ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị obodo ahụ, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na ndịda Germany (ruo 1996). Ọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo, njikwa ihe mkpofu, ọrụ ogige obodo na oke ọhịa, njikwa ike mpaghara na amụma ihu igwe.. 1993 kọmitii ndị isi nke ICLEI – Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche (ruo 1997). ICLEI bụ nnukwu netwọk na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke raara onwe ya nye maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado mpaghara.<ref>Berliner Zeitung: [http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/staedte-wollen-regierungen-unter-druck-setzen-linz-baut-eine--solar-city--fuer-25-000-menschen,10810590,8930110.html], retrieved 12 March 2013.</ref> N'afọ 1997, Heller hiwere ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego maka forseo GmbH, nke nwere ọkwa nha nhata n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike ike. O sonyeere ya hibere ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ike anyanwụ na ike ikuku na Chile, Brazil na France, ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ bọọdụ nlekọta na ndụmọdụ. Heller bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Canopus Foundation, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nkeonwe nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe enyemaka na Germany. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-enye onyinye na enyemaka mmepe azụmaahịa nye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa nke ịnweta ike ime obodo maka obodo ndị na-enweta obere ego na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Na 2001, o hiwere "Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE)". Ruo 2016, Canopus Foundation haziri atụmatụ Solar for All zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke ya na Ashoka (òtù) hiwere na 2008.<ref>Schneider, A.: "Der Frühphasenstifter". In: wir - Das Magazin für Unternehmerfamilien, 2 (2012), S. 46-48</ref><ref>Mersch, T. & Merx, S.: "Die Business-Wohltäter". In: enorm - Wirtschaft für den Menschen, 3 (2010), S. 20-27</ref> . Kemgbe afọ 2014, ntọala ahụ anọwo na-akwalite òtù dị iche iche n'ọhịa nke echiche akụ na ụba ọhụrụ gbasara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na sayensị akụ na ụba, ma na-agba ume ka a tụlee ihe ndị dị mkpa maka akụnụba na ọha mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide. Na 2024, a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Thales Academy dị na Freiburg i.Br. * Mmepe Mmadụ Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Obodo Dị Mfe: Ihe Nlereanya nke Freiburg, Germany, 2002, nke S. Sassen deziri, na Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Emepụtara n'okpuru Auspices nke UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, * Mgbanwe ihu igwe - Achọrọ: Ndị Mbụ Movers, Alliance Magazine Vol. 14, Nr. 1, March 2009, peeji nke 39 ff.&nbsp; * (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) Innovative Funding Mechanisms for Social Change, Baden-Baden 2009 * "Nchụpe ihe ịga nke ọma na itinye ha n'ọrụ maka eletrik: microgrids nwere 100% renewable energies na Global South na Germany" (ya na Kirchhoff / Kebir / Neumann / Strunz) na: Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 128 (2016), 190-200 * "The Philosophy of Theory U: A Critical Examination", na: Philosophy nke Management (2018), DOI 10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0, 1-20; <nowiki>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s426-018</nowiki> -0087-0?wt_mc=Internal.Ihe omume.1.SEM.Akụkọ Onye dere ya n'ịntanetịMbụ * "Ọchụnta ego na ihe gbasara Western vs. East Asian Economic Models", na: Seoul Journal nke Economics 2020, Vol. 33, Nke 4, peeji nke 539-559 [DOI: 10.22904/sje.2020.33.4.003]&nbsp; * "Ihe mmụta nke Microcredit". Na: K. Wendt (ed.): Theories of Change, Springer Nature Switzerland 2021, peeji nke 153-168 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52275-9&nbsp; * "Epilogue - omenala ọchụnta ego na East Asia na West: a practitioner's perspective", na: C. Herrmann-Pillath, Qian Zhao (ed.): East Asian Ethical Life and Socio-Economic Transformation in the Twenty-First Century - The Ethical Sources of the Entrepreneurial Renewal of Companies and Communities, Routledge, Oxon 2024, pp. 249-262, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-032-48498-3</nowiki> * "Stiftungen hacken, Interview mit Sebastian Möller", In: L. Hochmann, S. Möller (Hrsg.): Cultiv hacken - Einfallstore in eine nachhaltige Arbeitswelt, oekom Verlag, München 2024, S. 239-252, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-98726-085-8</nowiki> * "Social Entrepreneurship und das unternehmerische Selbst", In: P. Kenel / J. Eschweiler / H. Hackenberg / M. Wihlenda (Hrsg.): Social Entrepreneurships in Deutschland - Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Praxis, utb/transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2024, S. 155-168, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8252-6333-1</nowiki> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qof6cayupsmer18so92hztkm2pi0esc 0 76687 700786 698267 2026-08-12T16:41:40Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ịrịba ama */ added reference 700786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa. == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ. Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn"> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn"> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn"> <ref name="penn"> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eoy13ugxxe9w7g9l6q9n1t4gnthob0b 700787 700786 2026-08-12T16:44:09Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ịrịba ama */ added reference 700787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa. == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ. Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn"> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA">  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn"> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn"> <ref name="penn"> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4m92w9mezalf3j5cnomde02enouc48t 700792 700787 2026-08-12T16:48:03Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ịrịba ama */ added reference 700792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa. == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ. Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn"> <ref name="penn"> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f0q1kv2dvyxngkhpug498uuy2ilura3 700793 700792 2026-08-12T16:49:32Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọgwụgwọ */ fixed reference error 700793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa. == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ. Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6rgyr5gm7jysn8gxdw0ic8l3hyjl37u 700794 700793 2026-08-12T16:53:55Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Nnụnụ */ added reference 700794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa. == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ.<ref name = USFWS>{{Citation | title = Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = June 2010 | url = http://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/dhjicfwsoilimpactswildlifefactsheet.pdf }}</ref> Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c91qepj2aun9e557kbg7zvmn9sl50vc 700803 700794 2026-08-12T17:49:57Z Chigozirim2005 19722 /* Ihe kpatara ya */ added reference 700803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa.<ref name = penn /> Animals may also become contaminated by eating other contaminated animals.</ref> == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ.<ref name = USFWS>{{Citation | title = Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = June 2010 | url = http://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/dhjicfwsoilimpactswildlifefactsheet.pdf }}</ref> Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks. Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g7xlrdixwikalzvhkiwjqp93p7tkdyi 700805 700803 2026-08-12T18:02:23Z Chigozirim2005 19722 /* Anụ na-enye nwa ara */ added reference 700805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa.<ref name = penn /> Animals may also become contaminated by eating other contaminated animals.</ref> == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ.<ref name = USFWS>{{Citation | title = Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = June 2010 | url = http://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/dhjicfwsoilimpactswildlifefactsheet.pdf }}</ref> Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks.<ref name = USFWS /> It affects a variety of marine mammals, including [[sea otter]]s (''Enhydra lutris''), [[whale]]s (Order: Cetacea), [[dolphin]]s (Suborder: Odontoceti), [[Pinniped|seals]] (Clade: Pinnipedia), and [[manatee]]s (''Trichechus'' spp.). Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bvwyr5lf8ka7mkmcoqrdinbaiuwvcw2 700807 700805 2026-08-12T18:08:51Z Chigozirim2005 19722 /* Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ */ 700807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa.<ref name = penn /> Animals may also become contaminated by eating other contaminated animals.</ref> == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ.<ref name = USFWS>{{Citation | title = Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = June 2010 | url = http://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/dhjicfwsoilimpactswildlifefactsheet.pdf }}</ref> Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks.<ref name = USFWS /> It affects a variety of marine mammals, including [[sea otter]]s (''Enhydra lutris''), [[whale]]s (Order: Cetacea), [[dolphin]]s (Suborder: Odontoceti), [[Pinniped|seals]] (Clade: Pinnipedia), and [[manatee]]s (''Trichechus'' spp.). Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. <ref name = USFWS /> Oil in water can contaminate algae, plankton, and fish eggs, which in turn contaminate fish that feed on them.<ref name = USFWS />Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] egwh4p1g0c71o4bg7fktscmjnygn01i 700817 700807 2026-08-12T18:33:25Z Chigozirim2005 19722 /* Ihe kpatara ya */ added reference 700817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oiled_bird_3.jpg|alt=An oiled bird from Oil Spill in San Francisco Bay. About 58,000 gallons of oil spilled from a South Korea-bound container ship when it struck a tower supporting the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in dense fog on 11/07/07.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Surf scoter kpuchiri na mmanụ n'ihi 2007 San Francisco Bay mmanụ. ]] Ngosipụta na mmanụ (petroleum) nwere ike ịkpata mmebi ma n'èzí na nke ime ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta kachasị n'ụdị nnụnụ, anụ mamma nke mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A na-enwekarị ike ịmata anụ ọhịa ndị ọ metụtara site na nlele anya, a pụkwara ịgwọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụtara ya n'oge. Isi ebe a na-enweta mmanụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ na mberede sitere n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ, ọkpọkọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ma na-edozi mmanụ.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-akpata mmetụ mmanụ anụ ọhịa bụ nsị mmanụ. [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] na nso ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, paịpụ, olulu mmiri na refineries. Mwụfu mmanụ na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu karị n'oge oyi na mmalite ọnwa opupu ihe ubi, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ na-eju oyi na-ezukọ n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="penn"> Mmanụ a na-akpọ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (nke a makwaara dị ka Mmanụ a Na-akpọ BP Oil Spill) gburu ihe karịrị nnụnụ 8,000, mbe mmiri na anụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri site n'April ruo Septemba na 2010.</ref> <ref name = NEF>{{Citation | title = How does the BP Oil Spill Impact Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = National Wildlife Federation | url = https://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife.aspx | access-date = 24 October 2013 | archive-date = 9 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409232546/http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụ mmanụ ahụ aka, ma nwee ike iri, iku ume ma ọ bụ ịmị ya. Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa site na iri anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọrịa.<ref name = penn /> Animals may also become contaminated by eating other contaminated animals.</ref> == Ụdị ndị metụtara == Anụmanụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịbanye ozugbo na mmanụ wụfuru. Otú ọ dị, ụdị mmiri na-enwekarị mmetụta site na mwụfu mmanụ. === Nnụnụ === N'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-emetụta site na itinye mmanụ n'oge ya, nnụnụ na-emetụtakarị nke ukwuu. Nnụnụ ndị na-akpa akwụ́ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imetụta ha, gụnyere loons (''Gavia'' spp.), grebes (Family: Podicipedidae), murres (''Uria'' spp.), pelicans (Famly: Pelecanidae), na penguins (Fammy: Spheniscidae). <ref name="FMWD" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-anwụkarị site na hypothermia, agụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmiri riri. Nnụnụ nwere ike ịbịakwute mmanụ site na ikpughe ya kpọmkwem, nke na-eduga na iri, iku ume, na ịmịkọrọ. Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ihe na-egbochi mmiri nke ábụ́bà ha, ha nwekwara ike iri mmanụ n'oge preening.Nnụnụ ndị e ji mmanụ kpuchie na-efunahụ ikike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ, ife efe, ma na-ese n'elu mmiri. Iri mmanụ nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ n'akpa ume, imeju na akụrụ, na-edugakarị ọnwụ.<ref name = USFWS>{{Citation | title = Effects of Oil on Wildlife and Habitat | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = June 2010 | url = http://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/dhjicfwsoilimpactswildlifefactsheet.pdf }}</ref> Mmanụ ahụ nwekwara ike imetụta akwa ụmụ nwanyị ọ metụtara, na-ebutekarị ọnwụ nwa embrayo ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ nke ịmụ nwa. l5-20 microliters nke mmanụ nwere ike igbu embryo ma ọ bụrụ na àkwá ahụ emetụ aka.Àkwá a na-eyi tupu mmanụ awụfu nwekwara ike imebi ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ nwere nsogbu anọdụ n'akwụ́. y === Anụ na-enye nwa ara === Mwụfu mmanụ na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nnụnụ na-esi emetụta, gụnyere mmebi akụkụ ahụ, igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, mgbakasị ahụ anụ ahụ, na mgbanwe omume. Ọ na-emetụta anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ala na-eri anụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-ahụ mmanụ ozugbo. Nke a na-agụnye ndị na-eri nri, dị ka raccoons na skunks.<ref name = USFWS /> It affects a variety of marine mammals, including [[sea otter]]s (''Enhydra lutris''), [[whale]]s (Order: Cetacea), [[dolphin]]s (Suborder: Odontoceti), [[Pinniped|seals]] (Clade: Pinnipedia), and [[manatee]]s (''Trichechus'' spp.). Ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, gụnyere otters (''Enhydra lutris''), whale (Order: Cetacea), dolphin (Suborder: Odontoceti), seal (Clade: Pinnipedia), na Manatees (Trichechus spp.). otters nke oké osimiri so n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri, n'ihi na mmanụ ahụ na-akpaghasị ikike ha ijide ikuku n'ime ajị ha maka mkpuchi. === Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mbe mmiri (Superfamily: Chelonioidea), azụ, na shellfish nwekwara ike imetụta ya n'ụzọ dị njọ site na nsị mmanụ. Igurube mmiri nwere ike imetụta mgbe ha laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri iji tụọ àkwá. <ref name = USFWS /> Oil in water can contaminate algae, plankton, and fish eggs, which in turn contaminate fish that feed on them.<ref name = USFWS />Azụ na-emetụta site na mmanụ nke gills na usoro mgbari nri ha na-etinye. Ọtụtụ ụdị shellfish nwere ike ịlanarị mmanụ, mana na-akwakọba ọkwa dị elu n'ime ahụ ha.Mmanụ dị na mmiri nwere ike imerụ algae, plankton, na àkwá azụ, nke na-emetọkwa azụ na-eri ha. == Ihe ịrịba ama == A na-ahụkarị anụmanụ ndị mmanụ na-emetụta n'èzí ma ọ bụ chọta site na ísì. N'ìhè ụfọdụ, mmanụ ndị na-apụta ìhè nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta n'ụzọ anya.<ref name="FMWD">{{Cite book|author=Franson|first=J Christian|title=Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases|year=1999|location=USA|pages=309–316|url=https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/chapter_42.pdf|id=ITR1999-0001|isbn=978-0-607-88096-0|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref> A pụkwara ịchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ site na nyocha site n'ịchọpụta hydrocarbons mmanụ na abụba, imeju, ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ akụrụ ha <ref name="penn" /> Maka nyocha mmebi, ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ahụ ga-eme mgbe mmanụ ahụ wụsịrị. <ref name="FMWD" /> Ike nke mmebi ahụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ a wụfuru na mmeghe anụmanụ na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, obere nsị n'oge ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa nnukwu nsị n"oge ma ọ dị obere. Mmanụ n'èzí na-edugakarị na ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ábụ́bà na-emebi emebi, na-akpata ọnwụ site na hypothermia.<ref name = NOAA>{{Citation | title = How Toxic is Oil | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | url = http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/oilymess/supp_toxic.html | access-date = 24 October 2013}}</ref> Iji mmanụ emekọrịta ihe nwekwara ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, nke na-emebi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ ịsọ mpi maka nri ma ọ bụ izere ndị na-eri anụ.<ref name="NOAA" />  Iri mmanụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị iche iche n'ime. Ihe ndị a gụnyere [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na mmebi nke afọ na eriri afọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrịa ọrịa mmiri na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, n'ihi mbelata nke usoro okpomọkụ.<ref name="penn" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == A ga-ehicha anụmanụ ndị mmanụ metụtara ma kwe ka ha gbakee site na nrụgide. A ga-edebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị jụụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ka ha na-agbake.<ref name="penn" /> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hc216vl0bsryuskju5ftoy2i9ap84cj 0 77050 700797 697153 2026-08-12T17:06:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700797 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Dr | name = Musa Babayo | image = | width = | caption = Babayo in 2018 | order1 = | office1 = Chairman Board of Trustees [[Tertiary Education Trust Fund|TETFund]]<ref name="The Eagle Online" />{{cite news |last1=Adebowale |first1=Segun |title=TETFund spends N300b on tertiary schools in four years – Chairman – |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tetfund-spends-n300b-on-tertiary-schools-in-four-years-chairman/ |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Eagle Online |date=2 November 2013}}</ref> | termstart1 = 13 September 2013 | termend1 = 16 July 2015 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = National Secretary of the <br>[[PDP National Working Committee]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A Former National Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party and the Immediate Past Chairman, Board Of Trustees of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Dr. Musa Babayo's Interview With Newsmen |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/187965/a-former-national-secretary-of-the-peoples-democratic-party.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> | termstart2 = March 2012 | termend2 = 2015 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_name = Musa Babayo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|3|21}} | birth_place = [[Azare]], [[Bauchi State]] | death_date = | death_place = | profession = | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | spouse = | footnotes = | website = }} '''Musa Babayo''' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Badejo|first=Abiodun|title=PDP National Congress: Tukur Vs Babayo, who wears the crown|url=https://dailypost.ng/2012/03/24/pdp-national-congress-tukur-vs-babayo-who-wears-the-crown/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=24 March 2012|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> (amụrụ na 21 Machị 1957) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye isi ala bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mba nke PDP National Working Committee <ref>{{Cite news|title=Stalemate: PDP fails to produce BoT Chairman, OBJ absent [DETAILS] » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/stalemate-pdp-fails-to-produce-bot-chairman-obj-absent-details/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=YNaija|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Board of Trustees (BoT) – Peoples Democratic Party Nigeria|url=https://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/?page_id=755|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> site na 2012 ruo 2015 tupu ọ banye na All Progressives Congress (APC) na 15 Ọktoba 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Idris|first=Fateema|title=Former Governor Yuguda begs President Buhari for forgiveness as APC flags off campaign in Bauchi|url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/governor-yuguda-begs-president-buhari-forgiveness-apc-flags-campaign-bauchi-186451|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=TODAY|date=12 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote odeakwụkwọ mba nke pati ahụ site na 2008 ruo 2011 tupu o mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mba.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Buhari's anti-corruption war in order, says ex-PDP's national secretary|url=https://scannewsnigeria.com/politics/buharis-anti-corruption-war-in-order-says-ex-pdps-national-secretary/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=ScanNews Nigeria}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Musa ma zụlite ya na [[Azare]], [[Katagum]] ime obodo, Bauchi steeti. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Nasarawa West, Azare, 1965-1972 wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katagum Government, Azare site na 1972 ruo 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Reporter 1|first=K. S. A.|date=2021-03-21|title=Talban Katagum Clocks 64|url=https://ksanational.com/talban-katagum-clocks-64/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Katagum Students’ Association - KSA|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria]] ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na nchịkwa, ụlọ akụ na ego. Ọ gara Manchester Business School, UK maka ọmụmụ Senior Bankers, June 1993, na University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST), UK maka nzere masta na njikwa na teknụzụ, 1984.<ref name="Flash Point News">{{Cite news|title=THE MEN WHO WHO WANT TO HEAD PDP AND WADATA PLAZA|url=https://flashpointnews.com/2012/03/23/the-men-who-who-want-to-pdp-and-wadata-plaza/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Flash Point News|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ nwetara PhD na Mahadum Abuja, FCT, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Failing Forward II – Dr. Musa Babayo (PhD)|url=https://www.thestreethawker.com/bestsellers/2016/12/16/failing-forward-ii-dr-musa-babayo-phd|work=The Street Hawker|accessdate=23 March 2020|archivedate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323101243/https://www.thestreethawker.com/bestsellers/2016/12/16/failing-forward-ii-dr-musa-babayo-phd}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == N'etiti ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Babayo ejidela ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọha na nke onwe. Dịka onye ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Education Trust Fund na onyeisi oche nke Board of Trustees TETFund, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-22|title='Babayo Laid A Legacy Of Performance At TETFUND'|url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/babayo-laid-legacy-performance-tetfund/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=The Dream Daily|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323101244/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/babayo-laid-legacy-performance-tetfund/}}</ref> nhọpụta nke e mere ka ọ dịruo afọ anọ, mana e tisasịrị ndị isi ahụ afọ abụọ tupu oge ọrụ ya agwụ na 16 Julaị 2015. === TETFund === Dị ka onye isi oche nke Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), <ref>{{Cite news|author=Trust|first=Daily|title=page 40|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/page-40-17.html|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=17 September 2015|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Babayo jisiri ike mee mgbanwe ahụ nke dugara na mwepụ nke Iwu Ụtụ Isi nke 1998 ma jiri Iwu Establishment nke TetFund nke Julaị 2011 dochie ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Fear Of Ahmad Mu'azu And Dr. Musa Babayo Is The Sum Of All Fears - By Bello Mukhtar * 247ureports.com|url=https://247ureports.com/2019/07/the-fear-of-ahmad-muazu-and-dr-musa-babayo-is-the-the-sum-of-all-fears-by-bello-mukhtar/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=247ureports.com|date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TETFUND calls on Universities to access funds for research|url=http://www.aitonline.tv/post-tetfund_calls_on_universities_to_access_funds_for_research|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=aitonline.tv}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nabatara [[National Open University of Nigeria]] (NOUN), dịka onye ga-erite uru na ego ahụ, na ịkwaga mahadum ahụ site na Lagos gaa na ebe obibi ya na-adịgide adịgide na Abuja site na inye akụrụngwa agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa. Na 2015, o webatara mmemme ịkwalite ikike nke a maara dị ka Ọzụzụ na Mmepe Ndị Ọrụ Academic (ASTD) ebe e tinyere ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta 26,000 n'ọrụ ahụ nke na-agbaso MSc na PhD. Dịka ọ dị n'oge ahụ, a maara ASTD dị ka mmemme ịkwalite ikike kachasị ukwuu nke ụlọ akụ ọha na eze na-akwado n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Use TETFund Intervention Properly – Wike|url=http://unaab.edu.ng/funaab-ocw/index.php/latest-news/285-news-published-in-march-2014/16768-utilise-tetfund-intervention-properly-wike|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=unaab.edu.ng}}</ref> N'oge ọ bụ onyeisi oche, Babayo webatara ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum dị na Tertiary Institutions, e dekọrọkwa na ihe karịrị ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ 30,000 eritela uru na mmemme ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=StackPath|url=https://leadership.ng/2020/02/20/tetfund-and-library-intervention-in-nigerian-tertiary-institutions/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọ malitere iwebata ụlọ akwụkwọ nlereanya Almajiri (Boarding na Day) n'oge onye bụbu onye isi ala Naijiria, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] na steeti 19 nke Northern na Edo. E wuru 100 n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na ndebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ zuru oke. E kenyere N2B maka ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-apụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Our|title=Babayo Laid A Legacy Of Performance at TETFUND|url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/babayo-laid-legacy-performance-tetfund/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=The Dream Daily|date=22 June 2016}}</ref> A rụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke TETFund tupu njedebe nke ọrụ ya. <ref name="The Eagle Online">{{Cite news|author=Adebowale|first=Segun|title=TETFund spends N300b on tertiary schools in four years – Chairman –|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tetfund-spends-n300b-on-tertiary-schools-in-four-years-chairman/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=The Eagle Online|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Stakeholders urge peace, unity ahead Christmas|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/stakeholders-urge-peace-unity-ahead-christmas/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=15 December 2019|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TETFund's board approves 5-year vision for improved education quality|url=https://archive.businessday.ng/breaking-news/article/tetfunds-board-approves-5-year-vision-for-improved-education-quality/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=29 September 2014|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> === Allied Bank of Nigeria Plc (1982- 1996) === Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ, ọ bụ onye njikwa mpaghara nke Allied Bank na 1982 ruo 1996. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmepe azụmaahịa nke alaka ndị dị na ngalaba ahụ, na-elekwasị anya nke ọma n'imeziwanye uru na ibelata ọnụ ahịa; ịtọ ntọala maka alaka ndị ahụ iji mee ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo mma, maka inye ndị ahịa ọrụ ka mma sokwa n'iwu zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP Chair: Options Before The Ruling Party|url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2011/07/07/pdp-chair-options-before-the-ruling-party/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=Nigeria A-Z Online|date=7 July 2011}}</ref> === Inland Bank Nigeria. Ltd (April-July), 1990 === Babayo kwagara na Inland Bank dị ka GM na onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ na 1990 ma bụrụkwa onye ọrụ ya bụ ịtọ ntọala maka uto ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'akụkụ niile nke ụlọ akụ ahụ, nke gụnyere Njikwa Akụrụngwa Ego na Ihe Ize Ndụ, Njikwa Akụrụngwa Mmadụ, Nchịkwa, Atụmatụ ọnọdụ Alaka, mmezi uru, na atụmatụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ izugbe na ndị ọzọ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Babayo so na ndị guzobere People's Democratic Party <ref name="Flash Point News"/> tupu ọ banye na All Progressives Congress na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Katagum, steeti Bauchi na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2015. N'oge ọchịchị ya na PDP, Babayo bụ onye otu ndị nlekọta PDP ruo ọtụtụ afọ, tupu a họpụta ya dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ mba nke kọmitii ọrụ PDP <ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP in 2011: A party embroiled in controversies|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/pdp-in-2011-a-party-embroiled-in-controversies/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=5 January 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=There must be reform in PDP – Musa Babayo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/there-must-be-reform-in-pdp-musa-babayo/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=3 March 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=A Former National Secretary of the Peoples Democratic Party and the Immediate Past Chairman, Board Of Trustees of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Dr. Musa Babayo's Interview With Newsmen|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/187965/a-former-national-secretary-of-the-peoples-democratic-party.html|work=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=PDP CONVENTION: Coercive consensus as culture|url=http://www.myfinancialintelligence.com/content/pdp-convention-coercive-consensus-culture|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=FinIntell}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ akpọrọ The Economic Diplomacy and Nigeria's Foreign Policy nke e bipụtara na 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musa Babayo and Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy – Daily Times Nigeria|url=https://dailytimes.ng/2016/03/10/musa-babayo-nigerias-economic-diplomacy/amp/|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepening Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy - By Abdul Mahmud * 247ureports.com|url=https://247ureports.com/2015/07/deepening-nigerias-economic-diplomacy-by-abdul-mahmud/|accessdate=23 March 2020|work=247ureports.com|date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fighting corruption, duty of all Nigerians – Falana|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/fighting-corruption-duty-of-all-nigerians-falana.html|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Buhari change revolution|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-buhari-change-revolution/amp/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=15 August 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Health Minister Joins Bauchi Governorship Race|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/15294/former-health-minister-joins-bauchi-governorship-race/|publisher=SilverbirdTV|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=18 September 2014|archivedate=25 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325155332/https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/15294/former-health-minister-joins-bauchi-governorship-race/}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == E nyere Babayo utu aha Talban Katagum site n'aka [[Eze nke Bauchi]] Emirate, [[Suleiman Adamu]], na 13 Jenụwarị 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Online|title=The Other Alternative Retrieves Statement on Talban Katagum|url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/71413-the-other-alternative-retrieves-statement-on-talban-katagum.html|work=OnlineNigeria.com|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=8 March 2020|archivedate=25 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325155331/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/71413-the-other-alternative-retrieves-statement-on-talban-katagum.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adelaja|first=Tayo|title=Talban Katagum Ya 'Yantar Da Fursunoni 152 Masu Laifukan Bashi A Jihar Bauchi|url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/2017/11/16/talban-katagum-ya-yantar-da-fursunoni-152-masu-laifukan-bashi-jihar-bauchi/|accessdate=23 March 2020|date=16 November 2017|language=ha|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye natara onyinye onye ọrụ ọha na eze kachasị mma site na Independent Service Delivery Monitoring Group (ISDMG) na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ISDMG rewards performing public institutions|url=http://pointblanknews.com/pbn/news/isdmg-rewards-performing-public-institutions/|work=Pointblank News|accessdate=25 March 2020|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria * [[Peoples Democratic Party|Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị mmadụ]] * [[All Progressives Congress|Nzukọ Ndị Ọganihu Nile]] * Bamanga Tukur == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809034124/http://www.tetfund.gov.ng/download/News%20Panorama%20Feb%202015.pdf TETFund] * [https://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/?page_id=755 Kọmitii Ọrụ Mba PDP] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lkgfc4w62bvbc7wk68001hwjb11qrub 0 77088 700874 661605 2026-08-13T07:20:50Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Eric Kelechi | image = | office = Deputy Governor of [[Ebonyi State]] | governor = [[Dave Umahi]] | term_start = 29 May 2015 | term_end = 29 May 2023 | predecessor = | successor = [[Patricia Obila]] | birth_name = Eric Kelechi Igwe | birth_date = }} Eric Kelechi Igwe bụ ọkaiwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke jere ozi dịka osote gọvanọ Ebonyi Steeti site na Mee 2015 ruo Mee 2023. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-04-01|title=[JUST IN] Defection: Appeal Court dismisses suit against Umahi, deputy|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-defection-appeal-court-dismisses-suit-against-umahi-deputy/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-04-02|title=Appeal Court dismisses suit seeking to sack Umahi|url=https://guardian.ng/news/appeal-court-dismisses-suit-seeking-to-sack-umahi/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Na Machị 8, 2022, Ụlọikpe Ukwu nke Federal dị na Abuja chụpụrụ Igwe na gọvanọ Dave Umahi dịka Gọvanọ na Osote Gọvanọ nke Ebonyi Steeti n'otu n'otu maka ịgbaga na All Progressives Congress mgbe ha nọ n'ọkwa. Ụlọikpe ahụ kwuru na votu ndị mmadụ nyere Umahi bụ nke People's Democratic Party nakwa site n'ịhapụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ weghaara dị ka nke ha. Ụlọikpe ahụ nyere PDP iwu ozugbo ka ha nyefee aha onye ga-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ ha nye INEC ma ọ bụ ka e mee ntuli aka ọhụrụ na Ebonyi Steeti.<ref name="SAC">{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-court-sacks-umahi-deputy-over-defection-to-apc/|title=BREAKING: Court sacks Umahi, deputy over defection to APC|first=Noah|author=Banjo|date=8 March 2022|work=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="SAC2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-court-sacks-umahi-deputy-over-defection-to-apc/|title=BREAKING: Court sacks Umahi, deputy over defection to APC|first=Bolanle|author=Olabimtan|date=8 March 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|accessdate=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="vanguardreverse">{{cite news |title=Breaking: Appeal Court reverses judgment sacking Umahi, Deputy |work=Vanguard |date=28 October 2022 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/breaking-appeal-court-reverses-judgment-sacking-umahi-deputy/ |access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref><ref name="sunreverse">{{cite news |title=Defection: Why Appeal Court reversed judgment sacking David Umahi, deputy |work=The Sun (Nigeria) |date=28 October 2022 |url=https://thesun.ng/defection-why-appeal-court-reversed-judgment-sacking-david-umahi-deputy/ |access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sy7o77j0hmu87raybm19yt60wsxb4g0 0 77090 700872 697495 2026-08-13T07:16:22Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700872 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mazi Samuel Goomsu Ikoku bụ onye otu ndị ọrụ na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa. Dịka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Southampton, Ikoku kwadoro ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Naịjirịa, na-ede akụkọ ndị West African Pilot bipụtara. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere ndị otu nnwere onwe, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour, duziri Michael Imoudu ma mesịa guzobe otu United Working People's Party na 1952. Otu afọ ka nke a gasịrị, e kewara pati ahụ n'ihu ọha, gọọmentị mere nke a mgbe ha kpọchara òtù ahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na onye kọmunist. Ikoku mechara malite mmekọrịta ya na Action Group (AG) nke gbasaara ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị mbụ. <ref name="azinge">{{Cite magazine |last1=Azinge |first1=Azuka |last2=Ikuniaye |first2=Mahmud |date=1973 |title=Newbreed Personality: Samuel G. Ikoku |magazine=Newbreed |location=Lagos |publisher=New breed organization |volume=2 |pages=44–51}}</ref> Ikoku na-ekwu okwu n'okwu mba mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ụdị a mere ka a kpọọ ya onye na-ese okwu site n'aka onye bụbu Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Sam Momah. <ref>Omenuwa, Onyema. "Farewell, Nationalist: Three Months After His Death, S.G. Ikoku, MON, Goes 'Home' in a Blaze of Glory." Theweek, Jul 21 1997, p. 31. ProQuest</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ikoku na Alvan Ikoku si Arochuku na Grace Ikoku si Calabar. Ikoku gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Achimota College wee mechaa mụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum College, Southampton. Malite na 1946, Ikoku nwere mmasị na ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Nnamdi Azikiwe na-edu. Ọ malitere ide akụkọ na West African Pilot nke Azikiwe na-akatọ Kansụl Iwu, ebe nna ya bụ onye otu ahọpụtara, na-arụ ụka megide kansụl dị ka gọọmentị amachibidoro ma na-ekwekọ na echiche Azikiwe gbasara nnwere onwe ozugbo. Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe, ọ zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Eileen. Ọ laghachiri na Naịjirịa na 1949 wee sonye na ọrụ obodo, n'oge a, ọ malitere ọrụ ndụmọdụ na otu ndị ọrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ gọọmentị na 1951, iji tinye oge ya n'ọrụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour nke na-achọ njikọ na World Federation of Trade Unions. Ikoku sonyeere otu ndị ntorobịa socialist iji guzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi, United Working People's Party, n'adabereghị n'aka ndị a ma ama. N'oge a, ọ malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ndị edemede na-akwado echiche Stalinist. Ndị ọchịchị colonial chụpụrụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Union education in Nigeria : labor, empire, and decolonization since 1945|author=Ibikunle.|first=Tijani, Hakeem|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137003591|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=795516354}}</ref> N'afọ 1950, Ikoku sonyeere otu n'ime pati ndị a ma ama mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Action Group nke nwere usoro nhazi siri ike. E nyere Ikoku ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nhazi ozugbo. Na 1957, o meriri na ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara, na nzukọ ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya AG ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndu ndị mmegide. N'oge mkpọsa tupu ntuli aka ahụ, nna Ikoku nọ na-azọ otu oche ahụ n'okpuru United National Independent Party.. Ikoku bụ onye otu otu soshal midia nke Action Group. Ndị otu a ga-elekwasị anya n'echiche dị ka ngwa ọrụ mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikwere na ọchịchị eze dị ka ihe egwu dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayoade|first=John A. A.|date=1985|title=Party and Ideology in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Action Group|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1985-12_16_2/page/169|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=169–188|doi=10.1177/002193478501600204}}</ref> Na 1960, pati ahụ nakweere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dịka echiche mana ndị isi mba nke pati ahụ na onyeisiala mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ kwadoro kapitalizim. Na 1962, ọ gara Ghana, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu nsogbu otu ebido n'ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke butere ọnọdụ mberede. E mechara boo ụfọdụ ndị otu Action Group ebubo maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Na Ghana, Ikoku haziri alaka nke otu ahụ ma rụọkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Nkrumah's Ideological Institute na dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka magazin Spark, nke e bipụtara na Ghana. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye ga-eso Aminu Kano zọọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka 1979 nke Shehu Shagari meriri. Mana, malite n'oge ọchịchị mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịpụ n'echiche ndị otu ọchịchị ya. Ọ hapụrụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke National Party of Nigeria.N'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa, Ikoku akwadoghị nkewa. E jidere ya obere oge mgbe ọ lọtara site na Ghana mana e mechara họpụta ya kọmishọna maka Mmepe Akụ na ụba na Ahụike na Steeti Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Etiti. . Ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ Aminu Kano na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 1979 nke [[Shehu Shagari]] meriri. Otú ọ dị, malite n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịhapụ echiche ya nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ hapụụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke Pati mba Naịjirịa . <ref name="ige">Ige, Taye. "The Doublespeaker." The Week, October 31, 1994, p. 13. ProQuest.</ref> O kwuru maka ịgbatị ọrụ ndị agha n'ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa n'oge ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, ma mechaa bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Mmejuputa Mgbanwe n'oge ọchịchị Sani Abacha. Dịka osote onyeisi oche, Ikoku rụrụ ụka na Abacha nwere onwe ya ịnọchi onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ekweta ịhọpụta ya dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala ha. [[Patti Boulaye|Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1997. Ikoku bụ nna di ya nke Patti Boulaye.]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/03/patti-boulaye-family-values-mother-hid-30-people-nigeria-biafra-war|title=Patti Boulaye: 'My mother hid up to 30 people at a time in our house'|date=2016-06-03|accessdate=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 8bwoue4pf0d9syuva9fdhedqggm3cqy 700873 700872 2026-08-13T07:17:18Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700873 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mazi Samuel Goomsu Ikoku bụ onye otu ndị ọrụ na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa. Dịka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Southampton, Ikoku kwadoro ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Naịjirịa, na-ede akụkọ ndị West African Pilot bipụtara. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere ndị otu nnwere onwe, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour, duziri Michael Imoudu ma mesịa guzobe otu United Working People's Party na 1952. Otu afọ ka nke a gasịrị, e kewara pati ahụ n'ihu ọha, gọọmentị mere nke a mgbe ha kpọchara òtù ahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na onye kọmunist. Ikoku mechara malite mmekọrịta ya na Action Group (AG) nke gbasaara ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị mbụ. <ref name="azinge">{{Cite magazine |last1=Azinge |first1=Azuka |last2=Ikuniaye |first2=Mahmud |date=1973 |title=Newbreed Personality: Samuel G. Ikoku |magazine=Newbreed |location=Lagos |publisher=New breed organization |volume=2 |pages=44–51}}</ref> Ikoku na-ekwu okwu n'okwu mba mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ụdị a mere ka a kpọọ ya onye na-ese okwu site n'aka onye bụbu Minista Sayensị na Teknụzụ, Sam Momah. <ref>Omenuwa, Onyema. "Farewell, Nationalist: Three Months After His Death, S.G. Ikoku, MON, Goes 'Home' in a Blaze of Glory." Theweek, Jul 21 1997, p. 31. ProQuest</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ikoku na Alvan Ikoku si Arochuku na Grace Ikoku si Calabar. Ikoku gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Achimota College wee mechaa mụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum College, Southampton. Malite na 1946, Ikoku nwere mmasị na ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Nnamdi Azikiwe na-edu. Ọ malitere ide akụkọ na West African Pilot nke Azikiwe na-akatọ Kansụl Iwu, ebe nna ya bụ onye otu ahọpụtara, na-arụ ụka megide kansụl dị ka gọọmentị amachibidoro ma na-ekwekọ na echiche Azikiwe gbasara nnwere onwe ozugbo. Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe, ọ zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Eileen. Ọ laghachiri na Naịjirịa na 1949 wee sonye na ọrụ obodo, n'oge a, ọ malitere ọrụ ndụmọdụ na otu ndị ọrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ gọọmentị na 1951, iji tinye oge ya n'ọrụ na Nigerian Federation of Labour nke na-achọ njikọ na World Federation of Trade Unions. Ikoku sonyeere otu ndị ntorobịa socialist iji guzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi, United Working People's Party, n'adabereghị n'aka ndị a ma ama. N'oge a, ọ malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ndị edemede na-akwado echiche Stalinist. Ndị ọchịchị colonial chụpụrụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Union education in Nigeria : labor, empire, and decolonization since 1945|author=Ibikunle.|first=Tijani, Hakeem|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137003591|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=795516354}}</ref> N'afọ 1950, Ikoku sonyeere otu n'ime pati ndị a ma ama mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Action Group nke nwere usoro nhazi siri ike. E nyere Ikoku ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nhazi ozugbo. Na 1957, o meriri na ntuli aka nke ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara, na nzukọ ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya AG ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndu ndị mmegide. N'oge mkpọsa tupu ntuli aka ahụ, nna Ikoku nọ na-azọ otu oche ahụ n'okpuru United National Independent Party.. Ikoku bụ onye otu otu soshal midia nke Action Group. Ndị otu a ga-elekwasị anya n'echiche dị ka ngwa ọrụ mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikwere na ọchịchị eze dị ka ihe egwu dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayoade|first=John A. A.|date=1985|title=Party and Ideology in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Action Group|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_1985-12_16_2/page/169|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=169–188|doi=10.1177/002193478501600204}}</ref> Na 1960, pati ahụ nakweere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dịka echiche mana ndị isi mba nke pati ahụ na onyeisiala mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ kwadoro kapitalizim. Na 1962, ọ gara Ghana, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu nsogbu otu ebido n'ụlọ omeiwu mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke butere ọnọdụ mberede. E mechara boo ụfọdụ ndị otu Action Group ebubo maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Na Ghana, Ikoku haziri alaka nke otu ahụ ma rụọkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Nkrumah's Ideological Institute na dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka magazin Spark, nke e bipụtara na Ghana. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye ga-eso Aminu Kano zọọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka 1979 nke Shehu Shagari meriri. Mana, malite n'oge ọchịchị mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịpụ n'echiche ndị otu ọchịchị ya. Ọ hapụrụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke National Party of Nigeria.N'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa, Ikoku akwadoghị nkewa. E jidere ya obere oge mgbe ọ lọtara site na Ghana mana e mechara họpụta ya kọmishọna maka Mmepe Akụ na ụba na Ahụike na Steeti Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Etiti. . Ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ Aminu Kano na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 1979 nke [[Shehu Shagari]] meriri. Otú ọ dị, malite n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke mba ahụ, Ikoku malitere ịhapụ echiche ya nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ hapụụ PRP wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Shehu Shagari nke Pati mba Naịjirịa . <ref name="ige">Ige, Taye. "The Doublespeaker." The Week, October 31, 1994, p. 13. ProQuest.</ref> O kwuru maka ịgbatị ọrụ ndị agha n'ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa n'oge ọchịchị Ibrahim Babangida, ma mechaa bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Mmejuputa Mgbanwe n'oge ọchịchị Sani Abacha. Dịka osote onyeisi oche, Ikoku rụrụ ụka na Abacha nwere onwe ya ịnọchi onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ekweta ịhọpụta ya dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala ha.<ref>Olaniyonu, Yusuph. "Read His Lips." Theweek, Nov 04 1996, p. 8. ProQuest</ref> [[Patti Boulaye|Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1997. Ikoku bụ nna di ya nke Patti Boulaye.]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/03/patti-boulaye-family-values-mother-hid-30-people-nigeria-biafra-war|title=Patti Boulaye: 'My mother hid up to 30 people at a time in our house'|date=2016-06-03|accessdate=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] bvzzdxs7ufd5ftzcufzevrmwuzvgx2o 0 77230 700842 691685 2026-08-13T01:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Fall_in_Licq-Atherey.jpg|thumb|Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).]] '''Obere mmiri''' bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is small hydro?|url=https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=IEA Hydropower|archivedate=2025-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005132750/https://www.ieahydro.org/about/past-achievements-and-completed-activities/annex-2/what-is-small-hydro}}</ref> Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a. Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Small Hydro {{!}} Ministry of New & Renewable Energy {{!}} Government of India|url=http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|accessdate=2025-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archivedate=20 February 2018}}</ref> Na [[California]], ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Commission|first=California Energy|date=|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/california-power-generation-and-power-sources/hydroelectric-power|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=www.energy.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref> Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States. [[Faịlụ:Former_Site_of_Iron_Gate_Dam.jpg|thumb|E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.]] Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Urošević|first=Branka Gvozdenac|date=2021-07-01|title=Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121004717|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=172|pages=1174–1183|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> === Uru na ọghọm ya === Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri mmiri gụnyere ọnụ ala dị ala iji wuo yana ikike ịnọpụ na grids ọkụ etiti. Isi ihe dị n'ime n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta nchịkwa, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa, obere mmiri na-enye ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbasaghị ekewa. Ọrụ obere mmiri anaghị achọ enyemaka gọọmentị mgbe niile, oghere dị na ọchịchị na-enyekwa ohere ka e wuo ha ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere oghere ndị a gbasara amụma, obere ike mmiri dị ka ihe a ga-emegharị emegharị, atụmatụ igbochi ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta ndụ obodo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị amụma obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kelly-Richards|first=Sarah|date=2017-02-01|title=Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421516306401|journal=Energy Policy|volume=101|pages=251–264|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035|issn=0301-4215}}</ref> A kabeghị amụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ ike mmiri. N'ime ọrụ nhazi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ihe kacha njọ na sistemụ mmiri bụ mgbanwe usoro mmiri, mfu nke njikọta osimiri na njikọ, na mmebi ebe obibi na-emetụta azụ na macroinvertebrates.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|author=Kuriqi|first=Alban|date=2021-05-01|title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=142|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Small_hydro_power_plant_"Sveta_Petka".IMG_0013.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, Sveta Petka.]] == Uto == N'agbata afọ 2005 na 2010, China mere atụmatụ ịgbanye obodo 10,000 ọzọ n'okpuru Mmemme Electrification China Village, gụnyere itinyekwu ego na obere mmiri na photovoltaics. Site n'afọ 2010, China nwere obere nrụnye mmiri 45,000, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo, na-emepụta Twh 160 kwa afọ. Ahụrụ ihe karịrị 50% nke obere ike mmiri dị n'ụwa n'Eshia; Otú ọ dị, otu akụkọ kwuru na "Ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ọdịnihu na enwere ike ịmatakwu ikike ike mmiri na mpaghara Afrịka na America". <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Small Hydro Power Development Report 2016|url=http://www.inshp.org/article.asp?id=471|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=ICSHP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNIDO, ICSHP Launch Small Hydropower Knowledge Sharing Portal|url=http://energy-l.iisd.org/news/unido-icshp-launch-small-hydropower-knowledge-sharing-portal|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=Sustainable Energy Policy and Practice|archivedate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021502/http://energy-l.iisd.org/news/unido-icshp-launch-small-hydropower-knowledge-sharing-portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small Hydropower, a promising technology for rural electrification|date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.energias-renovables.com/articulo/small-hydropower-a-promising-technology-for-rural-20130514|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=www.energias-renovables.com}}</ref> N'ime ugwu na oke ohia nke British Columbia, Canada enwere otutu saịtị dabara adaba maka mmepe mmiri. Agbanyeghị nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri mgbe 1980s kwụsịrị ịrụ ụlọ mgbochi ọhụrụ. Ihe ngwọta maka ịnagide ihe ndị na-achọsi ike bụ inye ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nọọrọ onwe ha nkwekọrịta, bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ 100 nke osimiri n'okpuru 50MW. Nrụpụta ike na-enweghị ọdọ mmiri na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị egwu, mana mmiri mgbochi ochie na-ejigide ma ọ bụ hapụ mmiri ka ọ pụta ìhè n'agbanyeghị afọ. Na 2014 ndị a na-emepụta onwe ha nwetara 18,000 GWh site na 4,500 MW nke ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|title=About Independent Power Projects|accessdate=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206095445/https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/meeting_energy_needs/how_power_is_acquired.html|archivedate=6 February 2016}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2022, ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (maka oru ≤10 MW) bụ ihe dị ka 79.0 GW, na China na-ejide ihe karịrị 53% nke ụwa SHP arụnyere ike. N'okpuru nkọwa a (≤10 MW), ikike SHP arụnyere na-abawanye site na 11% na America site na 2019 ruo 2022. N'ihi ọdịiche mpaghara na nkọwa SHP, ọ ga-abụ na ike arụnyere SHP n'ofe ụwa dị elu karịa mkpokọta ndị a. Mba ndị dị ka China, India na Brazil, na-agbasawanye obere ikike mmiri ha na narị afọ nke 21st.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Paish|first=Oliver|date=2002-12-01|title=Small hydro power: technology and current status|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032102000060|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|pages=537–556|doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Kọntinent ndị dị n'Eshia, Africa na Amerịka nwere ike kachasị maka obere uto mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022 :: global overview /: United Nations Industrial Development Organization|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:AmesHydro,CO.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke e wuru n'afọ 1895 dị nso na Telluride, Colorado .]] Enwere ike ịtụle wiil mmiri osisi n'akụkụ osimiri dị ka ihe atụ mbụ nke "obere hydro.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jahren|first=Per|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7teSDQAAQBAJ&dq=water+wheel+china+history&pg=PA139|title=How Water Influences Our Lives|date=2016-11-22|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-1938-8|language=en}}</ref> Ruo na narị afọ nke 17 arụmọrụ nke wiil mmiri ruru 70%. Agbanyeghị, ka mkpa maka imepụta ọkụ na-abawanye obere ọrụ ike mmiri, ewepụrụ maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri ndị ahụ site na iji turbines emebere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":03"/> Ozizi gburugburu ebe obibi nke narị afọ nke 20 na-apụ site na nnukwu nrụpụta ike mmiri n'ihi ụbara mmata nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara na mgbochi mmiri. Ọmụmaatụ nke ọrụ nbibi mmiri mmiri gara aga gụnyere mweghachi nke osimiri Elwha na Un-Dam na ngagharị osimiri Klamath na United States. Ọrụ abụọ a rụrụ arụrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ike ọgbọ na-erughị 30 MW. == Ọgbọ == [[Faịlụ:HKO_Transmission_02.JPG|thumb|Akụkọ ihe mere eme Ottenbach Small Hydro nwere akụrụngwa izizi nke 1920 na Ottenbach, Switzerland, ka na-agba ọsọ maka nleta ntuziaka. ]] [[Faịlụ:Hongping-Power-Station-5425.jpg|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hongping, dị na Hongping Town, Shennongjia, nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ maka obere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mpaghara Hubei China. Mmiri na-esi n'ugwu dị n'azụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, site na ọkpọkọ ojii a hụrụ na foto a ]] Ike Hydroelectric bụ ike eletrik sitere na mmegharị mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric chọrọ mmiri na-adabere na ya na ịdị elu dị elu maka mmiri ahụ ka ọ daa, nke a na-akpọ isi. Na nrụnye a na-ahụkarị, a na-enye mmiri site na mmiri mmiri site na ọkpọkọ banye na turbine. Mmiri na-asọba na turbine na-eme ka onye na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-atụgharị, na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ ghọọ ike eletrik. Enwere ike ịmepụta obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri site na mmepe nke mmiri mmiri ndị dị ugbu a bụ isi ebumnuche ha bụ njikwa ide mmiri ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri. Enwere ike ijikwa ikike mmiri wuliteghachi saịtị mmiri ochie, na-echekwa nnukwu ego na teknụzụ nwụnye dị ka penstock pipe na turbines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant: Background and Construction {{!}} PDF {{!}} Hydroelectricity {{!}} Power (Physics)|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/515915310/Beles-Hydroelec|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> Nke ọ bụla n'ime uru nchekwa ego ndị a nwere ike ime ka nlọghachi na ntinye ego maka obere saịtị mmiri dị mma iji saịtị ndị dị adị. [[Brazil]] bụ obodo ọzọ na-etinye nnukwu ego na obere mmiri mmiri. Brazil n'onwe ya bụ onye ndu na ọgbọ hydroelectric, mba nke atọ kachasị ike mmiri n'ụwa arụnyere ikike na 79 GW, n'azụ United States na 100 GW, na China nọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ nwere 171 GW.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Martins|first=Douglas Eduardo Costa|date=2013-12-01|title=The importance of clean development mechanism for small hydro power plants|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113003145|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=60|pages=643–647|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.021|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> A na-ewu obere ọrụ mmiri ọhụrụ iri ise na otu, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, na Brazil. == Nhazi ọrụ == Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ngwungwu igwe na-emepụta turbine ahaziri ahazi na nha nha nha nke 200 kW ruo 10MW. Ihe ngwugwu "mmiri ruo waya" ndị a na-eme ka atụmatụ na mmepe nke saịtị dị mfe ebe ọ bụ na otu onye na-ere ahịa na-elekọta ọtụtụ akụrụngwa. N'ihi na a na-ebelata ụgwọ ọrụ injinia na-adịghị emegharị ugboro ugboro na ego mmepe na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ nkeji, ọnụahịa nke usoro ngwugwu dị otú ahụ na-ebelata. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emekọrịta ihe nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ihe ọkụkụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-ejikọta na usoro ntanetị eletrik nwere ike iji ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta akụ na ụba iji belata ọnụ ahịa ntinye ma mee ka njikwa na ọrụ dị mfe.&nbsp; Obere ọrụ "agba ọsọ nke osimiri" enweghị ebe a na-eme mmiri na mmiri mmiri, ọ bụ naanị ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala iji mepụta isi mmiri maka ntụgharị nke mmiri ntinye na turbine. Mmiri a na-ejighị n'aka na-asọfe n'elu weir na isi oche nwere ike ịnwe naanị nchekwa otu ụbọchị, ọ gaghị ezuru maka oge ọkọchị ma ọ bụ oyi oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ mgbe ọgbọ nwere ike ịkwụsị. Ihe kacha amasị gị bụ ịnweta ntinye n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị. E mepụtara usoro modular "micro hydrokinetic" maka Ọwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/reports/canal-plus-these-tiny-turbines-can-turn-man-made-waterways-into-miniature-power-plants/|title=Canal Plus: These Tiny Turbines Can Turn Man-Made Waterways Into Power Plants|author=Noon|first=Chris|date=2019-09-05|work=GE Reports|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928031702/https://www.ge.com/reports/canal-plus-these-tiny-turbines-can-turn-man-made-waterways-into-miniature-power-plants/}}</ref> "Mpaghara ogbugba mmiri n'ofe U.S. etinyela ụlọ ọrụ ike n'ebe ntụgharị na mmiri dị n'ime ọwa mmiri, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nha nha, iji mee ka ndị isi dị elu na ịgbasa ume ebe enwere mgbanwe dị elu n'oge usoro ọwa mmiri. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2017/10/01/capturing-untapped-potential-small-hydro-in-irrigation-canals/|title=Capturing Untapped Potential: Small Hydro in Irrigation Canals|date=2017-10-01|work=Hydro Review|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-28|archivedate=2019-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928033543/https://www.hydroreview.com/2017/10/01/capturing-untapped-potential-small-hydro-in-irrigation-canals/}}</ref> Mba ndị dị ka India na China nwere atumatu na-akwado obere mmiri mmiri, na usoro nhazi na-enye ohere maka iwu mmiri mmiri na mmiri mmiri. Na North America na Europe usoro nhazi usoro dị ogologo ma dị oke ọnụ iji tụlee inwe mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri maka obere ọrụ. Obere ọrụ mmiri na-enwekarị usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na ikikere ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ bụ na ngwá ọrụ na-adịkarị na mmepụta usoro, a na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma na-emeziwanye, a na'ebelata ọrụ obodo, enwere ike ịmepụta ọrụ ndị ahụ ngwa ngwa. Obere akụkụ nke ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ibuga n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ụzọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Otu ihe atụ nke mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdọ mmiri na ebe nchekwa mmiri dabere na nguzozi dị n'etiti mmiri iyi na mmepụta ike. Ibelata ntụgharị mmiri na-enyere gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri aka, mana ọ na-ebelata uru nke usoro mmiri na itinye ego (ROI). Nhazi sistemụ mmiri ga-enwerịrị nguzozi iji nọgide na-enwe ahụike nke iyi ahụ na akụnụba. Akụkụ nke nguzozi dị n'etiti uru nke obere ọrụ mmiri na-enweta na itinye ego na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ịdị nso nke ọrụ ahụ na grid ọkụ eletrik mba. Ka obere ọrụ mmiri na-anọpụ iche karị, otú ahụ ka owuwu ya ga-adị ọnụ ala karịa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Kuriqi|first=Alban|date=2021-05-01|title=Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=142|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> == Iwu nduzi na Iwu nchịkwa == Nkwado gọọmentị maka obere mmiri dị iche iche site na mba. Iji kwado amụma ike mmeghari ohuru na Japan, gọọmentị na-akwalite mmepe nke ọrụ SHP dabere na obodo yana ọnụego nri dị elu na obere ọmụrụ nwa maka mbinye ego.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alam|first=Zafar|date=2021-06-07|title=Community-Based Business on Small Hydropower (SHP) in Rural Japan: A Case Study on a Community Owned SHP Model of Ohito Agricultural Cooperative|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=14|issue=11|doi=10.3390/en14113349|issn=1996-1073}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ndị omeiwu nke Bosnia na Herzegovina machibidoro obere ọrụ mmiri ruo 10 MWh na ikike mmepụta ike, na-ekwu maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kurtic|first=Azem|date=2022-06-07|title=Bosnia's Federation to Ban Small Hydropower Plants|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/06/07/bosnias-federation-to-ban-small-hydropower-plants/#:~:text=Activists%20argue%20that%20the%20construction%20of%20small,biodiversity%20and%20causes%20problems%20for%20local%20residents.&text=In%202021,%20the%20119%20small%20hydropower%20plants,or%20two%20people%20each%20because%20of%20automation.|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=Balkan Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> Enweghị nkwekọrịta na obere nkọwa hydropower na enweghị nyocha nke mmetụta mmekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka ọdịiche dị gburugburu ime iwu na mkpebi ikikere. Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba anaghị achọ usoro ikikere gburugburu ebe obibi iji wuo ma rụọ ọrụ obere ọrụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Couto|first=Thiago BA|date=2018|title=Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.1746|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1002/fee.1746|issn=1540-9309}}</ref> Na India, SHP ndị na-erughị 25 MW anaghị achọ Nnyocha Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi kama ha nwere Akụkọ Ọrụ Zuru Ezu (DPR). Akụkọ ndị a na-enye ndị amụma na ndị na-eme mkpebi ozi bụ isi, na-eme ka oge maka obere mmepe mmiri dị ngwa. Usoro nhazi na nkwenye n'okpuru DPR nke India achọghị njikọ aka obodo ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jumani|first=Suman|date=2017-05-01|title=Big concerns with small projects: Evaluating the socio-ecological impacts of small hydropower projects in India|journal=Ambio|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=500–511|doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0855-9|issn=1654-7209|pmid=28074405}}</ref> == Ikpe ziri ezi nke ike == A na-eme ọtụtụ obere mmepe mmiri n'ime ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ ebe ọ na-efu oke ego ijikọ na grid ike mba. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara ime obodo na India ma ọ bụ mba ndị ọzọ nwere usoro mmiri na-asọ asọ na-eji obere hydro iji nye isi iyi ike mmeghari ohuru na-enweghị njikọ na grid mba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mishra|first=Mukesh Kumar|date=2015-11-01|title=Small hydro power in India: Current status and future perspectives|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115005572|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=51|pages=101–115|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.075|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ikpe ziri ezi nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmepe mmiri ka a tụlere na Eshia na Amerịka. === Eshia === N'ógbè ugwu, dịka na steeti Himachal Pradesh nke India, obere mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'inye obodo nta mmiri, ịgbara mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo na inye ezinụlọ mmiri. Mgbanwe nke iyi ndị a maka obere ike mmiri na-eyi egwu maka ịdị mma mmiri, inye mmiri mmiri, na ibi ndụ obodo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Erlewein|first=Alexander|date=2013-11-01|title=Disappearing rivers — The limits of environmental assessment for hydropower in India|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195925513000760|journal=Environmental Impact Assessment Review|volume=43|pages=135–143|doi=10.1016/j.eiar.2013.07.002|issn=0195-9255}}</ref> Ndị bi na Himachal Pradesh na-ekwu na uru nke ọrụ SHP mpaghara ejirila mee ihe gabiga ókè ma na-akwalite mmegide iwu megide mmepe ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Diduck|first=Alan P.|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003141228|title=Advancing Environmental Justice for Marginalized Communities in India: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities|date=2021-07-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-003-14122-8|edition=1|location=London|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781003141228}}</ref> N'ime obodo Matsuguma, Japan, a rụchara obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri 30 kW na 2020 n'okpuru mmekọrịta onwe onye na ọha. Gọọmentị ime obodo gakwuuru obodo ahụ na-akọwa ebumnuche ha inye ọkụ eletrik na mpaghara. Ndị otu obodo jikọtara aka na ụdị azụmaahịa dabere na "site na obodo na maka obodo mpaghara". Site na ire ọkụ eletrik emepụtara, ndị otu obodo nwetara Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, melite akụrụngwa nke obodo ahụ ma melite ọdịmma na ogo ndụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://www.unido.org/WSHPDR2022|accessdate=2025-03-20|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; === South America === N'ihi na a na-ewere ọrụ SHP n'okpuru 20 MW dị ka ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe na Chile, a na-enyekarị ha nkwado na-enweghị ndụmọdụ ụmụ amaala, na-eleghara ihe obodo chọrọ maka nnwere onwe na mkpebi onwe. Arụmụka Ralco Dam na Chile nyere ụmụ amaala Chile nkwa gọọmentị na ọ gaghịzi arụ ọrụ na elu osimiri BioBío, osimiri nke abụọ kachasị na Chile. Enweghị nlekọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka e mepụta ọtụtụ obere ntinye mmiri na mpaghara a, na-enye aka na esemokwu ndị ọzọ na esemokwu Mapuche.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Radwin|first=Maxwell|date=2022-11-16|title=Dam construction ignites Indigenous youth movement in southern Chile|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/11/dam-construction-ignites-indigenous-youth-movement-in-southern-chile/|accessdate=2025-03-20|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hernando-Arrese|first=Maite|date=2022-01-01|title=The micropolitical life of energy projects: A collaborative exploration of injustice and resistance to small hydropower projects in the Wallmapu, Southern Chile|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629621004242|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=83|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102332|issn=2214-6296}}</ref> == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == A naghị amụcha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ mmiri; mmetụta ya dabere na nhazi ọrụ nke ọ bụla. Mgbanwe na usoro mmiri nke mpaghara nwere ike ibute mfu nke njikọ osimiri na njikọta, na-eme ka ebe obibi dị njọ ma na-efunahụ ụdị dị iche iche nke azụ na macroinvertebrates.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Feio|first=Maria João|date=2023|title=Fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages reveal extensive degradation of the world's rivers|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16439|journal=Global Change Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=355–374|doi=10.1111/gcb.16439|issn=1365-2486|pmid=36131677}}</ref> Obere ihe mgbochi mmiri na ntụgharị mmiri na-esote nwere ike igbochi mmegharị nke azụ ma nye aka na ikuku methane sitere na biomass rere ure.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Elizabeth P.|date=2006|title=Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.899|journal=River Research and Applications|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=397–411|doi=10.1002/rra.899|issn=1535-1467}}</ref><ref name="Nautiyal">{{Cite journal|author=Nautiyal|first=Himanshu|date=2020-08-20|title=Sustainability assessment of hydropower projects|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095965262031708X|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=265|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121661|issn=0959-6526}}</ref> A na-etinye ọtụtụ obere ọrụ ike mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri mgbe ụfọdụ, mana e mebeghị nnyocha dị ukwuu gbasara mmetụta nke ọtụtụ nrụnye n'otu mpaghara. Na India, a naghị atụle mmetụta mkpokọta nke ọtụtụ ọrụ SHP tupu enye mmepe ike mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Erlewein|first=Alexander|date=2013-11-01|title=Disappearing rivers — The limits of environmental assessment for hydropower in India|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195925513000760|journal=Environmental Impact Assessment Review|volume=43|pages=135–143|doi=10.1016/j.eiar.2013.07.002|issn=0195-9255}}</ref> Na Chaịna, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na mmetụta nke njikọ osimiri na osimiri nwere obere ọrụ mmiri 31 karịrị mmetụta nke osimiri nwere nnukwu ọrụ anọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kibler|first=Kelly M.|date=2013|title=Cumulative biophysical impact of small and large hydropower development in Nu River, China|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wrcr.20243|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=49|issue=6|pages=3104–3118|doi=10.1002/wrcr.20243|issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga gbasara ịdịgide nke ike mmiri na-elekwasị anya na atụmatụ mwepụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-adịkarị obere karịa sistemụ ike nkịtị ma ọ bụ nke mmeghari ohuru ndị ọzọ. Nyocha nke ịdịgide anaghị atụlekarị paramita ndị ọzọ, dị ka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ojiji ala, ọnụ ahịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmetụta omenala. <ref name="Nautiyal" /> Site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi egwu ntụkwasị obi nke osimiri na-asọ n'oge, a maghị arụmọrụ na nkwado nke obere mmiri maka mmepụta ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=UNIDO|date=2022|title=World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4025088?v=pdf|journal=Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization|language=en}}</ref> == Ndepụta ihe nlele nke obere nrụnye gburugburu ụwa == '''Afrịka''' * Zengamina, ụlọ ọrụ 700 kW na Kalene Hill, Mwinilunga District na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ [[Zambia]]. 2008&nbsp; '''Eshia''' * Meenvallam Small Hydroelectric Project, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="182" href="./Kerala" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kerala">Kerala/2015/sep/01/meenvallam-power-projects-revenue-touches-rs-3.24-cr-807805.html<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;author<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;A Satish<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Meenvallam Power Project's Revenue Touches Rs 3.24-cr<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>[[The New Indian Express]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1 September 2015<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;access-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;25 August 2021<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA94\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt125\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFA_Satish2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">A Satish (1 September 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/sep/01/meenvallam-power-projects-revenue-touches-rs-3.24-cr-807805.html\" id=\"mwA98\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Meenvallam Power Project's Revenue Touches Rs 3.24-cr\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA-A\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"340\" href=\"./The_New_Indian_Express\" id=\"mwA-E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"The New Indian Express\">The New Indian Express</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA-I\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA-M\">25 August</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-41" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Small_hydro#cite_note-41 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Palakkad district, Kerala, India. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irtc.org.in/index.php/component/k2/item/4-meenvallom-small-hydro-project|title=IRTC - Meenvallom Small Hydro Project|accessdate=9 March 2017|archivedate=2 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702160812/http://www.irtc.org.in/index.php/component/k2/item/4-meenvallom-small-hydro-project}}</ref> * Bario Asal & Arur Layun Micro-Hydro Community Project,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rural-energy-borneo.blogspot.ca/2012/10/bario-asal-micro-hydro-4-years-on-and.html|title=Bario Asal Micro Hydro.. 4 years on and still going strong|date=15 October 2012|accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref> Kelabit Highlands, Sarawak, [[Malaysia]]. 2009 * Ambangal Mini Hydro Electric Power Plant, [[Ifugao]]" id="mwAUE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kiangan, Ifugao">Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines (2010) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalelectricity.org/projects/minihydro-ifugao/|title=Ifugao Ambangal Minihydro Power Plant|work=What We Do|publisher=Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership|accessdate=July 22, 2020}}</ref> * Asiga River Obere Hydro Electric Power Plant, Santiago, Agusan del Norte, Philippines (2019) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindanews.com/business/2019/10/japanese-firm-to-build-biomass-power-project-in-butuan/|title=Japanese firm to build biomass power project in Butuan|first=Antonio|author=Colina|date=October 6, 2019|publisher=[[MindaNews]]|accessdate=July 22, 2020}}</ref> * Balongbong Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, [[Catanduanes]]" id="mwAVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bato, Catanduanes">Bato, Catanduanes, Philippines (1983) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napocor.gov.ph/index.php/services/missionary-electrification/spug-plants/49-missionary-electrification/luzon/bod/386-balongbong-mini-hydro-power-plant|title=Balongbong Mini Hydro Power Plant|publisher=Small Power Utilities Group, [[National Power Corporation]]|date=August 7, 2018|accessdate=July 22, 2020|archivedate=July 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722134408/https://www.napocor.gov.ph/index.php/services/missionary-electrification/spug-plants/49-missionary-electrification/luzon/bod/386-balongbong-mini-hydro-power-plant}}</ref> * Cantingas Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, [[Romblon]]" id="mwAVc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Fernando, Romblon">San Fernando, Romblon, Philippines (2009) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.napocor.gov.ph/website_contents/2013_major_programs/2013_accomplishments.pdf|title=2013 Accomplishment Report|publisher=Small Power Utilities Group, National Power Corporation|accessdate=15 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105353/http://www.napocor.gov.ph/website_contents/2013_major_programs/2013_accomplishments.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> * Likud Mini Hydro Electric Power Plant, Asipulo na Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines (2015) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/150714.html|title=JICA, DOE inaugurate mini hydropower plant to support electricity in Ifugao, rice terraces conservation efforts|date=July 14, 2015|publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]|accessdate=July 22, 2020|archivedate=July 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722155438/https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/150714.html}}</ref> * New Bataan Hydro Electric Power Plant, New Bataan, Davao de Oro, Philippines (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurohydropower.com/the-inaugural-commissioning-of-the-euro-hydro-power-plant/|title=The Inaugural Commission of the 2.4 MW Euro Hydro Power Plant|date=17 July 2018|publisher=Euro Hydro Power (Asia) Holdings, Inc.|accessdate=July 22, 2020}}</ref> * [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]" id="mwAWs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Luis, Aurora">San Luis Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, San Luis, Aurora, Philippines (2011) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/02/03/epower-to-rehab-mini-hydro-plant-in-aurora/|title=Epower to rehab mini hydro plant in Aurora|first=Lenie|author=Lectura|date=February 3, 2016|publisher=[[BusinessMirror]]|accessdate=July 22, 2020}}</ref> * Villasiga Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, Bugasong, Antique, Philippines (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/announcements/iloilo-a-bs3-04-hydo-roadmap.pdf|title=Hydropower Roadmap|first=Andresito|author=Ulgado|publisher=Renewable Energy Management Bureau, [[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]]|accessdate=July 22, 2020}}</ref> * Pakpattan Hydro Power Project, ụlọ ọrụ 2.82 MW na Pakpattan Canal na Pakpatatan District, Pakistan 2015 '''Europe''' * Green Valleys Project, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thegreenvalleys.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:hydroelectric&catid=37:hydro-and-bio-gas&Itemid=54|title=The Green Valleys|publisher=Thegreenvalleys.org|date=2013-04-07|accessdate=2013-10-16}}</ref> Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales. Onye mmeri nke £ 300K na Big Green Challenge 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/7675549.stm|title=UK &#124; Wales &#124; Mid Wales &#124; Beacons green project scoops £20k|publisher=BBC News|date=2008-10-17|accessdate=2013-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biggreenchallenge.org.uk/|title=biggreenchallenge.org.uk|publisher=biggreenchallenge.org.uk|accessdate=2013-10-16|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131003141523/http%3A//www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/public_services_lab/environment/big_green_challenge|archivedate=2013-10-03}}</ref> * St Catherine, ebe National Trust dị nso na Windermere, Westmorland, United Kingdom. '''Ebe Ugwu America''' * Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, [[Colorado]], United States. Na Ndepụta nke IEEE Milestones * Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Facilities, [[Arizona]], United States. 1916 A kwụsịrị ya ugbu a * Snoqualmie Falls, [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]], United States. 1957 * Malibu Hydro, British Columbia, Canada. 2005 * Menihek Hydroelectric Generating Station, Newfoundland na Labrador, Canada. 1954 * Cloudworks Energy bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ Ndị na-emepụta ike n'onwe ha nke wuru ọrụ na British Columbia, Canada == Hụkwa == * Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik * Ike mmiri * Ike mmiri dị ala * Micro hydro ruo 100 kW&nbsp; * Pico hydro ruo 5 kW&nbsp; * Mmiri na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik * [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Mba Nile Na-ahụ Maka Ike Mmiri Mmiri]] == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dwv1qaefravqimgi591wkkbt3ea1vsu 0 77283 700863 671005 2026-08-13T06:52:01Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Anthony Eze Enwereuzor n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1951 n'Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na ego site na Mahadum Seton Hall, New Jersey, United States. == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9ai0exkmsd51n0zhmvwjoyszkdngotz 700865 700863 2026-08-13T06:54:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Anthony Eze Enwereuzor n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1951 n'Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na ego site na Mahadum Seton Hall, New Jersey, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-02-24 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon. Eze Anthony |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/hon-enwereuzor-eze-anthony-app/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Babah |first=Chinedu |date=2017-01-26 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon Anthony Eze |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/enwereuzor-hon-anthony-eze/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu Anthony Eze Enwereuzor abanye n'ọchịchị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Toni Richardson & Co. Limited, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa dịka onye ahịa. Ọzụzụ azụmaahịa ya tupu ọ banye n'ọchịchị na ọrụ n'ụlọ omeiwu mba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 14goga8ceryca4nt2kv23ej27o4mts7 700866 700865 2026-08-13T06:56:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Anthony Eze Enwereuzor n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1951 n'Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na ego site na Mahadum Seton Hall, New Jersey, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-02-24 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon. Eze Anthony |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/hon-enwereuzor-eze-anthony-app/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Babah |first=Chinedu |date=2017-01-26 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon Anthony Eze |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/enwereuzor-hon-anthony-eze/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu Anthony Eze Enwereuzor abanye n'ọchịchị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Toni Richardson & Co. Limited, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa dịka onye ahịa. Ọzụzụ azụmaahịa ya tupu ọ banye n'ọchịchị na ọrụ n'ụlọ omeiwu mba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Anthony Eze Enwereuzor banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nhọrọ n'oge mgbanwe Naịjirịa gaa n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na 1999. A họpụtara ya na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya Aba North/Aba South Federal Constituency nke Abia State na Mgbakọ Mba nke Anọ (1999–2003) n'elu ikpo okwu nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). O jere ozi dịka onye otu Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'oge Mgbakọ Mba nke mbụ nke onye kwuo uche ya na Naịjirịa mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha gasịrị. Mgbe ọ gwụchara ọchịchị ya na 2003, Enwereuzor hapụrụ Mgbakọ Mba wee gaa n'ihu na-etinye aka na ihe gbasara ọha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=2019-05-25 |title=List Of All Senators & House Of Representative Members From Abia State From 1960 Till Date |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-all-senators-house-of-representative-members-from-abia-state-from-1960-till-date/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sevao1xji8rpkk1icropgujs4t80v0f 700868 700866 2026-08-13T06:57:02Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Anthony Eze Enwereuzor n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1951 n'Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na ego site na Mahadum Seton Hall, New Jersey, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-02-24 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon. Eze Anthony |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/hon-enwereuzor-eze-anthony-app/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Babah |first=Chinedu |date=2017-01-26 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon Anthony Eze |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/enwereuzor-hon-anthony-eze/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu Anthony Eze Enwereuzor abanye n'ọchịchị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Toni Richardson & Co. Limited, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa dịka onye ahịa. Ọzụzụ azụmaahịa ya tupu ọ banye n'ọchịchị na ọrụ n'ụlọ omeiwu mba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Anthony Eze Enwereuzor banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nhọrọ n'oge mgbanwe Naịjirịa gaa n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na 1999. A họpụtara ya na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya Aba North/Aba South Federal Constituency nke Abia State na Mgbakọ Mba nke Anọ (1999–2003) n'elu ikpo okwu nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). O jere ozi dịka onye otu Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'oge Mgbakọ Mba nke mbụ nke onye kwuo uche ya na Naịjirịa mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha gasịrị. Mgbe ọ gwụchara ọchịchị ya na 2003, Enwereuzor hapụrụ Mgbakọ Mba wee gaa n'ihu na-etinye aka na ihe gbasara ọha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=2019-05-25 |title=List Of All Senators & House Of Representative Members From Abia State From 1960 Till Date |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-all-senators-house-of-representative-members-from-abia-state-from-1960-till-date/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 82jz6rlzypkh0mype0t49rhr9vhp3ra 700870 700868 2026-08-13T06:59:33Z Chinemeremprince 13026 700870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Eze Enwereuzor''' {{Audio|Ig-Anthony Eze Enwereuzor.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Aba North/Aba South nke Abia Steeti n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Nigeria Peoples Party. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/politics-of-zoning-in-abia/|title=Politics of zoning in Abia|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=http://www.nassnig.org/document/download/2985 | title=house of representatives federal republic of nigeria - National Assembly | publisher=National Assembly | date=24 November 1999 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Anthony Eze Enwereuzor n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1951 n'Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa. O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na ego site na Mahadum Seton Hall, New Jersey, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeolu |date=2017-02-24 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon. Eze Anthony |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/hon-enwereuzor-eze-anthony-app/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Babah |first=Chinedu |date=2017-01-26 |title=ENWEREUZOR, Hon Anthony Eze |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/enwereuzor-hon-anthony-eze/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu Anthony Eze Enwereuzor abanye n'ọchịchị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọchụnta ego. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na Toni Richardson & Co. Limited, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa dịka onye ahịa. Ọzụzụ azụmaahịa ya tupu ọ banye n'ọchịchị na ọrụ n'ụlọ omeiwu mba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Anthony Eze Enwereuzor banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nhọrọ n'oge mgbanwe Naịjirịa gaa n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na 1999. A họpụtara ya na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya Aba North/Aba South Federal Constituency nke Abia State na Mgbakọ Mba nke Anọ (1999–2003) n'elu ikpo okwu nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). O jere ozi dịka onye otu Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya n'oge Mgbakọ Mba nke mbụ nke onye kwuo uche ya na Naịjirịa mgbe ọchịchị ndị agha gasịrị. Mgbe ọ gwụchara ọchịchị ya na 2003, Enwereuzor hapụrụ Mgbakọ Mba wee gaa n'ihu na-etinye aka na ihe gbasara ọha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=2019-05-25 |title=List Of All Senators & House Of Representative Members From Abia State From 1960 Till Date |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-all-senators-house-of-representative-members-from-abia-state-from-1960-till-date/ |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị omeiwu mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gd30g4ju81okzbo3vl03kx6f8qmtrcq 0 77298 700839 691646 2026-08-12T21:44:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700839 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Nicholas Chika Ezeh''' (born November 5, 1963) is a Nigerian political economist, politician and entrepreneur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NICK citation.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WFk6B-JoU3aX1TRvOlUrmB4cEZbHY0oW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ede|first=Raphael|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time - Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://punchng.com/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2025-06-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ezeh wrote the commercialization proposal for the [[Lagos International Trade Fair]] Complex at Lagos in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-23|title=Iyaloja, others hail concessionaire’s exploits at Lagos Trade Fair complex|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/23/iyaloja-others-hail-concessionaires-exploits-at-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524010425/https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/23/iyaloja-others-hail-concessionaires-exploits-at-lagos-trade-fair-complex/}}</ref> Mgbe e bipụtara Iwu Nke 68 nke afọ 1993 nke hiwere Lagos International Trade Fair Complex Management Board (LITFCMB), ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchite anya nke Lagos International Trade Fair Complex na 2007.<ref name=":0" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=2021-03-01|title=N10trn investments threatened by Lagos Trade fair concession – Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/n10trn-investments-threatened-by-lagos-trade-fair-concession/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-09-06|title=Aulic, Lagos Trade Fair concessionaire faults VP, NCP over ‘announced’ revocation|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/09/06/aulic-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-faults-vp-ncp-over-announced-revocation/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219183112/https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/09/06/aulic-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-faults-vp-ncp-over-announced-revocation/}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ Aulic Group nke nwere mmasị na Infrastructural Investment/Development na Economic Management.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=primetimereporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-12-12|title=Igbo coalition faults BPE on concession of Lagos Trade Fair Complex|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/igbo-coalition-faults-bpe-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=LITFC: FG Terminates Concession Agreement with Aulic Nigeria over Alleged Contract Breach|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/01/litfc-fg-terminates-concession-agreement-with-aulic-nigeria-over-alleged-contract-breach/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ezeh was the first president of Sun-Rise Club of Inyi town in [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu State]], noted for noticeably developing the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Role_of_Sunrise_Club_in_Strategic_Capacity_Building_for_Sustainable_Development_of_Inyi_Autonomous_Communities.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ic8RwDWKlcdXLybVdSivb-agUrY-cOr6/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}</ref> Ọ bụ onyeisi oche na onye guzobere Institute of African Studies na International Personnel Academy, Kiev- Ukraine.<ref name=":0" /> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Obodo Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naịjirịa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-16|title=PCRC National Headquarters Felicitates Newly Promoted Senior Police Officers, Thumbs Up Police Service Commission (PSC)|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquaters-felicitates-newly-promoted-senior-police-officers-thumbs-up-police-service-commission-psc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the National Deputy Chairman (South), Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC), Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporters|first=NewsGlobal|date=2022-12-04|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Emerges PCRC Deputy National Chairman South|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-emerges-pcrc-deputy-national-chairman-south/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in nigeria now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIGERIA @64: Professor Nick Ezeh Calls for more Synergy, intelligence Sharing among Security agencies in Tackling Insecurity|url=https://afriquecast.com/blog/1289/nigeria-at-64-professor-nick-ezeh-calls-for-more-synergy-intelligence-sharing-among-security-agencies-in-tackling-insecurity|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=afriquecast.com|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216062838/https://afriquecast.com/blog/1289/nigeria-at-64-professor-nick-ezeh-calls-for-more-synergy-intelligence-sharing-among-security-agencies-in-tackling-insecurity}}</ref> Ezeh was Senatorial Candidate under Labour Party, Enugu West, during the [[2011 Nhọrọ Senate nke Naijiria na Enugu Steeti|2011 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State]],<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gatmash|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time – Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://gatmash.com/2022/11/08/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Gatmash – Exclusive Breaking News|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222033458/https://gatmash.com/2022/11/08/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/}}</ref> and also Senatorial Candidate under the [[All Progressives Congress]] party, Enugu West, during the 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2023-01-10|title=2023-Prof. Nick Eze Campaign Organization welcomes Buhari to Enugu.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2023/01/10/2023-prof-nick-eze-campaign-organization-welcomes-buhari-to-enugu/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=‘APC ‘ll Defeat PDP in Enugu West’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/20/apc-ll-defeat-pdp-in-enugu-west/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-10-21|title=Enugu West ranks among least developed zones in Nigeria – APC chieftain, Ezeh|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/21/enugu-west-ranks-among-least-developed-zones-in-nigeria-apc-chieftain-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He was awarded "honorary professor" by the Academic Council of the International Personnel Academy, Kiev- [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] on May 17, 2010.<ref name=":0" />  == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ezeh na Nọvemba 5, 1963, site n'aka Sir Thomas Ezeh na Lady Cecilia Ezeh. Ọ bụ onye Ozegu-Enugu Inyi, in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.<ref name=":0"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ogbete Primary School, Enugu, na Tolu Secondary School, Lagos, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nweta PGD na Industrial/Transport Engineering, Munich-Germany na 1993.and a Master of Science degree in Economic Science from Odessa State University, Ukraine in 1995. Ezeh also earned a PGD in Industrial Rubber Engineering, Munich-Germany in 2001. O nwetara nzere PhD atọ na Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa na Evangel Christian University of America, Monroe, Louisiana USA in 2004; in Public Governance from International Open University, Ukraine in 2013; na nchịkwa ọchịchị ọha site na International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine na 2013. Na Mee 17, 2010, e nyere ya "Prọfesọ nsọpụrụ" nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine.<ref name=":0" />  == Ọrụ == Ezeh guzobere Aulic Group of Companies, nke nwetara ikike site na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naijiria maka Lagos Trade Fair Complex na 2007 n'okpuru Gọọmentụ Federal's Privatization and commercialization Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=How Aulic revolutionized Lagos Trade Fair complex to world class|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/how-aulic-revolutionized-lagos-trade-fair-complex-to-world-class/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221115315/https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/how-aulic-revolutionized-lagos-trade-fair-complex-to-world-class/}}</ref> National Council on Privatization (NCP) kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2017, <ref>{{Cite news|title=FG signs agreement to re-concession Lagos trade fair complex|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/592883-fg-signs-agreement-to-re-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex.html|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na Ezeh megidere omume a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=Nick Ezeh, Lagos trade fair concessionaire not in Custody—EFCC|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/nick-ezeh-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-not-in-custody-efcc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203154358/https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/nick-ezeh-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-not-in-custody-efcc/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=primetimereporters.com}}</ref> Ezeh bụkwa onye guzobere Global Association for Industrialization and Commercialization in Nigeria (GAINCIN). Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ndị omeiwu Naịjirịa na 2011 na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh Urged The Media to be Fair, Objective and Balance in line of their Duties.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-urged-the-media-to-be-fairobjective-and-balance-in-line-of-their-duies/|accessdate=2024-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh, has Vowed to Pursue an All-Inclusive Template.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-has-vowed-to-pursue-an-all-inclusive-template/|accessdate=2024-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2022-10-19|title=Negligence by elected representatives fuel allegation of marginalisation in South East, says Ezeh|url=https://guardian.ng/news/negligence-by-elected-representatives-fuel-allegation-of-marginalisation-in-south-east-says-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'akụkọ e bipụtara, mkpọsa ya, nke e hiwere na Nọvemba 2022, o lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu ndị a na-ekwu na ha mebiri emebi na mpaghara ndị omeiwu Enugu-West nke Steeti Enugu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nweze|first=Chuks|date=2022-11-06|title=Enugu West race: Ezeh flags off campaign, inaugurates ‘mandate team’|url=https://blueprint.ng/enugu-west-race-ezeh-flags-off-campaign-inaugurates-mandate-team/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogbodo-Iwu|first=Patience|date=October 18, 2022|title=2023: I Will Provide Quality, Result Driven Leadership – Ezeh, APC Senatorial Candidate|url=https://independent.ng/2023-i-will-provide-quality-result-driven-leadership-ezeh-apc-senatorial-candidate/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2022-10-23|title=Enugu West senatorial district is among the least developed senatorial zones, says Prof.Nick Ezeh, Enugu West APC candidate.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2022/10/23/enugu-west-senatorial-district-is-among-the-least-developed-senatorial-zones-says-prof-nick-ezeh-enugu-west-apc-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=ANUKWUOJI|first=REGIS|date=2022-10-19|title=Enugu: Candidate laments poor state of infrastructure in senatorial district|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/enugu-candidate-laments-poor-state-of-infrastructure-in-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ezeh bụbu Onye isi oche nke Federal Capital Territory Command nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naijiria, na Onye isi oche mba nke Kọmiti Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta ndị Uwe Ojii, (PCRC). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-26|title=‘Police, PCRC collaboration fruitful in bursting crimes in Apo’|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-pcrc-collaboration-fruitful-in-bursting-crimes-in-apo/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-08|title=PCRC National Headquarters Lauds National Assembly for Passage of Bill Exempting Police from Pension Scheme|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquarters-lauds-national-assembly-for-passage-of-bill-exempting-police-from-pension-scheme/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Institute of Directors (NID); Institute of Corporate Managers & Public Administrators of Nigeria; Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN); America Home Builders Association, U.S.A (HBA); Paul Harris Fellow, Rotary International (RI); Ambassador of Peace of the International Peace Federation. (IPF 2008); Institute of Renewable Energy/Energy Management Ukraine; na, International Academy of Ecology, Kiev, Ukraine/Canada.<ref name=":0"/> == Nkwado == * Onye isi obodo nke Holy Ghost Parish, Enugu-Inyi na Osimiri Oji LGA nke Enugu Steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=SKJ|date=2022-11-01|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Confers With Mayor Holy Ghost Parish – News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-confers-with-mayor-holy-ghost-parish/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ndị Naijiria na Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Award (2014). <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2014-10-04|title=The 2nd Nigerians In Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Awards Recipients|url=https://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/2059/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=African Heritage Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye isi / Onye isi ọchịchị, National Advisory Council of the Alaigbo Great Igbo Achievers Legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMMENTARY: Great Igbo Achievers Advisory Council For Legacy Day Celebration|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2024/09/29/commentary-great-igbo-achievers-advisory-council-for-legacy-day-celebration-2/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Heartbeat of the East|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074440/https://www.absradiotv.com/2024/09/29/commentary-great-igbo-achievers-advisory-council-for-legacy-day-celebration-2/}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == * Na-egwu njakịrị nke Privatization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Playing The Joke Of Privatization.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NGS7EnnN2rsNC8puYDZzzxCKBpMK41HF/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=Adulbert Legal Services}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezeh, Nick}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] bx84w9x2e6m33exorknsxnp83d7b4u5 0 77328 700798 697451 2026-08-12T17:08:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Musa Usman | image = Brig. Musa Usman.png | caption = | office2 = Governor, [[North-Eastern State]], [[Nigeria]] | termstart2 = 28 May 1967 | termend2 = July 1975 | predecessor2 = [[Hassan Katsina]]<br>(Northern Region) | successor2 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]] | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | profession = | website = | footnotes = | allegiance = {{NGR}} | branch = {{air force|Nigeria}} | rank = [[Brigadier General]] }} Brigadier (nke ndị agha ikuku) Musa Usman bụ gọvanọ mbụ nke North-Eastern Steeti na Naịjirịa, site n'ọnwa Mee afọ 1967 ruo Julaị afọ 1975, mgbe e kewapụrụ steeti ahụ n'akụkụ nke Mpaghara Ugwu n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke General Yakubu Gowon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|publisher=WorldStatesmen|title=Nigeria States|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref><ref name="Neptune Prime 2020">{{Cite web|title=Late Brigadier Musa Usman: First Governor of North Eastern Nigeria|work=Neptune Prime|date=2020-04-12|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-06-07|archivedate=2023-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607015559/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/}}</ref> Usman gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Royal Military.Sandhurst, England wee nweta ọrụ ya na 1962. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm|title=BARRACKS: THE HISTORY BEHIND THOSE NAMES|date=June 14, 2003|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Dawodu|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Major Usman sonyere na nnupụisi ọchịchị nke July 1966 mgbe a chụpụrụ Major General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]], nke General Yakubu Gowon nọchiri.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|title=OPERATION 'AURE': The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Africa Masterweb|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181411/http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|archivedate=2008-07-23}} </ref> A họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke North-East Steeti na Mee 1967, Usman malitere iwu ụlọ ọrụ simenti Ashaka, nke Major-General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] mechara meghee na 19 Julaị 1979.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Ashaka Cement Works|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130194650/http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|archivedate=2010-01-30}} </ref> N'afọ 1975, ya na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] sonyere na mkparịta ụka enyi na enyi iji dozie ókèala dị n'etiti mba ahụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụkpụrụ ahụ na gọọmentị ndị agha kwesịrị inyefe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị na 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soldiers and oil: the political transformation of Nigeria|author=S. K. Panter-Brick, Simone K. Panter-Brick|publisher=Routledge|year=1978|isbn=0-7146-3098-5}}</ref> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e kenyere ya ebe obibi na mpaghara Jabi Street nke [[Kaduna]]. Usman mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Ụlọ akụ nke Ugwu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gleanernewsonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:jos-rayfield-the-generals-fortress-&catid=65:features&Itemid=127 |title=JOS RAYFIELD, THE GENERALS' FORTRESS |author=TONY IYARE |date=4 August 2009 |work=The Gleaner |accessdate=2010-05-15}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|title=IMPACT OF POLITICAL AFFILIATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA|author=Uhomoibhi Toni Aburime|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222091415/http://www.globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|archivedate=2009-12-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ⁹ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lfnwykvl4pfue37og03cz0vp3ywe19s 0 77483 700854 699219 2026-08-13T05:24:45Z King ChristLike 13051 Ce 700854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine. O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.<ref name=autogenerated4>• Robbins, Kevin. (2007). "Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA.</ref>. <ref>• Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs</ref>.<ref name=autogenerated5>• IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.stml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml |date=November 20, 2008 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}</ref><ref>• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/</ref> == Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa == Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&nbsp; : ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}</ref><ref>World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs</ref> <ref>Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4</ref><ref>Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU</ref> <ref name=autogenerated12>• University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: http://tugis.towson.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627183710/http://tugis.towson.edu/ |date=June 27, 2010 }}</ref> * Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&nbsp; * Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&nbsp; * Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&nbsp; == Ihe ndekọ onwe onye == Powerlifting Gym Records: : ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) '' * Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs * Bench Press: 727.5 lbs * Deadlift: 749.5 lbs * Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East. <ref name=autogenerated2>• McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). "Everyday Excellence." GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html</ref><ref name=autogenerated13>• University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055556/http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater |date=July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ [UTSOA&#93; enews 3.27.2008<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007025025/http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ |date=October 7, 2008 }}</ref><ref>• Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415642132/ Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution]. Routledge.</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref> Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ) na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ịdị iche == Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer. * Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). == References == 1."University at Albany Experts". University at Albany. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 2."Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete". Institute for Middle East Understanding. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 3.Hilary, Nieman (November 6, 2006). "Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships". wrmea.org. Retrieved June 5, 2024. 4. Robbins, Kevin. (2007). "Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA. 5. Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 6. IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 7. "European Region". Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 8. "Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory". Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 9. Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. "The Arab-American Affairs magazine". Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 10. Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/ 11. "Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)". 12. World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 13. Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4 14. Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU 15. University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: http://tugis.towson.edu/ Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine 16. Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports". Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 17. McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). "Everyday Excellence." GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html 18. University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine 19. [UTSOA] enews 3.27.2008 Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 20. Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]] [[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  mkp0mnii5w7ews2fvkivqxf3yuoy2x9 700856 700854 2026-08-13T05:36:16Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Edensibia */ 700856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine. O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.<ref name=autogenerated4>• Robbins, Kevin. (2007). "Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA.</ref>. <ref>• Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs</ref>.<ref name=autogenerated5>• IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.stml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml |date=November 20, 2008 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}</ref><ref>• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/</ref> == Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa == Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&nbsp; : ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}</ref><ref>World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs</ref> <ref>Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4</ref><ref>Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU</ref> <ref name=autogenerated12>• University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: http://tugis.towson.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627183710/http://tugis.towson.edu/ |date=June 27, 2010 }}</ref> * Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&nbsp; * Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&nbsp; * Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&nbsp; == Ihe ndekọ onwe onye == Powerlifting Gym Records: : ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) '' * Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs * Bench Press: 727.5 lbs * Deadlift: 749.5 lbs * Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East. <ref name=autogenerated2>• McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). "Everyday Excellence." GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html</ref><ref name=autogenerated13>• University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055556/http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater |date=July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ [UTSOA&#93; enews 3.27.2008<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007025025/http://soa.utexas.edu/news/archive/032708/ |date=October 7, 2008 }}</ref><ref>• Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415642132/ Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution]. Routledge.</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.<ref name="imeu.net">{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}</ref> Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ) na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. <ref name="autogenerated3">• Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}</ref> == Ịdị iche == Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer. * Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). == References == 1."University at Albany Experts". University at Albany. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 2."Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete". Institute for Middle East Understanding. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2024. 3.Hilary, Nieman (November 6, 2006). "Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships". wrmea.org. Retrieved June 5, 2024. 4. Robbins, Kevin. (2007). "Lifting himself – and his people: University of Texas doctoral student is first Palestinian at world weightlifting championships.” Austin American-Statesman – January 16, Austin, TX, USA. 5. Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 6. IMEU. (2007). “Dr. Ahmed Abukhater: Author, Business Executive, and Record-setting Athlete.” Institute for Middle East Understanding – August 10. Available at: http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 7. "European Region". Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 8. "Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory". Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 9. Nieman, Hilary. (2007). "Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships." Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. "The Arab-American Affairs magazine". Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 10. Records and Lifter Rankings: https://wabdl.org/records/ 11. "Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)". 12. World Powerlifting Championships BENCH PRESS – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs 13. Complete Athlete – Ahmed Abukhater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQMWoHBdHR4 14. Confront Your Fears – Unleash your hero (Ahmed Abukhater): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LflqmNN2NKU 15. University of Towson GIS conference, 2010: http://tugis.towson.edu/ Archived June 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine 16. Johnson, Allan. (2007). "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin." The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: "World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports". Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. 17. McKetta, Elisabeth. (2008). "Everyday Excellence." GradNews – March 2008. Available at: http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/gradlife/excellence/abukhater.html 18. University of Texas. (2010). Former powerlifter Ahmed Abukhater fights for water rights in Palestine by Amy Maverick Crossette. Available at: http://news.utexas.edu/2010/05/21/ahmed_abukhater Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine 19. [UTSOA] enews 3.27.2008 Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 20. Abukhater, Ahmed. (2013). Water as a Catalyst for Peace – Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]] [[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]] [[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]] [[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  sntbn8efnwimsyur3phnyo8b86ddber 0 77835 700852 687622 2026-08-13T05:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Etiti Afrịka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} [[File:Aerial view of the Congo River near Kisangani.jpg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Kongo dị nso [[Kisangani]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]]] {{Infobox river | name = Congo River<br />''Fleuve Congo''<br />''Rio Congo''<br />''Mto Kongo'' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Zaire River<br />''Fleuve Zaïre''<br />''Rio Zaire'' | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Congobasinmap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = The [[drainage basin]] of the Congo River | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 100.1111111000000034r | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length ={{cvt|2,300|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 |title=Congo }}</ref> Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}; Congo–Lualaba {{cvt|4,374|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo River Basin">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311154427 |title=The Wetland Book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_92-2 |last1=Ian James |first1=Harrison |last2=Randall E. |first2=Brummett |last3=Melanie L. J. |first3=Stiassny |chapter=Congo River Basin |pages=1–18 |year=2016 |isbn=978-94-007-6173-5 }}</ref> | width_min = {{cvt|200|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|1,440|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | width_avg = | width_max = {{cvt|19,000|m}} (mouth) | depth_min = | depth_avg = {{cvt|12|to|75|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|5|to|22|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | depth_max = {{cvt|220|m|ft|sp=us}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|50|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | discharge1_location=[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] (near mouth) | discharge1_min = {{cvt|23,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|1,308|km3/year|m3/s}}<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |last1=Aiguo |first1=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |date=2002 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D }}</ref><ref name=bossche /> {{cvt|41,860|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{cvt|75,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge2_location= [[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] | discharge2_min = {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1905)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1902–2019){{cvt|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> (Period: 1947–2023){{cvt|41,268|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa">{{cite journal |journal=Geography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387214987 |title=Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa |last1=Matheus |first1=Silveira de Queiroz |last2=Rogério |first2=Ribeiro Marinho |doi=10.5380/raega.v61i1.96047 |date=2024 |volume=61 |pages=153–172 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | discharge2_max ={{cvt|77,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1961)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_location= [[Kisangani]] | discharge3_min ={{cvt|3,240|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge3_avg =(Period: 1951–2012){{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_max ={{cvt|13,930|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_location=[[Kindu]] | discharge4_min ={{cvt|640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_avg ={{cvt|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_max ={{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_location= [[Bukama]] | discharge5_min ={{cvt|52|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_avg ={{cvt|322|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_max ={{cvt|1,229|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | source1 = [[Boyoma Falls]] | source1_location = [[Kisangani]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|0|29|34|N|25|12|25|E}} | source1_elevation ={{cvt|373|m}} | source2 = [[Lualaba River|Lualaba]] | source2_location =[[Katanga Plateau]] | source2_coordinates={{coord|11|45|53|S|26|30|10|E}} | source2_elevation ={{cvt|1,420|m}} | source3 = [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]] | source3_location = | source3_coordinates={{coord|9|6|23|S|31|18|21|E}} | source3_elevation ={{cvt|1,760|m}} | mouth = Atlantic Ocean | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|06|04|30|S|12|27|00|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}} | progression = Atlantic Ocean | river_system = Congo River | basin_size = {{cvt|4,014,500|km2}}<ref name=bossche /> | tributaries_left =[[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]], Lovoi, Luvidjo, Kasuku, [[Lomami River|Lomami]], [[Lulonga River|Lulonga]], [[Ikelemba River|Ikelemba]], [[Ruki River|Ruki]], [[Lake Tumba|Irebu]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]], Lufimi, [[Inkisi River|Inkisi]] | tributaries_right = [[Lufira River|Lufira]], [[Luvua River|Luvua]], [[Lukuga River|Lukuga]], [[Luama River|Luama]], [[Elila River|Elila]], [[Ulindi River|Ulindi]], [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]], Maiko, [[Lindi River|Lindi]], [[Aruwimi River|Aruwimi]], [[Itimbiri River|Itimbiri]], [[Mongala River|Mongala]], [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]], [[Sangha River|Sangha]], [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]], [[Alima River|Alima]], Nkeni, [[Léfini River|Léfini]], [[Djoué River|Djoué]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-custom = {{maplink| | frame = yes | plain = yes | frame-align = center | frame-width = 300 | frame-height = 240 | frame-latitude = -4.5 | frame-longitude = 22 | zoom = 4 | title1 = Congo | id1 = Q3503 | type1 = line | stroke-color1 = | stroke-width1 = 2 | title2 = Lualaba | id2 = Q836812 | type2 = line | stroke-color2 = #0000FF | stroke-width2 = 2 }} | mapframe-caption = Congo (red) and Lualaba (blue) rivers }} '''Osimiri Congo''',{{efn|{{langx|kg|Nzâdi Kôngo}}, {{langx|sw|Mto Kongo}}, {{langx|fr|Fleuve Congo}}, {{langx|pt|Rio Congo}}}} a makwaara ya na mbụ dị ka '''Osimiri Zaire''', bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na [[Afrịka]], dị mkpụmkpụ karịa [[Naịl]], yana oke osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa [[ndepụta osimiri site na mwepụ | site na mwepụ]], na-eso osimiri [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] na [[Ganges]]–[[Brahmaputra]]. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, nke nwere omimi gburugburu {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite web |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |first=Kevin |last=Oberg |date=July 2008 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sistemụ Congo–[[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]–[[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]]–[[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]]–[[Osimiri Chambeshi]] nwere ogologo zuru oke nke {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nke itoolu n'ụwa -[[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo]]. Chambeshi bụ [[ndị na-asọba]] nke Osimiri Lualaba, ''Lualaba'' bụkwa aha Osimiri Congo dị n'elu [[Boyoma Falls]], nke gbasaara ruo {{cvt|1,800|km|mi}}. A tụrụ Osimiri Congo ya na Lualaba, bụ́ isi iyi mmiri, ogologo ya bụ {{cvt|4,370|km|mi}}. Ọ bụ naanị nnukwu osimiri gafere [[equator]] ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{harvnb|Forbath|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6 6]}}. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic.<br /><br />In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> [[Mpaghara Congo]] nwere mkpokọta obosara ihe dị ka {{cvt|4,000,000|km2|mi2}}, ma ọ bụ 13% nke ala Afrịka dum. ==Aha== Aha ahụ bụ ''Congo/Kongo'' sitere na [[Alaeze Kongo]] nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ. A kpọrọ alaeze ahụ aha ndị Bantu [[ndị Kongo]], nke a maara na narị afọ nke 17 dị ka "Esikongo".<ref>{{cite book |title=Africa's Urban Past |first=David |last=Anderson |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |page=79 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'ebe ndịda nke Alaeze Kongo dị n'okpuru alaeze a kpọrọ aha [[Kakongo]], nke a kpọtụrụ aha na 1535. [[Abraham Ortelius]] kpọrọ "Manicongo" dị ka obodo dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na maapụ ụwa ya nke 1564.{{efn|[[Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[Angola]] and [[Botswana]].}} Aha ebo dị na ''Kongo'' nwere ike ịpụta site na okwu na-egosi nzukọ ọha ma ọ bụ mgbakọ ebo. Aha ndị Kongo ma ọ bụ ''Bakongo'' nke oge a malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Aha ahụ bụ ''Zaire'' sitere na asụsụ Portuguese nke okwu [[Kongo|Kikongo]], {{lang|kg|nzere}} ("osimiri"), mbelata nke {{lang|kg|nzadi o nzere}} ("osimiri na-elo osimiri").{{sfn|Forbath|1979|p=19}} A maara osimiri ahụ dị ka "Zaire" n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17; "Congo" yiri ka ọ nọchiri "Zaire" nwayọ nwayọ n'asụsụ Bekee n'oge narị afọ nke 18, na "Congo" bụ aha Bekee a kacha mara amara n'akwụkwọ narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ ezie na ebe a na-akpọ "Zahir" ma ọ bụ "Zaire" ka aha ndị bi ebe ahụ na-akpọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{cite book |author=James Barbot |title=An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 |date=1746}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |author=James Hingston Tuckey |date=1818 |title=Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=live}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |quote=Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives |author=John Purdy |title=Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean |date=1822 |page=112 }}</ref> Aha ya bụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na [[Republic of the Congo]], dịka [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] gara aga nke nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 site na [[Belgian Congo]]. Aha osimiri ahụ [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] n'afọ 1971–1997 bụkwa aha osimiri ahụ n'asụsụ [[French|French]] na [[Portuguese|Portuguese]]. ==Basin na ụzọ== [[File:Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Foto elu site n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo nwere ọkara nke [[Pool Malebo]] na [[Mbamu]] n'elu mmiri]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa depuis Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|[[Kinshasa]] dịka a hụrụ site na [[Brazzaville]], gafee [[Pool Malebo]]]] [[Drainage basin]] nke Congo na-ekpuchi {{cvt|4,014,500|km2|mi2}},<ref name=bossche/> mpaghara fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nhata nke [[European Union]]. [[Ịgbapụta mmiri (hydrology)|ịgbapụta mmiri]] nke Congo na-eru site na {{cvt|23,000|-|75,000|m3/s|sp=us}}, nkezi ya bụ {{cvt|41,000|m3/s|sp=us}}.<ref name=bossche/> Osimiri ahụ na-ebuga nde tọn [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]] 86 kwa afọ gaa na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] yana pasentị isii ọzọ nke [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]].<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |s2cid=199099061 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 }}</ref> Osimiri na [[ndị na-asọfe|ndị na-asọfe]] ya na-asọfe site na oké ọhịa Congo, mpaghara oké ọhịa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, mgbe e mesịrị [[Amazon rainforest]] na South America. Osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu mmiri na-asọpụta (n'ọnụ mmiri 41,860 m³/s), na-eso [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) na [[Ganges]]–[[Osimiri Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]–[[Osimiri Meghna|Meghna]] (mkpokọta mmiri na delta 43,950 m³/s) osimiri;<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ime osimiri ọ bụla, n'azụ Amazon; ọ bụkwa otu n'ime osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, n'ime omimi karịrị {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monster Fish of the Congo |work=National Geographic Channel |year=2009 |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ebe mmiri ya na-asọpụta mmiri gụnyere ebe dị iche iche ma n'ebe ugwu ma n'ebe ndịda nke [[Equator]], mmiri ya na-asọpụta nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ na-enwe [[oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]].<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html |date=20 October 2017 }}. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Isi iyi nke Congo dị n'ugwu na ugwu nke [[East Africa Rift]], yana [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]], nke na-azụ [[Osimiri Lualaba]], nke mechara bụrụ Congo dị n'okpuru [[Boyoma Falls]]. A na-ewerekarị [[Osimiri Chambeshi]] dị na Zambia dị ka isi iyi nke Congo dịka usoro a nabatara n'ụwa niile nke iji mmiri kachasị ogologo, dịka ọ dị na Osimiri Naịl. Congo na-asọba n'ozuzu ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Kisangani]] dị n'okpuru mmiri mmiri Boyoma, wee jiri nwayọ gbadaa n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Mbandaka]], isonyere [[Osimiri Ubangi]] wee gbaa ọsọ banye na [[Pool Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[Kinshasa]] (nke bụbu Léopoldville) na [[Brazzaville]] dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri ahụ, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ada site na ọtụtụ [[Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri#Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri|cataracts]] n'ime ndagwurugwu miri emi (a na-akpọ ya [[Livingstone Falls]]), na-agba ọsọ site na [[Matadi]] na [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]], ma banye n'oké osimiri na [[Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Muanda]]. '''Ndịda Kongo''' mejupụtara akụkụ "ala" nke nnukwu osimiri ahụ; nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ site na [[ọnụ osimiri]] na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic|Atlantic Coast]] ruo isi obodo abụọ nke Brazzaville na Kinshasa. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, e nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa, ma n'akụkụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndịda. ''Osimiri Kwilu'' malitere n'ugwu ndị dị nso na [[Angola]]n [[Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ma banye na Congo ihe dị ka kilomita 100 site na [[Matadi]]. Nke ọzọ bụ [[Osimiri Inkisi]], nke na-asọ site na [[Uíge Province]] dị na Angola gaa na [[confluence]] na Congo na "'Zongo'' ụfọdụ {{cvt|80|km}} n'ala site na isi ala abụọ ahụ. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri mmiri, karịsịa [[Livingstone Falls]], akụkụ a nke osimiri anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site n'ụgbọ mmiri. ==Drainage basin== Ógbè Congo kpuchiri mba iri ma ihe dị ka pasentị iri na atọ nke [[Afrịka]]. Ebe kachasị elu n'ime ala Congo dị na [[Ugwu Ruwenzori]], n'elu ihe dịka {{cvt|4,340|m}} dị n'elu oke osimiri. Nkesa nke mpaghara mmiri Congo n'etiti mba dị iche iche:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{cite web |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |title=Congo-HYCOS |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live }}</ref> {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" {{right}} ! rowspan=2 | Country ! colspan=2 | Area ! rowspan=2 | % |- ! {{km2}} ! {{mi2}} |- | ''{{noflag|Congo basin total}}'' | {{convert|3,712,316|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 100.00 |- | {{flag|Angola}} || 305,760 || 118,050 || 8.24 |- | {{flag|Burundi}} || 18,728 || 7,231 || 0.50 |- | {{flag|Cameroon}} || 85,300 || 32,900 || 2.30 |- | {{flag|Central African Republic}} || 402,000 || 155,000 || 10.83 |- | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || 2,307,800 || 891,000 || 62.16 |- | {{flag|Gabon}} || 1,146 || 442 || 0.03 |- | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || 248,400 || 95,900 || 6.69 |- | {{flag|Rwanda}} || 382 || 147 || 0.01 |- | {{flag|Tanzania}} || 166,800 || 64,400 || 4.49 |- | {{flag|Zambia}} || 176,600 || 68,200 || 4.76 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ọdụ mmiri kacha mkpa n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo bụ<ref name="Congo-HYCOS"/> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance<br />along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual<br />average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start<br />year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] |{{convert|0|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|0|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,730,740|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1915 |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Inga dams|Inga]] |{{convert|188|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1959 |{{convert|41,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] |{{convert|498|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|269|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,659,900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1902 |{{convert|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |[[Mossaka]] |{{convert|898|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|289|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,490,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |- |[[Mbandaka]] |{{convert|1,157|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|303|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,683,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|19,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Yangambi]] |{{convert|2,133|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|371|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,069,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|8,358|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kisangani]] |{{convert|2,240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|380|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|974,330|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|7,079|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo'''<br />('''[[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]''') |- |[[Boyoma Falls]] |{{convert|2,310|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ubundu]] |{{convert|2,390|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|418|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,378|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kindu]] |{{convert|2,705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|448|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|810,440|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1912 |{{convert|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ankoro]] |{{convert|3,455|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|556|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|171,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1935 |{{convert|901|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Bukama]] |{{convert|3,695|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|567|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|63,090|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1933 |{{convert|322|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |} ==Nwepụ== ===[[Kinshasa]] na [[Brazzaville]]=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Mmiri Osimiri Congo na-asọpụta n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kinshasa na Brazzaville kemgbe mmalite nke nha (1902 ruo 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- ==Obosara na omimi== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Obosara na omimi nke etiti na ala Congo: !rowspan=2| Location !colspan=2| Width !colspan=2| Average depth !colspan=2| Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" | '''Lower Congo''' |- | {{coord|5|08|55.3|S|13|59|20.5|E}} |{{convert|1,070|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|87.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Soka {{coord|5|08|30.4|S|13|59|27.9|E}} |{{convert|1,020|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|57.3|S|13|59|28.2|E}} |{{convert|450|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || <!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|165|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bulu {{coord|5|01|49.5|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|429|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|62.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|102|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|01|58.6|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|384|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|43.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|07.8|S|14|01|50.3|E}} |{{convert|388|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Banza {{coord|5|2|20.6|S|14|02|09.2|E}} |{{convert|540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|79.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Luozi]] {{coord|4|56|50.7|S|14|09|21.2|E}} |{{convert|2,190|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Muhambi {{coord|4|55|38.5|S|14|15|16.5|E}} |{{convert|1,010|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Pioka {{coord|4|54|03.3|S|14|24|18.2|E}} |{{convert|1,460|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|75.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|118|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kinshasa]]– [[Brazzaville]] {{coord|4|16|47.3|S|15|18|32.8|E}} |{{convert|3,264|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|9.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- | Maloukou {{coord|4|05|24.4|S|15|30|39.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Léchia {{coord|3|52|43.4|S|15|55|11.6|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|21.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kounzoulou–Miranda {{coord|3|33|18.7|S|16|05|32.2|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|20.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|45.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kunzulu {{coord|3|28|52.5|S|16|07|18.3|E}} |{{convert|1,540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kwamouth]] {{coord|3|11|23.7|S|16|11|09.6|E}} |{{convert|1,905|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kasai River|Kasai]] at mouth {{coord|3|10|36.4|S|16|11|41.5|E}} |{{convert|606|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Congo at [[Kasai River|Kasai]] mouth {{coord|3|09|59.7|S|16|10|51.7|E}} |{{convert|1,851|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9–15.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Mbali–Mosebwaka {{coord|2|48|33.9|S|16|11|40.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bouemba {{coord|2|12|22.9|S|16|10|49.0|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Bolobo]] {{coord|2|09|28.5|S|16|12|16.5|E}} |{{convert|4,119|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Yumbi]] {{coord|1|52|15.5|S|16|30|43.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bounda {{coord|1|37|55.5|S|16|37|59.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mossaka]] {{coord|1|14|22.2|S|16|47|44.5|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Lukolela]] {{coord|1|03|13.5|S|17|08|58.0|E}} |{{convert|1,757|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.0–11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bweta–Manga {{coord|0|54|39.2|S|17|23|27.1|E}} |{{convert|1,865–5,083|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5.0–6.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Yambe {{coord|0|43|38.5|S|17|33|02.9|E}} |{{convert|2,468|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Liranga District|Liranga]] {{coord|0|41|00.4|S|17|36|43.7|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bomenenge–Mikuka {{coord|0|25|58.1|S|17|50|13.3|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mbandaka]] {{coord|0|01|17.4|N|18|13|10.9|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kisangani]] {{coord|0|30|22.1|N|25|11|03.4|E}} |{{convert|1,440|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.0–7.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=7 | Sources:<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> |} ==Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ== [[File:CongoLualaba watershed plain political.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Congo nwere mba akara akara]] [[File:CongoLualaba watershed topo.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na drainage nke Osimiri Congo nwere onyinyo ọdịdị ala]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+A na-ahazi osimiri na mmiri ndị bụ isi (n'usoro site n'ọnụ na-aga n'elu mmiri): !rowspan=2| Left tributary !rowspan=2| Right tributary !colspan=2| Length !colspan=2| Basin size !colspan=2| Average discharge |- !km !mi !km² !sq mi !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="2" |''Congo'' |{{convert|4,374|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,712,316|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Lower Congo'''<br />(river mouth to [[Kinshasa]]) |- | |Luki | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lué-Grande | rowspan="5" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,786.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Fuila | {{convert|150|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,051.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] |{{convert|170|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,932.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lufu|Lufu]] |{{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,586.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kwilu |{{convert|284|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|89.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lwala | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,322.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lukunga|Lukunga]] | | {{convert|221|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,166.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Yambi | {{convert|65|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,262.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mpioka | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|31|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|788.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunzadi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|753.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] |{{convert|559|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|291.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Foulakary | {{convert|127|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,230.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] |{{convert|175|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,225|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|158.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Middle Congo'''<br />([[Kinshasa]] to the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |[[Osimiri Ndjili|N'djili]] | rowspan="2" | |{{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,258.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|38.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Nsele Valley Park|Nsele]] |{{convert|193|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|77.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Djiri | {{convert|63|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,395.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Yana | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|663.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lufimi | |{{convert|268|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|199|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mary | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,529|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|84.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mai Mpili | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|62|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|759.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lidji |{{convert|108|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,686|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Kasai|Kasai]] |{{convert|2,153|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|884,370|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="4" | |Gam-bomba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,372.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|29.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lefini|Léfini]] |{{convert|418|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|14,951.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|423.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |M'Pouya | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,175.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |N'Goindi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,537.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Gampoka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,036.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | Nkeni | {{convert|331|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,249.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|209.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nkeme | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,154|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nsolu | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|4,129|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Sangasi | {{convert|64|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,020.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | [[Alima]] |{{convert|577|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23,192.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,053.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] |{{convert|1,395|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191,953|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,471|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Pama | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|50|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,202.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Manga | {{convert|43|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,337.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba|Irebu]] |{{convert|35|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7,380|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|105.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] |{{convert|2,299|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|651,918|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,936|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] | rowspan="3" | |{{convert|1,200|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|173,790|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] |{{convert|345|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12,510|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|222.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] |{{convert|705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|76,950|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Moeko | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,346.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|40.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] | {{convert|663|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|52,200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|708.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lofofe | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,333.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mioka | {{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,872|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Isambi | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,135.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="8" | |Molua |{{convert|71|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,566.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] |{{convert|700|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50,490|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|773.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Makpulu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,279.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loie | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|682.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Moliba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,363.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ikot | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|987.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mokeke | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|695|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lula | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|582|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunua | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|612.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] |{{convert|1,287|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|116,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loleka | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,349.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukombe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,931.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|53.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] |{{convert|2,063|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|109,080|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,061.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lubilu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,222.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Romée | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|601.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Lubania | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|743.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] |{{convert|797|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|60,300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Upper Congo'''<br />([[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]; upstream from the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |Yoko | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|866.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Maiko | {{convert|516|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,935.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|318.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Oluka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|495.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Obiautku | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,290.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilu | {{convert|281|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,381.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|192.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Ruiki | rowspan="2" | | {{convert|203|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,540.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|125.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilo | {{convert|202|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,684.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49,590|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,624.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] |{{convert|803|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30,240|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|901.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kasuku | |{{convert|397|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,468.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|175.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | Ambe | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,231.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luti | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|771|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] |{{convert|670|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,360|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|678.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lueki | | {{convert|205|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,494.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|58.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Kiha-muwa | {{convert|182|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,362|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kabila | {{convert|70|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,229.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lowe | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|49|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,306.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ganze | {{convert|25|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,331.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lubutu | {{convert|212|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,419.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kunda | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,749.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mulongoi | | {{convert|219|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,754.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="6" | |Lulindi | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,515|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] |{{convert|741|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25,099.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|221|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luika | {{convert|223|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,214.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luvilo | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,126.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufutuka | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,792.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lukga|Lukuga]] |{{convert|350|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271,580|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubanzi | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,045.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kay | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,742|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukuswa | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,822.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Luboy | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,644.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Luvidjo | |{{convert|240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,312.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kalongwe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,208.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] |{{convert|388|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|265,260|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kai | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,142.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubumbu | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,342.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kalumen-<br />gongo | {{convert|329|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,069.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|66.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lovoi | | {{convert|385|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19,624.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|185.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] |{{convert|911|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51,480|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|502|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] | |{{convert|490|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Kalule | {{convert|172|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,208.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|28.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Musonoi | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,539.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufupa | {{convert|155|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,070.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kando | {{convert|191|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,455.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nyund-welu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,319.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukonga | {{convert|131|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,721.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mukwishi | | {{convert|61|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,562|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=8 | Source:<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://hal.science/hal-01671764 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin (HAL) |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |date=2017 |volume=66 |page=196 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |last1=Becker |first1=Melanie |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=Frédéric |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Silva |first6=J. Santos da |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |s2cid=6873734 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |title=Topographic maps |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103810/https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |title=Commission Internationale du Bassin Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS) |date=2014 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103816/https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179 |title=Congo River }}</ref><ref name="Le Fleuve Congo">{{cite web |url=http://congeau.site/fleuvecongo.html |title=Le Fleuve Congo }}</ref><ref name="Congo" /><ref name="Lwalaba">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Lwalaba%20000060489375 |title=Lwalaba }}</ref> |} '''Ndịda Kongo''' (ọnụ osimiri ruo [[Kinshasa]]) N'ala Kinshasa, site n'ọnụ osimiri dị na [[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]], e nwere obere mmiri ole na ole dị mkpa. * [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] (aka ekpe) * Kwilu (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] (aka ekpe) * Foulakary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] (aka nri) '''Etiti Kọngo''' ([[Kinshasa]] rụọ [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Nsele (aka ekpe) * Lufimi (aka ekpe) * Mary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Kasai|Kwa–Kasai]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] *** [[Osimiri Lukenie|Lukenie]] [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|thumb|right|Foto sitere n'elu nke [[Osimiri Lukenie]] ka ọ na-agafe n'ime [[Oke ọhịa dị larịị nke Central Congo]]]] *** Lokoro—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe]] ** [[Osimiri Kwango|Kwango]] *** Culio *** [[Osimiri Wamba|Wamba]] *** [[Osimiri Kwilu|Kwilu]] **** [[Osimiri Kwenge|Kwenge]] **** Inzia ** [[Osimiri Loange|Loange]] ** [[Osimiri Sankuru|Sankuru]] *** Lubilanji *** [[Osimiri Lubefu|Lubefu]] *** [[Osimiri Lubudi (Sankuru tributary)|Lubudi]] ** [[Osimiri Lulua|Lulua]] ** Chicapa ** [[Luachimo Hydroelectric Power Station|Luachimo]] ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * [[Osimiri Léfini|Léfini]] (aka nri)[[File:Lefini River (25583791878).jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Léfini]]]] * Nkeni (aka nri) *[[Alima]] (aka nri) * [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]]-[[Likouala-Mossaka|Mossaka]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] (aka nri) ** [[Likouala-aux-Herbes|Likouala aux Herbes]] ** [[Osimiri Ngogo|Ngoko]] *** [[Osimiri Boumba|Boumba]] ** [[Osimiri Kadéï|Kadéï]] (570&nbsp;km, 41,000&nbsp;km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] (aka nri)[[File:Убанги као пут.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ubangi]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** [[Osimiri Lobaye|Lobaye]] ** Mbali ** [[Osimiri Ouaka|Ouaka]] ** [[Osimiri Kotto|Kotto]] ** [[Osimiri Mbomou|Mbomou]] [[File:Forward, forward.jpg|thumb|Nwoke nọ n'elu [[Osimiri Mbomou]], n'etiti Bangassou na Ndu]] *** [[Osimiri Chinko|Chinko]] *** [[Osimiri Mbari|Mbari]] *** Bili ** [[Osimiri Uele|Uele]] [[File:Uele rivière Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Uele]]]] *** [[Osimiri Kibali|Kibali]] *** [[Osimiri Dungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Dungu]] *** [[Osimiri Bomokandi|Bomokandi]] *** [[Osimiri Uere|Uere]] * Irebu—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Momboyo|Momboyo]] ** [[Osimiri Busira|Busira]] *** [[Osimiri Salonga|Salonga]] *** [[Osimiri Tshuapa|Tshuapa ma ọ bụ Ruki]] (aka ekpe) **** [[Osimiri Lomela|Lomela]] * [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Lopori|Lopori]] ** [[Osimiri Maringa|Maringa]] * Moeko (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Ituri|Ituri]] [[File:Photo of the day 11.10.2015 (21868921339).jpg|thumb|Osimiri na-asọfe n'ime [[Ituri Rainforest]]]] ** [[Osimiri Nepoko|Nepoko]] * Lukombe (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] (aka ekpe)[[File:Swallowtails on bank of Lomami River at Katopa Camp, Democratic Republic of the Congo (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Osimiri Lomami]]]] * [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Tshopo|Tshopo]] [[File:Cascades of the Tshopo river.jpg|thumb|Ọgba mmiri nke [[Osimiri Tshopo]]]] * Maiko (aka nri) '''Kọngo Elu''' ([[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]; site na elu [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Lilu (aka nri) * Ruiki (aka ekpe) * Lilo (aka ekpe) *[[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] (aka nri) ** Oso *[[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] (aka nri) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (aka ekpe) * Ambe (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] (aka nri) * Loho (aka ekpe) * Lubutu (aka ekpe) * Kunda (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] (aka nri) * Luika (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Lukuga|Lukuga]] (aka nri) ** [[Ruzizi River|Rusizi]] ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos and Bridge, Burundi 067.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ruzizi]]]] ** [[Osimiri Malagarasi|Malagarasi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]) *** [[Ogige Mba nke Osimiri Ugalla|Ugalla]] *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Kalungwishi|Kalungwishi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]) ** [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]; 740&nbsp;km, 173,386&nbsp;km², 741 m³/s) *** [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]], [[Ala Mmiri Bangweulu|Apịtị Bangweulu]]; 500&nbsp;km, 44,427&nbsp;km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (aka nri) * Lovoi (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] (aka ekpe) * Lufupa (aka ekpe) ==Mkpa akụ na ụba== [[File:Oxfam East Africa - Mbandaka market.jpg|thumb|Obodo [[Mbandaka]] bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara n'ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo.]] [[File:Congo maluku.jpg|thumb|right|Osimiri Congo na [[Maluku (Kinshasa)|Maluku]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na Mmiri Mmiri Livingstone na-egbochi mmadụ ịbanye n'oké osimiri, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Congo dum dị n'elu ha dị mfe [[Navigability|navigable]] n'akụkụ dị iche iche, karịsịa n'etiti Kinshasa na Kisangani. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-ekuru mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'osimiri ahụ ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Osimiri Congo ka bụ ebe obibi n'ala ebe okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè pere mpe.<ref>See, for instance, [[Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ |date=29 November 2009 }}</ref> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agafe isi iyi mmiri atọ dị mkpa ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụmaahịa nke Central Africa na-agafekwa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, gụnyere [[ọla kọpa]], [[mmanụ nkwụ]] (dị ka mkpụrụ osisi), [[shuga]], [[kọfị]], na [[owu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |work=AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |date=7 October 2016 |url=https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |access-date=24 April 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri eletrik=== Osimiri Kongo bụ osimiri kachasị ike n'Afrịka. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ihe karịrị {{convert|50000|m3}} mmiri kwa sekọnd na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Ya mere, ohere dị ukwuu maka Osimiri Congo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya iji mepụta ike mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agbakọọla na mpaghara Congo dum bụ pasent iri na atọ nke ike [[hydropower]] zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nke a ga-enye ike zuru oke maka mkpa ọkụ eletrik niile [[Saharan Africa]].<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 |date=2 September 2011 }}. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri iri anọ na Congo Basin. Ndị kacha ibu bụ [[Inga dam]], ihe dị ka {{convert|200|km}} na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kinshasa. E bidoro ọrụ a na mbido afọ 1970, mgbe e mechara dam mbụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Showers |first=Kate B. |s2cid=145515488 |date=1 September 2011 |title=Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |language=en |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=193–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x |issn=1468-0467 }}</ref> Atụmatụ ahụ (dịka e chepụtara na mbụ) chọrọ ka e wuo dam ise nke ga-enwe ike imepụta ihe ruru megawatt 34,500 (MW). Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mmiri mmiri Inga I na Inga II ka arụrụla, na-emepụta ike 1,776 MW.<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be"/> Na Febụwarị 2005, ụlọ ọrụ ike nke gọọmentị [[South Africa]], [[Eskom]], kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasa ọgbọ site na mmezi na iwuli [[Grand Inga Dam|ọrụ mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ]]. Ọrụ a ga-eme ka mmepụta kachasị elu nke ebe a ruo megawatts 40,000 (MW).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.html |title=Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa? |work=World news |publisher=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jeevan |last=Vasagar |date=25 February 2005 |access-date=30 April 2010 }}</ref> A na-atụ egwu na ọwa mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị sitere na osimiri.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike== [[File:Chutes Livingstone.jpg|thumb|Mmalite nke [[Livingstone Falls]] (Lower Congo Rapids) dị nso na [[Kinshasa]]]] Ụzọ Osimiri Congo dị ugbu a malitere n'etiti afọ nde 1.5 na 2 [[Tupu Ugbu a|BP]], n'oge [[Pleistocene]].<ref name="Beadle1981">{{cite book |author=Leonard C. Beadle |title=The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 April 2011 |year=1981 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-46341-7 }}</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 |date=10 November 2023 }}. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> O yikarịrị ka n'oge a, ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu nke Congo [[ihe e ji ejide mmiri site na]] mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya, gụnyere Uele na elu Ubangi site na [[Osimiri Chari|usoro Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395 }}</ref> na Osimiri Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> tinyere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Kasai site na [[Zambezi|usoro Zambezi]].<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 {{ISBN|9780470849873 }}</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ na nhazi Congo mere ka e nwee [[ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke [[bonobo]] na [[chimpanzee]] nkịtị site na [[nna nna ochie ha kacha ọhụrụ]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ |title=Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments |journal=PLOS Genet. |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=e1000057 |year=2008 |pmid=18421364 |pmc=2278377 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bonobo bụ [[Endemism|nke jupụtara ebe niile] n'ime oke ọhịa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, dịka ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama dịka [[Allen's swamp enwe]], [[dryas enwe]], [[aquatic genet]], [[okapi]], na [[Congo peafowl]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingdon |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |year=1997 |title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press Limited |location=London |isbn=978-0-1240-8355-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2022 |title=''Afropavo congensis'' |article-number=e.T22679430A208189646 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> Maka ihe gbasara ndụ mmiri, Osimiri Congo nwere oke [[ụdị bara ụba]] na otu n'ime ebe kachasị elu a maara nke ọma nke [[ndị na-enweghị isi]].<ref name="Smithsonian2009">{{cite web |title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World |first=Kyle |last=Dickman |date=3 November 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Science & Nature |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |access-date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=9 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html }}</ref> {{Ruo | 2009}}, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị azụ 800 ka edekọworo site na Osimiri Osimiri Congo (anaghị agụta [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]], nke jikọtara ọnụ mana ọ dị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi),<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book |author1=Frans Witte |author2=Martien J. P. van Oijen |author3=Ferdinand A. Sibbing |year=2009 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile |editor=Henri J. Dumont |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer |pages=647–675 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> a ka na-amụkwa akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe ndị a.<ref name=SudanicCongoOubangi>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kabeghị ihe nlele ahụ n'akụkụ dị na [[Salonga National Park]], nke dị ihe dị ka nha Belgium, na 2006.<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal |author1=Schliewen, U.K. |author2=Stiassny, M.L.J. |year=2006 |title=A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1169 |pages=33–46 |s2cid=86533120 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2 }}</ref> A kọwara ụdị azụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ sayensị site na obere oge site na Osimiri Congo, a makwaara ọtụtụ [[Undescripted taxon|undescribed species]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schwarzer, J. |author2=Misof, B. |author3=Schliewen, U.K. |year=2011 |title=Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=138–148 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x |pmid=22070232 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Congo nwere ụdị azụ̀ kachasị elu karịa usoro osimiri ọ bụla dị n'Africa; ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, ndị ọzọ bara ọgaranya bụ Niger, [[Osimiri Volta|Volta]] na Naịl nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 240, 140 na 130, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Winemiller2008">{{cite book |author1=Winemiller, K.O. |author2=A.A. Agostinho |author3=É.P. Caramaschi |chapter=Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams |title=Tropical Stream Ecology |editor=Dudgeon, D. |year=2008 |pages=107–146 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-088449-0 }}</ref> N'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'etiti mpaghara dị na mpaghara Congo—gụnyere ebe obibi dị ka mmiri mmiri, osimiri miri emi, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri—a na-ekewa ya n'ọtụtụ [[ecoregion]] (kama iwere ya dị ka otu ecoregion). N'ime mpaghara ndị a dị n'ime ala, cataracts nke Livingstone Falls nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 300,<ref name="weis">{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> gụnyere ihe dị ka endemic iri asatọ<ref name="RoughWaters">{{Cite web |last=Norlander |first=Britt |date=20 April 2009 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708055831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |title=Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future |publisher=Science World |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=19 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119001507/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ }}</ref> ebe akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ (mpaghara osimiri Kasai) nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 200, nke ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ha jupụtara na ya.<ref name="Kasai">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> [[File:Poisson-Tigre Goliath sous les yeux du journaliste halieutique David Mailland - Congo 23.jpg|thumb|[[Hydrocynus goliath|Nnukwu azụ tiger]]]] Ezinụlọ azụ̀ ndị kacha nwee ike ịkụ azụ—ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ osimiri—bụ [[Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, dịka ọmụmaatụ ''[[Labeo simpsoni]]''), [[Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes), na [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name="UpperLualaba">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> N'ime ndị bi n'osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu anụ na-eri anụ nke ukwuu [[Hydrocynus goliath|nnukwu azụ tigerfish]]. Atọ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ọcha (anaghị [[agba mmiri|agba agba]]) na ''[[Lamprologus lethops]]'' kpuru ìsì, nke a kwenyere na ọ dị ndụ n'ime miri emi dịka {{convert|160|m|ft}} n'okpuru ala,<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ''[[Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na cichlids nke Amerịka karịa cichlids ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> na ''[[Caecobarbus|Caecobarbus geertsii]]'', naanị [[azụ mmiri]] a maara na Etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{cite book |author=Proudlove, G. |title=Subterranean fishes of the world |year=2006 |publisher=International Society for Subterranean Biology |isbn=978-2-9527084-0-1 }}</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ akịrị na ejula ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="UpperLualaba" /><ref name="LowerCongoRapids">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọtụtụ [[hydroelectric dam]] n'osimiri ahụ, nke a nwekwara ike ibute [[mkpochapu]] nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> Ọtụtụ ụdị mbe na [[Agụ iyi dị nro|mkpụrụ mmiri dị nro]], [[Agụ iyi dị na Naịl]] na [[agụ iyi dị egwu]] bụ ndị sitere na Osimiri Congo. [[Afrịka manatee]] bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Keith Diagne, L. |year=2015 |title=''Trichechus senegalensis'' |errata=2016 |article-number=e.T22104A97168578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> === Idei mmiri === Ndị [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) na [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]] (RoC) enweela idei mmiri ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo na isi iyi mmiri ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-akpata mbuze na mbuze ala, ma na-emetụta ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ahụike ọha na eze n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=The World Bank Group |date=2021 |title=Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2021 }}</ref> A na-atụ anya na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emetụta Osimiri Congo nke ukwuu ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, mmiri ozuzo na-arị elu ma n'ike na oge oge.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |title=Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> Site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 2020, oke mmiri ozuzo metụtara mpaghara 16 n'ime 26 nke DRC na ngalaba asatọ n'ime 12 nke RoC, nke butere idei mmiri [[2019–2020 Congo River]]. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere ka Osimiri Congo na [[Osimiri Ubangi|Osimiri Ubangi]] ju ebe niile, idei mmiri na ala ọma jijiji mere n'ofe DRC na RoC ma dugara na [[ndị a chụpụrụ n'ime obodo na Democratic Republic of the Congo|mgbapụ]] nke ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |date=10 December 2019 |language=en }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu ọchịchị obodo=== [[File:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|thumb|Maapụ nke narị afọ nke 17 nke osimiri Congo]] [[File:Routes of European explorers in Africa, to 1853.jpg|thumb|Na maapụ Afrịka a nke afọ 1853, ''Mpaghara A Na-enyochaghị fọdụrụnụ'' kwekọrọ na ala Congo.]] [[Ndị Bantu]] bi na mpaghara Congo dum, e kewara ha n'ime ọtụtụ narị agbụrụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na [[mgbasawanye Bantu]] erutela etiti Congo ihe dị ka afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst na elu Congo na narị afọ mbụ AD. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ chụpụrụ site na njem Bantu, [[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]/''[[Twa|Abatwa]]'' nke [[asụsụ Ubangian|Ubangian]] phylum, ka dị n'ime oke ọhịa dị anya nke Congo Basin. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 13, e nwere njikọ atọ dị mkpa nke steeti dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Congo. N'ọwụwa anyanwụ e nwere [[Alaeze Asaa nke Kongo dia Nlaza]], ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị kacha ochie na ndị kacha ike, nke nwere ike ịgụnye [[Nsundi]], [[Alaeze Mbata|Mbata]], [[Mpangu]], na ikekwe [[Kundi alaeze|Kundi]] na [[Okanga]]. Ndịda nke ndị a bụ [[Mpemba]] nke gbasaara site na [[Angola]] nke oge a ruo Osimiri Congo. Ọ gụnyere alaeze dị iche iche dịka [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Vunda]]. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Congo bụ otu mba nke steeti nta atọ jikọrọ aka; [[Vungu]] (onye ndu ya), [[Kakongo]], na [[Ngoyo]].<ref>{{Citation |chapter=The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540 |date=2020 |title=A History of West Central Africa to 1850 |pages=16–55 |editor-last=Thornton |editor-first=John K. |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC |access-date=2024-09-21 |series=New Approaches to African History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-56593-7 }}</ref>{{Rp|pages=24–25}} E guzobere [[Alaeze Kongo]] na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 14 site na njikọta nke alaeze nke [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Mbata Kingdom]] n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Osimiri Congo dị ala. Njikwa ókèala ya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ka dị naanị n'ihe kwekọrọ na mpaghara [[Kongo Central]] nke oge a. Nlegharị anya ndị Europe na Congo malitere na 1482 mgbe onye na-eme nchọpụta Portuguese [[Diogo Cão]] chọpụtara n'akụkụ osimiri{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} (ikekwe n'August 1482), nke o jiri [[Padrão]], ma ọ bụ ogidi nkume (ka dị, mana naanị n'ime iberibe) wuo n'elu Shark Point. Cão ji ụgbọ mmiri rịgoro osimiri ahụ ruo obere oge, wee malite ịkpọtụrụ Alaeze Kongo. A ka na-amaghị ụzọ zuru oke nke osimiri ahụ n'oge mmalite nke oge a.{{efn|The [[Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:File:Congo map 1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:File:Congo map 1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.}} Oke osimiri Congo dị n'elu na-aga n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Albertine Rift]].{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Amaghị njikọ ya na Congo ruo afọ 1877. [[Ndị Nilotic | Mgbasa Nilotic]] ruru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala Congo n'oge dị n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na nke 18, site n'aka ndị nna nna nke [[Asụsụ Ndịda Luo|Ndị Ndịda Luo]] na-asụ [[Ndị Alur]]. [[Francisco de Lacerda]] sooro Zambezi wee ruo n'akụkụ kachasị elu nke ala Congo ([[Kazembe]] dị na ala Luapula dị elu) na 1796. [[Ahịa ohu nke oke osimiri India|Ahịa ohu nke ndị Arab]] rutere n'elu Osimiri Congo na mbụ na narị afọ nke 19. E hiwere [[Nyangwe]] dị ka ebe ndị ohu na-anọ n'ogige ihe dị ka afọ 1860. [[David Livingstone]] bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere Nyangwe na Machị 1871.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Livingstone tụrụ aro ka o gosi na Lualaba jikọtara na Naịl, mana na Julaị 15, ọ hụrụ ogbugbu nke ihe dị ka ndị Afrịka 400 site n'aka ndị Arab na-agba ohu na Nyangwe, Ahụmịhe ahụ mere ka ọ tụọ ụjọ ma nwee nkụda mmụọ ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ịchọta ebe Naịl si apụta, ya mere o laghachiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="Livingstone 1871">{{cite book |last=Livingstone |first=David |title=Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition |year=2012 |publisher=UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA |url=http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-date=5 September 2014}}></ref><ref name="Jeal 1973">{{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=1973 |title=Livingstone |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=331–335 }}</ref> ===Mmalite nke ọchịchị ndị Europe=== Ndị Yuropu erutebeghị mpaghara etiti nke osimiri Congo site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ruo mgbe [[Henry Morton Stanley]] mere njem 1876–77, nke [[Kọmitii maka Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Upper Congo]] kwadoro. N'oge ahụ, otu n'ime ajụjụ ikpeazụ e jụrụ gbasara [[nyocha Europe nke Afrịka]] bụ ma Osimiri Lualaba ọ̀ na-enye Naịl (ozizi Livingstone), Congo,{{sfn|Jeal|2007|pp=188–219}} ma ọ bụ ọbụna [[Osimiri Naịja]]. E tinyere ego na 1874, [[Njem mbụ Henry Morton Stanley nke trans-Africa | Nnyocha mbụ nke Stanley nke trans-Africa]] malitere na [[Zanzibar]] wee rute Lualaba na 17 Ọktoba 1876. N'elu ala, o rutere Nyangwe, ebe etiti ebe iwu na-anaghị achị nke nwere agbụrụ ndị na-eri anụ ebe [[Tippu Tip]] hiwere ọrụ ohu. Stanley nwere ike were ndị agha Tippu Tip ka ha chebe ya ruo ụbọchị iri itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa. Ndị otu ahụ si n'ime ọhịa Matimba dị oke ọnụ pụọ na Nyangwe. Na ụbọchị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Nọvemba, ha rutere Lualaba ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na njem dị oke njọ n'ime ọhịa ahụ, Tippu Tip tụgharịrị gaa oriri ya na Disemba 28, wee hapụ Stanley naanị ya, ya na mmadụ 143, gụnyere ụmụaka asatọ na ụmụ nwanyị 16. Ha nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ na atọ. Nzute mbụ ya na otu ebo obodo ahụ bụ na onye na-eri anụ [[Ndị Tumbuka|Wenya]]. N'ozuzu, Stanley kọrọ na nzukọ iri atọ na abụọ na-adịghị mma n'osimiri ahụ, ụfọdụ na-eme ihe ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ịkparịta ụka n'okporo ụzọ udo. Ma ebo ndị ahụ kpachara anya n'ihi na naanị ihe ha hụrụ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu. Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1877, mgbe {{convert|400|mi|km|order=flip}} gasịrị, ha rutere Boyoma Falls (nke a na-akpọ Stanley Falls ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị), nke nwere cataracts asaa nke na-agbasa site na {{convert|60|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} nke ha ga-agafe n'elu ala. O were ha ruo ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Febụwarị iji ruo na njedebe nke mmiri ozuzo ahụ. N'ebe a, Stanley nụrụ na aha osimiri ahụ ka a kpọrọ ya ''Ikuta Yacongo'',{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=199; 7 February 1877}} gosiri ya na o rutela Kongo nakwa na Lualaba anaghị enye Naịl nri. Site n'oge a, ebo ndị ahụ abụghịzi ndị na-eri anụ mmadụ kama ha nwere egbe, o doro anya na ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta ndị Portugal nwere. Ihe dị ka izu anọ wee ruo {{convert|1200|mi|km|order=flip}} mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rutere Stanley Pool (nke bụzi Pool Malebo), ebe obodo Kinshasa na Brazzaville dị ugbu a. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ bụ Livingstone Falls, nke aha ya na-ezighi ezi dịka Livingstone na-agabeghị na Congo: usoro ọdịda 32 na ọsọ mmiri nwere mgbanwe elu nke {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} n'elu {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Maachị ha malitere ịrịda mmiri ahụ, nke were ọnwa ise ma gbuo ọtụtụ mmadụ. Site na Isangile Falls, mmiri ise si n'ụkwụ gbapụta, ha kwọchara ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri na ''Lady Alice'' wee si n'osimiri ahụ pụọ, na-achọ ebe ndị Portugal na-eche nche nke [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] site na ala. Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ha rutere n'obodo nta Nsada. Stanley si ebe ahụ zigara mmadụ anọ nwere akwụkwọ ozi gaa Boma, na-arịọ maka nri maka ndị ya agụụ ji. N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Ọgọst, ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa [[Liverpool]] bụ́ Hatton & Cookson zitere enyemaka ahụ. Na 9 Ọgọst ha rutere Boma, ụbọchị 1,001 kemgbe ha hapụrụ Zanzibar na 12 Nọvemba 1874. Ndị otu ahụ nwere mmadụ 108, gụnyere ụmụaka atọ a mụrụ n'oge njem ahụ. O yikarịrị ka (akwụkwọ Stanley n'onwe ya na-enye ọnụọgụgụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe), o furu mmadụ 132 site na ọrịa, agụụ, mmiri iri, igbu mmadụ na mgbahapụ.{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=217}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Through the Dark Continent |last=Stanley |first=Henry M. |year=1988 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-25667-2 |edition=Reprint |orig-date=Originally published: London: G. Newnes, 1899 }}</ref> Stanley hiwere Kinshasa dị ka ebe azụmaahịa n'afọ 1881 ma kpọọ ya Léopoldville iji sọpụrụ [[Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium]]. Leopold nke Abụọ kwuru na Kọngo Basin dị ka [[Congo Free State]] n'onwe ya na 1885 ebe e mere ọtụtụ [[Mwakpo dị na Kọngo Free State]] ruo mgbe a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ [[Belgian Congo]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Advance Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1890.jpg|Henry M. Stanley na ndị ọrụ nke Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. Site n'aka ekpe: Dr. [[Thomas Heazle Parke]], [[Robert H. Nelson (onye na-eme nchọpụta)|Robert H. Nelson]], [[Henry M. Stanley]], [[William G. Stairs]], na [[Arthur J. M. Jephson]] File:Monument aux pionniers belges au Congo 001.jpg|Ihe atụ nke Osimiri Congo site n'aka [[Thomas Vinçotte]].<ref>Brussels, [[Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo|Monument to Congo pionniers]], [[Cinquantenaire|50th Jubileum Park]].</ref> </gallery> ==Leekwa== * [[Ọdachi nke Osimiri Congo nke afọ 2021]] * [[Ndepụta nke ngafe nke Osimiri Congo]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri nke Afrịka]] * [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụta]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo]] == Ihe ndetu nkọwa == {{notelist}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=bossche>{{cite book |author1=J.P. vanden Bossche |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year=1990 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |pages=338–339 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217716 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217410 |title=Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models">{{cite web |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |title=Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models |year=2020 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031001010/https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N'kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02989606 }}</ref> <ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series">{{cite book |title=A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series |last1=Guy D. |first1=Moukandi N'kaya |last2=Laraque |first2=Alain |last3=Paturel |first3=Jean-Emmanuel |last4=Gulemvuga Guzanga |first4=Georges |last5=Mahé |first5=Gil |last6=Tshimanga |first6=Raphael M. |series=Geophysical Monograph Series |year=2022 |pages=121–143 |doi=10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |isbn=978-1-119-65697-5 |s2cid=246986610 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080834/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa">{{cite book |chapter=The Congo River, Central Africa |last1=Jürgen |first1=Runge |title=Large Rivers |year=2007 |pages=293–309 |doi=10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |isbn=978-0-470-72372-2 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080726/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362149801 |title=Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea |last1=Talling |first1=Peter J. |last2=Baker |first2=Megan L. |display-authors=etal |year=2022 }}</ref> }} == Isi mmalite izugbe na ndị e hotara == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Congo |volume=6 |last=Cana |first=Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages=914–917}} * {{cite book |last=Forbath |first=Peter |year=1979 |title=The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River |place=New York |publisher=E. P. Dutton |isbn=0-525-47573-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb}} * {{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-22102-8}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons and category|Congo River|Congo River}} * The [[Royal Geographical Society#Hidden Journeys|Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project]]: ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120922/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Johannesburg/Congo.aspx The River Congo Basin] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172521/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/Audio%20Slideshows.aspx#level_16 Audio slideshow: The River Congo: Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley's Footsteps]—Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th-century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley. * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]—Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html The Congo Project], American Museum of Natural History {{Authority control}} 6nbm2xrysjwpaycwbjeuexcuc7mrrr5 1728 78104 700916 700758 2026-08-13T10:55:53Z Celetex 13524 Time adjustment 700916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Loves Pride Flyer.jpg|thumb|Event Flyer]] '''Wiki Loves Pride 2026''' is a global campaign to expand and improve LGBTQ-related content across all Wikimedia projects, organized by Wikimedia LGBT+. It takes place from June to August in celebration of International LGBTQ Pride Day. This event is connected to [[metawiki:Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride/2026|Wiki Loves Pride 2026 at Wikimedia Meta]]. This is an in-person Edit-a-thon and training organized in the Igbo Wikimedians community in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The event focuses on improving LGBT+ related content on Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons as part of the global Wiki Loves Pride 2026 campaign. == '''Focus''' == == '''Timeline''' == Project Physical event - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026 **Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 *Training/Edit-A-Thon start date - ''' Thursday, 13th August 2026 **Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 *Edit-A-Thon end date - ''' Friday, 15h August 2026''' **Time - ''' 11:00PM UTC+1 == '''Facilitator''' == # [[User:Celetex]] - Project Lead/Facilitator == '''Expectation''' == #Expansion of LGBT+ related articles on Igbo Wikipedia. #Increased visibility to LGBT+ contents on Wikidata in Igbo language.. #More active contributors in Igbo project. #Preservation and Promotion of LGBT+ content on Igbo language. #Improved access to Inspirational and Educational resources. =='''Target audience''' == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group *Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia LGBT+ related projects * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers == '''Venue''' == Dunhill Restaurant and Bar, opposite Everyday supermarket Awka, Anambra State == '''Work List''' == https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Somali_LGBTQ_people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_Africa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigerian_non-binary_people =='''Outcome'''== =='''Gallery'''== == '''Outreach Dashboard''' == https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group/Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026_-_Awka,_Anambra_State,_Nigeria_Local_Node == '''Organized by'''== [[File:Wikimedia LGBT+ logo.svg|center|frameless|150x150px]] [[Otú:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] [[Category:Wiki Loves Pride 2026 Event]] 3cslilbelusa0bdsj3xnjwkzw5u4j8x 10 78114 700859 696931 2026-08-13T06:01:44Z King ChristLike 13051 added image 700859 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- INFO BANNER --> [[File:Igbo Wiki Days 2026 Banner.jpg|alt="Igbo Wiki Days 2026 banner" 1000px|center]] <!-- MENU TABS --> <div style="width:100%; font-size:1.2em; min-width:99%; margin:auto; padding-top:20px;"> <div style="float:left; min-width:18%; border-bottom: 8px solid #cd5353 ; text-align:center; margin-right:1%;">[[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026|Overview]]</div> <div style="float:left; min-width:18%; border-bottom: 8px solid #53cd6b; text-align:center; margin-left:1%; margin-right:10px;">[[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026#Program|Program]]</div> <div style="float:left; min-width:18%; border-bottom: 8px solid #5353cd; text-align:center; margin-left:1%; margin-right:10px;">[[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026#Organizing Team|Organizing Team]]</div> <div style="float:left; min-width:18%; border-bottom: 8px solid #cdc353; text-align:center; margin-top:8px; margin-right:10px;">[[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026#Documentation & Resources|Documentation & Resources]]</div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <br/> 2vz143o9zwturcwi6aytvzyev7cje2u 0 78143 700834 698396 2026-08-12T20:59:04Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368921741|Dore Numa College]]" 700834 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox school/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Dore Numa College bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọọmentị nwere na [[Warri]], [[:en:Delta_State|Delta State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freshangleng.com/21274/warri--opuoru-discloses-plans-to-renovate-dore-numa-college--commences-phase-2-distribution-of-furniture-to-schools|title=Warri: Opuoru Discloses Plans To Renovate Dore Numa College, Commences Phase 2 Distribution Of Furniture To Schools|author=Ukah|first=Celestine Chijoke|date=15 August 2022|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=FRESHANGLE NEWS}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oasismagazine.com.ng/2022/06/warri-rainstorm-dore-numa-college-ogedegbe-primary-school-appeal-for-renovation-of-infrastructure/|title=Warri Rainstorm: Dore Numa College, Ogedegbe Primary School Appeal For Renovation Of Infrastructure|author=Dafe|first=Daniel|date=21 June 2022|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=Oasis Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/delta-govt-distributes-furniture-to-schools-in-warri/|title=Delta govt distributes furniture to schools in Warri|date=18 June 2020|accessdate=2 April 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref>Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ kwa ụbọchị a kpọrọ aha Chief Dore Numa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urhobodigitallibrarymuseum.com/who-was-chief-dore-numa/|title=Who was Chief Dore Numa?|publisher=Urhobo Historical Society}}</ref> E guzobere ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1980 iji nye ụmụaka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụkpụrụ ya bụ "Nrụsi ọrụ ike bụ ihe ịga nke ọma". Na Jun 2013, n'oge ọchịchị nke Gọvanọ [[Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan|Emmanuel Uduaghan]], Dore Numa College bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Gọvanọ Delta Steeti nyochara, bụ onye katọrọ imebi ọrụ gọọmentị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị e wuru ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pointblanknews.com/pbn/news/uduaghan-decries-vandalisation-of-government-projects/|title=UDUAGHAN DECRIES VANDALISATION OF GOVERNMENT PROJECTS|date=25 June 2013|accessdate=3 April 2023|publisher=Point Blank News}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2021, a kọrọ na e nwere esemokwu ndị otu nzuzo n'etiti ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Dore Numa College na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dịiche iche n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailywatchng.org/warri-hussey-essi-dore-numa-schools-alleged-cult-war-several-injured-others-arrested/|title=Warri: Hussey, Essi, Dore-Numa schools alleged cult war, several injured, others arrested|author=Opukeme|first=Cletus|date=11 December 2021|accessdate=3 April 2023|publisher=Daily Watch}}</ref> Nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị nke Dore Numa College aha ya bụ Sharon Taiwo bụkwa onye e rere n'ahịa mmadụ ma nwunye Gọvanọ Delta State, Oriakụ Dame Edith Okowa nyeere ya aka site n'inye ya ego. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana|author=Osayande|first=Monday|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears As Mother Narrates How Her 13-Year-Old Daughter Was abducted, Raped In Ghana|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=The Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/mother-recounts-how-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-from-delta-used-as-sex-slave-in-ghana/|title=Mother recounts how 13-year-old daughter was abducted from Delta, used as sex slave in Ghana|author=Daniel|first=Otuya|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=The Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/how-my-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-and-raped-in-ghana/|title=How my 13-year-old daughter was abducted and raped in Ghana|author=Louis|first=Fadaka|date=8 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=GbetuTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afriupdate.com/breaking-news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana|author=Abraham|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=Afriupdate News}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ Ebe Ahụ a ma ama == * Anderson Esiti, onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=10979|title=Sporting Lisbon Preparing To Launch Bid For Anderson Esiti|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=15268|title=Anderson Esiti Pledges Allegiance To Estoril Amid Interest From Monaco|date=20 June 2015|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|5.5076|5.7624|type:edu_region:NG}} g9k9rlodla6t3ksycua5my0q1a5qm19 0 78150 700789 698944 2026-08-12T16:45:43Z Chukwuziterem 12950 700789 wikitext text/x-wiki nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | mpaghara_ranks = Ụdị | mpaghara = Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee isi akụkọ: Anopheles nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==References == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} tibarg7vt63q6psnic2iarqoym73jel 700791 700789 2026-08-12T16:47:00Z Chukwuziterem 12950 /* References */ 700791 wikitext text/x-wiki nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | mpaghara_ranks = Ụdị | mpaghara = Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee isi akụkọ: Anopheles nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} br2e1gjoaep4353nzq3xstac6wae79v 700795 700791 2026-08-12T16:55:52Z Chukwuziterem 12950 /* Phylogeny */ 700795 wikitext text/x-wiki nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị anwụnta isiokwu dị mma cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc akpaka taxobox | onyonyo = Anopheles stephensi.jpeg | image_caption = ''Anopheles stephensi'', nwanyị | taxon = Anopheles | ikike = Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1818 | mpaghara_ranks = Ụdị | mpaghara = Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee isi akụkọ: Anopheles nke Anopheles '''''Anopheles'''' (IPac-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|f|ᵻ|l|iː|z) bụ anwụnta nke onye German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen|J. W. Meigen kọwara na mbụ na 1818, a makwaara ha dị ka '''anwụnta mbọ''' na '''anwụnta ala mmiri'''.<ref name="USFWS">{{cite web |title=Nail Mosquito |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/nail-mosquito-anopheles |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=16 December 2023 |quote=Common Name: Nail Mosquito, marsh mosquitoes}}</ref>Ọtụtụ anwụnta ndị dị otu a bụ ọrịa vector nke nje ahụ ''Plasmodium'', ụdị protozoans nke na-akpata ịba na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje nnụnụ, ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na ụdị Plasmodium na-ebute nje ma ọ bụghị anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ. Anwụnta ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ ụdị anwụnta a ma ama nke a na-ebufe ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nke bụ ọrịa ịba Parasitism parasite nke na-egbu mmadụ; ọ dịghị ụdị anwụnta ọzọ nke na-ebute ịba mmadụ. Ụdị "Anopheles" dị iche na anwụnta ndị ọzọ dị ihe dị ka Ma 100 (myrmya), dịka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, àkwá, larvae, na pupae bụ anụmanụ mmiri. Nnwale "Anopheles" enweghị mmiri iku ume nke ọ ga-esi na ya eku ume, ya mere ọ na-eku ume ma na-eri nri na ahụ ya kwụ ọtọ n'elu mmiri. Anwụnta toro eto na-esi n'elu pụta ma na-eri nectar nke okooko osisi; anwụnta nwanyị na-erikwa ọbara, nke nri anụmanụ na-enye ha ohere ibu ma na-ebufe nje n'etiti ndị ọbịa. Ọnọdụ nri onye toro eto dị n'ala, n'adịghị ka ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke culicines. "Anopheles" na-ekesa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile, n'oge okpomọkụ, n'okpuru ala okpomọkụ, na mpaghara dị jụụ nke ụwa. N'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, "Anopheles" aestivate, nke bụ ọnọdụ ụra nke na-eme ka anwụnta dị ndụ na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Sahel. == Mmalite == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke fosil === Fossil nke ụdị 'Anopheles' dị ụkọ; naanị abụọ ka achọpụtara na 2015.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015"/> They are ''Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus'' <small>Zavortink & Poinar</small> in Dominican Republic amber from the Late Eocene Ma|40.4 to Ma 33.9,<ref name="Zavortink Poinar 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Zavortink |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican Amber |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=93 |issue=6 |date=2000-11-01 |doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[1230:ANDSND]2.0.CO;2 |pages=1230–1235|s2cid=86221732 }}</ref> and ''Anopheles rottensis'' <small>Statz</small> in German amber from the Late Oligocene Ma|28.4 to Ma|23.0.<ref name="Freitas Russo Voloch Mutaquiha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=Lucas A. |last2=Russo |first2=Claudia A. M. |last3=Voloch |first3=Carolina M. |last4=Mutaquiha |first4=Olívio C. F. |last5=Marques |first5=Lucas P. |last6=Schrago |first6=Carlos G. |title=Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |date=2015-08-05 |pmid=26244561 |pmc=4526650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134462 |article-number=e0134462 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034462F |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Phylogeny=== Ndị nna ochie nke Ijiji niile gụnyere anwụnta pụtara Ma 260..<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Marta |last2=Marinotti |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Krzywinski |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Tadei |first4=Wanderli P. |last5=James |first5=Anthony A. |last6=Achee |first6=Nicole L. |last7=Conn |first7=Jan E. |title=Complete mtDNA genomes of ''Anopheles darlingi'' and an approach to anopheline divergence time |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2010 |page=127 |pmid=20470395 |pmc=2877063 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-127 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Culicinae culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between Ma120 and Ma|150.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009">{{cite journal |author1=Calvo, Eric |author2=Pham, Van M. |author3=Marinotti, Osvaldo |author4=Andersen, John F. |author5=Ribeiro, José M. C. |year=2009 |title=The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector ''Anopheles darlingi'' reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy |journal=[[BMC Genomics |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-57 |pmc=2644710 |pmid=19178717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between Ma|80 and Ma|95.<ref name="Moreno Marinotti Krzywinski Tadei 2010"/><ref name="Calvo 2009"/> ''Anopheles darlingi'' diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~Ma|100.<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Neafsey |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Robert M. |last3=Abai |first3=Mohammad R. |last4=Aganezov |first4=Sergey S. |last5=Alekseyev |first5=Max A. |display-authors=etal |title=Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6217 |date=2015-01-02 |page=43 |pmid=25554792 |pmc=4380271 |doi=10.1126/science.1258522|bibcode=2015Sci...347...43N }}</ref> The cladogram is based on an analysis of mosquito genomes by Heafsey and colleagues in 2015:<ref name="Neafsey Waterhouse Abai 2015"/> |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Taxonomy === Ọ bụ onye German na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Johann Wilhelm Meigen webatara aha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ bụ 'Anopheles'' na 1818. Ọ kọwara ụdị abụọ, ''A. birfurcatus'' na ụdị ụdị, ''Anopheles maculipennis''. O kwuru na aha ahụ pụtara lang|de|beschwerlich, "ihe dị arọ".<ref name="Meigen 1818">{{cite book |last=Meigen |first=Johann Wilhelm |author-link=Johann Wilhelm Meigen |date=1818 |title=Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten |language=de |trans-title=Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects |location=Aachen |publisher=Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann |volume=1 |pages=10–12 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45833#page/54/mode/1up}}</ref> Ọ bụ na asụsụ Grik ochie ka esi weta ya lang|grc|ἀνωφελής transliteration|grc|anōphelḗs 'useless', derived from lang|el|ἀν- transliteration|grc|an-, 'not', 'un-' and lang|el|[[:wikt:ὄφελος|ὄφελος} {{transliteration|grc|óphelos}} 'profit'.<ref name="Stevenson2010">{{cite book |author=Stevenson, Angus |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |page=64}}</ref> Usoro nhazi nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu na 1901 mgbe onye Bekee na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Frederick Vincent Theobald kọwara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 39 nke "Anopheles" n'akwụkwọ mpịakọta 5 ya na Culicidae.<ref name=Theobald1901>{{cite book |last=Theobald |first=Frederick Vincent |author-link=Frederick Vincent Theobald |date=1901 |title=A Monograph of the Culicidae, or Mosquitoes |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |volume=1 |isbn=978-1-178-51903-7 |pages=115–214 |url=https://archive.org/details/amonographculic03zoolgoog/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> He was provided with mosquito specimens sent in to the British Museum (Natural History) from around the world, on the 1898 instruction of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016"/> "Anopheles" (nke nwere nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ) bụ nke ezinụlọ dị n'okpuru Anophelinae tinyere ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ: "'Bironella" (nke e kewara na Australasia) na "Chagasia" (nke e kewara na Neotropics). Usoro a ka dịgidere nke ọma.<ref name="Krzywinski2003">{{cite journal |last1=Krzywinski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Besansky |first2=Nora J. |author-link2=Nora J. Besansky |year=2003 |title=Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647 |pmid=12208816 |bibcode=2003AREnt..48..111K }}</ref><ref name="Foley 1998">{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0457 |pmid=9562985 |title=Evolution and Systematics of ''Anopheles'':Insights from a Molecular Phylogeny of Australasian Mosquitoes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=262–275 |year=1998 |last1=Foley |first1=Desmond H. |last2=Bryan |first2=Joan H. |last3=Yeates |first3=David |last4=Saul |first4=Allan |bibcode=1998MolPE...9..262F }}</ref> Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences.<ref name="Rattanarithikul 2006">{{cite journal |pmid=17262930 |year=2006 |last1=Rattanarithikul |first1=R. |author-link=Rampa Rattanarithikul|title=Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles |journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health |volume=37 |pages=1–128 |last2=Harrison |first2=B. A. |last3=Harbach |first3=R. E. |last4=Panthusiri |first4=P. |last5=Coleman |first5=R. E. |last6=Panthusiri |first6=P. |issue=Suppl 2 }}</ref><ref name="Walton 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2006.05.001 |pmid=16782411 |title=Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2007 |last1=Walton |first1=C. |last2=Somboon |first2=P. |last3=o'Loughlin |first3=S. M. |last4=Zhang |first4=S. |last5=Harbach |first5=R.E. |last6=Linton |first6=Y.-M. |last7=Chen |first7=B. |last8=Nolan |first8=K. |last9=Duong |first9=S. |last10=Fong |first10=M.-Y |last11=Vythilingum |first11=I. |last12=Mohammed |first12=Z. D. |last13=Trung |first13=Ho Dinh |last14=Butlin |first14=R. K. |bibcode=2007InfGE...7...93W |display-authors=5 }}</ref><ref name="Garros Harbach Manguin 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=16119539 |year=2005 |last1=Garros |first1=C. |last2=Harbach |first2=R. E |last3=Manguin |first3=S. |title=Morphological assessment and molecular phylogenetics of the Funestus and Minimus groups of Anopheles (Cellia) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=522–536 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/42.4.522 |s2cid=22776177 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the taxonomy published by Harbach and Kitching in 2016, it was shown that three species of ''Bironella'' (Bironella confusa|B. confusa'', ''Bironella gracilis|B. gracilis,'' and ''Bironella hollandi|B. hollandi'') are phylogenetically more similar to ''Anopheles kyondawensis|A. kyondawensis'' than other ''Bironella'' species. That phylogeny argues that, based on genetic similarity, ''Anopheles implexus|A. implexus'' is divergent from the common ancestor of ''Anopheles''.<ref name="Harbach Kitching 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Harbach |first1=R. E. |last2=Kitching |first2=I. |date=January 2016 |title=The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of ''Anopheles'' (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=34–47 |url=https://nhm.openrepository.com/handle/10141/612216 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12137 |hdl=10141/612216 |s2cid=46364692 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Usoro ndụ == Dịka anwụnta niile, anophelines na-agafe usoro anọ n'usoro ndụ ha: akwa (bayọlọji), larva, pupa, na imago|okenye. Usoro atọ mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ma ha abụọ na-adịru ụbọchị 5-14, dabere na ụdị na okpomọkụ gburugburu. Oge okenye bụ mgbe nwanyị "'Anopheles'" na-arụ ọrụ dị ka malaria Vector (epidemiology). Ụmụ nwanyị toro eto nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo otu ọnwa (maọbụ karịa n'agha), mana o yikarịrị ka ha agaghị adị ndụ karịa izu abụọ n'okike.<ref name="cdc">citation-attribution|1={{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/life-cycle-of-anopheles-mosquitoes.html |title=Life Cycle of ''Anopheles'' Mosquitoes |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=April 23, 2026 |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> === Akwa === [[File:Anopheles egg 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''Anopheles'' eggs with their distinctive side floats]] Ndị inyom toro eto na-etinye àkwá 50–200 kwa oviposition. Àkwá ndị ahụ dị obere (ihe dị ka Tụgharịa|0.5|mm|in|sigfig=1 × Tụgharịa|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1). A na-etinye àkwá n'otu n'otu na ozugbo n'ime mmiri. Ha pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Àkwá anaghị anabata nkụ ma ọ bụ ịpụta n'ime ụbọchị 2–3, ọ bụ ezie na ịmụpụta nwere ike were izu abụọ maọbụ atọ n'ebe oyi na-atụ.<ref name="cdc"/> === Larvae === Nwa anwụnta ahụ nwere isi ya nke ọma, nke nwere ahịhịa ọnụ e ji enye nri, nnukwu Thorax (ahụ ahụhụ) na akụkụ itoolu afọ. O nweghị ụkwụ. Ọdịghị ka anwụnta ndị ọzọ, larva "'Anopheles'' enweghị siphon iku ume, ya mere ọ na-eguzo onwe ya ka ahụ ya wee dị n'elu mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, larva nke anwụnta culicine na-arapara n'elu mmiri site na siphon azụ, ahụ na-atụ aka ala. Larvae na-eku ume site na Spiracle (arthropods) dị na akụkụ afọ nke asatọ, ya mere ọ ga-abịa n'elu elu ugboro ugboro. Larvae ahụ na-etinye oge ha niile na-eri algae, bacteria, na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'ime akwa dị gịrịgịrị. Ha na-amaba n'okpuru elu ahụ naanị mgbe a kpasuru ha iwe. Larvae na-egwu mmiri site na mmegharị ahụ dum ma ọ bụ site na Mmiri propulsion site na iji ahịhịa ọnụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Larvae na-etolite site na usoro anọ, ma ọ bụ instars, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ha metamorphosis,metamorphose na pupae. Na njedebe nke mmalite ọ bụla, larvae na-akpụ akpụ, na-awụpụ exoskeletons ha, ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, iji mee ka uto dịkwuo elu. Larvae ndị ahụ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi, mana ọtụtụ ụdị na-ahọrọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-adịghị emerụ emerụ. A chọtala larvae nke "Anopheles" n'ime apịtị mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu, apịtị mangrove, ubi osikapa, olulu ahịhịa, nsọtụ iyi na osimiri, na obere ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo nwa oge. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahọrọ ebe obibi nwere ahịhịa. Ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ ebe obibi na-enweghị nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ na-amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, mgbe anyanwụ na-enwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ndị nwere ndò n'ime ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụdị na-amụ nwa n'ime oghere osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ axils nke ụfọdụ osisi.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> File:AnophelesLarvaPhoto CDCHarryWeinburgh publicdomain.jpg|''Anopheles'' larva File:Anopheles Culex larvae feeding position-USDA.jpg|Feeding position of an ''Anopheles'' larva (A), culicine larva with its siphon (B) </gallery> === Pupae === Pupa (a makwaara dị ka tumbler) dị ka comma ma a lee ya anya site n'akụkụ. A na-ejikọta isi na Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ)n'ime cephalothorax, afọ na-agbagharị n'okpuru ya. Dịka ọ dị na ụmụ ahụhụ, nwamba ahụ ga-abịa n'elu mgbe niile iji kuo ume, nke ọ na-eme site na opi iku ume abụọ na cephalothorax ya. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị dịka nwamba, elu azụ nke cephalothorax na-agbawa agbawa, anwụnta toro eto na-apụtakwa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=150 heights=225> Anopheles (YPM IZ 093745).jpeg|Pupa File:The pupa of a mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis). Reproductio Wellcome V0022598 (cropped).jpg|''Anopheles maculipennis|A. maculipennis'' pupa, breathing at the surface </gallery> === OKENYE YA=== [[File:Anopheles Culex adult resting position-USDA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Resting positions of adult ''Anopheles'' (A, B) are more upright than that of Culicinae (C).]] Dịka anwụnta niile, ụdị "Anopheles" ndị toro eto nwere ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere akụkụ atọ: isi, úkwù na afọ. Isi ahụ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka inweta ozi mmetụta uche na maka inye nri. O nwere anya na ụzọ abụọ dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Antenna (bayọlọji)|antennae. Antennae dị mkpa maka ịchọpụta isi ndị ọbịa, yana ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-amụ nwa.<ref name="cdc"/> Anwụnta nwanyị na-ebu "Plasmodium'', nje ndị na-akpata ịba, na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu na ume mmadụ na isi ọjọọ karịa anwụnta na-enweghị ọrịa.<ref name="Smallegange van Gemert van de Vegte-Bolmer Gezan 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Smallegange |first1=Renate C. |last2=van Gemert |first2=Geert-Jan |last3=van de Vegte-Bolmer |first3=Marga |last4=Gezan |first4=Salvador |last5=Takken |first5=Willem |last6=Sauerwein |first6=Robert W. |last7=Logan |first7=James G. |title=Malaria Infected Mosquitoes Express Enhanced Attraction to Human Odor |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |date=2013-05-15 |pmid=23691073 |pmc=3655188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063602 |article-number=e63602 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863602S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Isi ya nwere ogologo, nke na-apụta n'ihu proboscis nke e ji enye nri, yana maxillary palps abụọ. Palp ndị a na-ebu ndị na-anabata carbon dioxide, ihe na-adọta anwụnta nke na-eme ka anwụnta nwee ike ịchọta onye ọbịa ya. Thorax (ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ) bụ nke pụrụ iche maka ijegharị. A na-ejikọ ụkwụ atọ na nku abụọ na thorax. Afọ bụ nke pụrụ iche maka mgbaze nri na mmepe àkwá. Akụkụ ahụ a kewara ekewa na-agbasa nke ukwuu mgbe nwanyị riri nri ọbara. A na-agbari ọbara ka oge na-aga, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke protein maka mmepụta àkwá, nke na-ejupụta afọ.<ref name="cdc"/> A pụrụ ịmata "Anopheles" site na anwụnta ndị ọzọ site na palps, nke dị ogologo dịka proboscis, yana site na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpuchi ojii na ọcha dị iche iche na nku. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị toro eto site na ọnọdụ izu ike ha: nwoke na nwanyị na-ezu ike na afọ ha na-atụ aka elu, n'adịghị ka anwụnta culicine. Anwụnta ndị toro eto na-abụkarị ndị na-akpakọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ha si n'ọkwa nwa pụta. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ụmụ nwoke na-etolite nnukwu square, na-abụkarị n'oge mgbede, ụmụ nwanyị na-efekwa n'ime ìgwè ahụ iji kpaa. Oge site na àkwá ruo okenye dịgasị iche iche n'etiti ụdị, okpomọkụ gburugburu na-emetụtakwa nke ukwuu. Anwụnta nwere ike ịmalite site na àkwá ruo okenye n'ime obere ụbọchị ise, mana ọ nwere ike were ụbọchị 10-14 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ.<ref name="cdc"/> Ndị ikom na-ebi ihe dị ka otu izu, na-eri nectar na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke sugar. Ndị ikom enweghị ike iri ọbara, n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ ma na-egbu ha n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ihe dị ka ndụ ha niile dịka nri naanị mmiri.diet. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikbakhtzadeh |first1=Mahmood R. |last2=Buss |first2=Garrison K. |last3=Leal |first3=Walter S. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Toxic Effect of Blood Feeding in Male Mosquitoes |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=7 |page=4 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2016.00004 |pmc=4726748 |pmid=26858651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-eri shuga maka ike, mana ha na-achọkarị nri ọbara maka mmepụta àkwá. Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nri ọbara zuru oke, nwanyị ahụ na-ezu ike ruo ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọbara na-agbari ma na-etolite àkwá. Usoro a dabere na okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-3 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ozugbo àkwá ahụ tolitere nke ọma, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye ha ma maliteghachi ịchọ onye ọbịa. Usoro ahụ na-emegharị onwe ya ruo mgbe nwanyị ahụ nwụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịdị ndụ karịa otu ọnwa n'agha, ọtụtụ anaghị adị ndụ karịa otu izu ruo abụọ n'okike. Ndụ ha dabere na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, na ikike ha inweta nri ọbara nke ọma ma na-ezere nchebe onye ọbịa.<ref name="cdc"/> <gallery mode=packed heights=350> File:Anopheles female Turkhud (bw).png|Morphology of female ''Anopheles'' </gallery> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi === === Nkesa=== "Anopheles" bi ma n'ebe okpomọkụ a maara maka ịba dịka ndịda Sahara Africa, nakwa n'ebe oyi na-atụ. Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe emeela n'oge gara aga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge e wuru Rideau Canal na Kanada n'afọ 1820.<ref name="Wylie 1983">{{cite journal |author=Wylie WNT |s2cid=143040362 |year=1983 |title=Poverty, Distress, and Disease: Labour and the Construction of the Rideau Canal, 1826–32 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=11 |pages=7–29 |jstor=25140199 |doi=10.2307/25140199}}</ref>Ụdị "Anopheles" nke nwere ike ibufe ịba abụghị naanị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-agbasa, yabụ ebe ndị a na-ewepụ ha na-anọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmaliteghachi ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020">{{cite web |date=April 9, 2020 |title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Where Malaria occurs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> [[File:Anopheles-range-map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.5|Global distribution of ''Anopheles'' species covers both the tropics with numerous malarias, and colder areas not subject to malaria at the start of the 21st century.<ref name="CDC Where Malaria 2020"/>]] ===Ebe obibi=== "Anopheles" chọrọ mmiri, ikekwe obere na oge ụfọdụ, maka ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na ụmụ nkịta ha. Ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị sitere na ọdọ mmiri ruo na tankị mmiri, apịtị, olulu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anopheles Mosquitoes |url=https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/vector-species/anopheles-mosquitoes/ |website=Global Vector Hub |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, ndị toro eto nwere ike ibi n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ dịka savanna na Sahel nke Afrịka. Ha nwere ike ịga ebe dị anya site na mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ifufe kwesịrị ekwesị na-efesa ha ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ndị toro eto nwere ike inwe ahụ iru ala ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa n'otu oge, na-ehi ụra n'oge okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọgide na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'oge Africa oge ọkọchị <ref name="Baldini Viana 2023 pp. 1–3">{{cite journal |last1=Baldini |first1=Francesco |last2=Viana |first2=Mafalda |title=Dried out but alive: how mosquitoes survive 8 months |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.006 |pages=1–3|pmid=36470782 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, ''Anopheles'' have been documented travelling in baggage, such as on aircraft.<ref name="Ibáñez-Justicia Smitz den Hartog van de Vossenberg 2020 p. 3450">{{cite journal |last1=Ibáñez-Justicia |first1=Adolfo |last2=Smitz |first2=Nathalie |last3=den Hartog |first3=Wietse |last4=van de Vossenberg |first4=Bart |last5=De Wolf |first5=Katrien |last6=Deblauwe |first6=Isra |last7=Van Bortel |first7=Wim |last8=Jacobs |first8=Frans |last9=Vaux |first9=Alexander G. C. |last10=Medlock |first10=Jolyon M. |last11=Stroo |first11=Arjan |display-authors=5 |title=Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=10 |date=2020-05-15 |pmid=32429218 |pmc=7277938 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17103450 |page=3450 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Parasiti === Nje nke "Anopheles" gụnyere Microsporidia nke ụdị "'Amblyospora'', ''Crepidulospora'', ''Senoma'' na ''Parathelohania'''<ref name="Simakova 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Simakova, A. V. |author2=Pankova, T. F. |year=2008 |title=Ecology and epizootology of microsporidia in malarial mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the south of western Siberia |journal=Parazitologiia |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |pmid=18664069 |language=ru}}</ref>A na-ahụ usoro ndụ abụọ dị iche iche na Microsporidia. N'ụdị nke mbụ, nje ahụ na-ebufe site na ụzọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ya na-adịghị ahụkebe. Na nke abụọ, ebe ụzọ ọnụ bụ ụzọ a na-esi ebute ọrịa, nje ahụ na-eri n'ime onye nwere ọrịa dị n'etiti. Ọrịa nke ụdị nku ụmụ ahụhụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ na-agụnyekarịkwa ahụ abụba. Nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (transovarial) na-emekwa. <ref name="Baker Vossbrinck Becnel 1998">{{cite journal |author1=Baker, Michael D. |author2=Vossbrinck, Charles R. |author3=Becnel, James J. |author4=Andreadis, Theodore G. |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny of ''Amblyospora'' (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=199–206 |pmid=9538024 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1997.4725 |bibcode=1998JInvP..71..199B |url=http://www.ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106080553/http://ct.gov/caes/LIB/caes/documents/biographies/BakerJIP98.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> A mụọla nje bacteria ''Wolbachia'' maka iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ọrịa.<ref name="Discovery Article">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |title=Mosquito Parasite Fights Infectious Disease |website=Discovery News |date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123222013/http://news.discovery.com/animals/mosquito-parasite-disease-fighting.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> === Ndị na-añụ ọbara anụ ọzọ === Ududo na-awụli elu ''Evarcha culicivora'' na-eri ọbara ọkpụkpụ azụ site n'ịchụso 'Anopheles'' nke nwanyị..<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |title=Use of ''Anopheles''-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of ''Evarcha culicivora'', a mosquito-eating jumping spider |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |date=2005 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref>Ududo ụmụaka na-ahọrọ "Anopheles" karịa anụ oriri ọ bụla ọzọ n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ ọbara ka o bu. <ref name="Jackson Cross 2015">Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R. "Mosquito-terminator spiders and the meaning of predatory specialization." The Journal of Arachnology 43.2 (2015): 123–142.</ref> Ududo ụmụaka ewerela omume njide anụ "Anopheles" nke a na-akpọ "Anopheles", na-eji ọnọdụ "Anopheles" eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji amata ha.<ref name="Nelson Jackson Sune 2005"/> "Anopheles" nwere ọnọdụ izu ike pụrụ iche yana afọ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ududo ahụ na-abịa site n'azụ anwụnta na n'okpuru afọ ya, wee si n'okpuru wakpo ya. ref name="Nelson Jackson 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |title=A Predator from East Africa that Chooses Malaria Vectors as Preferred Prey |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=132 |date=2006 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000132 |pmid=17205136 |pmc=1762417 |bibcode=2006PLoSO...1..132N |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe == === Isi mmalite ndị a kacha amasị maka nri ọbara === Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị "Anopheles" bụ naanị ihe na-ebute ịba, a mụọla ya nke ọma n'ịchọ ụzọ njikwa dị irè. Otu ihe dị mkpa gbasara omume bụ otú ụdị "Anopheles" si ahọrọ iri ụmụ mmadụ anthropophily ma ọ bụ anụmanụ dịka ehi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ (zoophily). Ndị "Anthropophilic" "Anopheles" nwere ike ibufe nje ịba site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ "Anopheles" abụghị naanị ihe na-akpata ịba ma ọ bụ nje, gụnyere ihe na-akpata ịba mbụ na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, Anopheles freeborni|''A. freeborni''.<ref>Carpenter, S. J.; LaCasse, W. J. (1955). ''Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico)''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 39–42. {{ISBN|0-520-02638-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McHugh |first=Chad P. |date=1989-08-01 |title=Ecology of a Semi-Isolated Population of Adult Anopheles Freeborni: Abundance, Trophic Status, Parity, Survivorship, Gonotrophic Cycle Length, and Host Selection |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.169 |pmid=2774063}}</ref> However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, ''Anopheles gambiae|A. gambiae'' and ''A. funestus'', are strongly anthropophilic and are consequently major vectors of human malaria.<ref name="cdc"/> === Ohere nke ibute ọrịa ịba === Ozugbo anwụnta riri nje ịba, nje ịba ga-etolite n'ime anwụnta tupu ha ebute ọrịa nye mmadụ. Oge achọrọ maka nje ahụ itolite n'ime anwụnta (oge mpụga incubation) dị site na ụbọchị iri ruo iri abụọ na otu, dabere na ụdị nje ahụ na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na anwụnta anaghị adị ndụ ruo ogologo oge ka nje ahụ tolite, mgbe ahụ ọ naghị ebufe nje ọ bụla.<ref name="cdc"/> Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụle ndụ anwụnta n'okike ozugbo, mana emeela atụmatụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ ụdị "Anopheles". Atụmatụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Tanzania nke "A. gambiae", ihe na-ebute nje "Plasmodium falciparum" dị ize ndụ, dị site na 0.77 ruo 0.84, nke pụtara na mgbe otu ụbọchị gasịrị, n'etiti 77% na 84% adịla ndụ.<ref name="Charlwood Smith Billingsley Takken 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Charlwood |first1=J. D. |last2=Smith |first2=T. |last3=Billingsley |first3=P. F. |last4=Takken |first4=W. |last5=Lyimo |first5=E. O. K. |last6=Meuwissen |first6=J. H. E. T. |title=Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |volume=87 |issue=5 |date=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0007485300041304 |pages=445–453 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/298415/files/S0007485300041304.pdf }}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta a na-adịgide ruo ogologo ndụ anwụnta, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ụmụ nwanyị "A. gambiae" ga-adị ndụ karịa oge ịnọ n'èzí ụbọchị 14. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ anwụnta kwa ụbọchị amụbaa ruo 0.9, ihe karịrị pasent 20 nke anwụnta ga-adị ndụ karịa otu oge ahụ. Usoro njikwa nke dabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgba ọgwụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ) nwere ike imetụta ịba. Nnyefe (ọgwụ)|nnyefe site na mmetụta ha na ogologo ndụ ndị okenye karịa site na mmetụta ha na ọnụọgụ anwụnta ndị toro eto.<ref name="cdc"/> === Usoro nri na izu ike === Ọtụtụ ''Anopheles'' bụ crepuscular (na-arụ ọrụ n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ) ma ọ bụ abalị (na-arụ ọrụ n'abalị). Ụfọdụ na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ (endophagic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-eri nri n'èzí (exophagic). Mgbe ha nyesịrị nri, ụfọdụ anwụnta ọbara na-ahọrọ izu ike n'ime ụlọ (endophilic), ebe ndị ọzọ na-ahọrọ izu ike n'èzí (exofical). Enwere ike ibelata ịta ahụhụ site na 'Anopheles'' site na abalị, endophagic site na iji ụgbụ akwa e ji ọgwụ Ịnsektisaịdị gwọọ ma ọ bụ site na owuwu ụlọ ka mma iji gbochie anwụnta ịbanye (dịka ọmụmaatụ window screens. A na-achịkwa anwụnta Endophilic ngwa ngwa site na ịgba ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-achịkwa vektọ exophagic/exophilic site na ibibi ebe ọmụmụ, dịka site na ijupụta ọdọ mmiri.<ref name="cdc"/> === Osisi afọ === Ebe ọ bụ na mbufe ọrịa site na anwụnta chọrọ iri ọbara, osisi afọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ọganiihu nke ọrịa nke anwụnta na-ebi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta site na photosynthetic cyanobacteria, ebe n'ime ndị toro eto, bakteria gram-negative na Pseudomonadota na Bacteroidota phyla na-achịkwa nke ukwuu. Nri ọbara na-ebelata ụdị nje dị iche iche dị na afọ, na-eme ka nje bacteria na-amasị ha nke ukwuu.<ref name="Wang 2011">{{cite journal |title=Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024767 |vauthors=Wang Y, ((Gilbreath TM III)), Kukutla P, Yan G, Xu J |year=2011 |editor1-last=Leulier |editor1-first=François |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24767 |pmid=21957459 |pmc=3177825 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624767W |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Njikwa == [[File:PMI IRS2-2-1140x684.jpg|alt=Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent mosquitoes.|thumb|Person wearing personal protective equipment performing indoor residual spraying on a house to prevent malaria.]] === Njikwa === Igbu ụmụ ahụhụ gụnyere ụzọ mbụ isi kpochapụ anwụnta ịba. Agbanyeghị, anwụnta, n'oge obere oge, nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ngwa ngwa, dịka e mere n'oge mkpọsa Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ nke Mba Nile nke afọ 1950.<ref name="Najera 1999">{{cite web |last1=Najera |first1=J. A. |title=Malaria Control: Achievements, Problems, & Strategies |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66640/WHO_MAL_99.1087.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=23 January 2024 |ref=WHO/MAL/99.1087 |date=1999}}</ref>Ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ n'ọrụ ugbo emeela ka ọnụọgụ anwụnta ghara iguzogide, nke pụtara na mmemme njikwa dị irè ga-enyocha maka iguzogide ma gbanwee gaa n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na a na-egbochi iguzogide. <ref name="CDC Biology">{{cite web |title=Biology: Anopheles Mosquitoes (tab 5) |date=16 July 2020 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/#tabs-1-5 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> === Mkpochapu === Na 2016, a tụrụ aro usoro CRISPR-Cas9 njine drive iji kpochapụ ''Anopheles gambiae'',,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Andrew |last2=Galizi |first2=Roberto |last3=Kyrou |first3=Kyros |last4=Simoni |first4=Alekos |last5=Siniscalchi |first5=Carla |last6=Katsanos |first6=Dimitris |last7=Gribble |first7=Matthew |last8=Baker |first8=Dean |last9=Marois |first9=Eric |last10=Russell |first10=Steven |last11=Burt |first11=Austin |display-authors=5 |date=January 2016 |title=A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=78–83 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3439 |pmid=26641531 |pmc=4913862}}</ref> by deleting the ''Doublesex|dsx'' gene, causing female sterility. Such a gene drive system has been shown to suppress an entire caged ''A. gambiae'' population<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyrou |first1=Kyros |last2=Hammond |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Galizi |first3=Roberto |last4=Kranjc |first4=Nace |last5=Burt |first5=Austin |last6=Beaghton |first6=Andrea K. |last7=Nolan |first7=Tony |last8=Crisanti |first8=Andrea |date=November 2018 |title=A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1062–1066 |doi=10.1038/nbt.4245 |pmid=30247490 |pmc=6871539 |bibcode=2018NatBi..36.1062K |doi-access=free}}</ref> n'ime ọgbọ asaa ruo nke iri na otu, nke na-adịkarị ihe na-erughị otu afọ. Nke a ebutela nchegbu gbasara ma arụmọrụ nke usoro mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana mmetụta omume na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmemme iwepụ ụdị ọrịa a. journal |last1=Taning |first1=Clauvis Nji Tizi |last2=Van Eynde |first2=Benigna |last3=Yu |first3=Na |last4=Ma |first4=Sanyuan |last5=Smagghe |first5=Guy |date=April 2017 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 in insects: Applications, best practices and biosafety concerns |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=98 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.007 |pmid=28108316|bibcode=2017JInsP..98..245T |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8511395/file/8511396 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>Ya mere, a na-agba mbọ iji usoro njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide "Plasmodium" dịkwuo mma n'ime ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, dịka ilekwasị anya na iwepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "FREP1" na "Anopheles gambiae". ''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yuemei |last2=Simões |first2=Maria L. |last3=Marois |first3=Eric |last4=Dimopoulos |first4=George |date=2018-03-08 |title=CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006898 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898 |pmid=29518156 |pmc=5843335 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na Burkina Faso emepụtala ụdị ero "Metarhizium pinghaense" nke e mepụtara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta nsị nke ududo ntanetị nke Australia; ikpughe ya na ero ahụ mere ka ọnụọgụgụ "Anopheles" daa site na 99% na nnwale a na-achịkwa. <ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=James |date=31 May 2019 |title=GM fungus rapidly kills 99% of malaria mosquitoes, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48464510 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=31 Dec 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ==Edensibịa == {{reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ Mpụga== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040320182058/http://www.anobase.org/ ''Anopheles'' Database] (archived) * [https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index ''Anopheles gambiae'' Genome and Related Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203201743/https://www.vectorbase.org/Anopheles_gambiae/Info/Index |date=2012-12-03 }} * [https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921000929/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/mosquito/map.htm CDC – World map showing distribution of various ''Anopheles'' species] (archived) * [http://www.wrbu.org/ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit.] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173327/https://www.wrbu.org/|date=15 December 2018|title=Archived version}}) – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330171641/http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035207/http://www.metapathogen.com/mosquito/anopheles/ ''Anopheles gambiae'' taxonomy, facts and life cycle] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170130141158/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/Anopheles_quadrimaculatus.htm ''Anopheles quadrimaculatus'', common malaria mosquito] (archived) on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html ''Anopheles''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821202050/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/classification/Anopheles.html|date=5 May 2021|title=Archived version}} qwbpv5okhr3swfift58b61nz5z3rhni 0 78151 700770 698703 2026-08-12T12:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700770 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mercedes Pascual''' bụ onye Uruguay na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago, ebe ọ na-eduga Laboratory for Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE).<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Charles |title=Better than tea leaves |journal=HHMI Bulletin |date=2009 |issue=May |pages=32–37, 56 |url=https://www.hhmi.org/sites/default/files/Bulletin/2009/May/may2009.pdf |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Chicago" /> <ref name="MATE">{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://voices.uchicago.edu/mercedespascual/people/|work=Modeling and Theory in Ecology and Epidemiology (MATE)|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College na Mahadum Michigan na Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigato.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite news|title=Pascual presented ESA's Robert T. MacArthur Award|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/news-events/all-news/archived-news/2014/08/pascual-presented-esas-robert-t--macarthur-award-.html|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pascual emepụtala ụdị sistemụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ, ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ na-eji ụdị ndị a eme ihe na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ntanetị nri. <ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal|author=Gao|first=Peng|title=Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure|journal=Ecological Informatics|date=November 2015|volume=30|pages=110–118|doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283082261|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pascual, Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977505-7|location=Oxford|oclc=727944896}}</ref> <ref name="Allesina">{{Cite journal|author=Allesina|first=Stefano|title=Food web models: a plea for groups|journal=Ecology Letters|date=July 2009|volume=12|issue=7|pages=652–662|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x|pmid=19453619|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75012/1/j.1461-0248.2009.01321.x.pdf}}</ref> gburugburu ebe obibi, na epidemiology, ọkachasị evolushọn nke Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="AAAS" /> Ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihu igwe El Niño na ọbịbịa nke ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Bangladesh.<ref name="Bradbury">{{Cite journal|author=Bradbury|first=Jane|title=Climate change linked to human disease|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=October 2002|volume=2|issue=10|pages=588|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00416-4|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(02)00416-4/fulltext|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gale">{{Cite journal|author=Gale|first=P.|title=The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|date=May 2009|volume=106|issue=5|pages=1409–1423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x|pmid=19191974}}</ref><ref name="Rodo">{{Cite journal|author=Rodo|first=X.|title=ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=12 September 2002|volume=99|issue=20|pages=12901–12906|doi=10.1073/pnas.182203999|pmid=12228724}}</ref><ref name="Chaves">{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=M|title=Predicting endemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics|journal=Climate Research|date=30 April 2008|volume=36|pages=131–140|doi=10.3354/cr00730}}</ref> Otu n'ime usoro ọ na-akọ bụ na ihe omume El Niño na-aghọ ihe na-akpali ọrịa na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe akaebe mbụ iji gosipụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emetụta Ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="McArthur" /> Ọrịa ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ gụnyere [[Iba|ịba]] na influenza. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Climate and Population Immunity in Malaria Dynamics: Harnessing Information from Endemicity Gradients|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=November 2015|volume=31|issue=11|pages=532–534|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.009|pmid=26422773}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Xiangjun|title=Incidence Prediction for the 2017-2018 Influenza Season in the United States with an Evolution-informed Model|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=10|date=2018|doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6f03b36587ae74b11353c1127cbe7d0e|pmid=29588875}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe nlereanya ya mee ihe iji kwado ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Thometz">{{Cite news|author=Thometz|first=Kristen|title=UChicago Scientists Develop Tool to Predict Severity of Flu Season|url=https://news.wttw.com/2017/10/26/uchicago-scientists-develop-tool-predict-severity-flu-season|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=WTTW|date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Malaria">{{Cite news|title=Early warning system provides 4-month forecast of malaria epidemics in northwest India|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-03/uom-ews030113.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=Eureka Alert|date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ Pascual na [[Uruguay]] ma too na [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]].<ref name="Rucker">{{Cite news|author=Rucker|first=Philip|title=Howard Hughes charity giving $600 million to 56 scientists Hughes charity to offer $600 million to medical research|url=https://www.chron.com/news/health/article/Howard-Hughes-charity-giving-600-million-to-56-1594736.php|accessdate=11 May 2019|work=The Washington Post|date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> Nna ya bụ injinia kemịkal. Pascual rụrụ ọrụ Undergraduate na bayoloji mmiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Universidade Santa Úrsula (USU, 1978–1979) na na Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC, 1980). O nwetara nzere Licentiate na biology site na Universidad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales na Buenos Aires, Argentina na 1985. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ sitere na New Mexico State University na Las Cruces, New Mexico na 1989. <ref name="Regents">{{Cite web|title=Regents Communication|url=http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-IV-1-11.pdf|work=The University of Michigan|accessdate=11 May 2019|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> Pascual nwetara Ph.D. ya na biological oceanography site na mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, na-aga site na 1989 ruo 1995.<ref name="Pascual-Dunlap">{{cite thesis |last1=Pascual-Dunlap |first1=Maria Mercedes |title=Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology |date=January 1995 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511031504/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a305897.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=May 11, 2019|doi=10.1575/1912/5631|hdl=1912/5631|type=Thesis |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ya na Hal Caswell rụkọrọ ọrụ. Thesis ya bụ na Some Nonlinear Problems in Plankton Ecology . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ postdoctoral na Mahadum Princeton site na 1995 ruo 1997. <ref name="Chaos" /> == Ọrụ == Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ndị ọzọ, Pascual nwere osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Maryland <ref name="McDonnell" /> site na 1997 ruo 2000. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Michigan dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Ecology na Evolutionary Biology na 2001. <ref name="McArthur">{{Cite journal|title=2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan|url=https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=95|date=October 2014|accessdate=10 May 2019|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/macarthur2014.pdf "2014 MacArthur Award Dr. Mercedes Pascual University of Michigan"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America''. '''95''': 331. October 2014. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318|10.1890/0012-9623-95.4.318]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="EEBHistory">{{Cite web|title=History of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and its ancestors – Department of EEB: 2001–Present|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/about-us/history.html|work=Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ site na 2004 ruo 2008, yana Prọfesọ Rosemary Grant College site na 2008 ruo 2014. Na mgbakwunye, Pascual bụ onye nyocha Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 2008 ruo 2015. Ruo 2015, Pascual ghọrọ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Ecology na Evolution na Mahadum Chicago.<ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Pascual, Ph.D. Professor|url=https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html|work=Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago|accessdate=10 May 2019|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510020806/https://pondside.uchicago.edu/ecol-evol/people/pascual.html the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1996, Pascual natara U.S. Department of Energy Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship iji mụọ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref name="Chaos">{{Cite book|title=12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference|date=May 16–19, 2012|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=24–25|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302235332/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf ''12th Experimental Chaos and Complexity Conference''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. May 16–19, 2012. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17396416 17396416]. Archived from [http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abd6/0f90cc160d7887cdf534196b68d497333fa5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 2, 2019.</cite></ref> Ọ natara Centennial fellowship site na James S. McDonnell Foundation na 1999. <ref name="McDonnell">{{Cite web|title=Ten Young Researchers Each Awarded $1 Million By McDonnell Foundation|author=James S. McDonnell Foundation|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php|work=Eureka Alert|accessdate=10 May 2019|date=10 January 1999|archivedate=10 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115919/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJames_S._McDonnell_Foundation1999">James S. McDonnell Foundation (10 January 1999). . ''Eureka Alert''. Archived from [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-01/JSMF-TYRE-280199.php the original] on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, magazin Discover matara Pascual dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị mkpa na sayensị.<ref name="Svitil">{{Cite news|author=Svitil|first=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=9 May 2019|publisher=Discover|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> Pascual natara 2014 Robert H. MacArthur Award site na Ecological Society of America . <ref name="McArthur"/> Pascual bụ onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science, ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 2015 ruo 2019.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=UChicago News|date=April 17, 2019|author=Louise Lerner}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLouise_LernerJack_Wang2019">Louise Lerner; Jack Wang (April 17, 2019). [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/four-uchicago-faculty-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences "Four UChicago faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences"]. ''UChicago News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Ecological Society of America na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-07|title=Ecological Society of America announces 2015 Fellows|url=https://esa.org/blog/2015/05/07/ecological-society-of-america-announces-2015-fellows/|accessdate=2025-08-12|work=Ecological Society of America}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . <ref name="Academy">{{Cite news|title=Two UChicago scientists elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/2019/april/two-uchicago-scientists-elected-to-the-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=10 May 2019|work=At the Forefront|publisher=University of Chicago Medical Center|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|title=Ecological networks : linking structure to dynamics in food webs|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195188165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe-04Y2gKscC}} * {{Cite book|author=Pascual|first=Mercedes|editor=Fitzpatrick|title=Carving our destiny : scientific research faces a new millennium|chapter=Scales that matter: untangling complexity in ecological systems|date=2001|publisher=J.H. Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309068482|chapterurl=http://link.library.mst.edu/portal/Carving-our-destiny--scientific-research-faces-a/s9xNwEo734k/|url=https://archive.org/details/carvingourdestin0000fitz}} == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] {{Authority control}} chjkb983vjqm0c0la7v2haif9y4gny7 0 78157 700884 698166 2026-08-13T07:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700884 wikitext text/x-wiki Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Ụdị nje ịba protozoan Speciesbox | taxon = Plasmodium falciparum | image = Plasmodium falciparum 01.png | image_caption = Macrogametocyte (left) and microgametocyte (right) of ''P. falciparum'' | authority = William H. Welch,Welch, 1897) | synonyms = * ''Oscillaria malariae'' <small>Laveran, 1881</small> * ''Plasmodium malariae'' <small>Marchiafava and Celli, 1885</small> * ''Laverania malariae'' <small>Feletti and Grassi, 1890</small> * ''Ematozoo falciforme'' <small>Antolisei and Angelini, 1890</small> * ''Haemamoeba immaculata'' <small>Grassi, 1891</small> * ''Haemamoeba laverani'' <small>Labbe, 1894</small> * ''Haematozoon falciforme'' <small>Thayer and Hewetson, 1895</small> * ''Haematozoon falciparum'' <small>Welch, 1897</small> * ''Haemosporidium sedecimanae'' <small>Lewkowicz, 1897</small> * ''Haemosporidium undecimanae'' <small>Lewkowicz, 1897</small> * ''Haemosporidium vigesimotertianae'' <small>Lewkowicz, 1897</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite book|last1=Coatney |first1=GR |last2=Collins |first2=WE |last3=Warren |first3=M |last4=Contacos |first4=PG|year=1971|title=The primate malarias|publisher=Division of Parasitic Disease, CDC|chapter=22 ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Welch, 1897|page=263|chapter-url=http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6538}}</ref> }} '''''Plasmodium falciparum''''' bụ Unicellular organism|unicellular protozoan parasite nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' nke kacha egbu egbu nke na-akpata ịba n'ime mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rich | first1 = S. M. | last2 = Leendertz | first2 = F. H. | last3 = Xu | first3 = G. | last4 = Lebreton | first4 = M. | last5 = Djoko | first5 = C. F. | last6 = Aminake | first6 = M. N. | last7 = Takang | first7 = E. E. | last8 = Diffo | first8 = J. L. D. | last9 = Pike | first9 = B. L. | last10 = Rosenthal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0907740106 | first10 = B. M. | last11 = Formenty | first11 = P. | last12 = Boesch | first12 = C. | last13 = Ayala | first13 = F. J. | last14 = Wolfe | first14 = N. D. | title = The origin of malignant malaria | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 35 | pages = 14902–14907 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19666593 | pmc =2720412 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..10614902R | doi-access = free }}</ref>A na-ebufe nje a site na ata nwanyị ''Anopheles'' anwụnta ma na-akpata ụdị ọrịa kachasị njọ, malaria falciparum. Ya mere, a na-ewere ''P. falciparum'' dị ka nje kachasị egbu egbu n'ime mmadụ. A na-ejikọkwa ya na mmepe nke kansa ọbara Burkitt's lymphoma ma a na-ekewa ya dị ka Ndepụta nke IARC Group 2A carcinogens|Group 2A (nwere ike ịbụ) carcinogen. Ụdị a sitere na nje malaria ''Laverania'' nke a hụrụ na gorillas, ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga.<ref name=loy>{{cite journal|last1=Loy|first1=Dorothy E.|last2=Liu|first2=Weimin|last3=Li|first3=Yingying|last4=Learn|first4=Gerald H.|last5=Plenderleith|first5=Lindsey J.|last6=Sundararaman|first6=Sesh A.|last7=Sharp|first7=Paul M.|last8=Hahn|first8=Beatrice H.|title=Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and ''Plasmodium vivax''|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|date=2017|volume=47|issue=2–3|pages=87–97|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.008|pmid=27381764|pmc=5205579}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharp |first1=Paul M. |last2=Plenderleith |first2=Lindsey J. |last3=Hahn |first3=Beatrice H. |date=2020 |title=Ape origins of human malaria |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=74 |pages=39–63 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115628 |pmc=7643433 |pmid=32905751}}</ref> Alphonse Laveran bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara nje ahụ na 1880, ma kpọọ ya "Oscillaria malariae". Ronald Ross chọpụtara mbufe ya site na anwụnta na 1897. Giovanni Battista Grassi kọwara mbufe zuru oke site na nwanyị Anopheles|anophelline anwụnta gaa na ụmụ mmadụ na 1898. Na 1897, William H. Welch kere aha "Plasmodium falciparum", nke International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN nakweere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1954. "P. falciparum" na-ewere ụdị dị iche iche n'oge usoro ndụ ya. Oge mmadụ na-efe efe bụ sporozoites site na Salivary gland#Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ|slivary gland nke anwụnta. Ndị sporozoite na-eto ma na-amụba n'ime imeju iji ghọọ merozoites. Ndị merozoite a na-awakpo Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie|erythrocytes (mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie) iji mepụta trophozoites, schizogony|schizonts na gametocytes, nke a na-emepụta ihe mgbaàmà nke ịba. N'ime anwụnta, sel gametocytes na-amụpụta mmekọahụ gaa na zygote, nke na-aghọ usoro ndụ Apicomplexan#ookinete|ookinete. Ookinete na-etolite oocytes ebe e si emepụta sporozoites. Na 2022, ihe dị ka nde 249 nke ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 608,000 nwụrụ, pasent 80 bụ afọ 5 ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World malaria report 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240064898 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwụ niile metụtara ịba bụ nke ''P. falciparum'', pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ikpe ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme na Afrịka. Na Saharan Africa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% nke ikpe ndị a bụ n'ihi ''P. falciparum'', ebe n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ ebe ịba bụ Endemic (epidemiology)|indemic, ụdị plasmodial ndị ọzọ, nke na-erughị Virulence|virulent na-akakarị.<ref>name="who2020">{{cite book|last1=WHO|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2021|title=World Malaria Report 2021|date=2021|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-004049-6|location=Switzerland}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[File:Laveran Malaria drawings.jpg|thumb|Laveran's drawing of various stages of ''P. falciparum'' as seen on fresh blood (1880).]] Falciparum malaria maara nke ọma nye Greek oge ochie|Ndị Gris oge ochie, bụ́ ndị nyere aha izugbe lang|grc|πυρετός (''pyretós'') "ahụ ọkụ".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baron|first1=Christopher|last2=Hamlin|first2=Christopher|title=Malaria and the Decline of Ancient Greece: Revisiting the Jones Hypothesis in an Era of Interdisciplinarity|journal=Minerva|date=2015|volume=53|issue=4|pages=327–358|doi=10.1007/s11024-015-9280-7|s2cid=142602810}}</ref> Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE) gave several descriptions on Fever#Types|tertian fever and quartan fever.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Hempelmann|first1=Ernst|last2=Krafts|first2=Kristine|title=Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000?years of changing perspectives on malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=2013|volume=12|issue=1|page=232|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-232|pmid=23835014|pmc=3723432 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It was prevalent throughout the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nerlich|first1=Andreas|title=Paleopathology and Paleomicrobiology of Malaria|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|date=2016|volume=4|issue=6|pages=155–160|article-number=4.6.02 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0006-2015|pmid=27837743|isbn=978-1-55581-916-3}}</ref>Ọ bụ ndị Rom kpọrọ ọrịa ahụ "ịba"—'mala'' maka ihe ọjọọ, na 'aria' maka ikuku, ebe ha kwenyere na ikuku ruru unyi na-agbasa ọrịa ahụ, ma ọ bụmiasma theory|miasma nke a gosipụtara na ọ dị njọ n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="lalchhandama" /> Dọkịta German, Johann Friedrich Meckel, aghaghị ịbụ onye mbụ hụrụ ''P. falciparum'' mana ọ maghị ihe ọ bụ. Na 1847, ọ kọrọ ọnụnọ nke Hemozoin|mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ojii site n'ọbara na spleen nke onye ọrịa nwụrụ site na ịba. Dọkịta ndị agha France Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Bône Hospital (ugbua Annaba na Algeria), chọpụtara nke ọma na nje ahụ bụ nje na-akpata ịba na 1880. O gosipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara n'ihu French Academy of Medicine na Paris ma bipụta ya na ''The Lancet'' na 1881. O nyere ya aha sayensị ''Oscillaria malariae''<ref name=lalchhandama>{{cite journal|last1=Lalchhandama|first1=K.|title=The making of modern malariology: from miasma to mosquito- malaria theory|journal=Science Vision|date=2014|volume=14|issue=1|pages=3–17|url=http://www.sciencevision.org/current_issue/dl/Lalchhandama.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025145/http://www.sciencevision.org/current_issue/dl/Lalchhandama.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-27}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a nabatara nchọpụta ya n'enweghị obi abụọ, ọkachasị n'ihi na n'oge ahụ, ndị dọkịta a ma ama dịka Edwin Klebs|Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs na Corrado Tommasi-Crudeli kwuru na ha achọpụtala nje bacteria (nke ha kpọrọ ''Bacillus malariae'') dị ka nje na-akpata ịba. A nabatara nchọpụta Laveran nke ọma naanị mgbe afọ ise gachara mgbe Camillo Golgi kwadoro nje ahụ site na iji igwe microscope ka mma na usoro agba agba. E nyere Laveran onyinye Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine na 1907 maka ọrụ ya. Na 1900, ọkachamara anụmanụ nke Itali Giovanni Battista Grassi kewara ụdị ''Plasmodium'' dabere na oge ahụ ọkụ dị n'ahụ onye ọrịa; Ọrịa ịba tertian nke na-akpata ya bụ ''Laverania malariae'' (nke bụ ugbu a ''P. falciparum''), ọrịa ịba tertian nke na-anaghị emerụ ahụ site na ''Haemamoeba vivax'' (nke bụ ugbu a ''Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax, na ọrịa ịba quartan site na ''Haemamoeba malariae'' (nke bụ ugbu a ''Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae..<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=Francis EG|title=History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors|journal=Parasites & Vectors|date=2010|volume=3|issue=1|page=5|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-5|pmid=20205846|pmc=2825508 |doi-access=free }}open access</ref> Dọkịta Britain Patrick Manson chepụtara echiche anwụnta-malaria na 1894; ruo mgbe ahụ, a kwenyere na nje ịba na-agbasa n'ikuku dị ka echiche Miasma|miasma, okwu Grik maka mmetọ.<ref name=lalchhandama/> Onye ọrụ ibe ya Ronald Ross nke Ọrụ Ahụike India kwadoro ozizi ahụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na India. Ross chọpụtara na 1897 na nje ịba bi na ụfọdụ anwụnta. N'afọ sochirinụ, o gosipụtara na anwụnta nwere ike ibufe nje nnụnụ Plasmodium relictum site na anwụnta site n'otu nnụnụ gaa na nke ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=C. W. |date=1899-12-31 |title=On transmission of Proteosoma to birds by the mosquito: a report to the malaria committee of the Royal Society |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspl/article/64/402-411/443/39801/On-transmission-of-Proteosoma-to-birds-by-the |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=64 |issue=402–411 |pages=443–454 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0126 |issn=0370-1662|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Around the same time, Grassi demonstrated that ''P. falciparum'' was transmitted in humans only by female Anopheles|anopheline mosquitos (in his case ''Anopheles claviger.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baccetti|first1=B|title=History of the early dipteran systematics in Italy: from Lyncei to Battista Grassi|journal=Parassitologia|date=2008|volume=50|issue=3–4|pages=167–172|pmid=20055226}}</ref> A họpụtara Ross, Manson na Grassi maka ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine na 1902. N'ọnọdụ esemokwu, naanị Ross ka a họpụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capanna|first1=E|title=Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria?|journal=International Microbiology|date=2006|volume=9|issue=1|pages=69–74|pmid=16636993}}</ref> E nwere arụmụka dị ogologo gbasara usoro nhazi ahụ. Ọ bụ naanị na 1954 ka International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature kwadoro usoro nhazi ahụ nke akpọrọ 'Plasmodium falciparum''.<ref name="chwatt">{{cite journal|last1=Bruce-Chwatt|first1=L.J.|title=Falciparum nomenclature|journal=Parasitology Today|date=1987|volume=3|issue=8|page=252|doi=10.1016/0169-4758(87)90153-0|pmid=15462972}}</ref>Ndị dọkịta abụọ si Itali Ettore Marchiafava na Angelo Celli mepụtara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a bụ́ 'Plasmodium' n'afọ 1885. Okwu Grik bụ́ 'plasma'' pụtara "ebu" ma ọ bụ "ụdị"; ''oeidēs'' pụtara "ịhụ" ma ọ bụ "ịmara." Dọkịta Amerịka William Henry Welch webatara aha ụdị anụmanụ a na 1897.ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christophers|first1=R|last2=Sinton|first2=JA|title=Correct Name of Malignant Tertian Parasite|journal=British Medical Journal|date=1938|volume=2|issue=4065|pages=1130–1134|pmid=20781927|pmc=2211005|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4065.1130}}</ref> It is derived from the Latin ''falx'', meaning "sickle" and ''parum'' meaning "like or equal to another".<ref name="chwatt" /> === Mmalite na Mbido === ''P. falciparum'' a na-anabata ugbu a dị ka ihe sitere na ''Laverania'' (nke bụ obere mkpụrụ ndụ nke ''Plasmodium'' nke a na-ahụ n'ime enwe) nke dị na gorillas na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=W|last2=Li|first2=Y|last3=Learn|first3=GH|last4=Rudicell|first4=RS|last5=Robertson|first5=JD|last6=Keele|first6=BF|last7=Ndjango|first7=JB|last8=Sanz|first8=CM|last9=Morgan|first9=DB|last10=Locatelli|first10=S|last11=Gonder|first11=MK|last12=Kranzusch|first12=PJ|last13=Walsh|first13=PD|last14=Delaporte|first14=E|last15=Mpoudi-Ngole|first15=E|last16=Georgiev|first16=AV|last17=Muller|first17=MN|last18=Shaw|first18=GM|last19=Peeters|first19=M|last20=Sharp|first20=PM|last21=Rayner|first21=JC|last22=Hahn|first22=BH|title=Origin of the human malaria parasite'' Plasmodium falciparum'' in gorillas|journal=Nature|date= 2010|volume=467|issue=7314|pages=420–5|doi=10.1038/nature09442|pmid=20864995|pmc=2997044|display-authors=8|bibcode=2010Natur.467..420L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holmes|first1=Edward C.|title=Malaria: The gorilla connection|journal=Nature|date=2010|volume=467|issue=7314|pages=404–405|doi=10.1038/467404a|pmid=20864986|bibcode=2010Natur.467..404H|s2cid=205058952|doi-access=free}}</ref>Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egosi na protozoan mmadụ pụtara ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga.<ref name=loy/><ref name=":2" />Onye ikwu kacha nso nke ''P. falciparum'' bụ ''P. praefalciparum'', nje nke gorillas, dịka usoro mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial, apicoplastic na nuclear DNA si kwado.<ref name="Liu et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Weimin |last2=Li |first2=Yingying |last3=Learn |first3=Gerald H. |last4=Rudicell |first4=Rebecca S. |last5=Robertson |first5=Joel D. |last6=Keele |first6=Brandon F. |last7=Ndjango |first7=Jean-Bosco N. |last8=Sanz |first8=Crickette M. |last9=Morgan |first9=David B. |last10=Locatelli |first10=Sabrina |last11=Gonder |first11=Mary K. |last12=Kranzusch |first12=Philip J. |last13=Walsh |first13=Peter D. |last14=Delaporte |first14=Eric |last15=Mpoudi-Ngole |first15=Eitel |last16=Georgiev |first16=Alexander V. |last17=Muller |first17=Martin N. |last18=Shaw |first18=George M. |last19=Peeters |first19=Martine |last20=Sharp |first20=Paul M. |last21=Rayner |first21=Julian C. |last22=Hahn |first22=Beatrice H. |title=Origin of the human malaria parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in gorillas |journal=Nature |date=September 2010 |volume=467 |issue=7314 |pages=420–425 |doi=10.1038/nature09442 |bibcode = 2010Natur.467..420L| pmid=20864995 | pmc=2997044}}</ref><ref name="Duval et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Duval |first1=Linda |last2=Fourment |first2=Mathieu |last3=Nerrienet |first3=Eric |last4=Rousset |first4=Dominique |last5=Sadeuh |first5=Serge A. |last6=Goodman |first6=Steven M. |last7=Andriaholinirina |first7=Nicole V. |last8=Randrianarivelojosia |first8=Milijaona |last9=Paul |first9=Richard E. |last10=Robert |first10=Vincent |last11=Ayala |first11=Francisco J. |last12=Ariey |first12=Frédéric |title=African apes as reservoirs of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=8 June 2010 |volume=107 |issue=23 |pages=10561–10566 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1005435107 |pmid=20498054 |pmc=2890828 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10710561D |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Rayner et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Rayner |first1=Julian C. |last2=Liu |first2=Weimin |last3=Peeters |first3=Martine |last4=Sharp |first4=Paul M. |last5=Hahn |first5=Beatrice H. |title=A plethora of Plasmodium species in wild apes: a source of human infection? |journal=Trends in Parasitology |date=May 2011 |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=222–229 |doi=10.1016/J.Pt.2011.01.006 |pmid=21354860 |pmc=3087880}}</ref>Ụdị abụọ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na nje chimpanzee nkịtị|chimpanzee ''P. reichenowi'', nke e chere na mbụ na ọ bụ onye ikwu kacha nso ''P. falciparum''. A na-echekwa na ''P. falciparum'' sitere na nje nnụnụ.<ref name="Rathore et al. 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=Dharmendar |last2=Wahl |first2=Allison M |last3=Sullivan |first3=Margery |last4=McCutchan |first4=Thomas F |title=A phylogenetic comparison of gene trees constructed from plastid, mitochondrial and genomic DNA of Plasmodium species |journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology |date=April 2001 |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00241-9 |pmid=11356517 }}</ref> Ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Polymorphism (bayọlọji)|polymorphism dị oke ala n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa "P. falciparum" ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ụdị enwe ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya nke "Plasmodium" (gụnyere "P. praefalciparum").<ref name="Hartl 2004">{{Cite journal| volume = 2| issue = 1| pages = 15–22| last = Hartl| first = DH| title = The origin of malaria: mixed messages from genetic diversity| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = January 2004 | pmid=15035005| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro795| s2cid = 11020105}}</ref><ref name="Liu et al. 2010" />Nke a na-egosi na mmalite nke "P. falciparum" n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ebe otu ụdị "P. praefalciparum" malitere ibute ọrịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Liu et al. 2010" /> Ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke "P. falciparum" egosila mmụba ọhụrụ nke dabara na Neolithic Revolution|agriculture revolution. Mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo sara mbara nwere ike ime ka ọnụọgụgụ anwụnta dịkwuo elu site n'inye ọtụtụ ebe a na-azụ ụmụ, nke nwere ike ịkpalite mgbanwe na mmụba nke "P. falciparum".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hume | first1 = J.C. | last2 = Lyons | first2 = E.J. | last3 = Day | first3 = K.P. | year = 2003 | title = Human migration, mosquitoes and the evolution of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' | journal = Trends Parasitol | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 144–9 | doi=10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00008-4| pmid = 12643998 }}</ref> == Nhazi == [[File:Plasmodium falciparum 02.jpg|thumb|Blood smear from a ''P. falciparum'' Malaria culture|culture (K1 strain - asexual forms) - several red blood cells have ring stages inside them. Close to the center is a schizont and on the left a trophozoite.]] [[File:Malaria falciparum ring forms.jpg|right|thumb|Ring forms in red blood cells Giemsa stain]] ''P. falciparum'' enweghị nhazi kwụsiri ike mana ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ndụ ya. sporozoite dị ka spindle ma dị ogologo 10-15μm. N'ime imeju, ọ na-etolite ghọọ ovoid schizont nke dayameta 30-70μm. Schizont ọ bụla na-emepụta merozoites, nke ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka 1.5μm n'ogologo na 1&nbsp;μm na dayameta. Na erythrocyte merozoite na-emepụta nhazi yiri mgbaaka, na-aghọ trophozoite. Trophozoite na-eri nri na haemoglobin ma na-emepụta agba granular a na-akpọ haemozoin. N'adịghị ka nke ụdị "Plasmodium" ndị ọzọ, gametocyte nke "P." Falciparum'' dị ogologo ma dị ka ọkara ọnwa, nke a na-eji amata ha mgbe ụfọdụ. Gametocyte tozuru etozu na-adị ogologo 8–12μm na obosara 3–6μm. ookinete dịkwa ogologo nke na-eru ihe dị ka 18–24μm. oocyst dị gburugburu ma nwee ike itolite ruo 80μm na dayameta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lucius|first1=R.|last2=Roberts|first2=C.W.|editor1-last=Lucius|editor1-first=R.|editor2-last=Loos-Frank|editor2-first=B.|editor3-last=Lane|editor3-first=R.P.|editor4-last=Poulin|editor4-first=R.|editor5-last=Roberts|editor5-first=C.W.|editor6-last=Grencis|editor6-first=R.K.|title=The Biology of Parasites|date=2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-32848-2|pages=190–198|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bXDQAAQBAJ|chapter=Biology of Parasitic Protozoa}}</ref>Nnyocha e mere na ihe nkiri ọbara na-egosi naanị trophozoites na gametocytes mbụ (dị ka mgbanaka) dị n'ọbara dị n'akụkụ. trophozoites ma ọ bụ schizonts ndị tozuru okè anaghị apụta na ihe ngosi ọbara dị n'akụkụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụkarị ha n'ime anụ ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ntụpọ uhie na-adịghị ike, dị ka comma, n'elu erythrocyte. Ntụpọ ndị a bụ Mkpụkpọ Maurer ma bụrụ akụkụ ahụ nzuzo nke na-emepụta protein na enzymes dị mkpa maka nnabata nri na usoro ịgbapụ ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lanzer|first1=Michael|last2=Wickert|first2=Hannes|last3=Krohne|first3=Georg|last4=Vincensini|first4=Laetitia|last5=Braun Breton|first5=Catherine|title=Maurer's clefts: A novel multi-functional organelle in the cytoplasm of ''Plasmodium falciparum''-infected erythrocytes|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|date=2006|volume=36|issue=1|pages=23–36|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.10.001|pmid=16337634}}</ref>Ihe mejupụtara apical, nke bụ ngwakọta nke organelles, bụ ihe dị mkpa. O nwere organelles secretory a na-akpọ Rhoptry|rhoptries na micronemes, nke dị mkpa maka ngagharị, njikọta, mwakpo mkpụrụ ndụ nnabata, na nhazi parasitophorous vacuole.<ref name=garcia06/> Dịka apicomplexan, ọ nwere plastid, apicoplast, nke yiri osisi chloroplasts, nke ha nwere ike nweta site n'itinye (ma ọ bụ ịbanye site na) eukaryotic Algae|alga na idobe algal plastid dị ka organelle pụrụ iche Symbiogenesis|nke dị n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ anọ. Apicoplast na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke lipids na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ ma na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọgwụ mara mma. N'oge ọrịa na-anaghị etolite n'ọbara, ọrụ dị mkpa nke apicoplast bụ imepụta isoprenoid Precursor (kemistri)|precursors [isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) na dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) site na ụzọ MEP pathway|MEP (non-mevalonate).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yeh|first1=Ellen|last2=DeRisi|first2=Joseph L.|date=2011-08-30|title=Chemical Rescue of Malaria Parasites Lacking an Apicoplast Defines Organelle Function in Blood-Stage ''Plasmodium falciparum''|journal=PLOS Biol|volume=9|issue=8|article-number=e1001138|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001138|issn=1545-7885|pmc=3166167|pmid=21912516 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Genome === Na 1995, e guzobere ọrụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ịba iji hazie genome nke ''P. falciparum''. A kọrọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mitochondrion ya na 1995, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-abụghị photosynthetic plastid nke a maara dị ka apicoplast na 1996<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=(Iain) R.J.M. |last2=Denny |first2=Paul W. |last3=Preiser |first3=Peter R. |last4=Rangachari |first4=Kaveri |last5=Roberts |first5=Kate |last6=Roy |first6=Anjana |last7=Whyte |first7=Andrea |last8=Strath |first8=Malcolm |last9=Moore |first9=Daphne J. |last10=Moore |first10=Peter W. |last11=Williamson |first11=Donald H. |title=Complete Gene Map of the Plastid-like DNA of the Malaria Parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |date=August 1996 |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1006/jmbi.1996.0449 |pmid=8757284 |bibcode=1996JMBio.261..155W }}</ref>na usoro nke mbụ nuklia chromosome (chromosome 2) na 1998. A kọrọ usoro nke chromosome 3 na 1999 ma kọọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dum na 3 Ọktoba 2002.<ref name="gardner">{{cite journal |last1=Gardner |first1=Malcolm J. |last2=Hall |first2=Neil |last3=Fung |first3=Eula |last4=White |first4=Owen |last5=Berriman |first5=Matthew |last6=Hyman |first6=Richard W. |last7=Carlton |first7=Jane M. |last8=Pain |first8=Arnab |last9=Nelson |first9=Karen E. |last10=Bowman |first10=Sharen |last11=Paulsen |first11=Ian T. |last12=James |first12=Keith |last13=Eisen |first13=Jonathan A. |last14=Rutherford |first14=Kim |last15=Salzberg |first15=Steven L. |last16=Craig |first16=Alister |last17=Kyes |first17=Sue |last18=Chan |first18=Man-Suen |last19=Nene |first19=Vishvanath |last20=Shallom |first20=Shamira J. |last21=Suh |first21=Bernard |last22=Peterson |first22=Jeremy |last23=Angiuoli |first23=Sam |last24=Pertea |first24=Mihaela |last25=Allen |first25=Jonathan |last26=Selengut |first26=Jeremy |last27=Haft |first27=Daniel |last28=Mather |first28=Michael W. |last29=Vaidya |first29=Akhil B. |last30=Martin |first30=David M. A. |last31=Fairlamb |first31=Alan H. |last32=Fraunholz |first32=Martin J. |last33=Roos |first33=David S. |last34=Ralph |first34=Stuart A. |last35=McFadden |first35=Geoffrey I. |last36=Cummings |first36=Leda M. |last37=Subramanian |first37=G. Mani |last38=Mungall |first38=Chris |last39=Venter |first39=J. Craig |last40=Carucci |first40=Daniel J. |last41=Hoffman |first41=Stephen L. |last42=Newbold |first42=Chris |last43=Davis |first43=Ronald W. |last44=Fraser |first44=Claire M. |last45=Barrell |first45=Bart |title=Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum'' |journal=Nature |date=October 2002 |volume=419 |issue=6906 |pages=498–511 |doi=10.1038/nature01097|pmid=12368864 |bibcode=2002Natur.419..498G |pmc=3836256 }}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke dị ihe dịka 24-megabase dị oke [[GC-content|AT-rich (ihe dị ka 80%) ma a haziri ya n'ime kromozom 14. A kọwara ihe karịrị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 5,300. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị metụtara antigenic variance dị na mpaghara subtelomeric nke kromozom. A kewara ndị a n'ime ezinụlọ ''var'', 'rif'', na 'stevor''. N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ, e nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''var'' 59, 149 ''rif'', na 28 ''stevor'', yana ọtụtụ pseudogenes na mkpụcha. A na-eme atụmatụ na 551, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka 10%, nke protein e buru amụma na-elekwasị anya na apicoplast, ebe 4.7% nke proteome bụ maka mitochondria.<ref name="gardner"/> == Okirikiri ndụ == [[File:Plasmodium lifecycle PHIL 3405 lores.jpg|thumb|right|Life cycle of ''Plasmodium'']] Ụmụ mmadụ bụ ndị ọbịa n'etiti ebe a na-amụ nwa n'enweghị mmekọahụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị Anopheles|anopheline anwụnta bụ ndị ọbịa ikpeazụ na-enwe ọkwa ịmụ nwa mmekọahụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Wenn-Chyau|last2=Russell|first2=Bruce|last3=Rénia|first3=Laurent|date=2019|title=Sticking for a Cause: The Falciparum Malaria Parasites Cytoadherence Paradigm|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=10|article-number=1444|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01444|pmc=6610498|pmid=31316507|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===N'ime mmadụ=== [[File:Plasmodium lifecycle PHIL 3405 lores.jpg|thumb|right|Life cycle of ''Plasmodium'']] Ọrịa a na-amalite site n'ịta anwụnta "Anopheles" nke nwanyị butere ọrịa. N'ime ihe dị ka ụdị "'Anopheles" anwụnta 460, ihe karịrị ụdị 70 na-ebufe malaria falciparum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Molina-Cruz|first1=Alvaro|last2=Zilversmit|first2=Martine M.|last3=Neafsey|first3=Daniel E.|last4=Hartl|first4=Daniel L.|last5=Barillas-Mury|first5=Carolina|title=Mosquito Vectors and the Globalization of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Malaria|journal=Annual Review of Genetics|date=2016|volume=50|issue=1|pages=447–465|doi=10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035211|pmid=27732796|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235011}}</ref> ''Anopheles gambiae'' bụ otu n'ime Vector ọrịa|vectors a kacha mara amara ma na-agbasa nke ọma, ọkachasị n'Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sinka|first1=Marianne E|last2=Bangs|first2=Michael J|last3=Manguin|first3=Sylvie|last4=Coetzee|first4=Maureen|last5=Mbogo|first5=Charles M|last6=Hemingway|first6=Janet|last7=Patil|first7=Anand P|last8=Temperley|first8=Will H|last9=Gething|first9=Peter W|last10=Kabaria|first10=Caroline W|last11=Okara|first11=Robi M|last12=Van Boeckel|first12=Thomas|last13=Godfray|first13=H Charles J|last14=Harbach|first14=Ralph E|last15=Hay|first15=Simon I|title=The dominant ''Anopheles'' vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic pr?cis|journal=Parasites & Vectors|date=2010|volume=3|issue=1|page=117|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-117|pmid=21129198|pmc=3016360 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010PVec....3..117S }}</ref> A na-ewepụta ọkwa nje a na-akpọ Apicomplexan life cycle|sporozoite site na asylary glands site na proboscis nke anwụnta ka ọ banye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mgbe ọ na-enye nri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ménard |first1=R |last2=Tavares |first2=J |last3=Cockburn |first3=I |last4=Markus |first4=M |last5=Zavala |first5=F |last6=Amino |first6=R |title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |date=2013 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=701–712 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111 |pmid=24037451|s2cid=21437365 |doi-access=free }}</ref>Nsụ mmiri anwụnta nwere enzymes antihemostatic na anti-inflammatory nke na-emebi mkpụkọ ọbara ma na-egbochi Nociception|mmeghachi omume mgbu. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụla ọrịa butere nwere sporozoites 20-200.<ref name=garcia06>{{cite journal|last1=Garcia|first1=J. E.|last2=Puentes|first2=A.|last3=Patarroyo|first3=M. E.|title=Developmental Biology of Sporozoite-Host Interactions in ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Malaria: Implications for Vaccine Design|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|date=2006|volume=19|issue=4|pages=686–707|doi=10.1128/CMR.00063-05|pmid=17041140|pmc=1592691}}</ref> A proportion of sporozoites invade liver cells (hepatocytes).<ref name="gerald">{{cite journal|last1=Gerald|first1=N.|last2=Mahajan|first2=B.|last3=Kumar|first3=S.|title=Mitosis in the Human Malaria Parasite ''Plasmodium falciparum''|journal=Eukaryotic Cell|date=2011|volume=10|issue=4|pages=474–482|doi=10.1128/EC.00314-10|pmid=21317311|pmc=3127633}}</ref>Sporozoites na-agagharị n'ọbara site na mgbagharị na-agagharị | ịgbagharị, nke moto nke protein actin na myosin dị n'okpuru membrane plasma na-akwali.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kappe|first1=SH|last2=Buscaglia|first2=CA|last3=Bergman|first3=LW|last4=Coppens|first4=I|last5=Nussenzweig|first5=V|title=Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=2004|volume=20|issue=1|pages=13–16|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.011|pmid=14700584|citeseerx=10.1.1.458.5746}}</ref> ====Oge imeju ma ọ bụ exo-erythrocytic schizogony==== Mgbe ọ banyere na hepatocytes, nje ahụ na-efunahụ apical complex na mkpuchi elu ya wee gbanwee ghọọ trophozoite. N'ime parasitophorous vacuole nke hepatocyte, ọ na-agafe agba 13–14 nke mitosis nke na-emepụta Syncytium|syncytial sel (coenocyte) nke a na-akpọ schizont. A na-akpọ usoro a schizogony. Schizont nwere ọtụtụ iri puku nuclei. Site n'elu schizont, ọtụtụ iri puku haploid (1n) sel ụmụ nwanyị a na-akpọ merozoites na-apụta. Ogbo imeju nwere ike imepụta ruo merozoites 90,000,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vaughan|first1=Ashley M.|last2=Kappe|first2=Stefan H.I.|title=Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|date=2017|volume=7|issue=6|article-number=a025486|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a025486|pmid=28242785|pmc=5453383}}</ref> which are eventually released into the bloodstream in parasite-filled Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicles called merosomes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sturm|first1=A.|title=Manipulation of Host Hepatocytes by the Malaria Parasite for Delivery into Liver Sinusoids|journal=Science|date=2006|volume=313|issue=5791|pages=1287–1290|doi=10.1126/science.1129720|pmid=16888102|bibcode=2006Sci...313.1287S|s2cid=22790721|doi-access=free}}</ref> ====Ọkwa ọbara ma ọ bụ erythrocytic schizogony==== Merozoites na-eji apicomplex invasion organelles apical complex, pellicle, na surface coat) iji mata ma banye na erythrocyte nke onye ọbịa red blood cell. Merozoites na-ebu ụzọ jikọọ na erythrocyte n'ụzọ na-enweghị usoro. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agbanwe ụzọ nke na apical complex dị nso na erythrocyte Cell membrane|membrane. Parasaịs ahụ na-emepụta parasitophorous vacuole, iji kwe ka mmepe ya dị n'ime erythrocyte.<ref name=cowman>{{cite journal|last1=Cowman|first1=Alan F.|last2=Crabb|first2=Brendan S.|title=Invasion of Red Blood Cells by Malaria Parasites|journal=Cell|date=2006|volume=124|issue=4|pages=755–766|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.006|pmid=16497586|s2cid=14972823|doi-access=free}}</ref> Usoro ọrịa a na-eme n'ụzọ dị nnọọ n'otu oge, ihe dịka nje niile dị n'ọbara na-adị n'otu oge mmepe. Usoro nhazi elekere a kpọmkwem dabere na usoro okirikiri nke onye ọbịa mmadụ.<ref name="1.5.2">{{cite web | title = Malaria eModule – SYNCHRONICITY | url = http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5_2.html | access-date = 2017-06-04 | archive-date = 2007-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211547/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5_2.html | accessdate = 2026-08-10 | archivedate = 2007-12-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211547/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5_2.html }}</ref>N'ime erythrocyte, mgbanwe nje na-adabere na mgbaze nke haemoglobin. A na-emepụta mgbaàmà ahụike nke ịba dịka ahụ ọkụ, anaemia, na nsogbu akwara ozi n'oge ọkwa ọbara.<ref name="gerald"/> Nje nje ahụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị nke erythrocyte, na-akpata mkpịsị aka na akpụkpọ ahụ erythrocyte. A na-ahụkarị erythrocytes ndị butere ọrịa n'ime anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ mmadụ dị iche iche, dị ka obi, imeju, na ụbụrụ. Nke a na-akpata site na protein ndị sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'elu nke nje dị na akpụkpọ ahụ erythrocyte, ọ bụkwa protein ndị a na-ejikọ na ndị na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ. Ịnọ n'ụbụrụ na-akpata ọrịa ụbụrụ, ụdị ọrịa dị oke njọ, nke na-eme ka ohere ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=Anja Ramstedt|last2=Adams|first2=Yvonne|last3=Hviid|first3=Lars|date=2020|title=Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1-based vaccines to prevent it|journal=Immunological Reviews|volume=293|issue=1|pages=230–252|doi=10.1111/imr.12807|pmc=6972667|pmid=31562653}}</ref> ====Trophozoite=== Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime erythrocyte ahụ, nje ahụ na-efunahụ akụkụ ahụ ya (mkpụmkpụ apical na mkpuchi elu) ma wepụ ihe dị iche iche n'ime trophozoite gbara gburugburu nke dị n'ime oghere parasitophorous. Trophozoite ahụ na-eri haemoglobin nke erythrocyte ahụ, na-agbari protein ya ma na-agbanwe (site na biocrystallization heme fọdụrụ ka ọ bụrụ β-hematin kristal nke na-anaghị agbaze ma na-anaghị agbaze nke ọma nke kemịkalụ a na-akpọ Hemozoin|haemozoin.< ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pagola |first1=Silvina |last2=Stephens |first2=Peter W. |last3=Bohle |first3=D. Scott |last4=Kosar |first4=Andrew D. |last5=Madsen |first5=Sara K. |title=The structure of malaria pigment β-haematin |journal=Nature |date=March 2000 |volume=404 |issue=6775 |pages=307–310 |doi=10.1038/35005132 |bibcode=2000Natur.404..307P|pmid=10749217|s2cid=4420567}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hempelmann |first1=Ernst |title=Hemozoin Biocrystallization in ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and the antimalarial activity of crystallization inhibitors |journal=Parasitology Research |date=1 March 2007 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=671–676 |doi=10.1007/s00436-006-0313-x |language=en |issn=1432-1955 |s2cid=30446678 |pmid=17111179}}</ref>/ref> The young trophozoite (or "ring" stage, because of its morphology on stained blood films) grows substantially before undergoing multiplication.<ref name="1.5">{{cite web | title = Malaria eModule – ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES | url = http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html | access-date = 2017-06-04 | archive-date = 2007-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html | accessdate = 2026-08-10 | archivedate = 2007-12-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html }}</ref> ===Schizont=== N'ọkwa schizont, nje ahụ na-emegharị DNA ya ọtụtụ ugboro, ọtụtụ nkewa mitotic na-apụtakwa n'otu oge.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Read | first1 = M. | last2 = Sherwin | first2 = T. | last3 = Holloway | first3 = S. P. | last4 = Gull | first4 = K. | last5 = Hyde | first5 = J. E. | year = 1993 | title = Microtubular organization visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy during erythrocytic schizogony in ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and investigation of post-translational modifications of parasite tubulin | journal = Parasitology | volume = 106 | issue = 3| pages = 223–232 | doi=10.1017/s0031182000075041| pmid = 8488059 | s2cid = 24655319 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnot |first1=David E. |last2=Ronander |first2=Elena |last3=Bengtsson |first3=Dominique C. |title=The progression of the intra-erythrocytic cell cycle of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and the role of the centriolar plaques in asynchronous mitotic division during schizogony |journal=International Journal for Parasitology |date=January 2011 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.07.012 |pmid = 20816844 }}</ref> A na-akpọ nkewa na mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime erythrocyte erythrocyte schizogony. Schizont ọ bụla na-etolite 16-18 merozoites.<ref name="1.5"/> Merozoites na-agbawa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Merozoite ndị a tọhapụrụ agbapụ na-awakpo erythrocytes ọhụrụ. Merozoite nke na-enweghị onwe ya dị n'ọbara ruo ihe dị ka sekọnd 60 tupu ọ banye na erythrocyte ọzọ.<ref name=cowman/> Oge otu erythrocytic schizogony zuru oke dị ihe dị ka awa 48. Nke a na-ebute ngosipụta ahụike nke malaria falciparum, dị ka ahụ ọkụ na oyi, nke kwekọrọ na mgbawa synchronous nke erythrocytes butere ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=trampuz03>{{cite journal|last1=Trampuz|first1=Andrej|last2=Jereb|first2=Matjaz|last3=Muzlovic|first3=Igor|last4=Prabhu|first4=Rajesh M|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|date=2003|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–23|doi=10.1186/cc2183|pmid=12930555|pmc=270697 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Gametocyte=== Ụfọdụ merozoites na-ekewa n'ụdị mmekọahụ, nwoke na nwanyị gametocyte. sel ndị a na-ewe ihe dị ka ụbọchị 7-15 iji ruo ntozu oke, site na usoro a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. sel ndị a na-etinye sel n'ime ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ ruo mgbe ha ghọrọ sel ndị a na-akpọ V stage. A na-ewepụta sel ndị tozuru etozu n'ime ọbara dị n'akụkụ ebe anwụnta nwanyị "Anopheles" nwere ike iburu ha n'oge nri ọbara.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talman|first1=Arthur M|last2=Domarle|first2=Olivier|last3=McKenzie|first3=F|last4=Ariey|first4=Frédéric|last5=Robert|first5=Vincent|title=Gametocytogenesis: the puberty of ''Plasmodium falciparum''|journal=Malaria Journal|date=2004|volume=3|issue=1|page=24|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-3-24|pmid=15253774|pmc=497046 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Oge Oyi akwa=== Oge a na-ahụ ihe mgbaàmà sitere na ọrịa (a na-akpọ incubation period) dị mkpụmkpụ maka ''P. falciparum'' n'etiti ụdị ''Plasmodium''. Oge incubation nkezi bụ ụbọchị iri na otu,<ref name=trampuz03/> mana ọ nwere ike ịdị site na ụbọchị itoolu ruo iri atọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, e dekọrọ oge incubation ogologo oge ruo afọ 2, 3 ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ asatọ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bartoloni|first1=A|last2=Zammarchi|first2=L|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026|pmid=22708041|pmc=3375727}}</ref> Pregnancy and co-infection with HIV are important conditions for delayed symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=D'Ortenzio|first1=E|last2=Godineau|first2=N|last3=Fontanet|first3=A|last4=Houze|first4=S|last5=Bouchaud|first5=O|last6=Matheron|first6=S|last7=Le Bras|first7=J|title=Prolonged ''Plasmodium falciparum'' infection in immigrants, Paris|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=2008|volume=14|issue=2|pages=323–326|doi=10.3201/eid1402.061475|pmid=18258132|pmc=2600192}}</ref> Parasites can be detected from blood samples by the 10th day after infection (pre-patent period).<ref name=trampuz03/> ===N'ime anwụnta=== N'ime anwụnta midgut, usoro ntozu oke nke gamete nke nwanyị na-agụnye obere mgbanwe ọdịdị, na-aghọwanye ibu ma gbaa gburugburu. Gametocyte nke nwoke na-agafe nkewa nuklia ngwa ngwa n'ime nkeji iri na ise, na-emepụta flagellum|flagellated microgamete asatọ site na usoro a na-akpọ exflagellation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sinden|first1=R. E.|last2=Canning|first2=E. U.|last3=Bray|first3=R. S.|last4=Smalley|first4=M. E.|title=Gametocyte and Gamete Development in ''Plasmodium falciparum''|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1978|volume=201|issue=1145|pages=375–399|doi=10.1098/rspb.1978.0051|pmid=27809|bibcode=1978RSPSB.201..375S|s2cid=27083717}}</ref> Microgamete flagellated na-eme ka nwanyị macrogamete nwee ike imepụta mkpụrụ ndụ diploid nke a na-akpọ zygote. Zygote ahụ na-etolite ghọọ ookinete. Ookinete bụ mkpụrụ ndụ Motility|motile, nke nwere ike ịbanye n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nke anwụnta. Ọ na-agafe peritrophic membrane nke midgut anwụnta wee gafere midgut epithelium. Ozugbo ọ gafere epithelium, ookinete ahụ na-abanye na basal lamina wee daba n'ime oocyst na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. Ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, oocyst ahụ na-agafe agba 10 ruo 11 nke nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ sycytium|syncytial sporoblast nke nwere ọtụtụ puku nuclei. Meiosis na-eme n'ime sporoblast iji mepụta ihe karịrị mkpụrụ ndụ haploid 3,000 a na-akpọ sporozoites n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ nne.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rungsiwongse|first1=Jarasporn|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Ronald|title=The Number of Sporozoites Produced by Individual Malaria Oocysts|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=1991|volume=45|issue=5|pages=574–577|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.574|pmid=1951866}}</ref> Immature sporozoites break through the oocyst wall into the haemolymph. They migrate to the mosquito salivary glands where they undergo further development and become infective to humans.<ref name="gerald"/> ''''Mmetụta nke metabolites nke osisi na ''P. falciparum'''' A maara anwụnta na-eri nri na ihe ọkụkụ maka nri shuga, isi iyi ike na ihe oriri maka ndụ ha na usoro ndụ ndị ọzọ dịka ịchọ ọbara ma ọ bụ ịchọ ebe Ovipositor|oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=W. A. |date=1995-01-01 |title=Mosquito Sugar Feeding and Reproductive Energetics |url=http://ento.annualreviews.org/cgi/doi/10.1146/annurev.ento.40.1.443 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=443–474 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.40.1.443|pmid=7810991 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na anwụnta na-ahọrọkarị ihe ha ga-eri maka shuga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nyasembe |first1=Vincent O. |last2=Teal |first2=Peter E.A. |last3=Sawa |first3=Patrick |last4=Tumlinson |first4=James H. |last5=Borgemeister |first5=Christian |last6=Torto |first6=Baldwyn |date=January 2014 |title=Plasmodium falciparum Infection Increases Anopheles gambiae Attraction to Nectar Sources and Sugar Uptake |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=217–221 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.022|pmid=24412210 |pmc=3935215 |bibcode=2014CBio...24..217N }}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, anwụnta "Anopheles" na-ahọrọ ụfọdụ osisi karịa ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi mmepe na ndụ nke nje ịba n'ime anwụnta..<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hien |first1=Domonbabele F. d. S. |last2=Dabiré |first2=Kounbobr R. |last3=Roche |first3=Benjamin |last4=Diabaté |first4=Abdoulaye |last5=Yerbanga |first5=Rakiswende S. |last6=Cohuet |first6=Anna |last7=Yameogo |first7=Bienvenue K. |last8=Gouagna |first8=Louis-Clément |last9=Hopkins |first9=Richard J. |last10=Ouedraogo |first10=Georges A. |last11=Simard |first11=Frédéric |last12=Ouedraogo |first12=Jean-Bosco |last13=Ignell |first13=Rickard |last14=Lefevre |first14=Thierry |date=2016-08-04 |editor-last=Vernick |editor-first=Kenneth D |title=Plant-Mediated Effects on Mosquito Capacity to Transmit Human Malaria |journal=PLOS Pathogens |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |article-number=e1005773 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005773 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7374 |pmc=4973987 |pmid=27490374}}</ref> Nchọpụta a na-enye ohere inyocha ihe nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na mgbanwe omume ndị a na anwụnta ma chọpụtakwa ihe ha na-eri mgbe ha na-eri nri n'elu osisi ndị ahọpụtara. N'ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ, egosila na isi iyi shuga na ụfọdụ metabolism nke abụọ dịka ọmụmaatụ ricinine, nwere mmetụta dị iche na ikike anwụnta ibufe nje ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hien |first1=Domonbabele F. D. S. |last2=Paré |first2=Prisca S. L. |last3=Cooper |first3=Amanda |last4=Koama |first4=Benjamin K. |last5=Guissou |first5=Edwige |last6=Yaméogo |first6=Koudraogo B. |last7=Yerbanga |first7=Rakiswendé S. |last8=Farrell |first8=Iain W. |last9=Ouédraogo |first9=Jean B. |last10=Gnankiné |first10=Olivier |last11=Ignell |first11=Rickard |last12=Cohuet |first12=Anna |last13=Dabiré |first13=Roch K. |last14=Stevenson |first14=Philip C. |last15=Lefèvre |first15=Thierry |date=December 2021 |title=Contrasting effects of the alkaloid ricinine on the capacity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii to transmit Plasmodium falciparum |journal=Parasites & Vectors |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=479 |doi=10.1186/s13071-021-04992-z |doi-access=free |issn=1756-3305 |pmc=8444468 |pmid=34526119}}</ref> ===Meiosis=== ''Plasmodium falciparum'' bụ ploidy|haploid (otu usoro kromozom) n'oge ọmụmụ ya n'ọbara na imeju mmadụ. Mgbe anwụnta na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye ọbịa plasmodium nke butere ọrịa, nri a nwere ike ịgụnye obere haploid gametes na macrogametes. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ijikọ n'ime anwụnta ahụ iji mepụta diploid (2N) plasmodium zygote, naanị ọkwa diploid na usoro ndụ nke nje ndị a.<ref name = Guttery2023>{{cite journal |last1=Guttery |first1=David S. |last2=Zeeshan |first2=Mohammad |last3=Holder |first3=Anthony A. |last4=Tromer |first4=Eelco C. |last5=Tewari |first5=Rita |title=Meiosis in Plasmodium: how does it work? |journal=Trends in Parasitology |date=October 2023 |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=812–821 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.002|pmid=37541799 |hdl=11370/35db2f2b-8fa3-435a-8e95-b5da2d619ba6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Zygọt nwere ike ịgafe ọzọ nke mmegharị chromosome iji mepụta ookinete (4N) (lee Foto: Oge ndụ nke plasmodium). Ookinete nke dị iche na zygọt bụ ogbo na-agagharị nke ukwuu nke na-awakpo etiti anwụnta. Ookinete nwere ike ịgafe meiosis nke gụnyere nkewa meiotic abụọ nke na-eduga na ntọhapụ nke haploid sporozoites (lee Foto).<ref name = Guttery2023/> Sporozoite bụ ogbo mbuso agha nke dị ka ọnwa ọnwa ogologo. Sporozoite ndị a nwere ike ịkwaga na gland mmiri nke anwụnta ma nwee ike ịbanye n'ime onye ọbịa mmadụ mgbe anwụnta riri nri ọbara. Sporozoite ahụ nwere ike ịkwaga na imeju mmadụ wee bute ọrịa hepatocyte. Nkọwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke plasmodium nke a na-eji na meiosis nwere ụfọdụ njikọ na profaịlụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ejiri na meiosis mee ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ a mụrụ nke ọma, mana ọ dị iche iche karịa ma enweghị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke usoro meiotic dị na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name = Guttery2023/> During plasmodium meiosis, homologous recombination|recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes as in other organisms. ==Mmekọrịta na sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ mmadụ== ===Nzaghachi ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ=== Otu Anopheles|anofeline anwụnta nwere ike ibufe ọtụtụ narị ''P. falciparum'' sporozoites n'otu nta n'okpuru ọnọdụ nnwale, mana, n'okike, ọnụọgụgụ ahụ na-erughị 80.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beier|first1=JC|last2=Onyango|first2=FK|last3=Koros|first3=JK|last4=Ramadhan|first4=M|last5=Ogwang|first5=R|last6=Wirtz|first6=RA|last7=Koech|first7=DK|last8=Roberts|first8=CR|title=Quantitation of malaria sporozoites transmitted in vitro during salivation by wild Afrotropical Anopheles|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|date=1991|volume=5|issue=1|pages=71–9|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00523.x|pmid=1768903|s2cid=27449694}}</ref>Ndị sporozoite anaghị abanye n'ọbara ozugbo, kama ha na-anọ n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ ruo awa abụọ ruo atọ. Ihe dị ka pasentị 15–20 nke sporozoites na-abanye usoro lymphatic, ebe ha na-eme ka cells dendritic rụọ ọrụ, nke na-eziga ha maka mbibi site na T lymphocytes Cytotoxic T cell|CD8+ T cells. Mgbe awa iri anọ na asatọ gachara ọrịa, a pụrụ ịchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ 'Plasmodium'' nke akpọrọ CD8+ T na lymph nodes nke ejikọtara na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụkpọ ahụ. <ref name=chakravarty>{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Sumana|last2=Cockburn|first2=Ian A|last3=Kuk|first3=Salih|last4=Overstreet|first4=Michael G|last5=Sacci|first5=John B|last6=Zavala|first6=Fidel|title=CD8+ T lymphocytes protective against malaria liver stages are primed in skin-draining lymph nodes|journal=Nature Medicine|date=2007|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1035–1041|doi=10.1038/nm1628|pmid=17704784|s2cid=17601147|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most of the sporozoites remaining in the skin tissue are subsequently killed by the innate immune system. The sporozoite glycoprotein specifically activates mast cells. The mast cells then produce Cytokine|signaling molecules such as TNFα and Macrophage inflammatory protein|MIP-2, which activate cell eaters (professional phagocytes) such as neutrophils and macrophages.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hopp|first1=Christine S.|last2=Sinnis|first2=Photini|title=The innate and adaptive response to mosquito saliva and Plasmodium sporozoites in the skin|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=2015|volume=1342|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.1111/nyas.12661|pmid=25694058|pmc=4405444|bibcode=2015NYASA1342...37H}}</ref>Naanị obere ọnụọgụgụ (0.5-5%) nke sporozoites na-abanye n'ọbara n'ime imeju. N'ime imeju, mkpụrụ ndụ CD8+ T nke a na-arụ ọrụ site na lymph na-ejikọ sporozoites site na circumsporozoite protein (CSP).<ref name=chakravarty/> Ngosipụta Antigen site na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic dị n'ime anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ T bụkwa usoro dị oke mkpa. Site na nke a gaa n'ihu, nje ndị ahụ na-emepụta protein dị iche iche nke na-enyere aka igbochi nkwukọrịta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gomes|first1=Pollyanna S.|last2=Bhardwaj|first2=Jyoti|last3=Rivera-Correa|first3=Juan|last4=Freire-De-Lima|first4=Celio G.|last5=Morrot|first5=Alexandre|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=2016|volume=7|article-number=e1617|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922|pmc=5066453|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ọbụnadị n'oge ọrịa ahụ ruru oke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBCs) gbawara, ihe mgbaàmà ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ adịghị ike nke ọma iji mee ka macrophages ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ogbugbu eke rụọ ọrụ. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Artavanis-Tsakonas|first1=K|last2=Tongren|first2=JE|last3=Riley|first3=EM|title=The war between the malaria parasite and the immune system: immunity, immunoregulation and immunopathology|journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology|date=August 2003|volume=133|issue=2|pages=145–152|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02174.x|pmid=12869017|pmc=1808775}}open access</ref> ===Ịzere Sistemụ Ahụ́ Ike=== Ọ bụ ezie na "P. falciparum" dị mfe ịmata site na sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọbara, ọ na-ezere ihe mgbochi ahụ site n'ịmepụta ihe karịrị antigens 2,000 nke membrane cell membrane.<ref name=florens>{{cite journal|last1=Florens|first1=Laurence|last2=Washburn|first2=Michael P.|last3=Raine|first3=J. Dale|last4=Anthony|first4=Robert M.|last5=Grainger|first5=Munira|last6=Haynes|first6=J. David|last7=Moch|first7=J. Kathleen|last8=Muster|first8=Nemone|last9=Sacci|first9=John B.|last10=Tabb|first10=David L.|last11=Witney|first11=Adam A.|last12=Wolters|first12=Dirk|last13=Wu|first13=Yimin|last14=Gardner|first14=Malcolm J.|last15=Holder|first15=Anthony A.|last16=Sinden|first16=Robert E.|last17=Yates|first17=John R.|last18=Carucci|first18=Daniel J.|title=A proteomic view of the ''Plasmodium falciparum'' life cycle|journal=Nature|date=3 October 2002|volume=419|issue=6906|pages=520–526|doi=10.1038/nature01107|pmid=12368866|display-authors=8|bibcode=2002Natur.419..520F|s2cid=4412848|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ndị sporozoites nke mbụ na-ebute ọrịa na-emepụta protein circumsporozoite (CSP), nke na-ejikọ na hepatocyte.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cerami|first1=Carla|last2=Frevert|first2=Ute|last3=Sinnis|first3=Photini|last4=Takacs|first4=Bela|last5=Clavijo|first5=Pedro|last6=Santos|first6=Manuel J.|last7=Nussenzweig|first7=Victor|title=The basolateral domain of the hepatocyte plasma membrane bears receptors for the circumsporozoite protein of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' sporozoites|journal=Cell|date=1992|volume=70|issue=6|pages=1021–1033|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(92)90251-7|pmid=1326407|s2cid=8825913}}</ref> Binding to and entering into the hepatocytes is aided by thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baldacci|first1=Patricia|last2=Ménard|first2=Robert|title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=2004|volume=54|issue=2|pages=298–306|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x|pmid=15469504|s2cid=30488807|doi-access=free}}</ref> TRAP and other secretory proteins (including sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell traversal 1, SPECT1 and SPECT2) from microneme allow the sporozoite to move through the blood, avoiding immune cells and penetrating hepatocytes.<ref name="vaughan">{{cite journal|last1=Vaughan|first1=Ashley M.|last2=Aly|first2=Ahmed S.I.|last3=Kappe|first3=Stefan H.I.|title=Malaria Parasite Pre-Erythrocytic Stage Infection: Gliding and Hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|date=2008|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010|pmid=18779047|pmc=2610487}}</ref>N'oge mwakpo erythrocyte, merozoites na-ewepụta protein merozoite cap-1 (MCP1), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), antigens erythrocyte-binding (EBAs), myosin Protein nke na-emekọrịta ihe na ọdụ (MTIP), na merozoite surface proteins (MSPs). N'ime MSP ndị a, MSP1 na MSP2 bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ha zere mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Satchwell|first1=T. J.|title=Erythrocyte invasion receptors for ''Plasmodium falciparum'': new and old|journal=Transfusion Medicine|date=2016|volume=26|issue=2|pages=77–88|doi=10.1111/tme.12280|pmid=26862042|hdl=1983/2945cc98-49e8-4c37-a392-88e35fab588c|s2cid=7811400|url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/erythrocyte-invasion-receptors-for-plasmodium-falciparum(2945cc98-49e8-4c37-a392-88e35fab588c).html|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A na-eji protein akpụkpọ ahụ erythrocyte eme ihe virulence nke ''P. falciparum'', nke schizonts na trophozoites na-emepụta n'ime erythrocytes ma na-egosi na akpụkpọ ahụ erythrocyte. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1|''Plasmodium falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) bụ nke kachasị mkpa, nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka antigen na molekul adhesion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lalchhandama|first1=Kholhring|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protein 1|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|date=2017|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.15347/wjm/2017.004|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ọrịa ahụ == A na-emepụta ihe mgbaàmà ahụike nke ịba falciparum site na mgbawa na mbibi nke erythrocytes site na merozoites. Oke ahụ ọkụ, nke a na-akpọ paroxysm, bụ ihe ngosi kachasị mkpa. Ahụ ọkụ ahụ nwere usoro njirimara nke ọkwa ọkụ, ọkwa oyi, na ọkwa ọsụsọ.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Crutcher|first1=James M.|chapter=Malaria|date=1996|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|title=Medical Microbiology|editor-last=Baron|editor-first=Samuel|edition=4th|place=Galveston (TX)|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|pmid=21413352|access-date=2022-02-01|last2=Hoffman|first2=Stephen L.}}</ref> Since each erythrocytic schizogony takes a cycle of 48 hours, i.e., two days, the febrile symptom appears every third day. This is the reason the infection is classically named tertian malignant fever (tertian, a derivative of a Latin word that means "third").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=Andrew|date=1901|title=Malignant Tertian Fever|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=36|issue=7|pages=256–258|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5164271|pmid=29004267}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hemmer|first1=C. J.|last2=Loebermann|first2=M.|last3=Reisinger|first3=E. C.|date=2016|title=Fever after travel to tropical regions: Malaria and other emergencies|journal=Notfall & Rettungsmedizin|volume=19|issue=4|pages=263–268|doi=10.1007/s10049-016-0176-3|issn=1434-6222|pmc=7101662|pmid=32288635}}</ref> The most common symptoms are fever (>92% of cases), chills (79%), headaches (70%), and sweating (64%). Dizziness, malaise, myalgia|muscle pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, mild diarrhea, and dry cough are also generally associated. Tachycardia|High heart rate, jaundice, pallor, orthostatic hypotension, hepatomegaly|enlarged liver, and splenomegaly|enlarged spleen are also diagnosed.<ref name="trampuz03" /> Kristal β-hematin nke na-anaghị agbaze, Hemozoin|haemozoin, nke sitere na mgbaze nke haemoglobin nke ọbara ọbara uhie (RBCs) bụ ihe bụ isi na-emetụta akụkụ ahụ. Dịka nsí ọbara, phagocytes enweghị ike ịwakpo RBC ndị nwere haemozoin n'oge mmeghachi omume ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corbett|first1=Yolanda|last2=Parapini|first2=Silvia|last3=Perego|first3=Federica|last4=Messina|first4=Valeria|last5=Delbue|first5=Serena|last6=Misiano|first6=Paola|last7=Falchi|first7=Mario|last8=Silvestrini|first8=Francesco|last9=Taramelli|first9=Donatella|last10=Basilico|first10=Nicoletta|last11=D'Alessandro|first11=Sarah|date=2021|title=Phagocytosis and activation of bone marrow-derived macrophages by ''Plasmodium falciparum'' gametocytes|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=20|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s12936-021-03589-2|issn=1475-2875|pmc=7874634|pmid=33568138 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The phagocytes can ingest free haemozoins liberated after the rupture of RBCs by which they are induced to initiate chains of inflammatory reaction that result in increased fever.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coronado|first1=Lorena M.|last2=Nadovich|first2=Christopher T.|last3=Spadafora|first3=Carmenza|date=2014|title=Malarial Hemozoin: From target to tool|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects|volume=1840|issue=6|pages=2032–2041|doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.009|issn=0006-3002|pmc=4049529|pmid=24556123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tyberghein|first1=Ariane|last2=Deroost|first2=Katrien|last3=Schwarzer|first3=Evelin|last4=Arese|first4=Paolo|last5=Van den Steen|first5=Philippe E.|date=2014|title=Immunopathological effects of malaria pigment or hemozoin and other crystals|journal=BioFactors|volume=40|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1002/biof.1119|issn=1872-8081|pmid=23907956|s2cid=45386035|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is the haemozoin that is deposited in body organs such as the spleen and liver, as well as in kidneys and lungs, to cause their enlargement and discolouration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deroost|first1=Katrien|last2=Lays|first2=Natacha|last3=Noppen|first3=Sam|last4=Martens|first4=Erik|last5=Opdenakker|first5=Ghislain|last6=Van den Steen|first6=Philippe E.|date=2012|title=Improved methods for haemozoin quantification in tissues yield organ-and parasite-specific information in malaria-infected mice|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|article-number=166|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-166|issn=1475-2875|pmc=3473299|pmid=22583751 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pek|first1=Rini H.|last2=Yuan|first2=Xiaojing|last3=Rietzschel|first3=Nicole|last4=Zhang|first4=Jianbing|last5=Jackson|first5=Laurie|last6=Nishibori|first6=Eiji|last7=Ribeiro|first7=Ana|last8=Simmons|first8=William|last9=Jagadeesh|first9=Jaya|last10=Sugimoto|first10=Hiroshi|last11=Alam|first11=Md Zahidul|date=2019|title=Hemozoin produced by mammals confers heme tolerance|journal=eLife|volume=8|article-number=e49503|doi=10.7554/eLife.49503|issn=2050-084X|pmc=6773446|pmid=31571584 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because of this, haemozoin is also known as malarial pigment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olivier|first1=Martin|last2=Van Den Ham|first2=Kristin|last3=Shio|first3=Marina Tiemi|last4=Kassa|first4=Fikregabrail Aberra|last5=Fougeray|first5=Sophie|date=2014|title=Malarial pigment hemozoin and the innate inflammatory response|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=5|page=25|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00025|issn=1664-3224|pmc=3913902|pmid=24550911|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shio|first1=Marina T.|last2=Kassa|first2=Fikregabrail A.|last3=Bellemare|first3=Marie-Josée|last4=Olivier|first4=Martin|date=2010|title=Innate inflammatory response to the malarial pigment hemozoin|journal=Microbes and Infection|volume=12|issue=12–13|pages=889–899|doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.001|issn=1769-714X|pmid=20637890|doi-access=free}}</ref>N'adịghị ka ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị ọzọ, nke na-egosi oge ahụ ọkụ mgbe niile, falciparum, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-egosi okirikiri awa 48, na-abụkarị ihe na-egosi ahụ ọkụ mgbe niile.'' Ihe dị iche a bụ n'ihi ikike nke merozoites ''P. falciparum'' nwere ịbanye n'ọtụtụ RBC n'usoro na-enweghị oge nhazi, nke a na-adịghị ahụ na nje ndị ọzọ na-akpata ịba.''Ya mere, ''P. falciparum'' bụ ihe na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa na ọnwụ dị njọ niile sitere na ịba, n'ọnọdụ a na-akpọ ịba na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke siri ike ma ọ bụ nke siri ike. Ọrịa ịba na-emekarị na ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 5,<ref name="trampuz03" /> na mgbe ụfọdụ na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime (ọnọdụ a na-akpọ kpọmkwem ịtụrụ ime-associated malaria]].<ref name="moya14">{{cite journal|last1=Moya-Alvarez|first1=Violeta|last2=Abellana|first2=Rosa|last3=Cot|first3=Michel|date=2014|title=Ọbara na ịba metụtara afọ ime n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ: nsogbu ochie nwere ihe ndị na-esi na ya apụta ugbu a|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=13|issue=1|page=271|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-13-271|pmc=4113781|pmid=25015559 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe ike ịrịa nnukwu ịba n'oge afọ ime mbụ ha. A na-ebelata ohere ịba dị oke njọ n'afọ ime ndị na-esochi ya n'ihi mmụba nke antibody megide elu dị iche iche antigens nke na-apụta na erythrocytes nwere ọrịa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kourtis|first1=Athena P.|last2=Read|first2=Jennifer S.|last3=Jamieson|first3=Denise J.|date=2014|title=Ime ime na Ọrịa|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|pages=2211–2218|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566|pmc=4459512|pmid=24897084}}</ref> Mana mmụba nke mgbochi ọrịa n'ime nne na-eme ka nnabata ịba na ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ dịkwuo mma.<ref name="moya14" /> ''P. falciparum'' na-arụ ọrụ site na sequestration, usoro e ji ejikọta otu RBC ndị nwere ọrịa, nke ụdị nje ịba ọ bụla ọzọ anaghị egosipụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tembo|first1=Dumizulu L.|last2=Nyoni|first2=Benjamin|last3=Murikoli|first3=Rekah V.|last4=Mukaka|first4=Mavuto|last5=Milner|first5=Danny A.|last6=Berriman|first6=Matthew|last7=Rogerson|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Taylor|first8=Terrie E.|last9=Molyneux|first9=Malcolm E.|last10=Mandala|first10=Wilson L.|last11=Craig|first11=Alister G.|date=2014|title=Differential PfEMP1 expression jikọtara ya na ịba ụbụrụ pathology|journal=PLOS Ọrịa|volume=10|issue=12|article-number=e1004537|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004537|pmc=4256257|pmid=25473835 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Schizonts ndị toro eto na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị n'elu nke erythrocytes butere ọrịa, na-eme ka ha rapara na mgbidi arịa ọbara (cytoadherence). Nke a na-ebute mgbochi nke microcirculation ma na-ebute nsogbu nke ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, dịka ụbụrụ na ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dondorp |first1=Arjen M. |last2=Pongponratn |first2=Emsri |last3=White |first3=Nicholas J. |title=Mbelata usoro microcirculatory na nnukwu malaria falciparum: pathophysiology na electron-microscopic pathology |journal=Acta Tropica |date=Febụwarị 2004 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=309–317 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.004 |pmid=14744557}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba nke ụbụrụ bụ ọrịa kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ịba ọ bụla na ụdị ọrịa akwara ozi. Dịka nkọwa WHO si dị, a na-egosi ihe mgbaàmà ahụike site na coma na nchọpụta site na ọkwa dị elu nke merozoites na ihe nlele ọbara dị n'akụkụ. <ref>Kwuo akụkọ journal|last=Anonymous|date=2000|title=Ọrịa ịba falciparum siri ike. Òtù Ahụike Ụwa, Òtù Ọrịa Ndị Na-efe efe|journal=Azụmahịa nke Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=94|issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S1–90|issn=0035-9203|pmid=11103309}}</ref><ref>Kwuo akụkọ journal|last1=Omar|first1=Mohamed|last2=Marchionni|first2=Luigi|last3=Häcker|first3=Georg|last4=Badr|first4=Mohamed Tarek|date=2021|title=Mbinye aka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọbara nke ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịchọpụta ọganihu nke ịba dị oke njọ na nke ụbụrụ|journal=Frontiers na Cellular na Infection Microbiology|volume=11|article-number=743616|doi=10.3389/fcimb.2021.743616|issn=2235-2988|pmc=8569259|pmid=34746025|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụdị ịba kacha egbu egbu, a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ihe karịrị otu nde ọnwụ kwa afọ nke nde 0.2. Ọtụtụ ọnwụ bụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 5.<ref>Kwuo akwụkwọ akụkọ|last1=Murphy|first1=S. C.|last2=Breman|first2=J. G.|date=2001|title=Oghere dị na ibu ọrịa ịba n'oge ụmụaka n'Africa: ịba ụbụrụ, nsogbu akwara ozi, ọbara ọgbụgba, nsogbu iku ume, hypoglycemia, na nsogbu nke afọ ime|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2621/|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=64|issue=1-2 Suppl|pages=57–67|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.57|pmid=11425178|s2cid=847217 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Kwuo akwụkwọ akụkọ|last=Breman|first=J. G.|date=2001|title=Ntị nke hippopotamus: ihe ndị na-egosi, ihe ndị na-ekpebi, na atụmatụ nke ibu ịba|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=64|issue=1-2 Suppl|pages=1–11|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.1|issn=0002-9637|pmid=11425172|doi-access=free |bibcode=2001AJTMH..64....1B }}</ref> Ọ na-eme mgbe merozoites wakporo ụbụrụ ma mee ka ụbụrụ mebie nke ukwuu. Ọnwụ na-esi na enweghị oxygen (Hypoxia (ọgwụ)|hypoxia) pụta n'ihi mmepụta inflammatory cytokine na ntapu akwara nke merozoites kpatara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luzolo|first1=Ange Landela|last2=Ngoyi|first2=Dieudonné Mumba|date=2019|title=Cerebral malaria|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=145|pages=53–58|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.010|issn=1873-2747|pmid=30658131|s2cid=58560596}}</ref> N'ime ndị dị ndụ, enwere ọnọdụ ahụike na-adịgide adịgide dịka nkwarụ akwara, nkwarụ uche, na Nsogbu mmetụta uche na omume|nsogbu omume. N'ime ha, ọrịa epilepsy bụ ọrịa a na-ahụkarị, ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụkwa ihe kacha akpata ọrịa epilepsy n'etiti ụmụaka Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Idro |first1=Richard |last2=Marsh |first2=Kevin |last3=John |first3=Chandy C |author-link3=Chandy C. John |last4=Newton |first4=Charles RJ |date=2010 |title=Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ; Usoro nke mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ na atụmatụ maka nsonaazụ neuro-cognitive ka mma |journal=Pediatric Research |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181eee738 |issn=0031-3998 |pmc=3056312 |pmid=20606600}}</ref> A na-ahụkarị ihe mgbaàmà falciparum ọzọ, ihe a na-akpọ recrudescence, n'ime ndị lanarịrịnụ. .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shanks|first=G. Dennis|date=2015|title=Historical review: does stress provoke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' recrudescence?|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=109|issue=6|pages=360–365|doi=10.1093/trstmh/trv032|issn=1878-3503|pmid=25918217}}</ref> Recrudescence can occur even after successful antimalarial medication.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teuscher|first1=Franka|last2=Gatton|first2=Michelle L.|last3=Chen|first3=Nanhua|last4=Peters|first4=Jennifer|last5=Kyle|first5=Dennis E.|last6=Cheng|first6=Qin|date=2010|title=Artemisinin-induced dormancy in plasmodium falciparum: duration, recovery rates, and implications in treatment failure|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=202|issue=9|pages=1362–1368|doi=10.1086/656476|issn=1537-6613|pmc=2949454|pmid=20863228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Lumefantrine PK/PD Study Group|date=2015|title=Artemether-lumefantrine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of day 7 lumefantrine concentrations and therapeutic response using individual patient data|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=13|article-number=227|doi=10.1186/s12916-015-0456-7|issn=1741-7015|pmc=4574542|pmid=26381375 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It may take a few months or even several years. In some individuals, it takes as long as three years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al Hammadi|first1=Ahmed|last2=Mitchell|first2=Michael|last3=Abraham|first3=George M.|last4=Wang|first4=Jennifer P.|date=2017|title=Recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in a Primigravida After Nearly 3 Years of Latency|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=96|issue=3|pages=642–644|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.16-0803|issn=1476-1645|pmc=5361538|pmid=28044045}}</ref> In isolated cases, the duration can reach or exceed 10 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salas-Coronas|first1=Joaquín|last2=Soriano-Pérez|first2=Manuel Jesús|last3=Lozano-Serrano|first3=Ana B.|last4=Pérez-Moyano|first4=Rosario|last5=Porrino-Herrera|first5=Carmen|last6=Cabezas-Fernández|first6=María Teresa|date=2017|title=Symptomatic Falciparum Malaria After Living in a Nonendemic Area for 10 Years: Recrudescence or Indigenous Transmission?|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=96|issue=6|pages=1427–1429|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0031|issn=1476-1645|pmc=5462582|pmid=28719260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ismail|first1=Arif|last2=Auclair|first2=Francois|last3=McCarthy|first3=Anne E.|date=2020|title=Recrudescence of chronic Plasmodium falciparum malaria 13 years after exposure|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=33|article-number=101518|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101518|issn=1873-0442|pmid=31712180|s2cid=207949553}}</ref> It is also a common incident among pregnant women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayor|first1=Alfredo|last2=Serra-Casas|first2=Elisa|last3=Bardají|first3=Azucena|last4=Sanz|first4=Sergi|last5=Puyol|first5=Laura|last6=Cisteró|first6=Pau|last7=Sigauque|first7=Betuel|last8=Mandomando|first8=Inacio|last9=Aponte|first9=John J.|last10=Alonso|first10=Pedro L.|last11=Menéndez|first11=Clara|date=2009|title=Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=8|article-number=9|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-9|issn=1475-2875|pmc=2633011|pmid=19134201 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laochan|first1=Natthapon|last2=Zaloumis|first2=Sophie G.|last3=Imwong|first3=Mallika|last4=Lek-Uthai|first4=Usa|last5=Brockman|first5=Alan|last6=Sriprawat|first6=Kanlaya|last7=Wiladphaingern|first7=Jacher|last8=White|first8=Nicholas J.|last9=Nosten|first9=François|last10=McGready|first10=Rose|date=2015|title=Intervals to Plasmodium falciparum recurrence after anti-malarial treatment in pregnancy: a longitudinal prospective cohort|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=14|article-number=221|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0745-9|issn=1475-2875|pmc=4449611|pmid=26017553 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Nkesa na ọrịa na-efe efe== [[File:Relative incidence of Plasmodium (malaria) species by country of origin for imported cases to non-endemic countries.png|thumb|Relative incidence of Plasmodium species by country of origin for imported cases to non-endemic countries, showing ''P. falciparum'' (red) predominating in areas including Africa and the Caribbean. <ref name="Tatem2017">{{cite journal |last1=Tatem |first1=Andrew J |last2=Jia |first2=Peng |last3=Ordanovich |first3=Dariya |last4=Falkner |first4=Michael |last5=Huang |first5=Zhuojie |last6=Howes |first6=Rosalind |last7=Hay |first7=Simon I |last8=Gething |first8=Peter W |last9=Smith |first9=David L |title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=January 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=98–107 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7 | pmid=27777030 | pmc=5392593 | bibcode=2017LanID..17...98T}}</ref>]] [[File:Modelling-the-global-constraints-of-temperature-on-transmission-of-Plasmodium-falciparum-and-P.-1756-3305-4-92-S3.ogv|thumb|The Z(T) normalized index of temperature suitability for ''P. falciparum'' displayed by week across an average year.]] ''P. falciparum'' bụ Ọrịa ọrịa na-efe efe nke ukwuu na mba 84,<ref name="who2022">{{cite book |last1=WHO |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2024 |title=Akụkọ Ọrịa Malaria nke Ụwa 2024 |date=2024 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-010444-0 |location=Switzerland}}</ref> a na-ahụkwa ya na kọntinent niile mmadụ bi na ha ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ma e wezụga Europe. N'oge gara aga, ọ dị na mba Yuropu n'ọtụtụ mba, mana ọnọdụ ahụike ka mma mere ka ọ pụọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Majori|first=Giancarlo|date=2012|title=Mkpirikpi Akụkọ gbasara ịba na mkpochapụ ya na Itali na obere ihe ndị e dere gbasara ọgụ megide ọrịa na mpaghara Mediterranean|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012016|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.016|issn=2035-3006|pmc=3340992|pmid=22550561}}</ref> Naanị mba Yuropu ebe ọ bụ na mbụ, ebe anyị si nweta aha ịba, a kpọrọ Itali obodo a kpochapụrụla ịba. Na 1947, gọọmentị US malitere Mmemme Mkpochapụ Ịba Ahụ́ Mba, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e tinyere mkpọsa mgbochi anwụnta site na iji DDT.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kitron|first1=U.|last2=Spielman|first2=A.|date=1989|title=Mgbochi mbufe nke ịba site na mbelata isi mmalite: usoro antianopheline etinyere na Israel, United States, na Italy|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=3|pages=391–406|doi=10.1093/clinids/11.3.391|issn=0162-0886|pmid=2665000}}</ref> Ndị WHO kwupụtara na Itali enweghị ịba na 1970.<ref>Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ|last1=Martini|first1=Mariano|last2=Angheben|first2=Andrea|last3=Riccardi|first3=Niccolò|last4=Orsini|first4=Davide|date=2021|title=Afọ iri ise ka e gbuchara ọrịa ịba na Itali. Ụzọ dị ogologo iji ruo n'ebumnobi ukwu a na ihe egwu ahụike dị ugbu a nke ịba mbata|journal=Pathogens and Global Health|volume=115|issue=4|pages=215–223|doi=10.1080/20477724.2021.1894394|issn=2047-7732|pmc=8168761|pmid=33734023}}</ref> E nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 263 nwere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile na 2023, nke mere ka ihe dị ka mmadụ 597,000 nwụọ.<ref name="who2022" /> Ọrịa a kacha gbasaa n'Africa, ebe 95% nke ọnwụ ịba na-eme.<ref name="who2022" /> Ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise ka ọ kacha emetụta, 67% nke ọnwụ ịba mere n'afọ a. 80% nke ọrịa a na-ahụ na Sub-Saharan Africa, 7% na South-East Asia, na 2% na Eastern Mediterranean. Nigeria nwere ihe kachasị na ya, yana 27% nke ikpe zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'èzí Afrịka, India nwere ihe kachasị na ya, yana 4.5% nke ibu zuru ụwa ọnụ. A na-ewere Europe dị ka mpaghara na-enweghị ịba. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, nje ahụ na ọrịa ya bụ ihe a maara nke ọma na Europe. Mana mmemme ahụike kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20, dị ka ịgba ọgwụ ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ, na injinia gburugburu ebe obibi, mere ka e kpochapụ ya kpamkpam na 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Piperaki|first1=E.T.|last2=Daikos|first2=G.L.|title=Malaria in Europe: emerging threat or minor nuisance?|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=2016|volume=22|issue=6|pages=487–493|doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.023|pmid=27172807|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 2.4 billion people are at constant risk of infection.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bousema|first1=T.|last2=Drakeley|first2=C.|title=Epidemiology and Infectivity of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and ''Plasmodium vivax'' Gametocytes in Relation to Malaria Control and Elimination|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|date=2011|volume=24|issue=2|pages=377–410|doi=10.1128/CMR.00051-10|pmid=21482730|pmc=3122489}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme=== Na 1640, Huan del Vego jiri tincture nke cinchona ọgwụ mee ihe maka ịgwọ ịba; Ndị obodo Peru|ndị India bi na Peru na Ndị obodo Ecuador|Ecuador ejirila ya mee ihe ọbụna tupu mgbe ahụ maka ịgwọ ahụ ọkụ. Thompson (1650) webatara "Jesuits' a na England. Ojiji mbụ e dekọrọ ebe ahụ bụ nke John Metford nke Northampton mere na 1656. Richard Morton (dọkịta)|Morton (1696) gosipụtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke foto ahụike nke ịba na ọgwụgwọ ya na cinchona. Gize (1816) mụrụ ihe e si na kristal wepụta quinine site n'osisi cinchona na Pierre Joseph Pelletier|Pelletier na Joseph Bienaimé Caventou|Caventou (1820) na France wepụta quinine dị ọcha alkaloids, nke ha kpọrọ quinine na cinchonine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Greenwood|first1=David|title=The quinine connection|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|date=1992|volume=30|issue=4|pages=417–427|doi=10.1093/jac/30.4.417|pmid=1490916}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaufman|first1=Teodoro S.|last2=Rúveda|first2=Edmundo A.|title=The Quest for Quinine: Those Who Won the Battles and Those Who Won the War|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=28 January 2005|volume=44|issue=6|pages=854–885|doi=10.1002/anie.200400663|pmid=15669029 |bibcode=2005ACIE...44..854K }}</ref> The total synthesis of quinine was achieved by American chemists Robert Burns Woodward|R.B. Woodward and William von Eggers Doering|W.E. Doering in 1944. Woodward received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Todd|first1=L.|last2=Cornforth|first2=J.|last3=T.|first3=A. R.|last4=C.|first4=J. W.|title=Robert Burns Woodward. 10 April 1917-8 July 1979|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|date=1981|volume=27|issue=27 |pages=628–695|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1981.0025|doi-access=free|s2cid=71742454 }}</ref> Mgbalị ime ọgwụ mgbochi ịba sitere n'aka mmadụ malitere na 1891. Quinacrine|Atabrine, nke e mepụtara na 1933, ka ejiri mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge Agha Pacific|Pacific na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mana ọ dịghị mma n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ ya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bispham|first1=W. N.|title=Mmeghachi omume nsí Mgbe ejiri Atabrine mee ihe na ịba 1|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=1941|volume=s1-21|issue=3|pages=455–459|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1941.s1-21.455}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1930, ndị Germany mepụtara chloroquine, nke malitere iji na Mgbasa ozi North Africa. N'ịmepụta ọrụ agha nzuzo nke akpọrọ Ọrụ 523, Mao Zedong gbara ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị China ume ka ha chọta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ mgbe ha hụchara ndị nwụrụ anwụ na Agha Vietnam. Tu Youyou chọpụtara artemisinin na afọ 1970 site na wormwood dị ụtọ ("Artemisia annua''). Ọgwụ a ghọrọ ihe a maara nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990 ma ugbu a ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ a na-ahụkarị. Tu meriri Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine na 2015. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Su|first1=Xin-Zhuan|last2=Miller|first2=Louis H.|title=The discovery of artemisinin and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|journal=Science China Life Sciences|date=2015|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1175–1179|doi=10.1007/s11427-015-4948-7|pmid=26481135|pmc=4966551}}</ref> === Ọrịa ịba na-enweghị nsogbu === Dịka ntuziaka WHO 2010 si dị[https://web.archive.org/web/20100310202149/http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/index.html Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, second edition] Authors: WHO. Number of pages: 194. Publication date: 2010. Languages: English. {{ISBN|978-92-4-154792-5}}</ref> artemisinin-based combination therapies]] (ACTs) are the recommended first-line therapy|first-line antimalarial treatments for uncomplicated malaria caused by ''P. falciparum''. WHO recommends combinations such as artemether/lumefantrine, artesunate/amodiaquine, artesunate/mefloquine, artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine.<ref name=who2010/> Nhọrọ nke ACT dabere na ọkwa iguzogide ihe ndị mejupụtara ya na ngwakọta ahụ. Artemisinin na ihe ndị sitere na ya adịghị mma maka ọgwụgwọ otu. Dịka ọgwụgwọ mgbochi ịba nke abụọ, mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ anaghị arụ ọrụ, a na-atụ aro ACT ọzọ a maara dị ka nke dị irè na mpaghara ahụ, dị ka artesunate gbakwunyere tetracycline ma ọ bụ doxycycline ma ọ bụ clindamycin, na quinine gbakwunyere tetracycline ma ọ bụ doxycycline ma ọ bụ clindamycin. A ga-enye nke ọ bụla n'ime njikọta ndị a maka ụbọchị 7. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, a ga-enye ọgwụgwọ mbụ akwadoro n'oge trimester mbụ bụ quinine gbakwunyere clindamycin maka ụbọchị 7.<ref name=who2010/> A na-egosi Artesunate plus clindamycin maka ụbọchị 7 ma ọ bụrụ na ọgwụgwọ a ada. Maka ndị njem na-alọta mba ndị na-enweghị ọrịa a, a na-atụ aro ka e jiri atovaquone/proguanil, artemether/lumefantrineany na quinine tinyere doxycycline ma ọ bụ clindamycin.<ref name=who2010/> === Ọrịa ịba dị oke njọ === Maka ndị toro eto, a na-atụ aro intravenous (IV) ma ọ bụ intramuscular (IM) artesunate<ref name=who2010/> Quinine is an acceptable alternative if parenteral artesunate is not available.<ref name=who2010/> Maka ụmụaka, ọkachasị n'ebe ndị ọrịa ịba na-efe efe n'Africa, a na-atụ aro ka e jiri artesunate IV ma ọ bụ IM, quinine (ọgwụ IV ma ọ bụ ọgwụ IM nke kewara), na artemether IM.<ref name=who2010/> A ga-enye ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke nne na nna ruo opekempe awa 24, n'agbanyeghị ikike onye ọrịa nwere ịnagide ọgwụ ọnụ tupu oge eruo.<ref name=who2010/> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-atụ aro ka e jiri ọgwụgwọ zuru oke gụnyere usoro ACT ma ọ bụ quinine gbakwunyere clindamycin ma ọ bụ doxycycline.<ref name=who2010/> === Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi === RTS,S bụ naanị onye ga-enweta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke gafere ule ahụike.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Matuschewski|first1=Kai|title=Vaccines megide ịba-ọ ka dị ogologo ije|journal=The FEBS Journal|date=2017|volume=284 |issue=16|pages=S0264–410X(16)30982–3|doi=10.1111/febs.14107|pmid=28500775|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nyocha nke nsonaazụ nke nnwale nke atọ (emere n'etiti 2011 na 2016) gosipụtara na ọ dị obere irè (20-39% dabere na afọ, yana ruo 50% na ụmụ ọhụrụ dị ọnwa 5-17), na-egosi na ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ agaghị ebute nchebe zuru oke na iwepụ. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahmoudi|first1=Shima|last2=Keshavarz|first2=Hossein|title=Efficacy of phase 3 trial of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine: The need for an alternative development plan|journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics|date=2017|volume=13|issue=9|pages=2098–2101|doi=10.1080/21645515.2017.1295906|pmid=28272979|pmc=5612527}}</ref> Na Ọktoba 6, 2021, Òtù Ahụike Ụwa kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba maka ụmụaka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk|access-date=2021-11-15|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ==Kansa== International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ekewaala ịba n'ihi ''P. falciparum'' dị ka ihe na-akpata kansa nke otu 2A, nke pụtara na nje ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata kansa n'ime mmadụ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Flora|first1=S|last2=La Maestra|first2=S|title=Epidemiology of cancers of infectious origin and prevention strategies|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|date=2015|volume=56|issue=1|pages=E15–20|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2015.56.1.470|pmid=26789827|pmc=4718340}}open access</ref>E guzobere njikọ ya na ọrịa kansa ọbara lymphocyte nke a na-akpọ Burkitt's lymphoma. Denis Parsons Burkitt|Denis Burkitt chọpụtara ọrịa lymphoma Burkitt na 1958 site n'aka ụmụaka Africa, o mechakwara kwuo na ọrịa kansa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe. Nkesa mpaghara nke ọrịa lymphoma Burkitt nke jupụtara na ya, nke dị n'akụkụ Equatorial Africa na Papua New Guinea, na-egosipụta nke ọma mpaghara nke nnyefe holoendemic ''P. falciparum'', na-enye ihe akaebe mmalite nke ọrịa na-efe efe nke njikọ dị n'etiti ịba na ọrịa kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lavu |first1=Evelyn |last2=Morewaya |first2=Jacob |last3=Maraka |first3=Roger |last4=Kiromat |first4=Mobumo |last5=Ripa |first5=Paulus |last6=Vince |first6=John |date=Sep 2005|title=Burkitt lymphoma in Papua New Guinea—40 years on |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/146532805X58120 |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=191–197 |doi=10.1179/146532805X58120 |pmid=16156984 |issn=0272-4936|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Na 1964, a chọpụtara nje, nke e mechara kpọọ Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) mgbe ndị chọpụtara ya gasịrị, site na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa ahụ. E mechara gosi na nje ahụ bụ ihe na-akpata kansa kpọmkwem ma a na-ahazi ya ugbu a dị ka Ndepụta nke IARC Group 1 carcinogens|Group 1 carcinogen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bouvard|first1=Véronique|last2=Baan|first2=Robert|last3=Straif|first3=Kurt|last4=Grosse|first4=Yann|last5=Secretan|first5=Béatrice|last6=Ghissassi|first6=Fatiha El|last7=Benbrahim-Tallaa|first7=Lamia|last8=Guha|first8=Neela|last9=Freeman|first9=Crystal|last10=Galichet|first10=Laurent|last11=Cogliano|first11=Vincent|title=A review of human carcinogens—Part B: biological agents|journal=The Lancet Oncology|date=2009|volume=10|issue=4|pages=321–322|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70096-8|pmid=19350698|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/182093/1/mono100B.pdf|display-authors=8}}</ref> Na 1989, a chọpụtara na EBV chọrọ ka ọrịa ndị ọzọ dịka ịba mee ka lymphocyte gbanwee. A kọrọ na ọnụọgụgụ nke ọrịa Burkitt's lymphoma belatara ka ọgwụgwọ dị irè nke ọrịa ịba ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Geser|first1=A.|last2=Brubaker|first2=G.|last3=Draper|first3=C.C.|title=Effect of a malaria suppression program on the incidence of African Burkitt's lymphoma|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|date=1989|volume=129|issue=4|pages=740–752|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115189|pmid=2923122}}</ref>Ọrụ nke ''P. falciparum'' rụrụ ka edoghị anya ruo afọ iri abụọ na ọkara sochirinụ. A maara na EBV na-akpali lymphocytes ịghọ kansa site na iji protein nje ya (antigens dị ka EBNA-1, EBNA-2, Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1|LMP1, na Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2|LMP2A]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rajcani|first1=Julius|last2=Szenthe|first2=Kalman|last3=Banati|first3=Ferenc|last4=Szathmary|first4=Susan|title=Survey of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Immunogenic Proteins and their Epitopes: Implications for Vaccine Preparation|journal=Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery|date=2014|volume=9|issue=1|pages=62–76|doi=10.2174/1574891X09666140828114812|pmid=25164057}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yuyan|last2=Banerjee|first2=Shuvomoy|last3=Ding|first3=Ling|last4=Cai|first4=Cankun|last5=Wei|first5=Fang|last6=Cai|first6=Qiliang|title=The regulatory role of protein phosphorylation in human gammaherpesvirus associated cancers|journal=Virologica Sinica|date=2017|volume=32|issue=5|pages=357–368|doi=10.1007/s12250-017-4081-9|pmid=29116588|pmc=6704201|doi-access=free}}</ref>Site na 2014, o doro anya na ''P. falciparum'' na-enye aka na mmepe nke lymphoma. ''P. falciparum''-erythrocytes nke butere ọrịa na-ejikọ ozugbo na B lymphocytes site na ngalaba CIDR1α nke PfEMP1. Njikọ a na-eme ka toll-like receptors TLR7 na TLR10 rụọ ọrụ na-eme ka lymphocytes na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa ma na-ekewapụta n'ime plasma cells, si otú a na-eme ka mmepụta nke IgM na cytokines dịkwuo elu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Tong|first1=Hoang|last2=Brindley|first2=Paul J.|last3=Meyer|first3=Christian G.|last4=Velavan|first4=Thirumalaisamy P.|title=Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy|journal=eBioMedicine|date=2017|volume=15|pages=12–23|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034|pmid=27956028|pmc=5233816}}open access</ref> Nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka enzyme a na-akpọ activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) rụọ ọrụ, nke na-ebute mgbanwe na DNA (site na double-strand break nke lymphocytes ndị nwere nje EBV. DNA mebiri emebi na-agafe DNA replication|replication a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, si otú a na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ bụrụ ọrịa kansa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thorley-Lawson|first1=David|last2=Deitsch|first2=Kirk W.|last3=Duca|first3=Karen A.|last4=Torgbor|first4=Charles|last5=Knoll|first5=Laura J|title=The Link between ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Malaria and Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma—New Insight into a 50-Year-Old Enigma|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=2016|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=e1005331|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005331|pmid=26794909|pmc=4721646 |doi-access=free }}open access</ref> == Mmetụta na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ == Oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' kpatara emeela ka Nhọrọ (bayọlọji)|nrụgide nhọrọ dị ukwuu na genome mmadụ. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iguzogide ịba|nguzogide ụfọdụ megide ọrịa ''Plasmodium'', gụnyere àgwà mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, thalassaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency, Citation needed|date=May 2026 na enweghị Duffy antigens na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Kwiatkowski 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Kwiatkowski DP |title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–92 |year=2005 |pmid=16001361 |pmc=1224522 |doi=10.1086/432519 |bibcode=2005AmJHG..77..171K }} open access</ref><ref name="Hedrick 2011">{{Cite journal |author=Hedrick PW |title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans |journal=Heredity |year=2011 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=283–304 |pmid=21427751 |doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16 |pmc=3182497 |bibcode=2011Hered.107..283H }} open access</ref> E. A. Beet, a doctor working in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe had observed in 1948 that (sickle-cell disease) was related to a lower rate of malaria infections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beet|first1=EA|title=Sickle cell disease in the Balovale District of Northern Rhodesia|journal=East African Medical Journal|date=1946|volume=23|pages=75–86|pmid=21027890}}</ref> This suggestion was reiterated by J. B. S. Haldane in 1948, who suggested that thalassaemia might provide similar protection.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hedrick|first1=P W|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|date=2011|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16|pmid=21427751|pmc=3182497 |bibcode=2011Hered.107..283H }}</ref> This hypothesis has since been confirmed and extended to hemoglobin E<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chotivanich|first1=K|last2=Udomsangpetch|first2=R|last3=Pattanapanyasat|first3=K|last4=Chierakul|first4=W|last5=Simpson|first5=J|last6=Looareesuwan|first6=S|last7=White|first7=N|title=Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P falciparum malaria.|journal=Blood|date=2002|volume=100|issue=4|pages=1172–6|pmid=12149194|doi=10.1182/blood.V100.4.1172.h81602001172_1172_1176|doi-access=free}}</ref> and hemoglobin C.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verra|first1=Federica|last2=Simpore|first2=Jacques|last3=Warimwe|first3=George M.|last4=Tetteh|first4=Kevin K.|last5=Howard|first5=Tevis|last6=Osier|first6=Faith H. A.|last7=Bancone|first7=Germana|last8=Avellino|first8=Pamela|last9=Blot|first9=Isa|last10=Fegan|first10=Greg|last11=Bull|first11=Peter C.|last12=Williams|first12=Thomas N.|last13=Conway|first13=David J.|last14=Marsh|first14=Kevin|last15=Modiano|first15=David|last16=Hall|first16=Neil|title=Haemoglobin C and S Role in Acquired Immunity against ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Malaria|journal=PLOS ONE|date=3 October 2007|volume=2|issue=10|article-number=e978|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000978|pmid=17912355|pmc=1991593|display-authors=8|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..978V|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lee kwa == ==Ọgụgụ Ọzọ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623184554/http://www.agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/articulos/ciencia_tecnologia/ciencia_tecnologia_20070508_malaria.html Colombian scientists develop computational tool to detect ''Plasmodium falciparum'' (in Spanish)] * {{cite journal |last=Allison |first=A.C. |title=Protection Afforded by Sickle-cell Trait Against Subtertian Malarial Infection |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=4857 |pages=290–4 |date=February 1954 |pmid=13115700 |pmc=2093356 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4857.290 }} * {{cite journal |last=Allison |first=AC |title=Polymorphism and Natural Selection in Human Populations |journal=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. |volume=29 |pages=137–49 |year=1964 |pmid=14278460 | doi = 10.1101/sqb.1964.029.01.018 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Cholera |first1=Rushina |last2=Brittain |first2=Nathaniel J. |last3=Gillrie |first3=Mark R. |last4=Lopera-Mesa |first4=Tatiana M. |last5=Diakité |first5=Séidina A. S. |last6=Arie |first6=Takayuki |last7=Krause |first7=Michael A. |last8=Guindo |first8=Aldiouma |last9=Tubman |first9=Abby |last10=Fujioka |first10=Hisashi |last11=Diallo |first11=Dapa A. |last12=Doumbo |first12=Ogobara K. |last13=Ho |first13=May |last14=Wellems |first14=Thomas E. |last15=Fairhurst |first15=Rick M. |title=Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=22 January 2008 |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=991–996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0711401105 |pmid=18192399 |pmc=2242681 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105..991C |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mockenhaupt |first1=Frank P |last2=Ehrhardt |first2=Stephan |last3=Otchwemah |first3=Rowland |last4=Eggelte |first4=Teunis A |last5=Anemana |first5=Sylvester D |last6=Stark |first6=Klaus |last7=Bienzle |first7=Ulrich |last8=Kohne |first8=Elisabeth |title=Limited influence of haemoglobin variants on ''Plasmodium falciparum'' msp1 and msp2 alleles in symptomatic malaria |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=May 2004 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.10.001 |pmid=15109555}} * [cite book |last2=Janovy |first2=John |last1=Roberts |first1=Larry S. |title=Foundations of Parasitology |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (ISE Editions) |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-07-111271-0 |edition=7th]] ==Hụkwa== [[Category: World Malaria Day 2026]] dne530jk2kcl118jn5lc9z5su48qvh6 0 79089 700781 2026-08-12T14:57:34Z SafariScribe 18560 SafariScribe moved page [[Jisọs Kraịst]] to [[Jesu Kristi]]: Misspelled title 700781 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Jesu Kristi]] ht6ehk6xq7khr9ix3z53yj0obu17cfp 0 79090 700783 2026-08-12T16:04:08Z Ceentia 24734 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367455104|Federal Polytechnic, Ukana]]" 700783 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Federal Polytechnic, Ukana''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị etiti dị na Ukana, Akwa Ibom Steeti, Naijiria. Onye isi ugbu a bụ Eduma Essien.<ref>{{Cite news|author=IV|first=Editorial|date=2019-02-14|title=Federal Poly Ukana to establish entrepreneurship centre|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/%ef%bb%bffederal-poly-ukana-to-establish-entrepreneurship-centre/|accessdate=2021-09-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-26|title=Fedpoly Ukana ready to start Engineering programme next session ― Rector|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/fedpoly-ukana-ready-to-start-engineering-programme-next-session-―-rector/|accessdate=2021-09-04|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Federal Poly, Ukana expels 2 students, suspends 16 others|url=https://dailytrust.com/federal-poly-ukana-expels-2-students-suspends-16-others|accessdate=2021-09-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=14 November 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Management Team – FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, UKANA|url=https://fedpolyukana.edu.ng/management-team/|accessdate=2021-09-04|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, gọọmentị etiti họpụtara Mercy Daniel Ebong ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọhụrụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Federal Polytechnic, Ukana na afọ 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Blueprint|date=2014-07-14|title=Jonathan inaugurates Federal Polytechnic, Ukana|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/jonathan-inaugurates-federal-polytechnic-ukana/|accessdate=2021-09-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Federal Polytechnic, Ukana (FEDPOLYUKANA) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/federal-polytechnic-ukana|accessdate=2021-09-04|work=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref> * Sayensị Kọmputa * Nkà na ụzụ nke ụlọ nyocha sayensị * Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Nkà na ụzụ injinia * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa na Nchịkwa * Injinia kọmputa * Injinia eletrik / eletrọniki == Ihe odide == s0g0vf0r17v25b6n75dhigkd2yytw30 0 79091 700784 2026-08-12T16:09:32Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346974082|Ash Merlyn International School]]" 700784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox school | name = Ash Merlyn International School | image = | motto = Building global champions | address = 1 Victory Estate | city = [[Elelenwo, Port Harcourt]] | state = [[Rivers State]] | country = Nigeria | type = [[Private school|Private]] | established = {{Start date and age|2011|9|df=yes}} | status = Open | local_authority = | ofsted = | head_label = Principal | head = Austin Daniel. | staff = | teaching_staff = 80 | gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Mixed]] | lower_age = 3 | upper_age = 14 | enrollment = | campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]] | colours = {{color box|White}} {{color box|Grey}} [[White]] and [[grey]] | website = www.ashmerlynintsch.com | latitude = | longitude = | dms = | postal_code = }}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox school/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" | {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ash Merlyn International School |} |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe Ọ Dị |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Ash Merlyn International School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q24915849"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Ash Merlyn International School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q24915849"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.06329652682096,4.844621938713266],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Ash Merlyn International School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">1 Obodo mmeri</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Elelenwo, Port Harcourt]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Rivers State|Steeti Osimiri]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Private school|Nkeonwe]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |Ịrụ ndị mmeri ụwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Septemba 2011<span class="noprint">; Afọ iri na anọ gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-09</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Meghere Emeghe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Austin Daniel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị nkuzi</div> | class="infobox-data" |80 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Mixed-sex education|Ngwakọta]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Afọ | class="infobox-data" |3 ruo 14&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Urban area|Obodo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />Ọcha na ntụ<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust:none; background-color:White; color:black;">&nbsp;</span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust:none; background-color:Grey; color:black;">&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |www.ashmerlynintsch.com |} Ash Merlyn International School dị na [[:en:Elelenwo|Elelenwo]], [[:en:Port_Harcourt|Port Harcourt]], [[:en:Rivers_State|Rivers State]]. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ [[:en:Private_school|nke onweonye]] [[:en:Mixed-sex_education|mbụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị]] nke ụmụ akwụkwọ dị afọ atọ ruo afọ iri na otu na-agụ na ya. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ: www.ashmerlynintsch.com. E hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na Septemba 2011 ma lekwasị anya na "iwulite ndị mmeri ụwa".<ref>{{Cite news|title=School Head Lauds The Tide For Blazing The Trail|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/05/18/school-head-lauds-the-tide-for-blazing-the-trail/|accessdate=28 May 2016|date=18 May 2016|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Port Harcourt}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] nolqawhx5qtcic2i1fxyytjxd7h5wu5 0 79092 700785 2026-08-12T16:14:30Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360675970|Ayedaade Government High School]]" 700785 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayedaade Government High School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị elu dị na Ikire, Irewole ime obodo, [[:en:Osun_State|Osun State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]]. E wuru ya maka ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ puku atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.osundefender.com/aregbesola-set-to-commission-ayedaade-government-high-school-ikire/|title=Aregbesola Set To Commission Ayedaade Government High School, Ikire|work=[[Osun Defender]]|date=2018-06-26|accessdate=2018-07-01}}</ref> Gọvanọ nke Osun, Rauf Aregbesola, na [[:en:Federal_Ministry_of_Education_(Nigeria)|Minista na-ahụ maka Agụmakwụkwọ]], [[:en:Adamu_Adamu|Adamu Adamu]], gara mmepe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.osundefender.com/photonews-aregbesola-adamu-commission-ayedaade-high-school-ikire/|title=PHOTONEWS: Aregbesola, Adamu Commission Ayedaade High School, Ikire|work=[[Osun Defender]]|accessdate=2018-07-01}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|7.35969|4.18628|type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG}} bkpre1it612l25lqjyk7sau2t3mze8o 0 79093 700800 2026-08-12T17:46:20Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311527794|Habibitch]]" 700800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ariadeb.jpg|thumb| Habibitch]] '''Habibitch''', onye ezigbo aha ya bụ '''Lissia Benoufella''', bụ onye na-ese ihe na-abụghị nke dabara n'udi okike chi abụọ, onye na-agba egwu na-ewu ewu na nke iji aka agba egwu site na mmalite Franco-Algeria, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka '''Ari de B.''' Dịka onye na-akwado ọchịchị nwanyị nkwuchite ọnụ metutara ndị ghọrọ nwanyị agbanyeghi okike, ha na-agbanwe ebe ịgba egwu ka ọ bụrụ ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == === Mmalite mbido === A mụrụ Lissia Benoufella n'afọ 1980, na Algiers, Algeria. Mgbe ha dị afọ anọ, ezinụụlọ ha si Kabyle biri na France iji gbanahụụ agha obodo nke na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ha. Ha na-echeta mwute nke ndị mụrụ ha nwere mgbe ha bịarutere, bụ́ ndị ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị nkụzi. === Ọmụmụ ihe === Ha tolitere na Vendée, kemgbe ha bụ nwata, ha bu n'obi ịghọ onye na-agba egwu. Mgbe ha gụchara akwụkwọ mmụta mbụ ha na ngalaba mmụta ụmụ mmadụ (nke a maara na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ndị French dị ka klas préparatoires littéraires ), ha nwetara akara ugo mmụta abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na Spanish <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> (nke yitewere akara ugo mmụta bachelọ na akara ugo mmụta abụọ) nakwa nzere masta na [[Gender studies|ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike]] na Sciences Po Toulouse (klas nke 2011). <ref name=":0" /> === Ọrụ nka === Habibtich chọpụtara na ọ na-eme voguing n'afọ 2011 n'oge njem ya na onye ya na ya so na-emekọ ihe ọnụ n'oge ahụ na San Francisco. N'ebe ahụ, ha rụrụ ọrụ maka emume ihe nkiri LGBTQ ebe e gosipụtara ihe nkiri Paris is Burning, nke Jennie Livingston duziri, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> . Nkiri ihe nkiri a n'ezie, emeela ka ihe dị egwu " pụta ihe »n'ime ha. N'afọ 2013, Habibitch gara nnyocha ọkachamara maka ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu hip hop , nke mechara kwe ka ọ banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Dị ka ndị n'etinyelarị aka n'ọrụ nkwuchite ọnụ, ha wee na-ebi ndụ dịka ndị na-enweghi ebe obibi ma tinyekwuo aka n'ihe gbasara ndị na-akwado ndị inyom, ndị na-akwado ndị ọchịchị, na [[Anarchism|ndị na-emegide ndị ọchịchị]] dịka ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ha sonyeere ndị otu Paris Ballroom na obodo ebe ha zutere Kiddy Smile, onye nwere mmasị n'ebe ha nọ ma kwe ka ha sonyere ''n'ụlọ Mizhani'' na 2015. N'afọ 2017, ha haziri ogbako ịgba egwu mbụ ha, nke ha kpọrọ ''Deconize the Dancefloor'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> nke ha mechara hazie dabere na ihe omume na ebe ha nọ na ya ma na-etinye aka na ya, n'ịgbaso ụzọ nke na-ebute ụzọ "itinye omume ha niile n'ọrụ n'ịgba egwu" na nke dị n'etiti. <ref name=":0" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Habibitch na-achịkwa ogbako ma na-eme ka ogbako ahụ nwee ihe ngosi a na-eme. <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2021|title=Habibitch : "Entre les selfies, la bouffe et les couchers de soleil, Instagram peut être une plateforme militante"|url=https://www.ladn.eu/mondes-creatifs/habibitch-entre-selfies-bouffe-couchers-soleil-instagram-plateforme-militante/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=L'ADN|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ha bụkwa nne nne nke ''House of Gorgeous Gucci'' dị na Paris, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Habibitch – CAP 74024 Magazine|url=https://www.cap74024.com/habibitch/|accessdate=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> ma na-enye klas mmalite <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> nke waacking na Parc de la Villette, na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=folie|first=à la|title=Cours de waacking par Ari de B en live !|url=https://alafolie.paris/events/cours-de-waacking-par-ari-de-b-en-live/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=à la folie|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references />   [[Otú:Ndị na-agba Egwu si Algeria]] 8q6ghyt0dlm8josjqo8lkk0ue2kzvya 700801 700800 2026-08-12T17:46:57Z Akwugo 11031 /* Mmalite mbido */ . 700801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ariadeb.jpg|thumb| Habibitch]] '''Habibitch''', onye ezigbo aha ya bụ '''Lissia Benoufella''', bụ onye na-ese ihe na-abụghị nke dabara n'udi okike chi abụọ, onye na-agba egwu na-ewu ewu na nke iji aka agba egwu site na mmalite Franco-Algeria, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka '''Ari de B.''' Dịka onye na-akwado ọchịchị nwanyị nkwuchite ọnụ metutara ndị ghọrọ nwanyị agbanyeghi okike, ha na-agbanwe ebe ịgba egwu ka ọ bụrụ ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == === Mmalite ndụ === A mụrụ Lissia Benoufella n'afọ 1980, na Algiers, Algeria. Mgbe ha dị afọ anọ, ezinụụlọ ha si Kabyle biri na France iji gbanahụụ agha obodo nke na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ha. Ha na-echeta mwute nke ndị mụrụ ha nwere mgbe ha bịarutere, bụ́ ndị ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị nkụzi. === Ọmụmụ ihe === Ha tolitere na Vendée, kemgbe ha bụ nwata, ha bu n'obi ịghọ onye na-agba egwu. Mgbe ha gụchara akwụkwọ mmụta mbụ ha na ngalaba mmụta ụmụ mmadụ (nke a maara na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ndị French dị ka klas préparatoires littéraires ), ha nwetara akara ugo mmụta abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na Spanish <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> (nke yitewere akara ugo mmụta bachelọ na akara ugo mmụta abụọ) nakwa nzere masta na [[Gender studies|ọmụmụ ihe gbasara okike]] na Sciences Po Toulouse (klas nke 2011). <ref name=":0" /> === Ọrụ nka === Habibtich chọpụtara na ọ na-eme voguing n'afọ 2011 n'oge njem ya na onye ya na ya so na-emekọ ihe ọnụ n'oge ahụ na San Francisco. N'ebe ahụ, ha rụrụ ọrụ maka emume ihe nkiri LGBTQ ebe e gosipụtara ihe nkiri Paris is Burning, nke Jennie Livingston duziri, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> . Nkiri ihe nkiri a n'ezie, emeela ka ihe dị egwu " pụta ihe »n'ime ha. N'afọ 2013, Habibitch gara nnyocha ọkachamara maka ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu hip hop , nke mechara kwe ka ọ banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Dị ka ndị n'etinyelarị aka n'ọrụ nkwuchite ọnụ, ha wee na-ebi ndụ dịka ndị na-enweghi ebe obibi ma tinyekwuo aka n'ihe gbasara ndị na-akwado ndị inyom, ndị na-akwado ndị ọchịchị, na [[Anarchism|ndị na-emegide ndị ọchịchị]] dịka ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ha sonyeere ndị otu Paris Ballroom na obodo ebe ha zutere Kiddy Smile, onye nwere mmasị n'ebe ha nọ ma kwe ka ha sonyere ''n'ụlọ Mizhani'' na 2015. N'afọ 2017, ha haziri ogbako ịgba egwu mbụ ha, nke ha kpọrọ ''Deconize the Dancefloor'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> nke ha mechara hazie dabere na ihe omume na ebe ha nọ na ya ma na-etinye aka na ya, n'ịgbaso ụzọ nke na-ebute ụzọ "itinye omume ha niile n'ọrụ n'ịgba egwu" na nke dị n'etiti. <ref name=":0" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Habibitch na-achịkwa ogbako ma na-eme ka ogbako ahụ nwee ihe ngosi a na-eme. <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2021|title=Habibitch : "Entre les selfies, la bouffe et les couchers de soleil, Instagram peut être une plateforme militante"|url=https://www.ladn.eu/mondes-creatifs/habibitch-entre-selfies-bouffe-couchers-soleil-instagram-plateforme-militante/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=L'ADN|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ha bụkwa nne nne nke ''House of Gorgeous Gucci'' dị na Paris, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Habibitch – CAP 74024 Magazine|url=https://www.cap74024.com/habibitch/|accessdate=2022-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> ma na-enye klas mmalite <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=Les Inrocks|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesinrocks.com/ "Actualité Culture: Musique, Cinéma, Séries – Les Inrockuptibles"]. ''Les Inrocks'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> nke waacking na Parc de la Villette, na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=folie|first=à la|title=Cours de waacking par Ari de B en live !|url=https://alafolie.paris/events/cours-de-waacking-par-ari-de-b-en-live/|accessdate=2022-07-08|work=à la folie|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references />   [[Otú:Ndị na-agba Egwu si Algeria]] j6arx77b5ylfzakxturn157xhcbr60w 3 79094 700804 2026-08-12T18:00:20Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 700804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=ECOFAR|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 12 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} qqj07wqi5w5o28dr6ijxfb54rcmtyk4 0 79095 700806 2026-08-12T18:06:11Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321512655|Aweng Ade-Chuol]]" 700806 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Aweng Mayen Chuol''' bụ onye omee ihe nlere anya South Sudane na Australia, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwu. == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Chuol n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Kakuma dị na [[Kenya]], ezinụlọ ya ịgbala ọsọ ndụ n'Agha Obodo nke Abụọ nke Sudan . Ha kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] mgbe Chuol dị naanị afọ asaa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> O nwere ụmụnne iri na otu, nke ọ bụ ọkpara. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|work=OkayAfrica|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Nna ya bụ nwatakịrị soja n'Agha Obodo Mbụ nke Sudan ma lụọkwa agha na nke Abụọ, nwụọ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ egbe agbara ya n'afọ 2006. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chan|first=Emily|date=20 June 2019|title=Fenty Model Aweng Chuol On #BlueForSudan And The Crisis In Her Home Country|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fenty-model-aweng-chuol-on-blueforsudan-and-the-crisis-in-her-home-country|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2017, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na McDonald's dị na Sydney mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> otu onye nnọchi anya Chadwick Models hụrụ Chuol, ma mee ka ya na ha rụkọọ ọrụ. O debara aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye nlereanya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-eme ihe nlereanya nye Fenty, Vetements, na Pyer Moss, tinyere ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2020, Chuol pụtara na ihe nkiri egwu na abọm ihe ngosi nke [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] bụ ''Black Is King ,'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> nakwa na mgbasa ozi ezumike nke Ralph Lauren tinyere ya na nwunye ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gardner|first=Chris|date=24 November 2020|title=Greg Berlanti, Robbie Rogers Star in Ralph Lauren Holiday Ad|work=The Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/greg-berlanti-robbie-rogers-star-in-ralph-lauren-holiday-ad|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Chuol na-amụ akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na sayensị uche na Mahadum New England, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Macon|first=Alexandra|date=7 July 2020|title=After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> O nwere olile anya iji akara ugo mmụta iwu ya nyere ndị a na-anaghị elekọta aka, ọ chọkwara ịchọta ebe a na-ahụ maka ahụike uche na [[South Sudan]] . Chuol na-amụkwa gbasara ihe nkiri, site n'ebumnobi ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. O kwuru na Lupita Nyong'o na Shonda Rhimes bụ ndị kpaliri ya ime ihe nkiri. <ref name=":0" /> Chuol sonyere n'ime ''ụmụnwaanyị otu Narị'' nke OkayAfrica n'afọ 2019. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|work=OkayAfrica|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210822171410/https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng "Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN"]. ''OkayAfrica''. Archived from [https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng the original] on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == Chuol bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne iri na otu, nke ha niile bi na Sydney, Australia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Kid A|url=https://officemagazine.net/kid|accessdate=2024-05-31|work=Office Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Chuol zutere nwunye ya nke mbụ, bụ Alexus, n'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha wirị dị ka enyi na enyi ruo ọnwa itoolu tupu ha ekweta ịlụ onwe ha. Di na nwunye a lụrụ n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ ahụ na New York City Hall, ha nwekwara akara "XII" (12) yiri ya na mkpịsị aka ha. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Macon|first=Alexandra|date=7 July 2020|title=After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMacon2020">Macon, Alexandra (7 July 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol "After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ha lụsịrị, Chuol nwetara mmegbu ịkpọasị ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha asị, ọkachasị site n'aka obodo dị na South Sudan, nke mere ka ọ chọọ igbu onwe ya ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Bremner|first=Jade|date=30 November 2020|title=Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa jisi ike, ebe ọ nọrọ ụbọchị isii ọzọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi ya. <ref name=":2" /> E gosiri Chuol na Alexus n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Elle'' n'afọ 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Bremner|first=Jade|date=30 November 2020|title=Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBremner2020">Bremner, Jade (30 November 2020). [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html "Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'ọnwa September afọ 2020 Di na nwunye ahụ bi na [[London|Lọndọn]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na ngwụcha ọnwa Disemba afọ 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AwengChuol/status/1373660930454687745|title=Aweng Chuol Tweet|date=22 March 2021}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * Aweng Ade-Chuol on Instagram <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5zt0cblgqk067by3521fl8x8gd6i5ub 700811 700806 2026-08-12T18:24:03Z Akwugo 11031 , 700811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Aweng Mayen Chuol''' bụ onye omee ihe nlere anya South Sudane na Australia, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwu. == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Chuol n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Kakuma dị na [[Kenya]], ezinụlọ ya ịgbala ọsọ ndụ n'Agha Obodo nke Abụọ nke Sudan . Ha kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] mgbe Chuol dị naanị afọ asaa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> O nwere ụmụnne iri na otu, nke ọ bụ ọkpara. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|work=OkayAfrica|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Nna ya bụ nwatakịrị soja n'Agha Obodo Mbụ nke Sudan ma lụọkwa agha na nke Abụọ, nwụọ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ egbe agbara ya n'afọ 2006. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chan|first=Emily|date=20 June 2019|title=Fenty Model Aweng Chuol On #BlueForSudan And The Crisis In Her Home Country|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/fenty-model-aweng-chuol-on-blueforsudan-and-the-crisis-in-her-home-country|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2017, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na McDonald's dị na Sydney mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> otu onye nnọchi anya Chadwick Models hụrụ Chuol, ma mee ka ya na ha rụkọọ ọrụ. O debara aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye nlereanya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-eme ihe nlereanya nye Fenty, Vetements, na Pyer Moss, tinyere ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2020, Chuol pụtara na ihe nkiri egwu na abọm ihe ngosi nke [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] bụ ''Black Is King ,'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> nakwa na mgbasa ozi ezumike nke Ralph Lauren tinyere ya na nwunye ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gardner|first=Chris|date=24 November 2020|title=Greg Berlanti, Robbie Rogers Star in Ralph Lauren Holiday Ad|work=The Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/greg-berlanti-robbie-rogers-star-in-ralph-lauren-holiday-ad|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Chuol na-amụ akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na sayensị uche na Mahadum New England, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Okwodu|first=Janelle|date=27 August 2020|title=Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOkwodu2020">Okwodu, Janelle (27 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/article/aweng-ade-chuol-model-multi-hyphenate-beyonce-black-is-king "Aweng Ade-Chuol Is the Beyoncé-Approved Multi-Hyphenate to Know"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Macon|first=Alexandra|date=7 July 2020|title=After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> O nwere olile anya iji akara ugo mmụta iwu ya nyere ndị a na-anaghị elekọta aka, ọ chọkwara ịchọta ebe a na-ahụ maka ahụike uche na [[South Sudan]] . Chuol na-amụkwa gbasara ihe nkiri, site n'ebumnobi ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. O kwuru na Lupita Nyong'o na Shonda Rhimes bụ ndị kpaliri ya ime ihe nkiri. <ref name=":0" /> Chuol sonyere n'ime ''ụmụnwaanyị otu Narị'' nke OkayAfrica n'afọ 2019. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|work=OkayAfrica|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210822171410/https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng "Aweng Chuol - OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN"]. ''OkayAfrica''. Archived from [https://100women.okayafrica.com/editorial/aweng the original] on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == Chuol bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne iri na otu, nke ha niile bi na Sydney, Australia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Kid A|url=https://officemagazine.net/kid|accessdate=2024-05-31|work=Office Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Chuol zutere nwunye ya nke mbụ, bụ Alexus, n'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 2019. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha wirị dị ka enyi na enyi ruo ọnwa itoolu tupu ha ekweta ịlụ onwe ha. Di na nwunye a lụrụ n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ ahụ na New York City Hall, ha nwekwara akara "XII" (12) yiri ya na mkpịsị aka ha. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Macon|first=Alexandra|date=7 July 2020|title=After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza|work=Vogue|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMacon2020">Macon, Alexandra (7 July 2020). [https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/new-york-city-hall-wedding-model-aweng-ade-chuol-alexus-ade-chuol "After Marrying at City Hall, Model Aweng Ade-Chuol and Alexus Ade-Chuol Commemorated the Day With Tattoos and Pizza"]. ''Vogue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ha lụsịrị, Chuol nwetara mmegbu ịkpọasị ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha asị, ọkachasị site n'aka obodo dị na South Sudan, nke mere ka ọ chọọ igbu onwe ya ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Bremner|first=Jade|date=30 November 2020|title=Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa jisi ike, ebe ọ nọrọ ụbọchị isii ọzọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi ya. <ref name=":2" /> E gosiri Chuol na Alexus n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Elle'' n'afọ 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Bremner|first=Jade|date=30 November 2020|title=Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBremner2020">Bremner, Jade (30 November 2020). [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/aweng-ade-chuol-wife-kiss-elle-homophobia-b1763812.html "Model Aweng Ade-chuol kisses her wife on cover of Elle UK after homophobic abuse"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'ọnwa September afọ 2020 Di na nwunye ahụ bi na [[London|Lọndọn]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Agyemang|first=Nana|date=22 September 2020|title=The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations|work=The Cut|url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html|accessdate=30 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAgyemang2020">Agyemang, Nana (22 September 2020). [https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/the-south-sudanese-model-who-always-defies-expectations.html "The South Sudanese Model Who Always Defies Expectations"]. ''The Cut''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na ngwụcha ọnwa Disemba afọ 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AwengChuol/status/1373660930454687745|title=Aweng Chuol Tweet|date=22 March 2021}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * Aweng Ade-Chuol on Instagram <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 82ob4rmm1z1dka9lj8hwglv09rcxukk 0 79096 700808 2026-08-12T18:10:11Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364505820|Amal Aden]]" 700808 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Amal Aden''' (onye a mụrụ n'afọ 1983) bụ aha njirimara nke onye edemede Somalia-Norwegian. Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye nkuzi na onye na-akwado ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha nọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20130703/death-threats-for-lesbian-somali-norwegian-activist-pride-lgbt-rainbow|title=Death threats for lesbian Somali-Norwegian|author=Törnkvist|first=Ann|date=3 July 2013|work=The Local}}</ref> Aden bụ onye nnọchi anya Norwegian Press Complaints Commission ma bụrụ onye na-ede ihe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Dag na Tid'' kemgbe ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2013. == Mbido na ndụ nkeonwe == A mụrụ Aden na [[Somalia]], ọ ghọkwara nwa mgbei mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. Ọ gaghị akwụkwọ, wee kwaga [[Norway]] site na njikọta ezinụlọ <ref name="vl21009">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vl.no/magasin/livogsjel/article4631825.ece|title=Norsk nok?|first=Jannie|author=Solset|work=[[Vårt Land (Norwegian newspaper)|Vårt Land]]|date=2 October 2009|accessdate=13 September 2010|language=no}}</ref> dịka nwa dị afọ iri na atọ n'afọ 1996, ọ biri ndụ dị ka nwatakịrị nebi n'okporo ámá ruo afọ asaa. <ref name="asch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|title=Aden, Amal|work=[[Aschehoug]]|accessdate=31 January 2010|language=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914220221/http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|archivedate=14 September 2009}}</ref> Na mbụ, Ọ nwere ihe isi ike n'ịnagide omenala ọhụrụ, usoro nchebe ụmụaka na ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ ọ na-ekwu na ha enweghị ike inyere ya aka. N'ikpeazụ ọ banyere n'otu ndị na-ede ma na-añu ọgwu na mpaghara obodo Oslo nke Grønland, ma biri n'okporo ámá obodo ahụ oge ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amaladen.no/|accessdate=31 January 2010|title=Velkommen til min hjemmeside|first=Amal|author=Aden|language=no}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, taa, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya dị ka onye ntụgharị asụsụ maka ndị uwe ojii, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, yana ịbụ onye ndụmọdụ na onye nkuzi maka ọchịchị ime obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="asch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|title=Aden, Amal|work=[[Aschehoug]]|accessdate=31 January 2010|language=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914220221/http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|archivedate=14 September 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090914220221/http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407 "Aden, Amal"]. ''[[Aschehoug]]'' (in Norwegian). Archived from [https://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407 the original] on 14 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima ma biri na Hønefoss kemgbe afọ 2002. == Ọrụ == Amal Aden bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya n'afọ 2008 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Aden, Amal, 1983-|title=Se oss : bekymringsmelding fra en ung norsksomalisk kvinne|date=2008|publisher=H. Aschehoug (W. Nygaard)|isbn=978-82-03-29136-4|edition=2. oppl|location=Oslo|oclc=351100191}}</ref> ma bipụtakwa ọtụtụ akwụkwọ kemgbe ahụ. Ọ natala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ Zola-prisen (ihe nrite mba Norway aha ya bụ onye edemede na onye ọkà mmuta si France bụ Emile Zola) n'afọ 2010 n'ihi ọrụ ya na nsogbu mbata na njikọta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zola-prisen 2010 – Amal Aden – Zola-prisen|url=http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/|accessdate=2020-11-30|language=nb-NO|archivedate=5 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605192910/http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/}}</ref> == Egwu == N'afọ 2013, mgbe ọ sonyere na Oslo Pride Parade, Amal Aden kwuru na ọ natara ozi 146 nwere egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death threats for lesbian Somali-Norwegian|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20130703/death-threats-for-lesbian-somali-norwegian-activist-pride-lgbt-rainbow|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=www.thelocal.no|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Aden bụ onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, onye Alakụba ma bụrụkwa nwanyị na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ya nọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20130703/death-threats-for-lesbian-somali-norwegian-activist-pride-lgbt-rainbow|title=Death threats for lesbian Somali-Norwegian|author=Törnkvist|first=Ann|date=3 July 2013|work=The Local}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTörnkvist2013">Törnkvist, Ann (3 July 2013). [https://www.thelocal.no/20130703/death-threats-for-lesbian-somali-norwegian-activist-pride-lgbt-rainbow "Death threats for lesbian Somali-Norwegian"]. ''The Local''.</cite></ref> == Nsọpụrụ na nkwanye ùgwù == * Ihe nrite Zola, 2010<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zola-prisen 2010 – Amal Aden – Zola-prisen|url=http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/|accessdate=2020-11-30|language=nb-NO|archivedate=5 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605192910/http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210605192910/http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/ "Zola-prisen 2010 – Amal Aden – Zola-prisen"] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from [http://www.zola-prisen.no/zola-prisen-2010-amal-aden/ the original] on 5 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)]]</ref> * Ihe nrite Amnesty nke Amnesty International Norway, 2012 * Ihe nrite ncheta Erik Bye, 2014 * Ihe nrite Gina Krog nke Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, 2016 == Akwụkwọ == Aden bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ: <ref name="asch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|title=Aden, Amal|work=[[Aschehoug]]|accessdate=31 January 2010|language=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914220221/http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407|archivedate=14 September 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090914220221/http://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407 "Aden, Amal"]. ''[[Aschehoug]]'' (in Norwegian). Archived from [https://www.aschehoug.no/forfattere/alfabetisk/vis?contentItemId=2800407 the original] on 14 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> * ''A na-akpọ ya: A na-aṅụ mmiri n'asụsụ Norwegian.'' Aschehoug (2008) * ''ABC na njikọta: 111 ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.'' Aschehoug (2009) * ''N'asụsụ na-adịghị mma: N'asụsụ selvbiografisk fortelling.'' Aschehoug (2009) * Det skal merkes at de bigter: Om likestilling expleite somaliere na Norge (2011) * Ha na-agba ọsọ n'ụzọ dị elu (2012) * Jacayl na Silas på somali (2015) == Edensibịa ==   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] clduhqx14qjnpoywk3xnhbhvti902iq 0 79097 700809 2026-08-12T18:21:41Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358058387|Steven Kabuye]]" 700809 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Steven Kabuye''' bụ onye mba Uganda na-akwado ikike LGBTQ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Black Gay Diaspora Podcast|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36590211/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=www.imdb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Ugandan LGBTQ activist Steven Kabuye receives treatment after he was stabbed by unknown people, at a hospital in Kitende along Entebbe road on the outskirts of Kampala|url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/ugandan-lgbtq-activist-steven-kabuye-receives-treatment-after-he-was-stabbed-by-unknown-people-at-a-hospital-in-kitende-along-entebbe-road-on-the-outskirts-of-kampala/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX1JDMkVBNUFWM1JMOA|work=REUTERS CONNECT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jiwe|first=Joto La|date=2024-08-29|title=Uganda LGBTI activist honored by Canadian refugee organization|url=https://76crimes.com/2024/08/29/uganda-lgbti-activist-award-canada/|accessdate=2026-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=CSOs|date=2024-01-09|title=Attack on LGBTQ activist Kabuye underscores urgency to repeal Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act|url=https://khrc.or.ke/press-release/attack-on-lgbtq-activist-kabuye-underscores-urgency-to-repeal-ugandas-anti-homosexuality-act/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC)|language=en}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọọrụ Coloured Voices Media Foundation (CVMF), otu nzukọ nke na-akwado ikike LGBTQ na agụmakwụkwọ ọhanaeze na Uganda. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist was stabbed and left for dead in the street. Now, he recounts his escape to Canada {{!}} Advocate.com|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/uganda-steven-kabuye-refuge-canada|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=www.advocate.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Sophie|date=2024-01-03|title=Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal stabbing|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/01/03/steven-kabuye-uganda-stabbing-lgbtq-critical/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntinye uchu nke ọrụ == N'afọ 2021, Kabuye sonyeere n'ịchọpụta Colored Voices Media Foundation iji lụso ozi na-ezighi ezi gbasara ndị LGBTQ na Uganda site na mgbasa ozi, agụmakwụkwọ, na mgbasa ozi obodo. Òtù ahụ malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ nkwado na nkwado maka ndị LGBTQ na Uganda, gụnyere atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze na ihe omume obodo. Mgbe e tinyere iwu megide nwoke idina nwoke na mba Uganda n'afọ 2023, Kabuye pụtara dịka onye nkatọ iwu a nke ọma. O jiri ọdọ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa iji kwuo mmetụta iwu ahụ nwere n'ahụ ndị LGBTQ na Uganda ma kwado maka nchekwa ka ukwuu nke ndị pere mpe na-enwe mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist was stabbed and left for dead in the street. Now, he recounts his escape to Canada {{!}} Advocate.com|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/uganda-steven-kabuye-refuge-canada|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=www.advocate.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.advocate.com/news/uganda-steven-kabuye-refuge-canada "A Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist was stabbed and left for dead in the street. Now, he recounts his escape to Canada | Advocate.com"]. ''www.advocate.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Staff|date=2024-01-03|title=Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal knife attack|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/ugandan-lgbtq-activist-in-critical-condition-after-brutal-knife-attack|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mwakpo nke afọ 2024 == N'ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2024, a wakporo Kabuye mgbe ọ na-aga ọrụ na Kampala. E merụrụ ya ahụ n'aka nakwa n'afọ. O wee NỌỌ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. E dekọrọ obere vidiyo ka mwakpo ahụ gasịrị gbasaara na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ma nweta akụkọ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa. Ndị otu gbasara ikike mmadụ na ndị otu nkwado LGBTQ katọrọ mwakpo ahụ ma rụtụ ya aka ka ihe metụtara ihu igwe nke iro megide ndị LGBTQ na Uganda. Ndị ọchịchị Uganda malitere nnyocha gbasara ihe merenụ. Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, HE hapụrụ Uganda wee kwaje na Toronto, Canada, site n'enyemaka nke Rainbow Railroad, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nke uru nke na-akwado ndị LGBTQ na-eche mkpagbu na ime ihe ike ihu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=CSOs|date=2024-01-09|title=Attack on LGBTQ activist Kabuye underscores urgency to repeal Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act|url=https://khrc.or.ke/press-release/attack-on-lgbtq-activist-kabuye-underscores-urgency-to-repeal-ugandas-anti-homosexuality-act/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC)|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCSOs2024">CSOs (2024-01-09). [https://khrc.or.ke/press-release/attack-on-lgbtq-activist-kabuye-underscores-urgency-to-repeal-ugandas-anti-homosexuality-act/ "Attack on LGBTQ activist Kabuye underscores urgency to repeal Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Act"]. ''Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC)''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Sophie|date=2024-01-03|title=Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal stabbing|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/01/03/steven-kabuye-uganda-stabbing-lgbtq-critical/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPerry2024">Perry, Sophie (2024-01-03). [https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/01/03/steven-kabuye-uganda-stabbing-lgbtq-critical/ "Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal stabbing"]. ''PinkNews | Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news | LGBTQ+ news''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Staff|date=2024-01-03|title=Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal knife attack|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/ugandan-lgbtq-activist-in-critical-condition-after-brutal-knife-attack|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStaff2024">Staff (2024-01-03). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/ugandan-lgbtq-activist-in-critical-condition-after-brutal-knife-attack "Ugandan LGBTQ+ activist in critical condition after brutal knife attack"]. ''The Guardian''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Habib|first=Ayesha|date=2025-06-24|title=How white evangelicals incite homophobia in Uganda|url=https://broadview.org/white-evangelicals-incite-homophobia-uganda/|accessdate=2026-06-04|work=Broadview Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> == Leekwa == * [[Frank Mugisha]] * Ndị pere mpe n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na Uganda * Ikike LGBTQ na Uganda * Iwu Mgbochi Mmekọahụ na Uganda nke 2014 * Ụgbọ okporo ígwè egwurugwu * Ikike LGBT na Uganda == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Ndị otu LGBTQ si Uganda]] 7kb9b7nc82ujezwel38qsk6278dsjqm 14 79098 700810 2026-08-12T18:22:25Z Akwugo 11031 . 700810 wikitext text/x-wiki nchịkọta ndị otu LGBTQ 0titg7k64gltcakdsm7jqqmqjqbit7h 14 79099 700815 2026-08-12T18:25:29Z Akwugo 11031 ' 700815 wikitext text/x-wiki Nchịkọta ndị egwu si Algeria 15e1psz9ndtf4hyi635ejhklm5vb1e8 0 79100 700816 2026-08-12T18:30:45Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364505445|Mohamed Abdulkarim Ali]]" 700816 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mohamed Abdulkarim Ali''' bụ onye edemede si Somalia nke bi na Canada . Ali dere akwụkwọ mbụ ya, akwụkwọ ncheta, Angry Queer Somali Boy, mgbe ọ bi n'ebe obibi maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Toronto. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ali n'ezinụlọ ọdịnala Somalia na Somalia n'afọ 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed Abdulkarim Ali|url=https://uofrpress.ca/Contributors/A/Ali-Mohamed-Abdulkarim|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=uofrpress.ca}}</ref> Nna ya, onye ya na nne ya kewapụrụ kpọọrọ ya n'aka nne ya mgbe ọ dị obere, Ali wee soro nna ya, nwunye ọhụrụ nna ya, na ụmụnne ya nwanyị nwanyị ndị ọzọ biri na [[Abu Dhabi]]. Nwunye ọhụrụ nna ya ji okwu ụgha tinye akwụkwọ ka- anabata ya dịka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ na [[Netherlands]]. Mgbe ọ ka bụ onye ntorobịa, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Canada. Ali nwere nsogbu site na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exile, addiction and racism: what it means to be a gay, Muslim immigrant {{!}} CBC Radio|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/the-sunday-edition-for-march-8-2020-1.5482636/exile-addiction-and-racism-what-it-means-to-be-a-gay-muslim-immigrant-1.5486687|accessdate=2020-11-19}}</ref> == Ọrụ ide ihe == <nowiki><i id="mwMQ">CBC</i></nowiki> kọwara akwụkwọ ya n'otu edemede gbasara akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa gbasara ahụike uche. The Advocate kọwara akwụkwọ ya n'otu edemede na "The Best LGBTQ Memoirs of 2019". <nowiki><i id="mwQA">CBC</i></nowiki> tinyere akwụkwọ ya na ndepụta ha akwadoro ka a gụọ n'oge oyi nke afọ 2020. == Edensibịa ==  {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ml1481a9o3z44hk22wtntvfzm5kgi8e 0 79101 700818 2026-08-12T18:40:54Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369052243|Clare Byarugaba]]" 700818 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Clare Byarugaba''' bụ onye na-akwado LGBT na [[Uganda]] na Kampala, onye kwuchitere ọnụ megide okwu gọọmentị na-ekwu megide ndị LGBT . <ref name="Essence">{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance|title=Pride & Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes|date=2016-01-27|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nhazi nke otu [[Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law]] . <ref name="Advocate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/world-news/2013/12/20/ugandan-lgbt-activists-we-have-stay-and-fight|title=Ugandan LGBT Activists: 'We Have to Stay and Fight'|date=2013-12-21|work=www.advocate.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013, Byarugaba dị njikere ịmalite isi otu PFLAG nke Kampala iji kwado ndị ikwu nke ndị LGBT n'obodo ebe onyeisiala ya machibidoro [[nwoke idina nwoke]] . <ref name="Essence">{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance|title=Pride & Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes|date=2016-01-27|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance "Pride & Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes"]. ''Essence.com''. 2016-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe mmachibido iwu a gasịrị, otu akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ahụ gosiri gbasara nkwenye mmekọahụ ya n'ihu oha, nke mere ka ndụ ya nwe ihe iyi egwu. <ref name="Romano">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/15/at-women-in-the-world-the-reality-of-uganda-s-brutal-gay-ban.html|title=At Women in the World, the Reality of Uganda's Brutal Gay Ban|author=Romano|first=Andrew|date=2014-03-15|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2016-06-21}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Byarugaba sonyeere nzukọ ụmụnwaanyị n'ụwa iji kesaa akụkọ nkeonwe ya site na ọrụ nke otu ahụ inye ụmụnwaanyị olu na ikike. <ref name="Romano" /> Byarugaba bụ onye otu Oak Fellow nke afọ 2014 maka ọmụmụ nke mmụta International Human Rights na Colby College. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clare Byarugaba • Aspen Global Innovators|url=https://www.aspenglobalinnovators.org/en/our_fellows/clare-byarugaba/|accessdate=2026-08-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == A mụrụ Byarugaba ma zụlite ya na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda. <ref name="Essence">{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance|title=Pride & Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes|date=2016-01-27|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance "Pride & Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes"]. ''Essence.com''. 2016-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe Onyeisiala Yoweri Museveni machibidoro nwoke idina nwoke na Uganda, Nne Byarugaba yiri ya egwu na ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ndị uwe ojii ji maka na ọ bụ nwanyị d na-enwe mmasị nwanyị na nwanyị . <ref name="Day">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/03/16/ugandan-gay-rights-activist-people-call-daily-basis-say-give-five-reasons-shouldnt-kill/|title=Ugandan gay rights activist says her own mother threatened to hand her into police over anti-gay laws|work=PinkNews|date=16 March 2014|accessdate=2016-06-21}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Umụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwanyị na nwanyị si Uganda]] r4krjsdir5mcsufvp3j3nry4sydis3w 14 79102 700819 2026-08-12T18:42:11Z Akwugo 11031 . 700819 wikitext text/x-wiki nchịkọta ndị Umụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwanyị na nwanyị si Uganda ar9h56vjtqpp1a80m8sjoma0jatssoe 0 79103 700826 2026-08-12T20:08:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358843334|Bristol Academy, Abuja]]" 700826 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox school/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Bristol Academy''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Karu, [[Abuja]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]] nke e guzobere na Septemba 2002. O nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ narị atọ na iri atọ na asatọ (338) na ndị ọrụ iri asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hundred.org/en/innovations/safsms|title=Information management system tailored to provide easy data management, time and cost saving tools.|author=Okoli|first=Ada|publisher=SAFSMS|accessdate=31 March 2021|quote=Bristol Academy is located in the Karu area of Abuja, Nigeria with a population of about 338 students and 70 staff in total. The school was founded in September 2002.}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://bristolacademyabuja.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Abuja}} 9k1rkzgxuayu4mcxde4h5ppig506hgo 0 79104 700827 2026-08-12T20:22:21Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366610319|Nur Warsame]]" 700827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nur Warsame''' (Arabic: نور وارسام;<ref>{{Cite web|author=فتحى|first=رباب|date=2018-01-11|title=صحيفة بريطانية: إمام مثلى يخطط لفتح أول مسجد صديق للمثليين باستراليا|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/1/11/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/3596136|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510132537/https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/1/11/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/3596136|archivedate=2026-05-10|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=اليوم السابع|language=ar}}</ref> born c. 1984) is a gay imam from Australia. He is a <nowiki><i id="mwFA">hafiz</i></nowiki>, i.e. one who has memorised the Quran; he is the second Victorian imam to earn this title.<ref name="Lattouf">{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|date=28 April 2016|title=The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142|work=ABC News}}</ref> A mụrụ Warsame na [[Somalia]] <ref name="Abboud">{{Cite news|author=Abboud|first=Patrick|title=Meet Australia's first openly gay Imam|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/meet-australias-first-openly-gay-imam/82bfxu2f4|work=SBS News|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> ọ wee biri na Egypt na [[Kánada|Canada]] mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ kwagara Melbourne dị na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] dị ka nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ bụkwa imam kemgbe afọ 2003.<ref name="Lattouf">{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|date=28 April 2016|title=The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142|work=ABC News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLattouf2016">[[Antoinette Lattouf|Lattouf, Antoinette]] (28 April 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260510133202/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142 "The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims"]. ''ABC News''. Archived from [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142 the original] on 2026-05-10.</cite></ref> N'oge gara aga, ọ lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị, <ref name="Abboud">{{Cite news|author=Abboud|first=Patrick|title=Meet Australia's first openly gay Imam|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/meet-australias-first-openly-gay-imam/82bfxu2f4|work=SBS News|date=14 July 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbboud2016">Abboud, Patrick (14 July 2016). [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/meet-australias-first-openly-gay-imam/82bfxu2f4 "Meet Australia's first openly gay Imam"]. ''SBS News''.</cite></ref> Warsame pụtara dị ka onye mbụ bụ imam nwere mmasị n'ebe nwoke ibe ya nọ na Australia n'afọ 2010, <ref name="Polianskaya">{{Cite news|author=Polianskaya|first=Alina|title=A gay Imam hopes to open one of the first LGBT+ friendly mosques|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/gay-imam-muslim-lgbt-friendly-mosque-australia-melbourne-nur-warsame-a8151206.html|work=The Independent|date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ọ bụ naanị ya bụ imam kwupụtara n'ihu ọha na ya nwere mmasị nwoke ibe ya na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Glazzard|first=Jonathan|title=Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Learners 11-18 Years|date=22 October 2018|publisher=Critical Publishing|isbn=978-1-912508-15-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZCCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Al-Azhar . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka imam n'ọtụtụ ụlọ alakụba dị na Australia tupu ọ pụta dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya. Kemgbe afọ 2014, ọ na-achịkwa otu nzuzo na-akwado LGBT nke dị n'okpuru ala ''Marhaba'' (nke pụtara 'nnabata' n'asụsụ [[Arabic]]) <ref name="Lattouf">{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|date=28 April 2016|title=The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142|work=ABC News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLattouf2016">[[Antoinette Lattouf|Lattouf, Antoinette]] (28 April 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20260510133202/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142 "The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims"]. ''ABC News''. Archived from [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142 the original] on 2026-05-10.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mohummadally|first=Alyena|editor=Pallotta-Chiarolli|title=Living and Loving in Diversity: An anthology of Australian multicultural queer adventures|date=24 September 2018|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-74305-595-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319|chapter=Queer Muslims in Australia Yahoo! Group: A first in Australia}}</ref> ma kwuo na ndị Alakụba kewapụrụ ya n'ihi mmasị mmekọahụ ya, ọ nwekwara ebumnobi imeghe ụlọ alakụba mbụ nke Australia nke ga-anabata ndị LGBT. <ref name="Polianskaya">{{Cite news|author=Polianskaya|first=Alina|title=A gay Imam hopes to open one of the first LGBT+ friendly mosques|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/gay-imam-muslim-lgbt-friendly-mosque-australia-melbourne-nur-warsame-a8151206.html|work=The Independent|date=10 January 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPolianskaya2018">Polianskaya, Alina (10 January 2018). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/gay-imam-muslim-lgbt-friendly-mosque-australia-melbourne-nur-warsame-a8151206.html "A gay Imam hopes to open one of the first LGBT+ friendly mosques"]. ''The Independent''.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|title=Gay Imam hopes to open Australia's first LGBTI-friendly mosque|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-09/gay-imam-hopes-to-open-australias-first-lgbti-friendly-mosque/9310952|work=ABC News|date=9 January 2018|language=en-AU}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, o kwuru okwu na Sydney Gay na Lesbian Mardi Gras.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Aslan|first=Alice|title=Muslim activists promote acceptance of queer Muslims|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/muslim-activists-promote-acceptance-queer-muslims|work=Green Left|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed * Muhsin Hendricks * Mullah Taha * Daayiee Abdullah == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5j8ta75i1eshzrblr62d1qepcn70v29 0 79105 700828 2026-08-12T20:32:10Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367615676|Brookstone School Secondary]]" 700828 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox school | name = Brookstone School Secondary | native_name = | image = | alt = | caption = | motto = <!-- or | mottoes = --> | motto_translation = | location = [[Port-Harcourt]] | country = [[Nigeria]] | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --> | other_name = <!-- or | other_names = --> | former_name = <!-- or | former_names = --> | type = | religious_affiliation = | established = 2006 | founder = <!-- or | founders = --> | closed = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}} --> | school_board = | district = | authority = <!-- or | educational_authority = or | local_authority = --> | oversight = <!-- use | oversight_label = to override the default label --> | principal = <!-- use | principal_label = to override the default label --> | head = <!-- use | head_label = to override the default label --> | staff = | faculty = | grades = <!-- use | grades_label = to override the default label --> | gender = <!-- use | gender_label = to override the default label --> | age_range = <!-- or | lower_age = and | upper_age = --> | enrollment = <!-- or | enrolment = or | students = or | pupils = or | roll = --> | language = | campus_size = | campus_type = | colours = navy / sky blue | accreditation = <!-- or | accreditations = --> | publication = | newspaper = | yearbook = | affiliation = <!-- or | affiliations = --> | website = {{URL|http://www.brookstoneng.org/}} | footnotes = }}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox school/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Brookstone |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Brookstone School Secondary","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q17929166"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Brookstone School Secondary"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q17929166"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.00516667,4.78833333],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Brookstone School Secondary","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">[[Port-Harcourt]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |2006 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba uwe akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |anụnụ na-acha ka nke eluigwe yana anụnụ anụnụ jiri oji |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.brookstoneng.org/ www.brookstoneng.org]</span> |} Brookstone Secondary School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port-Harcourt]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]], <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brookstone School Secondary - Secondary Schools in Portharcort, Ri State|url=https://www.edusko.com/school/brookstone-school-secondary-|accessdate=2025-02-21|work=www.edusko.com|language=en}}</ref> n'ógbè dịpụrụ adịpụ a na-akpọ [[Igwuruta]] . O nwere "sekọndrị" n'aha ya n'ihi na o nwekwara akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị n'ebe dị iche. E hiwere ya n'afọ 2006; tupu ya adị, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dịkwa na mpaghara ahụ. == Uwe Ha == Agba uwe akwụkwọ ha bụ aụnụ anụnụ na-acha ka eluigwe na anụnụ anụnụ jiri oji. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eyi uwe elu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ka eluigwe yana uwe ala nke ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ jiri oji. Mgbanwe n'ụcha na-adị na ejiji egwuregwu ha, nke bụ ụcha anụnụ anụnụ, ọbara ọbara, odo odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ụcha uwe egwuregwu ndị ahụ na-anọchite anya nkume ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa: ụcha anụnụ anụnụ maka sapphire, ọbara ọbara maka ruby, odo odo maka topaz na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka emerald. == Usoro mmụta == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ma usoro mmụta nke Britain na nke Naijiria. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-elele ule mba ụwa na nke Naijiria ndị dị ka Cambridge International Examinations Council (CIE), National Examinations Council (NECO), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE), na West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), Standard Assessment Task Examination (SAT). A na-ele ule ndị a n'oge dị iche iche n'ime afọ isii ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. == Egwuregwu na ihe omume Ndị Ọzọ == Ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ohere maka egwuregwu dịgasị iche iche gụnyere bọọlụ nkata, bọọlụ, ịgba ọsọ, table tenis na lawn tenis, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ buru ibu ohere ifechalata. Ndị otu bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-eso na asọmpi dị iche iche. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwekwara ihe omume ndị na-abụghị egwuregwu dị ka Press Klọb, Drama Klọb, Art klọb, Swimming Klọb na ICT club. Site n'oge ruo n'oge, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akpọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ gaa France. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị na Port Harcourt {{Clear}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|4|47|18.0|N|7|00|18.6|E}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Port Harcourt}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] dl5k3uvzs5w89ln2eit17wbs5w6i3eh 0 79106 700829 2026-08-12T20:35:33Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368070594|Community Comprehensive Secondary School, Four Towns, Uyo]]" 700829 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Community Comprehensive Secondary School, Four Towns''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị nwere dị na [[Uyo]], [[:en:Akwa_Ibom_State|Akwa Ibom State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abimbola|first=Oluwakemi|date=2025-08-25|title=Keystone Bank gives Akwa Ibom school facelift|url=https://punchng.com/keystone-bank-gives-akwa-ibom-school-facelift/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Olusola|date=2025-02-25|title=State Secondary Schools FA Cup Invitational Tournament Draw Conducted in Uyo|url=https://www.sports247.ng/state-secondary-schools-fa-cup-invitational-tournament-draw-conducted-in-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comprehensive Secondary School, Four-towns, Uyo|url=https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/platforms/comprehensive-secondary-school-four-towns-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Igwe|first=Uchenna|date=June 4, 2021|title=How N56 million was budgeted to construct classrooms in non-existent Akwa Ibom school|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/465478-how-n56-million-was-budgeted-to-construct-classrooms-in-non-existent-akwa-ibom-school.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  mhdu771k6kporp3zcpnzkyslbu63ty6 700830 700829 2026-08-12T20:37:40Z Goodymeraj 16207 700830 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Community Comprehensive Secondary School, Four Towns''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị nwere dị na [[Uyo]], [[:en:Akwa_Ibom_State|Akwa Ibom State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abimbola|first=Oluwakemi|date=2025-08-25|title=Keystone Bank gives Akwa Ibom school facelift|url=https://punchng.com/keystone-bank-gives-akwa-ibom-school-facelift/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Olusola|date=2025-02-25|title=State Secondary Schools FA Cup Invitational Tournament Draw Conducted in Uyo|url=https://www.sports247.ng/state-secondary-schools-fa-cup-invitational-tournament-draw-conducted-in-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comprehensive Secondary School, Four-towns, Uyo|url=https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/platforms/comprehensive-secondary-school-four-towns-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Igwe|first=Uchenna|date=June 4, 2021|title=How N56 million was budgeted to construct classrooms in non-existent Akwa Ibom school|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/465478-how-n56-million-was-budgeted-to-construct-classrooms-in-non-existent-akwa-ibom-school.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  6p0962jd1mx29r262zoxuas8kjfguqt 700831 700830 2026-08-12T20:40:14Z Goodymeraj 16207 700831 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Community Comprehensive Secondary School, Four Towns''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị nwere dị na [[Uyo]], [[:en:Akwa_Ibom_State|Akwa Ibom State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Naijirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abimbola|first=Oluwakemi|date=2025-08-25|title=Keystone Bank gives Akwa Ibom school facelift|url=https://punchng.com/keystone-bank-gives-akwa-ibom-school-facelift/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebayo|first=Olusola|date=2025-02-25|title=State Secondary Schools FA Cup Invitational Tournament Draw Conducted in Uyo|url=https://www.sports247.ng/state-secondary-schools-fa-cup-invitational-tournament-draw-conducted-in-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comprehensive Secondary School, Four-towns, Uyo|url=https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/platforms/comprehensive-secondary-school-four-towns-uyo/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Igwe|first=Uchenna|date=June 4, 2021|title=How N56 million was budgeted to construct classrooms in non-existent Akwa Ibom school|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/465478-how-n56-million-was-budgeted-to-construct-classrooms-in-non-existent-akwa-ibom-school.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  go4qvavy7oy38hpzl71zhnfuglluph7 0 79107 700832 2026-08-12T20:45:43Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368070675|Community Secondary School, Aka Offot, Uyo]]" 700832 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Community Secondary School, Aka Offot, Uyo''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị dị n'okporo ụzọ gawara obodo Aka na [[:en:Uyo|okpuru ọchịchị Uyo]], isi obodo Akwa Ibom Steeti dị na ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Community secondary school, Aka Offot, Uyo.|url=https://schools.heyplaces.com.ng/037642/Community_secondary_school,_Aka_Offot,_Uyo.|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=schools.heyplaces.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Odey|first=Patrick|date=2022-03-12|title=Akwa Ibom shuts school as suspected cultist stabs student to death|url=https://punchng.com/akwa-ibom-shuts-school-as-suspected-cultist-stabs-student-to-death/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2022-03-12|title=Student stabbed to death by another in Akwa Ibom Secondary School|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/student-stabbed-to-death-by-another-in-akwa-ibom-secondary-school/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  3v3aoxcwuiylisjn70j3529zrs6n4pk 700833 700832 2026-08-12T20:49:29Z Goodymeraj 16207 700833 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Community Secondary School, Aka Offot, Uyo''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị dị n'okporo ụzọ gawara obodo Aka na [[:en:Uyo|okpuru ọchịchị Uyo]], isi obodo Akwa Ibom Steeti dị na ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Community secondary school, Aka Offot, Uyo.|url=https://schools.heyplaces.com.ng/037642/Community_secondary_school,_Aka_Offot,_Uyo.|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=schools.heyplaces.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Odey|first=Patrick|date=2022-03-12|title=Akwa Ibom shuts school as suspected cultist stabs student to death|url=https://punchng.com/akwa-ibom-shuts-school-as-suspected-cultist-stabs-student-to-death/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2022-03-12|title=Student stabbed to death by another in Akwa Ibom Secondary School|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/student-stabbed-to-death-by-another-in-akwa-ibom-secondary-school/|accessdate=2025-08-30|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  qctpv3jt7mt9l9ey9obnjhvr95galmw 0 79108 700837 2026-08-12T21:21:29Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367451938|Ebonyi State College of Education]]" 700837 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ebonyi State College of Education''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị dị na [[Ikwo (local government)|Ikwo]], [[:en:Ebonyi_State|Ebonyi State]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ nwere njikọ yana [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Ebonyi|Mahadum steeti Ebonyi]] maka mmemme inweta nzere ya. Onye isi nchịkwa ya ugbu a bụ Benedict Edigbo Mbam . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Umahism: Three Years Of Phenomenal Gainful Returns On Electoral Investment.|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/266760/umahism-three-years-of-phenomenal-gainful-returns-on-electo.html|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Why We're Witnessing Low Enrolment – EBSCOED Provost|url=https://independent.ng/why-were-witnessing-low-enrolment-ebscoed-provost/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ Mmalite Ya == E guzobere Ebonyi State College of Education n'afọ 2001. Ọ bụbu kọleji ọrụ ugbo nke sitere na Norwegian Church Agricultural Project (NORCAP). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-21|title=NOA takes campaign on drug abuse, cultism to tertiary institutions|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/456575-noa-takes-campaign-on-drug-abuse-cultism-to-tertiary-institutions.html|accessdate=2021-08-15|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Ebonyi State College Of Education (EBSCOED) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/ebonyi-state-college-of-education|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref> * Mmụta Kọmputa * Ịkọnọmiks * Ọmụmụ Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst * Igbo * Giografị * Physical And Health Education * Mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ * Nkà na Nkà * Mmụta Bayọlọji * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Mmụta Kemịstrị * Mmụta Asụsụ Bekee * Nkà na ụzụ ịkụ azụ * Mmụta Sayensị Ọrụ Ugbo * Akụkọ ihe mere eme * Mmụta Sayensị Jikọtara == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  sigx4kxqlthm76yew4h7ut5550se1l5 0 79109 700889 2026-08-13T07:57:21Z Senator Choko 13011 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360110214|Plasmodium malariae]]" 700889 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Alveolata}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dlmcqlqx5ilufhjftdwplqmukuljp16 700890 700889 2026-08-13T07:58:47Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Edensibia */ 700890 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sz951yzimzg159592unn4hamvpiplux 700891 700890 2026-08-13T08:01:50Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrịa na-efe efe */ 700891 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4yse6llobpn9hk3zmjkc16brgvtdaqv 700893 700891 2026-08-13T08:07:44Z Senator Choko 13011 Fixed reference error 700893 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3qxmwps7nvba9ldna29it8f8m3tmyjz 700894 700893 2026-08-13T08:15:27Z Senator Choko 13011 Fixed reference error 700894 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCollinsJeffery2007">Collins WE, Jeffery GM (October 2007). </cite></ref> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hpfomrgbfh7osw2vqv8dgkmiipq49jy 700895 700894 2026-08-13T08:17:42Z Senator Choko 13011 Fixed reference error 700895 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gbbci2w44lhuiaz9hw9wiymd7e4auab 700896 700895 2026-08-13T08:19:07Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrịa na-efe efe */ 700896 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lyqtqqk3zn1ec0a00ocinitbqxy8trc 700897 700896 2026-08-13T08:20:05Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ihe ndị dị ndụ */ 700897 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0k2r6vp31kms2vv2f9t7iv5unddksum 700898 700897 2026-08-13T08:21:00Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ */ 700898 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWestlingYowellMajerErickson1997">Westling J, Yowell CA, Majer P, Erickson JW, Dame JB, Dunn BM (November 1997). </cite></ref> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2v06o8o6wbe8y18mauv4bjoqg7335js 700899 700898 2026-08-13T08:23:58Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi */ 700899 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClementeGovindasamyMadabushiFisher2006">Clemente JC, Govindasamy L, Madabushi A, Fisher SZ, Moose RE, Yowell CA, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dame JB, Dunn BM, McKenna R (March 2006). </cite></ref> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sk6c1kp87wmj8bjfwq6whsmu069i7td 700900 700899 2026-08-13T08:24:35Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi */ 700900 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente" /> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, <ref name="mCollins" /> ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu.<ref name="mCollins" /> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m69vj1kcldv7aaq0plh6t45bf42floa 700901 700900 2026-08-13T08:26:13Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi */ 700901 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html "Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES"]. </cite></ref> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente" /> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kj7q892n6v2b3erck2st8365123n100 700902 700901 2026-08-13T08:26:58Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ */ 700902 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5" /> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente" /> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eqyj4h80bt87l3hkkaxofuv56pjk2eq 700904 700902 2026-08-13T08:28:24Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ */ 700904 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5" /> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente" /> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBruceMachesoGalinskiBarnwell2007">Bruce MC, Macheso A, Galinski MR, Barnwell JW (May 2007). </cite></ref> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f9e0evtgpohlld9gn5satfel35qflil 700905 700904 2026-08-13T08:29:52Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi */ 700905 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Plasmodium malariae'' bụ ụdị nje protozoa na-akpata ịba n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị nje ndị dị n'ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute ọrịa n'ahụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere nje ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na nje ''Plasmodium vivax'', bụ ndị na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa ịba. A na-ahụ ọrịa ''P. malariae'' n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa, ọ na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba a na-akpọ '''quartan malaria''', nke ọkụ ahụ ya na-alọghachi n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A matawo ịba kemgbe mmepeanya ndị Gris na ndị Rom ihe karịrị afọ pụkụ abụọ gara aga, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ọkụ ndị Gris mbụ kọwara.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: parasite and disease|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–92|date=October 2007|pmid=17934075|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, Alphonse Laveran chọpụtara na ihe na-akpata ịba bụ nje.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Golgi n'afọ 1886 gosipụtara na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa nwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndụ awa ịrị asaa na abụọ nke nje ahụ na oyi na ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọtara otu nchọpụta ahụ maka nje ndị nwere okirikiri awa ịrị anọ na asatọ.<ref name="Collins" /> Golgi kwubiri na a ga-enwerịrị ihe karịrị otu ụdị nje ịba nke na-akpata usoro dị iche iche nke ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == [[Faịlụ:Relative_incidence_of_Plasmodium_(malaria)_species_by_country_of_origin_for_imported_cases_to_non-endemic_countries.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmetụta nke ụdị Plasmodium site na mba sitere na ya maka ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị a na ya, na-egosi ọrịa P. malariae na odo.<ref name="Tatem2017">{{Cite journal|author=Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M, Huang Z, Howes R|title=The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics.|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=98–107|pmid=27777030|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7}}</ref>]] Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị ise ga-ebute ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile. <ref name="Madabushi">{{Cite journal|title=Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section F|volume=61|issue=Pt 2|pages=228–31|date=February 2005|pmid=16511002|doi=10.1107/S1744309105001405}}</ref> N'ime ndị butere ọrịa ahụ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ ga-anwụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Westling">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae: a comparison of the active site properties of plasmepsins cloned and expressed from three different species of the malaria parasite|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=87|issue=3|pages=185–93|date=November 1997|pmid=9371083|doi=10.1006/expr.1997.4225}}</ref> Ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''Plasmodium falciparum'', nje ''Plasmodium vivax , nje'' ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'', nje''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'', nje ''Plasmodium malariae'' na nje ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' . <ref name="Collins" /> N'oge ọ bụla, a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị atọ na-arịa ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị a, ya mere e nwere nnukwu mkpa maka ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na ọrịa kwa afọ. <ref name="Clemente">{{Cite journal|title=Structure of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 4 from the malarial parasite Plasmodium malariae bound to an allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section D|volume=62|issue=Pt 3|pages=246–52|date=March 2006|pmid=16510971|doi=10.1107/S0907444905041260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Geographical_areas_of_malaria_transmission_2014.png|thumb|Ebe ndị ịba na-efe efe]] P. malariae bụ nke a na-amụchaghị n'ime ụdị isii na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obere mgbasa ya na ngosipụta ahụike dị nro ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ gbasara n'ebe ndịda Sahara Afrika, ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Indoneshia, n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na mpaghara Amazon Basin nke mba South Amerika.<ref name="Westling" /> N'ógbè ndị na-arịa ọrịa, mgbasa ahụ sitere na ihe na-erughị pasentị anọ ruo ihe karịrị pasentị ịrị abụọ, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọrịa ịba P. bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ukwuu. <ref name="Bruce">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and application of multiple genetic markers for Plasmodium malariae|journal=Parasitology|volume=134|issue=Pt 5|pages=637–50|date=May 2007|pmid=17140466|doi=10.1017/S0031182006001958}}</ref><ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> Otu ndị Centers for Disease Control (CDC) nwere ngwa nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ile akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa na otu nke nje ''''Plasmodium'' vivax'' si emetụta ha, na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nje Plasmodium. Enwere ike ịchọta ya na njikọ na-esonụ: [https://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html]. == Ọrụ na ọrịa == Ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ụdị anwụnta ma nwee ike ịkpata ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịnọgide na-ebute ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihi na n'adịghị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide n'ime mmadụ ruo ogologo oge ma ka na-ebufe anwụnta.<ref name="Mohapatra">{{Cite journal|title=Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=128|issue=1|pages=52–6|date=July 2008|pmid=18820359}}</ref> === Vector === Ihe na-ebute nje ahụ bụ anwụnta ''[[Anopheles]]'' nke nwanyị, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche egosila na ha na-ebufe nje ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala site na nnwale. <ref name="Collins" /> Collins na Jeffrey kọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị dị iche iche iri atọ, nke dị iche iche site na mpaghara ala. <ref name="Collins" /> === Oge nkuchi === Ihe ọmụma banyere [[Prepatent period|oge prepatent]], ma ọ bụ oge dị n'etiti nje na ngosipụta nke nje ahụ n'ime ahụ, nke P. malariae metụtara ịba pere mpe, mana data ahụ na-egosi na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche, mgbe mgbe ogologo oge dabere na ụdị nke P. paleriae parasite.<ref name="Collins" /> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, oge prepatent na-adị site na ụbọchị ịrị na isii ruo ịrị ịse na iteghete. <ref name="Collins" /> === Nje n'ime ụmụ mmadụ === Plasmodium malariae na-akpata ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdịru ndụ. Nje P. malariae nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya na nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ, otu bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nje na-adịkarị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na ndị ọrịa nwere ''P. falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax.''<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke merozoites mepụtara kwa [[Erythrocytic cycle|Usoro erythrocytic]], usoro mmepe dị ogologo awa ịrị asaa na abụọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro awa ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ''P. vivax'' na ''P. falciparum''), mmasị maka mmepe na erythrocytes ndị okenye na mmepe mbụ nke mgbochi ọrịa site na onye nwe ya. <ref name="Collins" /> Akụkụ ọzọ na-akọwa ọrịa P. malariae bụ na ngosipụta nke ahụ ọkụ nke nje ahụ dị nro karịa nke ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' na ahụ ọkụ na-egosi oge nke anọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Tinyere ọrịa ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dị ka oyi na agbọ onunu, e dekọrọ '''ọnụnọ nke ọzịza na ọrịa nephrotic''' na ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Collins" /> A tụwo aro na mgbagwoju anya nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike imebi ihe mgbagwoju nke glomerular nakwa na ọrịa akụrụ nwekwara ike ime.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa P. malariae naanị ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọrịa, ọ na-enye aka na ngụkọta nke ọrịa nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' niile kpatara, dịka egosiri na ihe omume nke ụkọ ọbara, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala na mbelata iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Bruce" /> N'ihi myirịta na ọdịdị nke pathogens, a na-ejikarị nje ''P. knowlesi'' achọpụta na ọ bụ ọrịa P. malariae. A na-achọkarị nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ maka nchọpụta ziri ezi.<ref name="Singh2004">{{Cite journal|title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings|journal=Lancet|volume=363|issue=9414|pages=1017–24|date=March 2004|pmid=15051281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4|url=http://ir.unimas.my/2202/1/A%20large%20focus%20of%20naturally%20acquired%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20infections%20in%20human%20beings.pdf}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ụzọ kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọrịa P. malariae bụ site na nyocha nke ihe nkiri ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ntụpọ Giemsa.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ejikarị usoro PCR eme ihe maka nchọpụta nkwenye yana ikewapụ ọrịa ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọbụna na usoro ndị a, Otú ọ dị, ọ ka nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa, dịka ọ dị n'ógbè ndị dị na mba South Amerika ebe ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-ebikọ ọnụ na ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. brasilianum'' anaghị adị mfe ịmata.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị dị ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka protist, ''Plasmodium'' bụ eukaryote nke phylum Apicomplexa. Ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe a na-ahụkarị ma e jiri ya tụnyere eukaryotes n'ozuzu ha gụnyere rhoptry, micronemes, na mgbanaka polar dị nso na njedebe apical. A maara ''Plasmodium'' nke ọma maka ọrịa ọ na-akpata n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ya bụ, ịba.]] === Okirikiri ndụ === [[Faịlụ:Falciparum-life-cycle-final.jpg|thumb|Plasmodium malariae wiki]] Ọrịa P. malariae bụ naanị nje ịba mmadụ nke na-akpata [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị atọ (ya mere ọ na-eme kwa ụbọchị nke anọ, ahụ ọkụ nke anọ), ogologo karịa ụbọchị abụọ (''Tertian'') nke nje ịba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web|title=Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013123447/http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/biology/parasites/index.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref> === Ọrịa a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ === ==== Ọkwa imeju na ọkwa ọbara ==== N'oge imeju, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku nke merozoites na schizont ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ka a na-ahapụ merozoites, ha na-awakpo erythrocytes ma malite usoro erythrocytic, ebe nje ahụ na-agbari hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid maka njikọ protein.<ref name="Westling" /> Ogologo oge nke mmepe intraerythrocytic bụ ihe dịka awa ịrị asaa na abụọ maka ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="1.5">{{Cite web|title=Malaria eModule - ASEXUAL ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES|url=http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html|accessdate=11 December 2007|archivedate=22 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222163324/http://www.impact-malaria.com/FR/EPS/Formations_et_cours_internationaux/Formation_de_la_Liverpool_School_LSTMH/cours_liverpool/Unit_1/1_5.html}}</ref> Na ọkwa schizont, mgbe [[Schizogonic division|nkewa schizogonic]] gasịrị, enwere ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ bịdọrọ na isii rụọ na asatọ bu parasite na erythrocyte.<ref name="1.5" /> N'ịgbaso usoro erythrocytic, nke na-ewe awa iri asaa na abụọ na nkezi, a na-ahapụ merozoites isii ruo iri na anọ iji merie erythrocytes ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ n'ime nke merozoites na-etolite ị gho ma ọ bụ micro- ma ọ bụ macrogametocytes.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-eburu ụdị gametocytes abụọ ahụ n'ime anwụnta n'oge a na-eri nri ma na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Enweghị ebe nchekwa anụmanụ maka ọrịa P. malariae.''P. ịba.'' ==== Ogige anwụnta ==== Dị ka nje ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-ebute ọrịa mmadụ, Plasmodium malariae nwere usoro ntolite dị iche iche na anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na n'ime mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> Anụ anwụnta na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-elekọta ya na onye na-akwado ya bụ onye nọ n'etiti.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-eri nri ọbara site n'aka onye butere ọrịa, a na-eri gametocytes site n'onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Collins" /> Usoro a maara dị ka [[exflagellation]] nke [[microgametocyte]] na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya ma mepụta ihe ruru microgametes asatọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Collins" /> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Mgbe emechara macrogamete, a na-emepụta ookinete na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-abanye na peritropic membrane gbara nri ọbara gburugburu ma na-aga na mgbidi dị n'èzí nke etiti eriri nke anwụnta.<ref name="Collins" /> Mgbe ahụ, oocyst na-etolite n'okpuru membrane basal ma mgbe izu abụọ ruo atọ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche nke sporozoites n'ime oocyst ọ bụla.<ref name="Collins" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sporozoites a na-emepụta na-adịgasị iche na okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịdị site na ebe ọ bụla n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ruo puku ole na ole.<ref name="Collins" /> N'ikpeazụ, oocyst na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ sporozoites n'ime hemocoel nke anwụnta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebugharị sporozoites site na mgbasa nke hemolymph gaa na gland ndị na-esi n'ọnụ, ebe ha na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ acinal.<ref name="Collins" /> A na-ewebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke sporozoites n'ime ọwara asọ ma tinye ha n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke mmadụ a tara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ménard|first=R|title=Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=2013|volume=11|issue=10|pages=701–712|doi=10.1038/nrmicro3111|pmid=24037451}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na okirikiri n'ime imeju mmadụ.<ref name="Collins" /> === Ọdịdị === Nzọụkwụ mgbanaka ndị e mepụtara site na mwakpo nke nje Merozoites wepụtara site na mgbawa nke imeju bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na-apụta n'ọbara.<ref name="Collins" /> Ogologo mgbanaka ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ ruo otu ụzọ n"ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ parasitized.<ref name="Collins" /> Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na nje na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe site na ihe dịka ịrị atọ ruo ịrị ịse jet-black granules.<ref name="Collins" /> Nje ahụ na-agbanwe ọdịdị dị iche iche ka ọ na-eto ma na-agbatị gafee mkpụrụ ndụ na-elekọta ya iji mepụta ụdị band.<ref name="Collins" /> == Ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ụlọ nyocha == ''Nje P. vivax'' na ''P. oval'' na-anọdụ na EDTA ihe karịrị nkeji iri atọ tupu emee ihe nkiri ọbara ga-adị ka ọrịa P. malariae, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa iji dọọ ụlọ nyocha aka ná ntị ozugbo a na-ewepụta ọbara ahụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịhazi ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo ọ rutere. Site na ụzọ microscopy, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (erythrocyte) anaghị amụba ma nwedịrị ike ịpụta obere karịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara. cytoplasm anaghị ewepụ ụcha ya ma ọ nweghị ntụpọ a na-ahụ anya n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ. Nri vacuole dị obere na nje ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ anaghị enwe ihe karịrị otu nje. Ụdị band, ebe nje ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu band gafee obosara nke mkpụrụ ndụ butere ọrịa, bụ ihe e ji mara ụdị a (ma ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ bụ nchọpụta). A na-ahụkarị nnukwu mkpụrụ nke [[Malarial pigment|ụcha ịba]] na nje ndị a: karịa ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụla ọzọ, merozoites asatọ. == Nchịkwa na ọgwụgwọ == Enweghị ike ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa P. malariae emeela ka mgbanwe nke ụdị mbụ na mgbalị maka ntolite nke [[PCR assays|Nnyocha PCR]] n'oge.<ref name="Collins" /> ntolite nke nyocha dị otú ahụ gụnyere ojiji nke primers n'ozuzu nke na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara echekwara nke ọma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 18S rRNA nke ụdị mmadụ anọ na-ebute ọrịa nke ''Plasmodium''.<ref name="Collins" /> A chọpụtara na nyocha a bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ na nke dị nro. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha serologic abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name="Collins" /> Enwere ike iji usoro nke immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) tụọ ọnụnọ nke antibodies na ọrịa P. malariae. <ref name="Collins" />Otu usoro apụtawo nke ọrịa na-adịte aka na-akpata mmeghachi omume na-ebelata ngwa ngwa, mana mgbe ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ na-arịwanye elu, ọkwa IFA na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma na-anọgide na-adị ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ afọ.<ref name="Westling" /> Mkpa na-arịwanye elu iji mata ọrịa P. malariae n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosipụta site na mgbochi ọrịa ịba. N'ime nnyocha nke Müller-Stöver et al., ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara ndị ọrịa atọ a chọpụtara na ha butere nje ahụ mgbe ha nwetasịrị ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Muller-Stover">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae infection in spite of previous anti-malarial medication|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=102|issue=3|pages=547–50|date=February 2008|pmid=18060428|doi=10.1007/s00436-007-0804-4}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche mmepe dị nwayọ tupu erythrocytic na oge nkuchi dị ogologo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ na-akpata nje ''Plasmodium'', ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ọgwụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọkwa pre-erythrocyte nke ọrịa P. malariae.<ref name="Muller-Stover" /> Ha chere na mmepe ọzọ nke ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ime mgbe plasma nke ndị na-egbochi ịba jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata mgbe a ṅụsịrị ọgwụ ndị na-emegide ịba. Dị ka Dọkịta William E. Collins si na otu Center of Disease Control (CDC) si kwuo, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ chloroquine eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ nweghị ihe akaebe nke iguzogide ọgwụ a achọtala. N'ihe omume ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na nsonaazụ sitere na Müller-Stöver et al. nyere ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Ahụike ọha na eze, usoro mgbochi na ọgwụ mgbochi == Nri vacuole bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na-emebi hemoglobin n'oge asexual erythrocytic nke nje ahụ.<ref name="Clemente" /> A na-egosi na enwere ike ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ dị irè site na ilekwasị anya na proteolytic enzymes nke vacuole nri. N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afo 1997, Westling et al. <ref name="Westling" /> lekwasịrị anya na aspartic endopeptidase class nke enzymes, nke a na-akpọ plasmepsins. Ha gbalịrị ịkọwapụta ihe pụrụ iche maka enzymes sitere na nje ''P. vivax'' na ọrịa P. malariae. N'iji nyocha nke substrate specificity na nyocha nke inhibitor, achọpụtara na plasmepsins maka ọrịa P. malariae na nje ''P. vivax'' gosipụtara obere nkọwa karịa nke ọrịa ''P. falciparum.'' N'ụzọ dị mwute, nke a pụtara na mmepe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa P. malariae nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịa mmepe nke otu maka ọrịa ''P. falciparum.''<ref name="Westling" /> Nnyocha ọzọ nke Bruce et al.<ref name="Bruce" /> gosipụtara ihe akaebe na enwere ike inwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe niile n'ime ndị ọrịa P. malariae. A chọtara akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa isii sitere na ọrịa P. malariae ma nyochaa ya na ihe nlele dịka ịrị asaa nke ọrịa P. malaria e nwetara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke ibu ibu dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="Bruce" /> Nnyocha abụọ a na-egosi na mmepe nke nhọrọ ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abụ ihe ịma aka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Dr. William Collins nwere obi abụọ na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka P. malariae ma nye mgbagwoju anya nke nje ahụ enwere ike ikwu ihe kpatara ya. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-eme nnyocha ole na ole na nje a, ikekwe n'ihi na a na'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị mma. Dr. Collins kwuru na nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ọmụmụ na chimpanzees na enwe dị ka ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eche na nje ''Plasmodium brasilianium'' nke na-emetụta enwe ndị mba South Amerika bụ ụdị ọrịa P. malariae, nyocha ndị ọzọ na ''P. brasilianium'' nwere ike ịnwe nghọta bara uru banyere ọrịa P. malaria e.''P. ịba.'' Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ụmụ mmadụ na enwe na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa nje ịba quartan n'etiti ha na obodo Latin Amerika. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọ na enweghị njirimara pụrụ iche nke ndị ọbịa na anụmanụ na-elekọta anụmanụ, a pụkwara iwerekwa ịba quartan dị ka ezigbo mmadụ. Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na plasmepsin metụtara ọrịa P. malariae, plasmepsine 4, site n'aka Prọfesọ Ben Dunn na ndị otu nyocha ya na Mahadum Florida nwere ike inye olileanya maka nchịkwa ịba ogologo oge n'ọdịnihu dị nso. == Genome == N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke. <ref name="Rutledge2017">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution|journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7639|pages=101–104|date=February 2017|pmid=28117441|doi=10.1038/nature21038}}</ref> Enwere ike ịnweta usoro ndị a na [http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pmalariae geneDB.org] na [http://plasmodb.org/ plasmoDB.org] . == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nje (mmadụ) * [[Iba|Ịba]] * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium oval == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q133969}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ftlhizruhthuqewgse00xm45a631edx 0 79110 700911 2026-08-13T10:06:03Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364503339|Uman (artist)]]" 700911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uman''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Somalia na-ese ihe n'oge a, onye [[:en:Autodidacticism|kụziiri onwe ya]], nke ọrụ ya na-agwakọta ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na [[:en:Figurative_art|ihe oyiyi ihe]], na-ezo aka na [[:en:Arabic_calligraphy|calligraphy Arabic]] na ụwa okike. Ọ bi na [[:en:Upstate_New_York|upstate New York]]. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Uman na Mogadishu, Somalia . <ref name="thealdrich">{{Cite web|title=Uman|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/uman|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Mombasa, Kenya iji gbanahụ Agha Obodo Somalia.<ref name="thealdrich" /><ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web|author=Haynes|first=Suyin|date=2024-02-18|title=This artist sold her work on the street. Now it's being exhibited in big galleries|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/18/style/uman-artist-hauser-wirth/index.html|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Uman kwagara [[Denmark]] ka ya na nwanne nne ya biri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ.<ref name="thealdrich" /><ref name="cnn.com" /> Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ gara ebe ngosi nka ndị dị na Vienna, Austria.<ref name="artnews">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2023-11-08|title=Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}</ref> Uman enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba nka, mana o tinyere oge dị ukwuu n'ọmụmụ ise ihe na ịkwa akwa mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị. A kọrọ na ọ bara na nsogbu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịde ihe na tebụl ya.<ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|author=Steer|first=Emily|date=2024-02-01|title=Uman's Kaleidoscopic Paintings Emerge From Her Dreams|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/umans-painting-hauser-wirth-2426374|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 2000, onye a na-ese ihe kwagara New York City, ebe ọ nọ na-ere ihe osise ya n'okporo ámá.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web|author=Haynes|first=Suyin|date=2024-02-18|title=This artist sold her work on the street. Now it's being exhibited in big galleries|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/18/style/uman-artist-hauser-wirth/index.html|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=CNN|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHaynes2024">Haynes, Suyin (2024-02-18). [https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/18/style/uman-artist-hauser-wirth/index.html "This artist sold her work on the street. Now it's being exhibited in big galleries"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Uman ebiela ma rụọ ọrụ na steeti New York kemgbe afọ 2010. Ọ laghachibeghị Africa kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi egwu ọ na-atụ banyere nchekwa ya dị ka nwanyị ghọrọ nwoke.<ref name="artnews">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2023-11-08|title=Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDurón2023">Durón, Maximilíano (2023-11-08). [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/ "Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings"]. ''ARTnews''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-30|title=Uman with Chris Martin|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2023/05/art/Uman-with-Chris-Martin/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ọrụ nka Uman na-agụnye ịchọ ihe mma, ise ihe, ịkpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ, na mgbasa ozi ngwakọta, ọ bụ ezie na a maara ya nke ọma maka ihe osise ya.<ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|author=Steer|first=Emily|date=2024-02-01|title=Uman's Kaleidoscopic Paintings Emerge From Her Dreams|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/umans-painting-hauser-wirth-2426374|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSteer2024">Steer, Emily (2024-02-01). [https://news.artnet.com/art-world/umans-painting-hauser-wirth-2426374 "Uman's Kaleidoscopic Paintings Emerge From Her Dreams"]. ''Artnet News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ ya na-enwe ọtụtụ ụcha ma na-adị n'ogo n'ogo, nke a na-akọwa site na imepụta akara.<ref name="artforum">{{Cite web|author=Benschop|first=Jurriaan|date=2022-11-10|title=Uman|url=https://www.artforum.com/events/uman-250558/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Artforum|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe osise ya, nke ọ na-akpọkarị "[[:en:Self-portrait|self-portraits]]," na-agụnye ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya na ihe oyiyi. <ref name="thealdrich">{{Cite web|title=Uman|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/uman|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/uman "Uman"]. ''The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="artnews">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2023-11-08|title=Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDurón2023">Durón, Maximilíano (2023-11-08). [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/ "Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings"]. ''ARTnews''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ ya gụnyere Ọdịdị geometric, okirikiri [[:en:Spiral|spirals]], ihe oyiyi sitere n'Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka na akwa ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, na ihe ndị na-echetara mmadụ calligraphy ndị Arab, na-egosipụta ọmụma mbụ ya nke Nkà Alakụba na omenala ha.<ref name="thealdrich" /><ref name="artforum" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=UMAN|url=https://fierman.nyc/uman-2021|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=FIERMAN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dwamena|first=Anakwa|date=2024-03-28|title=A Painter Inspired by Islamic Art and Rural New York Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/28/t-magazine/uman-hauser-wirth.html|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ya == Uman sonyere na ihe ngosi nka nke e mere n'otu n'otu na New York City malite na 2012. Ihe ngosi mbụ nke onye a na-ese ihe mere naanị ya bụ na [[:en:White_Columns|While Columns]] na 2015. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2023-11-08|title=Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDurón2023">Durón, Maximilíano (2023-11-08). [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/ "Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings"]. ''ARTnews''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ Uman na mba ụwa, <ref name="artforum">{{Cite web|author=Benschop|first=Jurriaan|date=2022-11-10|title=Uman|url=https://www.artforum.com/events/uman-250558/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Artforum|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBenschop2022">Benschop, Jurriaan (2022-11-10). [https://www.artforum.com/events/uman-250558/ "Uman"]. ''Artforum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> gụnyere na Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth na London, ebe ihe ngosi ya nke afọ 2023 ''Darling Sweetie'', ''Sweetie Darling'' gosipụtara nnukwu ihe osise na ihe osise pụrụ iche. <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|author=Steer|first=Emily|date=2024-02-01|title=Uman's Kaleidoscopic Paintings Emerge From Her Dreams|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/umans-painting-hauser-wirth-2426374|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSteer2024">Steer, Emily (2024-02-01). [https://news.artnet.com/art-world/umans-painting-hauser-wirth-2426374 "Uman's Kaleidoscopic Paintings Emerge From Her Dreams"]. ''Artnet News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ Nicola Vassell raara ụlọ ya nye ọrụ Uman na [[:en:Independent_Art_Fair|Independent Art Fair]] na Mee 2022.<ref name="artnews">{{Cite web|author=Durón|first=Maximilíano|date=2023-11-08|title=Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDurón2023">Durón, Maximilíano (2023-11-08). [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/uman-artist-profile-best-practices-1234685155/ "Best Practices: Artist Uman Courts a Constant State of Evolution in Her Paintings"]. ''ARTnews''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na Disemba 2023, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Art Basel Miami . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcoming Uman to Hauser & Wirth in Partnership with Nicola Vassell Gallery|url=https://www.hauserwirth.com/news/welcoming-uman-to-hauser-wirth-in-partnership-with-nicola-vassell/|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=Hauser & Wirth|language=en}}</ref> E tinyere ọrụ ya na ngosi 2024 [[:en:Making_Their_Mark:_Works_from_the_Shah_Garg_Collection|Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection]] na Berkeley Art Museum na Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA). <ref name="BAMPFA">{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark|work=BAMPFA|accessdate=22 April 2026|language=en|date=21 March 2024}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2025, [[:en:The_Aldrich_Contemporary_Art_Museum|Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum]] dị na Connecticut gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke onwe ya nke a kpọrọ ''Uman: Mgbe ihe niile gasịrị ...''. <ref name="thealdrich">{{Cite web|title=Uman|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/uman|accessdate=2025-01-02|work=The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/uman "Uman"]. ''The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0akb3aygh6hwnmvofo27ov89kihkjfz 0 79111 700912 2026-08-13T10:18:25Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367457409|Edo Technical College]]" 700912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Edo_Technical_College_Fence.jpg|thumb|Mgbidi Kọleji Nkà na Ụzọ Edo]] '''Kọleji nke teknọlọji di na Edo steetị''' mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya kọleji nka na uzọ na benin ọbụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na ọrụ aka dị na Edo Steetị Nijiria . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-17|title=Edo Technical College accommodates 800 students – Obaseki|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/newly-revamped-government-science-and-technical-college-to-host-production-hub-obaseki/|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọbọdọ Benin na 1970 sité n'aka gọọmentị ochichi Canada n'oge nchịkwa nke Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia nwụrụ anwụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-04|title=Rebranding Technical Education in Edo|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/04/rebranding-technical-education-in-edo/|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ nkà na ụzụ iji kwalite Ọchụnta ego n'etiti ndị ntorobịa na Edo State. Gọọmentị Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ (GSTC) obodo Benin na ime Edo State ugbu a na-eyi ọdịdị ọhụrụ, ekele maka ulọ aku uwa nyere Steetị ọhere ichọta ọru yana mefu egọ maka nsonaazụ dia (SEEFOR). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-14|title=World Bank lifts Edo Technical College|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/world-bank-lifts-edo-technical-college/|accessdate=2022-08-14|language=en-US|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Edo Teknuzu kọleji na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edo State College of Education, Benin – Skills for Services|url=https://escoe.com.ng/|accessdate=2021-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Ogige ndị ahụ dị na mpaghara gọọmentị dị iche iche nke steeti ahụ. Kọleji ndị ahụ gụnyere Gọọmenti sayenzị teknuzụ kọkejị (GSTC), Benin nke bụbu Benin Teknuzụ kọleji (BTC)); Igarra kọlejị nka na uzọ ṅakwa kọlejị nka na uzọ di na afuze nakwa kọleji nka na uzọ di na [[Uromi]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-02|title=Old Benin technical school new bride for parents|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/old-benin-technical-school-new-bride-for-parents/|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=III|first=Editorial|date=2019-12-27|title=Edo revives technical colleges, hubs|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/edo-revives-technical-colleges-hubs/|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide ==   54gei3fhi00poa0z6bagxvvssupxfia 0 79112 700913 2026-08-13T10:24:04Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364506359|Afdhere Jama]]" 700913 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Afdhere Jama''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Somalia bụ onye odee bi n'America na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.  A mụrụ Jama ma zụlite ya na [[Somalia]]. Ọ kwagara America mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. N'etiti afọ 2000 na 2010, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Huriyah''. Jama bụ [[:en:Queer|nwoke nwanyị]] na onye [[:en:Muslim|Alakụba]]. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2016, mgbe a gbachara egbe na Orlando, e kesara otu isiokwu Jama dere na 2014 banyere ndị Alakụba LGBT na oghere mgbasa ozi ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Counterview: It's time to stop blaming British imperialism for India's prejudice against gay people|url=http://scroll.in/article/810397/counterview-its-time-to-stop-blaming-british-imperialism-for-indias-prejudice-against-gay-people|accessdate=2021-04-23|work=Scroll.in|date=22 June 2016|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623151005/http://scroll.in/article/810397/counterview-its-time-to-stop-blaming-british-imperialism-for-indias-prejudice-against-gay-people|archivedate=2016-06-23}}</ref> == Huriyah == Jama bụụrụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Huriyah''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irans Anti-Gay Pogrom|url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/iran-anti-gay-pogrom|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=In These Times|date=4 January 2006|language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|ar|حرية}}رية, "freedom"), otu akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ndị <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="LGBT" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="44">LGBT</a> [[Ndi áláküba|Alakuba]] bipụtara n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2010. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ha dịịrị na San Francisco, [[California]]. ''Huriyah'' nọọrọ na-eji okwu njirimara bụ "Queer Muslim Magazine". E bipụtara magazin ahụ na mbụ n'asụsụ [[Arabic]] ma malite ya n'asụsụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] n'afọ 2002, na-elekwasị anya na okwu ndị gbasara LGBT na nke [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nka, na ihe ime mmụọ. Ọ nọ na-enwe nnukwu ajụjụ ọnụ kwa ọnwa, nke Jama duziri, gụnyere Daayiee Abdullah na [[Faisal Alam]]. == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2006, Jama kwuru, sị, "Ihe dị iche n;etiti mụ na ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba bụ nkwenye na ala nna ndị Juu bụ ọganihu dị mkpa nye anyị niile, ọkachasị onye nọ n'ala nna nna ha n'Izrel". Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo, "Ndị Alakụba nọ na United States ga-ekpebi ma ha ga-ahụ otu ndị dị ka Hamas na Hizbullah dị ka mmegide ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ihe kpatara nsogbu ndị Alakụba na-enwe na mpaghara ahụ". == Ihe nkiri Ndị O Mere == * ''Hearts'' (2015) * Angelenos (2013) * Bits (2012) * ''Over the Rainbow'' (2011) (segment "Carlita") * ''Apart'' (2010) * ''From Here To Timbuktu'' (2010) (segment "Trio") * Rebound (2009) * ''Ani'' (2009) * ''Berlinsomnia'' (2008) * ''Shukaansi'' (2007) == Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere == * ''Being Queer and Somali: LGBT Somalis At Home and Abroad'' (2015)<ref name="#note-12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IwwjgEACAAJ|title=Being Queer and Somali|author=Jama|first=Afdhere|date=2015|publisher=Oracle Releasing|isbn=9780983716198|accessdate=April 19, 2021}}</ref> * ''Queer Jihad: LGBT Muslims on Coming Out, Activism, and the Faith'' (2013) * ''[[:en:Illegal_Citizens|Illegal Citizens: Queer Lives in the Muslim World]]'' <ref name="#note-9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhPKNwAACAAJ|title=Illegal Citizens: Queer Lives in the Muslim World|author=Jama|first=Afdhere|date=2008|publisher=Salaam Press|isbn=9780980013887|accessdate=April 19, 2021}}</ref> * ''At Noonday with the Gods of Somalia'' (2004) == Ihe e deturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://huriyahmag.blogspot.com/ Huriya Magazine Blog nke Afdhere Jama dere] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] jhhhukuk90wd80uju8xeu0e0x4vce23 0 79113 700914 2026-08-13T10:50:09Z Pablowhite44 65239 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357931081|Quinoline]]" 700914 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  '''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C₉. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Ihe nnwale ndị agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ìhè, na-aghọ odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. == Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == Quinoline bụ nke mbụ e wepụtara na tar coal tar 1834 site n'aka onye Germany na-emepụta kemịkal Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge; ọ kpọrọ quinoline ''leukol'' ("mmanụ ọcha" na Grik). Coal tar ka bụ isi ihe na-eweta quinoline azụmahịa. N'afọ 1842, onye France na-emepụta kemịkalụ bụ Charles Gerhardt nwetara ngwakọta site na distiling quinine, strychnine, ma ọ bụ cinchonine na potassium hydroxide; <ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Quinoline|volume=22|page=759}}</ref> ọ kpọrọ ngwakọta ahụ ''Chinoilin'' ma ọ bụ ''Chinolein''. Runge na Gephardt compounds yiri ka ha bụ isomers dị iche iche n'ihi na ha meghachiri n'ụzọ dị iche. Otú ọ dị, onye Germany na-emepụta kemịkal August Hoffmann mechara ghọta na ọdịiche dị n'omume bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mmetọ nakwa na ihe abụọ ahụ bụ otu. Nanị akụkọ nke quinoline dị ka ngwaahịa sitere n'okike sitere na ahụhụ osisi Peruvian Oreophoetes peruana. Ha nwere gland abụọ nke obi nke ha na-ewepụta mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere quinoline mgbe a na-enye ha nsogbu. Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}</ref> Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification. == Nchịkọta == A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha. :: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]] Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ: * Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones. * Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters. * Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid * Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. * Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate * Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya: * Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide * Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde * Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid * Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones * Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya * Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. [[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]] == Ngwa == A na-eji quinolines emepụta ihe na-acha uhie uhie na nkwadebe nke hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. A na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri maka resins na terpenes. Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}</ref> A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.<ref name="Hoke">{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}</ref> Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert. Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].<ref name="GRIBBLEHEALD1975">{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ihe nnọchi anya quinoline. Ndị a gụnyere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, na primaquine. A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}</ref> Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ. == Hụkwa == * Quinoline alkaloids * 4-Aminoquinoline * 8-Hydroxyquinoline * Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu * Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline * Quinine * Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2 ** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta ** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen ** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise == Ihe odide == <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>{{Commons category}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * International Chemical Safety Card 0071 * [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l6qee08pl83nky8xrkfnkisig2autub 700917 700914 2026-08-13T10:58:59Z Pablowhite44 65239 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357931081|Quinoline]]" 700917 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  '''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C₉. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Ihe nnwale ndị agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ìhè, na-aghọ odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. == Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}</ref> Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification. == Nchịkọta == A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha. :: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]] Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ: * Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones. * Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters. * Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid * Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. * Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate * Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya: * Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide * Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde * Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid * Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones * Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya * Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. [[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]] == Ngwa == A na-eji quinoline emepụta ihe agba (dyes) dị iche iche, tinyere iji ya hazie hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. Ewezuga nke a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbazere (solvent) resins na terpenes. Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}</ref> A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.<ref name="Hoke">{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}</ref> Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert. Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].<ref name="GRIBBLEHEALD1975">{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ e ji ejikwa ma na-agwọ ịba sitere n'akụkụ quinoline. Dị ka mma atụ, e nwere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, nakwa primaquine. A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}</ref> Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ. == Hụkwa == * Quinoline alkaloids * 4-Aminoquinoline * 8-Hydroxyquinoline * Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu * Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline * Quinine * Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2 ** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta ** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen ** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise == Ihe odide == <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>{{Commons category}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * International Chemical Safety Card 0071 * [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 29ttjco07rtln3ztopjyqw7bodvrjt9 700921 700917 2026-08-13T11:57:13Z Pablowhite44 65239 Agbakwunyela m ntụaka na ndepụta ntụaka n’asụsụ Igbo 700921 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  '''Quinoline''' bụ ngwakọta heterocyclic aromatic organic nke nwere usoro kemịkal C₉. Ọ bụ mmiri hygroscopic na-enweghị ụcha nke nwere ísì siri ike. Ihe nnwale ndị agadi, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpughe ha n'ìhè, na-aghọ odo ma mesịa na-acha nchara nchara. Quinoline na-agbaze naanị na mmiri oyi mana ọ na-agbaza ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri. Quinoline n'onwe ya nwere ngwa ole na ole, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ya bara uru na ngwa dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ quinine, alkaloid a na-ahụ na osisi. A chọpụtara ihe karịrị 200 na-arụ ọrụ na quinoline na quinazoline alkaloidsHydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) na-etinye aka na [[Igbochi nje|Igbochi ọgwụ nje]]. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry</ref> == Ebe a na-ahụ ya na ikewapụ ya == Dị ka nitrogen heterocyclic compounds ndị ọzọ, dị ka pyridine derivatives, a na-akọkarị quinoline dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ coal, a chọpụtakwala ya na ebe a na-agwọ osisi. N'ihi oke solubility ya na mmiri quinoline nwere ikike dị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmetọ mmiri. Quinoline nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa site na microorganisms ụfọdụ, dị ka ụdị ''Rhodococcus'' Strain Q1, nke e kewapụrụ site na ala na mpempe akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7|title=Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium|year=1996|author=O'Loughlin|first=Edward J.|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|volume=38|issue=2|pages=107}}</ref> Quinolines dị na obere mmanụ n'ime akụkụ diesel na-amaghị nwoke. Enwere ike iwepụ ya site na usoro a na-akpọ hydrodenitrification.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</ref> == Nchịkọta == A na-ejikarị anilines emepụta quinolines site na anilines dị mfe site na iji ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume aha. :: [[Faịlụ:Quinoline_from_aniline.png|class=skin-invert-image|400x400px]] Site n'elu gaa n'akụkụ elekere ndị a bụ: * Ọ na-ejikọta njikọ quinoline site na iji anilines na β-diketones. * Nchịkọta Conrad-Limpach site na iji anilines na β-ketoesters. * Doebner mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na aldehyde na pyruvic acid iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid * Doebner-Miller mmeghachi omume site na iji anilines na α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. * Mgbanwe Gould-Jacobs na-amalite site na aniline na ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate * Nchịkọta mkpụmkpụ site na iji iron sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, na sulfuric acid. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ, nke chọrọ kpọmkwem anilines dochie anya ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara ya: * Camps quinoline synthesis site na iji o-acylaminoacetophenone na hydroxide * Ngwakọta Friedländer site na iji 2-aminobenzaldehyde na acetaldehyde * Ngwakọta Knorr quinoline, site na iji β-ketoanilide na sulfuric acid * Njikọ Niementowski quinoline, na-eji anthranilic acid na ketones * Mgbanwe Pfitzinger site na iji isatin na ntọala na carbonyl compound iji mepụta quinoline-4-carboxylic acid dochie anya * Mgbanwe Povarov site na iji aniline, benzaldehyde na alkene arụ ọrụ A na-ebelata quinolines ka ọ bụrụ tetrahydroquinolines enantioselectively site na iji ọtụtụ usoro catalyst. [[Faịlụ:ImineScope8.png|center|class=skin-invert-image]] == Ngwa == A na-eji quinoline emepụta ihe agba (dyes) dị iche iche, tinyere iji ya hazie hydroxyquinoline sulfate na niacin. Ewezuga nke a, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agbazere (solvent) resins na terpenes. Tupu mmepe nke aspirin, a na-eji quinoline eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ihe mgbu, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ọjọọ yana mmetụta ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edu.rsc.org/feature/pain-relief-from-coal-tar-to-paracetamol/2020140.article|title=Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol|author=Brown|first=Trevor|date=2005-06-30|work=Education in Chemistry|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|accessdate=2025-12-15}}</ref> A na-ejikarị Quinoline eme ihe dị ka mmepụta nke kemịkal ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 4 kwa afọ dịka akụkọ e bipụtara na 2005 si kwuo.<ref name="Hoke">{{Ullmann|author1=Gerd Collin|author2=Hartmut Höke|title=Quinoline and Isoquinoline|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_465}}</ref> Isi ojiji ya bụ dị ka ihe na-ebute 8-hydroxyquinoline, nke bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche chelating na ihe na-esote ọgwụ ahụhụ. 2- na 4-methyl derivatives ya bụ ndị na-ebute cyanine dyes. Oxidation nke quinoline na-enye quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), ihe na-ebute herbicide na-ere n'okpuru aha Assert. Mbelata nke quinoline na sodium borohydride na ọnụnọ nke acetic acid na-emepụta [[Kairoline A]].<ref name="GRIBBLEHEALD1975">{{Cite journal|author=GRIBBLE|first=Gordon W.|title=Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; III. Reduction and Alkylation of Quinoline and Isoquinoline with Carboxylic Acids|journal=Synthesis|volume=1975|issue=10|year=1975|pages=650–652|issn=0039-7881|doi=10.1055/s-1975-23871}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ e ji ejikwa ma na-agwọ ịba sitere n'akụkụ quinoline. Dị ka mma atụ, e nwere quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, nakwa primaquine. A na-eji quinoline eme ihe dị ka ihe na-agbanye mmiri na ihe na-emegharị ihe na njikọ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/047084289X.rq002.pub2|chapter=Quinoline|title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|year=2001|author=Sherman|first=Angela R.|pages=1–4|isbn=9780470842898}}</ref> Quinolinium compounds, gụnyere nnu ya, nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi corrosion na ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ.<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wCUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Hụkwa == * Quinoline alkaloids * 4-Aminoquinoline * 8-Hydroxyquinoline * Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), redox cofactor na ihe mgbakwunye na-edozi ahụ na-ese okwu * Quinazoline, aza nke sitere na quinoline * Quinine * Mgbaaka ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọMgbaaka ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ** Isoquinoline, analog na atọm nitrogen na ọnọdụ 2 ** Pyridine, analog na-enweghị mgbanaka benzene a gwakọtara agwakọta ** Naphthalene, analog nwere carbon kama nitrogen ** Indol, analog nwere naanị mgbanaka nitrogen ise == Ihe odide == {{reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * International Chemical Safety Card 0071 * [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinolines.shtm Ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ijikọta quinolines] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] spke3fl0rxwe5wpl0jwhwhaewwd81yq 0 79114 700915 2026-08-13T10:51:59Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364507812|Farah Abdullahi Abdi]]" 700915 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Farah Abdullahi Abdi''' (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1995 na Beledweyne) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye gbara ọsọ ndụ si Somalia <ref name="world forum democracy 2016">{{Cite web|title=Farah ABDI|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Council of Europe|publisher=}}</ref> na onye isi iwu maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ yana nkwagharị n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. <ref name="europride program">{{Cite web|title=Program Europride 2023|url=https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/|work=europride2023.mt|accessdate=23 September 2023|archivedate=22 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/}}</ref> == Mmalite Ndụ Ya na ịgbaga Malta == Farah na ndị mụrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke gbapụrụ n'agha dị na Somalia mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="maltatoday">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Malta Today}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya bu ụzọ nọrọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ma mechaa ha akwaga n'isi obodo.<ref name="ratsch-menke">{{Cite web|author=Ratsch-Menke|first=Britta|title=Laudatio für Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder_Dokumente/Friedenspreis/Laudatio/2015_Farah_Abdi_Laudatio.pdf|work=dieschwelle.de|publisher=dieschwelle|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> Ọ tolitere na Nairobi, Kenya. Nna ya bụ onye na-ekpe Alakụba. Ezinụlọ ahụ nọ na-ekpe ekpere ma na-agụ Koran mgbe niile. Farah kọwara ndị mụrụ ya dị ka ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọ tolitere n'ogo akụnaụba etiti. Ọ kọwara nne ya na nne nne ya, ndị ya na ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Nairobi, dị ka ndị na-akwalite mmetụta siri ike nke uru onwe onye n'ime ya site na nwata. Nne na nna ya nyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ. Farah tolitere na-asụ asụsụ atọ, na-asụ Bekee na [[Swahili language|Swahili]], na-asụkwa [[Asusu Somali|Somalia]] na ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ. Ọ zochiri mmasị ya na egwu, ọdịbendị America, ejiji na ime ihe nkiri pụọ n'aka ezinụlọ ya ma mesịa zoo mmekọahụ ya na nkwenye njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya.<ref name="ratsch-menke" /> N'ihi na a nabataghị ya maka ịbụ nwoke na-edina nwoke nakwa nwoke na-edina nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke na-agbanwe ghọọ nwanyị, ọ gbapụrụ ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii site na Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan na Libya gaa Malta. N'oge ịgba ọsọ ahụ, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ugboro ise, mekpọọ ya ọnụ ma metọọ ya ma manye ya ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ na ebe a na-ewu ihe na Libya. Ọnụ ego nke ịgbapụ site na Kenya gaa Malta bụ puku dọla iri na abụọ ka o furu ezinụlọ ya.<ref name="weser kurier">{{Cite web|author=Schaefer|first=York|title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o|work=weser kurier|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> Abdi rutere Malta n'afọ 2012. Ọ gbapụrụ na Somalia site na Libya wee jiri ụgbọ mmiri bịa Malta.<ref name="world forum democracy 2016">{{Cite web|title=Farah ABDI|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Council of Europe|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah "Farah ABDI"]. ''Council of Europe''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Onye dị afọ iri na isii, e jidere Abdi nwa oge mgbe ọ rutere Malta n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-15|title=Journey of a Somali youngster|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/journey-of-a-somali-youngster.612171|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ọ gwara onye na-agwọ ya ọrịa banyere mkpagbu ọ na-enwe maka mmekọahụ na okike ya na mba ya nke mere e ji hapụ ya. Mgbe ọ bịarutere, Abdi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị asụsụ maka NGO na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị na Senglea.<ref name="maltatoday">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Malta Today}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/ "Farah Abdi"]. ''Malta Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwuchite-ọnụ == Abdi malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Maltese bụ ''[[:en:Malta_Today|Malta Today]]''. <ref name="maltatoday">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Malta Today}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/ "Farah Abdi"]. ''Malta Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> O dere banyere mmeso ọjọọ na nsogbu nke ndị mbịarambịa na Malta na-eche ihu ma bụrụ onye a ma ama karịsịa n'etiti ndị mbịarambịa nke mba ahụ. Farah kwupụtara na ha nọ ebe ahụ "ịrụ ọrụ ma nye aka na mmepe obodo".<ref name="weser kurier">{{Cite web|author=Schaefer|first=York|title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o|work=weser kurier|accessdate=23 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchaefer">Schaefer, York. [https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o "Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist"]. ''weser kurier''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-emegide mbata na ọpụpụ katọrọ ya maka ikwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ.<ref name="dieschwelle">{{Cite web|title=Für die Rechte von Flüchtlingen in Europa: Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/friedenspreis-2015/farah-abdullahi-abdi|work=dieschwelle.de|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Farah kwuru okwu n'ihu ndị omeiwu Europe na nkwado nke nzukọ [[:en:Terre_des_hommes|terre des hommes]] n'oge ihe omume "A maghị ebe m na-aga" ma rịọ maka nchebe nke ụmụaka na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ. Kọmishọna Europe Cecilia Malmström kwuru na ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka ụmụaka na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-eto eto ịkwaga na European Union.<ref name="reliefweb">{{Cite web|title=From chains to freedom: why I decided to migrate to Europe|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/chains-freedom-why-i-decided-migrate-europe|work=reliefweb|date=20 February 2014|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ onwe ya, Never Arrive, na 2015.<ref name="unhcr">{{Cite web|title=Book reading of Never Arrive|url=https://www.unhcr.org/mt/3228-book-reading-never-arrive.html|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=UNHCR}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, Abdi kwuru okwu na LGBTIQ+ Human Rights Conference, akụkụ nke [[:en:EuroPride|EuroPride]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ịkwaga Berlin == Farah Abdi mechara si Malta kwaga Berlin, n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ o chere ihu na Malta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993|accessdate=2024-04-01|language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993 "Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist"]. ''Times of Malta''. 13 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Na Berlin, Abdi na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na onye mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. Ọ bụ onye otu Alfred Landecker Foundation for Democracy, onye otu Torschreiber Foundation maka ndị edemede nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha ma natakwa "Digital Europe fellowship" maka ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name="humanity in action">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://humanityinaction.org/person/farah-abdi/|accessdate=7 October 2023|work=Humanity in Action|publisher=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abdi bụ onye Alakụba na nwanyị gbanwere ghọọ nwoke.<ref name="europride program">{{Cite web|title=Program Europride 2023|url=https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/|work=europride2023.mt|accessdate=23 September 2023|archivedate=22 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ "Program Europride 2023"]. ''europride2023.mt''. Archived from [https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ the original] on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe nrite Ndị O Nwetara == * Ihe nrite International Bremen Peace Award sitere na German NGO, Stiftung "die Schwelle" <ref name="weser kurier">{{Cite web|author=Schaefer|first=York|title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o|work=weser kurier|accessdate=23 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchaefer">Schaefer, York. [https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o "Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist"]. ''weser kurier''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> * Onyinye Eze Nwanyị nke England maka ndị isi na-eto eto * Ihe nrite Forbes mmadụ iri atọ na-erubeghị afọ iri atọ na Europe 2017 <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/farah-abdi/?sh=2457b81a7d2b|work=Forbes|accessdate=7 October 2023}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Abdi|first=Farah Abdullahi|title=Never Arrive|year=2015|isbn=9789995709006}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6r9z8o4bh9qochrd06z9jkqbnteera1